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1854828644376280109	Anthropology	Anthropology - wikipedia Anthropology The science of human behaviour and societies This article is about anthropology in the 20th and 21st centuries . For earlier development , see History of anthropology . For other uses , see Anthropology ( disambiguation ) . Anthropology Outline History Types ( show ) Archaeological Biological Cultural Linguistic Social Archaeological ( show ) Aerial Aviation Battlefield Biblical Bioarchaeological Environmental Ethnoarchaeological Feminist Forensic Maritime Paleoethnobotanical Zooarchaeological Biological ( show ) Anthrozoological Biocultural Evolutionary Forensic Molecular Neurological Nutritional Palaeoanthropological Primatological Social Cultural ( show ) Applied Art Cognitive Cyborg Development Digital Ecological Environmental Economic Political economy Historical Feminist Institutional Kinship Legal Media Medical Museums Musical Political Psychological Public Religion Symbolic Transpersonal Urban Visual Linguistic ( show ) Anthropological Descriptive Ethnological Ethnopoetical Historical Semiotic Sociological Research framework ( show ) Anthropometry Ethnography ( online ) Ethnology Cross-cultural comparison Participant observation Holism Reflexivity Thick description Cultural relativism Ethnocentrism Emic and etic Key concepts ( show ) Culture Development Ethnicity Evolution ( sociocultural ) Gender Kinship and descent Meme Prehistory Race Society Value Colonialism / Postcolonialism Key theories ( show ) Actor -- network theory Alliance theory Cross-cultural studies Cultural materialism Culture theory Diffusionism Feminism Historical particularism Boasian anthropology Functionalism Interpretive Performance studies Political economy Practice theory Structuralism Post-structuralism Systems theory Lists ( show ) Anthropologists by nationality Anthropology by year Bibliography Journals List of indigenous peoples Organizations Anthropology portal Anthropology is the study of humans and human behaviour and societies in the past and present . Social anthropology and cultural anthropology study the norms and values of societies . Linguistic anthropology studies how language affects social life . Biological or physical anthropology studies the biological development of humans . Archaeology , which studies past human cultures through investigation of physical evidence , is thought of as a branch of anthropology in the United States , while in Europe , it is viewed as a discipline in its own right or grouped under other related disciplines , such as history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin and development of the term 1.1 Through the 19th century 1.2 20th and 21st centuries 2 Fields 2.1 Sociocultural 2.2 Biological 2.3 Archaeological 2.4 Linguistic 3 Key topics by field : sociocultural 3.1 Art , media , music , dance and film 3.1. 1 Art 3.1. 2 Media 3.1. 3 Music 3.1. 4 Visual 3.2 Economic , political economic , applied and development 3.2. 1 Economic 3.2. 2 Political economy 3.2. 3 Applied 3.2. 4 Development 3.3 Kinship , feminism , gender and sexuality 3.3. 1 Kinship 3.3. 2 Feminist 3.4 Medical , nutritional , psychological , cognitive and transpersonal 3.4. 1 Medical 3.4. 2 Nutritional 3.4. 3 Psychological 3.4. 4 Cognitive 3.4. 5 Transpersonal 3.5 Political and legal 3.5. 1 Political 3.5. 2 Legal 3.5. 3 Public 3.6 Nature , science and technology 3.6. 1 Cyborg 3.6. 2 Digital 3.6. 3 Ecological 3.7 Historical 3.8 Religion 3.9 Urban 4 Key topics by field : archaeological and biological 4.1 Anthrozoology 4.2 Biocultural 4.3 Evolutionary 4.4 Forensic 4.5 Palaeoanthropology 5 Organizations 5.1 List of major organizations 6 Ethics 6.1 Cultural relativism 6.2 Military involvement 7 Post -- World War II developments 7.1 Basic trends 7.2 Commonalities between fields 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 11.1 Dictionaries and encyclopedias 11.2 Fieldnotes and memoirs 11.3 Histories 11.4 Textbooks and key theoretical works 12 External links Origin and development of the term ( edit ) Main article : History of anthropology The abstract noun anthropology is first attested in reference to history . Its present use first appeared in Renaissance Germany in the works of Magnus Hundt and Otto Casmann . Their New Latin anthropologia derived from the combining forms of the Greek words ánthrōpos ( ἄνθρωπος , `` human '' ) and lógos ( λόγος , `` study '' ) . ( Its adjectival form appeared in the works of Aristotle . ) It began to be used in English , possibly via French Anthropologie , by the early 18th century . Through the 19th century ( edit ) In 1647 , the Bartholins , founders of the University of Copenhagen , defined l'anthropologie as follows : Anthropology , that is to say the science that treats of man , is divided ordinarily and with reason into Anatomy , which considers the body and the parts , and Psychology , which speaks of the soul . Sporadic use of the term for some of the subject matter occurred subsequently , such as the use by Étienne Serres in 1839 to describe the natural history , or paleontology , of man , based on comparative anatomy , and the creation of a chair in anthropology and ethnography in 1850 at the National Museum of Natural History ( France ) by Jean Louis Armand de Quatrefages de Bréau . Various short - lived organizations of anthropologists had already been formed . The Société Ethnologique de Paris , the first to use Ethnology , was formed in 1839 . Its members were primarily anti-slavery activists . When slavery was abolished in France in 1848 the Société was abandoned . Meanwhile , the Ethnological Society of New York , currently the American Ethnological Society , was founded on its model in 1842 , as well as the Ethnological Society of London in 1843 , a break - away group of the Aborigines ' Protection Society . These anthropologists of the times were liberal , anti-slavery , and pro-human - rights activists . They maintained international connections . Anthropology and many other current fields are the intellectual results of the comparative methods developed in the earlier 19th century . Theorists in such diverse fields as anatomy , linguistics , and Ethnology , making feature - by - feature comparisons of their subject matters , were beginning to suspect that similarities between animals , languages , and folkways were the result of processes or laws unknown to them then . For them , the publication of Charles Darwin 's On the Origin of Species was the epiphany of everything they had begun to suspect . Darwin himself arrived at his conclusions through comparison of species he had seen in agronomy and in the wild . Darwin and Wallace unveiled evolution in the late 1850s . There was an immediate rush to bring it into the social sciences . Paul Broca in Paris was in the process of breaking away from the Société de biologie to form the first of the explicitly anthropological societies , the Société d'Anthropologie de Paris , meeting for the first time in Paris in 1859 . When he read Darwin , he became an immediate convert to Transformisme , as the French called evolutionism . His definition now became `` the study of the human group , considered as a whole , in its details , and in relation to the rest of nature '' . Broca , being what today would be called a neurosurgeon , had taken an interest in the pathology of speech . He wanted to localize the difference between man and the other animals , which appeared to reside in speech . He discovered the speech center of the human brain , today called Broca 's area after him . His interest was mainly in Biological anthropology , but a German philosopher specializing in psychology , Theodor Waitz , took up the theme of general and social anthropology in his six - volume work , entitled Die Anthropologie der Naturvölker , 1859 -- 1864 . The title was soon translated as `` The Anthropology of Primitive Peoples '' . The last two volumes were published posthumously . Waitz defined anthropology as `` the science of the nature of man '' . By nature he meant matter animated by `` the Divine breath '' ; i.e. , he was an animist . Following Broca 's lead , Waitz points out that anthropology is a new field , which would gather material from other fields , but would differ from them in the use of comparative anatomy , physiology , and psychology to differentiate man from `` the animals nearest to him '' . He stresses that the data of comparison must be empirical , gathered by experimentation . The history of civilization , as well as ethnology , are to be brought into the comparison . It is to be presumed fundamentally that the species , man , is a unity , and that `` the same laws of thought are applicable to all men '' . Waitz was influential among the British ethnologists . In 1863 the explorer Richard Francis Burton and the speech therapist James Hunt broke away from the Ethnological Society of London to form the Anthropological Society of London , which henceforward would follow the path of the new anthropology rather than just ethnology . It was the 2nd society dedicated to general anthropology in existence . Representatives from the French Société were present , though not Broca . In his keynote address , printed in the first volume of its new publication , The Anthropological Review , Hunt stressed the work of Waitz , adopting his definitions as a standard . Among the first associates were the young Edward Burnett Tylor , inventor of cultural anthropology , and his brother Alfred Tylor , a geologist . Previously Edward had referred to himself as an ethnologist ; subsequently , an anthropologist . Similar organizations in other countries followed : The Anthropological Society of Madrid ( 1865 ) , the American Anthropological Association in 1902 , the Anthropological Society of Vienna ( 1870 ) , the Italian Society of Anthropology and Ethnology ( 1871 ) , and many others subsequently . The majority of these were evolutionist . One notable exception was the Berlin Society for Anthropology , Ethnology , and Prehistory ( 1869 ) founded by Rudolph Virchow , known for his vituperative attacks on the evolutionists . Not religious himself , he insisted that Darwin 's conclusions lacked empirical foundation . During the last three decades of the 19th century , a proliferation of anthropological societies and associations occurred , most independent , most publishing their own journals , and all international in membership and association . The major theorists belonged to these organizations . They supported the gradual osmosis of anthropology curricula into the major institutions of higher learning . By 1898 the American Association for the Advancement of Science was able to report that 48 educational institutions in 13 countries had some curriculum in anthropology . None of the 75 faculty members were under a department named anthropology . 20th and 21st centuries ( edit ) This meagre statistic expanded in the 20th century to comprise anthropology departments in the majority of the world 's higher educational institutions , many thousands in number . Anthropology has diversified from a few major subdivisions to dozens more . Practical Anthropology , the use of anthropological knowledge and technique to solve specific problems , has arrived ; for example , the presence of buried victims might stimulate the use of a forensic archaeologist to recreate the final scene . The organization has reached global level . For example , the World Council of Anthropological Associations ( WCAA ) , `` a network of national , regional and international associations that aims to promote worldwide communication and cooperation in anthropology '' , currently contains members from about three dozen nations . Since the work of Franz Boas and Bronisław Malinowski in the late 19th and early 20th centuries , social anthropology in Great Britain and cultural anthropology in the US have been distinguished from other social sciences by its emphasis on cross-cultural comparisons , long - term in - depth examination of context , and the importance it places on participant - observation or experiential immersion in the area of research . Cultural anthropology , in particular , has emphasized cultural relativism , holism , and the use of findings to frame cultural critiques . This has been particularly prominent in the United States , from Boas ' arguments against 19th - century racial ideology , through Margaret Mead 's advocacy for gender equality and sexual liberation , to current criticisms of post-colonial oppression and promotion of multiculturalism . Ethnography is one of its primary research designs as well as the text that is generated from anthropological fieldwork . In Great Britain and the Commonwealth countries , the British tradition of social anthropology tends to dominate . In the United States , anthropology has traditionally been divided into the four field approach developed by Franz Boas in the early 20th century : biological or physical anthropology ; social , cultural , or sociocultural anthropology ; and archaeology ; plus anthropological linguistics . These fields frequently overlap but tend to use different methodologies and techniques . European countries with overseas colonies tended to practice more ethnology ( a term coined and defined by Adam F. Kollár in 1783 ) . It is sometimes referred to as sociocultural anthropology in the parts of the world that were influenced by the European tradition . Fields ( edit ) Further information : American anthropology Anthropology is a global discipline involving humanities , social sciences and natural sciences . Anthropology builds upon knowledge from natural sciences , including the discoveries about the origin and evolution of Homo sapiens , human physical traits , human behavior , the variations among different groups of humans , how the evolutionary past of Homo sapiens has influenced its social organization and culture , and from social sciences , including the organization of human social and cultural relations , institutions , social conflicts , etc . Early anthropology originated in Classical Greece and Persia and studied and tried to understand observable cultural diversity . As such , anthropology has been central in the development of several new ( late 20th century ) interdisciplinary fields such as cognitive science , global studies , and various ethnic studies . According to Clifford Geertz , `` anthropology is perhaps the last of the great nineteenth - century conglomerate disciplines still for the most part organizationally intact . Long after natural history , moral philosophy , philology , and political economy have dissolved into their specialized successors , it has remained a diffuse assemblage of ethnology , human biology , comparative linguistics , and prehistory , held together mainly by the vested interests , sunk costs , and administrative habits of academia , and by a romantic image of comprehensive scholarship . '' Sociocultural anthropology has been heavily influenced by structuralist and postmodern theories , as well as a shift toward the analysis of modern societies . During the 1970s and 1990s , there was an epistemological shift away from the positivist traditions that had largely informed the discipline . During this shift , enduring questions about the nature and production of knowledge came to occupy a central place in cultural and social anthropology . In contrast , archaeology and biological anthropology remained largely positivist . Due to this difference in epistemology , the four sub-fields of anthropology have lacked cohesion over the last several decades . Sociocultural ( edit ) Main articles : Cultural anthropology , Social anthropology , and Sociocultural anthropology Sociocultural anthropology draws together the principle axes of cultural anthropology and social anthropology . Cultural anthropology is the comparative study of the manifold ways in which people make sense of the world around them , while social anthropology is the study of the relationships among individuals and groups . Cultural anthropology is more related to philosophy , literature and the arts ( how one 's culture affects the experience for self and group , contributing to a more complete understanding of the people 's knowledge , customs , and institutions ) , while social anthropology is more related to sociology and history . In that , it helps develop an understanding of social structures , typically of others and other populations ( such as minorities , subgroups , dissidents , etc . ) . There is no hard - and - fast distinction between them , and these categories overlap to a considerable degree . Inquiry in sociocultural anthropology is guided in part by cultural relativism , the attempt to understand other societies in terms of their own cultural symbols and values . Accepting other cultures in their own terms moderates reductionism in cross-cultural comparison . This project is often accommodated in the field of ethnography . Ethnography can refer to both a methodology and the product of ethnographic research , i.e. an ethnographic monograph . As a methodology , ethnography is based upon long - term fieldwork within a community or other research site . Participant observation is one of the foundational methods of social and cultural anthropology . Ethnology involves the systematic comparison of different cultures . The process of participant - observation can be especially helpful to understanding a culture from an emic ( conceptual , vs. etic , or technical ) point of view . The study of kinship and social organization is a central focus of sociocultural anthropology , as kinship is a human universal . Sociocultural anthropology also covers economic and political organization , law and conflict resolution , patterns of consumption and exchange , material culture , technology , infrastructure , gender relations , ethnicity , childrearing and socialization , religion , myth , symbols , values , etiquette , worldview , sports , music , nutrition , recreation , games , food , festivals , and language ( which is also the object of study in linguistic anthropology ) . Comparison across cultures is a key element of method in sociocultural anthropology , including the industrialized ( and de-industrialized ) West . Cultures in the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample ( SCCS ) of world societies are : Africa Nama ( Hottentot ) Kung ( San ) Thonga Lozi Mbundu Suku Bemba Nyakyusa ( Ngonde ) Hadza Luguru Kikuyu Ganda Mbuti ( Pygmies ) Nkundo ( Mongo ) Banen Tiv Igbo Fon Ashanti ( Twi ) Mende Bambara Tallensi Massa Azande Otoro Nuba Shilluk Mao Maasai Circum - Mediterranean Wolof Songhai Wodaabe Fulani Hausa Fur Kaffa Konso Somali Amhara Bogo Kenuzi Nubian Teda Tuareg Riffians Egyptians ( Fellah ) Hebrews Babylonians Rwala Bedouin Turks Gheg ( Albanians ) Romans Basques Irish Sami ( Lapps ) Russians Georgian ( Iberian ) Abkhaz Armenians Kurd East Eurasia Yurak ( Samoyed ) Basseri West Punjabi Gond Toda Santal Uttar Pradesh Burusho Kazak Gujarati Bengali Khalka Mongols Lolo Lepcha Garo Lakher Burmese Lamet Vietnamese Rhade Khmer Siamese Semang Nicobarese Andamanese Vedda Tanala Negeri Sembilan Atayal Chinese Manchu Koreans Japanese Ainu Gilyak Yukaghir Insular Pacific Javanese ( Miao ) Balinese Iban Badjau Toraja Tobelorese Alorese Tiwi Aranda Orokaiva Kimam Kapauku Kwoma Manus New Ireland Trobrianders Siuai Tikopia Pentecost Mbau Fijians Ajie Maori Marquesans Western Samoans Gilbertese Marshallese Trukese Yapese Palauans Ifugao Chukchi North America Ingalik Aleut Copper Eskimo Montagnais Mi'kmaq Saulteaux ( Ojibwa ) Slave Kaska ( Nahane ) Eyak Haida Bellacoola Twana Yurok Pomo Yokuts Northern Paiute Klamath Kutenai Gros Ventres Hidatsa Pawnee Omaha ( Dhegiha ) Huron Creek Natchez Comanche Chiricahua Zuni Havasupai Tohono O'odham Huichol Aztec Popoluca South America Quiché Miskito ( Mosquito ) Bribri ( Talamanca ) Cuna Goajiro Haitians Calinago Warrau ( Warao ) Yanomamo Carib Saramacca Munduruku Cubeo ( Tucano ) Cayapa Jivaro Amahuaca Inca Aymara Siriono Nambicuara Trumai Timbira Tupinamba Botocudo Shavante Aweikoma Cayua ( Guarani ) Lengua Abipon Mapuche Tehuelche Yaghan See also : List of indigenous peoples Biological ( edit ) Main article : Biological anthropology Forensic anthropologists can help identify skeletonized human remains , such as these found lying in scrub in Western Australia , c. 1900 -- 1910 . Biological Anthropology and Physical Anthropology are synonymous terms to describe anthropological research focused on the study of humans and non-human primates in their biological , evolutionary , and demographic dimensions . It examines the biological and social factors that have affected the evolution of humans and other primates , and that generate , maintain or change contemporary genetic and physiological variation . Archaeological ( edit ) Main article : Archaeology Excavations at the 3800 - year - old Edgewater Park Site , Iowa Archaeology is the study of the human past through its material remains . Artifacts , faunal remains , and human altered landscapes are evidence of the cultural and material lives of past societies . Archaeologists examine this material remains in order to deduce patterns of past human behavior and cultural practices . Ethnoarchaeology is a type of archaeology that studies the practices and material remain of living human groups in order to gain a better understanding of the evidence left behind by past human groups , who are presumed to have lived in similar ways . Rosetta Stone was an example of ancient communication Linguistic ( edit ) Main article : Linguistic anthropology Linguistic anthropology ( not to be confused with anthropological linguistics ) seeks to understand the processes of human communications , verbal and non-verbal , variation in language across time and space , the social uses of language , and the relationship between language and culture . It is the branch of anthropology that brings linguistic methods to bear on anthropological problems , linking the analysis of linguistic forms and processes to the interpretation of sociocultural processes . Linguistic anthropologists often draw on related fields including sociolinguistics , pragmatics , cognitive linguistics , semiotics , discourse analysis , and narrative analysis . Key topics by field : sociocultural ( edit ) Art , media , music , dance and film ( edit ) Part of a series on the Anthropology of art , media , music , dance and film Basic concepts ( show ) Color symbolism Visual culture Body culture Material culture New media Case studies ( show ) Art Art of the Americas Indigenous Australian art Oceanic art Film Nanook of the North The Ax Fight Nǃai , the Story of a ǃKung Woman Incidents of Travel in Chichen Itza Museums ( show ) National Anthropological Archives Centro Cultural Mexiquense Museum of Anthropology at UBC Museum of Anthropology , Cambridge Museum of Indian Arts and Culture Robert Hull Fleming Museum List of museums Related articles ( show ) Ethnographic film Video ethnography Ethnocinema List of ethnographic films Margaret Mead Film Festival Cantometrics Museum anthropology Salvage ethnography Tribal art / Folk art Major theorists ( show ) Tim Asch Gregory Bateson Franz Boas Pierre Bourdieu John Collier Frances Densmore Robert J. Flaherty Robert Gardner Alfred Gell Robert Hugh Layton Claude Lévi - Strauss Alan Lomax John Marshall Margaret Mead Alan Merriam Bruno Nettl Hortense Powdermaker Jean Rouch Social and cultural anthropology Art ( edit ) Main article : Anthropology of art One of the central problems in the anthropology of art concerns the universality of ' art ' as a cultural phenomenon . Several anthropologists have noted that the Western categories of ' painting ' , ' sculpture ' , or ' literature ' , conceived as independent artistic activities , do not exist , or exist in a significantly different form , in most non-Western contexts . To surmount this difficulty , anthropologists of art have focused on formal features in objects which , without exclusively being ' artistic ' , have certain evident ' aesthetic ' qualities . Boas ' Primitive Art , Claude Lévi - Strauss ' The Way of the Masks ( 1982 ) or Geertz 's ' Art as Cultural System ' ( 1983 ) are some examples in this trend to transform the anthropology of ' art ' into an anthropology of culturally specific ' aesthetics ' . Media ( edit ) Main article : Media anthropology A Punu tribe mask . Gabon Central Africa Media anthropology ( also known as the anthropology of media or mass media ) emphasizes ethnographic studies as a means of understanding producers , audiences , and other cultural and social aspects of mass media . The types of ethnographic contexts explored range from contexts of media production ( e.g. , ethnographies of newsrooms in newspapers , journalists in the field , film production ) to contexts of media reception , following audiences in their everyday responses to media . Other types include cyber anthropology , a relatively new area of internet research , as well as ethnographies of other areas of research which happen to involve media , such as development work , social movements , or health education . This is in addition to many classic ethnographic contexts , where media such as radio , the press , new media , and television have started to make their presences felt since the early 1990s . Music ( edit ) Main article : Ethnomusicology Ethnomusicology is an academic field encompassing various approaches to the study of music ( broadly defined ) , that emphasize its cultural , social , material , cognitive , biological , and other dimensions or contexts instead of or in addition to its isolated sound component or any particular repertoire . Visual ( edit ) Main article : Visual anthropology Visual anthropology is concerned , in part , with the study and production of ethnographic photography , film and , since the mid-1990s , new media . While the term is sometimes used interchangeably with ethnographic film , visual anthropology also encompasses the anthropological study of visual representation , including areas such as performance , museums , art , and the production and reception of mass media . Visual representations from all cultures , such as sandpaintings , tattoos , sculptures and reliefs , cave paintings , scrimshaw , jewelry , hieroglyphics , paintings , and photographs are included in the focus of visual anthropology . Economic , political economic , Applied and development ( edit ) Part of a series on Economic , applied , and development anthropology Basic concepts ( show ) Commodification Barter Debt Finance Embeddedness Reciprocity Redistribution Value Wealth Gift economy Limited good Inalienable possessions Singularization ( commodity pathway ) Spheres of exchange Social capital Cultural capital Provisioning systems ( show ) Hunting - gathering Pastoralism Nomadic pastoralism Shifting cultivation Moral economy Peasant economics Case studies ( show ) Prestations Kula ring Moka exchange Potlatch Gifting Gifting remittances Organ gifting Shell money Provisioning Aché people ( hunter - gatherers ) Batek people Colonialism and development The Anti-Politics Machine Europe and the People Without History Political economy Jim Crow economy Related articles ( show ) Original affluent society Formalist vs substantivist debate The Great Transformation Peasant economics Culture of poverty Political economy State formation Nutritional anthropology Heritage commodification Anthropology of development Major theorists ( show ) Paul Bohannan Alexander Chayanov Stanley Diamond Raymond Firth Maurice Godelier David Graeber Jane I. Guyer Keith Hart Marvin Harris Bronisław Malinowski Marcel Mauss Sidney Mintz Karl Polanyi Marshall Sahlins Harold K. Schneider Eric Wolf Social and cultural anthropology Economic ( edit ) Main article : Economic anthropology Economic anthropology attempts to explain human economic behavior in its widest historic , geographic and cultural scope . It has a complex relationship with the discipline of economics , of which it is highly critical . Its origins as a sub-field of anthropology begin with the Polish - British founder of Anthropology , Bronisław Malinowski , and his French compatriot , Marcel Mauss , on the nature of gift - giving exchange ( or reciprocity ) as an alternative to market exchange . Economic Anthropology remains , for the most part , focused upon exchange . The school of thought derived from Marx and known as Political Economy focuses on production , in contrast . Economic Anthropologists have abandoned the primitivist niche they were relegated to by economists , and have now turned to examine corporations , banks , and the global financial system from an anthropological perspective . Political Economy ( edit ) Main article : Political economy in anthropology Political economy in anthropology is the application of the theories and methods of Historical Materialism to the traditional concerns of anthropology , including , but not limited to , non-capitalist societies . Political Economy introduced questions of history and colonialism to ahistorical anthropological theories of social structure and culture . Three main areas of interest rapidly developed . The first of these areas was concerned with the `` pre-capitalist '' societies that were subject to evolutionary `` tribal '' stereotypes . Sahlin 's work on hunter - gatherers as the ' original affluent society ' did much to dissipate that image . The second area was concerned with the vast majority of the world 's population at the time , the peasantry , many of whom were involved in complex revolutionary wars such as in Vietnam . The third area was on colonialism , imperialism , and the creation of the capitalist world - system . More recently , these Political Economists have more directly addressed issues of industrial ( and post-industrial ) capitalism around the world . Applied ( edit ) Main article : Applied anthropology Applied Anthropology refers to the application of the method and theory of anthropology to the analysis and solution of practical problems . It is a `` complex of related , research - based , instrumental methods which produce change or stability in specific cultural systems through the provision of data , initiation of direct action , and / or the formulation of policy '' . More simply , applied anthropology is the practical side of anthropological research ; it includes researcher involvement and activism within the participating community . It is closely related to Development anthropology ( distinct from the more critical Anthropology of development ) . Development ( edit ) Main article : anthropology of development Anthropology of development tends to view development from a critical perspective . The kind of issues addressed and implications for the approach simply involve pondering why , if a key development goal is to alleviate poverty , is poverty increasing ? Why is there such a gap between plans and outcomes ? Why are those working in development so willing to disregard history and the lessons it might offer ? Why is development so externally driven rather than having an internal basis ? In short , why does so much planned development fail ? Kinship , feminism , gender and sexuality ( edit ) Part of a series on the Anthropology of kinship Basic concepts ( show ) Affinity Consanguinity Marriage Incest taboo Endogamy Exogamy Moiety Monogamy Polygyny Polygamy Concubinage Polyandry Bride price Bride service Dowry Parallel / cross cousins Cousin marriage Levirate Sororate Ghost marriage Joking relationship Family Lineage Clan Cohabitation Fictive / Milk / Nurture kinship Descent Cognatic / Bilateral Matrilateral House society Avunculate Linealities Ambilineality Unilineality Matrilineality Patrilineality Household forms and residence Extended Matrifocal Matrilocal Nuclear Patrilocal Terminology ( show ) Kinship terminology Classificatory terminologies By group Iroquois Crow Omaha Eskimo Hawaiian Sudanese Dravidian Case studies ( show ) Australian Aboriginal Burmese Chinese Philippine Polyandry in Tibet / in India Feminist Chambri Mosuo Sexuality Coming of Age in Samoa Major theorists ( show ) Diane Bell Tom Boellstorff Jack Goody Gilbert Herdt Don Kulick Roger Lancaster Louise Lamphere Eleanor Leacock Claude Lévi - Strauss Bronisław Malinowski Margaret Mead Henrietta Moore Lewis H. Morgan Stephen O. Murray Michelle Rosaldo David M. Schneider Marilyn Strathern Related articles ( show ) Alliance theory Matrilineal / matrilocal societies Feminist anthropology Sex and Repression in Savage Society Social Bonding and Nurture Kinship Social anthropology Cultural anthropology Kinship ( edit ) Main article : Kinship Kinship can refer both to the study of the patterns of social relationships in one or more human cultures , or it can refer to the patterns of social relationships themselves . Over its history , anthropology has developed a number of related concepts and terms , such as `` descent '' , `` descent groups '' , `` lineages '' , `` affines '' , `` cognates '' , and even `` fictive kinship '' . Broadly , kinship patterns may be considered to include people related both by descent ( one 's social relations during development ) , and also relatives by marriage . Feminist ( edit ) Main article : Feminist anthropology Feminist anthropology is a four field approach to anthropology ( archeological , biological , cultural , linguistic ) that seeks to reduce male bias in research findings , anthropological hiring practices , and the scholarly production of knowledge . Anthropology engages often with feminists from non-Western traditions , whose perspectives and experiences can differ from those of white European and American feminists . Historically , such ' peripheral ' perspectives have sometimes been marginalized and regarded as less valid or important than knowledge from the western world . Feminist anthropologists have claimed that their research helps to correct this systematic bias in mainstream feminist theory . Feminist anthropologists are centrally concerned with the construction of gender across societies . Feminist anthropology is inclusive of birth anthropology as a specialization . The first African - American female anthropologist and Caribbeanist are said to be Vera Mae Green who studied ethnic and family relations in the Caribbean as well as the United States , and thereby tried to improve the way black life , experiences , and culture were studied . Medical , nutritional , psychological , cognitive and transpersonal ( edit ) Part of a series on Medical and psychological anthropology Basic concepts ( show ) Health Culture - bound syndrome Double bind Case studies ( show ) Navajo medicine Related articles ( show ) Nutritional anthropology Psychological anthropology Cognitive anthropology Transpersonal anthropology Ethnomedicine Clinical ethnography Critical medical anthropology Cross-cultural psychiatry Person - centered ethnography Society for Medical Anthropology National character studies Syndemic Major theorists ( show ) Gregory Bateson Maurice Bloch Charles L. Briggs Veena Das George Devereux Cora DuBois Paul Farmer Michael M.J. Fischer Arthur Kleinman Charles Laughlin E. Thomas Lawson Robert I. Levy Ralph Linton Tanya Luhrmann Marvin Opler Michelle Rosaldo Nancy Scheper - Hughes Richard Shweder Merrill Singer Dan Sperber Melford Spiro Beatrice Whiting John Whiting Journals ( show ) Journal of Cognition and Culture Culture , Medicine and Psychiatry Medical Anthropology Quarterly Anthropology of Consciousness Social and cultural anthropology Medical ( edit ) Main article : Medical anthropology Medical anthropology is an interdisciplinary field which studies `` human health and disease , health care systems , and biocultural adaptation '' . It is believed that William Caudell was the first to discover the field of medical anthropology . Currently , research in medical anthropology is one of the main growth areas in the field of anthropology as a whole . It focuses on the following six basic fields : the development of systems of medical knowledge and medical care the patient - physician relationship the integration of alternative medical systems in culturally diverse environments the interaction of social , environmental and biological factors which influence health and illness both in the individual and the community as a whole the critical analysis of interaction between psychiatric services and migrant populations ( `` critical ethnopsychiatry '' : Beneduce 2004 , 2007 ) the impact of biomedicine and biomedical technologies in non-Western settings Other subjects that have become central to medical anthropology worldwide are violence and social suffering ( Farmer , 1999 , 2003 ; Beneduce , 2010 ) as well as other issues that involve physical and psychological harm and suffering that are not a result of illness . On the other hand , there are fields that intersect with medical anthropology in terms of research methodology and theoretical production , such as cultural psychiatry and transcultural psychiatry or ethnopsychiatry . Nutritional ( edit ) Main article : Nutritional anthropology Nutritional anthropology is a synthetic concept that deals with the interplay between economic systems , nutritional status and food security , and how changes in the former affect the latter . If economic and environmental changes in a community affect access to food , food security , and dietary health , then this interplay between culture and biology is in turn connected to broader historical and economic trends associated with globalization . Nutritional status affects overall health status , work performance potential , and the overall potential for economic development ( either in terms of human development or traditional western models ) for any given group of people . Psychological ( edit ) Main article : Psychological anthropology Psychological anthropology is an interdisciplinary subfield of anthropology that studies the interaction of cultural and mental processes . This subfield tends to focus on ways in which humans ' development and enculturation within a particular cultural group -- with its own history , language , practices , and conceptual categories -- shape processes of human cognition , emotion , perception , motivation , and mental health . It also examines how the understanding of cognition , emotion , motivation , and similar psychological processes inform or constrain our models of cultural and social processes . Cognitive ( edit ) Main article : Cognitive anthropology Cognitive anthropology seeks to explain patterns of shared knowledge , cultural innovation , and transmission over time and space using the methods and theories of the cognitive sciences ( especially experimental psychology and evolutionary biology ) often through close collaboration with historians , ethnographers , archaeologists , linguists , musicologists and other specialists engaged in the description and interpretation of cultural forms . Cognitive anthropology is concerned with what people from different groups know and how that implicit knowledge changes the way people perceive and relate to the world around them . Transpersonal ( edit ) Main article : Transpersonal anthropology Transpersonal anthropology studies the relationship between altered states of consciousness and culture . As with transpersonal psychology , the field is much concerned with altered states of consciousness ( ASC ) and transpersonal experience . However , the field differs from mainstream transpersonal psychology in taking more cognizance of cross-cultural issues -- for instance , the roles of myth , ritual , diet , and texts in evoking and interpreting extraordinary experiences . Political and legal ( edit ) Part of a series on Political and legal anthropology Basic concepts ( show ) Status and rank Ascribed status Achieved status Social status Caste Age grade / Age set Leveling mechanism Leadership Big man Patriarchy Matriarchy Pantribal sodalities Chief Paramount chief Polities Band society Segmentary lineage Tribe Chiefdom House society Ethnic group Theatre state Law and custom Customary law Legal culture Case studies ( show ) Acephelous Societies without hierarchical leaders African Political Systems Papuan Big man system The Art of Not Being Governed State Non-western state systems Negara Mandala Technology , Tradition , and the State in Africa Legal systems Kapu Colonialism and resistance Europe and the People Without History Cargo cult Related articles ( show ) Circumscription theory Legal anthropology Left -- right paradigm State formation Political economy in anthropology Network Analysis and Ethnographic Problems Major theorists ( show ) E. Adamson Hoebel Georges Balandier F.G. Bailey Fredrik Barth Jeremy Boissevain Robert L. Carneiro Henri J.M. Claessen Jean Comaroff John Comaroff Pierre Clastres E.E. Evans - Pritchard Wolfgang Fikentscher Meyer Fortes Morton Fried Ernest Gellner Lesley Gill Ulf Hannerz Thomas Blom Hansen Ted C. Lewellen Edmund Leach Ralph Linton Elizabeth Mertz Sidney Mintz Sally Falk Moore Rodney Needham Marshall Sahlins James C. Scott Elman Service Aidan Southall Jonathan Spencer Bjorn Thomassen Douglas R. White Eric Wolf Social and cultural anthropology Political ( edit ) Main article : Political anthropology Political anthropology concerns the structure of political systems , looked at from the basis of the structure of societies . Political anthropology developed as a discipline concerned primarily with politics in stateless societies , a new development started from the 1960s , and is still unfolding : anthropologists started increasingly to study more `` complex '' social settings in which the presence of states , bureaucracies and markets entered both ethnographic accounts and analysis of local phenomena . The turn towards complex societies meant that political themes were taken up at two main levels . First of all , anthropologists continued to study political organization and political phenomena that lay outside the state - regulated sphere ( as in patron - client relations or tribal political organization ) . Second of all , anthropologists slowly started to develop a disciplinary concern with states and their institutions ( and on the relationship between formal and informal political institutions ) . An anthropology of the state developed , and it is a most thriving field today . Geertz ' comparative work on `` Negara '' , the Balinese state is an early , famous example . Legal ( edit ) Main article : Legal anthropology Legal anthropology or anthropology of law specializes in `` the cross-cultural study of social ordering '' . Earlier legal anthropological research often focused more narrowly on conflict management , crime , sanctions , or formal regulation . More recent applications include issues such as human rights , legal pluralism , and political uprisings . Public ( edit ) Main article : Public anthropology Public Anthropology was created by Robert Borofsky , a professor at Hawaii Pacific University , to `` demonstrate the ability of anthropology and anthropologists to effectively address problems beyond the discipline -- illuminating larger social issues of our times as well as encouraging broad , public conversations about them with the explicit goal of fostering social change '' ( Borofsky 2004 ) . Nature , science and technology ( edit ) Part of a series on Anthropology of nature , science and technology Basic concepts ( show ) Ecogovernmentality Nature -- culture divide Related articles ( show ) Cultural ecology Cyborg anthropology Digital anthropology Ecological anthropology Environmental anthropology Political ecology Science , technology and society Major theorists ( show ) Tom Boellstorff Gabriella Coleman Roy Ellen Donna Haraway Mizuko Ito Daniel Miller Mike Wesch Leslie White Social and cultural anthropology Cyborg ( edit ) Main article : Cyborg anthropology Cyborg anthropology originated as a sub-focus group within the American Anthropological Association 's annual meeting in 1993 . The sub-group was very closely related to STS and the Society for the Social Studies of Science . Donna Haraway 's 1985 Cyborg Manifesto could be considered the founding document of cyborg anthropology by first exploring the philosophical and sociological ramifications of the term . Cyborg anthropology studies humankind and its relations with the technological systems it has built , specifically modern technological systems that have reflexively shaped notions of what it means to be human beings . Digital ( edit ) Main article : Digital anthropology Digital anthropology is the study of the relationship between humans and digital - era technology , and extends to various areas where anthropology and technology intersect . It is sometimes grouped with sociocultural anthropology , and sometimes considered part of material culture . The field is new , and thus has a variety of names with a variety of emphases . These include techno - anthropology , digital ethnography , cyberanthropology , and virtual anthropology . Ecological ( edit ) Main article : Ecological anthropology Ecological anthropology is defined as the `` study of cultural adaptations to environments '' . The sub-field is also defined as , `` the study of relationships between a population of humans and their biophysical environment '' . The focus of its research concerns `` how cultural beliefs and practices helped human populations adapt to their environments , and how their environment across space and time . The contemporary perspective of environmental anthropology , and arguably at least the backdrop , if not the focus of most of the ethnographies and cultural fieldworks of today , is political ecology . Many characterize this new perspective as more informed with culture , politics and power , globalization , localized issues , century anthropology and more . The focus and data interpretation is often used for arguments for / against or creation of policy , and to prevent corporate exploitation and damage of land . Often , the observer has become an active part of the struggle either directly ( organizing , participation ) or indirectly ( articles , documentaries , books , ethnographies ) . Such is the case with environmental justice advocate Melissa Checker and her relationship with the people of Hyde Park . Historical ( edit ) Main article : Ethnohistory See also : Historical anthropology Ethnohistory is the study of ethnographic cultures and indigenous customs by examining historical records . It is also the study of the history of various ethnic groups that may or may not exist today . Ethnohistory uses both historical and ethnographic data as its foundation . Its historical methods and materials go beyond the standard use of documents and manuscripts . Practitioners recognize the utility of such source material as maps , music , paintings , photography , folklore , oral tradition , site exploration , archaeological materials , museum collections , enduring customs , language , and place names . Religion ( edit ) Part of a series on Anthropology of religion Basic concepts ( show ) Afterlife Animism Communitas Comparative religion Divination Divine language Evolutionary origin of religions Fetishism Great Spirit Henotheism Initiation Liminality Magic Mana Monotheism Polytheism Transtheism Revitalization movement Rite of passage Ritual Sacred language Sacred -- profane dichotomy Shamanism Soul dualism Theories about religions Totem Veneration of the dead Case studies ( show ) Magic Coral Gardens and Their Magic Treatise on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants Neo-Paganism Ritual Angakkuq Babaylan Bobohizan Bomoh Bora Dukun Miko Jhākri Pawang Slametan Wu Revitalization movement Cargo cult Ghost dance Handsome Lake Related articles ( show ) The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life Purity and Danger Myth and ritual Archaeology of religion and ritual Poles in mythology Major theorists ( show ) Augustin Calmet Akbar S. Ahmed Talal Asad Joseph Campbell Mary Douglas Émile Durkheim Arnold van Gennep E.E. Evans - Pritchard James Frazer Clifford Geertz Robin Horton Claude Lévi - Strauss Robert Marett Roy Rappaport Saba Mahmood Marshall Sahlins Melford Spiro Stanley Tambiah Victor Turner Edward Burnett Tylor Daniel Martin Varisco Anthony F.C. Wallace Journals ( show ) Anthropological Perspectives on Religion Folklore The Hibbert Journal The Journal of Religion Oceania Religions ( show ) Ethnic and folk religions Afro - American religion Alaska Native religion Anito Atua Böö mörgöl Hanitu Hausa Kejawèn Native American religion Noaidi Shen Shindo Shamanism in Siberia Shinto Traditional African religions Buddhism Mahayana Nichiren Pure Land Shingon Theravada Tiantai Tibetan Vajrayana Zen Christianity Adventism Anglicanism Armenian Apostolic Church Baptists Calvinism Catholic Church Coptic Eastern Orthodox Coptic Orthodox Lutheranism Methodism Pentecostalism Protestantism Quakers Russian Orthodox Hinduism Hindu denominations Shaivism Vaishnavism Shaktism Islam Ahmadiyya Ibadi Mahdavia Non-denominational Quranists Shia Sufism Sunni Yazdânism Jainism Judaism Social and cultural anthropology Main article : Anthropology of religion The anthropology of religion involves the study of religious institutions in relation to other social institutions , and the comparison of religious beliefs and practices across cultures . Modern anthropology assumes that there is complete continuity between magical thinking and religion , and that every religion is a cultural product , created by the human community that worships it . Urban ( edit ) Main article : Urban anthropology Urban anthropology is concerned with issues of urbanization , poverty , and neoliberalism . Ulf Hannerz quotes a 1960s remark that traditional anthropologists were `` a notoriously agoraphobic lot , anti-urban by definition '' . Various social processes in the Western World as well as in the `` Third World '' ( the latter being the habitual focus of attention of anthropologists ) brought the attention of `` specialists in ' other cultures ' '' closer to their homes . There are two main approaches to urban anthropology : examining the types of cities or examining the social issues within the cities . These two methods are overlapping and dependent of each other . By defining different types of cities , one would use social factors as well as economic and political factors to categorize the cities . By directly looking at the different social issues , one would also be studying how they affect the dynamic of the city . Key topics by field : archaeological and biological ( edit ) Main articles : Archaeological and Biological anthropology Anthrozoology ( edit ) Main article : Anthrozoology Anthrozoology ( also known as `` human -- animal studies '' ) is the study of interaction between living things . It is a burgeoning interdisciplinary field that overlaps with a number of other disciplines , including anthropology , ethology , medicine , psychology , veterinary medicine and zoology . A major focus of anthrozoologic research is the quantifying of the positive effects of human - animal relationships on either party and the study of their interactions . It includes scholars from a diverse range of fields , including anthropology , sociology , biology , and philosophy . Biocultural ( edit ) Main article : Biocultural anthropology Biocultural anthropology is the scientific exploration of the relationships between human biology and culture . Physical anthropologists throughout the first half of the 20th century viewed this relationship from a racial perspective ; that is , from the assumption that typological human biological differences lead to cultural differences . After World War II the emphasis began to shift toward an effort to explore the role culture plays in shaping human biology . Evolutionary ( edit ) Main article : Evolutionary anthropology Evolutionary anthropology is the interdisciplinary study of the evolution of human physiology and human behaviour and the relation between hominins and non-hominin primates . Evolutionary anthropology is based in natural science and social science , combining the human development with socioeconomic factors . Evolutionary anthropology is concerned with both biological and cultural evolution of humans , past and present . It is based on a scientific approach , and brings together fields such as archaeology , behavioral ecology , psychology , primatology , and genetics . It is a dynamic and interdisciplinary field , drawing on many lines of evidence to understand the human experience , past and present . Forensic ( edit ) Main article : Forensic anthropology Forensic anthropology is the application of the science of physical anthropology and human osteology in a legal setting , most often in criminal cases where the victim 's remains are in the advanced stages of decomposition . A forensic anthropologist can assist in the identification of deceased individuals whose remains are decomposed , burned , mutilated or otherwise unrecognizable . The adjective `` forensic '' refers to the application of this subfield of science to a court of law . Palaeoanthropology ( edit ) Main article : Palaeoanthropology Paleoanthropology combines the disciplines of paleontology and physical anthropology . It is the study of ancient humans , as found in fossil hominid evidence such as petrifacted bones and footprints . Organizations ( edit ) Contemporary anthropology is an established science with academic departments at most universities and colleges . The single largest organization of Anthropologists is the American Anthropological Association ( AAA ) , which was founded in 1903 . Membership is made up of anthropologists from around the globe . In 1989 , a group of European and American scholars in the field of anthropology established the European Association of Social Anthropologists ( EASA ) which serves as a major professional organization for anthropologists working in Europe . The EASA seeks to advance the status of anthropology in Europe and to increase visibility of marginalized anthropological traditions and thereby contribute to the project of a global anthropology or world anthropology . Hundreds of other organizations exist in the various sub-fields of anthropology , sometimes divided up by nation or region , and many anthropologists work with collaborators in other disciplines , such as geology , physics , zoology , paleontology , anatomy , music theory , art history , sociology and so on , belonging to professional societies in those disciplines as well . List of major organizations ( edit ) Main category : Anthropology organizations American Anthropological Association American Ethnological Society Asociación de Antropólogos Iberoamericanos en Red , AIBR Moving Anthropology Student Network Anthropological Society of London Center for World Indigenous Studies Ethnological Society of London Institute of Anthropology and Ethnography Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Network of Concerned Anthropologists N.N. Miklukho - Maklai Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology Radical Anthropology Group Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland Society for anthropological sciences Society for Applied Anthropology USC Center for Visual Anthropology Ethics ( edit ) As the field has matured it has debated and arrived at ethical principles aimed at protecting both the subjects of anthropological research as well as the researchers themselves , and professional societies have generated codes of ethics . Anthropologists , like other researchers ( especially historians and scientists engaged in field research ) , have over time assisted state policies and projects , especially colonialism . Some commentators have contended : That the discipline grew out of colonialism , perhaps was in league with it , and derives some of its key notions from it , consciously or not . ( See , for example , Gough , Pels and Salemink , but cf . Lewis 2004 ) . That ethnographic work is often ahistorical , writing about people as if they were `` out of time '' in an `` ethnographic present '' ( Johannes Fabian , Time and Its Other ) . Cultural relativism ( edit ) As part of their quest for scientific objectivity , present - day anthropologists typically urge cultural relativism , which has an influence on all the sub-fields of anthropology . This is the notion that cultures should not be judged by another 's values or viewpoints , but be examined dispassionately on their own terms . There should be no notions , in good anthropology , of one culture being better or worse than another culture . Ethical commitments in anthropology include noticing and documenting genocide , infanticide , racism , mutilation ( including circumcision and subincision ) , and torture . Topics like racism , slavery , and human sacrifice attract anthropological attention and theories ranging from nutritional deficiencies to genes to acculturation have been proposed , not to mention theories of colonialism and many others as root causes of Man 's inhumanity to man . To illustrate the depth of an anthropological approach , one can take just one of these topics , such as `` racism '' and find thousands of anthropological references , stretching across all the major and minor sub-fields . Military involvement ( edit ) Anthropologists ' involvement with the U.S. government , in particular , has caused bitter controversy within the discipline . Franz Boas publicly objected to US participation in World War I , and after the war he published a brief expose and condemnation of the participation of several American archaeologists in espionage in Mexico under their cover as scientists . But by the 1940s , many of Boas ' anthropologist contemporaries were active in the allied war effort against the `` Axis '' ( Nazi Germany , Fascist Italy , and Imperial Japan ) . Many served in the armed forces , while others worked in intelligence ( for example , Office of Strategic Services and the Office of War Information ) . At the same time , David H. Price 's work on American anthropology during the Cold War provides detailed accounts of the pursuit and dismissal of several anthropologists from their jobs for communist sympathies . Attempts to accuse anthropologists of complicity with the CIA and government intelligence activities during the Vietnam War years have turned up surprisingly little . Many anthropologists ( students and teachers ) were active in the antiwar movement . Numerous resolutions condemning the war in all its aspects were passed overwhelmingly at the annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association ( AAA ) . Professional anthropological bodies often object to the use of anthropology for the benefit of the state . Their codes of ethics or statements may proscribe anthropologists from giving secret briefings . The Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth ( ASA ) has called certain scholarship ethically dangerous . The AAA 's current ' Statement of Professional Responsibility ' clearly states that `` in relation with their own government and with host governments ... no secret research , no secret reports or debriefings of any kind should be agreed to or given . '' Anthropologists , along with other social scientists , are working with the US military as part of the US Army 's strategy in Afghanistan . The Christian Science Monitor reports that `` Counterinsurgency efforts focus on better grasping and meeting local needs '' in Afghanistan , under the Human Terrain System ( HTS ) program ; in addition , HTS teams are working with the US military in Iraq . In 2009 , the American Anthropological Association 's Commission on the Engagement of Anthropology with the US Security and Intelligence Communities released its final report concluding , in part , that , `` When ethnographic investigation is determined by military missions , not subject to external review , where data collection occurs in the context of war , integrated into the goals of counterinsurgency , and in a potentially coercive environment -- all characteristic factors of the HTS concept and its application -- it can no longer be considered a legitimate professional exercise of anthropology . In summary , while we stress that constructive engagement between anthropology and the military is possible , CEAUSSIC suggests that the AAA emphasize the incompatibility of HTS with disciplinary ethics and practice for job seekers and that it further recognize the problem of allowing HTS to define the meaning of `` anthropology '' within DoD . '' Post -- world War II developments ( edit ) Before WWII British ' social anthropology ' and American ' cultural anthropology ' were still distinct traditions . After the war , enough British and American anthropologists borrowed ideas and methodological approaches from one another that some began to speak of them collectively as ' sociocultural ' anthropology . Basic trends ( edit ) There are several characteristics that tend to unite anthropological work . One of the central characteristics is that anthropology tends to provide a comparatively more holistic account of phenomena and tends to be highly empirical . The quest for holism leads most anthropologists to study a particular place , problem or phenomenon in detail , using a variety of methods , over a more extensive period than normal in many parts of academia . In the 1990s and 2000s ( decade ) , calls for clarification of what constitutes a culture , of how an observer knows where his or her own culture ends and another begins , and other crucial topics in writing anthropology were heard . These dynamic relationships , between what can be observed on the ground , as opposed to what can be observed by compiling many local observations remain fundamental in any kind of anthropology , whether cultural , biological , linguistic or archaeological . Biological anthropologists are interested in both human variation and in the possibility of human universals ( behaviors , ideas or concepts shared by virtually all human cultures ) . They use many different methods of study , but modern population genetics , participant observation and other techniques often take anthropologists `` into the field , '' which means traveling to a community in its own setting , to do something called `` fieldwork . '' On the biological or physical side , human measurements , genetic samples , nutritional data may be gathered and published as articles or monographs . Along with dividing up their project by theoretical emphasis , anthropologists typically divide the world up into relevant time periods and geographic regions . Human time on Earth is divided up into relevant cultural traditions based on material , such as the Paleolithic and the Neolithic , of particular use in archaeology . Further cultural subdivisions according to tool types , such as Olduwan or Mousterian or Levalloisian help archaeologists and other anthropologists in understanding major trends in the human past . Anthropologists and geographers share approaches to Culture regions as well , since mapping cultures is central to both sciences . By making comparisons across cultural traditions ( time - based ) and cultural regions ( space - based ) , anthropologists have developed various kinds of comparative method , a central part of their science . Commonalities between fields ( edit ) Because anthropology developed from so many different enterprises ( see History of Anthropology ) , including but not limited to fossil - hunting , exploring , documentary film - making , paleontology , primatology , antiquity dealings and curatorship , philology , etymology , genetics , regional analysis , ethnology , history , philosophy , and religious studies , it is difficult to characterize the entire field in a brief article , although attempts to write histories of the entire field have been made . Some authors argue that anthropology originated and developed as the study of `` other cultures '' , both in terms of time ( past societies ) and space ( non-European / non-Western societies ) . For example , the classic of urban anthropology , Ulf Hannerz in the introduction to his seminal Exploring the City : Inquiries Toward an Urban Anthropology mentions that the `` Third World '' had habitually received most of attention ; anthropologists who traditionally specialized in `` other cultures '' looked for them far away and started to look `` across the tracks '' only in late 1960s . Now there exist many works focusing on peoples and topics very close to the author 's `` home '' . It is also argued that other fields of study , like History and Sociology , on the contrary focus disproportionately on the West . In France , the study of Western societies has been traditionally left to sociologists , but this is increasingly changing , starting in the 1970s from scholars like Isac Chiva and journals like Terrain ( `` fieldwork '' ) , and developing with the center founded by Marc Augé ( Le Centre d'anthropologie des mondes contemporains , the Anthropological Research Center of Contemporary Societies ) . Since the 1980s it has become common for social and cultural anthropologists to set ethnographic research in the North Atlantic region , frequently examining the connections between locations rather than limiting research to a single locale . There has also been a related shift toward broadening the focus beyond the daily life of ordinary people ; increasingly , research is set in settings such as scientific laboratories , social movements , governmental and nongovernmental organizations and businesses . See also ( edit ) Anthropology portal Book : Anthropology Outline of anthropology Anthropological Index Online ( AIO ) Anthropological science fiction Christian anthropology , a sub-field of theology Engaged theory Ethnology Ethnobiology Ethnomusicology Ethology Folklore Human ethology Human evolution Human Relations Area Files Intangible cultural heritage List of anthropologists Memetics Origins of society Prehistoric medicine Qualitative research Sociology Philosophical anthropology , a sub-field of philosophy Anthropology in Tinbergen 's four questions Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Richard Harvey 's 1593 Philadelphus , a defense of the legend of Brutus in British history , includes the passage `` Genealogy or issue which they had , Artes which they studied , Actes which they did . This part of History is named Anthropology . '' Jump up ^ John Kersey 's 1706 edition of The New World of English Words includes the definition `` Anthropology , a Discourse or Description of Man , or of a Man 's Body . '' Jump up ^ In French : L'Anthropologie , c'est à dire la science qui traite de l'homme , est divisée ordinairment & avec raison en l'Anatomie , qui considere le corps & les parties , et en la Psychologie , qui parle de l'Ame . Jump up ^ As Fletcher points out , the French society was by no means the first to include anthropology or parts of it as its topic . Previous organizations used other names . The German Anthropological Association of St. Petersburg , however , in fact met first in 1861 , but due to the death of its founder never met again . Jump up ^ Hunt 's choice of theorists does not exclude the numerous other theorists that were beginning to publish a large volume of anthropological studies . Jump up ^ `` It seems to be one of the postulates of modern anthropology that there is complete continuity between magic and religion . ( note 35 : See , for instance , RR Marett , Faith , Hope , and Charity in Primitive Religion , the Gifford Lectures ( Macmillan , 1932 ) , Lecture II , pp. 21 ff . ) ... We have no empirical evidence at all that there ever was an age of magic that has been followed and superseded by an age of religion . '' Jump up ^ Note that anthrozoology should not be confused with `` animal studies '' , which often refers to animal testing . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` anthropology '' . Oxford Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 10 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` anthropology '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 23 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` What is Anthropology ? '' . American Anthropological Association . Retrieved 10 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Haviland , William A. ; Prins , Harald E.L. ; McBride , Bunny ; Walrath , Dana ( 2010 ) , Cultural Anthropology : The Human Challenge ( 13th ed . ) , Cengage Learning , ISBN 0 - 495 - 81082 - 7 ^ Jump up to : Oxford English Dictionary , 1st ed. `` anthropology , n . '' Oxford University Press ( Oxford ) , 1885 . Jump up ^ Israel Institute of the History of Medicine . Koroth . BRILL . p. 19 . GGKEY : 34XGYHLZ7XY . ^ Jump up to : Bartholin , Caspar ; Bartholin , Thomas ( 1647 ) . `` Preface '' . Institutions anatomiques de Gaspar Bartholin , augmentées et enrichies pour la seconde fois tant des opinions et observations nouvelles des modernes . Translated from the Latin by Abr . Du Prat . Paris : M. Hénault et J. Hénault . Jump up ^ Schiller 1979 , pp. 130 -- 132 Jump up ^ Schiller 1979 , p. 221 ^ Jump up to : Fletcher , Robert ( 1882 ) . `` Paul Broca and the French School of Anthropology '' . The Saturday Lectures , Delivered in the Lecture - room of the U.S. National Museum under the Auspices of the Anthropological and Biological Societies of Washington in March and April 1882 . Boston ; Washington , D.C. : D. Lothrop & Co. ; Judd & Detweiler . Jump up ^ Schiller 1979 , p. 143 Jump up ^ Schiller 1979 , p. 136 Jump up ^ Waitz 1863 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Waitz 1863 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Waitz 1863 , pp. 11 -- 12 ^ Jump up to : Hunt 1863 , Introductory Address Jump up ^ Maccurdy , George Grant ( 1899 ) . `` Extent of Instruction in Anthropology in Europe and the United States '' . Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science : 382 -- 390 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . World Council of Anthropological Associations . Retrieved 29 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hylland Eriksen , Thomas . ( 2004 ) `` What is Anthropology '' Pluto . London . p. 79 . ISBN 0745323200 . ^ Jump up to : Ingold , Tim ( 1994 ) . `` Introduction to culture '' . Companion Encyclopedia of Anthropology . p. 331 . ISBN 0415021375 . Jump up ^ On varieties of cultural relativism in anthropology , see Spiro , Melford E. ( 1987 ) `` Some Reflections on Cultural Determinism and Relativism with Special Reference to Emotion and Reason , '' in Culture and Human Nature : Theoretical Papers of Melford E. Spiro . Edited by B. Kilborne and L.L. Langness , pp. 32 -- 58 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . Jump up ^ Heyck , Thomas William ; Stocking , George W. ; Goody , Jack ( 1997 ) . `` After Tylor : British Social Anthropology 1888 -- 1951 '' . The American Historical Review . 102 ( 5 ) : 1486 -- 1488 . doi : 10.2307 / 2171126 . ISSN 0002 - 8762 . JSTOR 2171126 . Jump up ^ Layton , Robert ( 1998 ) An Introduction to Theory in Anthropology . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ What is Anthropology -- American Anthropological Association . Aaanet.org . Retrieved on 2016 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ What is Anthropology . Living Anthropologically . Retrieved on 2017 - 17 - 01 . Jump up ^ Harris , Marvin . The Rise of Anthropological Theory . Alta Mira Press . 2000 ( revised from 1968 ) ; Harris , Marvin . Theories of Culture in Postmodern Times . Altamira. 1998 Jump up ^ Ahmed , Akbar S. ( 1984 ) . `` Al - Beruni : The First Anthropologist '' . RAIN. 60 ( 60 ) : 9 -- 10 . doi : 10.2307 / 3033407 . JSTOR 3033407 . Jump up ^ Bloch , Maurice ( 1991 ) . `` Language , Anthropology and Cognitive Science '' . Man . London School of Economics and Political Science . 26 ( 2 ) : 183 -- 198 . doi : 10.2307 / 2803828 . JSTOR 2803828 . Jump up ^ Daniel A. Segal ; Sylvia J. Yanagisako , eds. ( 2005 ) . Unwrapping the Sacred Bundle . Durham and London : Duke University Press . pp. Back Cover . ISBN 0822386844 . Jump up ^ Geertz , Behar , Clifford & James ^ Jump up to : Ingold , Tim ( 1994 ) . `` GENERAL INTRODUCTION '' . Companion Encyclopedia of Anthropology . Taylor & Francis . pp. xv . ISBN 0415021375 . Jump up ^ Tim Ingold ( 1996 ) . Key Debates In Anthropology . p. 18 . the traditional anthropological project of cross-cultural or cross-societal comparison Jump up ^ Bernard , H. Russell ( 2002 ) , Research Methods in Anthropology . Altamira Press . p. 322 . ISBN 0759108684 Jump up ^ George Peter Murdock ; Douglas R. White ( 1969 ) . `` Standard Cross-Cultural Sample '' . Ethnology. 9 : 329 -- 369 . Jump up ^ University of Toronto . ( n.d. ) . Research Subfields : Physical or Biological . Retrieved 14 March 2012 , from http://anthropology.utoronto.ca/about/research/physical-or-biological Jump up ^ Robbins , R.H. & Larkin , S.N. ( 2007 ) . Cultural Anthropology : A problem based approach . Toronto , ON : Nelson Education Ltd . Jump up ^ `` What is Anthropology ? - Advance Your Career '' . www.americananthro.org . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Salzmann , Zdeněk. ( 1993 ) Language , culture , and society : an introduction to linguistic anthropology . Boulder , CO : Westview Press . Jump up ^ Layton , Robert . ( 1981 ) The Anthropology of Art . Jump up ^ Spitulnik , Deborah ( 1993 ) . `` Anthropology and Mass Media '' ( PDF ) . Annual Review of Anthropology. 22 : 293 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. an. 22.100193. 001453 . Jump up ^ Abu - Lughod , Lila ( 1997 ) . `` The Interpretation of Cultures after Television '' ( PDF ) . Representations. 59 : 109 -- 133 . JSTOR 2928817 . Jump up ^ Hann , Chris ; Hart , Keith ( 2011 ) . Economic Anthropology . Cambridge : Polity Press . pp. 55 -- 71 . ISBN 9780745644820 . Jump up ^ Roseberry , William ( 1988 ) . `` Political Economy '' . Annual Review of Anthropology. 17 : 161 -- 85 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. an. 17.100188. 001113 . Jump up ^ Kedia , Satish , and Willigen J. Van ( 2005 ) . Applied Anthropology : Domains of Application . Westport , Conn : Praeger . pp. 16 , 150 . ISBN 0275978419 . Jump up ^ Cole , Johnnetta B. ( September 1982 ) . `` Vera Mae Green , 1928 - 1982 '' . American Anthropologist. 84 ( 3 ) : 633 -- 635 . doi : 10.1525 / aa. 1982.84. 3.02 a00080 . Jump up ^ McElroy , A ( 1996 ) . `` Medical Anthropology '' . In D. Levinson ; M. Ember . Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Campbell , Dave ( 2016 - 10 - 24 ) . `` Anthropology 's Contribution to Public Health Policy Development '' . McGill Journal of Medicine : MJM. 13 ( 1 ) : 76 . ISSN 1201 - 026X . PMC 3277334 . PMID 22363184 . ^ Jump up to : D'Andrade , R. ( 1999 ) . `` The Sad Story of Anthropology : 1950 -- 1999 '' . In Cerroni - Long , E.L. Anthropological Theory in North America . Westport : Berin & Garvey . ISBN 0897896858 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , T. ; G.M. White ; et al. , eds. ( 1992 ) . New Directions in Psychological Anthropology . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Young , David E. ; Goulet , J.G. ( 1994 ) . Being Changed by Cross-cultural Encounters : The Anthropology of Extraordinary Experiences . Peterborough : Broadview Press . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Carol J. ( 1986 ) . Praying for Justice : Faith , Order , and Community in an American Town . Ithaca : Cornell UP . p. 28 . ISBN 0801419719 . Jump up ^ Hent de Vries ; Lawrence E. Sullivan , eds. ( 2006 ) . Political theologies : public religions in a post-secular world . New York : Fordham University Press . Jump up ^ Dumit , Joseph . Davis - Floyd , Robbie ( 2001 ) . `` Cyborg Anthropology '' . in Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women . Routledge . ISBN 0415920922 . Jump up ^ `` Techno - Anthropology course guide '' . Aalborg University . Retrieved 14 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Knorr , Alexander ( August 2011 ) . Cyberanthropology . Peter Hammer Verlag Gmbh . ISBN 978 - 3 - 7795 - 0359 - 0 . Retrieved 14 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Weber , Gerhard ; Bookstein , Fred ( 2011 ) . Virtual Anthropology : A guide to a new interdisciplinary field . Springer . ISBN 978 - 3 - 211 - 48647 - 4 . Jump up ^ Kottak , Conrad Phillip ( 2010 ) . Anthropology : appreciating human diversity ( 14th ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . pp. 579 -- 584 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 811699 - 5 . Jump up ^ Townsend , Patricia K. ( 2009 ) . Environmental anthropology : from pigs to policies ( 2nd ed . ) . Prospect Heights , Ill. : Waveland Press . p. 104 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57766 - 581 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kottak , Conrad P. ( 1999 ) . `` The New Ecological Anthropology '' . American Anthropologist. 101 : 23 . doi : 10.1525 / aa. 1999.101. 1.23 . JSTOR 683339 . Jump up ^ Pyke , GH ( 1984 ) . `` Optimal Foraging Theory : A Critical Review '' . Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 15 : 523 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. es. 15.110184. 002515 . Jump up ^ Melissa Checker ( August 2005 ) . Polluted promises : environmental racism and the search for justice in a southern town . NYU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 1657 - 1 . Jump up ^ Axtell , J. ( 1979 ) . `` Ethnohistory : An Historian 's Viewpoint '' . Ethnohistory. 26 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 4 . doi : 10.2307 / 481465 . JSTOR 481465 . ^ Jump up to : Cassirer , Ernst ( 1944 ) An Essay On Man , pt. II , ch. 7 Myth and Religion , pp. 122 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Guthrie ( 2000 ) Guide to the Study of Religion . Bloomsbury Academic . pp. 225 -- 6 . ISBN 0304701769 . ^ Jump up to : Hannerz , Ulf ( 1980 ) Exploring the City : Inquiries Toward an Urban Anthropology , ISBN 0 - 231 - 08376 - 9 , p. 1 . ISBN Columbia University Press . Jump up ^ Griffiths , M.B. ; Chapman , M. ; Christiansen , F. ( 2010 ) . `` Chinese consumers : The Romantic reappraisal '' . Ethnography. 11 ( 3 ) : 331 . doi : 10.1177 / 1466138110370412 . JSTOR 24047982 . Jump up ^ Mills , Daniel S ( 2010 ) . `` Anthrozoology '' , The Encyclopedia of Applied Animal Behaviour and Welfare . CABI , pp. 28 -- 30 . ISBN 0851997244 . Jump up ^ DeMello , Margo ( 2010 ) . Teaching the Animal : Human -- Animal Studies Across the Disciplines . Lantern Books . p. xi . ISBN 1590561686 Jump up ^ Animals & Society Institute Archived 25 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , accessed 23 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Alan H. ; Thomas L. Leatherman ( eds . ) ( 1998 ) . Building A New Biocultural Synthesis . University of Michigan Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 06606 - 3 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ AAAnet.org . AAAnet.org . Retrieved on 2016 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ AAAnet.org Jump up ^ Johanson , Donald and Wong , Kate ( 2007 ) . Lucy 's Legacy . Kindle Books . Jump up ^ Netti , Bruno ( 2005 ) . The Study of Ethnomusicology . Ch. 1 . University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0252030338 . Jump up ^ `` Final Report of the Commission to Review the AAA Statements on Ethics - Participate & Advocate '' . American Anthropological Association . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Asad , Talal , ed. ( 1973 ) Anthropology & the Colonial Encounter . Atlantic Highlands , NJ : Humanities Press . Jump up ^ van Breman , Jan , and Akitoshi Shimizu ( 1999 ) Anthropology and Colonialism in Asia and Oceania . Richmond , Surrey : Curzon Press . Jump up ^ Gellner , Ernest ( 1992 ) Postmodernism , Reason , and Religion . London / New York : Routledge . pp. 26 -- 29 . ISBN 041508024X . Jump up ^ Levi - Strauss , Claude ( 1962 ) . The Savage Mind Jump up ^ Womack , Mari ( 2001 ) . Being Human ... Jump up ^ Harris , Marvin . Cows , Pigs , Wars , and Witches . Jump up ^ Is there a gene for racism ? Times Higher Education ( THE ) . Times Higher Education ( 2016 - 10 - 27 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Statement on `` Race '' `` . American Anthropological Association . May 1998 . Jump up ^ Marshall , E. ( 1998 ) . `` CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY : DNA Studies Challenge the Meaning of Race '' . Science . 282 ( 5389 ) : 654 -- 5 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 282.5389. 654 . PMID 9841421 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Allan ( 1995 ) . `` The Problematics of `` Race '' in Contemporary Biological Anthropology . '' In Biological Anthropology : The State of the Science . International Institute for Human Evolutionary Research . ISBN 0964424800 . Jump up ^ De Montellano , Bernard R. Ortiz ( 1993 ) . `` Melanin , afrocentricity , and pseudoscience '' . American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 36 : 33 . doi : 10.1002 / ajpa. 1330360604 . Jump up ^ US Army 's strategy in Afghanistan : better anthropology . CSMonitor.com ( 2007 - 09 - 07 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Human Terrain System : A CORDS for the 21st Century '' . Archived from the original on 21 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AAA Commission Releases Final Report on Army Human Terrain System '' . American Anthropological Association ( 2009 - 12 - 08 ) Jump up ^ Rosaldo , Renato ( 1993 ) . Culture and Truth : The remaking of social analysis . Beacon Press . Inda Jump up ^ Xavier , John and Rosaldo , Renato ( 2007 ) . The Anthropology of Globalization . Wiley - Blackwell . Jump up ^ Jurmain , Robert ; Kilgore , Lynn ; Trevathan , Wenda and Ciochon , Russell L. ( 2007 ) . Introduction to Physical Anthropology . 11th Edition . Wadsworth . chapters I , III and IV . ISBN 0495187798 . Jump up ^ Wompack , Mari ( 2001 ) . Being Human . Prentice Hall . pp. 11 -- 20 . ISBN 0136440711 Jump up ^ Brown , Donald ( 1991 ) . Human Universals . McGraw Hill . Jump up ^ Roughley , Neil ( 2000 ) . Being Humans : Anthropological Universality and Particularity in Transciplinary Perspectives . Walter de Gruyter Publishing . Jump up ^ Erickson , Paul A. and Liam D. Murphy ( 2003 ) . A History of Anthropological Theory . Broadview Press . pp. 11 -- 12 . ISBN 1442601108 . Jump up ^ Stocking , George ( 1992 ) `` Paradigmatic Traditions in the History of Anthropology '' , pp. 342 -- 361 in George Stocking , The Ethnographer 's Magic and Other Essays in the History of Anthropology . Madison : University of Wisconsin Press . ISBN 0299134148 . Jump up ^ Leaf , Murray ( 1979 ) . Man , Mind and Science : A History of Anthropology . Columbia University Press . Jump up ^ See the many essays relating to this in Prem Poddar and David Johnson , Historical Companion to Postcolonial Thought in English , Edinburgh University Press , 2004 . See also Prem Poddar et al. , Historical Companion to Postcolonial Literatures -- Continental Europe and its Empires , Edinburgh University Press , 2008 Jump up ^ Lewis , Herbert S. ( 1998 ) The Misrepresentation of Anthropology and its Consequences American Anthropologist `` 100 : '' 716 -- 731 Jump up ^ Goody , Jack ( 2007 ) The Theft of History . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 87069 - 0 Jump up ^ Abélès , Marc . `` How the Anthropology of France Has Changed Anthropology in France : Assessing New Directions in the Field '' . Cultural Anthropology. 1999 : 407 . JSTOR 08867356 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Michael M.J. ( 2003 ) Emergent Forms of Life and the Anthropological Voice . Duke University Press . Further reading ( edit ) Main article : Bibliography of anthropology Dictionaries and encyclopedias ( edit ) Barnard , Alan ; Spencer , Jonathan , eds. ( 2010 ) . The Routledge Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology . London : Routledge . Barfield , Thomas ( 1997 ) . The dictionary of anthropology . Hoboken : Wiley - Blackwell Publishing . Jackson , John L. ( 2013 ) . Oxford Bibliographies : Anthropology . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Levinson , David ; Ember , Melvin , eds. ( 1996 ) . Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology . Volumes 1 -- 4 . New York : Henry Holt . Rapport , Nigel ; Overing , Joanna ( 2007 ) . Social and Cultural Anthropology : The Key Concepts . New York : Routledge . Fieldnotes and memoirs ( edit ) Barley , Nigel ( 1983 ) . The innocent anthropologist : notes from a mud hut . London : British Museum Publications . Geertz , Clifford ( 1995 ) . After the fact : two countries , four decades , one anthropologist . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . Lévi - Strauss , Claude ( 1967 ) . Tristes tropiques . Translated from the French by John Russell . New York : Atheneum . Malinowski , Bronisław ( 1967 ) . A diary in the strict sense of the term . Translated by Norbert Guterman . New York : Harcourt , Brace & World . Mead , Margaret ( 1972 ) . Blackberry winter : my earlier years . New York : William Marrow . -- -- ( 1977 ) . Letters from the field , 1925 -- 1975 . New York : Harper & Row . Rabinow , Paul ( 1977 ) . Reflections on fieldwork in Morocco . Quantum Books . Berkeley : University of California Press . Histories ( edit ) Asad , Talal , ed. ( 1973 ) . Anthropology & the Colonial Encounter . Atlantic Highlands , NJ : Humanities Press . Barth , Fredrik ; Gingrich , Andre ; Parkin , Robert ( 2005 ) . One Discipline , Four Ways : British , German , French , and American anthropology . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . Darnell , Regna. ( 2001 ) . Invisible Genealogies : A History of Americanist Anthropology . Lincoln , NE : University of Nebraska Press . Gisi , Lucas Marco ( 2007 ) . Einbildungskraft und Mythologie . Die Verschränkung von Anthropologie und Geschichte im 18 . Jahrhundert . Berlin ; New York : de Gruyter . Harris , Marvin . ( 2001 ) ( 1968 ) . The rise of anthropological theory : a history of theories of culture . Walnut Creek , CA : AltaMira Press . Hunt , James ( 1863 ) . `` Introductory Address on the Study of Anthropology '' . The Anthropological Review . London : Trübner & Co . I . Kehoe , Alice B. ( 1998 ) . The Land of Prehistory : A Critical History of American Archaeology . New York ; London : Routledge . Lewis , H.S. ( 1998 ) . `` The Misrepresentation of Anthropology and Its Consequences '' . American Anthropologist. 100 ( 3 ) : 716 -- 731 . doi : 10.1525 / aa. 1998.100. 3.716 . -- -- ( 2004 ) . `` Imagining Anthropology 's History '' . Reviews in Anthropology . v. 33 . -- -- ( 2005 ) . `` Anthropology , the Cold War , and Intellectual History '' . In Darnell , R. ; Gleach , F.W. Histories of Anthropology Annual , Vol . I . Pels , Peter ; Salemink , Oscar , eds. ( 2000 ) . Colonial Subjects : Essays on the Practical History of Anthropology . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . Price , David ( 2004 ) . Threatening Anthropology : McCarthyism and the FBI 's Surveillance of Activist Anthropologists . Durham : Duke University Press ... Sera - Shriar , Efram ( 2013 ) . The Making of British Anthropology , 1813 -- 1871 . Science and Culture in the Nineteenth Century , 18 . London ; Vermont : Pickering and Chatto . Schiller , Francis ( 1979 ) . Paul Broca , Founder of French Anthropology , Explorer of the Brain . Berkeley : University of California Press . Stocking , George , Jr. ( 1968 ) . Race , Culture and Evolution . New York : Free Press . Trencher , Susan ( 2000 ) . Mirrored Images : American Anthropology and American Culture , 1960 -- 1980 . Westport , Conn. : Bergin & Garvey . Wolf , Eric ( 1982 ) . Europe and the People Without History . Berkeley ; Los Angeles : California University Press . Textbooks and key theoretical works ( edit ) Carneiro 's circumscription theory Clifford , James ; Marcus , George E. ( 1986 ) . Writing culture : the poetics and politics of ethnography . Berkeley : University of California Press . Geertz , Clifford ( 1973 ) . The Interpretation of Cultures . New York : Basic Books . Harris , Marvin ( 1997 ) . Culture , People , Nature : An Introduction to General Anthropology ( 7th ed . ) . Boston : Allyn & Bacon . Salzmann , Zdeněk ( 1993 ) . Language , culture , and society : an introduction to linguistic anthropology . Boulder , CO : Westview Press . Shweder , Richard A. ; LeVine , Robert A. , eds. ( 1984 ) . Culture Theory : essays on mind , self , and emotion . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . Waitz , Theodor ( 1863 ) . Introduction to Anthropology . Translated by J. Frederick Collingwood for the Anthropological Society of London . London : Longman , Green , Longman , and Roberts . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutAnthropologyat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Library resources about Anthropology Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Haller , Dieter . `` Interviews with German Anthropologists : Video Portal for the History of German Anthropology post 1945 '' . Ruhr - Universität Bochum . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . `` AAANet Home '' . American Anthropological Association . 2010 . `` Home '' . European Association of Social Anthropologists. 2015 . Hagen , Ed ( 2015 ) . `` AAPA '' . American Association of Physical Anthropologists . `` Home '' . Australian Anthropological Society . Retrieved 23 March 2015 . `` AIBR , Revista de Antropología Iberoamericana '' ( in Spanish ) . Antropólogos Iberoamericanos en Red . Retrieved 24 March 2015 . `` Home '' . Human Relations Area Files . Retrieved 24 March 2015 . `` Home '' . National Association for the Practice of Anthropology . Retrieved 24 March 2015 . `` About '' . Radical Anthropology Group . Retrieved 24 March 2015 . `` Home '' . Royal Anthropological Institute . Retrieved 24 March 2015 . `` Home '' . The Society for Applied Anthropology . Retrieved 24 March 2015 . `` Anthropology '' . American Museum of Natural History . Retrieved 25 March 2015 . `` Department of Anthropology '' . 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6153339934119460384	List of Super Bowl champions	List of Super Bowl champions - wikipedia List of Super Bowl champions Jump to : navigation , search The Super Bowl is the annual American football game that determines the champion of the National Football League ( NFL ) . The game culminates a season that begins in the previous calendar year , and is the conclusion of the NFL playoffs . The contest is held in an American city , chosen three to four years beforehand , usually at warm - weather sites or domed stadiums . Since January 1971 , the winner of the American Football Conference ( AFC ) Championship Game has faced the winner of the National Football Conference ( NFC ) Championship Game in the culmination of the NFL playoffs . The Packers defeated the Chiefs in the first AFL -- NFL Championship Game ( Super Bowl I ) . Before the 1970 merger between the American Football League ( AFL ) and the National Football League ( NFL ) , the two leagues met in four such contests . The first two were marketed as the `` AFL -- NFL World Championship Game '' , but were also casually referred to as `` the Super Bowl game '' during the television broadcast . Super Bowl III in January 1969 was the first such game that carried the `` Super Bowl '' moniker in official marketing ; the names `` Super Bowl I '' and `` Super Bowl II '' were retroactively applied to the first two games . The NFC / NFL leads in Super Bowl wins with 27 , while the AFC / AFL has won 25 . Twenty franchises , including teams that have relocated to another city , have won the Super Bowl . The Pittsburgh Steelers ( 6 -- 2 ) have won the most Super Bowls with six championships , while the New England Patriots ( 5 -- 5 ) , the Dallas Cowboys ( 5 -- 3 ) , and the San Francisco 49ers ( 5 -- 1 ) have five wins . New England has the most Super Bowl appearances with ten , while the Buffalo Bills ( 0 -- 4 ) have the most consecutive appearances with four ( all losses ) from 1990 to 1993 . The Miami Dolphins are the only other team to have at least three consecutive appearances : 1972 -- 1974 . The Denver Broncos ( 3 -- 5 ) and Patriots have each lost a record five Super Bowls . The Minnesota Vikings ( 0 -- 4 ) and the Bills have lost four . The record for consecutive wins is two and is shared by seven franchises : the Green Bay Packers ( 1966 -- 1967 ) , the Miami Dolphins ( 1972 -- 1973 ) , the Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1974 -- 1975 and 1978 -- 1979 , the only team to accomplish this feat twice ) , the San Francisco 49ers ( 1988 -- 1989 ) , the Dallas Cowboys ( 1992 -- 1993 ) , the Denver Broncos ( 1997 -- 1998 ) , and the New England Patriots ( 2003 -- 2004 ) . Among those , Dallas ( 1992 -- 1993 ; 1995 ) and New England ( 2001 ; 2003 -- 2004 ) are the only teams to win three out of four consecutive Super Bowls . The 1972 Dolphins capped off the only perfect season in NFL history with their victory in Super Bowl VII . The only team with multiple Super Bowl appearances and no losses is the Baltimore Ravens , who in winning Super Bowl XLVII defeated and replaced the 49ers in that position . Four current NFL teams have never appeared in a Super Bowl , including franchise relocations and renaming : the Cleveland Browns , Detroit Lions , Jacksonville Jaguars , and Houston Texans , though both the Browns ( 1964 ) and Lions ( 1957 ) had won NFL championship games prior to the creation of the Super Bowl . Contents ( hide ) 1 Super Bowl Championship ( 1966 -- present ) 1.1 Consecutive winners 1.2 Consecutive losers 2 Super Bowl appearances by team 2.1 Teams with no Super Bowl appearances 2.2 Teams with long Super Bowl droughts 2.3 Teams with Super Bowl appearances but no victories 2.4 Super Bowl rematches 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Super Bowl championship ( 1966 -- present ) Numbers in parentheses in the table are Super Bowl appearances as of the date of that Super Bowl and are used as follows : Winning team and losing team columns indicate the number of times that team has appeared in a Super Bowl as well as each respective teams ' Super Bowl record to date . Venue column indicates number of times that stadium has hosted a Super Bowl . City column indicates number of times that metropolitan area has hosted a Super Bowl . National Football League ( NFL , 1967 -- 1970 ) American Football League ( AFL , 1967 -- 1970 ) NFL champion ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) AFL champion ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) National Football Conference ( NFC , 1971 -- present ) American Football Conference ( AFC , 1971 -- present ) NFC champion ( 48 , 25 -- 23 ) AFC champion ( 48 , 23 -- 25 ) Game Date Winning team Score Losing team Venue City Attendance Ref 01 ! I 000000001967 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 1967 Green Bay Packers 01 ! Green Bay Packers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3510 ! 35 -- 10 Kansas City Chiefs 01 ! Kansas City Chiefs ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 01 ! Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Los Angeles , California 01 ! Los Angeles , California 061946 ! 61,946 02 ! II 000000001968 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1968 Green Bay Packers 02 ! Green Bay Packers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3314 ! 33 -- 14 Oakland Raiders 01 ! Oakland Raiders ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 01 ! Miami Orange Bowl Miami , Florida 01 ! Miami , Florida 075546 ! 75,546 03 ! III 000000001969 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1969 New York Jets 01 ! New York Jets ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 1607 ! 16 -- 7 Indianapolis Colts 01 ! Baltimore Colts ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 02 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 2 ) Miami , Florida 02 ! Miami , Florida ( 2 ) 075389 ! 75,389 04 ! IV 000000001970 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 1970 Kansas City Chiefs 02 ! Kansas City Chiefs ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2307 ! 23 -- 7 Minnesota Vikings 01 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tulane Stadium 01 ! Tulane Stadium New Orleans , Louisiana 01 ! New Orleans , Louisiana 080562 ! 80,562 05 ! V 000000001971 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1971 Indianapolis Colts 02 ! Baltimore Colts ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 1613 ! 16 -- 13 Dallas Cowboys 01 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Miami Orange Bowl 03 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 3 ) Miami , Florida 03 ! Miami , Florida ( 3 ) 079204 ! 79,204 06 ! VI 000000001972 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 1972 Dallas Cowboys 02 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2403 ! 24 -- 3 Miami Dolphins 01 ! Miami Dolphins ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tulane Stadium 02 ! Tulane Stadium ( 2 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 02 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 2 ) 081023 ! 81,023 07 ! VII 000000001973 - 01 - 14 - 0000 January 14 , 1973 Miami Dolphins 02 ! Miami Dolphins ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 1407 ! 14 -- 7 Washington Redskins 01 ! Washington Redskins ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 02 ! Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( 2 ) Los Angeles , California 02 ! Los Angeles , California ( 2 ) 090182 ! 90,182 08 ! VIII 000000001974 - 01 - 13 - 0000 January 13 , 1974 Miami Dolphins 03 ! Miami Dolphins ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2407 ! 24 -- 7 Minnesota Vikings 02 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Rice Stadium 01 ! Rice Stadium Houston , Texas 01 ! Houston , Texas 071882 ! 71,882 09 ! IX 000000001975 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1975 Pittsburgh Steelers 01 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 1606 ! 16 -- 6 Minnesota Vikings 03 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Tulane Stadium 03 ! Tulane Stadium ( 3 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 03 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 3 ) 080997 ! 80,997 10 ! X 000000001976 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 1976 Pittsburgh Steelers 02 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 2117 ! 21 -- 17 Dallas Cowboys 03 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Miami Orange Bowl 04 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 4 ) Miami , Florida 04 ! Miami , Florida ( 4 ) 080187 ! 80,187 11 ! XI 000000001977 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 1977 Oakland Raiders 02 ! Oakland Raiders ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 3214 ! 32 -- 14 Minnesota Vikings 04 ! Minnesota Vikings ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Rose Bowl 01 ! Rose Bowl Los Angeles , California 03 ! Pasadena , California ( 3 ) 103438 ! 103,438 12 ! XII 000000001978 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 1978 Dallas Cowboys 04 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 2710 ! 27 -- 10 Denver Broncos 01 ! Denver Broncos ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 01 ! Louisiana Superdome New Orleans , Louisiana 04 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 4 ) 076400 ! 76,400 13 ! XIII 000000001979 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1979 Pittsburgh Steelers 03 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 3531 ! 35 -- 31 Dallas Cowboys 05 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Miami Orange Bowl 05 ! Miami Orange Bowl ( 5 ) Miami , Florida 05 ! Miami , Florida ( 5 ) 079484 ! 79,484 14 ! XIV 000000001980 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1980 Pittsburgh Steelers 04 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) 3119 ! 31 -- 19 Los Angeles Rams 01 ! Los Angeles Rams ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Rose Bowl 02 ! Rose Bowl ( 2 ) Los Angeles , California 04 ! Pasadena , California ( 4 ) 103985 ! 103,985 15 ! XV 000000001981 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1981 Oakland Raiders 03 ! Oakland Raiders ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2710 ! 27 -- 10 Philadelphia Eagles 01 ! Philadelphia Eagles ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 02 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 2 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 05 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 5 ) 076135 ! 76,135 16 ! XVI 000000001982 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 1982 San Francisco 49ers 01 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 2621 ! 26 -- 21 Cincinnati Bengals 01 ! Cincinnati Bengals ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Pontiac Silverdome 01 ! Pontiac Silverdome Detroit , Michigan 01 ! Pontiac , Michigan 081270 ! 81,270 17 ! XVII 000000001983 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1983 Washington Redskins 02 ! Washington Redskins ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2717 ! 27 -- 17 Miami Dolphins 04 ! Miami Dolphins ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Rose Bowl 03 ! Rose Bowl ( 3 ) Los Angeles , California 05 ! Pasadena , California ( 5 ) 103667 ! 103,667 18 ! XVIII 000000001984 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1984 Oakland Raiders 04 ! Los Angeles Raiders ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) 3809 ! 38 -- 9 Washington Redskins 03 ! Washington Redskins ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Tampa Stadium 01 ! Tampa Stadium Tampa , Florida 01 ! Tampa , Florida 072920 ! 72,920 19 ! XIX 000000001985 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1985 San Francisco 49ers 02 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3816 ! 38 -- 16 Miami Dolphins 05 ! Miami Dolphins ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Stanford Stadium 01 ! Stanford Stadium San Francisco , California 01 ! Stanford , California 084059 ! 84,059 20 ! XX 000000001986 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1986 Chicago Bears 01 ! Chicago Bears ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 4610 ! 46 -- 10 New England Patriots 01 ! New England Patriots ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 03 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 3 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 06 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 6 ) 073818 ! 73,818 21 ! XXI 000000001987 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1987 New York Giants 01 ! New York Giants ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3920 ! 39 -- 20 Denver Broncos 02 ! Denver Broncos ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Rose Bowl 04 ! Rose Bowl ( 4 ) Los Angeles , California 06 ! Pasadena , California ( 6 ) 101063 ! 101,063 22 ! XXII 000000001988 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1988 Washington Redskins 04 ! Washington Redskins ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 4210 ! 42 -- 10 Denver Broncos 03 ! Denver Broncos ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Qualcomm Stadium 01 ! San Diego -- Jack Murphy Stadium San Diego , California 01 ! San Diego , California 073302 ! 73,302 23 ! XXIII 000000001989 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 1989 San Francisco 49ers 03 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 2016 ! 20 -- 16 Cincinnati Bengals 02 ! Cincinnati Bengals ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Hard Rock Stadium 01 ! Joe Robbie Stadium Miami , Florida 06 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 6 ) 075129 ! 75,129 24 ! XXIV 000000001990 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 1990 San Francisco 49ers 04 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) 5510 ! 55 -- 10 Denver Broncos 04 ! Denver Broncos ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Louisiana Superdome 04 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 4 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 07 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 7 ) 072919 ! 72,919 25 ! XXV 000000001991 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1991 New York Giants 02 ! New York Giants ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 2019 ! 20 -- 19 Buffalo Bills 01 ! Buffalo Bills ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Tampa Stadium 02 ! Tampa Stadium ( 2 ) Tampa , Florida 02 ! Tampa , Florida ( 2 ) 073813 ! 73,813 26 ! XXVI 000000001992 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1992 Washington Redskins 05 ! Washington Redskins ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) 3724 ! 37 -- 24 Buffalo Bills 02 ! Buffalo Bills ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Metrodome 01 ! Metrodome Minneapolis , Minnesota 01 ! Minneapolis , Minnesota 063130 ! 63,130 27 ! XXVII 000000001993 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1993 Dallas Cowboys 06 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) 5217 ! 52 -- 17 Buffalo Bills 03 ! Buffalo Bills ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Rose Bowl 05 ! Rose Bowl ( 5 ) Los Angeles , California 07 ! Pasadena , California ( 7 ) 098374 ! 98,374 28 ! XXVIII 000000001994 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1994 Dallas Cowboys 07 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 7 , 4 -- 3 ) 3013 ! 30 -- 13 Buffalo Bills 04 ! Buffalo Bills ( 4 , 0 -- 4 ) Georgia Dome 01 ! Georgia Dome Atlanta , Georgia 01 ! Atlanta , Georgia 072817 ! 72,817 29 ! XXIX 000000001995 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 1995 San Francisco 49ers 05 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 5 , 5 -- 0 ) 4926 ! 49 -- 26 San Diego Chargers 01 ! San Diego Chargers ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 02 ! Joe Robbie Stadium ( 2 ) Miami , Florida 07 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 7 ) 074107 ! 74,107 30 ! XXX 000000001996 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 1996 Dallas Cowboys 08 ! Dallas Cowboys ( 8 , 5 -- 3 ) 2717 ! 27 -- 17 Pittsburgh Steelers 05 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Sun Devil Stadium 01 ! Sun Devil Stadium Phoenix , Arizona 01 ! Tempe , Arizona 076347 ! 76,347 31 ! XXXI 000000001997 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 1997 Green Bay Packers 03 ! Green Bay Packers ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) 3521 ! 35 -- 21 New England Patriots 02 ! New England Patriots ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Louisiana Superdome 05 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 5 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 08 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 8 ) 072301 ! 72,301 32 ! XXXII 000000001998 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 1998 Denver Broncos 05 ! Denver Broncos ( 5 , 1 -- 4 ) 3124 ! 31 -- 24 Green Bay Packers 04 ! Green Bay Packers ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Qualcomm Stadium 02 ! Qualcomm Stadium ( 2 ) San Diego , California 02 ! San Diego , California ( 2 ) 068912 ! 68,912 33 ! XXXIII 000000001999 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1999 Denver Broncos 06 ! Denver Broncos ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) 3419 ! 34 -- 19 Atlanta Falcons 01 ! Atlanta Falcons ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 03 ! Pro Player Stadium ( 3 ) Miami , Florida 08 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 8 ) 074803 ! 74,803 34 ! XXXIV 000000002000 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 2000 Los Angeles Rams 02 ! St. Louis Rams ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 2316 ! 23 -- 16 Tennessee Titans 01 ! Tennessee Titans ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Georgia Dome 02 ! Georgia Dome ( 2 ) Atlanta , Georgia 02 ! Atlanta , Georgia ( 2 ) 072625 ! 72,625 35 ! XXXV 000000002001 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 , 2001 Baltimore Ravens 01 ! Baltimore Ravens ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3407 ! 34 -- 7 New York Giants 03 ! New York Giants ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Raymond James Stadium 01 ! Raymond James Stadium Tampa , Florida 03 ! Tampa , Florida ( 3 ) 071921 ! 71,921 36 ! XXXVI 000000002002 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2002 New England Patriots 03 ! New England Patriots ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) 2017 ! 20 -- 17 Los Angeles Rams 03 ! St. Louis Rams ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Louisiana Superdome 06 ! Louisiana Superdome ( 6 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 09 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 9 ) 072922 ! 72,922 37 ! XXXVII 000000002003 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2003 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 01 ! Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 4821 ! 48 -- 21 Oakland Raiders 05 ! Oakland Raiders ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Qualcomm Stadium 03 ! Qualcomm Stadium ( 3 ) San Diego , California 03 ! San Diego , California ( 3 ) 067603 ! 67,603 38 ! XXXVIII 000000002004 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2004 New England Patriots 04 ! New England Patriots ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) 3229 ! 32 -- 29 Carolina Panthers 01 ! Carolina Panthers ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) NRG Stadium 01 ! Reliant Stadium Houston , Texas 02 ! Houston , Texas ( 2 ) 071525 ! 71,525 39 ! XXXIX 000000002005 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2005 New England Patriots 05 ! New England Patriots ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) 2421 ! 24 -- 21 Philadelphia Eagles 02 ! Philadelphia Eagles ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) ALLTEL Stadium 01 ! Alltel Stadium Jacksonville , Florida 01 ! Jacksonville , Florida 078125 ! 78,125 40 ! XL 000000002006 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2006 Pittsburgh Steelers 06 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) 2110 ! 21 -- 10 Seattle Seahawks 01 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Ford Field 01 ! Ford Field Detroit , Michigan 02 ! Detroit , Michigan ( 2 ) 068206 ! 68,206 41 ! XLI 000000002007 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2007 Indianapolis Colts 03 ! Indianapolis Colts ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) 2917 ! 29 -- 17 Chicago Bears 02 ! Chicago Bears ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Hard Rock Stadium 04 ! Dolphin Stadium ( 4 ) Miami , Florida 09 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 9 ) 074512 ! 74,512 42 ! XLII 000000002008 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2008 New York Giants 04 ! New York Giants ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) 1714 ! 17 -- 14 New England Patriots 06 ! New England Patriots ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) University of Phoenix Stadium 01 ! University of Phoenix Stadium Phoenix , Arizona 02 ! Glendale , Arizona ( 2 ) 071101 ! 71,101 43 ! XLIII 000000002009 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2009 Pittsburgh Steelers 07 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 7 , 6 -- 1 ) 2723 ! 27 -- 23 Arizona Cardinals 01 ! Arizona Cardinals ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Raymond James Stadium 02 ! Raymond James Stadium ( 2 ) Tampa , Florida 04 ! Tampa , Florida ( 4 ) 070774 ! 70,774 44 ! XLIV 000000002010 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2010 New Orleans Saints 01 ! New Orleans Saints ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) 3117 ! 31 -- 17 Indianapolis Colts 04 ! Indianapolis Colts ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Hard Rock Stadium 05 ! Sun Life Stadium ( 5 ) Miami , Florida 10 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 10 ) 074059 ! 74,059 45 ! XLV 000000002011 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2011 Green Bay Packers 05 ! Green Bay Packers ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) 3125 ! 31 -- 25 Pittsburgh Steelers 08 ! Pittsburgh Steelers ( 8 , 6 -- 2 ) Cowboys Stadium 01 ! Cowboys Stadium Arlington , Texas 01 ! Arlington , Texas 103219 ! 103,219 46 ! XLVI 000000002012 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2012 New York Giants 05 ! New York Giants ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) 2117 ! 21 -- 17 New England Patriots 07 ! New England Patriots ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Lucas Oil Stadium 01 ! Lucas Oil Stadium Indianapolis , Indiana 01 ! Indianapolis , Indiana 068658 ! 68,658 47 ! XLVII 000000002013 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2013 Baltimore Ravens 02 ! Baltimore Ravens ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) 3431 ! 34 -- 31 San Francisco 49ers 06 ! San Francisco 49ers ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) Louisiana Superdome 07 ! Mercedes - Benz Superdome ( 7 ) New Orleans , Louisiana 10 ! New Orleans , Louisiana ( 10 ) 071024 ! 71,024 48 ! XLVIII 000000002014 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2014 Seattle Seahawks 02 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) 4308 ! 43 -- 8 Denver Broncos 07 ! Denver Broncos ( 7 , 2 -- 5 ) MetLife Stadium 01 ! MetLife Stadium East Rutherford , New Jersey 01 ! East Rutherford , New Jersey 082529 ! 82,529 49 ! XLIX 000000002015 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 2015 New England Patriots 08 ! New England Patriots ( 8 , 4 -- 4 ) 2824 ! 28 -- 24 Seattle Seahawks 03 ! Seattle Seahawks ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) University of Phoenix Stadium 02 ! University of Phoenix Stadium ( 2 ) Phoenix , Arizona 03 ! Glendale , Arizona ( 3 ) 070288 ! 70,288 50 ! 50 000000002016 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2016 Denver Broncos 08 ! Denver Broncos ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) 2410 ! 24 -- 10 Carolina Panthers 02 ! Carolina Panthers ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Levi 's Stadium 01 ! Levi 's Stadium San Francisco , California 02 ! Santa Clara , California ( 2 ) 071088 ! 71,088 51 ! LI 000000002017 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 , 2017 New England Patriots 09 ! New England Patriots ( 9 , 5 -- 4 ) 3428 ! 34 -- 28 ( OT ) Atlanta Falcons 02 ! Atlanta Falcons ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) NRG Stadium 02 ! NRG Stadium ( 2 ) Houston , Texas 03 ! Houston , Texas ( 3 ) 070807 ! 70,807 52 ! LII 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2018 Philadelphia Eagles 03 ! Philadelphia Eagles ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) 4133 ! 41 -- 33 New England Patriots 10 ! New England Patriots ( 10 , 5 -- 5 ) U.S. Bank Stadium 01 ! U.S. Bank Stadium Minneapolis , Minnesota 02 ! Minneapolis , Minnesota ( 2 ) 067612 ! 67,612 53 ! LIII 000000002019 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 2019 X 2019 ! 2018 -- 19 AFC champion at 2018 -- 19 NFC champion 0019 ! -- X 2019 ! To be determined ( TBD ) Mercedes - Benz Stadium 01 ! Mercedes - Benz Stadium Atlanta , Georgia 03 ! Atlanta , Georgia ( 3 ) TBD 54 ! LIV 000000002020 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2020 X 2020 ! 2019 -- 20 NFC champion at 2019 -- 20 AFC champion 0020 ! -- X 2020 ! To be determined Hard Rock Stadium 06 ! Hard Rock Stadium ( 6 ) Miami , Florida 11 ! Miami Gardens , Florida ( 11 ) TBD 55 ! LV 000000002021 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2021 X 2020 ! 2020 -- 21 AFC champion at 2020 -- 21 NFC champion 0021 ! -- X 2021 ! To be determined Raymond James Stadium 03 ! Raymond James Stadium ( 3 ) Tampa , Florida 05 ! Tampa , Florida ( 5 ) TBD 56 ! LVI 000000002022 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 2022 X 2021 ! 2021 -- 22 NFC champion at 2021 -- 22 AFC champion 0022 ! -- X 2022 ! To be determined City of Champions Stadium 01 ! Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park Los Angeles , California 08 ! Inglewood , California ( 8 ) TBD Game Date Winning team Score Losing team Venue City Attendance Ref Consecutive winners The Steelers defeated the Rams in Super Bowl XIV to win an unprecedented four championships in six years . Seven franchises have won consecutive Super Bowls , one of which ( Pittsburgh ) has accomplished it twice : Green Bay Packers ( Super Bowls I and II ) Miami Dolphins ( VII and VIII ) Pittsburgh Steelers ( twice : IX and X as well as XIII and XIV ) San Francisco 49ers ( XXIII and XXIV ) Dallas Cowboys ( XXVII and XXVIII ) Denver Broncos ( XXXII and XXXIII ) New England Patriots ( XXXVIII and XXXIX ) No franchise has yet won three Super Bowls in a row , although several have come close : The Green Bay Packers won the first two Super Bowls , and also won the NFL championship the preceding year . The Miami Dolphins appeared in three consecutive Super Bowls ( VI , VII , and VIII ) , winning the last two . The Pittsburgh Steelers won two consecutive Super Bowls ( IX and X ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual Super Bowl champion Oakland Raiders . They also won two more consecutive Super Bowls ( XIII and XIV ) for four wins in six seasons . The San Francisco 49ers won two consecutive Super Bowls ( XXIII and XXIV ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship by the eventual Super Bowl champion New York Giants . The Dallas Cowboys won two consecutive Super Bowls ( XXVII and XXVIII ) ; the following season they were eliminated in the NFC championship game by the eventual champion San Francisco 49ers . The Cowboys won Super Bowl XXX the following year for three wins in four seasons . The New England Patriots won Super Bowl XXXVI , which was two years before their consecutive wins in XXXVIII and XXXIX , for three wins in four seasons . They did not make the playoffs in the intervening season ( XXXVII ) . The Patriots also won Super Bowls XLIX and LI and in the intervening season ( 50 ) were eliminated in the AFC championship game by the eventual champion Denver Broncos . Consecutive losers Three franchises have lost consecutive Super Bowls : Buffalo Bills ( 4 ) ( Super Bowls XXV , XXVI , XXVII , and XXVIII ) -- The only team to appear in four straight Super Bowls , let alone lose in all four appearances . Minnesota Vikings ( 2 ) ( Super Bowls VIII and IX ) -- They also lost Super Bowl XI , and were knocked out of the playoffs for Super Bowl X by the eventual losers the Dallas Cowboys for three losses in four seasons . Denver Broncos ( 2 ) ( Super Bowls XXI and XXII ) -- They also lost Super Bowl XXIV , but did not even make the playoffs for Super Bowl XXIII for three losses in four seasons . Super Bowl appearances by team The Patriots played their first championship game in Super Bowl XX ( pictured ) and hold the record for most Super Bowl appearances ( 10 ) and are tied for the most losses ( 5 ) as of 2018 . NFL / NFC teams ( 27 wins ) AFL / AFC teams ( 25 wins ) NFL / AFC team ( 0 - 1 as part of the NFL , 2 - 1 as part of the AFC ) In the sortable table below , teams are ordered first by number of appearances , then by number of wins , and finally by number of years since last appearing in a Super Bowl . In the `` Seasons '' column , bold years indicate winning seasons , and italic years indicate games not yet completed . Appearances Team Wins Losses Winning percentage Seasons 10A - 05W - 01YA - 02YW ! 10 New England Patriots 05W - 10A - 02YW - 01YA ! 5 05L - 10A - 01YL - 01YA ! 5 . 500 1985 ! 1985 , 1996 , 2001 , 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , 2011 , 2014 , 2016 , 2017 08A - 06W - 08YA - 10YW ! 8 Pittsburgh Steelers 06W - 08A - 10YW - 08YA ! 6 02L - 08A - 08YL - 08YA ! 2 . 750 1974 ! 1974 , 1975 , 1978 , 1979 , 1995 , 2005 , 2008 , 2010 08A - 05W - 23YA - 23YW ! 8 Dallas Cowboys 05W - 08A - 23YW - 23YA ! 5 03L - 08A - 40YL - 23YA ! 3 . 625 1970 ! 1970 , 1971 , 1975 , 1977 , 1978 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 08A - 03W - 03YA - 03YW ! 8 Denver Broncos 03W - 08A - 03YW - 03YA ! 3 05L - 08A - 05YL - 03YA ! 5 . 375 1977 ! 1977 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1997 , 1998 , 2013 , 2015 06A - 05W - 06YA - 24YW ! 6 San Francisco 49ers 05W - 06A - 24YW - 06YA ! 5 01L - 06A - 06YL - 06YA ! 1 . 833 1981 ! 1981 , 1984 , 1988 , 1989 , 1994 , 2012 05A - 04W - 08YA - 08YW ! 5 Green Bay Packers 04W - 05A - 08YW - 08YA ! 4 01L - 05A - 21YL - 08YA ! 1 . 800 1966 ! 1966 , 1967 , 1996 , 1997 , 2010 05A - 04W - 07YA - 07YW ! 5 New York Giants 04W - 05A - 07YW - 07YA ! 4 01L - 05A - 18YL - 07YA ! 1 . 800 1986 ! 1986 , 1990 , 2000 , 2007 , 2011 05A - 03W - 27YA - 27YW ! 5 Washington Redskins 03W - 05A - 27YW - 27YA ! 3 02L - 05A - 35YL - 27YA ! 2 . 600 1972 ! 1972 , 1982 , 1983 , 1987 , 1991 05A - 03W - 16YA - 35YW ! 5 Los Angeles / Oakland Raiders 03W - 05A - 35YW - 16YA ! 3 02L - 05A - 16YL - 16YA ! 2 . 600 1967 , 1976 , 1980 , 1983 , 2002 05A - 02W - 34YA - 45YW ! 5 Miami Dolphins 02W - 05A - 45YW - 34YA ! 2 03L - 05A - 34YL - 34YA ! 3 . 400 1971 ! 1971 , 1972 , 1973 , 1982 , 1984 04A - 02W - 09YA - 12YW ! 4 Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts 02W - 04A - 12YW - 09YA ! 2 02L - 04A - 09YL - 09YA ! 2 . 500 1968 ! 1968 , 1970 , 2006 , 2009 04A - 00W - 42YA - 53YW ! 4 Minnesota Vikings 00W - 04A - 53YW - 25YA ! 0 04L - 04A - 42YL - 42YA ! 4 . 000 1969 ! 1969 , 1973 , 1974 , 1976 04A - 00W - 25YA - 53YW ! 4 Buffalo Bills 00W - 04A - 53YW - 25YA ! 0 04L - 04A - 25YL - 25YA ! 4 . 000 1990 ! 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 03A - 01W - 17YA - 19YW ! 3 St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams 01W - 03A - 19YW - 17YA ! 1 02L - 03A - 17YL - 17YA ! 2 . 333 1979 ! 1979 , 1999 , 2001 03A - 01W - 03YA - 04YW ! 3 Seattle Seahawks 01W - 03A - 04YW - 03YA ! 1 02L - 03A - 03YL - 03YA ! 2 . 333 2005 ! 2005 , 2013 , 2014 03A - 01W - 01YA - 01YW ! 3 Philadelphia Eagles 01W - 03A - 01YW - 01YA ! 1 02L - 03A - 14YL - 01YA ! 2 . 333 1980 ! 1980 , 2004 , 2017 02A - 02W - 06YA - 06YW ! 2 Baltimore Ravens 02W - 02A - 06YW - 06YA ! 2 00L - 02A - 22YL - 06YA ! 0 1.000 2000 ! 2000 , 2012 02A - 01W - 49YA - 49YW ! 2 Kansas City Chiefs 01W - 02A - 49YW - 49YA ! 1 01L - 02A - 52YL - 49YA ! 1 . 500 1966 ! 1966 , 1969 02A - 01W - 12YA - 33YW ! 2 Chicago Bears 01W - 02A - 33YW - 12YA ! 1 01L - 02A - 12YL - 12YA ! 1 . 500 1985 ! 1985 , 2006 02A - 00W - 30YA - 53YW ! 2 Cincinnati Bengals 00W - 02A - 53YW - 30YA ! 0 02L - 02A - 30YL - 30YA ! 2 . 000 1981 ! 1981 , 1988 02A - 00W - 03YA - 23YW ! 2 Carolina Panthers 00W - 02A - 23YW - 03YA ! 0 02L - 02A - 03YL - 03YA ! 2 . 000 2003 ! 2003 , 2015 02A - 00W - 02YA - 53YW ! 2 Atlanta Falcons 00W - 02A - 53YW - 02YA ! 0 02L - 02A - 02YL - 02YA ! 2 . 000 1998 ! 1998 , 2016 01A - 01W - 50YA - 50YW ! 1 New York Jets 01W - 01A - 50YW - 50YA ! 1 00L - 01A - 53YL - 50YA ! 0 1.000 1968 ! 1968 01A - 01W - 18YA - 18YW ! 1 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 01W - 01A - 18YW - 18YA ! 1 00L - 01A - 44YL - 18YA ! 0 1.000 2002 ! 2002 01A - 01W - 09YA - 09YW ! 1 New Orleans Saints 01W - 01A - 09YW - 09YA ! 1 00L - 01A - 52YL - 09YA ! 0 1.000 2009 ! 2009 01A - 00W - 24YA - 53YW ! 1 San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers 00W - 01A - 53YW - 24YA ! 0 01L - 01A - 24YL - 24YA ! 1 . 000 1994 ! 1994 01A - 00W - 19YA - 53YW ! 1 Houston / Tennessee Oilers / Tennessee Titans 00W - 01A - 53YW - 19YA ! 0 01L - 01A - 19YL - 19YA ! 1 . 000 1999 ! 1999 01A - 00W - 10YA - 53YW ! 1 St. Louis / Arizona Cardinals 00W - 01A - 53YW - 10YA ! 0 01L - 01A - 10YL - 10YA ! 1 . 000 2008 ! 2008 00A - 00W - 53YA - 53YW - 11CG ! 0 Cleveland Browns 00W - 00A - 53YW - 53YA - 11CG ! 0 00L - 00A - 53YL - 53YA - 11CG ! 0 -- none 00A - 00W - 53YA - 53YW - 05CG ! 0 Detroit Lions 00W - 00A - 53YW - 53YA - 05CG ! 0 00L - 00A - 53YL - 53YA - 05CG ! 0 -- none 00A - 00W - 23YA - 23YW - 00CG ! 0 Jacksonville Jaguars 00W - 00A - 23YW - 23YA - 00CG ! 0 00L - 00A - 23YL - 23YA - 00CG ! 0 -- none 00A - 00W - 16YA - 16YW - 00CG ! 0 Houston Texans 00W - 00A - 16YW - 16YA - 00CG ! 0 00L - 00A - 16YL - 16YA - 00CG ! 0 -- none Appearances Team Wins Losses Winning percentage Seasons Teams with no Super Bowl appearances Four current teams have never reached the Super Bowl . Two of them held NFL league championships prior to Super Bowl I in the 1966 NFL season : Cleveland Browns , NFL champions four times in 1950 , 1954 , 1955 , and 1964 ; appeared in seven other NFL championship games in 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1957 , 1965 , 1968 , and 1969 ; and appeared in three AFC Championship Games in 1986 , 1987 , and 1989 . The Browns are officially viewed as one continuous franchise that began in 1946 as a member of the All - America Football Conference , joined the NFL in 1950 , suspended operations from 1996 to 1998 , and resumed play in 1999 . The Baltimore Ravens were created as an expansion team with former Browns players in 1996 , and have since won two Super Bowls . Detroit Lions , NFL champions four times in 1935 , 1952 , 1953 , and 1957 ; appeared in one other NFL Championship Game in 1954 ; and appeared in one NFC Championship Game in 1991 Jacksonville Jaguars , 1995 expansion team ; appeared in three AFC Championship Games in 1996 , 1999 , and 2017 . Houston Texans , 2002 expansion team ; Divisional Round appearances in 2011 , 2012 , and 2016 seasons . In addition , Detroit , Houston , and Jacksonville have hosted Super Bowls , making Cleveland the only current NFL city that has neither hosted nor had its team play in a Super Bowl . Teams with long Super Bowl droughts The Jets ' last championship appearance was their victory over the Colts in Super Bowl III . Although Jacksonville and Houston have never appeared in a Super Bowl , there are teams whose most recent Super Bowl appearance is older than when Jacksonville and Houston joined the NFL ( 1995 and 2002 , respectively ) , resulting in longer Super Bowl droughts than these teams for the following eight teams . Two of these teams have not appeared in the Super Bowl since before the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 : New York Jets ( most recently appeared in Super Bowl III , 1968 season ) Kansas City Chiefs ( Super Bowl IV in 1969 season ) However , the Jets and the Chiefs are the only non-NFL teams to win the Super Bowl , both being members of the now - defunct AFL at the time . The most recent Super Bowl appearance for the following teams was after the AFL -- NFL merger , but prior to the 1995 regular season : Minnesota Vikings ( Super Bowl XI , 1976 season ) Miami Dolphins ( Super Bowl XIX , 1984 season ) Cincinnati Bengals ( Super Bowl XXIII , 1988 season ) Washington Redskins ( Super Bowl XXVI , 1991 season ) Buffalo Bills ( Super Bowl XXVIII , 1993 season ) Los Angeles Chargers ( played as San Diego Chargers in Super Bowl XXIX , 1994 season ) Teams with Super Bowl appearances but no victories Eight teams have appeared in the Super Bowl without ever winning . In descending order of number of appearances , they are : Minnesota Vikings ( 4 ) , appeared in Super Bowls IV , VIII , IX , and XI . They won the NFL Championship Game in 1969 , the last year before the AFL -- NFL merger , but failed to win the subsequent Super Bowl . An NFL expansion team in 1961 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Buffalo Bills ( 4 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXV , XXVI , XXVII , and XXVIII . Their second and last AFL championship was in 1965 , the season before the first Super Bowl . Cincinnati Bengals ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XVI and XXIII . An AFL expansion team in 1968 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Atlanta Falcons ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXXIII and LI . An expansion team in 1966 , they have no pre-Super Bowl league championships . Carolina Panthers ( 2 ) , appeared in Super Bowls XXXVIII and 50 . A post-merger expansion team , their first season was in 1995 . Arizona Cardinals ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XLIII . Their last championship was in 1947 as the Chicago Cardinals . Los Angeles Chargers ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XXIX as the San Diego Chargers . Their only AFL championship was in 1963 . Tennessee Titans ( 1 ) , appeared in Super Bowl XXXIV . They won the first two AFL Championships in 1960 and 1961 as the Houston Oilers . Super Bowl rematches The 49ers and the Bengals , who faced off in Super Bowl XVI ( pictured ) , would rematch each other again in Super Bowl XXIII . The following teams have faced each other more than once in the Super Bowl : Dallas Cowboys and Pittsburgh Steelers ( 3 ) -- Super Bowls X and XIII were won by Pittsburgh , and Super Bowl XXX was won by Dallas . See also Cowboys -- Steelers rivalry . Miami Dolphins and Washington Redskins ( 2 ) -- Super Bowl VII was won by Miami , and Super Bowl XVII was won by Washington . Cincinnati Bengals and San Francisco 49ers ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XVI and XXIII were both won by San Francisco . Buffalo Bills and Dallas Cowboys ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XXVII and XXVIII , the only rematch in consecutive seasons , were both won by Dallas . New England Patriots and New York Giants ( 2 ) -- Super Bowls XLII and XLVI were both won by New York . New England Patriots and Philadelphia Eagles ( 2 ) -- Super Bowl XXXIX was won by New England , Super Bowl LII was won by Philadelphia . See also National Football League portal American football portal History of the National Football League championship List of AFC champions List of NFC champions List of NFL champions List of Super Bowl records Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award List of NFL franchise post-season droughts List of NFL franchise post-season streaks Notes ^ Jump up to : Los Angeles , Pasadena , and Inglewood are all located in the Greater Los Angeles Area . Pontiac , Michigan , is a suburb of Detroit . Both Tempe and Glendale are suburbs of Phoenix , Arizona . Both Stanford and Santa Clara are part of the San Francisco Bay Area Combined Statistical Area . ^ Jump up to : The Miami Orange Bowl was in Miami proper . Hard Rock Stadium , also in Miami - Dade County , opened in an unincorporated area with a Miami address ; the area was incorporated as Miami Gardens in 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Stadium renaming : SDCCU Stadium was originally known as San Diego Stadium , San Diego -- Jack Murphy Stadium , and Qualcomm Stadium . Hard Rock Stadium has also been variously known over the years as Joe Robbie Stadium , Pro Player Park , Pro Player Stadium , Dolphins Stadium ( with a plural `` s '' ) , Dolphin Stadium ( with no `` s '' ) , Land Shark Stadium , and Sun Life Stadium . NRG Stadium was originally known as Reliant Stadium . Jump up ^ Unlike other Super Bowls , Super Bowl 50 's official name , as designated by the NFL , uses the Arabic numeral `` 50 '' instead of the Roman numeral `` L '' . ^ Jump up to : Dates are tentative , pending possible future changes to the NFL calendar . ^ Jump up to : The Colts , Steelers , and Browns moved from the NFL to the newly - formed AFC , joining the ten extant AFL franchises , when the two leagues merged in 1970 . The Colts are the only team to have played in the Super Bowl for both the NFL and AFC . ^ Jump up to : Although the 1995 Cleveland Browns became the 1996 Baltimore Ravens , the Browns ' name , brand and history remained in Cleveland and was continued by the 1999 Cleveland Browns ; the Ravens , for historical purposes , are considered a separate franchise . References Jump up ^ Forbes , Gordon ( 1990 - 11 - 08 ) . `` The process of choosing a host city '' . USA Today . p. 4C . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl cities are far and few between '' . The Florida Times - Union . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Top Plays in Super Bowl History `` and the old veteran scores the first touchdown of the Super Bowl game '' YouTube , NFL Highlights . Jump up ^ `` Culture in NFL History '' . Shmoop.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Pasadena , California '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Pontiac , Michigan '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Glendale , Arizona '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Tempe , Arizona '' . U.S. Census . Federal government of the United States . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` OMB Bulletin No. 13 - 01 -- The White House '' ( PDF ) . Federal government of the United States . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 19 , 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1967 - 01 - 23 ) . `` Bread - and - butter Packers '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 2 : Lombardi 's Starr Rises '' . Sporting News . 1968 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 3 : The Broadway Joe Show '' . Sporting News . January 12 , 1969 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2006 . Retrieved August 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History : Super Bowl IV '' . CBS News . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History : Super Bowl V '' . CBS News . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1972 - 01 - 24 ) . `` A Cowboy Stampede '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1973 - 01 - 22 ) . `` 17 -- 0 -- 0 '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Maule , Tex ( 1974 - 01 - 21 ) . `` It Was The Day Of The Dolphins '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1975 - 01 - 20 ) . `` Pittsburgh Punches It Out '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1976 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Dallas Feels The Steeler Crunch '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Dan ( 1977 - 01 - 17 ) . `` The Raiders Were All Suped Up '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 12 : Orange Crushed '' . Sporting News . 1978 - 01 - 15 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2005 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 13 : Dumb Like a F -- O -- X '' . Sporting News . January 21 , 1979 . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2005 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XIV : Pittsburgh Steelers 31 , Los Angeles Rams 19 '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Summaries : Super Bowl XV '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Time Warner . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 16 : 49ers Strike It Rich '' . Sporting News . January 24 , 1982 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1983 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Hail To The Redskins ! '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1984 - 01 - 30 ) . `` A Runaway For The Raiders '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Zimmerman , Paul ( 1985 - 01 - 28 ) . `` The Niners Were Never Finer '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Magee , Jerry ( January 28 , 2007 ) . `` ' 85 Bears never lost in shuffle '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2008 . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXI : New York Giants 39 , Denver Broncos 20 '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Summaries : Super Bowl XXII '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Time Warner . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Almond , Elliott ( 1989 - 01 - 23 ) . `` 49ers Defeat Bengals , 20 -- 16 , in Super Bowl '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 24 : 49ers Pound Outmanned Broncos '' . Sporting News . 1990 - 01 - 28 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXVIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXIX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXV '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXIX '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XL '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLI '' . NFL . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLIII '' . NFL . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLIV post game QT '' . NFL . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Packers down Steelers for fourth Super Bowl title '' . NFL . February 6 , 2011 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indianapolis ahead of curve in preparations for Super Bowl XLVI in 2012 '' . NFL . Associated Press . 2009 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Garrison , Jason . `` Super Bowl 2012 : Official Super Bowl Attendance Is 68,658 '' . SBNation Boston . SBNation . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl will return to New Orleans in 2013 '' . NFL . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Owners warm up to New York / New Jersey as Super Bowl XLVIII host '' . NFL . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Owners vote Arizona as Super Bowl host for third time '' . National Football League . Associated Press . October 11 , 2011 . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Klemko , Robert ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` Arizona , not Tampa , will host Super Bowl XLIX in 2015 '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Gregg ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` San Francisco awarded Super Bowl '' . National Football League . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bay Area , Houston get Super Bowls '' . ESPN.com . May 23 , 2013 . Retrieved May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Super Bowl LII headed to Minnesota '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wells , Mike ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Minneapolis to host 2018 Super Bowl '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , Gregg ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Atlanta , South Florida , L.A. chosen to host Super Bowls '' . National Football League . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McClure , Vaughn ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Owners award 2019 Super Bowl to Atlanta , 2020 to South Florida , 2021 to Los Angeles '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Browns Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Year By Year Season results '' . Cleveland Browns . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Romano , John ( 1996 - 08 - 04 ) . `` Rams fear Phillips is a perpetual faux pas Series : NFL '' . St. Petersburg Times . p. 9C . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Lions Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Jacksonville Jaguars Franchise Encyclopedia '' . Pro Football Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Neumann , Thomas ( 2008 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Page 2 's ultimate NFL power rankings , Nos. 21 -- 32 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 07 . External links National Football League Super Bowl List of winning rosters Super Bowl champions I : Green Bay Packers II : Green Bay Packers III : New York Jets IV : Kansas City Chiefs V : Baltimore Colts VI : Dallas Cowboys VII : Miami Dolphins VIII : Miami Dolphins IX : Pittsburgh Steelers X : Pittsburgh Steelers XI : Oakland Raiders XII : Dallas Cowboys XIII : Pittsburgh Steelers XIV : Pittsburgh Steelers XV : Oakland Raiders XVI : San Francisco 49ers XVII : Washington Redskins XVIII : Los Angeles Raiders XIX : San Francisco 49ers XX : Chicago Bears XXI : New York Giants XXII : Washington Redskins XXIII : San Francisco 49ers XXIV : San Francisco 49ers XXV : New York Giants XXVI : Washington Redskins XXVII : Dallas Cowboys XXVIII : Dallas Cowboys XXIX : San Francisco 49ers XXX : Dallas Cowboys XXXI : Green Bay Packers XXXII : Denver Broncos XXXIII : Denver Broncos XXXIV : St. Louis Rams XXXV : Baltimore Ravens XXXVI : New England Patriots XXXVII : Tampa Bay Buccaneers XXXVIII : New England Patriots XXXIX : New England Patriots XL : Pittsburgh Steelers XLI : Indianapolis Colts XLII : New York Giants XLIII : Pittsburgh Steelers XLIV : New Orleans Saints XLV : Green Bay Packers XLVI : New York Giants XLVII : Baltimore Ravens XLVIII : Seattle Seahawks XLIX : New England Patriots 50 : Denver Broncos LI : New England Patriots LII : Philadelphia Eagles Super Bowl NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) LVII ( 2023 ) People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards , trophies , records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings Super Bowl Sunday Curse National Football League Championship Games ( 1933 -- present ) NFL Championship Game ( 1933 -- 1969 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL Championship Game ( 1960 -- 1969 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL - NFL World Championship Games ( 1966 -- 1969 ) 1966 ( I ) 1967 ( II ) 1968 ( III ) 1969 ( IV ) Super Bowl ( 1970 -- present ) 1970 ( V ) 1971 ( VI ) 1972 ( VII ) 1973 ( VIII ) 1974 ( IX ) 1975 ( X ) 1976 ( XI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1978 ( XIII ) 1979 ( XIV ) 1980 ( XV ) 1981 ( XVI ) 1982 ( XVII ) 1983 ( XVIII ) 1984 ( XIX ) 1985 ( XX ) 1986 ( XXI ) 1987 ( XXII ) 1988 ( XXIII ) 1989 ( XXIV ) 1990 ( XXV ) 1991 ( XXVI ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1994 ( XXIX ) 1995 ( XXX ) 1996 ( XXXI ) 1997 ( XXXII ) 1998 ( XXXIII ) 1999 ( XXXIV ) 2000 ( XXXV ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2002 ( XXXVII ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2005 ( XL ) 2006 ( XLI ) 2007 ( XLII ) 2008 ( XLIII ) 2009 ( XLIV ) 2010 ( XLV ) 2011 ( XLVI ) 2012 ( XLVII ) 2013 ( XLVIII ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2015 ( 50 ) 2016 ( LI ) 2017 ( LII ) 1921 APFA de facto championship game 1925 NFL Championship controversy 1932 NFL Playoff Game NFL Championship broadcasters AFL Championship broadcasters Super Bowl champions Super Bowl Most Valuable Players Super Bowl records Super Bowl broadcasters Super Bowl officials Super Bowl halftime Super Bowl commercials Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions NFL playoffs ( Results ) AFL playoffs 1 -- From 1966 to 1969 , the first four Super Bowls were `` World Championship '' games played between two independent professional football leagues , AFL and NFL , and when the league merged in 1970 the Super Bowl became the NFL Championship Game . 2 -- Dates in the list denote the season , not the calendar year in which the championship game was played . For instance , Super Bowl XLI was played in 2007 , but was the championship for the 2006 season . National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC East North South West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC East North South West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network Radio Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired Color Rush Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Super_Bowl_champions&oldid=833105797 '' Categories : Super Bowl lists Lists of sports championships Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from February 2013 Featured lists Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Italiano Magyar 日本語 Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 18 : 13 . 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About Wikipedia	teams that beat the patriots in super bowls	[ "\n\nGame\nDate\nWinning team\nScore\nLosing team\nVenue\nCity\nAttendance\nRef\n\n\n01 !I\n000000001967-01-15-0000January 15, 1967\nGreen Bay Packers 01 !Green Bay Packers‡\n(1, 1–0)\n3510 !35–10\nKansas City Chiefs 01 !Kansas City Chiefs^\n(1, 0–1)\nLos Angeles Memorial Coliseum 01 !Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum\nLos Angeles, California 01 !Los Angeles, California[note 1]\n061946 !61,946\n[11]\n\n\n02 !II\n000000001968-01-14-0000January 14, 1968\nGreen Bay Packers 02 !Green Bay Packers‡\n(2, 2–0)\n3314 !33–14\nOakland Raiders 01 !Oakland Raiders^\n(1, 0–1)\nMiami Orange Bowl 01 !Miami Orange Bowl\nMiami, Florida 01 !Miami, Florida[note 2]\n075546 !75,546\n[12]\n\n\n03 !III\n000000001969-01-12-0000January 12, 1969\nNew York Jets 01 !New York Jets^\n(1, 1–0)\n1607 !16–7 \nIndianapolis Colts 01 !Baltimore Colts‡\n(1, 0–1)\nMiami Orange Bowl 02 !Miami Orange Bowl (2)\nMiami, Florida 02 !Miami, Florida (2)[note 2]\n075389 !75,389\n[13]\n\n\n04 !IV\n000000001970-01-11-0000January 11, 1970\nKansas City Chiefs 02 !Kansas City Chiefs^\n(2, 1–1)\n2307 !23–7 \nMinnesota Vikings 01 !Minnesota Vikings‡\n(1, 0–1)\nTulane Stadium 01 !Tulane Stadium\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 01 !New Orleans, Louisiana\n080562 !80,562\n[14]\n\n\n05 !V\n000000001971-01-17-0000January 17, 1971\nIndianapolis Colts 02 !Baltimore Colts†\n(2, 1–1)\n1613 !16–13 \nDallas Cowboys 01 !Dallas Cowboys\n(1, 0–1)\nMiami Orange Bowl 03 !Miami Orange Bowl (3)\nMiami, Florida 03 !Miami, Florida (3)[note 2]\n079204 !79,204\n[15]\n\n\n06 !VI\n000000001972-01-16-0000January 16, 1972\nDallas Cowboys 02 !Dallas Cowboys\n(2, 1–1)\n2403 !24–3 \nMiami Dolphins 01 !Miami Dolphins†\n(1, 0–1)\nTulane Stadium 02 !Tulane Stadium (2)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 02 !New Orleans, Louisiana (2)\n081023 !81,023\n[16]\n\n\n07 !VII\n000000001973-01-14-0000January 14, 1973\nMiami Dolphins 02 !Miami Dolphins†\n(2, 1–1)\n1407 !14–7 \nWashington Redskins 01 !Washington Redskins\n(1, 0–1)\nLos Angeles Memorial Coliseum 02 !Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (2)\nLos Angeles, California 02 !Los Angeles, California (2)[note 1]\n090182 !90,182\n[17]\n\n\n08 !VIII\n000000001974-01-13-0000January 13, 1974\nMiami Dolphins 03 !Miami Dolphins†\n(3, 2–1)\n2407 !24–7 \nMinnesota Vikings 02 !Minnesota Vikings\n(2, 0–2)\nRice Stadium 01 !Rice Stadium\nHouston, Texas 01 !Houston, Texas\n071882 !71,882\n[18]\n\n\n09 !IX\n000000001975-01-12-0000January 12, 1975\nPittsburgh Steelers 01 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(1, 1–0)\n1606 !16–6 \nMinnesota Vikings 03 !Minnesota Vikings\n(3, 0–3)\nTulane Stadium 03 !Tulane Stadium (3)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 03 !New Orleans, Louisiana (3)\n080997 !80,997\n[19]\n\n\n10 !X\n000000001976-01-18-0000January 18, 1976\nPittsburgh Steelers 02 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(2, 2–0)\n2117 !21–17\nDallas Cowboys 03 !Dallas Cowboys\n(3, 1–2)\nMiami Orange Bowl 04 !Miami Orange Bowl (4)\nMiami, Florida 04 !Miami, Florida (4)[note 2]\n080187 !80,187\n[20]\n\n\n11 !XI\n000000001977-01-09-0000January 9, 1977\nOakland Raiders 02 !Oakland Raiders†\n(2, 1–1)\n3214 !32–14\nMinnesota Vikings 04 !Minnesota Vikings\n(4, 0–4)\nRose Bowl 01 !Rose Bowl\nLos Angeles, California 03 !Pasadena, California (3)[note 1]\n103438 !103,438\n[21]\n\n\n12 !XII\n000000001978-01-15-0000January 15, 1978\nDallas Cowboys 04 !Dallas Cowboys\n(4, 2–2)\n2710 !27–10\nDenver Broncos 01 !Denver Broncos†\n(1, 0–1)\nLouisiana Superdome 01 !Louisiana Superdome\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 04 !New Orleans, Louisiana (4)\n076400 !76,400\n[22]\n\n\n13 !XIII\n000000001979-01-21-0000January 21, 1979\nPittsburgh Steelers 03 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(3, 3–0)\n3531 !35–31\nDallas Cowboys 05 !Dallas Cowboys\n(5, 2–3)\nMiami Orange Bowl 05 !Miami Orange Bowl (5)\nMiami, Florida 05 !Miami, Florida (5)[note 2]\n079484 !79,484\n[23]\n\n\n14 !XIV\n000000001980-01-20-0000January 20, 1980\nPittsburgh Steelers 04 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(4, 4–0)\n3119 !31–19\nLos Angeles Rams 01 !Los Angeles Rams\n(1, 0–1)\nRose Bowl 02 !Rose Bowl (2)\nLos Angeles, California 04 !Pasadena, California (4)[note 1]\n103985 !103,985\n[24]\n\n\n15 !XV\n000000001981-01-25-0000January 25, 1981\nOakland Raiders 03 !Oakland Raiders†\n(3, 2–1)\n2710 !27–10\nPhiladelphia Eagles 01 !Philadelphia Eagles\n(1, 0–1)\nLouisiana Superdome 02 !Louisiana Superdome (2)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 05 !New Orleans, Louisiana (5)\n076135 !76,135\n[25]\n\n\n16 !XVI\n000000001982-01-24-0000January 24, 1982\nSan Francisco 49ers 01 !San Francisco 49ers\n(1, 1–0)\n2621 !26–21\nCincinnati Bengals 01 !Cincinnati Bengals†\n(1, 0–1)\nPontiac Silverdome 01 !Pontiac Silverdome\nDetroit, Michigan 01 !Pontiac, Michigan[note 1]\n081270 !81,270\n[26]\n\n\n17 !XVII\n000000001983-01-30-0000January 30, 1983\nWashington Redskins 02 !Washington Redskins\n(2, 1–1)\n2717 !27–17\nMiami Dolphins 04 !Miami Dolphins†\n(4, 2–2)\nRose Bowl 03 !Rose Bowl (3)\nLos Angeles, California 05 !Pasadena, California (5)[note 1]\n103667 !103,667\n[27]\n\n\n18 !XVIII\n000000001984-01-22-0000January 22, 1984\nOakland Raiders 04 !Los Angeles Raiders†\n(4, 3–1)\n3809 !38–9 \nWashington Redskins 03 !Washington Redskins\n(3, 1–2)\nTampa Stadium 01 !Tampa Stadium\nTampa, Florida 01 !Tampa, Florida\n072920 !72,920\n[28]\n\n\n19 !XIX\n000000001985-01-20-0000January 20, 1985\nSan Francisco 49ers 02 !San Francisco 49ers\n(2, 2–0)\n3816 !38–16\nMiami Dolphins 05 !Miami Dolphins†\n(5, 2–3)\nStanford Stadium 01 !Stanford Stadium\nSan Francisco, California 01 !Stanford, California[note 1]\n084059 !84,059\n[29]\n\n\n20 !XX\n000000001986-01-26-0000January 26, 1986\nChicago Bears 01 !Chicago Bears\n(1, 1–0)\n4610 !46–10\nNew England Patriots 01 !New England Patriots†\n(1, 0–1)\nLouisiana Superdome 03 !Louisiana Superdome (3)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 06 !New Orleans, Louisiana (6)\n073818 !73,818\n[30]\n\n\n21 !XXI\n000000001987-01-25-0000January 25, 1987\nNew York Giants 01 !New York Giants\n(1, 1–0)\n3920 !39–20\nDenver Broncos 02 !Denver Broncos†\n(2, 0–2)\nRose Bowl 04 !Rose Bowl (4)\nLos Angeles, California 06 !Pasadena, California (6)[note 1]\n101063 !101,063\n[31]\n\n\n22 !XXII\n000000001988-01-31-0000January 31, 1988\nWashington Redskins 04 !Washington Redskins\n(4, 2–2)\n4210 !42–10\nDenver Broncos 03 !Denver Broncos†\n(3, 0–3)\nQualcomm Stadium 01 !San Diego–Jack Murphy Stadium[note 3]\nSan Diego, California 01 !San Diego, California\n073302 !73,302\n[32]\n\n\n23 !XXIII\n000000001989-01-22-0000January 22, 1989\nSan Francisco 49ers 03 !San Francisco 49ers\n(3, 3–0)\n2016 !20–16\nCincinnati Bengals 02 !Cincinnati Bengals†\n(2, 0–2)\nHard Rock Stadium 01 !Joe Robbie Stadium[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 06 !Miami Gardens, Florida (6)[note 2]\n075129 !75,129\n[33]\n\n\n24 !XXIV\n000000001990-01-28-0000January 28, 1990\nSan Francisco 49ers 04 !San Francisco 49ers\n(4, 4–0)\n5510 !55–10\nDenver Broncos 04 !Denver Broncos†\n(4, 0–4)\nLouisiana Superdome 04 !Louisiana Superdome (4)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 07 !New Orleans, Louisiana (7)\n072919 !72,919\n[34]\n\n\n25 !XXV\n000000001991-01-27-0000January 27, 1991\nNew York Giants 02 !New York Giants\n(2, 2–0)\n2019 !20–19\nBuffalo Bills 01 !Buffalo Bills†\n(1, 0–1)\nTampa Stadium 02 !Tampa Stadium (2)\nTampa, Florida 02 !Tampa, Florida (2)\n073813 !73,813\n[35]\n\n\n26 !XXVI\n000000001992-01-26-0000January 26, 1992\nWashington Redskins 05 !Washington Redskins\n(5, 3–2)\n3724 !37–24\nBuffalo Bills 02 !Buffalo Bills†\n(2, 0–2)\nMetrodome 01 !Metrodome\nMinneapolis, Minnesota 01 !Minneapolis, Minnesota\n063130 !63,130\n[36]\n\n\n27 !XXVII\n000000001993-01-31-0000January 31, 1993\nDallas Cowboys 06 !Dallas Cowboys\n(6, 3–3)\n5217 !52–17\nBuffalo Bills 03 !Buffalo Bills†\n(3, 0–3)\nRose Bowl 05 !Rose Bowl (5)\nLos Angeles, California 07 !Pasadena, California (7)[note 1]\n098374 !98,374\n[37]\n\n\n28 !XXVIII\n000000001994-01-30-0000January 30, 1994\nDallas Cowboys 07 !Dallas Cowboys\n(7, 4–3)\n3013 !30–13\nBuffalo Bills 04 !Buffalo Bills†\n(4, 0–4)\nGeorgia Dome 01 !Georgia Dome\nAtlanta, Georgia 01 !Atlanta, Georgia\n072817 !72,817\n[38]\n\n\n29 !XXIX\n000000001995-01-29-0000January 29, 1995\nSan Francisco 49ers 05 !San Francisco 49ers\n(5, 5–0)\n4926 !49–26\nSan Diego Chargers 01 !San Diego Chargers†\n(1, 0–1)\nHard Rock Stadium 02 !Joe Robbie Stadium (2)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 07 !Miami Gardens, Florida (7)[note 2]\n074107 !74,107\n[39]\n\n\n30 !XXX\n000000001996-01-28-0000January 28, 1996\nDallas Cowboys 08 !Dallas Cowboys\n(8, 5–3)\n2717 !27–17\nPittsburgh Steelers 05 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(5, 4–1)\nSun Devil Stadium 01 !Sun Devil Stadium\nPhoenix, Arizona 01 !Tempe, Arizona[note 1]\n076347 !76,347\n[40]\n\n\n31 !XXXI\n000000001997-01-26-0000January 26, 1997\nGreen Bay Packers 03 !Green Bay Packers\n(3, 3–0)\n3521 !35–21\nNew England Patriots 02 !New England Patriots†\n(2, 0–2)\nLouisiana Superdome 05 !Louisiana Superdome (5)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 08 !New Orleans, Louisiana (8)\n072301 !72,301\n[41]\n\n\n32 !XXXII\n000000001998-01-25-0000January 25, 1998\nDenver Broncos 05 !Denver Broncos†\n(5, 1–4)\n3124 !31–24\nGreen Bay Packers 04 !Green Bay Packers\n(4, 3–1)\nQualcomm Stadium 02 !Qualcomm Stadium (2)[note 3]\nSan Diego, California 02 !San Diego, California (2)\n068912 !68,912\n[42]\n\n\n33 !XXXIII\n000000001999-01-31-0000January 31, 1999\nDenver Broncos 06 !Denver Broncos†\n(6, 2–4)\n3419 !34–19\nAtlanta Falcons 01 !Atlanta Falcons\n(1, 0–1)\nHard Rock Stadium 03 !Pro Player Stadium (3)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 08 !Miami Gardens, Florida (8)[note 2]\n074803 !74,803\n[43]\n\n\n34 !XXXIV\n000000002000-01-30-0000January 30, 2000\nLos Angeles Rams 02 !St. Louis Rams\n(2, 1–1)\n2316 !23–16\nTennessee Titans 01 !Tennessee Titans†\n(1, 0–1)\nGeorgia Dome 02 !Georgia Dome (2)\nAtlanta, Georgia 02 !Atlanta, Georgia (2)\n072625 !72,625\n[44]\n\n\n35 !XXXV\n000000002001-01-28-0000January 28, 2001\nBaltimore Ravens 01 !Baltimore Ravens†\n(1, 1–0)\n3407 !34–7 \nNew York Giants 03 !New York Giants\n(3, 2–1)\nRaymond James Stadium 01 !Raymond James Stadium\nTampa, Florida 03 !Tampa, Florida (3)\n071921 !71,921\n[45]\n\n\n36 !XXXVI\n000000002002-02-03-0000February 3, 2002\nNew England Patriots 03 !New England Patriots†\n(3, 1–2)\n2017 !20–17\nLos Angeles Rams 03 !St. Louis Rams\n(3, 1–2)\nLouisiana Superdome 06 !Louisiana Superdome (6)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 09 !New Orleans, Louisiana (9)\n072922 !72,922\n[46]\n\n\n37 !XXXVII\n000000002003-01-26-0000January 26, 2003\nTampa Bay Buccaneers 01 !Tampa Bay Buccaneers\n(1, 1–0)\n4821 !48–21\nOakland Raiders 05 !Oakland Raiders†\n(5, 3–2)\nQualcomm Stadium 03 !Qualcomm Stadium (3)[note 3]\nSan Diego, California 03 !San Diego, California (3)\n067603 !67,603\n[47]\n\n\n38 !XXXVIII\n000000002004-02-01-0000February 1, 2004\nNew England Patriots 04 !New England Patriots†\n(4, 2–2)\n3229 !32–29\nCarolina Panthers 01 !Carolina Panthers\n(1, 0–1)\nNRG Stadium 01 !Reliant Stadium[note 3]\nHouston, Texas 02 !Houston, Texas (2)\n071525 !71,525\n[48]\n\n\n39 !XXXIX\n000000002005-02-06-0000February 6, 2005\nNew England Patriots 05 !New England Patriots†\n(5, 3–2)\n2421 !24–21\nPhiladelphia Eagles 02 !Philadelphia Eagles\n(2, 0–2)\nALLTEL Stadium 01 !Alltel Stadium\nJacksonville, Florida 01 !Jacksonville, Florida\n078125 !78,125\n[49]\n\n\n40 !XL\n000000002006-02-05-0000February 5, 2006\nPittsburgh Steelers 06 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(6, 5–1)\n2110 !21–10\nSeattle Seahawks 01 !Seattle Seahawks\n(1, 0–1)\nFord Field 01 !Ford Field\nDetroit, Michigan 02 !Detroit, Michigan (2)[note 1]\n068206 !68,206\n[50]\n\n\n41 !XLI\n000000002007-02-04-0000February 4, 2007\nIndianapolis Colts 03 !Indianapolis Colts†\n(3, 2–1)\n2917 !29–17\nChicago Bears 02 !Chicago Bears\n(2, 1–1)\nHard Rock Stadium 04 !Dolphin Stadium (4)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 09 !Miami Gardens, Florida (9)[note 2]\n074512 !74,512\n[51]\n\n\n42 !XLII\n000000002008-02-03-0000February 3, 2008\nNew York Giants 04 !New York Giants\n(4, 3–1)\n1714 !17–14\nNew England Patriots 06 !New England Patriots†\n(6, 3–3)\nUniversity of Phoenix Stadium 01 !University of Phoenix Stadium\nPhoenix, Arizona 02 !Glendale, Arizona (2)[note 1]\n071101 !71,101\n[52]\n\n\n43 !XLIII\n000000002009-02-01-0000February 1, 2009\nPittsburgh Steelers 07 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(7, 6–1)\n2723 !27–23\nArizona Cardinals 01 !Arizona Cardinals\n(1, 0–1)\nRaymond James Stadium 02 !Raymond James Stadium (2)\nTampa, Florida 04 !Tampa, Florida (4)\n070774 !70,774\n[53]\n\n\n44 !XLIV\n000000002010-02-07-0000February 7, 2010\nNew Orleans Saints 01 !New Orleans Saints\n(1, 1–0)\n3117 !31–17\nIndianapolis Colts 04 !Indianapolis Colts†\n(4, 2–2)\nHard Rock Stadium 05 !Sun Life Stadium (5)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 10 !Miami Gardens, Florida (10)[note 2]\n074059 !74,059\n[54]\n\n\n45 !XLV\n000000002011-02-06-0000February 6, 2011\nGreen Bay Packers 05 !Green Bay Packers\n(5, 4–1)\n3125 !31–25\nPittsburgh Steelers 08 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(8, 6–2)\nCowboys Stadium 01 !Cowboys Stadium\nArlington, Texas 01 !Arlington, Texas\n103219 !103,219\n[55]\n\n\n46 !XLVI\n000000002012-02-05-0000February 5, 2012\nNew York Giants 05 !New York Giants\n(5, 4–1)\n2117 !21–17\nNew England Patriots 07 !New England Patriots†\n(7, 3–4)\nLucas Oil Stadium 01 !Lucas Oil Stadium\nIndianapolis, Indiana 01 !Indianapolis, Indiana\n068658 !68,658\n[56][57]\n\n\n47 !XLVII\n000000002013-02-03-0000February 3, 2013\nBaltimore Ravens 02 !Baltimore Ravens†\n(2, 2–0)\n3431 !34–31\nSan Francisco 49ers 06 !San Francisco 49ers\n(6, 5–1)\nLouisiana Superdome 07 !Mercedes-Benz Superdome (7)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 10 !New Orleans, Louisiana (10)\n071024 !71,024\n[56][58]\n\n\n48 !XLVIII\n000000002014-02-02-0000February 2, 2014\nSeattle Seahawks 02 !Seattle Seahawks\n(2, 1–1)\n4308 !43–8\nDenver Broncos 07 !Denver Broncos†\n(7, 2–5)\nMetLife Stadium 01 !MetLife Stadium\nEast Rutherford, New Jersey 01 !East Rutherford, New Jersey\n082529 !82,529\n[59]\n\n\n49 !XLIX\n000000002015-02-01-0000February 1, 2015\nNew England Patriots 08 !New England Patriots†\n(8, 4–4)\n2824 !28–24\nSeattle Seahawks 03 !Seattle Seahawks\n(3, 1–2)\nUniversity of Phoenix Stadium 02 !University of Phoenix Stadium (2)\nPhoenix, Arizona 03 !Glendale, Arizona (3)[note 1]\n070288 !70,288\n[60][61]\n\n\n50 !50 [note 4]\n000000002016-02-07-0000February 7, 2016\nDenver Broncos 08 !Denver Broncos†\n(8, 3–5)\n2410 !24–10\nCarolina Panthers 02 !Carolina Panthers\n(2, 0–2)\nLevi's Stadium 01 !Levi's Stadium\nSan Francisco, California 02 !Santa Clara, California (2)[note 1]\n071088 !71,088\n[61][62][63]\n\n\n51 !LI\n000000002017-02-05-0000February 5, 2017\nNew England Patriots 09 !New England Patriots†\n(9, 5–4)\n3428 !34–28 (OT)\nAtlanta Falcons 02 !Atlanta Falcons\n(2, 0–2)\nNRG Stadium 02 !NRG Stadium (2)[note 3]\nHouston, Texas 03 !Houston, Texas (3)\n070807 !70,807\n[61][62][63]\n\n\n52 !LII\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4, 2018\nPhiladelphia Eagles 03 !Philadelphia Eagles\n(3, 1–2)\n4133 !41–33\nNew England Patriots 10 !New England Patriots†\n(10, 5–5)\nU.S. Bank Stadium 01 !U.S. Bank Stadium\nMinneapolis, Minnesota 02 !Minneapolis, Minnesota (2)\n067612 !67,612\n[64][65]\n\n\n53 !LIII\n000000002019-02-03-0000February 3, 2019 [note 5]\nX 2019 !2018–19 AFC champion† at 2018–19 NFC champion\n0019 !—\nX 2019 !To be determined (TBD)\nMercedes-Benz Stadium 01 !Mercedes-Benz Stadium\nAtlanta, Georgia 03 !Atlanta, Georgia (3)\nTBD\n[66][67]\n\n\n54 !LIV\n000000002020-02-02-0000February 2, 2020 [note 5]\nX 2020 !2019–20 NFC champion at 2019–20 AFC champion†\n0020 !—\nX 2020 !To be determined\nHard Rock Stadium 06 !Hard Rock Stadium (6)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 11 !Miami Gardens, Florida (11)[note 2]\nTBD\n[66][67]\n\n\n55 !LV\n000000002021-02-07-0000February 7, 2021 [note 5]\nX 2020 !2020–21 AFC champion† at 2020–21 NFC champion\n0021 !—\nX 2021 !To be determined\nRaymond James Stadium 03 !Raymond James Stadium (3)\nTampa, Florida 05 !Tampa, Florida (5)\nTBD\n[66][67]\n\n\n56 !LVI\n000000002022-02-06-0000February 6, 2022 [note 5]\nX 2021 !2021–22 NFC champion† at 2021–22 AFC champion\n0022 !—\nX 2022 !To be determined\nCity of Champions Stadium 01 !Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park\nLos Angeles, California 08 !Inglewood, California (8)[note 1]\nTBD\n[66][67]\n\n\n\nGame\nDate\nWinning team\nScore\nLosing team\nVenue\nCity\nAttendance\nRef\n", "\n\nGame\nDate\nWinning team\nScore\nLosing team\nVenue\nCity\nAttendance\nRef\n\n\n01 !I\n000000001967-01-15-0000January 15, 1967\nGreen Bay Packers 01 !Green Bay Packers‡\n(1, 1–0)\n3510 !35–10\nKansas City Chiefs 01 !Kansas City Chiefs^\n(1, 0–1)\nLos Angeles Memorial Coliseum 01 !Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum\nLos Angeles, California 01 !Los Angeles, California[note 1]\n061946 !61,946\n[11]\n\n\n02 !II\n000000001968-01-14-0000January 14, 1968\nGreen Bay Packers 02 !Green Bay Packers‡\n(2, 2–0)\n3314 !33–14\nOakland Raiders 01 !Oakland Raiders^\n(1, 0–1)\nMiami Orange Bowl 01 !Miami Orange Bowl\nMiami, Florida 01 !Miami, Florida[note 2]\n075546 !75,546\n[12]\n\n\n03 !III\n000000001969-01-12-0000January 12, 1969\nNew York Jets 01 !New York Jets^\n(1, 1–0)\n1607 !16–7 \nIndianapolis Colts 01 !Baltimore Colts‡\n(1, 0–1)\nMiami Orange Bowl 02 !Miami Orange Bowl (2)\nMiami, Florida 02 !Miami, Florida (2)[note 2]\n075389 !75,389\n[13]\n\n\n04 !IV\n000000001970-01-11-0000January 11, 1970\nKansas City Chiefs 02 !Kansas City Chiefs^\n(2, 1–1)\n2307 !23–7 \nMinnesota Vikings 01 !Minnesota Vikings‡\n(1, 0–1)\nTulane Stadium 01 !Tulane Stadium\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 01 !New Orleans, Louisiana\n080562 !80,562\n[14]\n\n\n05 !V\n000000001971-01-17-0000January 17, 1971\nIndianapolis Colts 02 !Baltimore Colts†\n(2, 1–1)\n1613 !16–13 \nDallas Cowboys 01 !Dallas Cowboys\n(1, 0–1)\nMiami Orange Bowl 03 !Miami Orange Bowl (3)\nMiami, Florida 03 !Miami, Florida (3)[note 2]\n079204 !79,204\n[15]\n\n\n06 !VI\n000000001972-01-16-0000January 16, 1972\nDallas Cowboys 02 !Dallas Cowboys\n(2, 1–1)\n2403 !24–3 \nMiami Dolphins 01 !Miami Dolphins†\n(1, 0–1)\nTulane Stadium 02 !Tulane Stadium (2)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 02 !New Orleans, Louisiana (2)\n081023 !81,023\n[16]\n\n\n07 !VII\n000000001973-01-14-0000January 14, 1973\nMiami Dolphins 02 !Miami Dolphins†\n(2, 1–1)\n1407 !14–7 \nWashington Redskins 01 !Washington Redskins\n(1, 0–1)\nLos Angeles Memorial Coliseum 02 !Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (2)\nLos Angeles, California 02 !Los Angeles, California (2)[note 1]\n090182 !90,182\n[17]\n\n\n08 !VIII\n000000001974-01-13-0000January 13, 1974\nMiami Dolphins 03 !Miami Dolphins†\n(3, 2–1)\n2407 !24–7 \nMinnesota Vikings 02 !Minnesota Vikings\n(2, 0–2)\nRice Stadium 01 !Rice Stadium\nHouston, Texas 01 !Houston, Texas\n071882 !71,882\n[18]\n\n\n09 !IX\n000000001975-01-12-0000January 12, 1975\nPittsburgh Steelers 01 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(1, 1–0)\n1606 !16–6 \nMinnesota Vikings 03 !Minnesota Vikings\n(3, 0–3)\nTulane Stadium 03 !Tulane Stadium (3)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 03 !New Orleans, Louisiana (3)\n080997 !80,997\n[19]\n\n\n10 !X\n000000001976-01-18-0000January 18, 1976\nPittsburgh Steelers 02 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(2, 2–0)\n2117 !21–17\nDallas Cowboys 03 !Dallas Cowboys\n(3, 1–2)\nMiami Orange Bowl 04 !Miami Orange Bowl (4)\nMiami, Florida 04 !Miami, Florida (4)[note 2]\n080187 !80,187\n[20]\n\n\n11 !XI\n000000001977-01-09-0000January 9, 1977\nOakland Raiders 02 !Oakland Raiders†\n(2, 1–1)\n3214 !32–14\nMinnesota Vikings 04 !Minnesota Vikings\n(4, 0–4)\nRose Bowl 01 !Rose Bowl\nLos Angeles, California 03 !Pasadena, California (3)[note 1]\n103438 !103,438\n[21]\n\n\n12 !XII\n000000001978-01-15-0000January 15, 1978\nDallas Cowboys 04 !Dallas Cowboys\n(4, 2–2)\n2710 !27–10\nDenver Broncos 01 !Denver Broncos†\n(1, 0–1)\nLouisiana Superdome 01 !Louisiana Superdome\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 04 !New Orleans, Louisiana (4)\n076400 !76,400\n[22]\n\n\n13 !XIII\n000000001979-01-21-0000January 21, 1979\nPittsburgh Steelers 03 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(3, 3–0)\n3531 !35–31\nDallas Cowboys 05 !Dallas Cowboys\n(5, 2–3)\nMiami Orange Bowl 05 !Miami Orange Bowl (5)\nMiami, Florida 05 !Miami, Florida (5)[note 2]\n079484 !79,484\n[23]\n\n\n14 !XIV\n000000001980-01-20-0000January 20, 1980\nPittsburgh Steelers 04 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(4, 4–0)\n3119 !31–19\nLos Angeles Rams 01 !Los Angeles Rams\n(1, 0–1)\nRose Bowl 02 !Rose Bowl (2)\nLos Angeles, California 04 !Pasadena, California (4)[note 1]\n103985 !103,985\n[24]\n\n\n15 !XV\n000000001981-01-25-0000January 25, 1981\nOakland Raiders 03 !Oakland Raiders†\n(3, 2–1)\n2710 !27–10\nPhiladelphia Eagles 01 !Philadelphia Eagles\n(1, 0–1)\nLouisiana Superdome 02 !Louisiana Superdome (2)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 05 !New Orleans, Louisiana (5)\n076135 !76,135\n[25]\n\n\n16 !XVI\n000000001982-01-24-0000January 24, 1982\nSan Francisco 49ers 01 !San Francisco 49ers\n(1, 1–0)\n2621 !26–21\nCincinnati Bengals 01 !Cincinnati Bengals†\n(1, 0–1)\nPontiac Silverdome 01 !Pontiac Silverdome\nDetroit, Michigan 01 !Pontiac, Michigan[note 1]\n081270 !81,270\n[26]\n\n\n17 !XVII\n000000001983-01-30-0000January 30, 1983\nWashington Redskins 02 !Washington Redskins\n(2, 1–1)\n2717 !27–17\nMiami Dolphins 04 !Miami Dolphins†\n(4, 2–2)\nRose Bowl 03 !Rose Bowl (3)\nLos Angeles, California 05 !Pasadena, California (5)[note 1]\n103667 !103,667\n[27]\n\n\n18 !XVIII\n000000001984-01-22-0000January 22, 1984\nOakland Raiders 04 !Los Angeles Raiders†\n(4, 3–1)\n3809 !38–9 \nWashington Redskins 03 !Washington Redskins\n(3, 1–2)\nTampa Stadium 01 !Tampa Stadium\nTampa, Florida 01 !Tampa, Florida\n072920 !72,920\n[28]\n\n\n19 !XIX\n000000001985-01-20-0000January 20, 1985\nSan Francisco 49ers 02 !San Francisco 49ers\n(2, 2–0)\n3816 !38–16\nMiami Dolphins 05 !Miami Dolphins†\n(5, 2–3)\nStanford Stadium 01 !Stanford Stadium\nSan Francisco, California 01 !Stanford, California[note 1]\n084059 !84,059\n[29]\n\n\n20 !XX\n000000001986-01-26-0000January 26, 1986\nChicago Bears 01 !Chicago Bears\n(1, 1–0)\n4610 !46–10\nNew England Patriots 01 !New England Patriots†\n(1, 0–1)\nLouisiana Superdome 03 !Louisiana Superdome (3)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 06 !New Orleans, Louisiana (6)\n073818 !73,818\n[30]\n\n\n21 !XXI\n000000001987-01-25-0000January 25, 1987\nNew York Giants 01 !New York Giants\n(1, 1–0)\n3920 !39–20\nDenver Broncos 02 !Denver Broncos†\n(2, 0–2)\nRose Bowl 04 !Rose Bowl (4)\nLos Angeles, California 06 !Pasadena, California (6)[note 1]\n101063 !101,063\n[31]\n\n\n22 !XXII\n000000001988-01-31-0000January 31, 1988\nWashington Redskins 04 !Washington Redskins\n(4, 2–2)\n4210 !42–10\nDenver Broncos 03 !Denver Broncos†\n(3, 0–3)\nQualcomm Stadium 01 !San Diego–Jack Murphy Stadium[note 3]\nSan Diego, California 01 !San Diego, California\n073302 !73,302\n[32]\n\n\n23 !XXIII\n000000001989-01-22-0000January 22, 1989\nSan Francisco 49ers 03 !San Francisco 49ers\n(3, 3–0)\n2016 !20–16\nCincinnati Bengals 02 !Cincinnati Bengals†\n(2, 0–2)\nHard Rock Stadium 01 !Joe Robbie Stadium[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 06 !Miami Gardens, Florida (6)[note 2]\n075129 !75,129\n[33]\n\n\n24 !XXIV\n000000001990-01-28-0000January 28, 1990\nSan Francisco 49ers 04 !San Francisco 49ers\n(4, 4–0)\n5510 !55–10\nDenver Broncos 04 !Denver Broncos†\n(4, 0–4)\nLouisiana Superdome 04 !Louisiana Superdome (4)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 07 !New Orleans, Louisiana (7)\n072919 !72,919\n[34]\n\n\n25 !XXV\n000000001991-01-27-0000January 27, 1991\nNew York Giants 02 !New York Giants\n(2, 2–0)\n2019 !20–19\nBuffalo Bills 01 !Buffalo Bills†\n(1, 0–1)\nTampa Stadium 02 !Tampa Stadium (2)\nTampa, Florida 02 !Tampa, Florida (2)\n073813 !73,813\n[35]\n\n\n26 !XXVI\n000000001992-01-26-0000January 26, 1992\nWashington Redskins 05 !Washington Redskins\n(5, 3–2)\n3724 !37–24\nBuffalo Bills 02 !Buffalo Bills†\n(2, 0–2)\nMetrodome 01 !Metrodome\nMinneapolis, Minnesota 01 !Minneapolis, Minnesota\n063130 !63,130\n[36]\n\n\n27 !XXVII\n000000001993-01-31-0000January 31, 1993\nDallas Cowboys 06 !Dallas Cowboys\n(6, 3–3)\n5217 !52–17\nBuffalo Bills 03 !Buffalo Bills†\n(3, 0–3)\nRose Bowl 05 !Rose Bowl (5)\nLos Angeles, California 07 !Pasadena, California (7)[note 1]\n098374 !98,374\n[37]\n\n\n28 !XXVIII\n000000001994-01-30-0000January 30, 1994\nDallas Cowboys 07 !Dallas Cowboys\n(7, 4–3)\n3013 !30–13\nBuffalo Bills 04 !Buffalo Bills†\n(4, 0–4)\nGeorgia Dome 01 !Georgia Dome\nAtlanta, Georgia 01 !Atlanta, Georgia\n072817 !72,817\n[38]\n\n\n29 !XXIX\n000000001995-01-29-0000January 29, 1995\nSan Francisco 49ers 05 !San Francisco 49ers\n(5, 5–0)\n4926 !49–26\nSan Diego Chargers 01 !San Diego Chargers†\n(1, 0–1)\nHard Rock Stadium 02 !Joe Robbie Stadium (2)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 07 !Miami Gardens, Florida (7)[note 2]\n074107 !74,107\n[39]\n\n\n30 !XXX\n000000001996-01-28-0000January 28, 1996\nDallas Cowboys 08 !Dallas Cowboys\n(8, 5–3)\n2717 !27–17\nPittsburgh Steelers 05 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(5, 4–1)\nSun Devil Stadium 01 !Sun Devil Stadium\nPhoenix, Arizona 01 !Tempe, Arizona[note 1]\n076347 !76,347\n[40]\n\n\n31 !XXXI\n000000001997-01-26-0000January 26, 1997\nGreen Bay Packers 03 !Green Bay Packers\n(3, 3–0)\n3521 !35–21\nNew England Patriots 02 !New England Patriots†\n(2, 0–2)\nLouisiana Superdome 05 !Louisiana Superdome (5)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 08 !New Orleans, Louisiana (8)\n072301 !72,301\n[41]\n\n\n32 !XXXII\n000000001998-01-25-0000January 25, 1998\nDenver Broncos 05 !Denver Broncos†\n(5, 1–4)\n3124 !31–24\nGreen Bay Packers 04 !Green Bay Packers\n(4, 3–1)\nQualcomm Stadium 02 !Qualcomm Stadium (2)[note 3]\nSan Diego, California 02 !San Diego, California (2)\n068912 !68,912\n[42]\n\n\n33 !XXXIII\n000000001999-01-31-0000January 31, 1999\nDenver Broncos 06 !Denver Broncos†\n(6, 2–4)\n3419 !34–19\nAtlanta Falcons 01 !Atlanta Falcons\n(1, 0–1)\nHard Rock Stadium 03 !Pro Player Stadium (3)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 08 !Miami Gardens, Florida (8)[note 2]\n074803 !74,803\n[43]\n\n\n34 !XXXIV\n000000002000-01-30-0000January 30, 2000\nLos Angeles Rams 02 !St. Louis Rams\n(2, 1–1)\n2316 !23–16\nTennessee Titans 01 !Tennessee Titans†\n(1, 0–1)\nGeorgia Dome 02 !Georgia Dome (2)\nAtlanta, Georgia 02 !Atlanta, Georgia (2)\n072625 !72,625\n[44]\n\n\n35 !XXXV\n000000002001-01-28-0000January 28, 2001\nBaltimore Ravens 01 !Baltimore Ravens†\n(1, 1–0)\n3407 !34–7 \nNew York Giants 03 !New York Giants\n(3, 2–1)\nRaymond James Stadium 01 !Raymond James Stadium\nTampa, Florida 03 !Tampa, Florida (3)\n071921 !71,921\n[45]\n\n\n36 !XXXVI\n000000002002-02-03-0000February 3, 2002\nNew England Patriots 03 !New England Patriots†\n(3, 1–2)\n2017 !20–17\nLos Angeles Rams 03 !St. Louis Rams\n(3, 1–2)\nLouisiana Superdome 06 !Louisiana Superdome (6)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 09 !New Orleans, Louisiana (9)\n072922 !72,922\n[46]\n\n\n37 !XXXVII\n000000002003-01-26-0000January 26, 2003\nTampa Bay Buccaneers 01 !Tampa Bay Buccaneers\n(1, 1–0)\n4821 !48–21\nOakland Raiders 05 !Oakland Raiders†\n(5, 3–2)\nQualcomm Stadium 03 !Qualcomm Stadium (3)[note 3]\nSan Diego, California 03 !San Diego, California (3)\n067603 !67,603\n[47]\n\n\n38 !XXXVIII\n000000002004-02-01-0000February 1, 2004\nNew England Patriots 04 !New England Patriots†\n(4, 2–2)\n3229 !32–29\nCarolina Panthers 01 !Carolina Panthers\n(1, 0–1)\nNRG Stadium 01 !Reliant Stadium[note 3]\nHouston, Texas 02 !Houston, Texas (2)\n071525 !71,525\n[48]\n\n\n39 !XXXIX\n000000002005-02-06-0000February 6, 2005\nNew England Patriots 05 !New England Patriots†\n(5, 3–2)\n2421 !24–21\nPhiladelphia Eagles 02 !Philadelphia Eagles\n(2, 0–2)\nALLTEL Stadium 01 !Alltel Stadium\nJacksonville, Florida 01 !Jacksonville, Florida\n078125 !78,125\n[49]\n\n\n40 !XL\n000000002006-02-05-0000February 5, 2006\nPittsburgh Steelers 06 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(6, 5–1)\n2110 !21–10\nSeattle Seahawks 01 !Seattle Seahawks\n(1, 0–1)\nFord Field 01 !Ford Field\nDetroit, Michigan 02 !Detroit, Michigan (2)[note 1]\n068206 !68,206\n[50]\n\n\n41 !XLI\n000000002007-02-04-0000February 4, 2007\nIndianapolis Colts 03 !Indianapolis Colts†\n(3, 2–1)\n2917 !29–17\nChicago Bears 02 !Chicago Bears\n(2, 1–1)\nHard Rock Stadium 04 !Dolphin Stadium (4)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 09 !Miami Gardens, Florida (9)[note 2]\n074512 !74,512\n[51]\n\n\n42 !XLII\n000000002008-02-03-0000February 3, 2008\nNew York Giants 04 !New York Giants\n(4, 3–1)\n1714 !17–14\nNew England Patriots 06 !New England Patriots†\n(6, 3–3)\nUniversity of Phoenix Stadium 01 !University of Phoenix Stadium\nPhoenix, Arizona 02 !Glendale, Arizona (2)[note 1]\n071101 !71,101\n[52]\n\n\n43 !XLIII\n000000002009-02-01-0000February 1, 2009\nPittsburgh Steelers 07 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(7, 6–1)\n2723 !27–23\nArizona Cardinals 01 !Arizona Cardinals\n(1, 0–1)\nRaymond James Stadium 02 !Raymond James Stadium (2)\nTampa, Florida 04 !Tampa, Florida (4)\n070774 !70,774\n[53]\n\n\n44 !XLIV\n000000002010-02-07-0000February 7, 2010\nNew Orleans Saints 01 !New Orleans Saints\n(1, 1–0)\n3117 !31–17\nIndianapolis Colts 04 !Indianapolis Colts†\n(4, 2–2)\nHard Rock Stadium 05 !Sun Life Stadium (5)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 10 !Miami Gardens, Florida (10)[note 2]\n074059 !74,059\n[54]\n\n\n45 !XLV\n000000002011-02-06-0000February 6, 2011\nGreen Bay Packers 05 !Green Bay Packers\n(5, 4–1)\n3125 !31–25\nPittsburgh Steelers 08 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(8, 6–2)\nCowboys Stadium 01 !Cowboys Stadium\nArlington, Texas 01 !Arlington, Texas\n103219 !103,219\n[55]\n\n\n46 !XLVI\n000000002012-02-05-0000February 5, 2012\nNew York Giants 05 !New York Giants\n(5, 4–1)\n2117 !21–17\nNew England Patriots 07 !New England Patriots†\n(7, 3–4)\nLucas Oil Stadium 01 !Lucas Oil Stadium\nIndianapolis, Indiana 01 !Indianapolis, Indiana\n068658 !68,658\n[56][57]\n\n\n47 !XLVII\n000000002013-02-03-0000February 3, 2013\nBaltimore Ravens 02 !Baltimore Ravens†\n(2, 2–0)\n3431 !34–31\nSan Francisco 49ers 06 !San Francisco 49ers\n(6, 5–1)\nLouisiana Superdome 07 !Mercedes-Benz Superdome (7)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 10 !New Orleans, Louisiana (10)\n071024 !71,024\n[56][58]\n\n\n48 !XLVIII\n000000002014-02-02-0000February 2, 2014\nSeattle Seahawks 02 !Seattle Seahawks\n(2, 1–1)\n4308 !43–8\nDenver Broncos 07 !Denver Broncos†\n(7, 2–5)\nMetLife Stadium 01 !MetLife Stadium\nEast Rutherford, New Jersey 01 !East Rutherford, New Jersey\n082529 !82,529\n[59]\n\n\n49 !XLIX\n000000002015-02-01-0000February 1, 2015\nNew England Patriots 08 !New England Patriots†\n(8, 4–4)\n2824 !28–24\nSeattle Seahawks 03 !Seattle Seahawks\n(3, 1–2)\nUniversity of Phoenix Stadium 02 !University of Phoenix Stadium (2)\nPhoenix, Arizona 03 !Glendale, Arizona (3)[note 1]\n070288 !70,288\n[60][61]\n\n\n50 !50 [note 4]\n000000002016-02-07-0000February 7, 2016\nDenver Broncos 08 !Denver Broncos†\n(8, 3–5)\n2410 !24–10\nCarolina Panthers 02 !Carolina Panthers\n(2, 0–2)\nLevi's Stadium 01 !Levi's Stadium\nSan Francisco, California 02 !Santa Clara, California (2)[note 1]\n071088 !71,088\n[61][62][63]\n\n\n51 !LI\n000000002017-02-05-0000February 5, 2017\nNew England Patriots 09 !New England Patriots†\n(9, 5–4)\n3428 !34–28 (OT)\nAtlanta Falcons 02 !Atlanta Falcons\n(2, 0–2)\nNRG Stadium 02 !NRG Stadium (2)[note 3]\nHouston, Texas 03 !Houston, Texas (3)\n070807 !70,807\n[61][62][63]\n\n\n52 !LII\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4, 2018\nPhiladelphia Eagles 03 !Philadelphia Eagles\n(3, 1–2)\n4133 !41–33\nNew England Patriots 10 !New England Patriots†\n(10, 5–5)\nU.S. Bank Stadium 01 !U.S. Bank Stadium\nMinneapolis, Minnesota 02 !Minneapolis, Minnesota (2)\n067612 !67,612\n[64][65]\n\n\n53 !LIII\n000000002019-02-03-0000February 3, 2019 [note 5]\nX 2019 !2018–19 AFC champion† at 2018–19 NFC champion\n0019 !—\nX 2019 !To be determined (TBD)\nMercedes-Benz Stadium 01 !Mercedes-Benz Stadium\nAtlanta, Georgia 03 !Atlanta, Georgia (3)\nTBD\n[66][67]\n\n\n54 !LIV\n000000002020-02-02-0000February 2, 2020 [note 5]\nX 2020 !2019–20 NFC champion at 2019–20 AFC champion†\n0020 !—\nX 2020 !To be determined\nHard Rock Stadium 06 !Hard Rock Stadium (6)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 11 !Miami Gardens, Florida (11)[note 2]\nTBD\n[66][67]\n\n\n55 !LV\n000000002021-02-07-0000February 7, 2021 [note 5]\nX 2020 !2020–21 AFC champion† at 2020–21 NFC champion\n0021 !—\nX 2021 !To be determined\nRaymond James Stadium 03 !Raymond James Stadium (3)\nTampa, Florida 05 !Tampa, Florida (5)\nTBD\n[66][67]\n\n\n56 !LVI\n000000002022-02-06-0000February 6, 2022 [note 5]\nX 2021 !2021–22 NFC champion† at 2021–22 AFC champion\n0022 !—\nX 2022 !To be determined\nCity of Champions Stadium 01 !Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park\nLos Angeles, California 08 !Inglewood, California (8)[note 1]\nTBD\n[66][67]\n\n\n\nGame\nDate\nWinning team\nScore\nLosing team\nVenue\nCity\nAttendance\nRef\n", "\n\nGame\nDate\nWinning team\nScore\nLosing team\nVenue\nCity\nAttendance\nRef\n\n\n01 !I\n000000001967-01-15-0000January 15, 1967\nGreen Bay Packers 01 !Green Bay Packers‡\n(1, 1–0)\n3510 !35–10\nKansas City Chiefs 01 !Kansas City Chiefs^\n(1, 0–1)\nLos Angeles Memorial Coliseum 01 !Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum\nLos Angeles, California 01 !Los Angeles, California[note 1]\n061946 !61,946\n[11]\n\n\n02 !II\n000000001968-01-14-0000January 14, 1968\nGreen Bay Packers 02 !Green Bay Packers‡\n(2, 2–0)\n3314 !33–14\nOakland Raiders 01 !Oakland Raiders^\n(1, 0–1)\nMiami Orange Bowl 01 !Miami Orange Bowl\nMiami, Florida 01 !Miami, Florida[note 2]\n075546 !75,546\n[12]\n\n\n03 !III\n000000001969-01-12-0000January 12, 1969\nNew York Jets 01 !New York Jets^\n(1, 1–0)\n1607 !16–7 \nIndianapolis Colts 01 !Baltimore Colts‡\n(1, 0–1)\nMiami Orange Bowl 02 !Miami Orange Bowl (2)\nMiami, Florida 02 !Miami, Florida (2)[note 2]\n075389 !75,389\n[13]\n\n\n04 !IV\n000000001970-01-11-0000January 11, 1970\nKansas City Chiefs 02 !Kansas City Chiefs^\n(2, 1–1)\n2307 !23–7 \nMinnesota Vikings 01 !Minnesota Vikings‡\n(1, 0–1)\nTulane Stadium 01 !Tulane Stadium\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 01 !New Orleans, Louisiana\n080562 !80,562\n[14]\n\n\n05 !V\n000000001971-01-17-0000January 17, 1971\nIndianapolis Colts 02 !Baltimore Colts†\n(2, 1–1)\n1613 !16–13 \nDallas Cowboys 01 !Dallas Cowboys\n(1, 0–1)\nMiami Orange Bowl 03 !Miami Orange Bowl (3)\nMiami, Florida 03 !Miami, Florida (3)[note 2]\n079204 !79,204\n[15]\n\n\n06 !VI\n000000001972-01-16-0000January 16, 1972\nDallas Cowboys 02 !Dallas Cowboys\n(2, 1–1)\n2403 !24–3 \nMiami Dolphins 01 !Miami Dolphins†\n(1, 0–1)\nTulane Stadium 02 !Tulane Stadium (2)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 02 !New Orleans, Louisiana (2)\n081023 !81,023\n[16]\n\n\n07 !VII\n000000001973-01-14-0000January 14, 1973\nMiami Dolphins 02 !Miami Dolphins†\n(2, 1–1)\n1407 !14–7 \nWashington Redskins 01 !Washington Redskins\n(1, 0–1)\nLos Angeles Memorial Coliseum 02 !Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (2)\nLos Angeles, California 02 !Los Angeles, California (2)[note 1]\n090182 !90,182\n[17]\n\n\n08 !VIII\n000000001974-01-13-0000January 13, 1974\nMiami Dolphins 03 !Miami Dolphins†\n(3, 2–1)\n2407 !24–7 \nMinnesota Vikings 02 !Minnesota Vikings\n(2, 0–2)\nRice Stadium 01 !Rice Stadium\nHouston, Texas 01 !Houston, Texas\n071882 !71,882\n[18]\n\n\n09 !IX\n000000001975-01-12-0000January 12, 1975\nPittsburgh Steelers 01 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(1, 1–0)\n1606 !16–6 \nMinnesota Vikings 03 !Minnesota Vikings\n(3, 0–3)\nTulane Stadium 03 !Tulane Stadium (3)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 03 !New Orleans, Louisiana (3)\n080997 !80,997\n[19]\n\n\n10 !X\n000000001976-01-18-0000January 18, 1976\nPittsburgh Steelers 02 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(2, 2–0)\n2117 !21–17\nDallas Cowboys 03 !Dallas Cowboys\n(3, 1–2)\nMiami Orange Bowl 04 !Miami Orange Bowl (4)\nMiami, Florida 04 !Miami, Florida (4)[note 2]\n080187 !80,187\n[20]\n\n\n11 !XI\n000000001977-01-09-0000January 9, 1977\nOakland Raiders 02 !Oakland Raiders†\n(2, 1–1)\n3214 !32–14\nMinnesota Vikings 04 !Minnesota Vikings\n(4, 0–4)\nRose Bowl 01 !Rose Bowl\nLos Angeles, California 03 !Pasadena, California (3)[note 1]\n103438 !103,438\n[21]\n\n\n12 !XII\n000000001978-01-15-0000January 15, 1978\nDallas Cowboys 04 !Dallas Cowboys\n(4, 2–2)\n2710 !27–10\nDenver Broncos 01 !Denver Broncos†\n(1, 0–1)\nLouisiana Superdome 01 !Louisiana Superdome\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 04 !New Orleans, Louisiana (4)\n076400 !76,400\n[22]\n\n\n13 !XIII\n000000001979-01-21-0000January 21, 1979\nPittsburgh Steelers 03 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(3, 3–0)\n3531 !35–31\nDallas Cowboys 05 !Dallas Cowboys\n(5, 2–3)\nMiami Orange Bowl 05 !Miami Orange Bowl (5)\nMiami, Florida 05 !Miami, Florida (5)[note 2]\n079484 !79,484\n[23]\n\n\n14 !XIV\n000000001980-01-20-0000January 20, 1980\nPittsburgh Steelers 04 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(4, 4–0)\n3119 !31–19\nLos Angeles Rams 01 !Los Angeles Rams\n(1, 0–1)\nRose Bowl 02 !Rose Bowl (2)\nLos Angeles, California 04 !Pasadena, California (4)[note 1]\n103985 !103,985\n[24]\n\n\n15 !XV\n000000001981-01-25-0000January 25, 1981\nOakland Raiders 03 !Oakland Raiders†\n(3, 2–1)\n2710 !27–10\nPhiladelphia Eagles 01 !Philadelphia Eagles\n(1, 0–1)\nLouisiana Superdome 02 !Louisiana Superdome (2)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 05 !New Orleans, Louisiana (5)\n076135 !76,135\n[25]\n\n\n16 !XVI\n000000001982-01-24-0000January 24, 1982\nSan Francisco 49ers 01 !San Francisco 49ers\n(1, 1–0)\n2621 !26–21\nCincinnati Bengals 01 !Cincinnati Bengals†\n(1, 0–1)\nPontiac Silverdome 01 !Pontiac Silverdome\nDetroit, Michigan 01 !Pontiac, Michigan[note 1]\n081270 !81,270\n[26]\n\n\n17 !XVII\n000000001983-01-30-0000January 30, 1983\nWashington Redskins 02 !Washington Redskins\n(2, 1–1)\n2717 !27–17\nMiami Dolphins 04 !Miami Dolphins†\n(4, 2–2)\nRose Bowl 03 !Rose Bowl (3)\nLos Angeles, California 05 !Pasadena, California (5)[note 1]\n103667 !103,667\n[27]\n\n\n18 !XVIII\n000000001984-01-22-0000January 22, 1984\nOakland Raiders 04 !Los Angeles Raiders†\n(4, 3–1)\n3809 !38–9 \nWashington Redskins 03 !Washington Redskins\n(3, 1–2)\nTampa Stadium 01 !Tampa Stadium\nTampa, Florida 01 !Tampa, Florida\n072920 !72,920\n[28]\n\n\n19 !XIX\n000000001985-01-20-0000January 20, 1985\nSan Francisco 49ers 02 !San Francisco 49ers\n(2, 2–0)\n3816 !38–16\nMiami Dolphins 05 !Miami Dolphins†\n(5, 2–3)\nStanford Stadium 01 !Stanford Stadium\nSan Francisco, California 01 !Stanford, California[note 1]\n084059 !84,059\n[29]\n\n\n20 !XX\n000000001986-01-26-0000January 26, 1986\nChicago Bears 01 !Chicago Bears\n(1, 1–0)\n4610 !46–10\nNew England Patriots 01 !New England Patriots†\n(1, 0–1)\nLouisiana Superdome 03 !Louisiana Superdome (3)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 06 !New Orleans, Louisiana (6)\n073818 !73,818\n[30]\n\n\n21 !XXI\n000000001987-01-25-0000January 25, 1987\nNew York Giants 01 !New York Giants\n(1, 1–0)\n3920 !39–20\nDenver Broncos 02 !Denver Broncos†\n(2, 0–2)\nRose Bowl 04 !Rose Bowl (4)\nLos Angeles, California 06 !Pasadena, California (6)[note 1]\n101063 !101,063\n[31]\n\n\n22 !XXII\n000000001988-01-31-0000January 31, 1988\nWashington Redskins 04 !Washington Redskins\n(4, 2–2)\n4210 !42–10\nDenver Broncos 03 !Denver Broncos†\n(3, 0–3)\nQualcomm Stadium 01 !San Diego–Jack Murphy Stadium[note 3]\nSan Diego, California 01 !San Diego, California\n073302 !73,302\n[32]\n\n\n23 !XXIII\n000000001989-01-22-0000January 22, 1989\nSan Francisco 49ers 03 !San Francisco 49ers\n(3, 3–0)\n2016 !20–16\nCincinnati Bengals 02 !Cincinnati Bengals†\n(2, 0–2)\nHard Rock Stadium 01 !Joe Robbie Stadium[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 06 !Miami Gardens, Florida (6)[note 2]\n075129 !75,129\n[33]\n\n\n24 !XXIV\n000000001990-01-28-0000January 28, 1990\nSan Francisco 49ers 04 !San Francisco 49ers\n(4, 4–0)\n5510 !55–10\nDenver Broncos 04 !Denver Broncos†\n(4, 0–4)\nLouisiana Superdome 04 !Louisiana Superdome (4)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 07 !New Orleans, Louisiana (7)\n072919 !72,919\n[34]\n\n\n25 !XXV\n000000001991-01-27-0000January 27, 1991\nNew York Giants 02 !New York Giants\n(2, 2–0)\n2019 !20–19\nBuffalo Bills 01 !Buffalo Bills†\n(1, 0–1)\nTampa Stadium 02 !Tampa Stadium (2)\nTampa, Florida 02 !Tampa, Florida (2)\n073813 !73,813\n[35]\n\n\n26 !XXVI\n000000001992-01-26-0000January 26, 1992\nWashington Redskins 05 !Washington Redskins\n(5, 3–2)\n3724 !37–24\nBuffalo Bills 02 !Buffalo Bills†\n(2, 0–2)\nMetrodome 01 !Metrodome\nMinneapolis, Minnesota 01 !Minneapolis, Minnesota\n063130 !63,130\n[36]\n\n\n27 !XXVII\n000000001993-01-31-0000January 31, 1993\nDallas Cowboys 06 !Dallas Cowboys\n(6, 3–3)\n5217 !52–17\nBuffalo Bills 03 !Buffalo Bills†\n(3, 0–3)\nRose Bowl 05 !Rose Bowl (5)\nLos Angeles, California 07 !Pasadena, California (7)[note 1]\n098374 !98,374\n[37]\n\n\n28 !XXVIII\n000000001994-01-30-0000January 30, 1994\nDallas Cowboys 07 !Dallas Cowboys\n(7, 4–3)\n3013 !30–13\nBuffalo Bills 04 !Buffalo Bills†\n(4, 0–4)\nGeorgia Dome 01 !Georgia Dome\nAtlanta, Georgia 01 !Atlanta, Georgia\n072817 !72,817\n[38]\n\n\n29 !XXIX\n000000001995-01-29-0000January 29, 1995\nSan Francisco 49ers 05 !San Francisco 49ers\n(5, 5–0)\n4926 !49–26\nSan Diego Chargers 01 !San Diego Chargers†\n(1, 0–1)\nHard Rock Stadium 02 !Joe Robbie Stadium (2)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 07 !Miami Gardens, Florida (7)[note 2]\n074107 !74,107\n[39]\n\n\n30 !XXX\n000000001996-01-28-0000January 28, 1996\nDallas Cowboys 08 !Dallas Cowboys\n(8, 5–3)\n2717 !27–17\nPittsburgh Steelers 05 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(5, 4–1)\nSun Devil Stadium 01 !Sun Devil Stadium\nPhoenix, Arizona 01 !Tempe, Arizona[note 1]\n076347 !76,347\n[40]\n\n\n31 !XXXI\n000000001997-01-26-0000January 26, 1997\nGreen Bay Packers 03 !Green Bay Packers\n(3, 3–0)\n3521 !35–21\nNew England Patriots 02 !New England Patriots†\n(2, 0–2)\nLouisiana Superdome 05 !Louisiana Superdome (5)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 08 !New Orleans, Louisiana (8)\n072301 !72,301\n[41]\n\n\n32 !XXXII\n000000001998-01-25-0000January 25, 1998\nDenver Broncos 05 !Denver Broncos†\n(5, 1–4)\n3124 !31–24\nGreen Bay Packers 04 !Green Bay Packers\n(4, 3–1)\nQualcomm Stadium 02 !Qualcomm Stadium (2)[note 3]\nSan Diego, California 02 !San Diego, California (2)\n068912 !68,912\n[42]\n\n\n33 !XXXIII\n000000001999-01-31-0000January 31, 1999\nDenver Broncos 06 !Denver Broncos†\n(6, 2–4)\n3419 !34–19\nAtlanta Falcons 01 !Atlanta Falcons\n(1, 0–1)\nHard Rock Stadium 03 !Pro Player Stadium (3)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 08 !Miami Gardens, Florida (8)[note 2]\n074803 !74,803\n[43]\n\n\n34 !XXXIV\n000000002000-01-30-0000January 30, 2000\nLos Angeles Rams 02 !St. Louis Rams\n(2, 1–1)\n2316 !23–16\nTennessee Titans 01 !Tennessee Titans†\n(1, 0–1)\nGeorgia Dome 02 !Georgia Dome (2)\nAtlanta, Georgia 02 !Atlanta, Georgia (2)\n072625 !72,625\n[44]\n\n\n35 !XXXV\n000000002001-01-28-0000January 28, 2001\nBaltimore Ravens 01 !Baltimore Ravens†\n(1, 1–0)\n3407 !34–7 \nNew York Giants 03 !New York Giants\n(3, 2–1)\nRaymond James Stadium 01 !Raymond James Stadium\nTampa, Florida 03 !Tampa, Florida (3)\n071921 !71,921\n[45]\n\n\n36 !XXXVI\n000000002002-02-03-0000February 3, 2002\nNew England Patriots 03 !New England Patriots†\n(3, 1–2)\n2017 !20–17\nLos Angeles Rams 03 !St. Louis Rams\n(3, 1–2)\nLouisiana Superdome 06 !Louisiana Superdome (6)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 09 !New Orleans, Louisiana (9)\n072922 !72,922\n[46]\n\n\n37 !XXXVII\n000000002003-01-26-0000January 26, 2003\nTampa Bay Buccaneers 01 !Tampa Bay Buccaneers\n(1, 1–0)\n4821 !48–21\nOakland Raiders 05 !Oakland Raiders†\n(5, 3–2)\nQualcomm Stadium 03 !Qualcomm Stadium (3)[note 3]\nSan Diego, California 03 !San Diego, California (3)\n067603 !67,603\n[47]\n\n\n38 !XXXVIII\n000000002004-02-01-0000February 1, 2004\nNew England Patriots 04 !New England Patriots†\n(4, 2–2)\n3229 !32–29\nCarolina Panthers 01 !Carolina Panthers\n(1, 0–1)\nNRG Stadium 01 !Reliant Stadium[note 3]\nHouston, Texas 02 !Houston, Texas (2)\n071525 !71,525\n[48]\n\n\n39 !XXXIX\n000000002005-02-06-0000February 6, 2005\nNew England Patriots 05 !New England Patriots†\n(5, 3–2)\n2421 !24–21\nPhiladelphia Eagles 02 !Philadelphia Eagles\n(2, 0–2)\nALLTEL Stadium 01 !Alltel Stadium\nJacksonville, Florida 01 !Jacksonville, Florida\n078125 !78,125\n[49]\n\n\n40 !XL\n000000002006-02-05-0000February 5, 2006\nPittsburgh Steelers 06 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(6, 5–1)\n2110 !21–10\nSeattle Seahawks 01 !Seattle Seahawks\n(1, 0–1)\nFord Field 01 !Ford Field\nDetroit, Michigan 02 !Detroit, Michigan (2)[note 1]\n068206 !68,206\n[50]\n\n\n41 !XLI\n000000002007-02-04-0000February 4, 2007\nIndianapolis Colts 03 !Indianapolis Colts†\n(3, 2–1)\n2917 !29–17\nChicago Bears 02 !Chicago Bears\n(2, 1–1)\nHard Rock Stadium 04 !Dolphin Stadium (4)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 09 !Miami Gardens, Florida (9)[note 2]\n074512 !74,512\n[51]\n\n\n42 !XLII\n000000002008-02-03-0000February 3, 2008\nNew York Giants 04 !New York Giants\n(4, 3–1)\n1714 !17–14\nNew England Patriots 06 !New England Patriots†\n(6, 3–3)\nUniversity of Phoenix Stadium 01 !University of Phoenix Stadium\nPhoenix, Arizona 02 !Glendale, Arizona (2)[note 1]\n071101 !71,101\n[52]\n\n\n43 !XLIII\n000000002009-02-01-0000February 1, 2009\nPittsburgh Steelers 07 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(7, 6–1)\n2723 !27–23\nArizona Cardinals 01 !Arizona Cardinals\n(1, 0–1)\nRaymond James Stadium 02 !Raymond James Stadium (2)\nTampa, Florida 04 !Tampa, Florida (4)\n070774 !70,774\n[53]\n\n\n44 !XLIV\n000000002010-02-07-0000February 7, 2010\nNew Orleans Saints 01 !New Orleans Saints\n(1, 1–0)\n3117 !31–17\nIndianapolis Colts 04 !Indianapolis Colts†\n(4, 2–2)\nHard Rock Stadium 05 !Sun Life Stadium (5)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 10 !Miami Gardens, Florida (10)[note 2]\n074059 !74,059\n[54]\n\n\n45 !XLV\n000000002011-02-06-0000February 6, 2011\nGreen Bay Packers 05 !Green Bay Packers\n(5, 4–1)\n3125 !31–25\nPittsburgh Steelers 08 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(8, 6–2)\nCowboys Stadium 01 !Cowboys Stadium\nArlington, Texas 01 !Arlington, Texas\n103219 !103,219\n[55]\n\n\n46 !XLVI\n000000002012-02-05-0000February 5, 2012\nNew York Giants 05 !New York Giants\n(5, 4–1)\n2117 !21–17\nNew England Patriots 07 !New England Patriots†\n(7, 3–4)\nLucas Oil Stadium 01 !Lucas Oil Stadium\nIndianapolis, Indiana 01 !Indianapolis, Indiana\n068658 !68,658\n[56][57]\n\n\n47 !XLVII\n000000002013-02-03-0000February 3, 2013\nBaltimore Ravens 02 !Baltimore Ravens†\n(2, 2–0)\n3431 !34–31\nSan Francisco 49ers 06 !San Francisco 49ers\n(6, 5–1)\nLouisiana Superdome 07 !Mercedes-Benz Superdome (7)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 10 !New Orleans, Louisiana (10)\n071024 !71,024\n[56][58]\n\n\n48 !XLVIII\n000000002014-02-02-0000February 2, 2014\nSeattle Seahawks 02 !Seattle Seahawks\n(2, 1–1)\n4308 !43–8\nDenver Broncos 07 !Denver Broncos†\n(7, 2–5)\nMetLife Stadium 01 !MetLife Stadium\nEast Rutherford, New Jersey 01 !East Rutherford, New Jersey\n082529 !82,529\n[59]\n\n\n49 !XLIX\n000000002015-02-01-0000February 1, 2015\nNew England Patriots 08 !New England Patriots†\n(8, 4–4)\n2824 !28–24\nSeattle Seahawks 03 !Seattle Seahawks\n(3, 1–2)\nUniversity of Phoenix Stadium 02 !University of Phoenix Stadium (2)\nPhoenix, Arizona 03 !Glendale, Arizona (3)[note 1]\n070288 !70,288\n[60][61]\n\n\n50 !50 [note 4]\n000000002016-02-07-0000February 7, 2016\nDenver Broncos 08 !Denver Broncos†\n(8, 3–5)\n2410 !24–10\nCarolina Panthers 02 !Carolina Panthers\n(2, 0–2)\nLevi's Stadium 01 !Levi's Stadium\nSan Francisco, California 02 !Santa Clara, California (2)[note 1]\n071088 !71,088\n[61][62][63]\n\n\n51 !LI\n000000002017-02-05-0000February 5, 2017\nNew England Patriots 09 !New England Patriots†\n(9, 5–4)\n3428 !34–28 (OT)\nAtlanta Falcons 02 !Atlanta Falcons\n(2, 0–2)\nNRG Stadium 02 !NRG Stadium (2)[note 3]\nHouston, Texas 03 !Houston, Texas (3)\n070807 !70,807\n[61][62][63]\n\n\n52 !LII\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4, 2018\nPhiladelphia Eagles 03 !Philadelphia Eagles\n(3, 1–2)\n4133 !41–33\nNew England Patriots 10 !New England Patriots†\n(10, 5–5)\nU.S. Bank Stadium 01 !U.S. Bank Stadium\nMinneapolis, Minnesota 02 !Minneapolis, Minnesota (2)\n067612 !67,612\n[64][65]\n\n\n53 !LIII\n000000002019-02-03-0000February 3, 2019 [note 5]\nX 2019 !2018–19 AFC champion† at 2018–19 NFC champion\n0019 !—\nX 2019 !To be determined (TBD)\nMercedes-Benz Stadium 01 !Mercedes-Benz Stadium\nAtlanta, Georgia 03 !Atlanta, Georgia (3)\nTBD\n[66][67]\n\n\n54 !LIV\n000000002020-02-02-0000February 2, 2020 [note 5]\nX 2020 !2019–20 NFC champion at 2019–20 AFC champion†\n0020 !—\nX 2020 !To be determined\nHard Rock Stadium 06 !Hard Rock Stadium (6)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 11 !Miami Gardens, Florida (11)[note 2]\nTBD\n[66][67]\n\n\n55 !LV\n000000002021-02-07-0000February 7, 2021 [note 5]\nX 2020 !2020–21 AFC champion† at 2020–21 NFC champion\n0021 !—\nX 2021 !To be determined\nRaymond James Stadium 03 !Raymond James Stadium (3)\nTampa, Florida 05 !Tampa, Florida (5)\nTBD\n[66][67]\n\n\n56 !LVI\n000000002022-02-06-0000February 6, 2022 [note 5]\nX 2021 !2021–22 NFC champion† at 2021–22 AFC champion\n0022 !—\nX 2022 !To be determined\nCity of Champions Stadium 01 !Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park\nLos Angeles, California 08 !Inglewood, California (8)[note 1]\nTBD\n[66][67]\n\n\n\nGame\nDate\nWinning team\nScore\nLosing team\nVenue\nCity\nAttendance\nRef\n", "\n\nGame\nDate\nWinning team\nScore\nLosing team\nVenue\nCity\nAttendance\nRef\n\n\n01 !I\n000000001967-01-15-0000January 15, 1967\nGreen Bay Packers 01 !Green Bay Packers‡\n(1, 1–0)\n3510 !35–10\nKansas City Chiefs 01 !Kansas City Chiefs^\n(1, 0–1)\nLos Angeles Memorial Coliseum 01 !Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum\nLos Angeles, California 01 !Los Angeles, California[note 1]\n061946 !61,946\n[11]\n\n\n02 !II\n000000001968-01-14-0000January 14, 1968\nGreen Bay Packers 02 !Green Bay Packers‡\n(2, 2–0)\n3314 !33–14\nOakland Raiders 01 !Oakland Raiders^\n(1, 0–1)\nMiami Orange Bowl 01 !Miami Orange Bowl\nMiami, Florida 01 !Miami, Florida[note 2]\n075546 !75,546\n[12]\n\n\n03 !III\n000000001969-01-12-0000January 12, 1969\nNew York Jets 01 !New York Jets^\n(1, 1–0)\n1607 !16–7 \nIndianapolis Colts 01 !Baltimore Colts‡\n(1, 0–1)\nMiami Orange Bowl 02 !Miami Orange Bowl (2)\nMiami, Florida 02 !Miami, Florida (2)[note 2]\n075389 !75,389\n[13]\n\n\n04 !IV\n000000001970-01-11-0000January 11, 1970\nKansas City Chiefs 02 !Kansas City Chiefs^\n(2, 1–1)\n2307 !23–7 \nMinnesota Vikings 01 !Minnesota Vikings‡\n(1, 0–1)\nTulane Stadium 01 !Tulane Stadium\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 01 !New Orleans, Louisiana\n080562 !80,562\n[14]\n\n\n05 !V\n000000001971-01-17-0000January 17, 1971\nIndianapolis Colts 02 !Baltimore Colts†\n(2, 1–1)\n1613 !16–13 \nDallas Cowboys 01 !Dallas Cowboys\n(1, 0–1)\nMiami Orange Bowl 03 !Miami Orange Bowl (3)\nMiami, Florida 03 !Miami, Florida (3)[note 2]\n079204 !79,204\n[15]\n\n\n06 !VI\n000000001972-01-16-0000January 16, 1972\nDallas Cowboys 02 !Dallas Cowboys\n(2, 1–1)\n2403 !24–3 \nMiami Dolphins 01 !Miami Dolphins†\n(1, 0–1)\nTulane Stadium 02 !Tulane Stadium (2)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 02 !New Orleans, Louisiana (2)\n081023 !81,023\n[16]\n\n\n07 !VII\n000000001973-01-14-0000January 14, 1973\nMiami Dolphins 02 !Miami Dolphins†\n(2, 1–1)\n1407 !14–7 \nWashington Redskins 01 !Washington Redskins\n(1, 0–1)\nLos Angeles Memorial Coliseum 02 !Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (2)\nLos Angeles, California 02 !Los Angeles, California (2)[note 1]\n090182 !90,182\n[17]\n\n\n08 !VIII\n000000001974-01-13-0000January 13, 1974\nMiami Dolphins 03 !Miami Dolphins†\n(3, 2–1)\n2407 !24–7 \nMinnesota Vikings 02 !Minnesota Vikings\n(2, 0–2)\nRice Stadium 01 !Rice Stadium\nHouston, Texas 01 !Houston, Texas\n071882 !71,882\n[18]\n\n\n09 !IX\n000000001975-01-12-0000January 12, 1975\nPittsburgh Steelers 01 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(1, 1–0)\n1606 !16–6 \nMinnesota Vikings 03 !Minnesota Vikings\n(3, 0–3)\nTulane Stadium 03 !Tulane Stadium (3)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 03 !New Orleans, Louisiana (3)\n080997 !80,997\n[19]\n\n\n10 !X\n000000001976-01-18-0000January 18, 1976\nPittsburgh Steelers 02 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(2, 2–0)\n2117 !21–17\nDallas Cowboys 03 !Dallas Cowboys\n(3, 1–2)\nMiami Orange Bowl 04 !Miami Orange Bowl (4)\nMiami, Florida 04 !Miami, Florida (4)[note 2]\n080187 !80,187\n[20]\n\n\n11 !XI\n000000001977-01-09-0000January 9, 1977\nOakland Raiders 02 !Oakland Raiders†\n(2, 1–1)\n3214 !32–14\nMinnesota Vikings 04 !Minnesota Vikings\n(4, 0–4)\nRose Bowl 01 !Rose Bowl\nLos Angeles, California 03 !Pasadena, California (3)[note 1]\n103438 !103,438\n[21]\n\n\n12 !XII\n000000001978-01-15-0000January 15, 1978\nDallas Cowboys 04 !Dallas Cowboys\n(4, 2–2)\n2710 !27–10\nDenver Broncos 01 !Denver Broncos†\n(1, 0–1)\nLouisiana Superdome 01 !Louisiana Superdome\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 04 !New Orleans, Louisiana (4)\n076400 !76,400\n[22]\n\n\n13 !XIII\n000000001979-01-21-0000January 21, 1979\nPittsburgh Steelers 03 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(3, 3–0)\n3531 !35–31\nDallas Cowboys 05 !Dallas Cowboys\n(5, 2–3)\nMiami Orange Bowl 05 !Miami Orange Bowl (5)\nMiami, Florida 05 !Miami, Florida (5)[note 2]\n079484 !79,484\n[23]\n\n\n14 !XIV\n000000001980-01-20-0000January 20, 1980\nPittsburgh Steelers 04 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(4, 4–0)\n3119 !31–19\nLos Angeles Rams 01 !Los Angeles Rams\n(1, 0–1)\nRose Bowl 02 !Rose Bowl (2)\nLos Angeles, California 04 !Pasadena, California (4)[note 1]\n103985 !103,985\n[24]\n\n\n15 !XV\n000000001981-01-25-0000January 25, 1981\nOakland Raiders 03 !Oakland Raiders†\n(3, 2–1)\n2710 !27–10\nPhiladelphia Eagles 01 !Philadelphia Eagles\n(1, 0–1)\nLouisiana Superdome 02 !Louisiana Superdome (2)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 05 !New Orleans, Louisiana (5)\n076135 !76,135\n[25]\n\n\n16 !XVI\n000000001982-01-24-0000January 24, 1982\nSan Francisco 49ers 01 !San Francisco 49ers\n(1, 1–0)\n2621 !26–21\nCincinnati Bengals 01 !Cincinnati Bengals†\n(1, 0–1)\nPontiac Silverdome 01 !Pontiac Silverdome\nDetroit, Michigan 01 !Pontiac, Michigan[note 1]\n081270 !81,270\n[26]\n\n\n17 !XVII\n000000001983-01-30-0000January 30, 1983\nWashington Redskins 02 !Washington Redskins\n(2, 1–1)\n2717 !27–17\nMiami Dolphins 04 !Miami Dolphins†\n(4, 2–2)\nRose Bowl 03 !Rose Bowl (3)\nLos Angeles, California 05 !Pasadena, California (5)[note 1]\n103667 !103,667\n[27]\n\n\n18 !XVIII\n000000001984-01-22-0000January 22, 1984\nOakland Raiders 04 !Los Angeles Raiders†\n(4, 3–1)\n3809 !38–9 \nWashington Redskins 03 !Washington Redskins\n(3, 1–2)\nTampa Stadium 01 !Tampa Stadium\nTampa, Florida 01 !Tampa, Florida\n072920 !72,920\n[28]\n\n\n19 !XIX\n000000001985-01-20-0000January 20, 1985\nSan Francisco 49ers 02 !San Francisco 49ers\n(2, 2–0)\n3816 !38–16\nMiami Dolphins 05 !Miami Dolphins†\n(5, 2–3)\nStanford Stadium 01 !Stanford Stadium\nSan Francisco, California 01 !Stanford, California[note 1]\n084059 !84,059\n[29]\n\n\n20 !XX\n000000001986-01-26-0000January 26, 1986\nChicago Bears 01 !Chicago Bears\n(1, 1–0)\n4610 !46–10\nNew England Patriots 01 !New England Patriots†\n(1, 0–1)\nLouisiana Superdome 03 !Louisiana Superdome (3)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 06 !New Orleans, Louisiana (6)\n073818 !73,818\n[30]\n\n\n21 !XXI\n000000001987-01-25-0000January 25, 1987\nNew York Giants 01 !New York Giants\n(1, 1–0)\n3920 !39–20\nDenver Broncos 02 !Denver Broncos†\n(2, 0–2)\nRose Bowl 04 !Rose Bowl (4)\nLos Angeles, California 06 !Pasadena, California (6)[note 1]\n101063 !101,063\n[31]\n\n\n22 !XXII\n000000001988-01-31-0000January 31, 1988\nWashington Redskins 04 !Washington Redskins\n(4, 2–2)\n4210 !42–10\nDenver Broncos 03 !Denver Broncos†\n(3, 0–3)\nQualcomm Stadium 01 !San Diego–Jack Murphy Stadium[note 3]\nSan Diego, California 01 !San Diego, California\n073302 !73,302\n[32]\n\n\n23 !XXIII\n000000001989-01-22-0000January 22, 1989\nSan Francisco 49ers 03 !San Francisco 49ers\n(3, 3–0)\n2016 !20–16\nCincinnati Bengals 02 !Cincinnati Bengals†\n(2, 0–2)\nHard Rock Stadium 01 !Joe Robbie Stadium[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 06 !Miami Gardens, Florida (6)[note 2]\n075129 !75,129\n[33]\n\n\n24 !XXIV\n000000001990-01-28-0000January 28, 1990\nSan Francisco 49ers 04 !San Francisco 49ers\n(4, 4–0)\n5510 !55–10\nDenver Broncos 04 !Denver Broncos†\n(4, 0–4)\nLouisiana Superdome 04 !Louisiana Superdome (4)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 07 !New Orleans, Louisiana (7)\n072919 !72,919\n[34]\n\n\n25 !XXV\n000000001991-01-27-0000January 27, 1991\nNew York Giants 02 !New York Giants\n(2, 2–0)\n2019 !20–19\nBuffalo Bills 01 !Buffalo Bills†\n(1, 0–1)\nTampa Stadium 02 !Tampa Stadium (2)\nTampa, Florida 02 !Tampa, Florida (2)\n073813 !73,813\n[35]\n\n\n26 !XXVI\n000000001992-01-26-0000January 26, 1992\nWashington Redskins 05 !Washington Redskins\n(5, 3–2)\n3724 !37–24\nBuffalo Bills 02 !Buffalo Bills†\n(2, 0–2)\nMetrodome 01 !Metrodome\nMinneapolis, Minnesota 01 !Minneapolis, Minnesota\n063130 !63,130\n[36]\n\n\n27 !XXVII\n000000001993-01-31-0000January 31, 1993\nDallas Cowboys 06 !Dallas Cowboys\n(6, 3–3)\n5217 !52–17\nBuffalo Bills 03 !Buffalo Bills†\n(3, 0–3)\nRose Bowl 05 !Rose Bowl (5)\nLos Angeles, California 07 !Pasadena, California (7)[note 1]\n098374 !98,374\n[37]\n\n\n28 !XXVIII\n000000001994-01-30-0000January 30, 1994\nDallas Cowboys 07 !Dallas Cowboys\n(7, 4–3)\n3013 !30–13\nBuffalo Bills 04 !Buffalo Bills†\n(4, 0–4)\nGeorgia Dome 01 !Georgia Dome\nAtlanta, Georgia 01 !Atlanta, Georgia\n072817 !72,817\n[38]\n\n\n29 !XXIX\n000000001995-01-29-0000January 29, 1995\nSan Francisco 49ers 05 !San Francisco 49ers\n(5, 5–0)\n4926 !49–26\nSan Diego Chargers 01 !San Diego Chargers†\n(1, 0–1)\nHard Rock Stadium 02 !Joe Robbie Stadium (2)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 07 !Miami Gardens, Florida (7)[note 2]\n074107 !74,107\n[39]\n\n\n30 !XXX\n000000001996-01-28-0000January 28, 1996\nDallas Cowboys 08 !Dallas Cowboys\n(8, 5–3)\n2717 !27–17\nPittsburgh Steelers 05 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(5, 4–1)\nSun Devil Stadium 01 !Sun Devil Stadium\nPhoenix, Arizona 01 !Tempe, Arizona[note 1]\n076347 !76,347\n[40]\n\n\n31 !XXXI\n000000001997-01-26-0000January 26, 1997\nGreen Bay Packers 03 !Green Bay Packers\n(3, 3–0)\n3521 !35–21\nNew England Patriots 02 !New England Patriots†\n(2, 0–2)\nLouisiana Superdome 05 !Louisiana Superdome (5)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 08 !New Orleans, Louisiana (8)\n072301 !72,301\n[41]\n\n\n32 !XXXII\n000000001998-01-25-0000January 25, 1998\nDenver Broncos 05 !Denver Broncos†\n(5, 1–4)\n3124 !31–24\nGreen Bay Packers 04 !Green Bay Packers\n(4, 3–1)\nQualcomm Stadium 02 !Qualcomm Stadium (2)[note 3]\nSan Diego, California 02 !San Diego, California (2)\n068912 !68,912\n[42]\n\n\n33 !XXXIII\n000000001999-01-31-0000January 31, 1999\nDenver Broncos 06 !Denver Broncos†\n(6, 2–4)\n3419 !34–19\nAtlanta Falcons 01 !Atlanta Falcons\n(1, 0–1)\nHard Rock Stadium 03 !Pro Player Stadium (3)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 08 !Miami Gardens, Florida (8)[note 2]\n074803 !74,803\n[43]\n\n\n34 !XXXIV\n000000002000-01-30-0000January 30, 2000\nLos Angeles Rams 02 !St. Louis Rams\n(2, 1–1)\n2316 !23–16\nTennessee Titans 01 !Tennessee Titans†\n(1, 0–1)\nGeorgia Dome 02 !Georgia Dome (2)\nAtlanta, Georgia 02 !Atlanta, Georgia (2)\n072625 !72,625\n[44]\n\n\n35 !XXXV\n000000002001-01-28-0000January 28, 2001\nBaltimore Ravens 01 !Baltimore Ravens†\n(1, 1–0)\n3407 !34–7 \nNew York Giants 03 !New York Giants\n(3, 2–1)\nRaymond James Stadium 01 !Raymond James Stadium\nTampa, Florida 03 !Tampa, Florida (3)\n071921 !71,921\n[45]\n\n\n36 !XXXVI\n000000002002-02-03-0000February 3, 2002\nNew England Patriots 03 !New England Patriots†\n(3, 1–2)\n2017 !20–17\nLos Angeles Rams 03 !St. Louis Rams\n(3, 1–2)\nLouisiana Superdome 06 !Louisiana Superdome (6)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 09 !New Orleans, Louisiana (9)\n072922 !72,922\n[46]\n\n\n37 !XXXVII\n000000002003-01-26-0000January 26, 2003\nTampa Bay Buccaneers 01 !Tampa Bay Buccaneers\n(1, 1–0)\n4821 !48–21\nOakland Raiders 05 !Oakland Raiders†\n(5, 3–2)\nQualcomm Stadium 03 !Qualcomm Stadium (3)[note 3]\nSan Diego, California 03 !San Diego, California (3)\n067603 !67,603\n[47]\n\n\n38 !XXXVIII\n000000002004-02-01-0000February 1, 2004\nNew England Patriots 04 !New England Patriots†\n(4, 2–2)\n3229 !32–29\nCarolina Panthers 01 !Carolina Panthers\n(1, 0–1)\nNRG Stadium 01 !Reliant Stadium[note 3]\nHouston, Texas 02 !Houston, Texas (2)\n071525 !71,525\n[48]\n\n\n39 !XXXIX\n000000002005-02-06-0000February 6, 2005\nNew England Patriots 05 !New England Patriots†\n(5, 3–2)\n2421 !24–21\nPhiladelphia Eagles 02 !Philadelphia Eagles\n(2, 0–2)\nALLTEL Stadium 01 !Alltel Stadium\nJacksonville, Florida 01 !Jacksonville, Florida\n078125 !78,125\n[49]\n\n\n40 !XL\n000000002006-02-05-0000February 5, 2006\nPittsburgh Steelers 06 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(6, 5–1)\n2110 !21–10\nSeattle Seahawks 01 !Seattle Seahawks\n(1, 0–1)\nFord Field 01 !Ford Field\nDetroit, Michigan 02 !Detroit, Michigan (2)[note 1]\n068206 !68,206\n[50]\n\n\n41 !XLI\n000000002007-02-04-0000February 4, 2007\nIndianapolis Colts 03 !Indianapolis Colts†\n(3, 2–1)\n2917 !29–17\nChicago Bears 02 !Chicago Bears\n(2, 1–1)\nHard Rock Stadium 04 !Dolphin Stadium (4)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 09 !Miami Gardens, Florida (9)[note 2]\n074512 !74,512\n[51]\n\n\n42 !XLII\n000000002008-02-03-0000February 3, 2008\nNew York Giants 04 !New York Giants\n(4, 3–1)\n1714 !17–14\nNew England Patriots 06 !New England Patriots†\n(6, 3–3)\nUniversity of Phoenix Stadium 01 !University of Phoenix Stadium\nPhoenix, Arizona 02 !Glendale, Arizona (2)[note 1]\n071101 !71,101\n[52]\n\n\n43 !XLIII\n000000002009-02-01-0000February 1, 2009\nPittsburgh Steelers 07 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(7, 6–1)\n2723 !27–23\nArizona Cardinals 01 !Arizona Cardinals\n(1, 0–1)\nRaymond James Stadium 02 !Raymond James Stadium (2)\nTampa, Florida 04 !Tampa, Florida (4)\n070774 !70,774\n[53]\n\n\n44 !XLIV\n000000002010-02-07-0000February 7, 2010\nNew Orleans Saints 01 !New Orleans Saints\n(1, 1–0)\n3117 !31–17\nIndianapolis Colts 04 !Indianapolis Colts†\n(4, 2–2)\nHard Rock Stadium 05 !Sun Life Stadium (5)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 10 !Miami Gardens, Florida (10)[note 2]\n074059 !74,059\n[54]\n\n\n45 !XLV\n000000002011-02-06-0000February 6, 2011\nGreen Bay Packers 05 !Green Bay Packers\n(5, 4–1)\n3125 !31–25\nPittsburgh Steelers 08 !Pittsburgh Steelers†\n(8, 6–2)\nCowboys Stadium 01 !Cowboys Stadium\nArlington, Texas 01 !Arlington, Texas\n103219 !103,219\n[55]\n\n\n46 !XLVI\n000000002012-02-05-0000February 5, 2012\nNew York Giants 05 !New York Giants\n(5, 4–1)\n2117 !21–17\nNew England Patriots 07 !New England Patriots†\n(7, 3–4)\nLucas Oil Stadium 01 !Lucas Oil Stadium\nIndianapolis, Indiana 01 !Indianapolis, Indiana\n068658 !68,658\n[56][57]\n\n\n47 !XLVII\n000000002013-02-03-0000February 3, 2013\nBaltimore Ravens 02 !Baltimore Ravens†\n(2, 2–0)\n3431 !34–31\nSan Francisco 49ers 06 !San Francisco 49ers\n(6, 5–1)\nLouisiana Superdome 07 !Mercedes-Benz Superdome (7)\nNew Orleans, Louisiana 10 !New Orleans, Louisiana (10)\n071024 !71,024\n[56][58]\n\n\n48 !XLVIII\n000000002014-02-02-0000February 2, 2014\nSeattle Seahawks 02 !Seattle Seahawks\n(2, 1–1)\n4308 !43–8\nDenver Broncos 07 !Denver Broncos†\n(7, 2–5)\nMetLife Stadium 01 !MetLife Stadium\nEast Rutherford, New Jersey 01 !East Rutherford, New Jersey\n082529 !82,529\n[59]\n\n\n49 !XLIX\n000000002015-02-01-0000February 1, 2015\nNew England Patriots 08 !New England Patriots†\n(8, 4–4)\n2824 !28–24\nSeattle Seahawks 03 !Seattle Seahawks\n(3, 1–2)\nUniversity of Phoenix Stadium 02 !University of Phoenix Stadium (2)\nPhoenix, Arizona 03 !Glendale, Arizona (3)[note 1]\n070288 !70,288\n[60][61]\n\n\n50 !50 [note 4]\n000000002016-02-07-0000February 7, 2016\nDenver Broncos 08 !Denver Broncos†\n(8, 3–5)\n2410 !24–10\nCarolina Panthers 02 !Carolina Panthers\n(2, 0–2)\nLevi's Stadium 01 !Levi's Stadium\nSan Francisco, California 02 !Santa Clara, California (2)[note 1]\n071088 !71,088\n[61][62][63]\n\n\n51 !LI\n000000002017-02-05-0000February 5, 2017\nNew England Patriots 09 !New England Patriots†\n(9, 5–4)\n3428 !34–28 (OT)\nAtlanta Falcons 02 !Atlanta Falcons\n(2, 0–2)\nNRG Stadium 02 !NRG Stadium (2)[note 3]\nHouston, Texas 03 !Houston, Texas (3)\n070807 !70,807\n[61][62][63]\n\n\n52 !LII\n000000002018-02-04-0000February 4, 2018\nPhiladelphia Eagles 03 !Philadelphia Eagles\n(3, 1–2)\n4133 !41–33\nNew England Patriots 10 !New England Patriots†\n(10, 5–5)\nU.S. Bank Stadium 01 !U.S. Bank Stadium\nMinneapolis, Minnesota 02 !Minneapolis, Minnesota (2)\n067612 !67,612\n[64][65]\n\n\n53 !LIII\n000000002019-02-03-0000February 3, 2019 [note 5]\nX 2019 !2018–19 AFC champion† at 2018–19 NFC champion\n0019 !—\nX 2019 !To be determined (TBD)\nMercedes-Benz Stadium 01 !Mercedes-Benz Stadium\nAtlanta, Georgia 03 !Atlanta, Georgia (3)\nTBD\n[66][67]\n\n\n54 !LIV\n000000002020-02-02-0000February 2, 2020 [note 5]\nX 2020 !2019–20 NFC champion at 2019–20 AFC champion†\n0020 !—\nX 2020 !To be determined\nHard Rock Stadium 06 !Hard Rock Stadium (6)[note 3]\nMiami, Florida 11 !Miami Gardens, Florida (11)[note 2]\nTBD\n[66][67]\n\n\n55 !LV\n000000002021-02-07-0000February 7, 2021 [note 5]\nX 2020 !2020–21 AFC champion† at 2020–21 NFC champion\n0021 !—\nX 2021 !To be determined\nRaymond James Stadium 03 !Raymond James Stadium (3)\nTampa, Florida 05 !Tampa, Florida (5)\nTBD\n[66][67]\n\n\n56 !LVI\n000000002022-02-06-0000February 6, 2022 [note 5]\nX 2021 !2021–22 NFC champion† at 2021–22 AFC champion\n0022 !—\nX 2022 !To be determined\nCity of Champions Stadium 01 !Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park\nLos Angeles, California 08 !Inglewood, California (8)[note 1]\nTBD\n[66][67]\n\n\n\nGame\nDate\nWinning team\nScore\nLosing team\nVenue\nCity\nAttendance\nRef\n" ]	[ "Chicago Bears", "Green Bay Packers", "New York Giants", "Philadelphia Eagles" ]
4000528881687615287	Erie Canal	Erie Canal - wikipedia Erie Canal Erie Canal Current Route of the Erie Canal Specifications Length 363 miles ( 584 km ) Locks 36 Maximum height above sea level 571 ft ( 174 m ) Status open Navigation authority New York State Canal Corporation History Original owner New York State Principal engineer Benjamin Wright Other engineer ( s ) Canvass White , Amos Eaton Construction began July 4 , 1817 ( at Rome , New York ) Date of first use May 17 , 1821 Date completed October 26 , 1825 Date restored September 3 , 1999 Geography Start point Hudson River near Albany , New York ( 42 ° 47 ′ 00 '' N 73 ° 40 ′ 36 '' W / 42.7834 ° N 73.6767 ° W / 42.7834 ; - 73.6767 ) End point Niagara River near Buffalo , New York ( 43 ° 01 ′ 25 '' N 78 ° 53 ′ 24 '' W / 43.0237 ° N 78.8901 ° W / 43.0237 ; - 78.8901 ) Branch ( es ) Oswego Canal , Cayuga -- Seneca Canal Branch of New York State Canal System Connects to Champlain Canal , Welland Canal Erie Canal Legend Hudson River * Troy Federal Lock * Champlain Canal * Lock E2 ( Waterford ) Lock E3 ( Waterford ) Lock E4 ( Waterford ) Lock E5 ( Waterford ) Lock E6 ( Crescent ) Guard Gate 1 ( Waterford ) Guard Gate 2 ( Waterford ) Lock E7 ( Vischer Ferry ) Lock E8 ( Scotia ) Lock E9 ( Rotterdam ) Lock E10 ( Cranesville ) Lock E11 ( Amsterdam ) Lock E12 ( Tribes Hill ) Lock E13 ( Yosts ) Lock E14 ( Canajoharie ) Lock E15 ( Fort Plain ) Lock E16 ( St. Johnsville ) Guard Gate 3 ( Indian Castle ) Lock E17 ( Little Falls ) Guard Gate 4 ( Little Falls ) Lock E18 ( Jacksonburg ) Guard Gate 5 ( Herkimer ) Lock E19 ( Frankfort ) Lock E20 ( Whitesboro ) Guard Gate 6 ( Rome ) Guard Gate 7 ( Rome ) Lock E21 ( New London ) Lock E22 ( New London ) Oneida Lake Lock E23 ( Brewerton ) Oswego Canal * Lock E24 ( Baldwinsville ) Cayuga - Seneca Canal * Lock E25 ( May 's Point ) Lock E26 ( Clyde ) Lock E27 ( Lyons ) Lock E28A ( Lyons ) Lock E28B ( Newark ) Lock E29 ( Palmyra ) Lock E30 ( Macedon ) Guard Gate 9 ( Bushnell 's Basin ) Guard Gate 10 ( Cartersville ) Lock E32 ( Pittsford ) Lock E33 ( Rochester ) East Guard Lock Genesee River West Guard Lock Guard Gate 11 ( Spencerport ) Guard Gate 12 ( Brockport ) Guard Gate 13 ( Holley ) Guard Gate 14 ( Albion ) Guard Gate 15 ( Medina ) Guard Gate 16 ( Middleport ) Guard Gate 17 ( Gasport ) Lock E34 ( Lockport ) Lock E35 ( Lockport ) Guard Gate 18 ( Pendleton ) Niagara River Black Rock Lock * Lake Erie The Erie Canal is a canal in New York , United States that is part of the east -- west , cross-state route of the New York State Canal System ( formerly known as the New York State Barge Canal ) . Originally , it ran 363 miles ( 584 km ) from where Albany meets the Hudson River to where Buffalo meets Lake Erie . It was built to create a navigable water route from New York City and the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes . When completed in 1825 , it was the second longest canal in the world ( after the Grand Canal in China ) and greatly affected the development and economy of New York , New York City , and the United States . The canal was first proposed in the 1780s , then re-proposed in 1807 . A survey was authorized , funded , and executed in 1808 . Proponents of the project gradually wore down opponents ; its construction began in 1817 . The canal has 34 numbered locks starting with Black Rock Lock and ending downstream with the Troy Federal Lock . Both are owned by the federal government . It has an elevation difference of about 565 feet ( 172 m ) . It opened on October 26 , 1825 . In a time when bulk goods were limited to pack animals ( a 250 - pound ( 113 kg ) maximum ) , and there were no railways , water was the most cost - effective way to ship bulk goods . The canal was denigrated by its political opponents as `` Clinton 's Folly '' or `` Clinton 's Big Ditch '' . It was the first transportation system between the Eastern Seaboard and the western interior of the United States that did not require portage . It was faster than carts pulled by draft animals and cut transport costs by about 95 % . The canal gave New York City 's port an incomparable advantage over all other U.S. port cities and ushered in the state 's 19th century political and cultural ascendancy . The canal fostered a population surge in western New York and opened regions farther west to settlement . It was enlarged between 1834 and 1862 . The canal 's peak year was 1855 , when 33,000 commercial shipments took place . In 1918 , the western part of the canal was enlarged to become part of the New York State Barge Canal , which also extended to the Hudson River running parallel to the eastern half of the Erie Canal . In 2000 , the United States Congress designated the Erie Canalway National Heritage Corridor to recognize the national significance of the canal system as the most successful and influential human - built waterway and one of the most important works of civil engineering and construction in North America . The canal has been mainly used by recreational watercraft since the retirement of the last large commercial ship , Day Peckinpaugh , in 1994 . The canal saw a recovery in commercial traffic in 2008 . Contents 1 Background 2 Proposals and logistics 2.1 Proposals 2.2 Engineering requirements 2.3 Operation 3 Construction 4 Route 5 Enlargements and improvements 6 Competition 7 Impact 8 Sunday closing debate 9 20th century 9.1 New York State Canal System 10 21st century 11 Old Erie Canal 11.1 Parks and museums 11.2 Erie Canalway Trail 12 Locks 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Background ( edit ) Erie Canal map c. 1840 From the first days of the expansion of the British colonies from the coast of North America into the heartland of the continent , a recurring problem was that of transportation between the coastal ports and the interior . This was not unique to the Americas , and the problem still exists in those parts of the world where muscle power provides a primary means of transportation within a region . An equally ancient solution was implemented in many cultures -- things in the water weighed far less and took less effort to move since friction became negligible . Close to the seacoast , rivers often provided adequate waterways , but the Appalachian Mountains , 400 miles ( 640 km ) inland , running over 1,500 miles ( 2,400 km ) long as a barrier range with just five places where mule trains or wagon roads could be routed , presented a great challenge . Passengers and freight had to travel overland , a journey made more difficult by the rough condition of the roads . In 1800 , it typically took 2 - 1 / 2 weeks to travel overland from New York to Cleveland , Ohio ( 460 miles ( 740 km ) ) ; 4 weeks to Detroit ( 612 miles ( 985 km ) ) . The principal exportable product of the Ohio Valley was grain , which was a high - volume , low - priced commodity , bolstered by supplies from the coast . Frequently it was not worth the cost of transporting it to far - away population centers . This was a factor leading to farmers in the west turning their grains into whiskey for easier transport and higher sales , and later the Whiskey Rebellion . In the 18th and early 19th centuries , it became clear to coastal residents that the city or state that succeeded in developing a cheap , reliable route to the West would enjoy economic success , and the port at the seaward end of such a route would see business increase greatly . In time , projects were devised in Virginia , Maryland , Pennsylvania , and relatively deep into the coastal states . Proposals and logistics ( edit ) Proposals ( edit ) The Mohawk Valley , running east and west , cuts a natural pathway ( water gap ) between the Catskill Mountains to the south and the Adirondack Mountains to the north Aqueduct over the Mohawk River at Rexford , one of 32 navigable aqueducts on the Erie Canal The successes of the Canal du Midi in France ( 1681 ) , Bridgewater Canal in Britain ( 1769 ) , and Eider Canal in Denmark ( 1784 ) spurred on what was called in Britain `` canal mania '' . The idea of a canal to tie the East Coast to the new western settlements was discussed as early as 1724 : New York provincial official Cadwallader Colden made a passing reference ( in a report on fur trading ) to improving the natural waterways of western New York . Gouverneur Morris and Elkanah Watson were early proponents of a canal along the Mohawk River . Their efforts led to the creation of the `` Western and Northern Inland Lock Navigation Companies '' in 1792 , which took the first steps to improve navigation on the Mohawk and construct a canal between the Mohawk and Lake Ontario , but it was soon discovered that private financing was insufficient . Christopher Colles ( who was familiar with the Bridgewater Canal ) surveyed the Mohawk Valley , and made a presentation to the New York state legislature in 1784 , proposing a shorter canal from Lake Ontario . The proposal drew attention and some action but was never implemented . Jesse Hawley had envisioned encouraging the growing of large quantities of grain on the western New York plains ( then largely unsettled ) for sale on the Eastern seaboard . However , he went bankrupt trying to ship grain to the coast . While in Canandaigua debtors ' prison , Hawley began pressing for the construction of a canal along the 90 - mile ( 140 km ) - long Mohawk River valley with support from Joseph Ellicott ( agent for the Holland Land Company in Batavia ) . Ellicott realized that a canal would add value to the land he was selling in the western part of the state . He later became the first canal commissioner . Engineering requirements ( edit ) The Mohawk River ( a tributary of the Hudson ) rises near Lake Ontario and runs in a glacial meltwater channel just north of the Catskill range of the Appalachian Mountains , separating them from the geologically distinct Adirondacks to the north . The Mohawk and Hudson valleys form the only cut across the Appalachians north of Alabama , allowing an almost complete water route from New York City in the south to Lake Ontario and Lake Erie in the west . Along its course and from these lakes , other Great Lakes , and to a lesser degree , related rivers , a large part of the continent 's interior ( and many settlements ) would be made well connected to the Eastern seaboard . The problem was that the land rises about 600 feet ( 180 m ) from the Hudson to Lake Erie . Locks at the time could handle up to 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) of lift , so even with the heftiest cuttings and viaducts , fifty locks would be required along the 360 - mile ( 580 km ) canal . Such a canal would be expensive to build even with modern technology ; in 1800 , the expense was barely imaginable . President Thomas Jefferson called it `` a little short of madness '' and rejected it ; however , Hawley interested New York Governor DeWitt Clinton in the project . There was much opposition , and the project was ridiculed as `` Clinton 's folly '' and `` Clinton 's ditch . '' In 1817 , though , Clinton received approval from the legislature for $7 million for construction . The original canal was 363 miles ( 584 km ) long , from Albany on the Hudson to Buffalo on Lake Erie . The channel was cut 40 feet ( 12 m ) wide and 4 feet ( 1.2 m ) deep , with removed soil piled on the downhill side to form a walkway known as a towpath . Its construction , through limestone and mountains , proved a daunting task . In 1823 construction reached the Niagara Escarpment , necessitating the building of five locks along a 3 - mile ( 4.8 km ) corridor to carry the canal over the escarpment . To move earth , animals pulled a `` slip scraper '' ( similar to a bulldozer ) . The sides of the canal were lined with stone set in clay , and the bottom was also lined with clay . The stonework required hundreds of German masons , who later built many of New York 's buildings . All labor on the canal depended upon human ( and animal ) power or the force of water . Engineering techniques developed during its construction included the building of aqueducts to redirect water ; one aqueduct was 950 feet ( 290 m ) long to span 800 feet ( 240 m ) of river . As the canal progressed , the crews and engineers working on the project developed expertise and became a skilled labor force . Profile of the original canal Operation ( edit ) Operations at Lockport , New York in 1839 Canal boats up to 3.5 feet ( 1.1 m ) in draft were pulled by horses and mules walking on the towpath . The canal had one towpath , generally on the north side . When canal boats met , the boat with the right of way remained on the towpath side of the canal . The other boat steered toward the berm ( or heelpath ) side of the canal . The driver ( or `` hoggee '' , pronounced HO - gee ) of the privileged boat kept his towpath team by the canalside edge of the towpath , while the hoggee of the other boat moved to the outside of the towpath and stopped his team . His towline would be unhitched from the horses , go slack , fall into the water and sink to the bottom , while his boat coasted with its remaining momentum . The privileged boat 's team would step over the other boat 's towline , with its horses pulling the boat over the sunken towline without stopping . Once clear , the other boat 's team would continue on its way . Pulled by teams of horses , canal boats moved slowly , but methodically , shrinking time and distance . Efficiently , the smooth , nonstop method of transportation cut the travel time between Albany and Buffalo nearly in half , moving by day and by night . Men and women boarded barges to venture west , to visit relatives , or just for a relaxing excursion . Migrants took passage on freight boats , camping on deck or on top of crates . Packet boats , serving passengers exclusively , reached speeds of up to five miles an hour , and ran at much more frequent intervals than the cramped , bumpy stagecoach wagons . Packet boats , measuring up to 78 feet long and 14.5 feet wide , made ingenious use of space , accommodating up to 40 passengers at night and up to three times as many in the daytime . The best examples , furnished with carpeted floors , stuffed chairs , and mahogany tables stocked with books and current newspapers , served as sitting rooms during the days . At mealtimes , crews transformed the cabin into a dining room . Drawing a curtain across the width of the room divided the cabin into ladies ' and gentlemen 's sleeping quarters at night . Pull - down tiered beds folded from the walls , and additional cots could be hung from hooks in the ceiling . Some captains hired musicians and held dances . The canal had brought civilization into the wilderness . Construction ( edit ) Stonework of lock abandoned because of route change , at Durhamville , New York An original five - step lock structure crossing the Niagara Escarpment at Lockport , now without gates and used as a cascade for excess water Erie Canal lock in Lockport , New York The men who planned and oversaw construction were novices as surveyors and as engineers . There were no civil engineers in the United States . James Geddes and Benjamin Wright , who laid out the route , were judges whose experience in surveying was in settling boundary disputes . Geddes had only used a surveying instrument for a few hours before his work on the Canal . Canvass White was a 27 - year - old amateur engineer who persuaded Clinton to let him go to Britain at his own expense to study the canal system there . Nathan Roberts was a mathematics teacher and land speculator . Yet these men `` carried the Erie Canal up the Niagara escarpment at Lockport , maneuvered it onto a towering embankment to cross over Irondequoit Creek , spanned the Genesee River on an awesome aqueduct , and carved a route for it out of the solid rock between Little Falls and Schenectady -- and all of those venturesome designs worked precisely as planned '' . ( Bernstein , p. 381 ) Construction began July 4 , 1817 , at Rome , New York . The first 15 miles ( 24 km ) , from Rome to Utica , opened in 1819 . At that rate , the canal would not be finished for 30 years . The main delays were caused by felling trees to clear a path through virgin forest and moving excavated soil , which took longer than expected , but the builders devised ways to solve these problems . To fell a tree , they threw rope over the top branches and winched it down . They pulled out the stumps with an innovative stump puller . Two huge wheels were mounted loose on the ends of an axle . A third wheel , slightly smaller than the others , was fixed to the center of the axle . A chain was wrapped around the axle and hooked to the stump . A rope was wrapped around the center wheel and hooked to a team of oxen . The mechanical advantage ( torque ) obtained ripped the stumps out of the soil . Soil to be moved was shoveled into large wheelbarrows that were dumped into mule - pulled carts . Using a scraper and a plow , a three - man team with oxen , horses and mules could build a mile in a year . The remaining problem was finding labor ; increased immigration helped fill the need . Many of the laborers working on the canal were Irish , who had recently come to the United States as a group of about 5,000 . Most of them were Roman Catholic , a religion that raised much suspicion in early America due to its hierarchic structure , and many laborers on the canal suffered violent assault as the result of misjudgment and xenophobia . Construction continued at an increased rate as new workers arrived . When the canal reached Montezuma Marsh ( at the outlet of Cayuga Lake west of Syracuse ) , it was rumored that over 1,000 workers died of `` swamp fever '' ( malaria ) , and construction was temporarily stopped . However , recent research has revealed that the death toll was likely much lower , as no contemporary reports mention significant worker mortality , and mass graves from the period have never been found in the area . Work continued on the downhill side towards the Hudson , and the crews worked on the section across the swampland when it froze in winter . The middle section from Utica to Salina ( Syracuse ) was completed in 1820 , and traffic on that section started up immediately . Expansion to the east and west proceeded simultaneously , and the whole eastern section , 250 miles ( 400 km ) from Brockport to Albany , opened on September 10 , 1823 , to great fanfare . The Champlain Canal , a separate but connected 64 - mile ( 103 km ) north - south route from Watervliet on the Hudson to Lake Champlain , opened on the same date . In 1824 , before the canal was completed , a detailed Pocket Guide for the Tourist and Traveler , Along the Line of the Canals , and the Interior Commerce of the State of New York , was published for the benefit of travelers and land speculators . After Montezuma Marsh , the next difficulties were crossing Irondequoit Creek and the Genesee River near Rochester . The former ultimately required building the 1,320 - foot ( 400 m ) long `` Great Embankment , '' to carry the canal at a height of 76 feet ( 23 m ) above the level of the creek , which ran through a 245 - foot ( 75 m ) culvert underneath . The canal crossed the river on a stone aqueduct , 802 feet ( 244 m ) long and 17 feet ( 5.2 m ) wide , supported by 11 arches . After the Genesee , the next obstacle was crossing the Niagara Escarpment , an 80 - foot ( 24 m ) - high wall of hard dolomitic limestone , to reach the level of Lake Erie . The route followed the channel of a creek that had cut a ravine steeply down the escarpment . The construction and operation of two sets of five locks there soon gave rise to the community of Lockport . The 12 - foot ( 3.7 m ) lift - locks had a total lift of 60 feet ( 18 m ) , exiting into a deeply cut channel . The final leg had to be cut 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) deep through another limestone mass , the Onondaga ridge . Much of that section was blasted with black powder , and the inexperience of the crews often led to accidents , and sometimes to rocks falling on nearby homes . Two villages competed to be the terminus : Black Rock , on the Niagara River , and Buffalo , at the eastern tip of Lake Erie . Buffalo expended great energy to widen and deepen Buffalo Creek to make it navigable and to create a harbor at its mouth . Buffalo won over Black Rock , and grew into a large city , eventually encompassing its former rival . The entire canal was officially completed on October 26 , 1825 . The event was marked by a statewide `` Grand Celebration , '' culminating in a series of cannon shots along the length of the canal and the Hudson , a 90 - minute cannonade from Buffalo to New York City . A flotilla of boats , led by Governor Dewitt Clinton aboard Seneca Chief , sailed from Buffalo to New York City over ten days . Clinton then ceremonially poured Lake Erie water into New York Harbor to mark the `` Wedding of the Waters . '' On its return trip , Seneca Chief brought back a keg of Atlantic Ocean water , which was poured into Lake Erie by Buffalo 's Judge Samuel Wilkeson , who would later become mayor . The Erie Canal was thus completed in eight years at a cost of $7,143,000 ( equivalent to $109,000,000 in 2017 ) . It was acclaimed as an engineering marvel that united the country and helped New York City become a financial capital . Route ( edit ) 1853 Map of New York canals emboldened , center : the Erie Canal , other lines : railroads , rivers and county borders Lithograph of the Erie Canal at Lockport , New York c. 1855 . Published for Herrman J. Meyer , 164 William Street , New York City . The canal began on the west side of the Hudson River at Albany , and ran north to Watervliet , where the Champlain Canal branched off . At Cohoes , it climbed the escarpment on the west side of the Hudson River and then turned west along the south shore of the Mohawk River , crossing to the north side at Crescent and again to the south at Rexford . The canal continued west near the south shore of the Mohawk River all the way to Rome , where the Mohawk turns north . At Rome , the canal continued west parallel to Wood Creek , which flows westward into Oneida Lake , and turned southwest and west cross-country to avoid the lake . From Canastota west , it ran roughly along the north ( lower ) edge of the Onondaga Escarpment , passing through Syracuse , Onondaga Lake , and Rochester . Before reaching Rochester , the canal uses a series of natural ridges to cross the deep valley of Irondequoit Creek . At Lockport the canal turned southwest to rise to the top of the Niagara Escarpment , using the ravine of Eighteen Mile Creek . The canal continued south - southwest to Pendleton , where it turned west and southwest , mainly using the channel of Tonawanda Creek . From the Tonawanda south toward Buffalo , it ran just east of the Niagara River , where it reached its `` Western Terminus '' at Little Buffalo Creek ( later it became the Commercial Slip ) , which discharged into the Buffalo River just above its confluence with Lake Erie . With Buffalo 's re-excavation of the Commercial Slip , completed in 2008 , the Canal 's original terminus is now re-watered and again accessible by boats . With several miles of the Canal inland of this location still lying under 20th - century fill and urban construction , the effective western navigable terminus of the Erie Canal is found at Tonawanda . The Erie made use of the favorable conditions of New York 's unique topography , which provided that area with the only break in the Appalachians south of the Saint Lawrence River . The Hudson is tidal to Troy , and Albany is west of the Appalachians . It allowed for east -- west navigation from the coast to the Great Lakes within US territory . The canal system thus gave New York a competitive advantage , helped New York City develop as an international trade center , and allowed Buffalo to grow from just 200 settlers in 1820 to more than 18,000 people by 1840 . The port of New York became essentially the Atlantic home port for all of the Midwest -- because of this vital connection and others to follow , such as the railroads , New York would become known as the `` Empire State '' or `` the great Empire State '' . Enlargements and improvements ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Derelict aqueduct over Nine Mile Creek north of Camillus , New York built in 1841 and abandoned c. 1918 ; one of 32 navigable aqueducts on the Erie Canal , it has since been restored . Problems developed but were quickly solved . Leaks developed along the entire length of the canal , but these were sealed using cement that hardened underwater ( hydraulic cement ) . Erosion on the clay bottom proved to be a problem and the speed was limited to 4 mph ( 6.4 km / h ) . The original design planned for an annual tonnage of 1.5 million tons ( 1.36 million metric tons ) , but this was exceeded immediately . An ambitious program to improve the canal began in 1834 . During this massive series of construction projects , known as the First Enlargement , the canal was widened from 40 to 70 feet ( 12 to 21 m ) and deepened from 4 to 7 feet ( 1.2 to 2.1 m ) . Locks were widened and / or rebuilt in new locations , and many new navigable aqueducts were constructed . The canal was straightened and slightly re-routed in some stretches , resulting in the abandonment of short segments of the original 1825 canal . The First Enlargement was completed in 1862 , with further minor enlargements in later decades . Today , the reconfiguration of the canal created during the First Enlargement is commonly referred to as the `` Improved Erie Canal '' or the `` Old Erie Canal '' , to distinguish it from the canal 's modern - day course . Existing remains of the 1825 canal abandoned during the Enlargement are sometimes referred to today as `` Clinton 's Ditch '' ( which was also the popular nickname for the entire Erie Canal project during its original 1817 -- 1825 construction ) . Upstream view of the downstream lock at Lock 32 , Pittsford , New York . Additional feeder canals soon extended the Erie Canal into a system . These included the Cayuga - Seneca Canal south to the Finger Lakes , the Oswego Canal from Three Rivers north to Lake Ontario at Oswego , and the Champlain Canal from Troy north to Lake Champlain . From 1833 to 1877 , the short Crooked Lake Canal connected Keuka Lake and Seneca Lake . The Chemung Canal connected the south end of Seneca Lake to Elmira in 1833 , and was an important route for Pennsylvania coal and timber into the canal system . The Chenango Canal in 1836 connected the Erie Canal at Utica to Binghamton and caused a business boom in the Chenango River valley . The Chenango and Chemung canals linked the Erie with the Susquehanna River system . The Black River Canal connected the Black River to the Erie Canal at Rome and remained in operation until the 1920s . The Genesee Valley Canal was run along the Genesee River to connect with the Allegheny River at Olean , but the Allegheny section , which would have connected to the Ohio and Mississippi rivers , was never built . The Genesee Valley Canal was later abandoned and became the route of the Genesee Valley Canal Railroad . In 1903 the New York State legislature authorized construction of the New York State Barge Canal as the `` Improvement of the Erie , the Oswego , the Champlain , and the Cayuga and Seneca Canals '' . In 1905 , construction of the Barge Canal began , which was completed in 1918 , at a cost of $96.7 million . Freight traffic reached a total of 5.2 million short tons ( 4.7 million metric tons ) by 1951 , before declining in the face of combined rail and truck competition . Competition ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Map of the `` Water Level Routes '' of the New York Central Railroad ( purple ) , West Shore Railroad ( red ) and Erie Canal ( blue ) . As the canal brought travelers to New York City , it took business away from other ports such as Philadelphia and Baltimore . Those cities and their states started projects to compete with the Erie Canal . In Pennsylvania , the Main Line of Public Works was a combined canal and railroad running west from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh on the Ohio River , opened in 1834 . In Maryland , the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad ran west to Wheeling , West Virginia , also on the Ohio River , and was completed in 1853 . Other competition was more direct . The Mohawk and Hudson Railroad opened in 1837 , providing a bypass to the slowest part of the canal between Albany and Schenectady . Other railroads were soon chartered and built to continue the line west to Buffalo , and in 1842 a continuous line ( which later became the New York Central Railroad and its Auburn Road in 1853 ) was open the whole way to Buffalo . As the railroad served the same general route as the canal , but provided for faster travel , passengers soon switched to it . However , as late as 1852 , the canal carried thirteen times more freight tonnage than all the railroads in New York State combined ; it continued to compete well with the railroads through 1902 , when tolls were abolished . The New York , West Shore and Buffalo Railway was completed in 1884 , as a route running closely parallel to both the canal and the New York Central Railroad . However , it went bankrupt and was acquired the next year by the New York Central . Impact ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Rochester , NY aqueduct circa 1890 The Erie Canal greatly lowered the cost of shipping between the Midwest and the Northeast , bringing much lower food costs to Eastern cities and allowing the East to economically ship machinery and manufactured goods to the Midwest . The canal also made an immense contribution to the wealth and importance of New York City , Buffalo and New York State . Its impact went much further , increasing trade throughout the nation by opening eastern and overseas markets to Midwestern farm products and by enabling migration to the West . The Erie Canal was an immediate success . Tolls collected on freight had already exceeded the state 's construction debt in its first year of official operation . By 1828 , import duties collected at the New York Customs House supported federal government operations and provided funds for all the expenses in Washington except the interest on the national debt . Additionally , New York State 's initial loan for the original canal had been paid by 1837 . Although it had been envisioned as primarily a commercial channel for freight boats , passengers also traveled on the canal 's packet boats . In 1825 more than 40,000 passengers took advantage of the convenience and beauty of canal travel . The canal 's steady flow of tourists , businessmen and settlers lent it to uses never imagined by its initial sponsors . Evangelical preachers made their circuits of the upstate region , and the canal served as the last leg of the Underground Railroad ferrying runaway slaves to Buffalo near the Canada -- US border . Aspiring merchants found that tourists were reliable customers . Vendors moved from boat to boat peddling items such as books , watches and fruit , while less scrupulous `` confidence men '' sold remedies for foot corns or passed off counterfeit bills . Tourists were carried along the `` northern tour , '' which ultimately led to the popular honeymoon destination Niagara Falls , just north of Buffalo . Consisting of a massive stone aqueduct which carried boats over incredible cascades , Little Falls was one of the most popular stops for American and foreign tourists . This is shown in Scene 4 of William Dunlap 's play A Trip to Niagara , where he depicts the general preference of tourists to travel by canal so that they could experience a combination of artificial and natural sights . Canal travel was , for many , an opportunity to take in the sublime and commune with nature . The play also reflects the less enthusiastic view of some who saw movement on the canal as tedious . New ethnic Irish communities formed in some towns along its route after completion , as Irish immigrants were a large portion of the construction labor force . Earth extracted from the canal was transported to the New York City area and used as landfill in New York and New Jersey . A plaque honoring the canal 's construction is located in Battery Park in southern Manhattan . Because so many immigrants traveled on the canal , many genealogists have sought copies of canal passenger lists . Apart from the years 1827 -- 1829 , canal boat operators were not required to record passenger names or report them to the government , which , in this case , was the state of New York . Some passenger lists survive today in the New York State Archives , and other sources of traveler information are sometimes available . The Canal also helped bind the still - new nation closer to Britain and Europe . Repeal of Britain 's Corn Law resulted in a huge increase in exports of Midwestern wheat to Britain . Trade between the United States and Canada also increased as a result of the repeal and a reciprocity ( free - trade ) agreement signed in 1854 . Much of this trade flowed along the Erie . Its success also prompted imitation : a rash of canal - building followed . Also , the many technical hurdles that had to be overcome made heroes of those whose innovations made the canal possible . This led to an increased public esteem for practical education . Chicago , among other Great Lakes cities , recognized the importance of the canal to its economy , and two West Loop streets are named `` Canal '' and `` Clinton '' ( for canal proponent DeWitt Clinton ) . Concern that erosion caused by logging in the Adirondacks could silt up the canal contributed to the creation in 1885 of another New York National Historic Landmark , the Adirondack Park . Two `` low '' lift bridges in Lockport , New York July 2010 . Many notable authors wrote about the canal , including Herman Melville , Frances Trollope , Nathaniel Hawthorne , Harriet Beecher Stowe , Mark Twain , Samuel Hopkins Adams and the Marquis de Lafayette , and many tales and songs were written about life on the canal . The popular song `` Low Bridge '' by Thomas S. Allen was written in 1905 to memorialize the canal 's early heyday , when barges were pulled by mules rather than engines . Sunday closing debate ( edit ) The New York State Legislature debated closing the locks of the Erie Canal on Sundays , when they convened in 1858 . However , George Jeremiah and Dwight Bacheller , two of the bill 's opponents , argued that the state had no right to stop canal traffic on the grounds that the Erie Canal and its tributaries had ceased to be wards of the state . The canal at its inception had been imagined as an extension of nature , an artificial river where there had been none . The canal succeeded by sharing more in common with lakes and seas than it had with public roads . Jeremiah and Bacheller argued , successfully , that just as it was unthinkable to halt oceangoing navigation on Sunday , it was so with the canal . 20th century ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The modern Erie Canal has 34 locks , which are painted with the blue and gold colors of the New York State Canal System . In 1918 , the Canal was replaced by the larger New York State Barge Canal . This new canal replaced much of the original route , leaving many abandoned sections ( most notably between Syracuse and Rome ) . New digging and flood control technologies allowed engineers to canalize rivers that the original canal had sought to avoid , such as the Mohawk , Seneca , and Clyde rivers , and Oneida Lake . In sections that did not consist of canalized rivers ( particularly between Rochester and Buffalo ) , the original Erie Canal channel was enlarged to 120 feet ( 37 m ) wide and 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) deep . The expansion allowed barges up to 2,000 short tons ( 1,800 t ) to use the Canal . This expensive project was politically unpopular in parts of the state not served by the canal , and failed to save it from becoming obsolete for commercial shipping . The new alignment began on the Hudson River at the border between Cohoes and Waterford , where it ran northwest with five locks ( the so - called `` Waterford Flight '' ) , running into the Mohawk River east of Crescent . The Waterford Flight is claimed to be one of the steepest series of locks in the world . This photo shows the Gateway Harbor in North Tonawanda , NY about 1000 feet from the present day western terminus of the Erie Canal where it connects to the Niagara River . While the old Canal ran next to the Mohawk all the way to Rome , the new canal ran through the river , which was straightened or widened where necessary . At Ilion , the new canal left the river for good , but continued to run on a new alignment parallel to both the river and the old canal to Rome . From Rome , the new route continued almost due west , merging with Fish Creek just east of its entry into Oneida Lake . From Oneida Lake , the new canal ran west along the Oneida River , with cutoffs to shorten the route . At Three Rivers the Oneida River turns northwest , and was deepened for the Oswego Canal to Lake Ontario . The new Erie Canal turned south there along the Seneca River , which turns west near Syracuse and continues west to a point in the Montezuma Marsh ( 43 ° 00 ′ 11 '' N 76 ° 43 ′ 52 '' W / 43.00296 ° N 76.73115 ° W / 43.00296 ; - 76.73115 ) . There the Cayuga and Seneca Canal continued south with the Seneca River , and the new Erie Canal again ran parallel to the old canal along the bottom of the Niagara Escarpment , in some places running along the Clyde River , and in some places replacing the old canal . At Pittsford , southeast of Rochester , the canal turned west to run around the south side of Rochester , rather than through downtown . The canal crosses the Genesee River at the Genesee Valley Park ( 43 ° 07 ′ 17 '' N 77 ° 38 ′ 33 '' W / 43.1215 ° N 77.6425 ° W / 43.1215 ; - 77.6425 ) , then rejoins the old path near North Gates . From there it was again roughly an upgrade to the original canal , running west to Lockport . This reach of 64.2 miles from Henrietta to Lockport is called `` the 60 ‐ mile level '' since there are no locks and the water level rises only two feet over the entire segment . Diversions from and to adjacent natural streams along the way are used to maintain the canal 's level . It runs southwest to Tonawanda , where the new alignment discharges into the Niagara River , which is navigable upstream to the New York Barge Canal 's Black Rock Lock and thence to the Canal 's original `` Western Terminus '' at Buffalo 's Inner Harbor . The growth of railroads and highways across the state , and the opening of the Saint Lawrence Seaway , caused commercial traffic on the canal to decline dramatically during the second half of the 20th century . New York State Canal system ( edit ) In 1992 , the New York State Barge Canal was renamed the New York State Canal System ( including the Erie , Cayuga - Seneca , Oswego , and Champlain canals ) and placed under the newly created New York State Canal Corporation , a subsidiary of the New York State Thruway Authority . While part of the Thruway , the canal system was operated using money generated by Thruway tolls . 21st century ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Since the 1990s , the canal system has been used primarily by recreational traffic , although a small but growing amount of cargo traffic still uses it . Today , the Erie Canalway National Heritage Corridor covers 524 miles ( 843 km ) of navigable water from Lake Champlain to the Capital Region and west to Buffalo . The area has a population of 2.7 million : about 75 % of Central and Western New York 's population lives within 25 miles ( 40 km ) of the Erie Canal . The Erie Canal is open to small craft and some larger vessels from May through November each year . During winter , water is drained from parts of the canal for maintenance . The Champlain Canal , Lake Champlain , and the Chambly Canal , and Richelieu River in Canada form the Lakes to Locks Passage , making a tourist attraction of the former waterway linking eastern Canada to the Erie Canal . In 2006 recreational boating fees were eliminated to attract more visitors . Travel on the canal 's middle section ( particularly in the Mohawk Valley ) was severely hampered by flooding in late June and early July 2006 . Flood damage to the canal and its facilities was estimated as at least $15 million . There were some 42 commercial shipments on the canal in 2008 , compared to 15 such shipments in 2007 and more than 33,000 shipments in 1855 , the canal 's peak year . The new growth in commercial traffic is due to the rising cost of diesel fuel . Canal barges can carry a short ton of cargo 514 miles ( 827 km ) on one gallon of diesel fuel , while a gallon allows a train to haul the same amount of cargo 202 miles ( 325 km ) and a truck 59 miles ( 95 km ) . Canal barges can carry loads up to 3,000 short tons ( 2,700 long tons ) , and are used to transport objects that would be too large for road or rail shipment . Today , the system is served by several commercial towing companies . In 2012 , the New York State Canal System ( which consists of the Erie Canal and a few smaller canals ) was used to ship 42,000 tons of cargo . Erie Canal Aqueduct crossing the Genesee River in Rochester , New York . Broad Street now runs atop it . A proposed rewatering project of the Erie Canal Aqueduct to connect to a round lock on the Genesee River is under review . This revitalization project will also facilitate boating . On the Erie Canal Aqueduct looking north below Broad Street , downtown Rochester The Aqueduct is divided by the concrete support for the Broad Street Bridge above . In the former bed ran the Rochester Subway A commercial tour boat locks through Baldwinsville 's Lock 24 . Aside from transportation , numerous businesses , farms , factories and communities alongside its banks still utilize the canal 's waters for other purposes such as irrigation for farmland , hydroelectricity , research , industry , and even drinking . Use of the canal system has an estimated total economic impact of $6.2 billion annually . In 2017 , the New York State Canal Corporation was transferred from the New York State Thruway to the New York Power Authority . Old Erie Canal ( edit ) The Old Erie Canal and its towpath at Kirkville , New York , within Old Erie Canal State Historic Park Sections of the old Erie Canal not used after 1918 are owned by New York State , or have been ceded to or purchased by counties or municipalities . Many stretches of the old canal have been filled in to create roads such as Erie Boulevard in Syracuse and Schenectady , and Broad Street and the Rochester Subway in Rochester . A 36 ‐ mile ( 58 km ) stretch of the old canal from the town of DeWitt , New York , east of Syracuse , to just outside Rome , New York , is preserved as the Old Erie Canal State Historic Park . In 1960 the Schoharie Crossing State Historic Site , a section of the canal in Montgomery County , was one of the first sites recognized as a National Historic Landmark . Some municipalities have preserved sections as town or county canal parks , or have plans to do so . Camillus Erie Canal Park preserves a 7 - mile ( 11 km ) stretch and has restored Nine Mile Creek Aqueduct , built in 1841 as part of the First Enlargement of the canal . In some communities , the old canal has refilled with overgrowth and debris . Proposals have been made to rehydrate the old canal through downtown Rochester or Syracuse as a tourist attraction . In Syracuse , the location of the old canal is represented by a reflecting pool in downtown 's Clinton Square and the downtown hosts a canal barge and weigh lock structure , now dry . Buffalo 's Commercial Slip is the restored and re-watered segment of the canal which formed its `` Western Terminus '' . The Erie Canal is a destination for tourists from all over the world , and has inspired guidebooks dedicated to exploration of the waterway . An Erie Canal Cruise company , based in Herkimer , operates from mid-May until mid-October with daily cruises . The cruise goes through the history of the canal and also takes passengers through Lock 18 . In 2004 , the administration of New York Governor George Pataki was criticized when officials of New York State Canal Corporation attempted to sell private development rights to large stretches of the Old Erie Canal to a single developer for $30,000 , far less than the land was worth on the open market . After an investigation by the Syracuse Post-Standard newspaper , the Pataki administration nullified the deal . Buffalo 's Erie Canal Commercial Slip in Spring 2008 . Records of the planning , design , construction , and administration of the Erie Canal are vast and can be found in the New York State Archives . Except for two years ( 1827 -- 1829 ) , the State of New York did not require canal boat operators to maintain or submit passenger lists . Parks and museums ( edit ) Parks and museums related to the old Erie Canal include ( listed from East to West ) : Day Peckinpaugh ship ; restoration and conversion to a floating museum was planned for completion in 2012 by the New York State Museum Watervliet Side Cut Locks , located at Watervliet and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971 Enlarged Erie Canal Historic District ( Discontiguous ) , a national historic district located at Cohoes , New York listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004 Enlarged Double Lock No. 23 , Old Erie Canal , Rotterdam Schoharie Crossing State Historic Site at Fort Hunter Old Erie Canal State Historic Park , DeWitt , NY Old Erie Canal State Historic Park , 36 - mile linear park from Rome to DeWitt Erie Canal Village , near Rome Canastota Canal Town Museum , Canastota Chittenango Landing Canal Boat Museum , near Chittenango Erie Canal Museum in downtown Syracuse Camillus Erie Canal Park in Camillus Jordan Canal Park in Jordan , town of Elbridge Enlarged Double Lock No. 33 Old Erie Canal , St. Johnsville Erie Canal Lock 52 Complex , a national historic district located at Port Byron and Mentz in Cayuga County ; listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998 Seneca River Crossing Canals Historic District , a national historic district located at Montezuma and Tyre in Cayuga County ; listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005 Centerport Aqueduct Park near Weedsport ; listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000 Lock Berlin Park near Clyde Macedon Aqueduct Park near Palmyra Old Erie Canal Lock 60 Park in Macedon Perinton Park in Perinton near Fairport Genesee Valley Park in the city of Rochester Spencerport Depot & Canal Museum , Spencerport Niagara Escarpment `` Flight of Five '' locks at Lockport Erie Canal Discovery Center , 24 Church Street , Lockport ( Locks 34 and 35 ) Canalside Buffalo at the Canal 's `` Western Terminus '' Erie Canalway Trail ( edit ) Further information : New York State Canalway Trail Locks ( edit ) The modern single lock at the Niagara Escarpment The following list of locks is provided for the current canal , from east to west . There are a total of 36 ( 35 numbered ) locks on the Erie Canal . All locks on the New York State Canal System are single - chamber ; the dimensions are 328 feet ( 100 m ) long and 45 feet ( 14 m ) wide with a minimum 12 - foot ( 3.7 m ) depth of water over the miter sills at the upstream gates upon lift . They can accommodate a vessel up to 300 feet ( 91 m ) long and 43.5 feet ( 13.3 m ) wide . Overall sidewall height will vary by lock , ranging between 28 and 61 feet ( 8.5 and 18.6 m ) depending on the lift and navigable stages . Lock E17 at Little Falls has the tallest sidewall height at 80 feet ( 24 m ) . Distance is based on position markers from an interactive canal map provided online by the New York State Canal Corporation and may not exactly match specifications on signs posted along the canal . Mean surface elevations are comprised from a combination of older canal profiles and history books as well as specifications on signs posted along the canal . The margin of error should normally be within 6 inches ( 15 cm ) . The Waterford Flight series of locks ( comprising Locks E2 through E6 ) is one of the steepest in the world , lifting boats 169 feet ( 52 m ) in less than 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) . All surface elevations are approximate . Lock # Location Elevation ( upstream / west ) Elevation ( downstream / east ) Lift or Drop Distance to Next Lock ( upstream / west ) Troy Federal Lock * Troy 15.3 ft ( 4.7 m ) 1.3 ft ( 0.40 m ) 14.0 ft ( 4.3 m ) E2 , 2.66 mi ( 4.28 km ) E2 Waterford 48.9 ft ( 14.9 m ) 15.3 ft ( 4.7 m ) 33.6 ft ( 10.2 m ) E3 , 0.46 mi ( 0.74 km ) E3 Waterford 83.5 ft ( 25.5 m ) 48.9 ft ( 14.9 m ) 34.6 ft ( 10.5 m ) E4 , 0.51 mi ( 0.82 km ) E4 Waterford 118.1 ft ( 36.0 m ) 83.5 ft ( 25.5 m ) 34.6 ft ( 10.5 m ) E5 , 0.27 mi ( 0.43 km ) E5 Waterford 151.4 ft ( 46.1 m ) 118.1 ft ( 36.0 m ) 33.3 ft ( 10.1 m ) E6 , 0.28 mi ( 0.45 km ) E6 Crescent 184.4 ft ( 56.2 m ) 151.4 ft ( 46.1 m ) 33.0 ft ( 10.1 m ) E7 , 10.92 mi ( 17.57 km ) E7 Vischer Ferry 211.4 ft ( 64.4 m ) 184.4 ft ( 56.2 m ) 27.0 ft ( 8.2 m ) E8 , 10.97 mi ( 17.65 km ) E8 Scotia 225.4 ft ( 68.7 m ) 211.4 ft ( 64.4 m ) 14.0 ft ( 4.3 m ) E9 , 5.03 mi ( 8.10 km ) E9 Rotterdam 240.4 ft ( 73.3 m ) 225.4 ft ( 68.7 m ) 15.0 ft ( 4.6 m ) E10 , 5.95 mi ( 9.58 km ) E10 Cranesville 255.4 ft ( 77.8 m ) 240.4 ft ( 73.3 m ) 15.0 ft ( 4.6 m ) E11 , 4.27 mi ( 6.87 km ) E11 Amsterdam 267.4 ft ( 81.5 m ) 255.4 ft ( 77.8 m ) 12.0 ft ( 3.7 m ) E12 , 4.23 mi ( 6.81 km ) E12 Tribes Hill 278.4 ft ( 84.9 m ) 267.4 ft ( 81.5 m ) 11.0 ft ( 3.4 m ) E13 , 9.60 mi ( 15.45 km ) E13 Yosts 286.4 ft ( 87.3 m ) 278.4 ft ( 84.9 m ) 8.0 ft ( 2.4 m ) E14 , 7.83 mi ( 12.60 km ) E14 Canajoharie 294.4 ft ( 89.7 m ) 286.4 ft ( 87.3 m ) 8.0 ft ( 2.4 m ) E15 , 3.35 mi ( 5.39 km ) E15 Fort Plain 302.4 ft ( 92.2 m ) 294.4 ft ( 89.7 m ) 8.0 ft ( 2.4 m ) E16 , 6.72 mi ( 10.81 km ) E16 St. Johnsville 322.9 ft ( 98.4 m ) 302.4 ft ( 92.2 m ) 20.5 ft ( 6.2 m ) E17 , 7.97 mi ( 12.83 km ) E17 Little Falls 363.4 ft ( 110.8 m ) 322.9 ft ( 98.4 m ) 40.5 ft ( 12.3 m ) E18 , 4.20 mi ( 6.76 km ) E18 Jacksonburg 383.4 ft ( 116.9 m ) 363.4 ft ( 110.8 m ) 20.0 ft ( 6.1 m ) E19 , 11.85 mi ( 19.07 km ) E19 Frankfort 404.4 ft ( 123.3 m ) 383.4 ft ( 116.9 m ) 21.0 ft ( 6.4 m ) E20 , 10.28 mi ( 16.54 km ) E20 Whitesboro 420.4 ft ( 128.1 m ) 404.4 ft ( 123.3 m ) 16.0 ft ( 4.9 m ) E21 , 18.10 mi ( 29.13 km ) E21 New London 395.4 ft ( 120.5 m ) 420.4 ft ( 128.1 m ) − 25.0 ft ( − 7.6 m ) E22 , 1.32 mi ( 2.12 km ) E22 New London 370.1 ft ( 112.8 m ) 395.4 ft ( 120.5 m ) − 25.3 ft ( − 7.7 m ) E23 , 28.91 mi ( 46.53 km ) E23 Brewerton 363.0 ft ( 110.6 m ) 370.1 ft ( 112.8 m ) − 7.1 ft ( − 2.2 m ) E24 , 18.77 mi ( 30.21 km ) E24 Baldwinsville 374.0 ft ( 114.0 m ) 363.0 ft ( 110.6 m ) 11.0 ft ( 3.4 m ) E25 , 30.69 mi ( 49.39 km ) E25 Mays Point 380.0 ft ( 115.8 m ) 374.0 ft ( 114.0 m ) 6.0 ft ( 1.8 m ) E26 , 5.83 mi ( 9.38 km ) E26 Clyde 386.0 ft ( 117.7 m ) 380.0 ft ( 115.8 m ) 6.0 ft ( 1.8 m ) E27 , 12.05 mi ( 19.39 km ) E27 Lyons 398.5 ft ( 121.5 m ) 386.0 ft ( 117.7 m ) 12.5 ft ( 3.8 m ) E28A , 1.28 mi ( 2.06 km ) E28A Lyons 418.0 ft ( 127.4 m ) 398.5 ft ( 121.5 m ) 19.5 ft ( 5.9 m ) E28B , 3.98 mi ( 6.41 km ) E28B Newark 430.0 ft ( 131.1 m ) 418.0 ft ( 127.4 m ) 12.0 ft ( 3.7 m ) E29 , 9.79 mi ( 15.76 km ) E29 Palmyra 446.0 ft ( 135.9 m ) 430.0 ft ( 131.1 m ) 16.0 ft ( 4.9 m ) E30 , 2.98 mi ( 4.80 km ) E30 Macedon 462.4 ft ( 140.9 m ) 446.0 ft ( 135.9 m ) 16.4 ft ( 5.0 m ) E32 , 16.12 mi ( 25.94 km ) E32 Pittsford 487.5 ft ( 148.6 m ) 462.4 ft ( 140.9 m ) 25.1 ft ( 7.7 m ) E33 , 1.26 mi ( 2.03 km ) E33 Rochester 512.9 ft ( 156.3 m ) 487.5 ft ( 148.6 m ) 25.4 ft ( 7.7 m ) E34 / 35 , 64.28 mi ( 103.45 km ) E34 Lockport 539.5 ft ( 164.4 m ) 514.9 ft ( 156.9 m ) 24.6 ft ( 7.5 m ) E35 , adjacent to Lock E34 . E35 Lockport 564.0 ft ( 171.9 m ) 539.5 ft ( 164.4 m ) 24.5 ft ( 7.5 m ) Black Rock Lock in Niagara River , 26.39 mi ( 42.47 km ) Black Rock Lock * Buffalo 570.6 ft ( 173.9 m ) 565.6 ft ( 172.4 m ) 5.0 ft ( 1.5 m ) Commercial Slip at Buffalo River , 3.89 mi ( 6.26 km ) * Denotes Federal managed locks . There is roughly a 2 - foot ( 0.61 m ) natural rise between locks E33 and E34 as well as a 1.5 - foot ( 0.46 m ) natural rise between Lock E35 and the Niagara River . There is no Lock E1 or Lock E31 on the Erie Canal . The place of `` Lock E1 '' on the passage from the lower Hudson River to Lake Erie is taken by the Troy Federal Lock , located just north of Troy , New York , and is not part of the Erie Canal System proper . It is operated by the United States Army Corps of Engineers . The Erie Canal officially begins at the confluence of the Hudson and Mohawk rivers at Waterford , New York . Although the original alignment of the Erie Canal through Buffalo has been filled in , travel by water is still possible from Buffalo via the Black Rock Lock in the Niagara River to the canal 's modern western terminus in Tonawanda , and eastward to Albany . The Black Rock Lock is operated by the United States Army Corps of Engineers . Oneida Lake lies between locks E22 and E23 , and has a mean surface elevation of 370 feet ( 110 m ) . Lake Erie has a mean surface elevation of 571 feet ( 174 m ) . See also ( edit ) `` Low Bridge '' , a song written by Thomas S. Allen , also known as `` The Erie Canal Song '' Welland Canal , opened in 1829 , bypasses the Niagara River between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario Ohio and Erie Canal , connecting Lake Erie with the Ohio River List of canals in New York List of canals in the United States References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Locks on the Erie Canal '' . The Erie Canal . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , Sam ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` 200 Years Ago , Erie Canal Got Its Start as Just a ' Ditch ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Finch , Roy G. ( 1925 ) . `` The Story of the New York State Canals '' ( PDF ) . New York State Engineer and Surveyor ( republished by New York State Canal Corporation ) . Retrieved September 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Works of Man '' , Ronald W. Clark , ISBN 0 - 670 - 80483 - 5 ( 1985 ) , Viking Penguin , New York quotation page 87 : `` There was little experience moving bulk loads by carts , while a packhorse would ( i.e. , ' could only ' ) carry only an eighth of a ton ( ( 1,250 long tons ( 1,270 t ) ) . On a soft road , a horse might be able to draw 5 / 8ths of a ton ( ( 0.6250 long tons ( 0.6350 t ) ) or 5 × ) . But if the load were carried by a barge on a waterway , then up to 30 tons ( ( 30 long tons ( 30 t ) or 60,000 pounds ( 27,000 kg ) ) or 240 × ) could be drawn by the same horse . '' Jump up ^ The New York State Canal System , The Erie Canal Association . Jump up ^ Erie Canal Opens , This Day in History : October 26 , American HistoryChannel.com Jump up ^ Frank E. Sadowski Jr. , `` Clinton 's Big Ditch '' , The Erie Canal Association . Jump up ^ Using Clark 's Works of Man figures , a mule can draw 60,000 lbs but carry only 250 lbs , which need men to load and unload daily , have a need to carry grain as well ( parasitic weight ) , and for same tonnages , required far more men as a labor force , drastically increasing running costs . A 95 % reduction is probably conservative , 250 lb / 30 t is 0.4 % the expenses , so reduction to 5 % costs still indicates someone is taking a lot of profits . ^ Jump up to : `` Erie Canalway National Heritage Corridor '' . Retrieved September 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Christopher Maag ( November 2 , 2008 ) . `` Hints of Comeback for Nation 's First Superhighway '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ The five east -- west crossings of the Appalachians are : Plains of Georgia , Alabama , and Mississippi ( around the bottom ) , the Cumberland Gap pass connecting North Carolina / Southern Virginia with Kentucky / Tennessee , the Cumberland Narrows pass connecting Cumberland , Maryland ( in Western Maryland ) and Northern Virginia with West Virginia and Western Pennsylvania via Brownsville , Pennsylvania and the Monongahela River or the Youghiogheny River valley ( both of the Ohio & Mississippi river system ) , the gaps of the Allegheny connecting the Susquehanna River Valley in central Pennsylvania with the Allegheny River valley ( and again the Ohio Country ) , and lastly , the Mohawk River water gap and valley tributary of the Hudson River , creating what later advertising would call the level water route westwards . Jump up ^ `` Railroad Travel Rates , 1800 -- 1930 '' . Jump up ^ Joel Achenbach , `` America 's River ; From Washington and Jefferson to the Army Corps of Engineers , everyone had grandiose plans to tame the Potomac . Fortunately for us , they all failed '' . The Washington Post , May 5 , 2002 ; p . W. 12 . Jump up ^ Calhoun , Daniel Hovey . The American civil engineer : Origins and conflict . Technology Press , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 1960 . ^ Jump up to : Sheriff , Carol ( 1996 ) . The Artificial River : The Erie Canal and the Paradox of Progress 1817 -- 1862 . Hill & Wang . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 2753 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Wedding of the Waters : The Erie Canal and the Making of a Great Nation , Peter L. Bernstein Jump up ^ Hunter , Louis C. ; Bryant , Lynwood ( 1991 ) . A History of Industrial Power in the United States , 1730 -- 1930 , Vol. 3 : The Transmission of Power . Cambridge , Massachusetts , London : MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 08198 - 6 . Jump up ^ Gerard Koeppel ( 2009 ) . Bond of Union : Building the Erie Canal and the American Empire . Da Capo Press , . pp. 212 -- 13 . ISBN 9780786745449 . Jump up ^ Andrew Kitzmann ( 2009 ) . Postcard History Series : Erie Canal . Arcadia Publishing . p. 71 . Jump up ^ Farley , Doug ( September 18 , 2007 ) . `` ERIE CANAL DISCOVERY : The great embankment '' . Lockport Union - Sun & Journal . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Genesee River Aqueduct '' . The Erie Canal . Monroe County Library System . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ransom , Roger ( May 1964 ) . `` Canals and Development : A Discussion of the Issues '' . American Economic Review . 54 ( 3 ) : 375 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2008 . Retrieved March 21 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Whiteford , Noble E. ( 1922 ) . History of the Barge Canal of New York State . J.B. Lyon Company . Retrieved February 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Taylor , George Rogers ( 1951 ) . The Transportation Revolution , 1815 -- 1860 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87332 - 101 - 3 . Jump up ^ North , Douglas C. ( 1966 ) . The Economic Growth of the United States 1790 -- 1860 . New York , London : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 00346 - 8 . Jump up ^ Shelley , Thomas ( 2016 ) . Fordham : A history of the Jesuit university of New York : 841 -- 2003 . New York : Fordham University Press . p. 51 . ISBN 9780823271511 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dedication of the Flight of Five Locks as a Civil Engineering Landmark ( 9 / 9 / 2012 ) '' . ASCE Rennselaer . American Society of Civil Engineers ( ASCE ) , RPI Chapter . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2013 . Retrieved March 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Deborah ( 2009 ) . Erie Canal : exploring New York 's great canals : a complete guide ( 1st ed . ) . Woodstock , Vt. : Countryman Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58157 - 080 - 9 . Jump up ^ Commercial Shipping on the New York State Canal System Archived May 27 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : New York State Canal Corporation , Report on Economic Benefits of Non ‐ Tourism Use of the NYS Canal System Jump up ^ `` N.Y. Power Authority to Assume Ownwership of Canal Corporation on New Year 's Day '' . www.nypa.gov . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ National Park Service , National Historic Landmarks Survey , New York Archived September 22 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , retrieved May 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Camillus Erie Canal Park , Nine Mile Creek Aqueduct , retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cycling the Erie Canal : A Guide to 400 Miles of Adventure and History Along the Erie Canalway Trail ( Revised ed . ) . Parks & Trails New York . 2015 . ISBN 9780974827735 . Jump up ^ `` A Joint Investigation into the Contract Between the New York State Canal Corporation and Richard A. Hutchens CC , LLC '' ( PDF ) . New York State Inspector General . November 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Guide to Canal Records '' . New York State Archives . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2008 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : National Park Service ( March 13 , 2009 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . ^ Jump up to : New York State Canal Corporation -- Canal Map , New York State Canals , Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ New York State Canal Corporation -- Frequently Asked Questions , Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : The Erie Canal -- Locks , Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Erie Canal , History of the Barge Canal of New York State by Noble E. Whitford , 1921 , Chapter 23 , Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilfred H. Schoff , The New York State Barge Canal , 1915 , American Geographical Society , Vol. 47 , No. 7 , p. 498 , Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Erie Canal -- Canal Profiles , Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Bangs , Jeremy D. ( 2015 ) . The Travels of Elkanah Watson . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland & Company . ISBN 9781476662459 . OCLC 908375479 . Bernstein , Peter L. ( 2005 ) . Wedding of the Waters : The Erie Canal and the Making of a Great Nation ( 1st ed . ) . New York ( u.a. ) : Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 05233 - 6 . Erie Canal Museum ; Morganstein , Martin ; Cregg , Joan H. ( 2001 ) . Erie Canal . Charleston , S.C. : Arcadia Pub. Co . ISBN 978 - 0738508696 . Finch , Roy G. ( 1925 ) . The Story of the New York State Canals : Historical and Commercial Information ( PDF ) . New York State Canal Corporation . OCLC 1038442328 . Retrieved March 9 , 2013 . Hecht , Roger W. , ed. ( 2003 ) . The Erie Canal Ceader , 1790 -- 1950 ( 1st ed . ) . Syracuse , N.Y. : Syracuse University Press . ISBN 9780815607595 . Keene , Michael ( 2016 ) . The Psychic Highway : How the Erie Canal Changed America . Fredericksburg , Va. : Willow Manor Publishing . ISBN 9781939688323 . Kelly , Jack ( 2016 ) . Heaven 's Ditch : God , Gold , and Murder on the Erie Canal . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 9781137280091 . Koeppel , Gerard ( 2009 ) . Bond of Union : Building the Erie Canal and the American Empire . Cambridge , Mass. : Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81827 - 1 . McGreevy , Patrick ( 2009 ) . Stairway to Empire : Lockport , the Erie Canal , and the Shaping of America . Albany , N.Y. : SUNY Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4384 - 2527 - 6 . Online review . Panagopoulos , Janie Lynn ( 1995 ) . Erie Trail West : A Dream - Quest Adventure . Spring Lake , MI : River Road Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 938682 - 35 - 6 . Papp , John P. ( 1977 ) . Erie Canal Days : A Pictorial Essay : Albany to Buffalo . Schenectady , N.Y. : John Papp Historical Publications . OCLC 3863574 . Reisem , Richard O. ( 2000 ) . Erie Canal Legacy : Architectural Treasures of the Empire State . Rochester , N.Y. : Landmark Society of Western New York . ISBN 978 - 0964170667 . Shaw , Ronald E. ( 1990 ) ( 1966 ) . Erie Water West : A History of the Erie Canal , 1792 -- 1854 ( Reprint ed . ) . Lexington , Ky. : University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 9780813143477 . OCLC 929658651 . Sheriff , Carol ( 1996 ) . The Artificial River : The Erie Canal and the Paradox of Progress , 1817 -- 1862 . New York : Hill and Wang . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 2753 - 8 . Stack , Debbie Daino ; Cuomo , Captain Ronald S. Marquisee ( 2001 ) . The Erie Canal : Cruising America 's Waterways . Cruising America 's Waterways Series . Foreword by Andrew Cuomo . Manlius , N.Y. : Media Artists Inc . ISBN 978 - 0970888600 . Williams , Deborah ( 2009 ) . Erie Canal : Exploring New York 's Great Canals : A Complete Guide ( 1st ed . ) . Woodstock , Vermont : Countryman Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58157 - 080 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Erie Canal . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Erie Canal . Erie Canal case study in Transition Times Information and Boater 's Guide to the Erie Canal Canalway Trail Information Historical information ( with photos ) of the Erie Canal New York State Canal Corporation Site The Opening of the Erie Canal -- An Online Exhibition by CUNY The Canal Society of New York State Digging Clinton 's Ditch : The Impact of the Erie Canal on America 1807 -- 1860 Multimedia A Glimpse at Clinton 's Ditch , 1819 -- 1820 by Richard F. Palmer Guide to Canal Records in the New York State Archives The Erie Canal Mapping Project New York Heritage -- Working on the Erie Canal Photographs of the Erie Canal Relating to Fort Hunter , N.Y. Ca . 1910 ( finding aid ) at the New York State Library , accessed May 18 , 2016 . William Jaeger 's photography of the Canal remains Historic American Buildings Survey ( HABS ) No . NY - 231 , `` Erie Canal Viaduct , Moyer Creek Crossing '' HABS No . NY - 6040 , `` Erie Canal Locks '' Historic American Engineering Record ( HAER ) No . NY - 6 , `` Erie Canal ( Enlarged ) , Schoharie Creek Aqueduct '' HAER No . NY - 11 , `` Erie Canal ( Enlarged ) , Lock Number 18 '' HAER No . NY - 12 , `` Erie Canal ( Enlarged ) , Upper Mohawk River Aqueduct '' HAER No . NY - 16 , `` Erie Canal , Yankee Hill Lock Number 28 '' HAER No . NY - 17 , `` Erie Canal ( Enlarged ) , Empire Lock Number 29 '' HAER No . NY - 152 , `` Erie Canal ( Enlarged ) , Oothout Culvert & Waste Weir '' HAER No . NY - 157 , `` Eagle 's Nest Creek Culvert '' HAER No . NY - 337 , `` Erie Canal ( Original ) , Locks 37 & 38 '' HAER No . 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634962845390769827	Steam power during the Industrial Revolution	Steam power during the Industrial Revolution - wikipedia Steam power during the Industrial Revolution Jump to : navigation , search Further information : Steam engine , Watt steam engine , and Timeline of steam power Improvements to the steam engine were some of the most important technologies of the Industrial Revolution , although steam did not replace water power in importance in Britain until after the Industrial Revolution . From Englishman Thomas Newcomen 's atmospheric engine , of 1712 , through major developments by Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer James Watt , the steam engine began to be used in many industrial settings , not just in mining , where the first engines had been used to pump water from deep workings . Early mills had run successfully with water power , but by using a steam engine a factory could be located anywhere , not just close to water . Water power varied with the seasons and was not always available . In 1775 Watt formed an engine - building and engineering partnership with manufacturer Matthew Boulton . The partnership of Boulton & Watt became one of the most important businesses of the Industrial Revolution and served as a kind of creative technical centre for much of the British economy . The partners solved technical problems and spread the solutions to other companies . Similar firms did the same thing in other industries and were especially important in the machine tool industry . These interactions between companies were important because they reduced the amount of research time and expense that each business had to spend working with its own resources . The technological advances of the Industrial Revolution happened more quickly because firms often shared information , which they then could use to create new techniques or products . From mines to mills , steam engines found many uses in a variety of industries . The introduction of steam engines improved productivity and technology , and allowed the creation of smaller and better engines . After Richard Trevithick 's development of the high - pressure engine , transport - applications became possible , and steam engines found their way into boats , railways , farms and road vehicles . Steam engines are an example of how changes brought by industrialization led to even more changes in other areas . The development of the stationary steam engine was a very important early element of the Industrial Revolution , however it should be remembered that for most of the period of the Industrial Revolution the majority of industries still relied on wind and water power as well as horse and man - power for driving small machines . Contents ( hide ) 1 Thomas Savery 's steam pump 2 Thomas Newcomen 's steam engine 3 James Watt 's steam engines 4 Development after Watt 4.1 The Corliss Engine 5 Major Applications 5.1 Blast furnace power 5.2 Moving from Water to Steam Power 5.3 The Steamboat 5.3. 1 Steamboat and Water Transport 5.4 Railroad 6 References Thomas Savery 's steam pump ( edit ) Main article : Thomas Savery The industrial use of steam power started with Thomas Savery in 1698 . He constructed and patented in London the first engine , which he called the `` Miner 's Friend '' since he intended it to pump water from mines . Early versions used a soldered copper boiler which burst easily at low steam pressures . Later versions with iron boiler were capable of raising water about 46 meters ( 150 feet ) . The Savery engine had no moving parts other than hand - operated valves . The steam once admitted into the cylinder was first condensed by an external cold water spray , thus creating a partial vacuum which drew water up through a pipe from a lower level ; then valves were opened and closed and a fresh charge of steam applied directly on to the surface of the water now in the cylinder , forcing it up an outlet pipe discharging at higher level . The engine was used as a low - lift water pump in a few mines and numerous water works , but it was not a success since it was limited in pumping height and prone to boiler explosions . Thomas Newcomen 's steam engine ( edit ) Main article : Newcomen atmospheric engine Newcomen 's atmospheric steam engine The first practical mechanical steam engine was introduced by Thomas Newcomen in 1712 . Newcomen apparently conceived his machine quite independently of Savery , but as the latter had taken out a very wide - ranging patent , Newcomen and his associates were obliged to come to an arrangement with him , marketing the engine until 1733 under a joint patent . Newcomen 's engine appears to have been based on Papin 's experiments carried out 30 years earlier , and employed a piston and cylinder , one end of which was open to the atmosphere above the piston . Steam just above atmospheric pressure ( all that the boiler could stand ) was introduced into the lower half of the cylinder beneath the piston during the gravity - induced upstroke ; the steam was then condensed by a jet of cold water injected into the steam space to produce a partial vacuum ; the pressure differential between the atmosphere and the vacuum on either side of the piston displaced it downwards into the cylinder , raising the opposite end of a rocking beam to which was attached a gang of gravity - actuated reciprocating force pumps housed in the mineshaft . The engine 's downward power stroke raised the pump , priming it and preparing the pumping stroke . At first the phases were controlled by hand , but within ten years an escapement mechanism had been devised worked by of a vertical plug tree suspended from the rocking beam which rendered the engine self - acting . A number of Newcomen engines were successfully put to use in Britain for draining hitherto unworkable deep mines , with the engine on the surface ; these were large machines , requiring a lot of capital to build , and produced about 5 hp . They were extremely inefficient by modern standards , but when located where coal was cheap at pit heads , opened up a great expansion in coal mining by allowing mines to go deeper . Despite their disadvantages , Newcomen engines were reliable and easy to maintain and continued to be used in the coalfields until the early decades of the nineteenth century . By 1729 , when Newcomen died , his engines had spread to France , Germany , Austria , Hungary and Sweden . A total of 110 are known to have been built by 1733 when the joint patent expired , of which 14 were abroad . In the 1770s , the engineer John Smeaton built some very large examples and introduced a number of improvements . A total of 1,454 engines had been built by 1800 . James Watt 's steam engines ( edit ) Main article : Watt steam engine A fundamental change in working principles was brought about by James Watt . With the close collaboration of Matthew Boulton , he had succeeded by 1778 in perfecting his steam engine which incorporated a series of radical improvements , notably , the use of a steam jacket around the cylinder to keep it at the temperature of the steam and , most importantly , a steam condenser chamber separate from the piston chamber . These improvements increased engine efficiency by a factor of about five , saving 75 % on coal costs . The Newcomen engine could not , at the time , be easily adapted to drive a rotating wheel , although Wasborough and Pickard did succeed in doing so in about 1780 . However , by 1783 the more economical Watt steam engine had been fully developed into a double - acting rotative type with a centrifugal governor , parallel motion and flywheel which meant that it could be used to directly drive the rotary machinery of a factory or mill . Both of Watt 's basic engine types were commercially very successful . By 1800 , the firm Boulton & Watt had constructed 496 engines , with 164 driving reciprocating pumps , 24 serving blast furnaces , and 308 powering mill machinery ; most of the engines generated from 5 to 10 hp . An estimate of the total power that could be produced by all these engines was about 11,200 hp . This was still only a small fraction of the total power generating capacity in Britain by waterwheels ( 120,000 hp ) and by windmills ( 15,000 hp ) ; however , water and wind power were seasonably variable . Newcomen and other steam engines generated at the same time about 24,000 hp . Development after Watt ( edit ) The development of machine tools , such as the lathe , planing and shaping machines powered by these engines , enabled all the metal parts of the engines to be easily and accurately cut and in turn made it possible to build larger and more powerful engines . In the early 19th century after the expiration of the Boulton & Watt patent in 1800 , the steam engine underwent great increases in power due to the use of higher pressure steam which Watt had always avoided because of the danger of exploding boilers , which were in a very primitive state of development . Until about 1800 , the most common pattern of steam engine was the beam engine , built as an integral part of a stone or brick engine - house , but soon various patterns of self - contained portative engines ( readily removable , but not on wheels ) were developed , such as the table engine . Further decrease in size due to use of higher pressure came towards the end of the 18th Century when the Cornish engineer , Richard Trevithick and the American engineer , Oliver Evans , independently began to construct higher pressure ( about 40 pounds per square inch ( 2.7 atm ) ) engines which exhausted into the atmosphere , although Arthur Wolf working at the Meux Brewery in London was already experimenting with higher pressure steam , in his efforts to save coal . This allowed an engine and boiler to be combined into a single unit compact and light enough to be used on mobile road and rail locomotives and steam boats . Trevithick was a man of versatile talents , and his activities were not confined to small applications . Trevithick developed his large Cornish boiler with an internal flue from about 1812 . These were also employed when upgrading a number of Watt pumping engines , by this time Arthur Wolf had already produced high pressure engines whilst working at Meux brewery in London , in his efforts to improve efficiency , thus saving coal.as he had been trained by Joseph Bramah in the art of quality control , which resulted in him becoming chief engineer at Harveys of Hayle in Cornwall , by far the largest and leading manufacturer of steam engines in the world . The Corliss engine ( edit ) Main article : Corliss steam engine The Corliss Engine displayed at the International Exhibition of Arts , Manufactures and Products of the Soil and Mine of 1876 The last major improvement to the steam engine was the Corliss engine . Named after its inventor , George Henry Corliss , this stationary steam engine was introduced to the world in 1849 . The engine boasted a number of desired features , including fuel efficiency ( lowering cost of fuel by a third or more ) , low maintenance costs , 30 % higher rate of power production , high thermal efficiency , and the ability to operate under light , heavy , or varying loads while maintaining high velocity and constant speed . While the engine was loosely based on existing steam engines keeping the simple piston - flywheel design , the majority of these features were brought about by the engine 's unique valves and valve gears . Unlike most engines employed during the era that were using mainly slide - valve gears , Corliss created his own system that used a wrist plate to control a number of different valves . Each cylinder was equipped with four valves , with exhaust and inlet valves at both ends of the cylinder . Through a precisely tuned series of events opening and closing these valves , steam is admitted and released at a precise rate allowing for linear piston motion . This provided the engine 's most notable feature , the automatic variable cut - off mechanism . This mechanism is what allowed the engine to maintain a set speed in response to varying loads without losing efficiency , stalling , or being damaged . Using a series of cam gears , which could adjust valve timing ( essentially acting as a throttle ) , the engine 's speed and horsepower was adjusted . This proved extremely useful for most of the engine 's applications . In the textile industry , it allowed for production at much higher speeds while lowering the likelihood that threads would break . In metallurgy , the extreme and abrupt variations of load experienced in rolling mills were also countered by the technology . These examples demonstrate that the Corliss engine was able to lead to much higher rates of production , while preventing costly damages to machinery and materials . It was referred to as `` the most perfect regulation of speed . '' Corliss kept a detailed record of the production , collective horsepower , and sales of his engines up until the patent expired . He did this for a number of reasons , including tracking those who infringed on the patent rights , maintenance and upgrade details , and especially as data used to extend the patent . With this data , a more clear understanding of the engine 's influence is provided . By 1869 , nearly 1200 engines had been sold , totaling 118,500 horsepower . Another estimated 60,000 horsepower was being utilized by engines that were created by manufacturers infringing on Corliss 's patent , bringing the total horsepower to roughly 180,000 . This relatively small number of engines produced 15 % of the United States ' total 1.2 million horsepower . The mean horsepower for all Corliss engines in 1870 was 100 , while the mean for all steam engines ( including Corliss engines ) was 30 . Some very large engines even allowed for applications as large as 1,400 horsepower . Many were convinced of the Corliss engine 's benefits , but adoption was slow due to patent protection . When Corliss was denied a patent extension in 1870 , it became a prevalent model for stationary engines in the industrial sector . By the end of the 19th century , the engine was already having a major influence on the manufacturing sector , where it made up only 10 % of the sector 's engines , but produced 46 % of the horsepower . The engine also became a model of efficiency outside of the textile industry as it was used for pumping the waterways of Pawtucket , Rhode Island in 1878 and by playing an essential role in the expansion of the railroad by allowing for very large - scale operations in rolling mills . Many steam engines of the 19th century have been replaced , destroyed , or repurposed , but the longevity of the Corliss engine is apparent today in select distilleries where they are still used as a power source . Major applications ( edit ) Blast furnace power ( edit ) In the mid 1750s the steam engine was applied to the water power - constrained iron , copper and lead industries for powering blast bellows . These industries were located near the mines , some of which were using steam engines for mine pumping . Steam engines were too powerful for leather bellows , so cast iron blowing cylinders were developed in 1768 . Steam powered blast furnaces achieved higher temperatures , allowing the use of more lime in iron blast furnace feed . ( Lime rich slag was not free - flowing at the previously used temperatures . ) With a sufficient lime ratio , sulfur from coal or coke fuel reacts with the slag so that the sulfur does not contaminate the iron . Coal and coke were cheaper and more abundant fuel . As a result , iron production rose significantly during the last decades of the 18th century . Moving from water to steam power ( edit ) Water power , the world 's preceding supply of power , continued to be an essential power source even during the height of steam engine popularity . The steam engine , however , provided many benefits that could n't be realized by relying solely on water power , allowing it to quickly become industrialised nations ' dominant power source ( rising from 5 % to 80 % of the total power in the US from 1838 - 1860 ) . While many consider the potential for an increase in power generated to be the dominant benefit ( with the average horsepower of steam powered mills producing four times the power of water powered mills ) , others favor the potential for agglomeration . Steam engines made it possible to easily work , produce , market , specialize , viably expand westward without having to worry about the less abundant presence of waterways , and live in communities that were n't geographically isolated in proximity to rivers and streams . Cities and towns were now built around factories where steam engines served as the foundation for the livelihood of many of the citizens . By promoting the agglomeration of individuals , local markets were established and often met with impressive success , cities quickly grew and were eventually urbanized , the quality of living increased as infrastructure was put in place , finer goods could be produced as acquisition of materials became less difficult and expensive , direct local competition led to higher degrees of specialization , and labor and capital were in rich supply . In some counties where the establishments utilized steam power , population growths were even seen to increase . These steam powered towns encouraged growth locally and on the national scale , further validating the economic importance of the steam engine . The steamboat ( edit ) Main article : Steamboat This period of economic growth , which was ushered in by the introduction and adoption of the steamboat , was one of the greatest ever experienced in the United States . Around 1815 , steamboats began to replace barges and flatboats in the transport of goods around the United States . Prior to the steamboat , rivers were generally only used in transporting goods from east to west , and from north to south as fighting the current was very difficult and often impossible . Non-powered boats and rafts were assembled up - stream , would carry their cargo down stream , and would often be disassembled at the end of their journey ; with their remains being used to construct homes and commercial buildings . Steamboat on the Yukon River in 1920 Following the advent of the steamboat , the United States saw an incredible growth in the transportation of goods and people , which was key in westward expansion . Prior to the steamboat , it could take between three and four months to make the passage from New Orleans to Louisville , averaging twenty miles a day . With the steamboat this time was reduced drastically with trips ranging from twenty - five to thirty - five days . This was especially beneficial to farmers as their crops could now be transported elsewhere to be sold . The steamboat also allowed for increased specialization . Sugar and Cotton were shipped up north while goods like poultry , grain and pork were shipped south . Unfortunately , the steamboat also aided in the internal slave trade . With the steamboat came the need for an improved river system . The natural river system had features that either was n't compatible with steamboat travel or was only available during certain months when rivers were higher . Some obstacles included rapids , sand bars , shallow waters and waterfalls . To overcome these natural obstacles , a network of canals , locks and dams were constructed . This increased demand for labor spurred tremendous job growth along the rivers . The economic benefits of the steamboat extended far beyond the construction of the ships themselves , and the goods they transported . These ships led directly to growth in the coal and insurance industries , along with creating demand for repair facilities along the rivers . Additionally the demand for goods in general increased as the steamboat made transport to new destinations both wide reaching and efficient . Steamboat and water transport ( edit ) After the first steamboat was invented and achieved a number of successful trials , it was quickly adopted and led to an even quicker change in the way of water transport . In 1814 , the city of New Orleans recorded 21 steamboat arrivals , but over the course of the following 20 years that number exploded to more than 1200 . The steamboat 's role as a major transportation source was secured . The transport sector saw enormous growth following the steam engine 's application , leading to major innovations in canals , steamboats , and railroads . The steamboat and canal system revolutionized trade of the United States . As the steamboats gained popularity , enthusiasm grew for the building of canals . In 1816 , the US had only 100 miles of canals . This needed to change , however , as the potential increase in traded goods from east to west convinced many that canals were a necessary connection between the Mississippi - Ohio waterways with the Great Lakes . Railroad ( edit ) The use of steam engines on railroads proved to be extraordinary in the fact that now you could have large amounts of goods and raw materials delivered to cities and factories alike . Trains could deliver these to places far away at a fraction of the cost traveling by wagon . Railroad tracks , which were already in use in mines and various other situations , became the new means of transportation after the first locomotive was invented . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jenkins , Ryhs ( 1971 ) ( 1936 ) . Links in the History of Engineering and Technology from Tudor Times . Cambridge ( 1st ) , Books for Libraries Press ( 2nd ) : The Newcomen Society at the Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780836921670 < The Collected Papers of Rhys Jenkins , Former Senior Examiner in the British Patent Office > Jump up ^ Hulse , David H : The Early Development of the Steam Engine ; TEE Publishing , Leamington Spa , UK , 1999 ISBN 1 - 85761 - 107 - 1 Jump up ^ Hills , Rev. Dr. Richard ( 2006 ) , James Watt Vol 3 : Triumph through Adversity , 1785 - 819 , Ashbourne , Derbyshire , England : Landmark Publishing , p. 217 , ISBN 1 - 84306 - 045 - 0 ^ Jump up to : Hunter , Louis C. ( 1985 ) . A History of Industrial Power in the United States , 1730 -- 1930 , Vol. 2 : Steam Power . Charolttesville : University Press of Virginia . Jump up ^ James Watt Monopolist ^ Jump up to : Hunter , Louis ( 1979 ) . A History of Industrial Power in the US , 1780 - 1930 , Vol I . The University Press of Virginia . ^ Jump up to : Rosenberg , Nathan ; Trajtenberg , Manuel ( 2004 ) . `` A General Purpose Technology at Work : The Corliss Steam Engine in the late 19th Century US '' . The Journal of Economic History . 64 ( 1 ) : 61 -- 99 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Hunter , Louis ( 1985 ) . A History of Industrial Power in the United States , 1780 - 1930 , Vol. II : Steam Power . Charlottesville : The University Press of Virginia . Jump up ^ Tribe , J ( 1903 ) . Compound Corliss Engines . Milwaukee , Wisconsin : Milwaukee , Tribe . Jump up ^ Burn , D.L. ( January 1931 ) . `` The Genesis of American Engineering Competition , 1850 - 1870 '' . Economic History Review . Jump up ^ Thompson , Ross ( 2009 ) . Structures of Change in the Mechanical Age : Technological Invention in the United States 1790 - 1865 . Baltimore , MD : The Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 9141 - 0 . Jump up ^ Sheldon , F.F. ( 1892 ) . Power and Speed in Cotton Mills , Proceedings of the 27th Annual Meeting of the Northeast Cotton Manufacturers Association . Boston . ^ Jump up to : Corliss , G.H. ( 1870 ) . In the Matter of the Petition of George H. Corliss for an Extension of His letters Patent for Improvements in Steam Engines . Providence : Providence Press Company . ^ Jump up to : Trowbridge , W.P. ( 1880 ) . Reports on the Water - power of the United States : Statistics of Power and Machinery Employed in Manufactures . 10th U.S. Census . Jump up ^ Rasmussen , M. `` Corliss Engine Group Gear Mechanisms Corliss Steam Engine '' . Archive.org . Retrieved 19 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Tylecote , R.F. ( 1992 ) . A History of Metallurgy , Second Edition . London : Maney Publishing , for the Institute of Materials . ISBN 978 - 0901462886 . Jump up ^ Atack , J ; Bateman , F ; Weiss , T ( 1980 ) . `` The Regional Diffusion and Adoption of the Steam Engine in American Manufacturing '' . The Journal of Economic History . 40 ( 2 ) : 281 -- 308 . doi : 10.1017 / s0022050700108216 . Jump up ^ Fenichel , A.H. ( 1966 ) . `` Growth and Diffusion of Power in Manufacturing 1839 - 1919 . In Output , Employment and Productivity in the United States after 1800 '' . National Bureau of Economic Research , Studies in Income and Wealth. 30 : 443 -- 478 . Jump up ^ Atack , J ( 1979 ) . `` Fact in Fiction ? Relative Costs of Steam and Water Power : A Simulation Approach '' . Explorations in Economic History . 16 : 409 -- 437 . doi : 10.1016 / 0014 - 4983 ( 79 ) 90029 - 9 . Jump up ^ Temin , P ( June 1966 ) . `` Steam and Waterpower in the Early Nineteenth Century '' . Journal of Economic History . Jump up ^ Krugman , P ( 1991 ) . Geography and Trade . MIT Press . ^ Jump up to : Zimmer , David ( 1982 ) . The Ohio River ; Gateway to Settlement . Indiana Historical Society . p. 72 . Jump up ^ Camfield , Gregg . `` Economic Development ; Mark Twain 's Mississippi '' . Mark Twain 's Mississippi . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Hedeen , Jane . `` The Economic Impact of the Steamboat '' ( PDF ) . Indiana Historical Society . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Williams , L.A. ( 1882 ) . History of the Ohio Falls Cities and their Counties : With illustrations and bibliographical sketches . Cleveland : L.A. Williams and Company . p. 220 . Jump up ^ `` History of Steamboat on the Mississippi River '' . Mississippi River Cruises . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . General The Growth of the Steam - engine . Robert H. Thurston , A.M. , C.E. , New York : D. Appleton and Comithcmpany , 1878 . Burstall , Aubrey F. ( 1965 ) . A History of Mechanical Engineering . The MIT Press . ISBN 0 - 262 - 52001 - X . Hills , Richard L. ( 1989 ) . Power from Steam . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 45834 - X . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steam_power_during_the_Industrial_Revolution&oldid=843569404 '' Categories : Industrial Revolution Steam power Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Talk Contents About Wikipedia Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 00 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which was not a source of energy introduced during the late 1800's	[]	[]
534264554061098484	Maxims of equity	Maxims of equity - wikipedia Maxims of equity Jump to : navigation , search Equitable doctrines Doctrines Equitable conversion Estoppel Hotchpot Knowing receipt Laches Marshalling Unconscionability Undue influence Subrogation Defences Bona fide purchaser Clean hands Equitable remedies Account of profits Constructive trust Declaratory relief Injunction Rectification Rescission Specific performance Tracing Related Court of Chancery Equitable interest History of equity Maxims of equity Trust law Main article : Equity ( law ) Maxims of equity are legal maxims that serve as a set of general principles or rules which are said to govern the way in which equity operates . They tend to illustrate the qualities of equity , in contrast to the common law , as a more flexible , responsive approach to the needs of the individual , inclined to take into account the parties ' conduct and worthiness . They were developed by the English Court of Chancery and other courts that administer equity jurisdiction , including the law of trusts . Although the most fundamental and time honored of the maxims , listed on this page , are often referred to on their own as the ' maxims of equity ' or ' the equitable maxims ' , it can not be said that there is a definitive list of them . Like other kinds of legal maxims or principles , they were originally , and sometimes still are , expressed in Latin . Contents ( hide ) 1 Role of maxims 2 List of maxims 2.1 Equity sees that as done what ought to be done 2.2 Equity will not suffer a wrong to be without a remedy 2.3 Equity delights in equality / Equality is equity ( Aequalitus est quasi equitas ) 2.4 One who seeks equity must do equity 2.5 Equity aids the vigilant not the indolent 2.6 Equity imputes an intent to fulfill an obligation 2.7 Equity acts in personam ( i.e. on persons rather than on objects ) 2.8 Equity abhors a forfeiture 2.9 Equity does not require an idle gesture 2.10 He who comes into equity must come with clean hands 2.11 Equity delights to do justice and not by halves 2.12 Equity will take jurisdiction to avoid a multiplicity of suits 2.13 Equity follows the law 2.14 Equity will not assist a volunteer 2.15 Where equities are equal , the law will prevail 2.16 Between equal equities the first in order of time shall prevail 2.17 Equity will not complete an imperfect gift 2.18 Equity will not allow a statute to be used as a cloak for fraud 2.19 Equity will not allow a trust to fail for want of a trustee 2.20 Equity regards the beneficiary as the true owner 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References Role of maxims ( edit ) Maxims of equity are not a rigid set of rules , but are , rather , general principles which can be deviated from in specific cases . Snell 's Equity , an English treatise , takes the view that the `` Maxims do not cover the whole ground , and moreover they overlap , one maxim contains by implication what belongs to another . Indeed it would not be difficult to reduce all under two : ' Equity will not suffer a wrong to be without a remedy ' and ' Equity acts on the person ' '' . List of maxims ( edit ) Equity sees that as done what ought to be done ( edit ) Sometimes phrased as `` equity regards as done what should have been done '' , this maxim means that when individuals are required , by their agreements or by law , to perform some act of legal significance , equity will regard that act as having been done as it ought to have been done , even before it has actually happened . This makes possible the legal phenomenon of equitable conversion . The consequences of this maxim , and of equitable conversion , are significant in their bearing on the risk of loss in transactions . When parties enter a contract for a sale of real property , the buyer is deemed to have obtained an equitable right that becomes a legal right only after the deal is completed . Due to his equitable interest in the outcome of the transaction , the buyer who suffers a breach may be entitled to the equitable remedy of specific performance ( although not always , see below ) . If he is successful in seeking a remedy at law , he is entitled to the value of the property at the time of breach regardless of whether it has appreciated or depreciated . The fact that the buyer may be forced to suffer a depreciation in the value of the property means that he bears the risk of loss if , for example , the improvements on the property he bought burn down while he is still in escrow . Problems may sometimes arise because , through some lapse or omission , insurance coverage is not in force at the time a claim is made . If the policyholder has clearly been at fault in this connection , because , for example , he has not paid premiums when he should have , then it will normally be quite reasonable for an insurer to decline to meet the claim . However , it gets more difficult if the policyholder is no more at fault than the insurer . The fair solution in the circumstances may be arrived at by applying the principle that equity regards that as done that ought to be done . In other words , what would the position have been if what should have been done had been done ? Thus , in one case , premiums on a life insurance policy were overdue . The insurer 's letter to the policyholder warning him of this fact was never received by the policyholder , who died shortly after the policy consequently lapsed . It was clear that if the notice had been received by the policyholder , he or his wife would have taken steps to ensure the policy continued in force , because the policyholder was terminally ill at the time and the coverage provided by the policy was something his wife was plainly going to require in the foreseeable future . Since the policyholder would have been fully entitled to pay the outstanding premium at that stage , regardless of his physical condition , the insurer ( with some persuasion from the Bureau ) agreed that the matter should be dealt with as if the policyholder had done so . In other words , his widow was entitled to the sum assured less the outstanding premium . In other similar cases , however , it has not been possible to follow the same principle because there has not been sufficiently clear evidence that the policy would have been renewed . Another illustration of the application of this equitable principle was in connection with motor vehicle insurance . A policyholder was provided with coverage on the basis that she was entitled to a `` no claims '' discount from her previous insurer . Confirmation to this effect from the previous insurer was required . When that was not forthcoming , her coverage was cancelled by the brokers who had issued the initial coverage note . This was done without reference to the insurer concerned whose normal practice in such circumstances would have been to maintain coverage and to require payment of the full premium until proof of the no claims discount was forthcoming . Such proof was eventually obtained by the policyholder , but only after she had been involved in an accident after the cancellation by the brokers of the policy . Here again , the fair outcome was to look at what would have happened if the insurer 's normal practice had been followed . In such circumstances , the policyholder would plainly have still had a policy at the time of the accident . The insurer itself had not acted incorrectly at any stage . However , in the circumstances , it was equitable for it to meet the claim . Equity will not suffer a wrong to be without a remedy ( edit ) When seeking an equitable relief , the one that has been wronged has the stronger hand . The stronger hand is the one that has the capacity to ask for a legal remedy ( judicial relief ) . In equity , this form of remedy is usually one of specific performance or an injunction ( injunctive relief ) . These are superior remedies to those administered at common law such as damages . The Latin legal maxim is ubi jus ibi remedium ( `` where there is a right , there must be a remedy '' ) , sometimes cited as ubi jus ibi remediam . The maxim is necessarily subordinate to positive principles and can not be applied either to subvert established rules of law or to give the courts a jurisdiction hitherto unknown , and it is only in a general not in a literal sense that the maxim has force . Case law dealing with the principle of this maxim at law include Ashby v White and Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents . The application of this principle at law was key in the decision of Marbury v. Madison , wherein it was necessary to establish that Marbury had a right to his commission in the first place in order for Chief Justice Marshall to make his more wide - ranging decision . Equity delights in equality / equality is equity ( aequalitus est quasi equitas ) ( edit ) Where two persons have an equal right , the property will be divided equally . This maxim flows from the fundamental notion of equality or impartiality due to the conception of Equity and is the source of many equitable doctrines . The maxim is of very wide application . The rule of ordinary law may give one party an advantage over the other . But , the court of equity where it can , put the litigating parties on a footing of equality . Equity proceeds in the principle that a right or liability should as far as possible , be equalized among all interested . In the Simple Word 's then Two parties have equal Rights in any of property so the same was distributed equal as per their concerned Law . One who seeks equity must do equity ( edit ) To receive equitable relief , the petitioning party must be willing to complete all of its own obligations as well . The applicant to a court of equity is just as much subject to the power of that court as the defendant . This maxim may also overlap with the clean hands maxim ( see below ) . Equity aids the vigilant not the indolent ( edit ) Vigilantibus non dormientibus aequitas subvenit . A person who has been wronged must act relatively swiftly to preserve their rights . Otherwise , they are guilty of laches , an untoward delay in litigation with the presumed intent of denying claims . This differs from a statute of limitations , in that a delay is particularized to individual situations , rather than a general prescribed legal amount of time . In addition , even where a limitation period has not yet run , laches may still occur . The equitable rule of laches and acquiescence was first introduced in Chief Young Dede v. African Association Ltd Alternatives : Delay defeats equity Equity aids the vigilant , not those who sleep on their rights Equity imputes an intent to fulfill an obligation ( edit ) Generally speaking , near performance of a general obligation will be treated as sufficient unless the law requires perfect performance , such as in the exercise of an option . Text writers give an example of a debtor leaving a legacy to his creditor equal to or greater than his obligation . Equity regards such a gift as performance of the obligation so the creditor can not claim both the legacy and payment of the debt . Where a claimant is under an obligation to do one thing but does another , his action may be treated as close enough approximation of the required act . A claimant who has undertaken an obligation , will , through his later conduct be interpreted as fulfilment of that obligation . Equity acts in personam ( i.e. on persons rather than on objects ) ( edit ) In England , there was a distinction drawn between the jurisdiction of the law courts and that of the chancery court . Courts of law had jurisdiction over property as well as persons and their coercive power arose out of their ability to adjust ownership rights . Courts of equity had power over persons . Their coercive power arose from the ability , on authority of the crown , to hold a violator in contempt , and take away his or her freedom ( or money ) until he or she purged himself or herself of his or her contumacious behavior . This distinction helped preserve a separation of powers between the two courts . Nevertheless , courts of equity also developed a doctrine that an applicant must assert a `` property interest '' . This was a limitation on their own power to issue relief . This does not mean that the courts of equity had taken jurisdiction over property . Rather , it means that they came to require that the applicant assert a right of some significant substance as opposed to a claim for relief based on an injury to mere emotional or dignitary interests . Equity abhors a forfeiture ( edit ) Today , a mortgagor refers to his interest in the property as his `` equity '' . The origin of the concept , however , was actually a mirror - image of the current practice . At common law , a mortgage was a conveyance of the property , with a condition subsequent , that if the grantor paid the secured indebtedness to the grantee on or before a date certain ( the `` law '' day ) then the conveyance would be void , otherwise to remain in full force and effect . As was inevitable , debtors would be unable to pay on the law day , and if they tendered the debt after the time had passed , the creditor owed no duty to give the land back . So then the debtor would run to the court of equity , plead that there was an unconscionable forfeiture about to occur , and beg the court to grant an equitable decree requiring the lender to surrender the property upon payment of the secured debt with interest to date . And the equity courts granted these petitions quite regularly and often without regard for the amount of time that had lapsed since the law day had passed . The lender could interpose a defense of laches , saying that so much time had gone by ( and so much improvement and betterment had taken place ) that it would be inequitable to require undoing the finality of the mortgage conveyance . Other defenses , including equitable estoppel , were used to bar redemption as well . This unsettling system had a negative impact on the willingness of lenders to accept real estate as collateral security for loans . Since a lender could not re-sell the property until it had been in uncontested possession for years , or unless it could show changed circumstances , the value of real estate collateral was significantly impaired . Impaired , that is , until lawyers concocted the bill of foreclosure , whereby a mortgagee could request a decree that unless the mortgagor paid the debt by a date certain ( and after the law date set in the mortgage ) , the mortgagor would thereafter be barred and foreclosed of all right , title and equity of redemption in and to the mortgaged premises . To complete the circle , one needs to understand that when a mortgagor fails to pay an installment when due , and the mortgagee accelerates the mortgage , requiring immediate repayment of the entire mortgage indebtedness , the mortgagor does not have a right to pay the past - due installment ( s ) and have the mortgage reinstated . In Graf v. Hope Building Corp. , the New York Court of Appeals observed that in such a case , there was no forfeiture , only the operation of a clause fair on its face , to which the mortgagor had freely assented . In the latter 20th Century , New York 's lower courts eroded the Graf doctrine to such a degree that it appears that it is no longer the law , and that a court of conscience has the power to mandate that a default be excused if it is equitable to do so . Of course , now that the pendulum is swinging in the opposite direction , we can expect courts to explain where the limits on the newly expanded equity of redemption lie ... and it is probably not a coincidence that the cases that have eroded Graf v. Hope Building Corp. have been accompanied by the rise of arbitration as a means for enforcing mortgages . Equity does not require an idle gesture ( edit ) Also : Equity will not compel a court to do a vain and useless thing . It would be an idle gesture for the court to grant reformation of a contract and then to deny to the prevailing party an opportunity to perform it as modified . He who comes into equity must come with clean hands ( edit ) It is often stated that one who comes into equity must come with clean hands ( or alternatively , equity will not permit a party to profit by his own wrong ) . In other words , if you ask for help about the actions of someone else but have acted wrongly , then you do not have clean hands and you may not receive the help you seek . For example , if you desire your tenant to vacate , you must have not violated the tenant 's rights . However , the requirement of clean hands does not mean that a `` bad person '' can not obtain the aid of equity . `` Equity does not demand that its suitors shall have led blameless lives . '' The defense of unclean hands only applies if there is a nexus between the applicant 's wrongful act and the rights he wishes to enforce . In D & C Builders Ltd v Rees , a small building firm did some work on the house of a couple named Rees . The bill came to £ 732 , of which the Rees had already paid £ 250 . When the builders asked for the balance of £ 482 , the Rees announced that the work was defective , and they were only prepared to pay £ 300 . As the builders were in serious financial difficulties ( as the Rees knew ) , they reluctantly accepted the £ 300 `` in completion of the account '' . The decision to accept the money would not normally be binding in contract law , and afterwards the builders sued the Rees for the outstanding amount . The Rees claimed that the court should apply the doctrine of promissory estoppel , which can make promises binding even when unsupported by consideration . However , Lord Denning refused to apply the doctrine , on the grounds that the Rees had taken unfair advantage of the builders ' financial difficulties , and therefore had not come `` with clean hands '' . Equity delights to do Justice and not by halves ( edit ) When a court of equity is presented with a good claim to equitable relief , and it is clear that the plaintiff also sustained monetary damages , the court of equity has jurisdiction to render legal relief , e.g. , monetary damages . Hence equity does not stop at granting equitable relief , but goes on to render a full and complete collection of remedies . Equity will take jurisdiction to avoid a multiplicity of suits ( edit ) Thus , `` where a court of equity has all the parties before it , it will adjudicate upon all of the rights of the parties connected with the subject matter of the action , so as to avoid a multiplicity of suits . '' This is the basis for the procedures of interpleader , class action , and the more rarely used Bill of Peace . Equity follows the law ( edit ) This maxim , also expressed as Aequitas sequitur legem , means more fully that `` equity will not allow a remedy that is contrary to law . '' The Court of Chancery never claimed to override the courts of common law . Story states `` where a rule , either of the common or the statute law is direct , and governs the case with all its circumstances , or the particular point , a court of equity is as much bound by it as a court of law , and can as little justify a departure from it . '' According to Edmund Henry Turner Snell , `` It is only when there is some important circumstance disregarded by the common law rules that equity interferes . '' Cardozo wrote in his dissent in Graf v. Hope Building Corporation , 254 N.Y 1 at 9 ( 1930 ) , `` Equity works as a supplement for law and does not supersede the prevailing law . '' Maitland says , `` We ought not to think of common law and equity as of two rival systems . '' `` Equity had come not to destroy the law , but to fulfil it . Every jot and every title of law was to be obeyed , but when all this had been done yet something might be needful , something that equity would require . '' The goal of law and equity was the same but due to historical reasons they chose a different path . Equity respected every word of law and every right at law but where the law was defective , in those cases , equity provides equitable right and remedies . In the Province of Ontario , Canada , instead of equity following the law , the law follows equity -- as per the Ontario Courts of Justice Act : ( 2 ) Where a rule of equity conflicts with a rule of the common law , the rule of equity prevails . R.S.O. 1990 , c. C. 43 , s . 96 ( 2 ) ; 1993 , c. 27 , Sched . Equity will not assist a volunteer ( edit ) A volunteer is defined in equity as one who has not offered consideration for a benefit they have received or expect to receive . For example , if a person A expects from past conversations and friendship to receive property under any will of person B , but person B dies before writing this into their will , person A , having not made any contribution to person B , will not be able to seek equity 's aid . This maxim is very important in restitution . Restitution developed as a series of writs called special assumpsit , which were later additions in the courts of law , and were more flexible tools of recovery , based on equity . Restitution could provide means of recovery when people bestowed benefits on one another ( such as giving money or providing services ) according to contracts that would have been legally unenforceable . However , pursuant to the equitable maxim , restitution does not allow a volunteer or `` officious intermeddler '' to recover . Those successfully pleading benefitt from an estoppel ( promise relied on to their detriment ) will not be considered volunteers for the purpose of this maxim . Where equities are equal , the law will prevail ( edit ) Equity will provide no specific remedies where the parties ' causes are to be seen to be equal , or where neither has been wronged . The significance of this maxim is that applicants to the chancellors often did so because of the formal pleading of the law courts , and the lack of flexibility they offered to litigants . Law courts and legislature , as lawmakers , through the limits of the substantive law they had created , thus inculcated a certain status quo that affected private conduct , and private ordering of disputes . Equity could alter that status quo , ignoring the clearly imposed limits of legal relief , or legal defences . But courts applying equity are reluctant to do so . This maxim reflects this . If the law firmly denied a cause of action or suggested equities between the parties were as a matter of policy equal , equity would provide no relief ; if the law did provide relief , then the applicant would be obligated to bring a legal , rather than equitable action . This maxim overlaps with the previously mentioned `` equity follows the law . '' Between equal equities the first in order of time shall prevail ( edit ) This maxim operates where there are two or more competing equitable interests ; when two equities are equal the original interest ( i.e. , the first in time ) will succeed . Equity will not complete an imperfect gift ( edit ) If a donor has made an imperfect gift , i.e. lacking the formalities required at common law , equity will not assist the intended donee . This maxim is a subset of equity will not assist a volunteer . Note the exception in Strong v Bird ( 1874 ) LR 18 Eq 315 . If the donor appoints the intended donee as executor of his / her will , and the donor subsequently dies , equity will perfect the imperfect gift . Equity will not allow a statute to be used as a cloak for fraud ( edit ) Equity prevents a party from relying upon an absence of a statutory formality if to do so would be unconscionable and unfair . This can occur in secret trusts , constructive trusts etc . Equity will not allow a trust to fail for want of a trustee ( edit ) If there is no trustee , whoever has legal title to the trust property will be considered the trustee . Otherwise , a court may appoint a trustee . In Ireland , the trustee may be any administrator of a charity to which the trust is related . Equity regards the beneficiary as the true owner ( edit ) Due to limits in old Common Law , no remedy was had for beneficiaries if , for example , a trustee ran off with the trust property . To remedy this and protect intended recipients of trust property , Equity regarded the beneficiary as the true ( eventual ) owners of the trust property . See also ( edit ) Brocard ( law ) English trusts law Legal maxim List of legal Latin terms Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Edwards , Richard ; Stockwell , Nigel ( 2005 ) . Trusts and Equity ( 7 ed . ) . Pearson Education . p. 34 . ISBN 1 - 4058 - 1227 - 3 . Jump up ^ http://catalogue.pearsoned.co.uk/assets/hip/gb/uploads/M02_EDWA3458_10_SE_C02.pdf . - The maxims of equity Jump up ^ See J Martin , Hanbury and Martin 's Modern Equity ( 19th edn Sweet and Maxwell 2012 ) 1 - 024 Jump up ^ Snell , Edmund Henry Turner ; Megarry , R.E. ; Baker , P.V. ( 1960 ) . Snell 's Principles of Equity ( 25 ed . ) . London : Sweet & Maxwell . p. 24 . OL 21567635M . Jump up ^ Ashby v White ( 1703 ) 92 ER 126 Jump up ^ Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents , 403 U.S. 388 ( 1971 ) Jump up ^ Marbury v. Madison , 5 U.S. ( 1 Cranch ) 137 ( 1803 ) Jump up ^ Chief Young Dede v. African Association Ltd ( 1910 ) 1 N.L.R 130 at 133 Jump up ^ Graf v. Hope Building Corp. , 254 NY 1 ( 1930 ) Jump up ^ See Osborne , Real Estate Finance Law ( West , 1979 ) , Chapter 7 Jump up ^ Tinsley v Milligan ( 1993 ) UKHL 3 , House of Lords ( UK ) . Jump up ^ Loughran v. Loughran , 292 U.S. 216 , 229 ( 1934 ) , ( Brandeis , J . ) Jump up ^ D & C Builders Ltd v Rees ( 1965 ) EWCA Civ 3 , Court of Appeal ( England and Wales ) . Jump up ^ Mrs Rees : `` My husband will pay you £ 300 . It is all you 'll get . It is to be in satisfaction '' . Jump up ^ Promissory estoppel was established by Denning J in Central London Property Trust Ltd v High Trees House Ltd ( 1947 ) KB 130 . Jump up ^ Burnworth v. Hughes , 670 P. 2d 917 , 922 ( Kan . 1983 ) Jump up ^ Story , Joseph ; Randell , Alfred Edward ( 1920 ) . Story on Equity ( third English ed . ) . Sweet & Maxwell . p. 34 . Jump up ^ Snell , Edmund Henry Turner ( 1929 ) . Snell 's Principles of Equity ( 20 ed . ) . London : Sweet & Maxwell . p. 24 . quoted in Williams , James ( 1932 ) . The Statute of Frauds , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Maitland , Frederic William ( 1932 ) . Equity ; Also the Forms of Action at Common Law : Two Courses of Lectures , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Maitland ( 1932 ) , p. 17 . Jump up ^ `` Law Document English View '' . Ontario.ca. 2014 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ Mann , Trischa ( 2013 ) . Australian Law Dictionary 2nd ed . Australia : Oxford University Press . p. 756 . ISBN 9780195518511 . Jump up ^ Corin v Patton ( 1990 ) HCHA 12 , ( 1990 ) 169 CLR 540 , Australia ) . References ( edit ) J Martin , Hanbury and Martin 's Modern Equity ( 19th edn Sweet and Maxwell 2012 ) ch 1 Henry R. Gibson , A.M. , LL. D. Suits in Chancery : Setting forth the Principles , Pleadings , Practice , Proofs and Processes of The Jurisprudence of Equity ( 1907 Gaut - Ogden Co. , Knoxville , Tenn . ) ( https://archive.org/details/cu31924084259872 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maxims_of_equity&oldid=843068406 '' Categories : Equity ( law ) Legal doctrines and principles Legal history of England Hidden categories : Articles needing more detailed references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 17 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who seeks equity must come with clean hands	[]	[]
5646160948010041058	Lorenz curve	Lorenz curve - wikipedia Lorenz curve In economics , the Lorenz curve is a graphical representation of the distribution of income or of wealth . It was developed by Max O. Lorenz in 1905 for representing inequality of the wealth distribution . The curve is a graph showing the proportion of overall income or wealth assumed by the bottom x % of the people , although this is not rigorously true for a finite population ( see below ) . It is often used to represent income distribution , where it shows for the bottom x % of households , what percentage ( y % ) of the total income they have . The percentage of households is plotted on the x-axis , the percentage of income on the y - axis . It can also be used to show distribution of assets . In such use , many economists consider it to be a measure of social inequality . The concept is useful in describing inequality among the size of individuals in ecology and in studies of biodiversity , where the cumulative proportion of species is plotted against the cumulative proportion of individuals . It is also useful in business modeling : e.g. , in consumer finance , to measure the actual percentage y % of delinquencies attributable to the x % of people with worst risk scores . A typical Lorenz curve Contents 1 Explanation 2 Definition and calculation 3 Properties 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Explanation ( edit ) Points on the Lorenz curve represent statements like `` the bottom 20 % of all households have 10 % of the total income . '' A perfectly equal income distribution would be one in which every person has the same income . In this case , the bottom N % of society would always have N % of the income . This can be depicted by the straight line y = x ; called the `` line of perfect equality . '' By contrast , a perfectly unequal distribution would be one in which one person has all the income and everyone else has none . In that case , the curve would be at y = 0 % for all x < 100 % , and y = 100 % when x = 100 % . This curve is called the `` line of perfect inequality . '' The Gini coefficient is the ratio of the area between the line of perfect equality and the observed Lorenz curve to the area between the line of perfect equality and the line of perfect inequality . The higher the coefficient , the more unequal the distribution is . In the diagram on the right , this is given by the ratio A / ( A + B ) , where A and B are the areas of regions as marked in the diagram . Definition and calculation ( edit ) The Lorenz curve can usually be represented by a function L ( F ) , where F , the cumulative portion of the population , is represented by the horizontal axis , and L , the cumulative portion of the total wealth or income , is represented by the vertical axis . For a population of size n , with a sequence of values y , i = 1 to n , that are indexed in non-decreasing order ( y ≤ y ) , the Lorenz curve is the continuous piecewise linear function connecting the points ( F , L ) , i = 0 to n , where F = 0 , L = 0 , and for i = 1 to n : F i = i / n ( \ displaystyle F_ ( i ) = i / n \ , ) S i = Σ j = 1 i y j ( \ displaystyle S_ ( i ) = \ Sigma _ ( j = 1 ) ^ ( i ) \ ; y_ ( j ) \ , ) L i = S i / S n ( \ displaystyle L_ ( i ) = S_ ( i ) / S_ ( n ) \ , ) For a discrete probability function f ( y ) , let y , i = 1 to n , be the points with non-zero probabilities indexed in increasing order ( y < y ) . The Lorenz curve is the continuous piecewise linear function connecting the points ( F , L ) , i = 0 to n , where F = 0 , L = 0 , and for i = 1 to n : F i = Σ j = 1 i f ( y j ) ( \ displaystyle F_ ( i ) = \ Sigma _ ( j = 1 ) ^ ( i ) \ ; f ( y_ ( j ) ) \ , ) S i = Σ j = 1 i f ( y j ) y j ( \ displaystyle S_ ( i ) = \ Sigma _ ( j = 1 ) ^ ( i ) \ ; f ( y_ ( j ) ) \ , y_ ( j ) \ , ) L i = S i / S n ( \ displaystyle L_ ( i ) = S_ ( i ) / S_ ( n ) \ , ) For a probability density function f ( x ) with the cumulative distribution function F ( x ) , the Lorenz curve L is given by : L ( F ( x ) ) = ∫ − ∞ x t f ( t ) d t ∫ − ∞ ∞ t f ( t ) d t = ∫ − ∞ x t f ( t ) d t μ ( \ displaystyle L ( F ( x ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ int _ ( - \ infty ) ^ ( x ) t \ , f ( t ) \ , dt ) ( \ int _ ( - \ infty ) ^ ( \ infty ) t \ , f ( t ) \ , dt ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ int _ ( - \ infty ) ^ ( x ) t \ , f ( t ) \ , dt ) ( \ mu ) ) ) where μ ( \ displaystyle \ mu ) denotes the average . The Lorenz curve L ( F ) may then be plotted as a function parametric in x : L ( x ) vs. F ( x ) . In other contexts , the quantity computed here is known as the length biased ( or size biased ) distribution ; it also has an important role in renewal theory . Alternatively , for a cumulative distribution function F ( x ) with inverse x ( F ) , the Lorenz curve L ( F ) is directly given by : L ( F ) = ∫ 0 F x ( F 1 ) d F 1 ∫ 0 1 x ( F 1 ) d F 1 ( \ displaystyle L ( F ) = ( \ frac ( \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( F ) x ( F_ ( 1 ) ) \ , dF_ ( 1 ) ) ( \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( 1 ) x ( F_ ( 1 ) ) \ , dF_ ( 1 ) ) ) ) The inverse x ( F ) may not exist because the cumulative distribution function has intervals of constant values . However , the previous formula can still apply by generalizing the definition of x ( F ) : x ( F ) = inf ( y : F ( y ) ≥ F ) For an example of a Lorenz curve , see Pareto distribution . Properties ( edit ) A practical example of a Lorenz curve : the Lorenz curves of Denmark , Hungary , and Namibia A Lorenz curve always starts at ( 0 , 0 ) and ends at ( 1 , 1 ) . The Lorenz curve is not defined if the mean of the probability distribution is zero or infinite . The Lorenz curve for a probability distribution is a continuous function . However , Lorenz curves representing discontinuous functions can be constructed as the limit of Lorenz curves of probability distributions , the line of perfect inequality being an example . The information in a Lorenz curve may be summarized by the Gini coefficient and the Lorenz asymmetry coefficient . The Lorenz curve can not rise above the line of perfect equality . If the variable being measured can not take negative values , the Lorenz curve : can not sink below the line of perfect inequality , is increasing . Note however that a Lorenz curve for net worth would start out by going negative due to the fact that some people have a negative net worth because of debt . The Lorenz curve is invariant under positive scaling . If X is a random variable , for any positive number c the random variable c X has the same Lorenz curve as X . The Lorenz curve is flipped twice , once about F = 0.5 and once about L = 0.5 , by negation . If X is a random variable with Lorenz curve L ( F ) , then − X has the Lorenz curve : L = 1 − L ( 1 − F ) The Lorenz curve is changed by translations so that the equality gap F − L ( F ) changes in proportion to the ratio of the original and translated means . If X is a random variable with a Lorenz curve L ( F ) and mean μ , then for any constant c ≠ − μ , X + c has a Lorenz curve defined by : F − L X + c ( F ) = μ X μ X + c ( F − L X ( F ) ) ( \ displaystyle F - L_ ( X + c ) ( F ) = ( \ frac ( \ mu _ ( X ) ) ( \ mu _ ( X ) + c ) ) ( F - L_ ( X ) ( F ) ) \ , ) For a cumulative distribution function F ( x ) with mean μ and ( generalized ) inverse x ( F ) , then for any F with 0 < F < 1 : If the Lorenz curve is differentiable : d L ( F ) d F = x ( F ) μ ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( dL ( F ) ) ( dF ) ) = ( \ frac ( x ( F ) ) ( \ mu ) ) ) If the Lorenz curve is twice differentiable , then the probability density function f ( x ) exists at that point and : d 2 L ( F ) d F 2 = 1 μ f ( x ( F ) ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( d ^ ( 2 ) L ( F ) ) ( dF ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ mu \ , f ( x ( F ) ) ) ) \ , ) If L ( F ) is continuously differentiable , then the tangent of L ( F ) is parallel to the line of perfect equality at the point F ( μ ) . This is also the point at which the equality gap F − L ( F ) , the vertical distance between the Lorenz curve and the line of perfect equality , is greatest . The size of the gap is equal to half of the relative mean absolute deviation : F ( μ ) − L ( F ( μ ) ) = mean absolute deviation 2 μ ( \ displaystyle F ( \ mu ) - L ( F ( \ mu ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ text ( mean absolute deviation ) ) ( 2 \ , \ mu ) ) ) See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lorenz curve . Distribution ( economics ) Distribution of wealth Welfare economics Income inequality metrics Gini coefficient Hoover index ( a.k.a. Robin Hood index ) ROC analysis Social welfare ( political science ) Economic inequality Zipf 's law Pareto distribution Mean deviation References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Damgaard , Christian ; Jacob Weiner ( 2000 ) . `` Describing inequality in plant size or fecundity '' . Ecology. 81 ( 4 ) : 1139 -- 1142 . doi : 10.1890 / 0012 - 9658 ( 2000 ) 081 ( 1139 : DIIPSO ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . Jump up ^ Wittebolle , Lieven ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Initial community evenness favours functionality under selective stress '' . Nature . 458 ( 7238 ) : 623 -- 626 . Bibcode : 2009Natur. 458 ... 623W . doi : 10.1038 / nature07840 . PMID 19270679 . Further reading ( edit ) Lorenz , M.O. ( 1905 ) . `` Methods of measuring the concentration of wealth '' . Publications of the American Statistical Association . Publications of the American Statistical Association , Vol. 9 , No. 70 . 9 ( 70 ) : 209 -- 219 . Bibcode : 1905PAmSA ... 9 ... 209L . doi : 10.2307 / 2276207 . JSTOR 2276207 . Gastwirth , Joseph L. ( 1972 ) . `` The Estimation of the Lorenz Curve and Gini Index '' . The Review of Economics and Statistics . The Review of Economics and Statistics , Vol. 54 , No. 3 . 54 ( 3 ) : 306 -- 316 . doi : 10.2307 / 1937992 . JSTOR 1937992 . Chakravarty , S.R. ( 1990 ) . Ethical Social Index Numbers . New York : Springer - Verlag . ISBN 0 - 387 - 52274 - 3 . Anand , Sudhir ( 1983 ) . Inequality and Poverty in Malaysia . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 520153 - 1 . External links ( edit ) WIID : World Income Inequality Database , a source of information on inequality , collected by WIDER ( World Institute for Development Economics Research , part of United Nations University ) glcurve : Stata module to plot Lorenz curve ( type `` findit glcurve '' or `` ssc install glcurve '' in Stata prompt to install ) Free add - on to STATA to compute inequality and poverty measures Free Online Software ( Calculator ) computes the Gini Coefficient , plots the Lorenz curve , and computes many other measures of concentration for any dataset Free Calculator : Online and downloadable scripts ( Python and Lua ) for Atkinson , Gini , and Hoover inequalities Users of the R data analysis software can install the `` ineq '' package which allows for computation of a variety of inequality indices including Gini , Atkinson , Theil . A MATLAB Inequality Package , including code for computing Gini , Atkinson , Theil indexes and for plotting the Lorenz Curve . Many examples are available . A complete handout about the Lorenz curve including various applications , including an Excel spreadsheet graphing Lorenz curves and calculating Gini coefficients as well as coefficients of variation . LORENZ 3.0 is a Mathematica notebook which draw sample Lorenz curves and calculates Gini coefficients and Lorenz asymmetry coefficients from data in an Excel sheet . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lorenz_curve&oldid=848590659 '' Categories : Economics curves Welfare economics Statistical charts and diagrams Income inequality metrics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 Հայերեն עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Basa Sunda Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 July 2018 , at 23 : 01 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	a lorenz curve can be used by economists to do which of the following	[]	[]
-692550472589456314	A Storm of Swords	A Storm of Swords - wikipedia A Storm of Swords Jump to : navigation , search A Storm of Swords US hardcover edition Author George R.R. Martin Audio read by Roy Dotrice Cover artist Stephen Youll Country United States Language English Series A Song of Ice and Fire Genre Fantasy Published 2000 ( Voyager Books / UK & Bantam Spectra / US ) Pages 973 Award Locus Award for Best Fantasy Novel ( 2001 ) ISBN 0 - 553 - 10663 - 5 ( US Hardback ) ISBN 0 - 00 - 224586 - 8 ( UK Hardback ) OCLC 44676135 Dewey Decimal 813 /. 54 21 LC Class PS3563. A7239 S7 2000 Preceded by A Clash of Kings Followed by A Feast for Crows A Storm of Swords is the third of seven planned novels in A Song of Ice and Fire , a fantasy series by American author George R.R. Martin . It was first published on August 8 , 2000 , in the United Kingdom , with a United States edition following in November 2000 . Its publication was preceded by a novella called Path of the Dragon , which collects some of the Daenerys Targaryen chapters from the novel into a single book . At the time of its publication , A Storm of Swords was the longest novel in the series . It was so long that in the UK , Australia and Israel its paperback edition was split in half , Part 1 being published as Steel and Snow in June 2001 ( with the one - volume cover ) and Part 2 as Blood and Gold in August 2001 ( with a specially - commissioned new cover ) . The same division was used in the Polish and Greek editions . In France , the decision was made to cut the novel into four separate volumes . A Storm of Swords won the 2001 Locus Award , the 2002 Geffen Award for Best Novel and was nominated for the 2001 Nebula Award for Best Novel . It was the first novel in the series to be nominated for the Hugo Award , one of the two most prestigious awards in science fiction and fantasy publishing , although it lost to J.K. Rowling 's novel Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire . Meisha Merlin Publishing , which had previously issued limited , illustrated editions of both A Game of Thrones and A Clash of Kings , was planning to release a similar version for A Storm of Swords in two volumes ; however , lengthy delays in the release of A Clash of Kings caused it to lose its publishing rights , which were picked up by Subterranean Press . This edition , illustrated by Charles Vess , was released in the summer of 2006 . A Storm of Swords is also the name of the second expansion to the board game A Game of Thrones , released in July 2006 . Approximately the first half of the novel was adapted for television as the third season of the HBO show Game of Thrones , while the second half became the basis for the series ' fourth season , and some elements for the series ' fifth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 1.1 In the Seven Kingdoms 1.1. 1 The North / The Riverlands 1.1. 2 The South / King 's Landing 1.2 On the Wall 1.3 Across the Narrow Sea 2 Characters 3 Development 4 Editions 5 Reception 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Plot summary ( edit ) `` The Red Wedding '' redirects here . For the television adaptation of the scene , see The Rains of Castamere . A Storm of Swords picks up the story slightly before the end of its predecessor , A Clash of Kings . The Seven Kingdoms of Westeros are still in the grip of the War of the Five Kings , wherein Joffrey Baratheon and Stannis Baratheon compete for the Iron Throne while Robb Stark and Balon Greyjoy declare their independence . Meanwhile , a large host of wildlings approach the Wall under the leadership of Mance Rayder , the self - proclaimed `` King Beyond the Wall '' , with only the undermanned Night 's Watch in opposition . Finally , Daenerys Targaryen approaches Pentos . In the seven Kingdoms ( edit ) The North / the Riverlands ( edit ) At Riverrun , Catelyn Stark offers the captive Jaime Lannister his freedom in exchange for Catelyn 's daughters , Sansa and Arya , who Catelyn believes are held by the Lannisters in King 's Landing . Jaime is sent south , escorted by Brienne of Tarth . Catelyn makes this deal without the approval of her son Robb , the King in the North , and is taken prisoner upon its discovery . Robb 's army returns to Riverrun , having vanquished Tywin Lannister 's armies in the Westerlands , and Robb reveals that he has married Jeyne Westerling , invalidating his promise to be wed to a daughter of House Frey . Jaime 's release infuriates Lord Rickard Karstark , whose two sons Eddard and Torrhen had been killed by Jaime in battle ; and in revenge , Karstark kills two young Lannister captives . To secure his authority and atone for these deaths ( thus preventing the Lannisters from executing Stark prisoners ) , Robb executes Lord Rickard , losing the support of House Karstark as a result . Jaime and Brienne are waylaid by the Brave Companions ( now in the service of Roose Bolton ) and taken to Harrenhal . Their captain Vargo Hoat orders Jaime 's sword hand cut off , hoping the blame will be placed on Bolton , but Jaime is sent to King 's Landing after he assures Lord Bolton he will absolve him to his father . Brienne is thrown into a bear pit by Hoat , and Jaime risks his own life to rescue her . He also tells her that he had killed the former King Aerys II Targaryen because he planned to burn the city and its inhabitants with wildfire to spite Robert Baratheon . Robb 's forces dwindle further at the Battle of Duskendale , wherein the eastern half of the Stark 's armies , under the command of Roose Bolton , are ambushed by a joint army under Gregor Clegane and Lord Randyll Tarly . More losses are taken as the army retreats . Meanwhile , the Greyjoys now hold the Neck , having taken Moat Cailin , thus barring Robb from returning to his homeland . To recapture Moat Cailin from the Greyjoys , Robb relies on the support of the Freys . When Lord Hoster Tully dies , Catelyn 's brother Edmure becomes Lord of Riverrun and Lord Paramount of the Trident . Robb gains renewed hope when he learns that Balon Greyjoy has died in a fall from a bridge , whereafter two of Balon 's brothers , as well as his daughter Asha , vie to succeed him . The Freys propose a wedding between Edmure and Roslin Frey , one of Lord Walder Frey 's daughters , to compensate for the loss of Robb 's marriage . Arya Stark and her friends encounter the `` Brotherhood Without Banners '' , led by Lord Beric Dondarrion and the red priest Thoros of Myr : originally sent by Eddard Stark to put down the Lannister raids , the band now defends the smallfolk of the Riverlands . The group encounters Sandor Clegane , known as the Hound , who abandoned Joffrey during the Battle of the Blackwater , and offers him trial by battle , which he wins by killing Beric , but Thoros resurrects Beric thereafter . Arya is kidnapped by the Hound for ransom , and they proceed to Riverrun . On their journey , they discover that Robb and Catelyn will be at Edmure 's wedding at the Frey bridge - stronghold The Twins , and change their destination accordingly . Robb Stark 's army reaches the Twins , where Walder agrees to forgive Robb if the wedding between Edmure and Roslin takes place . At the wedding celebration , the Boltons and Freys turn on the Stark soldiers , massacring the Stark forces . Robb is murdered by Roose Bolton , while Catelyn has her throat cut by Raymund Frey and her body is thrown into the adjacent river . Many of the northern lords are killed , and the survivors captured . Edmure , after consummating his marriage , is kept as a hostage . These events become known as the Red Wedding . It is thereafter revealed that Roose Bolton engineered the defeat at Duskendale by sending Robb 's soldiers into a trap set by the Lannisters , while holding his own forces in reserve , and arranging that all but his own forces would be slaughtered in rearguard . The combined effect was to kill off the forces of other Northern houses loyal to Robb while leaving the Bolton army unscathed . Tywin Lannister ( the King 's Hand and grandfather ) rewards Roose by naming House Bolton the Great House of the North , in place of House Stark . The crown also legitimizes Roose 's bastard son Ramsay Snow as a Bolton and the new Lord of Winterfell . Arya and the Hound arrive at the outskirts of the castle as the Red Wedding is taking place ; to keep her from running inside to her death , the Hound knocks Arya unconscious and takes her downriver . As she sleeps , Arya sees through the eyes of her long - missing direwolf , Nymeria , that her mother Catelyn is dead , the direwolf pulling Catelyn 's body from the river . Arya and the Hound encounter Gregor Clegane 's men , by whom the Hound is wounded . His wound becomes infected , and Arya abandons him . She finds a ship from the Free City of Braavos , but the captain refuses her passage until she offers him the coin and password `` Valar Morghulis '' , given to her by Jaqen H'ghar . The captain replies `` Valar Dohaeris '' , and they set sail for Braavos . In the epilogue , a re-animated but decayed and mutilated Catelyn , now under the name Lady Stoneheart , is leading the Brotherhood Without Banners , Beric having given his life to resurrect her , and she oversees the lynching of two Freys present at the Red Wedding . The south / King 's Landing ( edit ) After the Battle of the Blackwater , Davos Seaworth is taken to Dragonstone by men loyal to King Stannis . Stannis survived the Blackwater due to Rolland Storm commanding his rearguard and enabling him to escape to the fleet . Davos blames the red priestess Melisandre for Stannis 's defeat and the deaths of his four eldest sons , and is imprisoned for treason ( Melisandre having foreseen his intention to assassinate her ) . At Melisandre 's behest , Stannis releases Davos and asks him to serve as his Hand . Stannis ' previous Hand , his wife 's uncle Lord Alester Florent , tried to make terms with the Lannisters behind Stannis ' back , and has thus been arrested . With Stannis ' cooperation , Melisandre has performed rituals to awaken `` stone dragons '' , which she identifies as the great statues adjacent to the castle . King 's Landing welcomes the Tyrells as liberators , and King Joffrey sets aside his betrothal to Sansa Stark in favor of Margaery Tyrell . Sansa is soon compelled to marry Tyrion Lannister to enable Lannister control of the North and to foil a Tyrell plot to marry her to Willas Tyrell and claim the North themselves . However Tyrion refuses to consummate the marriage against her will . Word reaches King 's Landing of the sudden death of Balon Greyjoy , followed by news of the Red Wedding . Joffrey gloats that he has `` won '' the war ; whereas the governing Small Council is shocked to learn that Tywin secretly masterminded the Red Wedding . Tyrion warns his father that the defeated Northerners will not quietly submit to Bolton rule , but Tywin dismisses his warning . Later , Tyrion realizes that Joffrey sent the assassin who attempted to kill Bran Stark at Winterfell , and thus set the war in motion . Margaery and Joffrey 's wedding is held as planned , but during the ensuing festivities , King Joffrey is poisoned and dies . Tyrion is accused of the murder by his sister Cersei Lannister and placed on trial . Sansa is smuggled out of the castle by the jester Dontos Hollard , and taken to Lord Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish , who has Dontos killed and admits culpability in Joffrey 's death and Tyrion 's framing , incriminating Margaery 's grandmother Olenna Tyrell as well . Littlefinger and Sansa depart King 's Landing for the Eyrie , Littlefinger scheming to marry Catelyn 's sister Lysa Arryn with the blessing of the Small Council to gain the support of House Arryn . Davos discovers a request by the Night 's Watch for aid against Mance Rayder and the Others . Melisandre tries to persuade Stannis to sacrifice Edric Storm , a bastard son of Stannis ' late brother King Robert Baratheon , to wake the dragons . Stannis is reluctant , though he uses Edric 's blood in leeches to curse the three rival Kings . After Balon , Robb and Joffrey die , apparently proving the power of King 's blood , Davos has Edric smuggled to safety . Stannis prepares to execute Davos for treason but is prevented when Davos shows Stannis the Night 's Watch 's plea . Jaime and Brienne reach King 's Landing to find that Joffrey 's younger brother Tommen Baratheon will inherit the throne ; Tyrion is on trial ; and the Tyrell bannermen blame Brienne for Renly Baratheon 's death . Jaime 's severed right hand becomes infected , but he is healed by former maester Qyburn , who was thrown out of the Citadel for forbidden experiments , earning Qyburn the admiration of Cersei . Jaime refuses to believe that Tyrion killed Joffrey , rejects Cersei 's advances , and becomes Lord Commander of the Kingsguard , but refuses his father 's offer of Casterly Rock , whereupon Tywin disinherits him . Jaime frees Brienne and gives her a sword reforged from Ice , Ned Stark 's sword . He tells her to keep her oath to Catelyn , to find Arya and Sansa and return them home . Against Tyrion , Cersei recruits the spymaster Varys and Tyrion 's lover , Shae . Tyrion is approached by Prince Oberyn Martell of Dorne , who offers a trial by combat against Cersei 's champion , Gregor Clegane , who he knows was responsible for the death of his sister Elia . Oberyn nearly emerges victorious , but is ultimately killed by Gregor , although the poison on Oberyn 's spear leaves Gregor dying in agony . Tyrion is again condemned to death but is freed by Jaime and Varys . Jaime reveals that Tyrion 's first wife Tysha , who Tywin had gang - raped by his garrison and forced Tyrion to participate , was not a prostitute as Tywin told him , and genuinely loved Tyrion . Outraged , Tyrion swears revenge on Jaime , Cersei , and Tywin , and tells Jaime he murdered Joffrey and that Cersei took other lovers while he was Robb Stark 's captive . During Tyrion 's escape , he strangles Shae and kills Tywin in his privy before fleeing Westeros . At the Eyrie , Littlefinger and Lysa are married , and Sansa remains hidden by pretending to be an illegitimate daughter of Littlefinger 's , named Alayne Stone . Lysa reveals that Littlefinger had convinced her to poison Jon Arryn , her late husband , to prevent her son from being fostered to Stannis Baratheon , and to write to Catelyn that Arryn had been poisoned by the Lannisters , which was the catalyst for the events of A Game of Thrones . Lysa threatens to kill Sansa , thinking she is trying to seduce Littlefinger , but Littlefinger intervenes and , after revealing that he had only ever loved Catelyn , pushes Lysa to her death . On the Wall ( edit ) The detachment of the Night 's Watch under Lord Commander Jeor Mormont awaits word from Qhorin Halfhand and Jon Snow at their forward base . The Watch are attacked by undead wights and the Others , suffering heavy casualties ; but Samwell Tarly kills one of the Others with a blade of dragonglass . Some of the Watch mutiny and kill Mormont , but Sam escapes with the help of one of Craster 's daughter - wives , Gilly , and they and the girl 's newborn child approach the Wall , assisted by a strange figure riding an elk , whom Sam calls Coldhands . Among the dead are most of the Watch 's senior leadership . Bran Stark , his servant Hodor , Jojen and Meera Reed are guided north by Bran 's dreams of a three - eyed crow . At the Wall , Sam guides them to Coldhands and returns to Castle Black , having sworn to keep Bran 's survival secret even from Jon . Jon convinces Mance that he is a deserter from the Night 's Watch and learns that the Others are driving the wildlings south towards the Wall . Jon and his captor Ygritte also begin a sexual relationship . Mance seeks the legendary Horn of Winter to shatter the Wall . After climbing the Wall , the wildlings press Jon to murder a homeless man . When Jon refuses , the wildlings turn on him but Jon , with the assistance of Bran 's direwolf Summer ( Bran and company are hiding in a nearby abandoned tower ) , kills many of the wildlings and escapes to Castle Black . The approaching wildling army reaches Castle Black and assaults the Wall ; but Jon takes command of the defenses and repels several assaults , during which Ygritte is slain . After that , Janos Slynt and Alliser Thorne imprison Jon for treachery and subsequently send him north of the Wall to kill Mance under a pretense of parley . As Jon is talking with Mance in the wildling camp , the army of King Stannis arrives , routing the Wildlings , and Mance is imprisoned . Melisandre believes the wildling invasion to portend the return of the Great Other , the sworn foe of her god R'hllor . Stannis offers to legitimize Jon and make him Lord of Winterfell in exchange for his support , but when his direwolf Ghost unexpectedly returns , Jon decides to decline Stannis ' offer . Before he can inform Stannis , Jon is chosen by the Night 's Watch as its new Lord Commander . Across the narrow sea ( edit ) Heading for Pentos by sea , Daenerys Targaryen learns that large slave armies can be bought in the cities of Slaver 's Bay , and exchanges one of her infant dragons for the entire host of the warrior - eunuch Unsullied . Upon payment , which includes Drogon ( the largest and strongest of her dragons ) , Daenerys orders the Unsullied to turn on their former masters and sack the city . With the help of her maturing dragons , she frees all the slaves of Astapor . Daenerys ' horde then conquers the slaver city of Yunkai ; but the lords of neighbouring Meereen antagonize Daenerys by killing child slaves and burning the land to deny her resources . Consequently , Daenerys besieges the city to no avail . Daenerys discovers two traitors in her camp : Ser Jorah Mormont , who had spied on her for Varys , informant to the late King Robert Baratheon , in exchange for a royal pardon ; and Arstan Whitebeard , an alias of Ser Barristan Selmy , the humiliated former Lord Commander of Robert Baratheon 's Kingsguard . Daenerys offers both men the chance to make amends by sneaking into Meereen to free the slaves and start an uprising . Meereen soon falls and , in retaliation for the murdered child slaves , Daenerys has the city 's rulers put to death . Selmy asks for Daenerys ' forgiveness and becomes Lord Commander of her Queensguard while Jorah , who refuses to admit any wrong , is banished . When Daenerys learns that the council she left in Astapor has been overthrown , she decides to rule Meereen to practice for the rule of Westeros . Characters ( edit ) The tale is told through the eyes of ten main characters , plus a one - off prologue POV and a one - off epilogue POV character , for a total of 12 narrators . Prologue : Chett , a brother and hound - keeper of the Night 's Watch Jaime Lannister , the Kingslayer Jon Snow , bastard son of Eddard Stark , a sworn brother of the Night 's Watch Catelyn Stark , of House Tully , widow of Lord Eddard Stark Tyrion Lannister , youngest son of Tywin Lannister , a dwarf , brother of Jaime and Cersei Lannister Sansa Stark , eldest daughter of Eddard and Catelyn Stark Arya Stark , youngest daughter of Eddard and Catelyn Stark Bran Stark , son of Eddard and Catelyn Stark , heir to Winterfell and the North Samwell Tarly , cowardly son of Lord Randyll Tarly , a sworn brother of the Night 's Watch Davos Seaworth , a smuggler turned knight in the service of King Stannis Baratheon Daenerys Targaryen , exiled Queen of Westeros , of the Targaryen dynasty Epilogue : Merrett Frey , a member of the numerous Frey family . Development ( edit ) On October 6 , 2009 , Martin noted on his blog that his manuscript for A Storm of Swords had been 1521 pages in length ; the initial printed hardcover came in at 992 pages . Martin did not write the Red Wedding chapters until he had completed every other chapter of the book , as he felt it was `` the hardest thing I ever wrote '' and that he would rather delay writing until absolutely necessary . In contrast , he referred to the chapter of Joffrey 's fatal wedding as `` easy and fun to write '' but that he nevertheless tried to instill empathy for the painful demise of this very unpopular character and `` bring home the point that this , too , was a human being who was scared and terrified and then dead '' . Editions ( edit ) Foreign language editions Bulgarian : Бард : `` Вихър от Мечове '' Catalan : Alfaguara : `` Tempesta d'espases '' `` Storm of swords '' Chinese : 重庆出版社 ( 2007 ) : `` 冰雨的风暴 '' ( `` Storm of Freezing Rain '' ) . Czech : Talpress : `` Bouře mečů '' ( `` Storm of Swords '' ) Danish : Gyldendal : `` En Storm af Sværd '' ( `` A Storm of Swords '' ) Dutch : Luitingh - Sijthoff : `` Een storm van zwaarden '' ( `` A Storm of Swords '' ) Estonian : Two volumes , hardcover , Varrak ( 2010 , 2011 ) : `` Mõõkade maru . Teras ja lumi '' ( A Storm of Swords : Steel and Snow `` ) , `` Mõõkade maru . Veri ja kuld '' ( `` A Storm of Swords : Blood and Gold '' ) Finnish : Kirjava : `` Miekkamyrsky '' ( `` Swordstorm '' ) French : Four volumes ( Hardcover : Pygmalion ( 2001 , 2002 , 2003 ) ; paperback : J'ai Lu ( 2003 , 2004 ) ) : `` Les brigands '' ( hardcover ) / `` Intrigues à Port - Réal '' ( paperback ) , `` L'épée de feu '' , `` Les noces pourpres '' , `` La loi du régicide '' ( `` The Outlaws / Intrigues in King 's Landing '' , `` The Sword of Fire '' , `` The Crimson Wedding '' , `` The Law of the Kingslayer '' . ) German : Single volume , Fantasy Productions ( 2005 ) : `` Schwertgewitter '' ( `` Sword Storm '' ) . Two volumes , Blanvalet ( 2001 , 2002 ) : `` Sturm der Schwerter '' , `` Die Königin der Drachen '' ( `` Storm of Swords '' , `` The Queen of Dragons '' ) . Greek : Two volumes , Anubis : `` Παγωμένες Λεπίδες '' , `` Ματωμένο Χρυσάφι '' ( `` Frozen Blades '' , `` Bloody Gold '' ) Hebrew : `` סופת החרבות חלק א - פלדה ושלג , סופת החרבות חלק ב - דם וזהב '' ( `` Storm of swords - Steel and snow '' , `` Storm of swords - blood and gold '' ) Hungarian : Alexandra Könyvkiadó : `` Kardok vihara '' ( `` Storm of Swords '' ) Indonesian : Fantasious : `` Amukan Baja '' ( `` Steel 's Fury '' ) Italian : Three volumes , Arnoldo Mondadori Editore ( 2002 , 2003 , 2004 ) : `` Tempesta di spade '' , `` I fiumi della guerra '' , `` Il Portale delle Tenebre '' ( `` A Storm of Swords '' , `` The Rivers of War '' , `` The Gate of Darkness '' ) . Japanese : Three volumes , hardcover : Hayakawa ( 2006 - 7 ) , paperback : Hayakawa ( 2012 ) : `` 剣嵐の大地 '' ( `` The Land of the Sword Storm '' ) I , II and III Korean : Eun Haeng Namu Publishing Co. : `` 성검 의 폭풍 '' ( `` Storm of Holy Swords '' ) Lithuanian : Alma Littera `` Kardų audra '' ( `` A Storm of Swords '' ) . Norwegian : Two volumes , Vendetta ( 2013 ) : `` Stål og snø : en sang om is og ild , bok 3 , del 1 '' , `` Blod og Gull : en sang om is og ild , bok 3 , del 2 '' ( `` Steel and Snow : A Song of Ice and Fire , book 3 , part 1 , Blood and Gold : A Song of Ice and Fire , book 3 , part 2 ) '' Polish : Two volumes , Zysk i S - ka : `` Nawałnica mieczy : Stal i Śnieg ( I ) '' , `` Nawałnica mieczy : Krew i Złoto ( II ) '' ( A Storm of Swords : Steel and Snow `` , `` A Storm of Swords : Blood and Gold '' ) Brazilian Portuguese : Leya : `` A Tormenta de Espadas '' ( `` The Storm of Swords '' ) European Portuguese : Two Volumes , Saída de Emergência : `` A Tormenta de Espadas '' ( `` A Storm of Swords '' ) , `` A Glória dos Traidores '' ( `` The Betrayer 's Glory '' ) Romanian : Nemira : `` Iureșul săbiilor '' Russian : AST : `` Буря мечей '' ( `` Storm of Swords '' ) . Serbian : Two volumes , Лагуна : `` Олуја мачева Део први : Челик и снег '' ( A Storm of Swords First part : `` Steel and snow '' ) , `` Олуја мачева Део други : Крв и Злато '' ( A Storm of Swords Second part : `` Blood and Gold '' ) Slovenian : Vihra mečev ( `` A Storm of Swords '' ) Spanish : Two volumes , Gilgamesh ( 2005 ) : `` Tormenta de espadas I '' , `` Tormenta de espadas II '' ( `` Storm of Swords I '' , `` Storm of Swords II '' ) . Swedish : Forum : `` Svärdets makt '' ( `` The Sword 's Power '' ) Turkish : Two volumes , Epsilon Yayınevi : `` Buz ve Ateşin Şarkısı III : Kılıçların Fırtınası - Kısım I & Kılıçların Fırtınası - Kısım II '' ( `` A Storm of Swords '' ) Ukrainian : KM Publishing ( 2015 ) : `` Буря мечів '' ( `` A Storm of Swords '' ) Vietnamese : Three Volumes : `` Trò Chơi Vương Quyền 3A : Sự trở lại của Ngoại nhân '' , `` Trò Chơi Vương Quyền 3B : Nước mắt Sói Tuyết '' , `` Trò Chơi Vương Quyền 3C : Tử Hôn '' . ( `` Game of Thrones 3A : Return of the Others '' , `` Game of Thrones 3B : Tears of Direwolf '' , `` Game of Thrones 3C : Purple Wedding '' ) Reception ( edit ) Publishers Weekly said the third volume was `` one of the more rewarding examples of gigantism in contemporary fantasy . ( ... ) The complexity of characters such as Daenerys , Arya and the Kingslayer will keep readers turning even the vast number of pages contained in this volume , for the author , like Tolkien or Jordan , makes us care about their fates . Those two fantasy greats are also evoked by Martin 's ability to convey such sensual experiences as the heat of wildfire , the chill of ice , the smell of the sea and the sheer gargantuan indigestibility of the medieval banquet at its most excessive . Perhaps this saga does n't go as far beyond the previous bounds of high fantasy as some claim , but for most readers it certainly goes far enough to command their attention . '' Martin was nominated for the 2001 Hugo Award for Best Novel , but lost to J.K. Rowling for Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire . Afterwards he made this comment about his fans : `` Eat your heart out , Rowling . Maybe you have billions of dollars and my Hugo , but you do n't have readers like these . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Hugo Award -- Best Novel ( Nominated ) -- ( 2001 ) Locus Award -- Best Novel ( Fantasy ) ( Won ) -- ( 2001 ) Nebula Award -- Best Novel ( Nominated ) -- ( 2001 ) Geffen Award -- Best Fantasy Book ( Won ) -- ( 2002 ) Ignotus Award -- Best Novel ( Foreign ) ( Won ) -- ( 2006 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Miller , Faren ( November 2000 ) . `` Locu Online Reviews : A Storm of Swords ( August 2000 ) '' . Locus . LocusMag.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2001 Award Winners & Nominees '' . Worlds Without End . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2001 Hugo Awards '' . The Hugo Awards . 2001 - 09 - 03 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( 11 April 2012 ) . `` Season Three '' . Archived from the original on 14 April 2012 . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Elavsky , Cindy ( January 19 , 2014 ) . `` Celebrity Extra '' . King Features . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ War of the Five Kings at A Wiki of Ice and Fire westeros.org , Retrieved 25 December 2014 Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( October 6 , 2009 ) . `` Not A Blog : Dance , Dance , Dance '' . GRRM.Livejournal.com ( Author 's LiveJournal blog ) . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2009 . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Product Details : A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) . Amazon.com . ISBN 0553106635 . Jump up ^ `` The Citadel : So Spake Martin - To Be Continued ( Chicago , IL ; May 6 -- 8 ) '' . Westeros.org. 2005 - 05 - 06 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ George R.R. Martin at Authors@Google , https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTTW8M_etko Jump up ^ `` Fiction review : A Storm of Swords '' . publishersweekly.com . October 30 , 2000 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Brotherhood Without Banners Retrieved December 25 , 2014 External links ( edit ) A Wiki Of Ice And Fire Wiki dedicated to A Song of Ice and Fire A Storm of Swords title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database A Storm of Swords at the Internet Book List A Storm of Swords at Worlds Without End George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Works by George R.R. Martin Novels A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones A Clash of Kings A Storm of Swords A Feast for Crows A Dance with Dragons The Winds of Winter Dying of the Light Windhaven Fevre Dream The Armageddon Rag Hunter 's Run Novellas A Song for Lya The Ice Dragon Sandkings The Skin Trade Westeros The Hedge Knight The Sworn Sword The Mystery Knight The Princess and the Queen The Rogue Prince The Sons of the Dragon Short stories `` With Morning Comes Mistfall '' `` The Way of Cross and Dragon '' Collections A Song for Lya Songs of Stars and Shadows Sandkings Songs the Dead Men Sing Nightflyers Tuf Voyaging Portraits of His Children Quartet : Four Tales from the Crossroads Dreamsongs : A RRetrospective Television The Twilight Zone `` The Once and Future King '' `` Lost and Found '' `` The Toys of Caliban '' `` The Road Less Traveled '' `` The Last Defender of Camelot '' Game of Thrones `` The Pointy End '' `` Blackwater '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` The Lion and the Rose '' Beauty and the Beast Doorways Locus Award for Best Fantasy Novel 1978 -- 1990 The Silmarillion by J.R.R. Tolkien ( 1978 ) Harpist in the Wind by Patricia A. McKillip ( 1980 ) Lord Valentine 's Castle by Robert Silverberg ( 1981 ) The Claw of the Conciliator by Gene Wolfe ( 1982 ) The Sword of the Lictor by Gene Wolfe ( 1983 ) The Mists of Avalon by Marion Zimmer Bradley ( 1984 ) Job : A Comedy of Justice by Robert A. Heinlein ( 1985 ) Trumps of Doom by Roger Zelazny ( 1986 ) Soldier of the Mist by Gene Wolfe ( 1987 ) Seventh Son by Orson Scott Card ( 1988 ) Red Prophet by Orson Scott Card ( 1989 ) Prentice Alvin by Orson Scott Card ( 1990 ) 1991 -- 2000 Tehanu by Ursula K. Le Guin ( 1991 ) Beauty by Sheri S. Tepper ( 1992 ) Last Call by Tim Powers ( 1993 ) The Innkeeper 's Song by Peter S. Beagle ( 1994 ) Brittle Innings by Michael Bishop ( 1995 ) Alvin Journeyman by Orson Scott Card ( 1996 ) A Game of Thrones by George R.R. Martin ( 1997 ) Earthquake Weather by Tim Powers ( 1998 ) A Clash of Kings by George R.R. Martin ( 1999 ) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban by J.K. Rowling ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 A Storm of Swords by George R.R. Martin ( 2001 ) American Gods by Neil Gaiman ( 2002 ) The Scar by China Miéville ( 2003 ) Paladin of Souls by Lois McMaster Bujold ( 2004 ) Iron Council by China Miéville ( 2005 ) Anansi Boys by Neil Gaiman ( 2006 ) The Privilege of the Sword by Ellen Kushner ( 2007 ) Making Money by Terry Pratchett ( 2008 ) Lavinia by Ursula K. Le Guin ( 2009 ) The City & the City by China Miéville ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present Kraken by China Miéville ( 2011 ) A Dance with Dragons by George R.R. Martin ( 2012 ) The Apocalypse Codex by Charles Stross ( 2013 ) The Ocean at the End of the Lane by Neil Gaiman ( 2014 ) The Goblin Emperor by Katherine Addison ( 2015 ) Uprooted by Naomi Novik ( 2016 ) All the Birds in the Sky by Charlie Jane Anders ( 2017 ) Best Novel ( 1971 -- 1981 ) Best SF Novel ( 1980 -- present ) Best Fantasy Novel ( 1978 -- present ) Best First Novel ( 1981 -- present ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Storm_of_Swords&oldid=801362489 '' Categories : 2000 American novels A Song of Ice and Fire books American fantasy novels Novels by George R.R. Martin 2000s fantasy novels HarperCollins books Locus Award for Best Novel winning works Patricide in fiction Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages বাংলা Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 September 2017 , at 06 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	a storm of swords part 1 steel and snow	[]	[]
-6301779527286199318	We Didn't Start the Fire	We Did n't Start the Fire - wikipedia We Did n't Start the Fire Jump to : navigation , search `` We Did n't Start the Fire '' Single by Billy Joel from the album Storm Front B - side `` House of Blue Light '' Released September 27 , 1989 Format 7 '' single , 12 '' single , CD , Cassette Single Recorded July 1989 Genre Pop Length 4 : 49 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Billy Joel Producer ( s ) Mick Jones , Billy Joel Billy Joel singles chronology `` Baby Grand '' ( 1987 ) `` We Did n't Start the Fire '' ( 1989 ) `` Leningrad '' ( 1989 ) `` Baby Grand '' ( 1987 ) `` We Did n't Start the Fire '' ( 1989 ) `` Leningrad '' ( 1989 ) Storm Front track listing `` That 's Not Her Style '' ( 1 ) `` We Did n't Start the Fire '' ( 2 ) `` The Downeaster ' Alexa ' '' ( 3 ) Music video `` We Did n't Start the Fire '' on YouTube `` We Did n't Start the Fire '' is a song by Billy Joel . Its lyrics include brief , rapid - fire allusions to more than 100 headline events between 1949 , the year of Joel 's birth , and 1989 , when the song was released on his album Storm Front . The tune was nominated for the Grammy Award for Record of the Year . The song was also a No. 1 hit in the US . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Music video 3 Historical events referred to in the song 3.1 1940s 3.1. 1 1949 3.2 1950s 3.2. 1 1950 3.2. 2 1951 3.2. 3 1952 3.2. 4 1953 3.2. 5 1954 3.2. 6 1955 3.2. 7 1956 3.2. 8 1957 3.2. 9 1958 3.2. 10 1959 3.3 1960s 3.3. 1 1960 3.3. 2 1961 3.3. 3 1962 3.3. 4 1963 3.3. 5 1965 3.3. 6 1968 3.3. 7 1969 3.4 1970s 3.4. 1 1974 -- 75 3.4. 2 1976 -- 77 3.4. 3 1979 3.5 1980s 3.5. 1 1981 3.5. 2 1983 3.5. 3 1984 3.5. 4 1988 3.5. 5 1989 4 Derivations 5 Charts 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Sources 8 External links History ( edit ) Joel got the idea for the song when he had just turned 40 . He was in a recording studio and met a friend of Sean Lennon who had just turned 21 who said `` It 's a terrible time to be 21 ! '' Joel replied to him , `` Yeah , I remember when I was 21 -- I thought it was an awful time and we had Vietnam , and y'know , drug problems , and civil rights problems and everything seemed to be awful . '' The friend replied , `` Yeah , yeah , yeah , but it 's different for you . You were a kid in the fifties and everybody knows that nothing happened in the fifties '' . Joel retorted , `` Wait a minute , did n't you hear of the Korean War or the Suez Canal Crisis ? '' Joel later said those headlines formed the basic framework for the song . Joel has said , `` I 'm a history nut . I devour books . At one time I wanted to be a history teacher '' . According to his mother , he was a bookworm by the age of seven . Unlike most of Joel 's songs , the lyrics were written before the melody , owing to the somewhat unusual style of the song . The song was a huge commercial success and was Joel 's third Billboard No. 1 hit . It was nominated for the Grammy Award for Record of the Year . I had turned forty . It was 1989 and I said `` Okay , what 's happened in my life ? '' I wrote down the year 1949 . Okay , Harry Truman was president . Popular singer of the day , Doris Day . China went Communist . Another popular singer , Johnnie Ray . Big Broadway show , South Pacific . Journalist , Walter Winchell . Athlete , Joe DiMaggio . Then I went on to 1950 ( ... ) . It 's one of the worst melodies I 've ever written . I kind of like the lyric though . Joel has said , `` There 's an element of malevolence in the song ; it 's like waiting for the other shoe to drop . '' He has mentioned having mixed feelings about the song . `` It 's a nightmare to perform live , because if I miss one word , it 's a train wreck . '' He has called it a `` novelty song '' that does not `` really define me as well as album songs that probably do n't get played '' , and has also criticized the song on strictly musical grounds . In 1993 , when discussing it with documentary filmmaker David Horn , Joel compared its melodic content unfavorably to his song `` The Longest Time '' : `` Take a song like ' We Did n't Start the Fire . ' It 's really not much of a song ... If you take the melody by itself , terrible . Like a dentist drill . '' When asked if he could do a follow - up about the next couple of years after the events that transpired in the original song , he commented `` No , I wrote one song already and I do n't think it was really that good to begin with , melodically . '' Music Video ( edit ) External video Billy Joel -- We Did n't Start the Fire ( Official Video ) , 4 : 05 A music video for the single was directed by Chris Blum , which chronicles a white middle - class married couple and their goal of the American Dream : a home , careers , and children . This is symbolised by the constant revamping of a domestic kitchen -- 1940s utilitarian turning into 1950s Populuxe , 1960s op art , 1970s earth - colored tiles and macramé , and finally 1980s black lacquer & granite bench tops . This is juxtaposed with symbols of the tumultuous social times of the second half of the 20th century ( e.g. , bra burning , lynching , and draft - card burning ) . The singer acts as an unseen but omnipresent observer . During each chorus , Joel wearing sunglasses ( similar to Roy Orbison 's ) rhythmically beats on a black table ; in the background , famous photographs ( of Lee Harvey Oswald 's assassination and Nguyễn Văn Lém 's execution , among others ) are consumed by fire , a metaphor of the song 's theme and title . The music video on YouTube has over 60 million views as of August 2017 . Historical events referred to in the song ( edit ) `` We Did n't Start the Fire '' ( 1989 ) `` We Did n't Start the Fire '' lists historical events in stream of consciousness . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Though the lyrics are rapid - fire with several people and events mentioned in a single word each , there is widespread agreement on the meaning of the lyrics . Steven Ettinger wrote , Billy Joel captured the major images , events , and personalities of this half - century in a three - minute song ... It was pure information overload , a song that assumed we knew exactly what he was singing about ... What was truly alarming was the realization that we , the listeners , for the most part understood the references . The following events ( with Joel 's lyric for each appearing in bold ) are listed in the order that they appear in the song , which is almost entirely chronological . The lyric for each individual event is brief and the events are punctuated by the chorus and other lyrical elements . The following list includes longer , more descriptive names for clarity . Events from a variety of contexts -- such as popular entertainment , foreign affairs , and sports -- are intermingled , giving an impression of the culture of the time as a whole . There are 119 items listed in the song . 1940s ( edit ) 1949 ( edit ) Harry Truman was inaugurated as U.S. president after being elected in 1948 to his second and final presidential term ; previously he was sworn in following the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt . He authorized the use of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan during World War II , on August 6 and August 9 , 1945 , respectively . Doris Day enters the public spotlight with the films My Dream Is Yours and It 's a Great Feeling as well as popular songs like `` It 's Magic '' . Red China : The Communist Party of China wins the Chinese Civil War , establishing the People 's Republic of China . Johnnie Ray signs his first recording contract with Okeh Records , although he would not become popular for another two years . South Pacific , the prize - winning musical , opens on Broadway on April 7 . Walter Winchell is an aggressive radio and newspaper journalist credited with inventing the gossip column . Joe DiMaggio and the New York Yankees go to five World Series in the 1940s , winning four of them . 1950s ( edit ) 1950 ( edit ) Joe McCarthy , the U.S. Senator , gains national attention and begins his anti-Communism crusade with his Lincoln Day speech . Richard Nixon is first elected to the United States Senate . Studebaker , a popular car company , begins its financial downfall . Television is becoming widespread throughout Europe and North America . North Korea and South Korea declare war after Northern forces stream south on June 25 . Marilyn Monroe soars in popularity with five new movies , including The Asphalt Jungle and All About Eve . 1951 ( edit ) Rosenbergs , married couple Ethel and Julius , convicted on June 19 of espionage . H - Bomb : The United States is in the middle of developing the hydrogen bomb as a nuclear weapon ; it would be first tested in late 1952 . Sugar Ray Robinson , a champion boxer , defeats Jake LaMotta in the `` St. Valentine 's Day Massacre '' . Panmunjom , the border village in Korea , is the location of truce talks between the parties of the Korean War . Marlon Brando is nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in A Streetcar Named Desire . The King and I , the musical by Rodgers and Hammerstein , opens on Broadway on March 29 . The Catcher in the Rye , a controversial novel by J.D. Salinger , is published . 1952 ( edit ) Dwight D. Eisenhower is first elected as President of the United States , winning by a landslide margin of 442 to 89 electoral votes . Vaccine for polio is privately tested by Jonas Salk . England 's got a new queen : Queen Elizabeth II succeeds to the throne upon the death of her father , George VI , and is crowned the next year . Rocky Marciano defeats Jersey Joe Walcott , becoming the world heavyweight boxing champion . Liberace has a popular 1950s television show for his musical entertainment . Santayana goodbye : George Santayana , philosopher , essayist , poet , and novelist , dies on September 26 . 1953 ( edit ) Joseph Stalin , leader of the Soviet Union , dies on March 5 . Georgy Maksimilianovich Malenkov succeeds Stalin for six months following his death . Malenkov had presided over Stalin 's purges , but would be spared a similar fate by his successor Nikita Khrushchev . Gamal Abdel Nasser acts as the true power behind the new Egyptian nation as Muhammad Naguib 's minister of the interior . Sergei Prokofiev , the composer , dies on March 5 , the same day as Stalin . Winthrop Rockefeller and his wife Barbara are involved in a highly publicized divorce , culminating in 1954 with a record - breaking $5.5 million settlement . Roy Campanella , an African - American baseball catcher for the Brooklyn Dodgers , receives the National League 's Most Valuable Player award for the second time . Communist bloc : The uprising of 1953 in East Germany is crushed by the Volkspolizei and the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany . 1954 ( edit ) Roy Cohn resigns as Joseph McCarthy 's chief counsel and enters private practice with the fall of McCarthy . Juan Perón spends his last full year as President of Argentina before a September 1955 coup . Arturo Toscanini is at the height of his fame as a conductor , performing regularly with the NBC Symphony Orchestra on national radio . Dacron is an early artificial fiber made from the same plastic as polyester . Dien Bien Phu falls . A French / Vietnamese camp falls to Viet Minh forces under Vo Nguyen Giap , signaling the end of French Indochina and leading to the creation of North Vietnam and South Vietnam as separate states . `` Rock Around the Clock '' is a hit single released by Bill Haley & His Comets in May , spurring worldwide interest in rock and roll music . 1955 ( edit ) Albert Einstein dies on April 18 at the age of 76 . James Dean achieves success with East of Eden and Rebel Without a Cause , gets nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor , and dies in a car accident on September 30 at the age of 24 . Brooklyn 's got a winning team : The Brooklyn Dodgers win their first and only World Series before their move to Los Angeles . Davy Crockett is a Disney television miniseries about the legendary frontiersman of the same name . The show was a huge hit with young boys and inspired a short - lived `` coonskin cap '' craze . Peter Pan : A year after Walt Disney Animation Studios released an animated adaption of the play by J.M. Barrie , the 1954 stage musical of the same name starring Mary Martin is broadcast on NBC live and in color . Elvis Presley signs with RCA Records on November 21 , beginning his pop career . Disneyland opens on July 17 , 1955 as Walt Disney 's first theme park . 1956 ( edit ) Brigitte Bardot appears in her first mainstream film And God Created Woman and establishes an international reputation as a French `` sex kitten '' . Budapest is the capital city of Hungary and site of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution . Alabama is the site of the Montgomery Bus Boycott which ultimately led to the removal of the last race laws in the USA . Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King , Jr figure prominently . Nikita Khrushchev makes his famous Secret Speech denouncing Stalin 's `` Cult of personality '' on February 25 . Princess Grace Kelly releases her last film , High Society , and marries Prince Rainier III of Monaco . Peyton Place , the best - selling novel by Grace Metalious , is published . Though mild compared to today 's standards , it shocked the reserved values of the 1950s . Trouble in the Suez : The Suez Crisis boils as Egypt nationalizes the Suez Canal on October 29 . 1957 ( edit ) Little Rock , Arkansas is the site of an anti-integration standoff , as Governor Orval Faubus stops the Little Rock Nine from attending Little Rock Central High School and President Eisenhower deploys the 101st Airborne Division to counteract him . Boris Pasternak , the Russian author , publishes his novel Doctor Zhivago . Mickey Mantle is in the middle of his career as a famous New York Yankees outfielder and American League All - Star for the sixth year in a row . Jack Kerouac publishes his first novel in seven years , On the Road . Sputnik becomes the first artificial satellite , launched by the Soviet Union on October 4 , marking the start of the space race . Chou En - Lai , Premier of the People 's Republic of China , survives an assassination attempt on the charter airliner Kashmir Princess . The Bridge on the River Kwai , an adaptation of a the 1954 novel , is released and receives seven Academy Awards , including Best Picture . 1958 ( edit ) Lebanon is engulfed in a political and religious crisis that eventually involves U.S. intervention . Charles de Gaulle is elected first president of the French Fifth Republic following the Algerian Crisis . California baseball begins as the Brooklyn Dodgers and New York Giants move to California and become the Los Angeles Dodgers and San Francisco Giants , respectively . They are the first teams in Major League Baseball west of Kansas City . Charles Starkweather Homicide : Starkweather 's murder spree , in which he kills eleven people between January 25 and 29 before being caught in a massive manhunt in Douglas , Wyoming , captures the attention of Americans . Children of Thalidomide : Many pregnant women taking the drug Thalidomide had children born with congenital birth defects . 1959 ( edit ) Buddy Holly dies in a plane crash on February 3 with Ritchie Valens and The Big Bopper , in a day that had a devastating impact on the country and youth culture . Joel prefaces the lyric with a Holly signature vocal hiccup : `` Uh - huh , uh - huh . '' Ben - Hur , a film adapted from Lew Wallace 's 1880 novel Ben - Hur : A Tale of the Christ starring Charlton Heston , wins eleven Academy Awards , including Best Picture . Space Monkey : Aboard the flight Jupiter AM - 18 , Able and Miss Baker become the first two animals to be launched by NASA into space that returned to Earth alive . Mafia organizations are the center of attention for the FBI and public attention builds to this organized crime society with a historically Italian - American origin . Hula hoops reach 100 million in sales as the latest toy fad . Fidel Castro comes to power after a revolution in Cuba and visits the United States later that year on an unofficial twelve - day tour . Edsel is a no - go : Production of this car marque ends after only three years due to poor sales . 1960s ( edit ) 1960 ( edit ) U-2 : An American U-2 spy plane piloted by Francis Gary Powers was shot down over the Soviet Union , causing the U-2 Crisis of 1960 . Syngman Rhee was rescued by the CIA after being forced to resign as leader of South Korea for allegedly fixing an election and embezzling more than US $20 million . Payola , illegal payments for radio broadcasting of songs , was publicized due to Dick Clark 's testimony before Congress and Alan Freed 's public disgrace . John F. Kennedy beats Richard Nixon in the November 8 general election . Chubby Checker popularizes the dance The Twist with his cover of the song of the same name . Psycho : An Alfred Hitchcock thriller , based on a pulp novel by Robert Bloch and adapted by Joseph Stefano , which becomes a landmark in graphic violence and cinema sensationalism . The screeching violins heard at this point in the song are a trademark of the film 's soundtrack . Belgians in the Congo : The Republic of the Congo ( Leopoldville ) was declared independent of Belgium on June 30 , with Joseph Kasavubu as President and Patrice Lumumba as Prime Minister . 1961 ( edit ) Ernest Hemingway commits suicide on July 2 after a long battle with depression . Adolf Eichmann , a `` most wanted '' Nazi war criminal , is traced to Argentina and captured by Mossad agents . He is covertly taken to Israel where he is put on trial for crimes against humanity during World War II , convicted in 1961 , and hanged the following year , 1962 . Stranger in a Strange Land , written by Robert A. Heinlein , is a breakthrough best - seller with themes of sexual freedom and liberation . Bob Dylan is signed to Columbia Records after a New York Times review by critic Robert Shelton . Berlin is separated into West Berlin and East Berlin , and from the rest of East Germany , when the Berlin Wall is erected on August 13 to prevent citizens escaping to the West . Bay of Pigs Invasion , an attempt by United States - trained Cuban exiles to invade Cuba and overthrow Fidel Castro , fails . 1962 ( edit ) Lawrence of Arabia : The Academy Award - winning film based on the life of T.E. Lawrence starring Peter O'Toole premieres in America on December 16 . British Beatlemania : The Beatles , a British rock group , gain Ringo Starr as drummer and Brian Epstein as manager , and join the EMI 's Parlophone label . They soon become the world 's most famous rock band , with the word `` Beatlemania '' adopted by the press for their fans ' unprecedented enthusiasm . It also began the British Invasion in the United States . Ole Miss : A riot was fought between Southern segregationist civilians and federal and state forces as a result of the forced enrollment of black student James Meredith at the University of Mississippi . John Glenn : Flew the first American manned orbital mission termed `` Friendship 7 '' on February 20 . Liston beats Patterson : Sonny Liston and Floyd Patterson fight for the world heavyweight championship on September 25 , ending in a first - round knockout . This match marked the first time Patterson had ever been knocked out and one of only eight losses in his 20 - year professional career . 1963 ( edit ) Pope Paul VI : Cardinal Giovanni Montini is elected to the papacy and takes the papal name of Paul VI . Malcolm X makes his infamous statement `` The chickens have come home to roost '' about the Kennedy assassination , thus causing the Nation of Islam to censor him ; about fifteen months later , he himself is assassinated while preparing to make a speech . British politician sex : The British Secretary of State for War , John Profumo , has a relationship with a showgirl , and then lies when questioned about it before the House of Commons . When the truth came out , it led to his own resignation and undermined the credibility of Prime Minister Harold Macmillan . JFK blown away : President John F. Kennedy is assassinated on November 22 while riding in an open convertible through Dallas . 1965 ( edit ) Birth control : In the early 1960s , oral contraceptives , popularly known as `` the pill '' , first go on the market and are extremely popular . Griswold v. Connecticut in 1965 challenged a Connecticut law prohibiting contraceptives . In 1968 , Pope Paul VI released a papal encyclical titled Humanae vitae which reaffirmed Catholic teaching that artificial birth control was a sin . Ho Chi Minh : A Vietnamese Communist , who served as President of Vietnam from 1954 -- 1969 . March 2 Operation Rolling Thunder begins bombing of the Ho Chi Minh Trail supply line from North Vietnam to the Vietcong rebels in the south . On March 8 , the first U.S. combat troops , 3,500 marines , land in South Vietnam . 1968 ( edit ) Richard Nixon back again : Former Vice President Nixon is elected President in 1968 . 1969 ( edit ) Moonshot : Apollo 11 , the first manned lunar landing , successfully lands on the moon . Woodstock : Famous rock and roll festival of 1969 that came to be the epitome of the counterculture movement . 1970s ( edit ) 1974 -- 75 ( edit ) Watergate : Political scandal that began when the Democratic National Committee 's headquarters at the Watergate office complex in Washington , D.C. was broken into . After the break - in , word began to spread that President Richard Nixon may have known about the break - in , and tried to cover it up . The scandal would ultimately result in the resignation of President Nixon ; to date , this remains the only time that anyone has ever resigned the United States Presidency . Punk rock : Blondie and The Ramones form , with the Sex Pistols following in 1975 , ushering in the punk era . 1976 -- 77 ( edit ) ( Note : an item from 1976 is put between items from 1977 to make the song scan better . ) Menachem Begin becomes Prime Minister of Israel in 1977 and negotiates the Camp David Accords with Egypt 's president in 1978 . Ronald Reagan , former Governor of California , begins his second Presidential campaign in 1976 . He eventually wins in the next election in 1980 . Palestine : The ongoing Israeli -- Palestinian conflict escalates as Israelis establish settlements in the West Bank , previously held by Jordan for non-Jewish Palestinians after the 1948 war , beginning shortly after Begin 's election . Terror on the air line : Numerous aircraft hijackings take place , specifically , the Palestinian hijack of Air France Flight 139 and the subsequent Operation Entebbe in Uganda . 1979 ( edit ) Ayatollah 's in Iran : During the Iranian Revolution of 1979 , the West - backed and secular Shah is overthrown as the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini gains power after years in exile and creates an Islamic society Russians in Afghanistan : Following their move into Afghanistan on December 24 , Soviet forces fight a ten - year war up until 1989 . 1980s ( edit ) 1981 ( edit ) Wheel of Fortune : The hit television game show , on air since 1975 , underwent several changes in the early 1980s , including the hiring of Pat Sajak as host in 1981 , Vanna White as hostess in 1982 , and a move to syndication in 1983 , all three of which were still in effect by the time of the song ( and remained through the 1990s , 2000s and much of the 2010s as well ) . Sally Ride : On June 18 , she became the first American woman in space by flying aboard Challenger on the STS - 7 shuttle mission . Heavy metal suicide : In the 1970s and 80s , heavy metal bands became popular . Ozzy Osbourne and Judas Priest in particular were sued for fans ' suicides after listening to their songs `` Suicide Solution '' and `` Better By You , Better Than Me '' , respectively . Foreign debts : Persistent U.S. trade and budget deficits Homeless vets : Veterans of the Vietnam War , including many disabled ex-military , are reported to be left homeless and impoverished . AIDS : A collection of symptoms and infections in humans resulting from the specific damage to the immune system caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) . It is first detected and recognized in the 1980s , and was on its way to becoming a pandemic . Crack cocaine use surged in the mid-to - late 1980s . 1984 ( edit ) Bernie Goetz : On December 22 , Goetz shot four young men who he said were threatening him on a New York City subway . Goetz was charged with attempted murder but was acquitted of the charges , though convicted of carrying an unlicensed gun . 1988 ( edit ) Hypodermics on the shore : Medical waste was found washed up on the beaches of Long Island , New Jersey , and Connecticut after being illegally dumped at sea . Before this event , waste dumped in the oceans was an `` out of sight , out of mind '' affair . This has been cited as one of the crucial turning points in popular opinion on environmentalism . 1989 ( edit ) China 's under martial law : On May 20 , China declares martial law , resulting in the use of military forces against protesting students to end the Tiananmen Square protests . Rock - and - roller cola wars : Soft drink giants Coke and Pepsi each run marketing campaigns using rock & roll and popular music stars to reach the teenage and young adult demographic . Derivations ( edit ) Numerous parodies and takeoffs have been based on the song , including The Simpsons ' parody `` They 'll Never Stop the Simpsons '' at the end of the 2002 `` Gump Roast '' episode , and the San Francisco a cappella group The Richter Scales ' 2007 Webby Award - winning parody `` Here Comes Another Bubble . '' Cornell University 's oldest a cappella group Cayuga 's Waiters perform a version entitled `` We Did n't Go to Harvard '' with constantly changing lyrics to reflect the changing Cornell experience but always mentioning various Cornell and Ithaca landmarks . The band Guns ' n ' Moses made a parody of the song called `` We Love Barney Fife '' that was played frequently on the Doctor Demento radio show , which not only paid tribute to The Andy Griffith Show , it also took advantage of the melody of the refrain being a suitable counterpoint for the Andy Griffith Show theme ( `` The Fishin ' Hole '' ) . The song was also parodied on the episode of the U.S. version of The Office where `` Ryan the temp '' starts a fire in the office building , and Dwight and Michael change the lyrics of the song to `` Ryan Started The Fire '' . Another parody was released in 2010 titled `` The Wii Did n't Start the Fire '' about the history of video games . `` We Did n't Start the Fire '' was also used in the American comedy series Parks and Recreation in the seventh season episode , `` Leslie and Ron '' ( aired 20 January 2015 ) , in which Leslie attempted to sing the song in order to get Ron to confess about why he left the parks department . JibJab set their 2007 year in review song to `` We Did n't Start the Fire '' 's tune . In early 2009 , comedy website CollegeHumor created a parody entitled `` We Did n't Start the Flame War '' which chronicles a long list of common inflammatory ( and often explicit ) comments left on content over a wide variety of popular websites by internet trolls . In 1993 , Lenny Solomon and Shlock Rock created a parody entitled `` We 've Got a Strong Desire '' , which contains over 5000 years of Jewish history told in the tune of the song . In the Netherlands the Dutch punk rock band Heideroosjes did a parody on their 20 - year anniversary album about things that happened over those twenty years in the Netherlands called `` De Wereld Draait Door '' ( The World Keeps Turning ) . German comedian Otto Waalkes did a parody called `` Wir haben Grund zum Feiern '' ( English : `` We have reason to celebrate '' ) , with a list of alcoholic beverages . An edition of the BBC Three comedy programme Russell Howard 's Good News featured a parody of the song detailing numerous items that the Daily Mail newspaper actually believed caused cancer . Fans of Homestuck uploaded a version of the song called `` You Ca n't Fight the Homestuck '' on YouTube in 2012 , chronicling the webcomic 's long and convoluted story . YouTuber Daneboe / Dane Boedigheimer , known as creator of the popular comedic Web series Annoying Orange , produced a parody as part of YouTube 's Comedy Week in 2013 titled `` We Did n't Start the Viral . '' In a 2013 episode of Family Guy ( titled `` Bigfat '' ) , after Peter 's plane goes down , he asks his friends if there might be a hint on how to start a fire in the song . He proceeds to sing the song but has forgotten almost all of the words and mumbles through it . Pop band Milo Greene performed a version of the song in June 2013 for The A.V. Club 's A.V. Undercover series . In 2015 , Sky Sports released their own version of the song to advertise the upcoming 2015 Ashes series , with backing vocals and percussion provided by Elio Pace and his band . Pace has toured and recorded with Joel 's original touring band . In 2014 , Neil Cicierega released a mashup album , Mouth Silence . The 17th song , Space Monkey Mafia , plays lyrics from We Did n't Start The Fire and R.E.M. 's It 's the End of the World as We Know It ( And I Feel Fine ) on top of each other , modifying the lyrics of both songs so they sync up , and putting them over an original polka melody . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 7 Belgian Singles Chart ( Flanders ) 69 Canada RPM Top Singles Dutch Top 40 11 German Media Control Charts Irish Singles Chart Japanese Singles Chart 11 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 7 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 5 US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) 6 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1989 ) Position German Singles Chart 49 UK Singles Chart 72 Chart ( 1990 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 37 Canada RPM Top Singles 77 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 35 See also ( edit ) Ronald Reagan in music References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://chron.com/entertainment/celebrities/article/Everyone-mentioned-in-Billy-Joel-s-We-Didn-t-10785736.php#photo-12017652 ^ Jump up to : Novak , B.J. ( October 11 , 2005 ) . `` Which Office Stars Have the Write Stuff ? '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rolling Stone magazine - `` Billy Joel Starts a Fire '' by Sheila Rogers . Retrieved 4 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Billy Joel Q&A : Tell Us About ' We Did n't Start The Fire ? ' University of Oxford , May 5 , 1994 -- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dx3T8pbDcms Jump up ^ Bordowitz , pp. 168 , 161 , 9 Jump up ^ `` Rock On The Net : 32nd Annual Grammy Awards - 1990 '' . rockonthenet.com . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ DeMain , Bill ( 2004 ) . In their own words : songwriters talk about the creative process . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 119 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 98402 - 1 . Jump up ^ Newman , Melinda `` Joel Sees Pop Exit with Greatest Hits 3 '' , Billboard , July 26 , 1997 ; cited in Bordowitz , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Nadboy , Arie , `` I am the Edu - Tainer '' , Island Ear , March 1996 ; cited by Bordowitz , p. 169 Jump up ^ Horn , David ( Director ) ( 1993 ) . Billy Joel : Shades of Grey ( Motion picture ) . New York : Thirteen / WNET and Maritime Music . Jump up ^ Garcia , Alex S. Billy Joel -- We did n't start the fire . MVDBase -- Music Video Database . Jump up ^ billyjoelVEVO ( 2009 - 10 - 02 ) . `` Billy Joel - We Did n't Start the Fire ( Official Video ) '' . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Ettinger , Steven ( 2003 ) . Torah 24 / 7 : A Timely Guide for the Modern Spirit . Devorah Publishing Company . p. 2 . ISBN 1 - 930143 - 73 - 7 . Retrieved April 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Joel , Billy . `` Lyrics : We Did n't Start the Fire '' . www.billyjoel.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Adam ( May 21 , 2008 ) . `` Obituaries : Barbara Sears Rockefeller , 91 ; Miss Lithuania , Millionaire Bride '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` The 30th Academy Awards - 1958 '' . oscars.org . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Seisman , Matt ( April 16 , 2009 ) . `` We Did n't Start the Song Parody '' . Techland.com . Time.com . Retrieved May 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 12th Annual Webby Awards Nominees & Winners : Online Film & Video '' . WebbyAwards.com. 2008 . Jump up ^ Serrels , Mark ( 2010 - 12 - 20 ) . `` The Wii Did n't Start The Fire '' . Kotaku . Jump up ^ `` '' We Did n't Start the Flame War '' - CollegeHumor Video `` . 14 April 2009 . Jump up ^ http://jewishbroadcast.com/album/4968/sgt-shlockers-magical-history-tour Sgt . Shlockers Magical History Tour ( 1993 Album ) Jump up ^ Adam Drucker ( 22 April 2010 ) . `` We 've got a strong desire '' . Retrieved 6 March 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` ' Russell Howard 's Good News ' Cancer song '' . Jump up ^ `` You Ca n't Fight the Homestuck ! '' . Jump up ^ Kurp , Josh . `` ' We Did n't Start The Viral ' Is A Musical Recap Of YouTube 's Greatest Hits '' . UPROXX Web Culture . UPROXX.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Milo Greene covers Billy Joel '' . Retrieved 25 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sky Sports Ashes promo 2015 -- We Did n't Start The Fire '' . YouTube . Sky Sports . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . Jump up ^ NeilCicieregaMusic ( 2014 - 07 - 19 ) , Neil Cicierega - Space Monkey Mafia , retrieved 2017 - 04 - 17 Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Billy Joel -- We Did n't Star The Fire '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Billy Joel -- We Did n't Star The Fire '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Billy+Joel&titel=We+Didn%27t+Start+The+Fire&cat=s ( Retrieved September 17 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ Jans , Micha ( updated April 23 , 2009 ) Dutch Top 40 1989 , MichaJans.nl , Jaarlijsten / 1989 . Retrieved April 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Oricon Singles Chart Oricon Singles Chart ( Retrieved 2 November 2012 ) Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Billy Joel -- We Did n't Star The Fire '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Joel : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Joel -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Billy Joel . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Joel -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Billy Joel . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billy Joel -- Chart history '' Billboard Mainstream Rock Songs for Billy Joel . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` INFINITY CHARTS : German Top 20 '' . uni-wuerzburg.de . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canada RPM Top Singles of 1989 '' . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 -- 1990 '' . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 15 . Sources ( edit ) Bordowitz , Hank ( 2006 ) . Billy Joel : The Life & Times of an Angry Young Man . Billboard Books . p. 272 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8230 - 8248 - 3 . External links ( edit ) `` We Did n't Start the Fire '' Music Video on YouTube / BillyJoelVEVO channel Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Blame It on the Rain '' by Milli Vanilli Billboard Hot 100 number - one single December 9 , 1989 -- December 16 , 1989 Succeeded by `` Another Day in Paradise '' by Phil Collins ( hide ) Billy Joel Studio albums Cold Spring Harbor Piano Man Streetlife Serenade Turnstiles The Stranger 52nd Street Glass Houses The Nylon Curtain An Innocent Man The Bridge Storm Front River of Dreams Fantasies & Delusions Live albums Songs in the Attic KOHЦEPT 2000 Years : The Millennium Concert 12 Gardens Live Live at Shea Stadium : The Concert Compilations Greatest Hits , Vol. 1 -- 3 Souvenir : The Ultimate Collection The Ultimate Collection The Essential Billy Joel Piano Man : The Very Best of Billy Joel My Lives The Hits Singles `` She 's Got a Way '' `` Piano Man '' `` You 're My Home '' `` Worse Comes to Worst '' `` Travelin ' Prayer '' `` The Ballad of Billy the Kid '' `` The Entertainer '' `` Just the Way You Are '' `` Movin ' Out ( Anthony 's Song ) '' `` Only the Good Die Young '' `` She 's Always a Woman '' `` Vienna '' `` The Stranger '' `` My Life '' `` Big Shot '' `` Honesty '' `` Until the Night '' `` All for Leyna '' `` You May Be Right '' `` It 's Still Rock and Roll to Me '' `` Do n't Ask Me Why '' `` Sometimes a Fantasy '' `` Say Goodbye to Hollywood '' ( Live ) `` She 's Got a Way '' ( Live ) `` Pressure '' `` Allentown '' `` Goodnight Saigon '' `` Tell Her About It '' `` Uptown Girl '' `` An Innocent Man '' `` The Longest Time '' `` Leave a Tender Moment Alone '' `` This Night '' `` Keeping the Faith '' `` You 're Only Human ( Second Wind ) '' `` The Night Is Still Young '' `` Modern Woman '' `` A Matter of Trust '' `` This Is the Time '' `` Baby Grand '' `` Back in the U.S.S.R. '' ( Live ) `` We Did n't Start the Fire '' `` Leningrad '' `` I Go to Extremes '' `` The Downeaster ' Alexa ' '' `` That 's Not Her Style '' `` And So It Goes '' `` Shameless '' `` All Shook Up '' `` The River of Dreams '' `` All About Soul '' `` No Man 's Land '' `` Lullabye ( Goodnight , My Angel ) '' `` To Make You Feel My Love '' `` Hey Girl '' `` All My Life '' `` Christmas in Fallujah '' Other songs `` Everybody Loves You Now '' `` Captain Jack '' `` Los Angelenos '' `` Root Beer Rag '' `` New York State of Mind '' `` Prelude / Angry Young Man '' `` Miami 2017 ( Seen the Lights Go Out on Broadway ) '' `` Scenes from an Italian Restaurant '' `` Zanzibar '' `` Laura '' `` Scandinavian Skies '' `` Big Man on Mulberry Street '' Tours An Innocent Man Tour Face to Face 1994 Face to Face 1995 Face to Face 1998 Face to Face 2001 Face to Face 2003 Face to Face 2009 Face to Face 2010 Billy Joel in Concert Film Oliver & Company The Last Play at Shea See also Discography Movin ' Out Billy Joel Band The Hassles Attila Alexa Ray Joel Christie Brinkley Katie Lee `` Movin ' Out '' ( Glee episode ) Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=We_Didn%27t_Start_the_Fire&oldid=803384633 '' Categories : 1989 singles Billy Joel songs Songs written by Billy Joel Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Anti-war songs List songs Patter songs Protest songs Columbia Records singles 1989 songs Songs based on actual events Novelty songs Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing German - language text Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardmainstreamrock Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Português Svenska Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 05 : 32 . 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-6110574334267868301	List of A Series of Unfortunate Events characters	List of a series of Unfortunate Events characters - wikipedia List of a series of Unfortunate Events characters This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The children 's novel series A Series of Unfortunate Events features a large cast of characters created by Daniel Handler by the pen - name of Lemony Snicket . The series follows the turbulent lives of the Baudelaire orphans after their parents , Bertrand and Beatrice , are killed in an arsonous structure fire and their multiple escapes from their murderous relative Count Olaf , who is after their family fortune . The author of the series is Lemony Snicket ( the nom de plume of Daniel Handler ) , who plays a major role in the plot himself . Although the series is given no distinct location , other real people appear in the narrative , including the series ' illustrator , Brett Helquist , and Daniel Handler himself . Contents 1 Main characters 1.1 Count Olaf 1.2 Violet Baudelaire 1.3 Klaus Baudelaire 1.4 Sunny Baudelaire 1.5 Arthur Poe 1.6 Lemony Snicket 2 Supporting characters 2.1 Baudelaire family members 2.1. 1 Bertrand Baudelaire 2.1. 2 Beatrice Baudelaire 2.1. 3 Beatrice Baudelaire II 2.1. 4 Montgomery Montgomery 2.1. 5 Josephine Anwhistle 2.2 Count Olaf 's acting troupe 2.2. 1 The Hook - Handed Man 2.2. 2 The Bald Man With the Long Nose 2.2. 3 The Person of Indeterminate Gender 2.2. 4 The White - Faced Women 2.2. 5 The Wart - Faced Man 2.2. 6 Esmé Squalor 2.2. 7 Carmelita Spats 2.2. 8 Caligari Carnival freaks 2.2. 8.1 Hugo 2.2. 8.2 Colette 2.2. 8.3 Kevin 2.2. 9 The Man with a Beard But No Hair 2.2. 10 The Woman with Hair But No Beard 2.2. 11 Unseen associates 2.3 Quagmire triplets 2.3. 1 Duncan and Isadora Quagmire 2.3. 2 Quigley Quagmire 2.4 Baudelaire children guardians 2.4. 1 Sir 2.4. 1.1 Charles 2.4. 2 Vice-Principal Nero 2.4. 3 Jerome Squalor 2.4. 4 Hector 2.4. 5 Hal 2.4. 6 Olivia Caliban 2.4. 7 Bruce 2.4. 8 Captain Widdershins 2.4. 9 Dewey Denouement 2.4. 9.1 Frank and Ernest Denouement 3 Other characters 3.1 Edgar and Albert Poe 3.2 Eleanora Poe 3.3 Polly Poe 3.4 Justice Strauss 3.5 Gustav Sebald 3.6 Larry 3.7 Phil 3.8 Dr. Georgina Orwell 3.9 Mr. Remora 3.10 Mrs. Bass 3.11 Ms. Tench 3.12 Mr. and Mrs. Quagmire 3.13 Council of Elders 3.14 Mrs. Morrow 3.15 Mr. Lesko 3.16 Jacques Snicket 3.17 Geraldine Julienne 3.18 Milt 3.19 Lou 3.20 Babs 3.21 The Man with Pimples On His Chin 3.22 The Woman With Dyed Hair 3.23 Fiona 3.24 Kit Snicket 3.25 Castaways 3.25. 1 Ishmael 3.25. 2 Friday Caliban 3.25. 3 Minor castaways 4 Animals 4.1 Incredibly Deadly Viper 4.2 Mamba du Mal 4.3 Lachrymose Leech 4.4 V.F.D. Crows 4.5 Volunteer Feline Detectives 4.6 Snow Gnats 4.7 V.F.D. Eagles 5 See also 6 References Main characters ( edit ) Count Olaf ( edit ) Count Olaf is the main antagonist and one of the primary characters of the series , making an appearance in each installment with the Baudelaire children . Olaf is an eccentric criminal and a member of the Volunteer Fire Department that became a massive secret organization prior to the events of the first book in the series . Olaf is repeatedly described as an extremely tall and thin person with a monobrow , wheezy voice , gleaming eyes , extremely poor hygiene , and a tattoo of an eye on his left ankle . Following the death of their parents , the Baudelaire orphans are placed under his care , and he proves to be a horrible guardian who is only interested in the Baudelaire fortune left behind by their mom and dad . It is implied that he gained his dislike of the Baudelaire and Snicket families after the Baudelaire children 's parents , perhaps with the help of Kit and Lemony Snicket , killed his parents , orphaning him at a seemingly young age . After Olaf loses his guardianship over the children , he begins a series of attempts to steal the fortune by wearing various disguises and murdering Gustav Sebald , Montgomery Montgomery , Josephine Anwhistle , Jacques Snicket , and Olivia Caliban as well as attempting to murder Charles and countless other characters . Count Olaf 's aliases have included : Al Funcoot - Al Funcoot is an anagram of `` Count Olaf '' that he uses it as his nom de plume when writing The Marvellous Marriage , The Most Handsome Man in the World , its sequel , Why , I Believe I 've Become Even More Handsome ! , and One Last Warning to Those Who Try to Stand in My Way , as referenced in The Unauthorised Autobiography . Stephano ( / ˈstɛfənoʊ / STEF - ə - noh ) - An assistant herpetologist with a long beard , a shaved head , and no eyebrows . He used special makeup to cover his ankle tattoo . In the TV series , he wears thick cartoonish glasses and speaks in a nasally accent . Captain Julio Sham - A sea captain with an eye - patch and a wooden leg who uses a t obacco pipe for smoking . Count Olaf murdered the real Julio Sham , who was the captain of the Prospero . Shirley T. Sinoit - Pécer - Dr. Georgina Orwell 's feminine receptionist that wears stockings with eyes on them to cover his ankle tattoo . T. Sinoit - Pécer is `` receptionist '' spelled backwards . The alias was renamed Shirley St. Ives in the TV series . Coach Genghis - A sweatsuit - wearing gym teacher with a turban that he claims to wear for religious reasons covering his one eyebrow , and expensive looking running shoes covering his eye tattoo . In the TV series , Coach Genghis speaks in a southern American accent . Gunther ( / ˈɡuːntər / GOON - tər ) - A pinstripe suit - wearing auctioneer . He pretends to come from a foreign country so that people will believe that he does n't speak fluent English . Gunther constantly says `` please '' after and in the middle of every sentence in this disguise . He wears horse riding boots to cover up his tattoo and a monocle to distort his eyebrow . In the TV series , Gunther wears glasses . Detective Dupin - A `` famous '' detective obsessed with cool things , including ridiculous sunglasses which cover up his eyebrow and green plastic shoes with yellow lightning bolts on them to cover his tattoo . The alias name is a reference to C. Auguste Dupin . In the TV series , Detective Dupin is obsessed with scat singing and resorts to finding ways to get out of answering some questions . Mattathias ( / ˌmætəˈθaɪ. əs / MAT - ə - THY - əs ) - Heimlich Hospital 's new Human Resources director . The only sign of his presence is his voice over Heimlich Hospital 's intercom . In the TV series , Mattathias is a doctor and has the full name of Mattathias Medicalschool who plans to do a `` Crainioectomy '' on `` Laura V. Bleediotie . '' Kit Snicket - Olaf used this disguise in The End , but failed to fool anyone on the Island . The disguise consists of seaweed hair , Esme Squalor 's dress which she wore in The Slippery Slope , and a diving helmet with the Medusoid Mycelium to make it look like Olaf is pregnant . Yessica Haircut - Exclusive to the Netflix TV series , Count Olaf used this improvisational disguise to convince Mr. Poe ( who had a haircut scheduled ) that the Baudelaire children should be given to Count Olaf prior the events of The Bad Beginning . While the Baudelaire children are always able to see through his disguises and intentions , the adults around them remain completely oblivious to the villain and fail to aid the children , forcing the Baudelaires to unmask Count Olaf and his various schemes numerous times throughout the series . With the death of Jacques , who is mistakenly identified as the count by The Daily Punctilio , the target of the police manhunt for Olaf shifts to the Baudelaires , who are framed for the murder of Jacques . Olaf uses his newfound immunity to burn Heimlich Hospital and Caligari Carnival without repercussions . When he and the Baudelaires burn the Hotel Denouement down , they are forced to flee the authorities by escaping to sea , where they are shipwrecked on the island on the coastal shelf . In an attempt to take control of the island , Olaf threatens to release the airborne pathogens of Medusoid Mycelium on the colonists , but is harpooned by Ishmael . Olaf lives long enough to help Kit Snicket safely deliver her child , then he softly kisses her on the lips , which the Baudelaires refer to as the `` one good thing '' in his life . In the 2004 film , Count Olaf is portrayed by Jim Carrey while the video game adaption had Count Olaf 's additional dialogue provided by Robin Atkin Downes . Due to Carrey 's comedic manner , Olaf 's sinister nature was toned down and his occupation as an actor was increased , with him being comically bad at performing , but exceptional at improvising . His disguises for Stephano and Sham are slightly altered . Stephano now had thinning hair , prescription glasses , and a thin mustache that is `` a tad askew '' which Olaf claims was due to an incident involving a moray eel . He also spoke with a thick Italian American accent similar to comedian Ray Romano . His Sham disguise still kept the pegleg , but he had no eye patch ( though the DVD extras reveal that at one point the filmmakers considered having him wear a strap around his head in place of a typical patch ) . After his plot was exposed and Count Olaf was arrested by the constable as the crowd converged on him , Lemony Snicket stated that the judge had decreed that Count Olaf be made to suffer every hardship he caused on the Baudelaire children before serving a life sentence . However , Lemony Snicket later stated that Count Olaf `` vanished '' after a jury of his peers overturned his sentence . In the video game , after being exposed , someone turned off the lights , enabling Count Olaf to escape as he vows to get his hands on the fortune . In the 2017 TV series , he is portrayed by Neil Patrick Harris . Much like Carrey 's portrayal of the character , Harris ' portrayal was lighthearted , but still sinister in some fashion . The show dives into his acting persona with him being capable of thinking up a plan and disguise on the spot . In addition , he assumes the alias of an unrelated Count Olaf who works as the Caligari Carnival 's ringmaster in `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' after Count Olaf 's apparent death . Violet Baudelaire ( edit ) Violet Baudelaire is one of the three protagonists of the series ; she appears in all thirteen novels . In the TV series she is played by Malina Weissman . Violet helps her twelve - year - old brother Klaus and her baby sister Sunny solve problems with her inventing skills . As the eldest , she is the natural leader of the group . Violet is the eldest Baudelaire : she is fourteen at the beginning of the series and turns fifteen in The Grim Grotto . Brett Helquist 's drawings indicate she has long , dark brown hair , and though her eye colour is never specified , it is implied that her eyes are a different colour than Klaus 's . When thinking and concentrating on new inventions , Violet ties her hair in a purple ribbon to keep it out of her face . Violet is a brilliant inventor , inventing various items such as : A grappling hook that gets her up Count Olaf 's tower in The Bad Beginning . A lock pick that enables her to open Count Olaf 's suitcase in The Reptile Room . A signaling device in The Wide Window . A staple - making device in The Austere Academy using a small crab , a potato , metal rods , creamed spinach , and a fork . A mobile designed to brighten up the Orphan Shack while keeping the crab infestation at bay in the TV adaptation of The Austere Academy . A climbing device made from ties , curtains , and extension cords in The Ersatz Elevator . 3 welding devices made of fire tongs in The Ersatz Elevator . An invention created from bread and water that frees the three siblings from the Village of Fowl Devotees ' uptown jail in The Vile Village before two of them are to be burned alive . A rubber band ladder to escape the burning Heimlich Hospital in The Hostile Hospital . A cart as an escape vehicle made from vines , roller coaster parts , and a piece of rubber in The Carnivorous Carnival . Fork - assisted climbing shoes that help her and Quigley Quagmire climb the frozen waterfall of Mount Fraught in The Slippery Slope . When Violet and her siblings were accused of killing `` Count Olaf , '' they use a series of disguises while evading the authorities and Count Olaf 's group . Violet 's disguises include : In The Hostile Hospital , Count Olaf disguises her as a patient named Laura V. Bleediotie when he plans to perform a `` Crainioectomy '' surgery that will serve as a cover - up for Count Olaf 's plot to behead her . In The Carnivorous Carnival , Violet and Klaus do a shared disguise of Beverly and Elliot where they disguise themselves as a two - headed person . In The Slippery Slope , Violet poses as a Snow Scout and a volunteer when saving Sunny from Count Olaf . In The Grim Grotto , Violet dresses as a scuba diver . In The Penultimate Peril , she and her siblings pose as concierges until Dewey Denouement is accidentally killed during a confrontation with Count Olaf . Justice Strauss states to the crowd that they will have a blindfolded trial to determine who is guilty and who is not . However , the other two judges are discovered by the Baudelaires to be the Man With a Beard But No Hair and the Woman With Hair But No Beard . Violet and her siblings see Strauss being kidnapped , but nobody else does since the entire courtroom is blindfolded . Following Olaf , Violet and her siblings help him unlock the laundry room to get the sugar bowl . Using three clues , they break in , but find that the sugar bowl is not there . Angered , Olaf declares that he is going to the roof to get the Medusoid Mycelium which he will spread through the hotel , kill everyone , and escape by jumping off the roof in a boat . Violet , realizing his plan is foolish , agrees to help . Klaus is surprised that she would do this but Violet knows that they need an escape route , and going with Olaf may be the only way . Then , Sunny abruptly suggests that they burn down the Hotel , and Olaf agrees . On the roof , Klaus reveals that the sugar bowl fell into the pond and not into the laundry room . Here , Violet deduces that Sunny suggested they set the Hotel on fire as a signal so that noble people like Kit , Hector and the Quagmires would cancel the meeting . As Sunny says `` the last safe place is safe no more '' . Violet makes a chute for the boat to safely make it off the building , and they use the giant spatulas used for flipping sunbathers as oars . Justice Strauss attempts to stop the Baudelaires leaving on the boat , but Sunny bites her hand and makes her let go . The boat floats safely down to the ocean , and the Baudelaires are left `` in the same boat '' as Count Olaf . Flames engulf the Hotel Denouement and Count Olaf gets away yet again . In The End , the boat carries Violet , Klaus , Sunny and Olaf away from the burning hotel . After surviving a storm , they find themselves on a coastal shelf of an island inhabited by a mysterious group of people . They are first greeted by a little girl named Friday Caliban . Count Olaf , who had previously proclaimed himself king of Olaf - Land , threatens the girl with a harpoon gun . Friday is unfazed ; she refuses Olaf permission to land on the island , but invites the Baudelaires onto the island . Along the way , she describes what the islanders do with their time -- all year long , they build an outrigger on the coastal shelf , and once a year the water rises high enough to submerge the shelf and launch the outrigger . This is known as Decision Day , when anyone who wishes can board the ship , bite a bitter apple , spit it back out , and sail away . The island facilitator , Ishmael , introduces the Baudelaires to the strange island customs and has the islanders introduce themselves to the Baudelaires . After Count Olaf and Kit Snicket die , Violet , Klaus , and Sunny adopt Kit 's baby daughter Beatrice as they leave their island . Not much was known about the Baudelaires since then . In the 2004 film and its video game adaption , Violet is portrayed by Emily Browning . In the 2017 TV series , she is portrayed by Malina Weissman . She is much more kind to her siblings as she does n't fight with Klaus like she does in The Wide Window episodes . Klaus Baudelaire ( edit ) Klaus Baudelaire is one of the three orphans of the series who appears in all thirteen novels . Klaus is the middle child of the Baudelaire orphans ; he has an older sister named Violet and a younger sister named Sunny . His sister , Violet , is the family inventor , Sunny is the family biter , and he is the researcher . He is twelve years old at the beginning of the series and is fourteen by the end of the series . Klaus is the `` bookworm '' of the family , and his love of books has often helped him save himself and his sisters from Count Olaf . He tries to research their way out of the Marvellous Marriage in The Bad Beginning , helped prove that Stephano was really Count Olaf in disguise in The Reptile Room , and decoded Aunt Josephene 's note , leading him and his siblings to Curdled Cave . In The Ersatz Elevator , Klaus helped Violet and Sunny find out what V.F.D means . He also found his book knowledge important when he and his siblings were accused of killing `` Count Olaf . '' From The Vile Village onwards , the Baudelaire orphans use a series of disguises while evading the authorities and Count Olaf 's group . Klaus ' disguises include : In The Hostile Hospital , Klaus disguises himself as a doctor with Sunny . In the TV series , this disguise was named Dr. Faustus . In The Carnivorous Carnival , Klaus and Violet dress as a two - headed freak named Beverly and Elliot with Klaus as Elliot and Violet as Beverly . In The Slippery Slope , Klaus poses as a Snow Scout and a volunteer when saving Sunny from Count Olaf . In The Grim Grotto , Klaus wears a diving suit with a picture of Herman Melville on the front . When it came to The Penultimate Peril , Klaus and his siblings pose as concierges until Dewey Denouement is accidentally killed during a confrontation with Count Olaf . Justice Strauss states to the crowd that they will have a blindfolded trial to determine who is guilty and who is not . However , the other two judges are discovered by the Baudelaires to be the Man With a Beard But No Hair and the Woman With Hair But No Beard . Violet and her siblings see Strauss being kidnapped , but nobody else does since the entire courtroom is blindfolded . Following Olaf , Violet and her siblings help him unlock the laundry room to get the sugar bowl . Using three clues , they break in , but find that the sugar bowl is not there . Angered , Olaf declares that he is going to the roof to get the Medusoid Mycelium , which he will spread through the hotel , kill everyone , and escape , by jumping off the roof in a boat . Violet , realizing his plan is foolish , agrees to help . Klaus is surprised that she would do this but Violet knows that they need an escape route , and going with Olaf may be the only way . Then , Sunny abruptly suggests that they burn down the Hotel , and Olaf agrees . On the roof , Klaus reveals that the sugar bowl fell into the pond and not into the laundry room . Here , Violet deduces that Sunny suggested they set the Hotel on fire as a signal so that noble people like Kit , Hector and the Quagmires would cancel the meeting . As Sunny says , `` the last safe place is safe no more '' . Violet makes a chute for the boat to safely make it off the building , and they use the giant spatulas used for flipping sunbathers as oars . Justice Strauss attempts to stop the Baudelaires leaving on the boat , but Sunny bites her hand and makes her let go . The boat floats safely down to the ocean , and the Baudelaires are left `` in the same boat '' as Count Olaf . Flames engulf the Hotel Denouement , and Count Olaf gets away yet again . In The End , the boat carries Violet , Klaus , Sunny and Olaf away from the burning hotel . After surviving a storm , they find themselves on a coastal shelf of an island inhabited by a mysterious group of people . They are first greeted by a little girl , Friday Caliban . Count Olaf , who had previously proclaimed himself king of Olaf - Land , threatens the girl with a harpoon gun . Friday is unfazed ; she refuses Olaf permission to land on the island , but invites the Baudelaires onto the island . Along the way , she describes what the islanders do with their time -- all year long , they build an outrigger on the coastal shelf , and once a year the water rises high enough to submerge the shelf and launch the outrigger . This is known as Decision Day , when anyone who wishes can board the ship , bite a bitter apple , spit it back out , and sail away . The island facilitator , Ishmael , introduces the Baudelaires to the strange island customs and has the islanders introduce themselves to the Baudelaires . After Count Olaf and Kit Snicket die , Violet , Klaus , and Sunny adopt Kit 's baby daughter Beatrice as they leave the island . Not much was known about the Baudelaires since then . In the 2004 film as well as its video game adaption , Klaus is portrayed by Liam Aiken . He does n't have glasses unlike his book counterpart . In the 2017 TV series , he is portrayed by Louis Hynes . Sunny Baudelaire ( edit ) Sunny Baudelaire is one of the three protagonists of Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events series who appears in all thirteen novels . Sunny is the youngest of the three Baudelaire orphans and is described as an infant through much of the series . Although Sunny can not walk until the end of the seventh book and speaks in idiosyncratic baby talk , she repeatedly demonstrates advanced problem solving skills , motor dexterity , comprehension , moral reasoning , and intelligence . Early in the series , Sunny is frequently noted for the size and strength of her teeth . While Klaus and Violet often use their respective talents of reading and inventing to solve their problems , Sunny is required on multiple occasions to use her sharp teeth . As the books progress and Sunny grows out of infancy , she develops a love for cooking . When Sunny and her siblings were accused of killing `` Count Olaf , '' they use a series of disguises while evading the authorities and Count Olaf 's group . Sunny 's disguises include : A surgeon in The Hostile Hospital . Chabo the Wolf Baby in The Carnivorous Carnival . Sunny uses Count Olaf 's fake beard to make her look hairy . A scuba diver in The Grim Grotto . She is curled up in a diving helmet In The Penultimate Peril , Sunny and her siblings pose as concierges until Dewey Denouement is accidentally killed during a confrontation with Count Olaf . Justice Strauss states to the crowd that they will have a blindfolded trial to determine who is guilty and who is not . However , the other two judges are discovered by the Baudelaires to be the Man With a Beard But No Hair and the Woman With Hair But No Beard . Violet and her siblings see Strauss being kidnapped , but nobody else does since the entire courtroom is blindfolded as the two villains state for everyone not to take their blindfolds off . Following Olaf , Violet and her siblings help him unlock the laundry room to get the sugar bowl . Using three clues , they break in , only to find that the sugar bowl is not there . Angered , Olaf declares that he is going to the roof to get Medusoid Mycelium which he will spread through the hotel , kill everyone , and escape by jumping off the roof in a boat . Violet , realizing his plan is foolish , agrees to help . Klaus is surprised that she would do this but Violet knows that they need an escape route , and going with Olaf may be the only way . Then , Sunny abruptly suggests that they burn down the Hotel , and Olaf agrees . On the roof , Klaus reveals that the sugar bowl fell into the pond and not into the laundry room . Here , Violet deduces that Sunny suggested they set the Hotel on fire as a signal so that noble people like Kit , Hector and the Quagmires would cancel the meeting . As Sunny says , `` the last safe place is safe no more '' . Violet makes a chute for the boat to safely make it off the building , and they use the giant spatulas used for flipping sunbathers as oars . Justice Strauss attempts to stop the Baudelaires leaving on the boat , but Sunny bites her hand and makes her let go . The boat floats safely down to the ocean , and the Baudelaires are left `` in the same boat '' as Count Olaf . Flames engulf the Hotel Denouement , and Count Olaf gets away yet again . In The End , the boat carries Violet , Klaus , Sunny and Olaf away from the burning hotel . After surviving a storm , they find themselves on a coastal shelf of an island inhabited by a mysterious group of people . They are first greeted by a little girl , Friday Caliban . Count Olaf , who had previously proclaimed himself king of Olaf - Land , threatens the girl with a harpoon gun . Friday is unfazed ; she refuses Olaf permission to land on the island , but invites the Baudelaires onto the island . Along the way , she describes what the islanders do with their time -- all year long , they build an outrigger on the coastal shelf , and once a year the water rises high enough to submerge the shelf and launch the outrigger . This is known as Decision Day , when anyone who wishes can board the ship , bite a bitter apple , spit it back out , and sail away . The island facilitator , Ishmael , introduces the Baudelaires to the strange island customs . Also , Ishmael has the islanders ( most named after famous literary or historical castaways ) introduce themselves to the Baudelaires . After Count Olaf and Kit Snicket die , Violet , Klaus , and Sunny adopt Kit 's baby daughter Beatrice as they leave their island . Not much was known about the Baudelaires since then . In the 2004 film , Sunny is portrayed by Kara and Shelby Hoffman . In the video game adaption , her vocal effects are provided by Karis Campbell . In the 2017 TV series , Sunny is portrayed by Presley Smith and her vocal effects are provided by Tara Strong . Arthur Poe ( edit ) Arthur Poe is a banker in charge of the Baudelaire and Quagmire fortunes and the Baudelaire orphans ' guardianship . He is distinguished by a congenital cough , purblind demeanour , and general inefficacy in caring for the Baudelaire and Quagmire children . Poe is the first to bring the news of Bertrand and Beatrice 's death to the Baudelaire children who were at Briny Beach . As executor of the Baudelaire estate , he interprets the will 's instructions that the children `` be raised in the most convenient way possible '' , meaning they should remain within the city limits , and arranges for their distant relative Count Olaf to take custody . When the Baudelaires contact Poe at his bank , Mulctuary Money Management , to report Olaf 's abuse , the banker points out that Olaf is acting in loco parentis , and can raise them as he sees fit . However , when Olaf traps Sunny in a birdcage and attempts to force Violet to marry him during the play while exposing his plot , Poe invokes citizen 's arrest just prior to Count Olaf 's escape . Since then , Arthur Poe tries to find a suitable guardian to watch over the kids . He is not a very big help to the Baudelaire orphans . The Baudelaires are unable to contact him after the events of The Vile Village . In The Grim Grotto , the Baudelaires appear on Briny Beach and run into Mr. Poe again . He offers to help the Baudelaires prove their innocence only for them to get into a taxi that Kit Snicket was in . In The Penultimate Peril , Arthur Poe was staying at the Hotel Denouement . He came out of his hotel room during Count Olaf 's confrontation with Dewey Denouement . Count Olaf being surprised by Arthur Poe 's appearance resulted in the accident where Dewey Denouement was killed by the harpoon gun . During the trial of the Baudelaires and Count Olaf , Mr. Poe submitted some financial records as evidence . When Mrs. Bass claimed that the Baudelaires robbed banks , Mr. Poe quoted `` Who said that ? '' When the hotel was burned down , Mr. Poe was last seen on the third floor as he states that he is still in charge of the affairs of the Baudelaire family as the elevator closes on him . Lemony Snicket says `` it was n't Mr. Poe 's destiny to be killed by a harpoon gun , at least not this evening in particular . '' This means that Mr. Poe may be killed on another occasion by a Harpoon Gun and may suggest that he survived the Hotel Denouement fire . In the 2004 film , Arthur Poe is portrayed by Timothy Spall . Unlike the books , Arthur Poe repossesses the children from Count Olaf after he `` let Sunny drive . '' This led Arthur Poe to take the Baudelaire children to relative after relative . Following the incident in Lake Lachrymose , Arthur Poe and the constable saw that Count Olaf had `` redeemed himself '' by rescuing the Baudelaire children from the Lachrymose Leeches . When Count Olaf 's plot had been exposed , he and the crowd converged on him . After Count Olaf `` vanished '' after a jury of his peers overturned his sentence , Arthur Poe allowed the Baudelaire children to visit their old home before being taken to their next guardian . In the video game adaption , he is voiced by Daniel Hagen . In the 2017 TV series , he is portrayed by K. Todd Freeman . In `` The Wide Window '' Pt. 2 , Mr. Poe loses the Baudelaire children during the confusion when Count Olaf was exposed . In `` The Miserable Mill , '' Eleanora assists Mr. Poe into finding the Baudelaires and were able to locate them at Lucky Smells Lumbermill following Count Olaf 's escape . In `` The Vile Village '' Pt. 2 , Mr. Poe hears about the Baudelaire 's `` murder '' of `` Count Olaf . '' As he is unable to believe the Baudelaires ' claim that the man that was killed was n't Count Olaf , Mr. Poe is unable to help them and prepares to say his goodbyes to them before they are burned at the stake . Mr. Poe was surprised that Eleanora showed up to get a story and stated that they should 've carpooled . After a crow is accidentally injured by Esmé during the Baudelaire 's escape , Mr. Poe tells the villagers that they got to take the crow to the veterinarian . In `` The Hostile Hospital '' Pt. 2 , Mr. Poe goes to Heimlich Hospital thinking that he contracted swine flu during his time at the Village of Fowl Devotees when he speaks to Hal about it . When he receives a ticket to the `` crainoectomy '' held by Count Olaf under the alias of Mattathias Medicalschool , Klaus and Sunny 's disguises come undone as Mr. Poe is displeased that Klaus and Sunny were partaking in an operation where they did n't have a medical license . After Heimlich Hospital is set on fire , Mr. Poe gets out and comforts Babs . In `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' Pt. 2 , Mr. Poe attends the lion - feeding event at the Caligari Carnival . He was there after getting an anonymous tip that the Baudelaire children were sighted in the area . After the Caligari Carnival was burned to the ground , Mr. Poe was driving home as he plans to give Mrs. Bass a tour of his bank first . Lemony Snicket ( edit ) Main article : Lemony Snicket Lemony Snicket is the author of the book series who has chronicled the lives to the Baudelaire children . He dedicates his books to his long lost girlfriend , Beatrice Baudelaire . In the 2004 film , Lemony Snicket is portrayed by Jude Law where he is shown writing the story on a typewriter inside a clock tower . In the video game adaptation and the audiobooks , he is voiced by Tim Curry . In the 2017 TV series , he is portrayed by Patrick Warburton who appears as the onscreen narrator that is shown in different outfits to go with specific scenes . In `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' Pt. 1 , a flashback showed Lemony Snicket with Jacques at a party at the V.F.D. headquarters . He gets a root beer message stating `` Olaf knows '' as he rushes to get to Beatrice before Count Olaf can make an attempt on her life . In the present , the Baudelaire children notice him on the film reel they find at the Caligari Carnival about the V.F.D. and claim that he looks like Jacques Snicket . Supporting characters ( edit ) Baudelaire family members ( edit ) Bertrand Baudelaire ( edit ) Bertrand Baudelaire is the father of Violet , Klaus , and Sunny Baudelaire , the husband of Beatrice , and a V.F.D. member . Throughout the series , the children remember anecdotes about their father , such as him cooking at a dinner party . He was a childhood friend of Beatrice and a good friend of Dewey Denouement . As a member of the V.F.D. , Bertrand helped train the V.F.D. lions to become the Volunteer Feline Detectives . Count Olaf implies that Bertrand and Beatrice murdered Olaf 's parents . At the beginning of the series , Bertrand died in the fire that destroyed the Baudelaire Mansion . In the TV series , Bertrand is portrayed by an unnamed extra . Beatrice Baudelaire ( edit ) Lemony Snicket was in love with Beatrice Baudelaire and they could not get married but Beatrice cancelled the marriage and married Bertrand instead because she believed that Lemony was dead after his obituary appeared in The Daily Punctilio newspaper . Various hints are dispensed throughout the series as to why she called off the marriage . According to Lemony Snicket : The Unauthorized Autobiography , Snicket is mistakenly reported by the notoriously inaccurate Punctilio as dead . In The Grim Grotto , Lemony makes reference to Captain Widdershins 's having convinced Beatrice that a story in a newspaper was true , which could be the report of his death . The other evidence for her belief was that she had planned to name Violet ' Lemony ' had she been a boy , in accordance with the family custom of naming a child after a dead friend . We can assume that Beatrice at one time believed that Snicket was dead . When Lemony was revealed to be alive , she had already married Bertrand and she could not marry him . However , in The Beatrice Letters the reader is told that Beatrice returned Lemony 's engagement ring and sent him a 200 - page book explaining why the two could not wed , something she could not have done had she believed Snicket to be dead ; although this may have been after he was revealed to be alive . This may contradict Ishmael 's statement from The End that the ring was given to Beatrice then back to Lemony to Kit to Bertrand then back to Beatrice . Also , the newspaper article mentions Lemony 's work as the biographer of the Baudelaires , so this particular article could not have been published until after Beatrice 's death , so this puts a damper on the idea that she read that particular article . She could , of course , have believed a completely different article about him ( perhaps one accusing him of crimes he did not commit -- Snicket makes frequent references to such articles and false information ) , sent him the book and the letter , then later when she had married Bertrand , discovered the truth and also believed him ( for a time at least ) to be dead for some reason -- though again , it could not be the obituary that appears in the Daily Punctilio that convinces her of this as that must appear after her death . When Kit Snicket nears death , she informs the Baudelaire children that `` their families have always been close , even if they had to stay apart from one another '' . In the 2004 film , Beatrice is portrayed in an uncredited cameo by Helena Bonham Carter . In the TV series , Beatrice is portrayed by an unnamed extra . A flashback in `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' had Lemony running to warn Beatrice that Count Olaf is after her . Count Olaf 's attempt on Beatrice 's life is revealed to have failed . Beatrice Baudelaire II ( edit ) `` The End '' `` Chapter Fourteen '' Beatrice Baudelaire II is the daughter of Kit Snicket , who dies after giving birth . The infant Beatrice is adopted by the Baudelaire orphans , hence the use of the surname Baudelaire . At age one , `` she looks very much like her mother , '' according to Chapter Fourteen . The younger Beatrice was named for the Baudelaires ' mother Beatrice , at Kit 's request and in keeping with the tradition of naming children after deceased friends . In The Beatrice Letters , which is set ten years after the main series , she is the second Beatrice Baudelaire . She is searching for her uncle Lemony Snicket and for the Baudelaire orphans , who have apparently disappeared . She follows her uncle and writes him six letters . However , he constantly refuses to see her and actively runs from her . She writes that she attends a `` secretarial school that is n't really a secretarial school '' , implying that she has found a V.F.D. training school . Her sixth letter is signed `` Beatrice Baudelaire , Baticeer Extraordinaire . '' Montgomery Montgomery ( edit ) `` The Reptile Room '' Dr. Montgomery Montgomery or `` Uncle Monty '' ( introduced and killed in The Reptile Room ) is Bertrand Baudelaire 's cousin 's brother - in - law and Violet , Klaus , and Sunny 's second guardian , but he prefers to be called Uncle Monty . His sole appearance is in The Reptile Room . It is thought that his name is inspired by Monty Python , as he is a herpetologist ( one who studies snakes ) whose first name is Monty . Uncle Monty is a `` fat , short , chubby man with a round red face . '' He discovered the Incredibly Deadly Viper ( which is in fact not deadly at all ) . When the Baudelaires first meet him , he gives them homemade coconut cream cake , and the Baudelaires instantly warm to him . He plans to take them to Peru with his assistant Gustav Sebald , but receives Gustav 's apparent letter of resignation the day before ( it is later revealed that Gustav was actually killed by Count Olaf ) , so Uncle Monty hires `` Stephano '' ( Count Olaf in disguise ) in his place . The Baudelaires quickly recognize Stephano as Olaf . Uncle Monty , on the other hand , thinks that Stephano is a jealous spy from the herpetology society , there to steal the Incredibly Deadly Viper , which he has not yet revealed to the society . When the Baudelaires tried to tell Uncle Monty Stephano 's true identity , he misunderstood them , thinking that they were saying that Stephano 's `` plan to steal the Incredibly Deadly Viper '' was as despicable as Olaf , rather than Stephano actually being Olaf . Olaf murders Uncle Monty ( using snake venom ) , then blames it on the Mamba Du Mal ( the Incredibly Deadly Viper in the movie ) , another snake owned by Uncle Monty . The Baudelaires escape Olaf upon his hand in Monty 's death being exposed , but they never again find a nicer or more caring guardian than Uncle Monty . Uncle Monty also had some connection to the Quagmire family because there is a tunnel connecting the two houses . Snicket 's autobiography indicates that Uncle Monty 's death may be partly attributable to his failure to learn Sebald Code , with which a message intended for him was hidden in the movie Zombies in the Snow , which he had taken the children to see . In the book , Monty dearly wishes to have a family , but never found the right woman ( the movie revealed that Monty had a wife and children , but they were killed by yet another arson attack presumably at the hands of Count Olaf ) . On the book cover , Monty 's hair is red while other media adaptions have it in different colors . In the book Who Could That Be at This Hour ? , Monty is mentioned by Hector in the final chapter . In the film adaptation , Montgomery Montgomery is portrayed by Billy Connolly . Klaus sees Uncle Monty with a spyglass similar to the one he found in his father 's desk drawer , and later finds one that belongs to Aunt Josephine . Klaus also found a picture with his parents , Aunt Josephine , Uncle Monty , and other presumably V.F.D. members , all holding spyglasses . He is older and one of the more sympathetic characters in the movie . He gives the children a wonderful home , but faces the same fate as the other sympathetic guardians . In the video game adaption , he is voiced by Bob Joles . In the 2017 Netflix television series , Montgomery Montgomery is portrayed by Aasif Mandvi . Monty is also shown to have a ticket seller ally who spliced the film footage so that Monty can copy down the remaining message . In addition , he fought off the two White - Faced Women 's attempt to capture him while thinking that they were helping Stefano to steal his research for the herpetology society . In `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' Pt. 1 , Montgomery made an appearance in a flashback at a celebration at the V.F.D. headquarters on the day when Count Olaf failed to murder Beatrice . He was seen talking with the ticket seller about a Mamba du Mal code that he was working on . In the present , he appears on a film reel at the Caligari Carnival that talks about the V.F.D. Josephine Anwhistle ( edit ) Josephine Anwhistle or Aunt Josephine is Violet , Klaus and Sunny 's second cousin 's sister - in - law , and becomes their guardian in The Wide Window . Aunt Josephine thinks that grammar is the greatest joy in life . She keeps many books about Lake Lachrymose under her bed . These books include The Tides of Lake Lachrymose , The Bottom of Lake Lachrymose , Lachrymose Trout , The History of the Damocles Dock Region , Ivan Lachrymose - Lake Explorer , How Water Is Made and A Lachrymose Atlas . Ever since her husband Isaac ( Ike for short ) was devoured by Lachrymose Leeches due to not waiting an entire hour after eating something , she has developed numerous fears including irrational concerns about doorknobs , radiators , telephones , and ovens . In Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , several events Josephine was irrationally afraid of occur when her home falls into the lake including a fridge nearly falling on Klaus and a radiator exploding . In the end , Josephine pleads with Count Olaf ( in his disguise of Captain Sham ) to let her live by offering the Baudelaire children and their fortune in exchange for her own safety , but he pushes her overboard from a small sailboat after she corrected the grammar of her own death sentence , literally . It is heavily implied that she meets the same fate as her husband . Josephine is surrounded by leeches and her tattered life jackets are found later by fishermen at the time the orphans were in Prufrock Preparatory School , two books later , but it is not conclusively established if she survived or not . The Grim Grotto implies that she might still be alive . She and Esmé Squalor are the only female guardians the Baudelaires have in the series . In the film adaptation , Aunt Josephine is portrayed by Meryl Streep . Unlike the books , Josephine was more courageous before Ike 's death . Also , Count Olaf did n't use his Captain Sham disguise when he did away with Josephine . In the video game adaption , she is voiced by Donna Bullock . In the 2017 Netflix television series , Aunt Josephine is portrayed by Alfre Woodard . Just like the book , Josephine was more courageous before Ike 's death . She had her first encounter with Count Olaf 's Captain Sham alias where his theater troupe posed as random civilians talking about him . In `` The Carnivorous Carnival , '' Josephine made an appearance in a flashback at a celebration at the V.F.D. headquarters on the day when Count Olaf failed to murder Beatrice . She was seen with Ike back when he was still alive where she wanted to do some thrill - seeking activities and made a brief silent reaction when Ike wanted to have kids . In the present , she appears on a film reel at the Caligari Carnival that talks about the V.F.D. Count Olaf 's acting troupe ( edit ) Count Olaf 's acting troupe is a troupe of actors who are the followers of Count Olaf . They follow Count Olaf in his plans to obtain the Baudelaire fortune . Among the members are : The Hook - Handed Man ( edit ) The Bad Beginning The Reptile Room The Ersatz Elevator The Hostile Hospital The Carnivorous Carnival The Slippery Slope The Grim Grotto Fernald , commonly known as the Hook - Handed Man , is an assistant of Count Olaf who has hooks instead of hands . He wears fake hands on his hooks and / or other outfits that would hide his hooks when posing as different people . First appearing in The Bad Beginning as part of his theatre troupe , he was sent to Justice Strauss ' house to retrieve the Baudelaires where he even claimed to them that Count Olaf has n't ripped them limb from limb yet because he does n't have the Baudelaire fortune yet . The Hook - Handed Man was the one who catches Violet when she climbs up the side of Count Olaf 's tower in an attempt to rescue Sunny and informs Count Olaf about it . When Count Olaf 's true nature is exposed , the Hook - Handed Man is among the members of Count Olaf 's theater troupe that escape in the blackout . In The Reptile Room , the Hook - Handed Man poses as a doctor named Dr. O. Lucafont to examine the supposed bite marks that the Mamba Du Mal supposedly left on Montgomery Montgomery . When Stefano was exposed as Count Olaf , Sunny bites off the Dr. O. Lucafont 's fake hands exposing him as well . Both men managed to get away . In The Ersatz Elevator , the Hook - Handed Man poses as a doorman at 667 Dark Avenue . He wore a long coat that had long sleeves that hid his hooks . He appears in The Hostile Hospital , posing as a doctor at Heimlich Hospital where he assisted Olaf 's surgical attempt to murder Violet . In The Carnivorous Carnival , the Hook - Handed Man helped to dig the pit for the lions that will be used for the lion - feeding event at the Caligari Carnival . While he has told the Man with Pimples On His Chin that he is not a freak , the Hook - Handed Man was advised to get some realistic hands . In addition , the Hook - Handed Man was equipped with a giant noodle to whip any disobeying freaks . In The Slippery Slope , the Hook - Handed Man is taken to The Carmelita with the Snow Scouts . In The Grim Grotto , Fiona meets him and it is revealed that they are siblings where Captain Widdershins is his stepfather . He joined Olaf and left Captain Widdershins after burning down Anwhistle Aquatics and killing Gregor Anwhistle . He also joined Count Olaf because Captain Widdershins always said `` Aye ! '' which annoyed him . Fiona convinces him to steal Olaf 's submarine which is successful as mentioned in The Penultimate Peril where Count Olaf claimed to the Baudelaires , Dewey Denouement , Justice Strauss , and Jerome Squalor that Fernald and Fiona double - crossed him . Their fate is unknown as Kit Snicket reports in The End that she abandoned them in the face of the `` Great Unknown . '' It is also revealed that when he had to wait , he played a card game he made up named Fernald 's Folly . In the film , the Hook - Handed Man is portrayed by Jamie Harris . He is British and as revealed in the deleted scenes , is obsessed with pirates which is something that annoys Count Olaf . The Hook - Handed Man seems to relish in his use of his hook hands . In the video game adaption , the Hook - Handed Man is voiced by Jay Gordon . In the Netflix series , he is portrayed by Usman Ally . He has scars on his face , is bald - headed , and his hook hands have claws . He has the most interaction with the Baudelaires and despite making constant threats , is relatively mild - mannered and not entirely unfriendly to them , to the point that he even concerns himself with their well - being . He understands Sunny 's speech as clearly as her siblings , as opposed to almost every other adult in the series , and on occasion even responds directly to her . As a nod to the books , he likes to play cards and does so with Sunny while he is guarding her . However , just like the Bald Man , the Hook - Handed Man too appears to be comically unintelligent . In addition , his Lucafont alias is used by the Person of Indeterminate Gender instead while the Hook - Handed Man joined the rest of the troupe in posing as members of the sheriff 's department putting Uncle Monty 's house under `` quarantine '' following Uncle Monty 's death . In `` The Wide Window , '' the Bald Man later appeared as a random citizen at Lake Lachrymose , speaking highly of Captain Sham when Josephine Anwhistle meets him . In `` The Miserable Mill , '' the Hook - Handed Man was the one who posed as Foreman Flacutano . In `` The Austere Academy , '' the Hook - Handed Man assists the Bald Man in posing as the dead horse mascot . He is the one who catches Duncan and Isadora Quigley . In `` The Ersatz Elevator , '' the Hook - Handed Man posed as a doorman , a worker at the Herring Houdini restaurant , and a staff member of Veblen Hall . In `` The Vile Village , '' the Hook - Handed Man posed as a villager that assisted in Detective Dupin 's scat by playing music . In `` The Hostile Hospital , '' the Hook - Handed Man poses as a doctor associate of Mattathias Medicalschool where he introduces himself as Dr. Flacutano . In `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' , Madame Lulu mentions that the Hook - Handed Man 's sister relies on him , shocking him , and he is later seen wondering if he should call her and dreading his stepfather picking up . This presumably is a hint at Fiona and Captain Widdershins . In addition , he is the one who plays the calliope at the Caligari Carnival . The Bald Man with the long Nose ( edit ) The Bad Beginning The Miserable Mill The Hostile Hospital The Carnivorous Carnival The Bald Man With the Long Nose is one of Olaf 's henchmen , he is described as a bald man with a hooked nose who always wears a black robe . At the time when Count Olaf 's true nature is exposed , the Bald Man is among the members of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe that escape during the blackout . In The Miserable Mill , the Bald Man disguises himself as Foreman Flacutono at the Lucky Smells Lumbermill . In The Hostile Hospital , the Bald Man disguises himself as the head doctor at Heimlich Hospital while using a surgical mask to cover his face both times . In The Carnivorous Carnival , the Bald Man helped to dig the pit for the lions that will be used in the lion - feeding event at the Caligari Carnival . He and Olivia Caliban fell into the lion pit during the crowd chaos and are devoured by the lions . In the film , the Bald Man is portrayed by Luis Guzmán . He is shown to be the least sinister with no long nose but a short one , and for that matter least intelligent of the troupe . The deleted scenes reveal that he wishes to have a prominent role in The Marvelous Marriage , but Count Olaf makes him the effects man instead . In the video game adaption , the Bald Man is voiced by S. Scott Bullock . In the Netflix series , the Bald Man is portrayed by John DeSantis . He is shown to be rather large and intimidating with a short nose instead of a long one . In addition , the Bald Man has a deep bellowing voice . Despite this , he is shown to be just as unintelligent as his movie counterpart . As seen in the second part of `` The Bad Beginning , '' he catches Mr. Poe 's secretary Jacquelyn eying Count Olaf 's car at the time when he was posing as `` Yessica Haircut '' causing the Bald Man to tie her to a tree to keep her from interfering . In addition , he was the one who caused the blackout that enabled Count Olaf and his theatre troupe to get away . In `` The Reptile Room , '' the Bald Man joined his fellow troupe members into posing as members of the sheriff 's department putting Uncle Monty 's house under `` quarantine '' following Uncle Monty 's death . In `` The Wide Window , '' the Bald Man later appeared as a random citizen at Lake Lachrymose talking good about Captain Sham when Josephine Anwhistle meets him . In `` The Miserable Mill , '' his Foreman Flacutono alias was used by the Hook - Handed Man instead . In `` The Austere Academy , '' the Bald Man assists the Hook - Handed Man in posing as the dead horse mascot . In `` The Ersatz Elevator , '' the Bald Man posed as a worker at the Herring Houdini restaurant and a security guard at the entrance of Veblen Hall . In `` The Vile Village , '' the Bald Man posed as a villager that assisted in Detective Dupin 's scat by playing music . In `` The Hostile Hospital , '' the Bald Man poses as a doctor associate of Mattathias Medicalschool named Dr. Tocuna . In `` The Carnivorous Carnival , '' the Bald Man worked as a vendor at the Caligari Carnival . Unlike the books , he did not fall into the lion pit . The Person of Indeterminate Gender ( edit ) The Bad Beginning The Wide Window The Hostile Hospital The Person of Undetermined Gender is one of Olaf 's henchpeople who appears in The Bad Beginning , The Wide Window , and Hostile Hospital . Described as a gigantic , overweight individual , with pure white eyes and an androgynous appearance . The Person is immensely strong and never speaks , except in bellows and roars . As the Person 's gender is said to not look like a man nor a woman , even Count Olaf does n't know what the Person 's gender is . At the time when Count Olaf 's true nature is exposed , the Person is among the members of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe that escape during the blackout . In The Wide Window , the Person posed as a security guard at `` Captain Sham 's Sailboat Rentals . '' In The Hostile Hospital , the Person poses as a hospital security guard . The Person is last seen trapped in a fire at Heimlich Hospital trying to catch the Baudelaires . Its fate is unknown . In the film , the Person is portrayed by Craig Ferguson . Most of the Person 's dialogue is cut from the film , the Person possess a Scottish accent and surprisingly they too are unsure of their gender , though Count Olaf calls the Person ' Eliza ' even after referring to the Person as ' he . ' In the Netflix series , the Person is portrayed by Matty Cardarople . The Person is the youngest member of the troupe and unlike the books , actually talks a lot . However , the Person 's speaking is prone to mumbling and mostly consists of rather educated observations that tend to agree with the Baudelaires ' arguments much to the annoyance of Count Olaf and their fellow troupe members . In the episodes adapted from `` The Reptile Room , '' the Person poses as Nurse Lucafont while their fellow troupe members pose as members of the sheriff 's department putting Uncle Monty 's house under `` quarantine '' following Uncle Monty 's death . In `` The Wide Window , '' the Person later appeared as a random citizen at Lake Lachrymose talking good about Captain Sham when Josephine Anwhistle meets them . In `` The Austere Academy , '' the Person of Indeterminate Gender poses as a teacher who teaches indeterminate gender studies . In `` The Ersatz Elevator , '' the Person of Indeterminate Gender posed as a worker at the Herring Houdini restaurant and an attendant of the In Auction at Veblen Hall . In `` The Vile Village , '' the Person of Indeterminate Gender posed as a villager that assisted in Detective Dupin 's scat by playing music . In `` The Hostile Hospital '' Pt. 2 , the Person once again poses as Nurse Lucafont who is an associate of Mattathias Medicalschool . Unlike the books , the Person survives the Heimlich Hospital fire and continues assisting Count Olaf in the following escapades . In `` The Carnivorous Carnival , '' the Person of Indeterminate Gender posed as a popcorn vendor at the Caligari Carnival . The White - Faced Women ( edit ) The Bad Beginning The Austere Academy The Hostile Hospital The Carnivorous Carnival The Slippery Slope The two White - Faced Women are two members of Olaf 's theater troupe who always cover their faces in white powder . They are apparently twins . They disguise themselves as cafeteria workers in The Austere Academy where they succeed in abducting the Quagmire Children . In The Hostile Hospital , the White - Faced Women posed as Heimlich Hospital 's workers Dr. Tocuna and Nurse Flo . In The Carnivorous Carnival , the White - Faced Women helped to dig the pit for the lions that will be used for the lion - feeding event at the Caligari Carnival . The White - Faced Women abandon Count Olaf in The Slippery Slope after accusing him of starting a fire that killed their third sibling and when they refused to kill Sunny . Their fates have been speculated by Lemony Snicket to either have them singing sad songs in some of the gloomiest music halls in the city , living together in the Hinterlands attempting to grow rhubarb in the dry and barren ground , or never making it out of the Mortmain Mountains where their bones can be found in one of the mountain range 's many caves . In the film , the White - Faced Women are portrayed by Jennifer Coolidge and Jane Adams . They are both rather vain and seem to have a slight attraction to Count Olaf . As revealed in the deleted scenes , they seem to be slightly reciprocated . In the video game adaption , the White - Faced Women are voiced by Jocelyn Blue and Kari Wahlgren . The White - Faced Women in the video game adaption are named White - Faced Jen and White - Faced Jane after the actress that portrayed them in the film . In the Netflix series , the White - Faced Women are portrayed by Jacqueline and Joyce Robbins . They are twins , they both wear glasses , and are both elderly . They admire Count Olaf and are always finishing each other 's sentences . The first part of `` The Reptile Room '' episode had them attempting to capture Uncle Montgomery only for him to thwart their plan . The second part had them posing as members of the sheriff 's department putting Uncle Monty 's house under `` quarantine '' following Uncle Monty 's death . Later on , the White - Faced Women join their fellow troupe members into posing as members of the sheriff 's department putting Uncle Monty 's house under `` quarantine '' following Uncle Monty 's death . In `` The Wide Window , '' the White - Faced Women later appeared as a random citizen at Lake Lachrymose where talking good about Captain Sham when Josephine Anwhistle meets him . In `` The Austere Academy , '' the White - Faced Women assist Count Olaf in throwing Larry into the walk - in freezer and later pose as cheerleaders . In `` The Ersatz Elevator , '' the White - Faced Women posed as workers at the Herring Houdini restaurant and presenters of the items at the In Auction held that is held at Veblen Hall . In `` The Vile Village , '' the White - Faced Women posed as villagers that assisted in Detective Dupin 's scat by playing music . In `` The Hostile Hospital , '' the White - Faced Women pose as nurses who are associates of Mattathias Medicalschool . While the Dr. Tocuna alias was used by the Bald Man , the aliases they use are Nurse Flo and Nurse Glo . In `` The Carnivorous Carnival , '' the White - Faced Women operated the lights at the Caligari Carnival . The Wart - Faced Man ( edit ) The Bad Beginning The Wart - Faced Man is a man with warts on his face who is a minor member of Count Olaf 's theater troupe where he works on Count Olaf 's play that would have him actually marrying Violet . Lemony Snicket described him as being important - looking . Upon Count Olaf 's true nature being exposed during the play , the Wart - Faced Man causes a blackout that enables himself , Count Olaf , the Hook - Handed Man , the Bald Man with the Long Nose , the Person of Indeterminate Gender , and the two White - Faced Women to escape . The Wart - Faced Man is n't seen again after that . Esmé Squalor ( edit ) The Ersatz Elevator The Vile Village The Hostile Hospital The Carnivorous Carnival The Slippery Slope The Grim Grotto The Penultimate Peril Esmé Gigi Genevieve Squalor is Count Olaf 's girlfriend and the ex-wife of Jerome Squalor . Her name is likely a reference to the short story For Esmé -- with Love and Squalor by J.D. Salinger . Prior to the events of the series , she was a professional stage actress and member of V.F.D. Esmé is distinguished by her very tall height and her obsession with high fashion . She often wears ridiculous outfits that she considers stylish . Lemony Snicket mentions that Esmé and Beatrice Baudelaire met for the first time at a Thursday tea party . While the Baudelaires are living with the Squalors in The Ersatz Elevator , Esmé conspires with Count Olaf while he is still in disguise as the auctioneer Gunther . After the `` In Auction '' , during which Olaf in the disguise of Gunther completes a complicated scheme to `` launder '' the kidnapping of the remaining Quagmire triplets , he drives away with her in his truck . Although the Baudelaires attempt to warn her of Gunther 's true identity , she reveals that she not only knew all along , but that Olaf was her acting teacher . Later while staying in the Village of Fowl Devotees in The Vile Village , the Baudelaires hear that the two of them are dating . Besides being Olaf 's girlfriend , Esmé acts as one of his henchmen , although always within the limits of what is `` in '' . During this time , Esmé Squalor poses as a police officer named Officer Luciana . When Esmé accidentally harms one of the V.F.D. crows in violation of the Village of Fowl Devotees ' # 1 rule of not harming crows as well as the use of a mechanical device like a harpoon gun , she and Count Olaf ( acting as Detective Dupin ) are forced to flee the villagers . In The Hostile Hospital , Esmé poses as a doctor is sent to destroy the Snicket File , one of the last remaining pieces of evidence that could send Count Olaf to jail . The file is kept in the Library of Records at the hospital , where the Baudelaires have been working in the hope of discovering more about V.F.D. Esmé uses her sharp stilettos ( the heels being real stiletto knives ) to attempt to harm the orphans . Esmé is unable to claim the file as not only had the authorities had removed it beforehand , but also Klaus has retrieved the thirteenth page and hidden it in his pocket . She attempts to murder the orphans by crushing them with book shelves and later burns down the Library of Records . Esmé captures Violet , but fails to keep her captive . In The Carnivorous Carnival , Esmé wears different outfits while at the Caligari Carnival and has a rivalry with Madame Lulu as Madame Lulu had a certain affection for Count Olaf . Esmé constantly gives her angry glances and has the original idea of tossing Lulu to the lions for the upcoming lion - feeding event at the Caligari Carnival . In The Slippery Slope , Esmé was present when the Man with a Beard But No Hair and the Woman with Hair But No Beard show up to discuss some plans with Count Olaf . The Baudelaires and Quigley Quagmire consider taking Esmé hostage in a plan to rescue Sunny Baudelaire , but cancel the plan because it was `` too villainous '' . In The Grim Grotto , Esmé dresses up as an octopus and uses a giant noodle to slap the captive children who are being used to power The Carmelita . In The Penultimate Peril , Olaf and Esmé break up after fighting during the dramatic `` harpoon gun '' incident in The Vile Village . She wears a `` lettuce bikini '' with silver sandals and silver lipstick , and has her name carved into her fingernails at the time when she and Carmelita Spats were staying at the Hotel Denouement and sighted at its rooftop sunbathing salon . The different guests talked about a cocktail party held by her boyfriend with the initials `` J.S. '' on Thursday . Jerome tried to get back together with Esmé during the confrontation , an idea which Esmé spurned instantly as she is not on his side . After Dewey Denouement is accidentally killed , Esmé claims that the Baudelaires are guilty as sin as she has her fingers on Carmelita . During the trial of the Baudelaire children and Count Olaf , Esmé submitted a blank testimony to Justice Strauss and the two judges who were actually the Man with a Beard But No Hair and the Woman with Hair But No Beard . At the end , it is not known whether Esmé escaped the fire at Hotel Denouement with Carmelita Spats , but the narrative suggests that if she did , she never again met the Baudelaire children . She was on the 2nd floor when the Baudelaires last saw her . In the Netflix TV series , Esmé is portrayed by Lucy Punch . She is said to be the original owner of the mysterious sugar bowl which was stolen from her by Lemony Snicket and Beatrice Baudelaire . Unlike the books , Esmé is shown to be strong enough to carry an unconscious Jerome back to her apartment . After she and Count Olaf fight in `` The Vile Village '' , Esmé begins to be much more interested in recovering this bowl than assisting Count Olaf in kidnapping the Baudelaires until he leads her to believe the Baudelaires have the bowl . In `` The Hostile Hospital , '' Esmé poses as a nurse where she says that her name is Nurse Cassandra Ursula Terrific Elliandra - before the rest of the name is cut off by Count Olaf in his alias of Mattathias Medicalschool . Carmelita Spats ( edit ) The Austere Academy The Slippery Slope The Grim Grotto The Penultimate Peril Carmelita Spats is a pupil of Prufock Preparatory School and a Snow Scout , appearing in The Austere Academy , The Slippery Slope , The Grim Grotto and The Penultimate Peril . She dislikes the Baudelaires , taunting them for being orphans and calling them `` cakesniffers . '' Carmelita is liked by Vice-Principal Nero and disliked by Mrs. Bass . Her uncle Bruce is the leader of the Snow Scouts as seen in The Slippery Slope . She hikes up the Mortmain Mountain every year with the group , which celebrates the False Spring by crowning her queen . One year later , she meets Olaf and Esmé at the peak of the mountain and they unofficially adopt her . In The Grim Grotto , she claims to be a `` tap - dancing ballerina fairy princess veterinarian '' and performs a recital . Esmé finds this adorable while Olaf is annoyed by it . In The Penultimate Peril , she dresses as a `` ballplaying cowboy superhero soldier pirate '' and has a pool and a ship brought to the rooftop sunbathing salon of the Hotel Denouement . In the Netflix TV series , Carmelita Spats is portrayed by Kitana Turnbull . Unlike the books , Carmelita was the one who snuck Count Olaf and his troupe into Prufrock Preparatory School upon Count Olaf making a deal with her through the bleachers . In addition , she also helped Count Olaf and the White - Faced Women trap Larry in the walk - in freezer . The series also comically depicts her literally sniffing cakes which she does in secret in the middle of the night when nobody is looking . Caligari Carnival freaks ( edit ) The Caligari Carnival freaks are members of a freak show that reside in the Caligari Carnival 's House of Freaks . They later side with Count Olaf . Hugo ( edit ) The Carnivorous Carnival The Slippery Slope The Penultimate Peril Hugo is a hunchback who is one of the Caligari Carnival freaks . He has a hunched back that makes him look slightly awkward . He is good - natured and always flexible towards the present circumstances . Hugo lives with the Baudelaire children for a small period of time in The Carnivorous Carnival and appears to bond with Sunny Baudelaire when they make soup together . He later became one of Count Olaf 's henchmen when Esmé gives him the large coat that was a part of the Hook - Handed Man 's doorman disguise that would hide his hunchback . After discovering that the Baudelaire siblings are n't actually freaks , Hugo appears specially bitter towards them at The Slippery Slope . In The Penultimate Peril , which marks his final appearance in the series , he and the freaks are present at the Hotel Denouement where Hugo poses as a worker at the hotel 's rooftop sunbathing salon . When Dewey Denouement is killed during the confrontation with Count Olaf which awakens all the hotel patrons , he agrees with Mrs. Bass when she claims that the Baudelaire children are criminals and he says that they are too freakish to be allowed to move around freely . During the blindfolded trial presided over by Justice Strauss , Hugo presents some carnival posters as evidence . When Hotel Denouement catches fire , Hugo , Colette , and Kevin are last seen holding the bird paper that Klaus hung on the outside of the sauna . Hugo asks if the plan for the hors - d'oeuvres is still in operation . It is left uncertain whether Hugo survived the fire at the Hotel Denouement . In the TV series , Hugo is portrayed by Kevin Cahoon . Colette ( edit ) The Carnivorous Carnival The Slippery Slope The Penultimate Peril Colette is a contortionist who is one of the Caligari Carnival freaks . She considers her trait to be an abnormality rather than an ability . In The Carnivrous Carnival , Esmé swayed her to Count Olaf 's side by giving her a large robe that would allow her to contort her body into any shape she wanted without people being aware . In The Slippery Slope , Colette wondered why the White - Faced Women disliked their paleness since they used makeup and powder in front of her . In The Penultimate Peril , Colette was present at the Hotel Denouement where she posed as a chemist in a long white coat and surgical mask staying at the Hotel Denouement that is outside of the sauna when Frank or Ernest Denouement suggests that she takes Sir and Charles to room 547 where Organic Chemistry is . During the blindfolded trial , Colette submitted some drawings as evidence . When Hotel Denouement was starting to catch on fire , Hugo , Colette , and Kevin were last seen holding the bird paper that Klaus hung on the outside of the sauna . Colette talks about plucking the feathers off some crows . It is left uncertain if Colette survived the fire at the Hotel Denouement . In the TV series , Colette is portrayed by real - life contortionist Bonnie Morgan . Kevin ( edit ) The Carnivorous Carnival The Slippery Slope The Penultimate Peril Kevin is an ambidextrous man with a wrinkly face who is one of the Caligari Carnival freaks . Though his trait is considered advantageous by many people , he views it as a disability . In The Carnivorous Carnival , Esmé swayed Kevin to Count Olaf 's side by giving him a rope that would enable him to tie one hand behind his back so that he can look normal . In The Penultimate Peril , Kevin was present at the Hotel Denouement where he poses as a washerwoman in the Hotel Denouement 's laundry room . During the blindfolded trial , Kevin submitted books as evidence with both his hands . When Hotel Denouement was starting to catch on fire , Hugo , Colette , and Kevin were last seen holding the bird paper that Klaus hung on the outside of the sauna . Kevin wonders if he should hold the bird paper with his left hand or his right hand . It is left uncertain if Kevin survived the fire at the Hotel Denouement . In the TV series , Kevin is portrayed by Robbie Amell . The Man with a Beard but No Hair ( edit ) The Slippery Slope The Penultimate Peril The Man with a Beard But No Hair is a high - voiced man who has no background history , but is said to be villainous to the point that even Count Olaf fears him . He is the latest member of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . He and the Woman with Hair But No Beard first appear in The Slippery Slope where they congratulate Count Olaf for setting fire to the Caligari Carnival and gave him the coveted Snicket File when they meet him at the Mortmain Mountains . After some eagles are summoned to abduct the Snow Scouts , the Man with a Beard But No Hair and the Woman with Hair But No Beard escape on some of them telling Count Olaf that they will see them at the Hotel Denouement . In The Penultimate Peril , the Man with a Beard But No Hair and the Woman with Hair But No Beard served as judges alongside Justice Strauss at the trial of the Baudelaire children and Count Olaf . When Count Olaf starts the fire at the Hotel Denouement , the Man with a Beard But No Hair was last seen on the first floor with his hand on Jerome Squalor as he secretly praises Count Olaf for starting the fire . When Jerome asks how arson is a good thing , the Man with a Beard But No Hair changes his comment by helping the Woman with Hair But No Beard into directing Frank and Ernest Denouement to the elevator . It is left uncertain if the Man with a Beard But No Hair survived the fire at the Hotel Denouement . The Woman with Hair but No Beard ( edit ) The Slippery Slope The Penultimate Peril The Woman with Hair But No Beard is a low deep - voiced associate of the Man with a Beard But No Hair where they are the latest members of Count Olaf 's theatre troupe . Her `` aura of menace '' even frightens Count Olaf and Lemony Snicket states that he refused to write down her real name . She and the Man with a Beard But No Hair first appeared in The Slippery Slope where they congratulate Count Olaf for setting fire to the Caligari Carnival and gave him the coveted Snicket File when they meet him at the Mortmain Mountains . After some eagles are summoned to abduct the Snow Scouts , the Man with a Beard But No Hair and the Woman with Hair But No Beard escape on some of them telling Count Olaf that they will see them at the Hotel Denouement . In The Penultimate Peril , the Woman with Hair But No Beard and the Man with a Beard But No Hair served as judges alongside Justice Strauss at the trial of the Baudelaire children and Count Olaf . When Count Olaf starts the fire at the Hotel Denouement , the Woman with Hair But No Beard was last seen on the first floor where she directs the blindfolded Frank and Ernest to the elevator . It is left uncertain if the Woman with Hair But No Beard survived the fire at the Hotel Denouement . Unseen associates ( edit ) In The Bad Beginning , it was mentioned that there were at least seven other members of Count Olaf 's troupe that attended Count Olaf 's dinner party . While the Baudelaires did n't get a good look at them , they can tell that they are frightening like the rest of the troupe members . Chapter 10 of Lemony Snicket : The Unauthorized Autobiography mentioned the tallying of 17 total members of Count Olaf 's acting troupe in Lemony 's commonplace book that was sent to Valorous Farms Dairy . These unseen associates were mentioned here . Quagmire triplets ( edit ) Duncan , Isadora , and Quigley Quagmire are triplets who help the Baudelaires on some of their adventures . While they are often mistaken to be twins because Quigley supposedly died in a fire , Duncan and Isadora still consider themselves to be triplets . Duncan and Isadora Quagmire ( edit ) Duncan and Isadora Quagmire are students at Prufrock Preparatory School in The Austere Academy . They are named after Isadora Duncan , a dancer who was strangled to death when her scarf became caught in the wheel of her car . They become friends with the Baudelaires : both families lost their parents in a fire and will inherit a large fortune upon turning 18 . The Quagmires attempt to help the Baudelaires work out Count Olaf 's plan , but end up being kidnapped by him . They return in The Ersatz Elevator and The Vile Village and the Baudelaires try to help them escape Olaf 's clutches . In the latter , they end up escaping in a hot - air balloon house with Hector . In The End , Kit Snicket tells the Baudelaires that she briefly met up with them , but does not know what happened to them as she abandoned them when threatened by the Great Unknown . In the TV series , Duncan and Isadora are portrayed by Dylan Kingwell and Avi Lake , respectively . The TV series portrays a romantic relationship between Duncan and Violet Baudelaire that is not seen in the books and was originally depicted there with Quigley . Quigley Quagmire ( edit ) Quigley Quagmire is the brother of Duncan and Isadora Quagmire , who supposedly died in the fire which killed his parents . He actually escaped and eventually managed to find the Baudelaires in The Slippery Slope , where he helped Violet and Klaus rescue their sister and later falls in love with Violet . He was then separated from the Baudelaires . Though he managed to meet up with his siblings according to Kit Snicket in The End , she does not know what happened to him after abandoning him to the Great Unknown . In the TV series , Quigley is portrayed by Dylan Kingwell . Baudelaire children guardians ( edit ) Violet Baudelaire , Klaus Baudelaire , and Sunny Baudelaire live with various guardians following the death of Mr. and Mrs. Baudelaire . After a brief stay with Mr. Poe , the children are shuffled from one legal guardian to another until The Vile Village when they run away from the Village of Fowl Devotees and become fugitives for the `` murder '' of Count Olaf . From this point on , there is always someone ( or in some cases several someones ) who takes care of them . Besides Count Olaf , Uncle Montgomery , and Aunt Josephine , among the known guardians in order of appearance are : Sir ( edit ) Sir A Series of Unfortunate Events character First appearance The Miserable Mill Last appearance The Penultimate Peril Portrayed by Don Johnson ( TV series ) Occupation Owner of Lucky Smells Lumbermill In The Miserable Mill , Sir is the proprietor of the Lucky Smells Lumbermill , located in Paltryville . His real name is not known , although it has been described as being hard to pronounce . Mr. Poe has attempted to pronounce the first syllable of the name , using a radically different syllable every time ( Wuz , Qui , Bek , Duy , Sho , Gek , etc . ) . Klaus may have been able to pronounce it , but he is shot down by Mr. Poe stating it 's too complicated for an adult . Equally obscure is Sir 's appearance . Sir 's entire head is hidden by the thick smoke of his ever - burning cigar ; Lemony Snicket also stated that neither the Baudelaires , the reader , or himself would ever see Sir 's face . He shows little or no concern for either the Baudelaire orphans or his employees , whom he pays in coupons and provides with an unsatisfying meal of chewing gum . His partner Charles mentions that he has had a terrible childhood . Following Count Olaf being exposed , the death of Dr. Georgina Orwell , and Count Olaf 's escape with the Bald Man with the Big Nose , Sir fires the Baudelaire children , thinking that they would bring misery to Lucky Smells Lumbermill much to Charles ' objection . He later appears in The Penultimate Peril where he and Charles were at Hotel Denouement and staying in room 674 which was reserved for people in the lumbermill industry . Klaus takes them to the sauna down the hall . Charles explains to Sir that he wants to apologize to the Baudelaires for their treatment . While in the sauna , the two of them talk about a party on Thursday held by a person with the initials J.S. as well as Charles addressing to Sir about fires being used in the lumber industry . In addition , Sir mentions that lumber from Lucky Smells Lumbermill was used to build Hotel Denouement . Frank or Ernest Denouement appears and states to Sir and Charles that the sauna has to be cleared out . To satisfy Sir 's claim of liking the burning wood smell , Frank or Ernest has Colette posing as a chemist waiting outside to take them to room 547 where Organic Chemistry is . When Dewey Denouement is accidentally killed during a confrontation with Count Olaf which woke up all the patrons , Sir claimed the Baudelaires caused accidents at the Lucky Smells Lumbermills where Charles stated that Count Olaf was responsible for them . During the blindfolded trial , Sir submitted employment papers as evidence . When Count Olaf starts a fire at the Hotel Denouement , Sir was last seen holding hands with Charles on one of the floors arguing about the use of fires in the lumbermill industry . In the 2017 Netflix series , he is portrayed by Don Johnson . Unlike the novel , his face is completely shown . As he never encountered Mr. Poe , he met the Baudelaire children when they were brought to him by Charles who found them near the Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Upon the Baudelaire children breaking Georgina Orwell 's hypnosis on the workers , Sir flees during the employee chaos . Charles ( edit ) The Miserable Mill The Penultimate Peril Charles is Sir 's partner at the Lucky Smells Lumbermill in The Miserable Mill . Charles is kind to the Baudelaires but not very helpful ; he organizes a library to be set up at the mill but it only contained three books . He was nearly killed by a hypnotized Klaus before being broken free from Dr. Georgina Orwell 's hypnosis by Violet . When Sir fires the Baudelaire children thinking that they will bring more misery to the lumbermill , Charles objected to Sir 's action . Charles makes an appearance in The Penultimate Peril , staying with Sir in the Hotel Denouement where they are seen in room 674 with other people in the lumbermill industry . He explains to Sir that he wants to apologize to the Baudelaires for their treatment and he is sent a letter by J.S. , which assists him in his search . Both of them are taken by Klaus to the sauna that 's down the hall where they both talk about a party on Thursday held by someone with the initials J.S. Although it is not stated in the book , Charles may be on the firefighting side of V.F.D. due to a mentioning by Kit Snicket where he sent her some blueprints . Charles voices his concerns about fires being used in the lumber business to Sir . Frank or Ernest Denouement appears and states to Sir and Charles that the sauna has to be cleared off . To satisfy Sir 's claim of liking the burning wood smell , Frank or Ernest has Colette posing as a chemist waiting outside to take them to room 547 where Organic Chemistry is . When Dewey Denouement is accidentally killed during a confrontation with Count Olaf which woke up all the patrons , Charles objects to Sir 's claims that the Baudelaires caused accidents at the Lucky Smells Lumbermill and states that Count Olaf was responsible . During the blindfolded trial , Sir submitted some environmental studies as evidence . When Count Olaf starts a fire at the Hotel Denouement , Charles was last seen holding hands with Sir one one of the floors where they argue about the use of fire in the lumbermill industry . In the 2017 Netflix TV series , Charles is portrayed by Rhys Darby . It is strongly implied that Charles is Sir 's domestic partner , something that was only vaguely implied in The Penultimate Peril . In this show , Charles was the one who found the Baudelaires near the property and brought them to Sir . Charles mentions that he does things for Sir like ironing his clothes , cooking his omelets , and making him milkshakes . Before leaving to find Sir after he fled during the employee chaos , Charles shows the Baudelaires the truth about their parents actually fighting the fire in Paltryville . Vice-Principal Nero ( edit ) The Austere Academy The Penultimate Peril Vice-Principal Nero is the childish , narcissistic , egotistic , and delusional vice-principal of Prufrock Preparatory School in The Austere Academy . His name is seemingly an allusion to the Roman Emperor Nero , who is often said to have `` fiddled while Rome burned . '' Vice Principal Nero plays the violin , and he expects all the students to attend his daily six - hour violin performances . Nero dresses in a brown suit with a necktie patterned with pictures of snails . In The Austere Academy , his hair is tied into four pigtails , but by The Penultimate Peril , they have grown into four long braids that dangle behind him . Nero often mimics what others have just said in a high , mocking tone and has numerous strict and unusual punishments for his students , especially if they miss his violin performances where those who miss it must by a bag of candy and watch Nero eat the whole bag . In his first appearance , he gives Mr. Poe the approval to let the Baudelaires live at his boarding school where his security system will detect Count Olaf if he came near the school . Vice-Principal Nero had them in the Orphans Shack with the Quagmire Children and had Sunny work as his administrative assistant . While he has adorded the student Carmelita Spats , he unknowingly hired Count Olaf in the form of Coach Genghis to be the new gym teacher . When the Baudelaires were caught `` cheating '' in the S.O.R.E. exams , Nero gleefully expels the Baudelaires much to the objection of Mrs. Bass and Mr. Remora . Even after Count Olaf was exposed as Coach Genghis and gets away , Nero still would n't have the Baudelaires living with him which he argued with Mr. Poe on . In Lemony Snicket : The Unauthorized Autobiography , it was mentioned that Kit Snicket went to Prufrock Preparatory School where she operated under the alias of Ms. K following Mr. Remora 's retirement . This lasted until Vice-Principal Nero fired her upon Carmelita Spats ' parents tipping him off that Ms. K had given her students books that were n't on the approved reading list . Upon Nero firing her , she ran off and took two orphaned students with her . Nero re-appears in The Penultimate Peril when he , along with Mr. Remora and Mrs. Bass staying in room 371 at the Hotel Denouement and are invited to a cocktail party hosted by `` J.S. '' and Esmé Squalor . When being taken by a disguised Sunny to the Hotel Denouement 's Indian restaurant run by Hal , Nero expresses interest to perform his violin at the cocktail party so that his musical genius can be recognized and he can resign as vice-principal . When Nero hears from Hal that they do n't serve candy in his restaurant , Nero comments that he wo n't have anything . When Dewey Denouement is accidentally killed during a confrontation with Count Olaf which woke up all the patrons , Nero mimics what Mr. Remora claimed about the Baudelaire children and claims that Violet and Klaus failed all the tests and were n't good students while Sunny was the worst administrative assistant . During the blindfolded trial , Nero submitted administrative records as evidence . When Count Olaf starts the fire at the Hotel Denouement , Nero and Mr. Remora were last seen wandering the seventh story as Nero starts to worry about his violin case . In the Netflix TV series , Vice-Principal Nero is portrayed by Roger Bart . In this show , his full name is Nero Feint where he is less cruel and more sympathetic as well as being financially poor . He is also shown to be extremely out of the loop , wondering why Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart does not reply to his letters and thinks Voltaire is probably some French kid he expelled for smoking . When Sunny was working as Nero 's administrative assistant , he had her write letters to certain people in the music community to ask them about the reasons behind the restraining orders they sent him . In addition , Nero is also shown to not like Olivia Caliban . Nero later assists Mr. Remora and Mrs. Bass into giving an exam to the Baudelaires where he had Sunny organize the list of students who owe him candy by the color of the candy in question . Sunny passes this test as Nero is inspired to keep improving his musical ways . He was shown to have been surprised when Count Olaf was exposed . Unlike the books , Nero does n't expel the Baudelaires . Instead , Mr. Poe takes them away to their next guardian following Count Olaf 's escape . Though it was mentioned that Nero put Olivia on an unpaid leave in `` The Ersatz Elevator '' Pt. 1 . Jerome Squalor ( edit ) Jerome Squalor A Series of Unfortunate Events character First appearance The Ersatz Elevator Last appearance The Penultimate Peril Family Esmé Squalor ( wife ) the Baudelaire siblings ( briefly ) Jerome Squalor first appears in The Ersatz Elevator as the husband of Esme Squalor . Together , Esmé and Jerome briefly adopted the Baudelaires . Jerome is kind to the Baudelaires , but completely submissive to Esmé and other characters due to his distaste for arguing . He is less of a follower of fashion than Esmé . Jerome is rich and successful as is his wife . At the end of the novel , Esmé leaves Jerome to become a member of Count Olaf 's troupe and Count Olaf 's girlfriend . The Baudelaires leave Jerome behind as he does not wish to help them rescue the Quagmires . In Lemony Snicket : The Unauthorized Autobiography , there are two letters concerning Jerome . One letter Lemony got from Jerome had him mentioning that the food at `` The Anxious Clown '' was terrible . Jerome returns in The Penultimate Peril . Feeling guilty at his desertion of the Baudelaires , he has been researching their case and writing a book about injustice entitled Odious Lusting After Finance ( a backronym of `` Olaf '' ) . He arrives with Justice Strauss to meet up with the Baudelaires and Dewey Denouement which led to them being confronted by Count Olaf . Jerome also meets his wife Esmé at the Hotel Denouement during the confrontation . When she dumps Count Olaf publicly , Jerome urges Esmé to rejoin his side . Esmé refuses his offer . When Dewey Denouement is accidentally killed during this confrontation which woke up all the patrons , Jerome states that the Baudelaires are n't murderers . He gives his book to Justice Strauss to be used as evidence against Count Olaf at Count Olaf and the Baudelaires 's trial which was met with a mix of cheers and hisses . His book was later used for kindling when Count Olaf started the fire at the Hotel Denouement . As the fire starts , Jerome is last seen on the first floor with the Man with a Beard But No Hair 's hand on him . When Jerome asks how arson is a good thing when he hears the Man with a Beard But No Hair praise Count Olaf , the Man with a Beard But No Hair changes his comment by helping the Woman with Hair But No Beard direct Frank and Ernest to the elevator . In the Netflix TV series , Jerome Squalor is portrayed by Tony Hale . Unlike the book , Jerome does not teach the Baudelaires how to slide down the banisters and he only kisses Sunny when they go their separate ways . Hector ( edit ) The Vile Village Hector is the handyman in the Village of Fowl Devotees appearing in the seventh book The Vile Village . He is the last official guardian of the Baudelaire children . He was given the task of taking care of the Baudelaires under the Council of Elders ' direction because nobody else wanted the job . Hector is known to be skittish and always looks down and never speaks when in front of the Council of Elders , even when the Baudelaires needed his help in proving their innocence of Jacques Snicket 's murder at the time when Jacques was mistaken for Count Olaf . He later escapes with the Quagmire triplets on his self - sustaining hot air mobile home , after finally standing up to the Council of Elders . Notably , Hector is the only one of the Baudelaires ' guardians who immediately believes them when they say that Count Olaf is present in disguise . He is also the only guardian who actively tries to help them discover more about V.F.D. , and the only non-villain who wanted them to stay with him under any circumstances ( not including the guardians of the Baudelaires that had died ) . In the TV series , Hector is portrayed by Ithamar Enriquez . He is shown to have fainting spells when he is addressed by the Council of Elders which challenges his courage . Hector mentioned to the Baudelaires that his mother was busted for violating the rule where you ca n't wear white after Yom Kippur . He mentioned that his mom had to pay a fine and she later moved to the City where she opened a gallery . Hal ( edit ) The Hostile Hospital The Penultimate Peril Hal is a near - sighted man in small glasses that first appears in the eighth novel The Hostile Hospital . Working as a bookkeeper at the Library of Records in the Heimlich Hospital , he is one of the oldest men that the Baudelaires have ever met . When the Library of Records is burned down with the hospital by Count Olaf , Hal is quick to believe that the Baudelaires are responsible and so turns against them . He eventually forgives the Baudelaires and apologizes for believing Geraldine Julienne 's stories in The Daily Punctilio . In The Penultimate Peril , he reappears as the owner of an Indian restaurant at the Hotel Denouement in room 954 after he was approached by Dewey Denouement . He waited on Vice-Principal Nero , Mr. Remora , and Mrs. Bass when they were brought to his restaurant by a disguised Sunny . Although he owns the Indian restaurant and is seen wearing a turban , Hal is a terrible cook as mentioned when somebody 's voice was heard in one of the windows claiming that he or she could n't sleep because of the Indian food that he made . It is hinted that Hal may be a V.F.D. member as he says the code `` I did n't realize this was a sad occasion '' to Mr. Remora who failed to understand it as Mr. Remora quotes that `` it will be a sad occasion if you do n't feed us . '' When Dewey Denouement is accidentally killed during a confrontation with Count Olaf which woke up all the patrons , Hal firmly says that the Baudelaires are n't criminals . During the blindfolded trial , Hal submitted some paperwork . In the TV series , Hal is portrayed by David Alan Grier . In this show , he wears normal - sized glasses have magnifying lenses that are on both sides of his glasses . After Esmé destroys the Library of Records , Hal is depressed and operates the front desk when Mr. Poe arrives . Hal has him fill out the paperwork to get him checked out for his hay fever . When Klaus and Sunny in their alias of Dr. Faustus are exposed by Esmé , Hal comes in feeling deceived by the Baudelaires as the Baudelaires try to explain themselves . As Count Olaf in the alias of Mattathias Medicalschool starts a fire at the Heimlich Hospital and blames the Baudelaires for starting it , Hal joins the Person of Indeterminate Gender and some members of the Volunteers Fighting Disease into pursuing them . Before the fire can get worse , Hal managed to make it out alive feeling depressed at the loss of the Library of Records as he walks passed Lemony Snicket during his narration . Olivia Caliban ( edit ) Olivia Caliban ( a.k.a. Madame Lulu ) appears solely in The Carnivorous Carnival . She is technically the ninth guardian of the Baudelaire orphans due to the fact that the Baudelaires go to work for her . She is a fraudulent fortune - teller . Her lightning device ( operated by reflecting beams of the sunrise ) tricks guests into believing in magical lightning . After instructing them to close their eyes , she seeks out the answers from the archival library under her table . Madame Lulu says she just likes giving people what they want . It is implied , but not explicitly stated , that she is a member of V.F.D. The Grim Grotto reveals that she once knew Captain Widdershins . It is strongly implied that she is in love with Count Olaf , earning her the enmity of Olaf 's then - girlfriend Esmé Squalor . She speaks in broken English with a thick fake accent , saying `` please '' in the middle or the end of her sentences . Lulu promised the Baudelaires that she would n't tell Count Olaf where they were if they took her to the Mortmain Mountains . This place was marked on her map , but Klaus found that it was a coffee stain , but he later said that it might be there to refer to as a secret place , such as the headquarters of V.F.D. Esmé Squalor convinces the `` freaks '' in the Caligari Carnival to murder her by pushing Madame Lulu into the lion pit in exchange for being hired by Count Olaf . She met a sticky end when she fell into the lions ' pit along with the Bald Man With the Long Nose during the crowd chaos . After that , at the performance `` Madame Lulu was to throw `` Beverly and Eliot '' into the pit . She was uncertain , which led everyone into a frenzy , rushing to throw them in . In all the commotion Madame Lulu fell into the pit . Later Count Olaf reveals that Madame Lulu told him about the Baudelaires ' disguises . She has been implied to be a fortune - teller mentioned in a much earlier book who cursed Lemony Snicket when a policeman tripped Mr. Snicket , causing him to break the crystal ball he was holding . She also states in the book that Olaf promised to give her the Snicket Fortune for the times she helped Olaf . When Olivia removes her turban , Snicket states she has blond hair but in illustrations , she is shown with black hair . If this is simply a mistake or not is unknown . A later book mentions an `` Olivia Caliban '' , who may be Olivia and who thus may be the sister of Friday 's father Thursday Caliban . In the TV series , Olivia Caliban is portrayed by Sara Rue . Her role is expanded where she first appears as a school librarian at Prufrock Preporatory School that is often disliked by Vice-Principal Nero . After the Hook - Handed Man makes off with Duncan and Isadora Quagmire , Olivia walks off with the book on secret organizations . After Olivia visits Mr. Poe and attempts to show him the book in `` The Ersatz Elevator '' while also mentioning that Vice-Principal Nero put her on an unpaid leave , Jacquelyn enlists Jacques Snicket to bring Olivia into the organization . While Larry keeps Esmé busy at Café Salmonella , Olivia accompanies Jacques into searching the Squalors ' building for Duncan and Isadora . Olivia and Jacques later attend an auction presided over by Count Olaf 's Gunther alias . In `` The Vile Village '' after Count Olaf 's Detective Dupin alias tricks the Village of Fowl Devotees into thinking that Jacques Snicket is Count Olaf , Olivia negotiates with Esmé in exchange for the information about the Sugar Bowl that she is looking for . Jacques later directs Olivia to `` Madame Lulu '' so that she can find the Sugar Bowl before Count Olaf does . Madame Lulu turns out to be a title for the V.F.D. member stationed at the Caligari Carnival and the current Madame Lulu heads to Heimlich Hospital to recover the Sugar Bowl while Olivia takes the Madame Lulu mantle . When Count Olaf and his troop arrive at the carnival in hopes of finding out whether or not one of the Baudelaires ' parents survived the fire as seen in `` The Carnivorous Carnival , '' Olivia attempts to stall them until the other Madame Lulu arrives . She later encounters the Baudelaires , disguised as freaks , and gives them some of the information she has gained as a member of V.F.D. , but also reveals that she has no idea whether or not one of their parents survived . However , she promises to take them to the old V.F.D. headquarters , where their parent may be if they are , in fact , alive . Before they can leave , unfortunately , Count Olaf begins the performance where one of the freaks will be thrown into the lion 's pit , picking Klaus and Violet 's two - headed disguise . Klaus and Violet attempt to trick Count Olaf out onto the platform by telling him to come push them in to make it more dramatic , plotting to push him in instead , but he sends Olivia to push them in in his place . Olivia manages to push them over the pit to safety . Before she can take out Count Olaf , he cuts the rope on the platform and drops her into the pit where she is devoured by the lions offscreen , much to the horror of the crowd . Bruce ( edit ) Bruce is briefly a guardian of the Baudelaires . He first appears at the end of The Reptile Room in which he moves Uncle Monty 's reptiles . In The Slippery Slope , Bruce appears again as the leader of the Snow Scouts . The Baudelaires learn that he is the uncle of Carmelita Spats , a member of the Snow Scouts . Count Olaf cheated him out of Uncle Monty 's reptile collection ( except for one reptile , most likely the Incredibly Deadly Viper ) . This was confirmed in Lemony Snicket : The Unauthorized Autobiography , in which Lemony receives the letter from the owners of the Prospero ) . Bruce is kidnapped by the Man with a Beard But No Hair and the Woman with Hair But No Beard , along with all the Snow Scouts , save for Carmelita , at the end of the book . At Hotel Denouement shortly after Dewey Denouement is accidentally killed , a man 's voice is heard from one of the windows calling for a man named Bruce to come back to bed . Later as the hotel starts to burn , the Baudelaires hear the same man calling out for this Bruce while a woman calls out for her mother . It has n't been confirmed if this is the same Bruce or a different Bruce . Captain Widdershins ( edit ) Captain Widdershins is the captain of the Queequeg submarine and the stepfather of Fiona and Fernald . In The Grim Grotto , he finds Klaus , Violet , and Sunny Baudelaire at sea while he is looking for the sugar bowl and takes them aboard the Queequeg . He is extremely emphatic , with almost all of his sentences being exclamations , and permeates his speech with the word `` Aye ! '' His personal philosophy is `` He who hesitates is lost '' , which the Baudelaires find to be unreasonable . Captain Widdershins is considered the eleventh guardian of the Baudelaires . He seems aware that Fiona takes a fancy to Klaus ( he accuses them of flirting when Fiona is proud Klaus knows what a mycologist is ) , stating that if Klaus finds the sugar bowl , he will `` allow ( Klaus ) to marry Fiona . '' After sending the Baudelaires and Fiona into the Gorgonian Grotto , he and Phil appear to desert the Queequeg . The reason may have to do with a woman who approached the Queequeg to tell Captain Widdershins something involving him being required to leave the submarine . In The Penultimate Peril , Kit Snicket says that she intends to meet Captain Widdershins and is later mentioned water - skiing towards and , soon after , away from him . Kit had contacted all three of the Quagmire Triplets as well as their guardian Hector and had met with them and the crew of the Queequeg when their self - sustaining mobile home crashed into it . This reunion was short - lived , however , as all of the crew as well as the triplets were picked up by the mysterious ' ? ' Shape ( dubbed by Kit Snicket as `` The Great Unknown '' ) . Another note to make is that though he himself stated that The Great Unknown was `` something worse than Olaf himself '' , he seemed to insist to take his chances with it as mentioned by Kit Snicket in The End . It is possible that Captain Widdershins also has , or had , a fortune because when Count Olaf is talking about all the fortunes he will obtain , he says `` the Widdershins fortune . '' Widdershins says that Fiona 's mother died in a manatee accident . Dewey Denouement ( edit ) Dewey Denouement is the hotel manager of the Hotel Denouement and the brother of Frank and Ernest , but far fewer people are aware he exists . In addition to Dewey being an old friend of Bertrand Baudelaire , Count Olaf describes Dewey as a `` legendary figure . '' He calls himself a `` sub-sub - librarian '' and has spent his life cataloging evidence hidden beneath the pond near the Hotel Denouement . Dewey was four when the Schism began and later began a relationship with Kit Snicket . Also , his parents house was burned down which killed his parents . At Hotel Denouement , Dewey was also responsible for winding up the clock that is built into the ceiling there . He made himself known to the Baudelaires at midnight where he revealed his library at the bottom of the nearby pond . Dewey and the Baudelaires meet up with the arriving Justice Strauss and Jerome Squalor where all six of them are confronted in the lobby by Count Olaf and his remaining associates . When he refuses to tell Count Olaf the passwords to unlock a door ( which supposedly led to a room containing the sugar bowl ) , Count Olaf threatens to shoot him with a harpoon gun . The Baudelaires try to save Dewey , but Count Olaf drops the gun when Mr. Poe shows up having been awoken by both sides and it goes off killing Dewey whose body falls into the pond which then sinks . He even quoted `` Kit '' as his final word . The harpoon gun going off also woke up the other patrons and staff members . As for Dewey 's secret library , Lemony Snicket stated that it was unharmed when Hotel Denouement was set on fire . In The End , Dewey is mentioned by Kit to be the father of her child . Frank and Ernest Denouement ( edit ) Frank Denouement and Ernest Denouement are identical brothers of Dewey and are managers of the Hotel Denouement who oversee the maintenance of the hotel and the needs of the guests . Frank is a `` volunteer '' while Ernest is a `` villain '' who used to be part of Count Olaf 's theater troupe . The Baudelaires work in the hotel as concierges and meet the managers on several occasions , but fail to tell Frank and Ernest apart . When their brother is accidentally killed during a confrontation with Count Olaf which woke up all the patrons , Frank and Ernest were charged by Justice Strauss to put the Baudelaires in room 121 and Count Olaf in room 165 until her fellow judges arrive . As both of them are blindfolded for the trial as well , it was not known which one brought the Baudelaires to where the blindfolded trial is . During the trial , Frank and Ernest submitted a commonplace book as evidence . When Count Olaf starts the fire at the Hotel Denouement , Frank and Ernest were last seen on the first floor as the Woman With Hair But No Beard directs them to the elevator where the Baudelaires , Count Olaf , and Justice Strauss are . When Violet asks for them to call the fire department , Frank and Ernest ask `` which one '' as the elevator closes on them . Their names are a reference to the phrase `` You be frank and I 'll be earnest . '' Other characters ( edit ) Edgar and Albert Poe ( edit ) The Bad Beginning Edgar and Albert are Mr. Poe 's two sons . They are only seen in The Bad Beginning when the Baudelaires stay with Mr. Poe following their parents ' death . The two brothers are unwelcoming to the Baudelaire orphans . Their names are apparent allusions to Edgar Allan Poe , though they may also be derived from Edgar Albert Guest ( who is mentioned in The Grim Grotto ) . In the TV series , Edgar and Albert are played by Kaniel Jacob - Cross and Jack Forrester , respectively . Their unwelcoming attitude goes so far to the point that they both think the Baudelaires caused the fire themselves . Lemony Snicket reveals that later in life one became a banker like their father while the other lives in a cave , but that both think that `` the other has it better . '' Eleanora Poe ( edit ) Eleanora Poe is the sister of Mr. Arthur Poe , who is in charge of the Baudelaire orphans ' affairs . Eleanora is the editor - in - chief of The Daily Punctilio . She is first mentioned as `` a tiresome woman named Eleanora '' who was in an elevator at the Hotel Preludio with the Baudelaire family one day when Bertrand played a prank that forced her to stop at every floor on the way to her hotel room . It is implied that Eleanora and Arthur are not part of the V.F.D. organization because at The Anxious Clown , Larry the Waiter uses a code for V.F.D. members . Neither Eleanora nor Arthur seem to understand it or decide to ignore it . In Lemony Snicket : The Unauthorized Biography , she once fired Lemony Snicket for giving a `` bad '' review about Al Funcoot 's play titled `` One Last Warning to Those Who Stand in My Way '' and Esmé Squalor . Eleanora was eventually locked in the basement of the newspaper building by her `` star reporter '' Geraldine Julienne on the orders of Esmé . She tried to telegram her brother only for an imposter to tell Mr. Poe to ignore all incoming telegrams . This was likely to secure the influence of the newspaper for the villainous side of V.F.D. In the TV series , her character is changed to be Mr. Poe 's wife upon being amalgamated with Polly Poe and she is portrayed by Cleo King . She is shown to be more concerned with the Baudelaires ' fame in the papers than their actual living conditions . In addition , she has used the `` Wait until the readers of the Daily Punctilio see that ! '' catchphrase that Geraldine uses . In `` The Vile Village , '' Eleanora arrives at the Village of Fowl Devotees to get the news on the Baudelaires having `` murdered '' Count Olaf . Arthur was surprised by her appearance and stated that they should 've carpooled . She even joins in the villagers pursuing of them and the Quagmires in order to get an interview from them . Her story about Count Olaf 's `` death '' makes the front page of the Daily Punctilio . Polly Poe ( edit ) Polly Poe is Arthur Poe 's wife . She is mentioned in The Bad Beginning when the Baudelaires stay with the Poe family . While the Baudelaires stay at the Poes ' house , she buys a lot of itchy and ugly clothing . She later appears at the theater for Count Olaf 's performance of The Marvelous Marriage and was there when Count Olaf 's plot was exposed . In The Ersatz Elevator , Mr. Poe says that he will tell his wife that dark is in , indicating that she is interested in fashion . In the film , she is played by Deborah Theaker . In the television series , her character is combined with Eleanora Poe who is portrayed by Cleo King . Justice Strauss ( edit ) Justice Strauss A Series of Unfortunate Events character First appearance The Bad Beginning Last appearance The Penultimate Peril Portrayed by Catherine O'Hara ( film ) Joan Cusack ( TV series ) Occupation Judge Justice Strauss is a judge who lives next door to Count Olaf . The Baudelaires initially take a liking to her as soon as they meet in The Bad Beginning and her library also comes in handy in the foiling of Count Olaf 's plot to get the Baudelaire fortune . At the purported mock wedding that Olaf sets up at the theater , she plays the judge and unwittingly almost marries Violet to Olaf , legally . At the end of the book following Count Olaf and his troupe getting away , she offers to look after the Baudelaires only for it to not be possible due to legal obligations on the part of Mr. Poe . Strauss reappears in The Penultimate Peril . She has been researching the Baudelaire case and attempts to bring Count Olaf to justice . Justice Strauss and Jerome Squalor meet up with Dewey Denouement and the Baudelaires at Hotel Denouement where they are confronted in the lobby by Count Olaf and his remaining associates . After Dewey Denouement is accidentally killed , Justice Strauss breaks up the commotion between the guests . She informs everyone present that the authorities have been summoned and that they will have a trial on the Baudelaire children and Count Olaf . Justice Strauss has the Baudelaires placed in room 121 while Count Olaf is placed in room 165 . When it came to the trial , she had issued an order beforehand to have the Baudelaires , Count Olaf , Frank and Ernest Denouement , and those attending the trial wear blindfolds to go with the `` Justice is blind '' saying . Though she did had to direct them to where the respectful benches are . In addition , Justice Strauss states that anyone who peaks will be found guilty of contempt of court . As the trial progressed where the judges were given their evidence against the Baudelaires and Count Olaf , it turns out that her two fellow High Court judges are actually Olaf 's associates the Man With a Beard But No Hair and the Woman with Hair But No Beard . Olaf kidnaps Justice Strauss and the Baudelaires follow the two . They end up ascending the roof of the Hotel Denouement after setting fire to the building as part of the Baudelaire children 's plan to leave a signal in the sky to warn those of the firefighting side of the V.F.D. that the upcoming meeting is cancelled and that Hotel Denouement is no longer safe for them . Justice Strauss attempts to prevent the escape of Count Olaf , Violet , Klaus , and Sunny , but they leave her behind . It is unknown if she got out of the burning hotel or not . In the film , Justice Strauss is portrayed by Catherine O'Hara . When Count Olaf 's plot during the play was exposed , Justice Strauss was shocked that she was duped and ran off stating that she did n't know . In the video game adaption , she is voiced by April Stewart . In the Netflix series , she is portrayed by Joan Cusack . Justice Strauss ' library is shown to have a book on secret societies . At the end of the second part of `` The Bad Beginning , '' she pushes the book on secret societies that was partially pulled out back in sometime after the Baudelaire children were transferred to Uncle Monty . Gustav Sebald ( edit ) Gustav Sebald is a film director and member of the V.F.D. who invented the Sebald Code which was used by V.F.D. members in their correspondence . Gustav 's films contained crucial messages to the V.F.D. In The Reptile Room , Gustav was mentioned to be the assistant of Montgomery Montgomery . When Count Olaf arrived at his house in the disguise of Stephano , Montgomery was informed that Gustav has suddenly and suspiciously resigned . Gustav 's movie `` Zombies in the Snow '' was seen at Tedia 's local theater by the Baudelaire children , Montgomery , and Stephano . The coded message that Montgomery could n't understand was `` Attention ! Hidden in the snowman is a survivor of the fire . Meet us in the town where this film takes place . Bring the three children . Your new assistant is not one of us . Beware ! '' Following Gustav 's death , his sister Sally is managing his estate . In the film , Gustav Sebald is portrayed by John Dexter . He was briefly seen having been strapped to the front of a train by Count Olaf . In the TV series , Gustav Sebald is portrayed by Luke Camilleri . He first appeared in `` The Bad Beginning '' Pt. 2 where he met Jacquelyn underground after she escaped from the Bald Man 's trap and informed him what happened . When Count Olaf 's plot to get the Baudelaire fortune is exposed , Jacquelyn and Gustav made themselves known as they revealed that Montgomery Montgomery was supposed to get the Baudelaire children and not Count Olaf . Before Count Olaf can be apprehended , the lights go off enabling Count Olaf and his associates to get away . When outside Montgomery 's house to make sure the Baudelaire children arrived safely , he is hit by a tranquilizer dart fired by an offscreen Count Olaf where his body sinks into a pond in Swarthy Swamp . Gustav 's death enabled Count Olaf to begin his next plot as Stephano . In `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' Pt. 1 , Gustav made an appearance in a flashback at a celebration at the V.F.D. headquarters on the day when Count Olaf failed at murdering Beatrice . He was seen being hypnotized by Georgina Orwell into kissing her which Orwell covered up in front of Jacquelyn . In the present , he appears on a film reel at the Caligari Carnival that talks about the V.F.D. where he talked about his movie codes and showed the different disguises . Larry ( edit ) Larry is a waiter who works at the `` Anxious Clown '' restaurant in The Wide Window who is implied to be a member of V.F.D. as he uses the coded phrase `` I did n't realize this was a sad occasion . '' He also has a history with Josephine Anwhistle . He first appears where he serves food to the Baudelaire children , Mr. Poe , and Count Olaf in his alias of Captain Sham . In Lemony Snicket : The Unauthorized Autobiography , a letter Lemony received from Jacques advised him to visit The Anxious Clown and look for a waiter who quoted `` I did n't realize this was a sad occasion . '' In the Netflix TV series , Larry is portrayed by Patrick Breen . He was first seen in `` The Wide Window '' sweeping outside his restaurant when Count Olaf appears . Count Olaf manages to overpower Larry as the rest of his troupe swarms over him . While Count Olaf in the disguise of Captain Sham has dinner at the Anxious Restaurant with Mr. Poe and the Baudelaire children , Larry serves them food as Count Olaf 's theater troupe makes sure that he sticks to the script . While struggling to get untied , he does managed to answer a call from Mr. and Mrs. Quagmire . When the Hook - Handed Man grabbed the phone , Mr. and Mrs. Quagmire hung up knowing that the Anxious Clown has been compromised . In `` The Austere Academy , '' Larry appears as a cafeteria worker at Prufrock Preporatory school where he misplaced a book about secret societies that Jacquelyn gave him . He gets locked in the walk - in refrigerator by Count Olaf and is later freed by Jacques Snicket . In `` The Ersatz Elevator '' Pt. 1 , Larry appears as a waiter at Café Salmonella where he stalls Esmé while Jacques and Olivia sneak into their building to find Duncan and Isadora Quagmire . In `` The Vile Village '' Pt. 2 , Larry hears about Jacques ' death assists Jacquelyn into distracting the Village of Fowl Devotees ' inhabitants in order to give the Baudelaires time to get away from them . He was shown to have a history with Mrs. Morrow and Mr. Lesko . Though they are tied up by Count Olaf 's troupe , Larry and Jacquelyn are pleased that the Baudelaire children and the Quagmire children successfully got away in their own ways . In `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' Pt. 1 , Larry was seen in a flashback at a party at V.F.D. HQ where he has a message passed along to Lemony Snicket that tells him `` Olaf knows '' as Lemony runs out in an attempt to thwart Count Olaf 's attempt on Beatrice Baudelaire 's life . In the present , he appears on a film reel at the Caligari Carnival that talks about the V.F.D. as he talks about the different coded phrases . While in the tunnels , he is on the phone with someone about the survivor of the Baudelaire fire being sighted at the Mortmain Mountains when he starts to smell smoke . Phil ( edit ) The Miserable Mill The Grim Grotto Phil worked at the Lucky Smells Lumbermill in The Miserable Mill . Phil was one of the friendlier mill workers , and helped the Baudelaires adjust to their new home . During the Baudelaires ' stay at the lumbermill , Phil was injured by a mill machine , operated by Klaus , who was hypnotized at the time . On the bright side , Phil is an eternally optimistic character who is not upset about the accident , by saying things such as `` at least no one would ask whether I 'm right - handed or left - handed . '' In The Grim Grotto , Phil worked as a cook at a submarine manned by Captain Widdershins ( who calls him Cookie ) and his stepdaughter Fiona although all he can make are damp casseroles . Klaus believes that Phil is still being affected by the stamping machine accident , but Phil claims it to be a shark bite . He , along with Captain Widdershins , abandons the Baudelaires and Fiona during the middle of the novel for unknown reasons , ( or had been captured ) , and does not appear in The Penultimate Peril or The End . It is suspected that Phil may have left his work at Lucky Smells Lumbermill due to a lack of sufficient pay ; in The Miserable Mill he states that he has read law books and learned that being paid with coupons is illegal . Despite bringing this up with Sir , it is stated in The Penultimate Peril the workers at the mill are still being paid in coupons . In the TV series , he is portrayed by Chris Gauthier . Dr. Georgina Orwell ( edit ) The Miserable Mill Dr. Georgina Orwell is an optometrist and an accomplice to Count Olaf in his attempts to steal the Baudelaire fortune in The Miserable Mill by hypnotizing Klaus after the Bald Man with the Big Nose posing as Foreman Flacutano breaks his glasses . Her name is an allusion to George Orwell . She is killed when she falls into a gigantic lumber saw while battling Sunny , sword vs. teeth . In the TV series , she is portrayed by Catherine O'Hara ( who previously portrayed Justice Strauss in the film adaptation ) . Instead of being killed by the gigantic lumber saw , she falls into the furnace where all that was left of her was her glasses . In `` The Carnivorous Carnival , '' Georgina made an appearance in a flashback at the celebration at the V.F.D. headquarters the day when Count Olaf failed at murdering Beatrice . She hypnotized Gustav into kissing her and had to cover up this act in front of Jacquelyn . In the present , she appears on a film reel at the Caligari Carnival that talks about the V.F.D. Mr. Remora ( edit ) The Austere Academy The Penultimate Peril Mr. Remora is a teacher at Prufrock Preparatory School in The Austere Academy teaching Violet Baudelaire . He loves bananas and is constantly seen eating one , smearing banana pulp on his moustache . In his class , students are forced to listen to tiresome and extremely short stories he dictates after which he gives examinations on various objective aspects of the stories . He thinks that the Baudelaires are good students and even objected to Vice-Principal Nero expelling them . Lemony Snicket reveals in Lemony Snicket : The Unauthorized Autobiography that Mr. Remora later retired from his teaching job because he choked on a banana and was briefly replaced by Kit Snicket under the alias of Miss K . Whether retired or not depending on when the banana - choking incident happened , Mr. Remora reappears in The Penultimate Peril staying in room 371 with Vice-Principal Nero and Mrs. Bass , having been invited to a cocktail party at the Hotel Denouement by `` J.S. '' and makes a brief reference to running from the law ( possibly a reference to Mrs. Bass 's bank robbery ) . Hal also tries to communicate with him using a V.F.D. coded phrase `` I did n't realize this was a sad occasion . '' However , Mr. Remora fails to understand , meaning that he is probably not part of V.F.D. , and commented to Hal `` it will be a sad occasion if you do n't feed us . '' When making his order , Mr. Remora goes with a dish that has bananas in them . When Dewey Denouement is accidentally killed during a confrontation with Count Olaf which woke up all the patrons , Mr. Remora chose the side of the Baudelaire children where he mentioned good things about them which Vice-Principal Nero mimicked . During the blindfolded trial , Mr. Remora submits the gradebooks as evidence . When Count Olaf starts the fire at the Hotel Denouement , Mr. Remora was last seen wandering the seventh story with Nero while wondering about fried bananas . In the TV series , Mr. Remora is portrayed by Malcolm Stewart . During the pep rally , he and Mrs. Bass shoot down Duncan and Isadora 's attempts to warn the Baudelaires that Count Olaf is in the school . He later assists Vice-Principal Nero and Mrs. Bass in giving the Baudelaires their exam . Unlike the books , Mr. Remora made an appearance in `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' Pt. 2 attending the Caligari Carnival with Mrs. Bass where they watched the lion - feeding event . He mentions that he has a skin condition when someone mistakes him for a freak . Mrs. Bass ( edit ) The Austere Academy The Penultimate Peril Mrs. Bass is Klaus Baudelaire 's teacher in The Austere Academy , obsessed with measuring in metric and all of her lessons are on measuring certain items . Mrs. Bass is described to having long messy hair that vaguely made her resemble a gorilla . She and Mr. Remora only agree that Violet and Klaus are good students after their final examination that would determine their expulsion from Prufrock Preparatory . Prior to this however , they were under the impression that Violet and Klaus were the two worst students in the history of the school . Mrs. Bass at this occasion states that she dislikes Carmelita Spats . She reappears in The Penultimate Peril where she is staying at Hotel Denouement in room 371 with Vice-Principal Nero and Mr. Remora . Mrs. Bass was wearing a thin black mask and a small white wig as a disguise . It is implied , as foreshadowed in The Austere Academy and Lemony Snicket : The Unauthorized Autobiography , that she has robbed a bank , having in her possession several bags of money marked with name of Mulctuary Money Management . It is also implied that the money she stole is from the Spats Fortune . She makes no attempt to conceal her crime from Vice Principal Nero and Mr. Remora and they in turn do not judge her , seeming to look on her robbery as an everyday occurrence . She also reveals that her invitation to the cocktail party hosted by `` J.S. '' which asked her to bring all her valuables and since she did not earn enough as a teacher to have valuables she was forced to turn to a life of crime . When being served by Hal at the Hotel Denouement 's Indian restaurant , Mrs. Bass states that she is so hungry that she can eat a whole decagram of rice . Despite her defense of the Baudelaires in The Austere Academy when their own identities are revealed at the Hotel Denouement following the death of Dewey Denouement , she claims that they are criminals that should be punished which Hugo agreed with her on . During the blindfolded trial , Mrs. Bass submits the blueprints for banks and later claims that the Baudelaires robbed a bank to which Mr. Poe quoted `` Who said that ? '' When Count Olaf starts a fire at the Hotel Denouement , Mrs. Bass was last seen on the third story muttering something about a getaway car . It is assumed that she survives the fire because it is mentioned in The Austere Academy that she was arrested for bank robbery at Mulctuary Money Management by Lemony Snicket which is one of the reasons why Prufrock Preparatory School closed down . In the TV series , Mrs. Bass is portrayed by BJ Harrison . This version is an African - American woman and does n't have messy hair . During the pep rally , she and Mr. Remora shoot down Duncan and Isadora 's attempts to warn the Baudelaires that Count Olaf is in the school . She later assists Vice-Principal Nero and Mr. Remora into giving the Baudelaires their exam . Like the books , she starts to become a bank robber . Unlike the books , Mrs. Bass appeared in `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' Pt. 2 attending the Caligari Carnival with Mr. Remora where they watched the lion - feeding event . She is shown to have a bag of money in her hands which she passes off as quiz papers . While the Caligari Carnival was burning down , she hitches a ride with Mr. Poe where she wants him to give her a `` tour '' of Mulctuary Money Management . Ms. Tench ( edit ) Ms. Tench is the gym teacher at Prufrock Preparatory School . She was mentioned in The Austere Academy where Vice-Principal Nero stated that Ms. Tench `` fell out of a third story window a few days ago . '' Though it was n't mentioned if she is dead or injured . Either way , she was replaced by Count Olaf posing as Coach Genghis . In the TV series , Miss Tench is portrayed by Bronwen Smith . While riding a bus with the pep squad and sports team , the bus is hijacked by Count Olaf . While it was mentioned that Count Olaf and his troupe left Ms. Tench , the pep squad and sports team , and the bus driver on the side of the road , Count Olaf 's disguise as Coach Genghis seems to include her stolen tracksuit . Mr. and Mrs. Quagmire ( edit ) Mr. and Mrs. Quagmire are the parents of Duncan , Isadora , and Quigley Quagmire who are on the fire - fighting side of the V.F.D. They perished in the fire at their home after getting their children to safety . In the TV series , Mr. and Mrs. Quagmire are portrayed by Will Arnett and Cobie Smulders . Their subplot throughout the first season had them captured by the fire - starting side of the V.F.D. and their escape as they make their way back to their kids . During a flight over Lake Lachrymose , the two of them managed to secretly help the Baudelaires set off a signal light at the time when they are being attacked by the Lachrymose Leeches . Mr. and Mrs. Quagmire were able to reunite with their children . Later that night , an unseen person starts to set fire to their mansion from a distance causing Mr. and Mrs. Quagmire to perish offscreen . Council of Elders ( edit ) The Vile Village The Council of Elders are the governing force behind the Village of Fowl Devotees . It consists of the village 's 25 elders . Each of the members of the Council of Elders worship the crows and wear hats that have fake crows on top of their hats . They sit on a long bench in the Village of Fowl Devotees ' City Hall to discuss some things . The youngest member of the Council of Elders was The Woman Who Was About Eighty - One . Some of the laws they enforced are no murder , no harming the crows , no villains allowed , no mechanical devices , no books on mechanical devices , only police officers can talk on the platform , and the Council of Elders ' hot fudge sundae can only have 15 nuts on them . In The Vile Village , the Council of Elders meet the Baudelaire children during an assembly and ask who would watch over them . They got Hector to watch over them because nobody else wanted the job . When Count Olaf in the alias of Detective Dupin and Esmé Squalor in the alias of Officer Luciana frame the Baludelaires for the murder of `` Count Olaf ( who was actually Jacques Snicket ) , the Council of Elders sentences them to be burned at the stake . The Council of Elders join the villagers into pursuing the Baudelaires and the Quagmires even when Hector 's mobile home appears in the sky . After someone sees Detective Dupin without his sunglasses , some members of the Council of Elders struggled with him to see if there is an eye - shaped tattoo on him where they got his green plastic shoe off . In addition , the Council of Elders are among those who get angry at Officer Luciana when she was discovered to have harmed a crow with one of the harpoons from the harpoon gun . After Count Olaf and Esmé escape on a motorcycle , a member of the Council of Elders tells the Baudelaires to stay put as they are still going to be burned at the stake for the rules they broke right after the villagers take the injured crow to the V.F.D. veterinarian . In the TV series , the Council of Elders only has three members . They are named Anabelle , Jemma , and Sam and are portrayed by Mindy Sterling , Carol Mansell , and Ken Jenkins respectively . Anabelle is the one who quotes `` silence '' when someone breaks the rule that states `` No one may talk while on the platform '' even when asked a question that is rephrased to the other villagers . Though she would overlook it if the person on the platform is a police officer or a bank consultant . Carol is the soft - spoken of the Council of Elders while Sam has a gruff voice . Mrs. Morrow ( edit ) The Vile Village The Penultimate Peril Mrs. Morrow is a citizen from the Village of Fowl Devotees in The Vile Village . She is seen at Town Hall wearing a pink bathrobe when the Baudelaires arrive . She is one of the people who does not want the Baudelaires living with her . Mrs. Morrow makes them trim her hedges and later complains about their poor job . Mrs. Morrow delivers the news about Jacques Snicket 's mysterious death whom she , like the other villagers , thought was Count Olaf . Mrs. Morrow is one of the villagers most determined to burn the Baudelaires ( and any other person in violation of the many thousands of village rules ) at the stake . She was with the villagers when Esmé Squalor in the alias of Officer Luciana accidentally injured a crow with her harpoon gun and was among the villagers that retaliated at this rule violation . After Count Olaf and Esmé got away , Mrs. Morrow and the rest of the villagers took the injured crow to the V.F.D. veterinarian . She reappears in The Penultimate Peril as a guest at Hotel Denouement alongside Mr. Lesko . Mrs. Morrow was awoken up by a shot from the harpoon gun that killed Dewey Denouement . When Charles states to Sir that Count Olaf caused accidents at the Lucky Smells Lumbermill and not the Baudelaire children , Mrs. Morrow stated that `` Count Olaf '' was murdered by the Baudelaire children in her village . She submits constitutions to be used as evidence at the blindfolded trial for the Baudelaires and Count Olaf . When Count Olaf starts a fire at the Hotel Denouement , Mrs. Morrow was last seen on one of the floors arguing with Mr. Lesko . In the TV series , Mrs. Morrow is portrayed by Lossen Chambers . While helping Jacquelyn buy the Baudelaires and the Quagmire 's time to get away , Larry mentioned to Mrs. Morrow that he remembered her and her mother from book club . Mrs. Morrow stated that it 's now a magazine club and she hates magazines . Unlike the books , Mrs. Morrow appears in `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' Pt. 2 attending the Caligari Carnival with Mr. Lesko and some of their fellow villagers where they watched the lion - feeding event . Mr. Lesko ( edit ) The Vile Village The Penultimate Peril Mr. Lesko is a citizen of the Village of Fowl Devotees from The Vile Village . The Baudelaires first meet him at a meeting in Town Hall where he is shown wearing plaid pants . He and several other citizens do not want the Baudelaires to live with him and describes them as `` noisy '' children . Mr. Lesko is very mean to them and makes them and Hector clean the windows of his house . He is the one who suggests the Baudelaires be burned at the stake because he thinks they killed Count Olaf ( who was actually Jacques Snicket ) . In addition , Mr. Lesko was also shown to have knowledge on motorcycle safety . Mr. Lesko was with the villagers when Esmé Squalor in the alias of Officer Luciana accidentally injured a crow with her harpoon gun and was among the villagers that retaliated at this rule violation . After Count Olaf and Esmé got away , Mr. Lesko and the rest of the villagers took the injured crow to the V.F.D. veterinarian . He returns in The Penultimate Peril where he was seen with Mrs. Morrow . He is woken up when Dewey Denouement is killed . When Mrs. Morrow claims that `` Count Olaf '' was killed by the Baudelaire children in her village , Mr. Lesko claims that he thought the man that was killed was named `` Count Omar . '' At the Baudelaires and Count Olaf 's blindfolded trial , he hands in rule books for evidence . When Count Olaf starts the fire at the Hotel Denouement , Mr. Lesko was last seen on one of the floors arguing with Mrs. Morrow . In the TV series , Mr. Lesko is portrayed by Kevin Chamberlin and is first referred to as `` The Man in Plaid Pants '' by the Council of Elders . While helping Jacquelyn buy the Baudelaires and the Quagmire 's time to get away , Larry asked Mr. Morrow how his retirement was . He did n't get an answer out of him . Unlike the books , Mr. Lesko appears in `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' Pt. 2 attending the Caligari Carnival with Mrs. Morrow and some of their fellow villagers where they watched the lion - feeding event . Jacques Snicket ( edit ) The Vile Village Jacques Snicket is the older brother of Lemony Snicket and the twin brother of Kit Snicket as well as a member of the V.F.D. At some point during his work , he lost contact with Lemony and remained close to Kit . Jacques was first seen in The Vile Village where the villagers of the Village of Fowl Devotees mistook him for Count Olaf . He was to be burned at the stake only to be killed by the real Count Olaf ( who was disguised as Detective Dupin at the time ) who framed the Baudelaire siblings for his death . Before he died , he tried to mention to the Baudelaire children that he worked for the V.F.D. In the Netflix TV series , Jacques Snicket is portrayed by Nathan Fillion . He is first seen in `` The Austere Academy '' where he frees Larry from the walk - in refrigerator that Count Olaf trapped him in . In `` The Ersatz Elevator , '' Jacquelyn enlists Jacques Snicket to bring Olivia Caliban into their organization . While Esmé is kept busy by Larry at Café Salmonella , Jacques and Olivia sneak into the Squalors ' building to find Duncan and Isadora Quagmire . When Count Olaf in the form of Gunther holds an auction , Jacques and Olivia attend it . In `` The Vile Village , '' Jacques and Olivia arrive in the Village of Fowl Devotees in order to detain Count Olaf . Unfortunately , Count Olaf poses as Detective Dupin where he fools the villagers into thinking that Jacques Snicket is actually Olaf and the Council of Elders sentence Jacques to death . While Jacques still had the V.F.D. tattoo , Count Olaf put a fake extension between his eyebrows to make it look like one eyebrow . He did silently introduce himself to the Baudelaires and explain the tattoo description to them while Detective Dupin and the Council of Elders were talking . After Olivia negotiates with Esmé in the disguise of Officer Luciana for their freedom in exchange for the information about the Sugar Bowl that Count Olaf seeks , Jacques sends Olivia to find `` Madame Lulu . '' When Jacques confronts Count Olaf and Esmé , they managed to incapacitate him as Count Olaf struck him with a crowbar offscreen . The next day , the Baudelaires are informed that `` Count Olaf '' was murdered . Olaf as Detective Dupin pins the blame of his death on the Baudelaires . In `` The Hostile Hospital '' Pt. 1 and 2 , Jacques Snicket appeared on a film reel that is in Heimlich Hospital 's Library of records . In `` The Carnivorous Carnival '' Pt. 1 , Jacques Snicket was seen in a flashback at a party at the V.F.D. Headquarters with Lemony . In the present , he appears on a film reel at the Caligari Carnival that talks about the V.F.D. Geraldine Julienne ( edit ) The Vile Village The Hostile Hospital The Carnivorous Carnival The Penultimate Peril Geraldine Julienne is the star reporter for the Daily Punctilo . She is depicted as always carrying a microphone and incorrectly reports on events throughout the series . In addition , Geraldine is a devoted fan of Esmé Squalor . Her catchphrase upon coming across a headline is `` Wait until the readers of the Daily Punctilio see that ! '' She was first mentioned in The Vile Village where she wrote the inaccurate article about the Baudelaire children murdering Count Olaf . What really happened is that Count Olaf framed them at the time when Jacques Snicket was mistaken for Count Olaf . In The Hostile Hospital , Geraldine is present at Violet Baudelaire 's surgery . In The Carnivous Carnival , Geraldine appears at the Caligari Carnival reporting on the lion show there . In The Penultimate Peril , Geraldine is seen at the Hotel Denouement . She was seen in the rooftop sunbathing salon with Esmé Squalor and Carmelita Spats . When Dewey Denouement is accidentally killed during a confrontation with Count Olaf which woke up all the patrons , Geraldine quotes that the Baudelaires are no ordinary murderers . When Justice Strauss proposes a blindfolded trial , she did not want Geraldine to do any premature news stories . During the blindfolded trial , Geraldine submitted some newspaper articles as evidence . When Count Olaf starts the fire at the Hotel Denouement , Geraldine was last seen on one of the floors using her microphone as a cane while squealing about the headlines . In Lemony Snicket : The Unauthorized Autobiography , Esmé orders Geraldine to lock Eleanora Poe in the basement of the Daily Punctilo . In the TV series , Geraldine Julienne had written different articles in the series like the loss of the Baudelaire children 's parents , them being raised by Count Olaf , and the accident at the Lucky Smells Lumbermill . Milt ( edit ) The Hostile Hospital Milt is the shopkeeper at the Last Chance General Store . He first appears in The Hostile Hospital when the Baudelaires appear the Last Chance General Store after escaping from the Village of Fowl Devotees . He gives them cranberry muffins . When Lou shows up with the newspapers from the Daily Punctilio talking about the Baudelaires murdering `` Count Olaf , '' Milt and Lou try to catch them only for the Baudelaires to escape into the van of the Volunteers Fighting Disease . In the TV series , Milt is portrayed by Serge Houde . Like the book , he meets the Baudelaires when they arrive at his store . Instead of Milt recognizing them from the newspaper , the Baudelaires leave when Count Olaf shows up . Though he still gets the newspapers when the Baudelaires escape into the van of the Volunteers Fighting Disease . Lou ( edit ) The Hostile Hospital Lou is a newspaper delivery boy . He first appears in The Hostile Hospital where he brings the newspapers from the Daily Punctilio to the Last Chance General Store . When the front page lists that the Baudelaires have murdered `` Count Olaf , '' he and Milt try to catch the Baudelaires only for them to escape into the van of the Volunteers Fighting Disease . In the TV series , Lou is portrayed by Gabe Khouth . Instead of Lou and Milt recognizing the Baudelaires from the newspaper , the Baudelaires leave when Count Olaf shows up . Though Lou still unloaded the newspapers when the Baudelaires escape into the van of the Volunteers Fighting Disease . Babs ( edit ) The Hostile Hospital Babs first appears in The Hostile Hospital . She is the head of Heimilich Hospital 's Human Resources Department . She is never seen but is heard over an intercom , which distorts her voice and makes it sound ' scratchy ' . She seems to believe that the Baudelaires should be `` seen and not heard '' which is ironic since she ca n't see them anyway . Count Olaf , disguised as Mattathias , later stole her position to take control of the hospital and hinted that he pushed her off the roof of the hospital as he said she had `` decided to pursue a career as a stuntwoman ' and had ' started jumping off buildings immediately . '' This means that Olaf probably pushed her off a roof or forced her to jump off one . Either way , Babs was killed . In the TV series , Babs is portrayed by Kerri Kenney - Silver . She is actually seen in this version and is easily stressed , carrying a paper bag around to breathe into when she begins to hyperventilate . Babs is also obsessed with paperwork . Despite them not being on her list , she allows Count Olaf , disguised as Dr. Mattathias Medicalschool , and his troupe into the hospital . Later , they capture her and Count Olaf replaces her as the head of the Human Resources Department . When Violet is also captured , she attempts to escape with Babs , but Babs 's nervous laughter and loud speech results in them being captured by Count Olaf again and separated . Despite Count Olaf threatening to kill her at this point , Babs survives and is later seen escaping Heimlich Hospital during the fire and mourning the loss of her clipboard and paperwork . Mr. Poe attempts to comfort her as he chases after the Baudelaires . The Man with Pimples on his Chin ( edit ) The Man with Pimples On His Chin is a middle - aged man and a resident of the Hinterlands several large pimples on his chin and a skin condition that cause people to mistake him for a freak . In addition , he has a mother who also has pimples on her . The Man with Pimples On His Chin first appears in The Carnivorous Carnival where he mistakes the Hook - Handed Man as a freak to which the Hook - Handed Man states that he is n't one . The Man with Pimples On His Chin apologizes and advises the Hook - Handed Man to get some fake hands . During the show , he joins the Hook - Handed Man into heckling Hugo . Violet and Klaus in the alias of the two - headed person Beverly and Elliot encountered the Man With Pimples On His Chin before the lion - feeding event where he asks them why one of them does n't wear a bag over their head . Sunny in the alias of Chabo the Wolf Baby grows at them as Violet tells him to leave them alone as Chabo is protective of them . The Man With Pimples On His Chin states that Chabo wo n't be a match for the lions which his mother agrees on . During the lion - feeding show , The Man with Pimples On His Chin tells Beverly and Elliot to jump into the lion pit . During the commotion where nobody would push Beverly and Elliot into the lion pit , The Man with Pimples On His Chin was accidentally slapped by an audience member as he begins to argue with him and his wife where the worsening commotion caused Madame Lulu and the Bald Man with the Big Nose to be accidentally knocked into the lion pit where they are devoured . When the Caligari Carnival was set on fire , The Man with Pimples On His Chin and his mother are n't seen again after that . In the TV series , his role is filled by an exclusive character named Mr. Willums who is portrayed by David Burtka where the character also speaks the lines that are also said by The Woman With Dyed Hair . He has a wife named Mrs. Williams ( portrayed by Jill Morrison ) and children Skip and Trixie Willums ( portrayed by Gideon Burtka - Harris and Harper Burtka - Harris ) where they attend the Caligari Carnival . During the `` House of Freaks '' show , he is the only one who applauds . During the lion - feeding event , Mr. Willums starts to get more excited about the selected freak being fed to the lions . Though he and his son annoy Count Olaf when Mr. Willums asks why he gets to pick which freak gets devoured by lions and his son asking if it is legal . Mr. Willums is among those horrified when Madame Lulu is thrown to the lions as his kids sadly state that they want to go home . When the Caligari Carnival is burned down , Mr. Willums and his family are n't seen again after that . The Woman with Dyed Hair ( edit ) The Woman With Dyed Hair is a woman whose hair has been dyed . She is seen in The Carnivorous Carnival as a spectator of the Caligari Carnival where she mocks the freaks . Fiona ( edit ) The Grim Grotto Fiona is a very bright mycologist and is the stepdaughter of Captain Widdershins and the sister of Fernald ( the Hook - Handed Man ) . She is also the love interest of Klaus Baudelaire . Fiona first appears in The Grim Grotto , when Violet , Klaus and Sunny Baudelaire enter the Queequeg . Though she is not part of the Queequeg 's `` Crew of Two '' , she is the ship 's head engineer . Fiona is the first non-Baudelaire that can actually understand some of Sunny 's utterances . Later , Fiona goes with the Baudelaires into the Gorgonian Grotto to look for the sugar bowl , but when the four children come back , empty - handed , they find the Queequeg deserted ; Captain Widdershins and Phil had been convinced by an unnamed woman to abandon the ship . Count Olaf then captures the submarine with his own , the Carmelita , and takes the Baudelaires and Fiona to the brig to be tortured by the Hook - Handed Man , who turns out to be Fiona 's long - lost brother Fernald . The Baudelaires and Fiona persuade Fernald to join them and help them escape . The Baudelaires escape , but Fiona and Fernald are caught and tell Esmé Squalor that they support Count Olaf . At this point , Esmé begins to call Fiona `` Triangle - Eyes '' , due to the triangular shape of her glasses . Later , Fernald persuades Fiona to really be part of Count Olaf 's troupe . Fiona , knowing that she is wrong , allows the Baudelaires free access to the Queequeg to escape . But she can not go with them , out of loyalty to her brother , but before she rejoins Olaf , however , she kisses Klaus . Fiona did not appear in The Penultimate Peril , but Count Olaf says that she and Fernald stole the Carmelita . In The End , it was revealed that both returned to the Fire - Fighting Side of V.F.D. , but they may have been sucked into The Great Unknown . Kit Snicket ( edit ) The Grim Grotto The Penultimate Peril The End Kit Snicket is the sister of Lemony and Jacques Snicket , the lover of Dewey Denouement , and the mother of Beatrice II . She was four years old when the Schism began and became a member of the fire - fighting side of the V.F.D. In Lemony Snicket : The Unauthorized Autobiography , Kit Snicket went to Prufrock Preparatory to work as a teacher under the alias of Mrs. K following Mr. Remora 's retirement . When Carmelita Spats ' parents informed Vice-Principal Nero that Mrs. K was having the students read books that are not on the recommended list , Vice-Principal Nero fired her as Kit made off with two orphans that were attending Prufrock Preparatory . In The Grim Grotto ' , Kit Snicket was mentioned to have helped Captain Widdershin in constructing the Queequg . She also warned Gregor Anwhistle about the use of the Medusoid Mycelium . By the end of the book , she meets the Baudelaires at Briny Beach and takes them away in her taxicab . In The Penultimate Peril , Kit Snicket brings the Baudelaires to Hotel Denouement where she provides them with concierge disguises , mentions that she is pregnant and informs them about Frank and Ernest Denouement . Lemony Snicket mentioned that Kit rode a jet ski in order to meet up with Captain Widdershin . In The End , Kit Snicket and the Incredible Deadly Viper wash up on the coastal shelf of the island on a raft of books where her legs are injured . After regaining conscious , she tells the Baudelaires about how Hector 's mobile home crashed into the Queequeg and she got injured when the telegram device fell on her legs . Kit also mentions that she does n't know what happened to Hector , the Quagmires , Captain Widdershin , Fernald , and Fiona when the Great Unknown neared the wreckage . Later on , Kit is among those who are poisoned by the Medusoi Mycelium and refuses the hybrid horseradish apple that counters it due to the side effects it has on unborn children . As Kit goes into labour , Count Olaf performs his only act of kindness by carrying her to a place to give birth as he helps to deliver her child . After Kit dies giving birth , Count Olaf dies from his injuries . Both of them are buried next to each other as the Baudelaires take Beatrice Baudelaire II into their custody . Castaways ( edit ) The Castaways are a group of people that live on an island that Count Olaf tried to christen as Olaf Land . Among the known castaways are : Ishmael ( edit ) The End Ishmael appears in The End . Ishmael is the facilitator of a small colony of island inhabitants and former member of V.F.D. He blames Count Olaf for the fire that destroyed his home to which Count Olaf claimed was n't caused by him . Ishmael uses peer pressure and the sedative of fermented coconut cordial to influence the islanders . While claiming to be unable to walk , he often sneaks off to the island 's arboretum writing diary entries and organizing shipwrecked objects . The Baudelaires , when on this island , discover that he used to know their parents and forced them off the island when their mother was pregnant with Violet . When they ask him why he keeps so many secrets from the islanders , he says that he is trying to keep them safe . He is last seen on a boat leaving the island , surrounded by poisoned islanders , although he previously consumed an antidote . Friday Caliban ( edit ) The End Friday Caliban is a young island girl who quickly befriends the Baudelaires , giving Sunny a whisk as a gift , and making enemies with Count Olaf by abandoning him . She is the daughter of Thursday and Miranda Caliban . Her mother told her that her father was eaten by a manatee in the storm which shipwrecked her on the island , but the truth is that Miranda and Thursday were separated by the schism and Miranda did not want her daughter to know this . Friday was forced to leave the island on a boat with the other islanders , all of them infected by the Medusoid Mycelium , leaving the Baudelaires behind . Minor castaways ( edit ) The following castaways do n't play a big part in the series : Alonso - Not much is known about Alonso except for the fact that prior to living on the island , he was involved in a dreadful political scandal . He is named after a character in Shakespeare 's The Tempest . Ariel - Prior to arriving on the island , Ariel spent time in prison where she was disguised as a man for years before escaping . She is named after a character in Shakespeare 's The Tempest . Brewster - He is named after Maud Brewster , a character in Jack London 's The Sea - Wolf . Byam - He is named after Roger Byam , a fictional character in the novel Mutiny on the Bounty . Calypso - She is named after the sea nymph Calypso from Greek mythology . Dr. Kurtz - He is named after a character in Joseph Conrad 's Heart of Darkness . Erewhon - A former inhabitant of an island far away from the castaway 's island . Erewhon was the one responsible for orchestrating the mutiny on Ishmael . She is named after the utopia in Samuel Butler 's book of the same name . It is also an anagram of Nowhere . Finn - A young girl who assisted Omeros in picking the wild onions . Finn once found a typewriter in one of the shipwrecks . She is named after Mark Twain 's Huckleberry Finn . Jonah and Sadie Bellamy - Two siblings who brought the boat containing the Baudelaires in while storm scavenging . They are named after named after the biblical Jonah ; a character in The Adventures of Sadie , aka Our Girl Friday , a 1953 film about a shipwrecked girl ; and Samuel `` Black Sam '' Bellamy , an 18th - century pirate who was shipwrecked off Cape Cod . The surname may also refer to Edward Bellamy , author of the utopian novel Looking Backward . Larsen - The island 's residential fisherman . He is named after Wolf Larsen , a character in Jack London 's The Sea - Wolf . Madame Nordoff - She is named after Charles Nordhoff , co-author of Mutiny on the Bounty . Miranda Caliban - The mother of Friday and the husband of Thursday . Miranda covered up the fact to her daughter that her father left the island by stating that he was killed in a manatee accident . Though Miranda stated that it was better that she and Friday remained on the island . She is named after a character in Shakespeare 's The Tempest . Mr. Pitcairn - He is named after the Pitcairn Islands where the Bounty mutineers eventually settled . Ms. Marlow - She is named after a character in Joseph Conrad 's Heart of Darkness . Omeros - He is possibly named after the Greek epic poet Homer , whose Iliad and Odyssey deal extensively with sea voyages and shipwrecks ; another possibility is the 1990 poem of the same name by Derek Walcott , which is partly a retelling of the Odyssey set in the Caribbean . Professor Fletcher - He is named after Bounty mutineer Fletcher Christian . Rabbi Bligh - The castaways ' residential rabbi . He is named after Bounty captain William Bligh . Robinson - He is named after the title character in Daniel Defoe 's Robinson Crusoe . Sherman - He is named after General William Tecumseh Sherman , who survived two shipwrecks ; or from William Pène du Bois 's The Twenty - One Balloons . Thursday - The father of Friday Caliban and the husband of Miranda Caliban . He was an islander for a short time before the events of book . Miranda covered up the fact to her daughter that her father left the island by stating that he was killed in a manatee accident . Weyden - A red - haired woman who first arrived at the island on a raft . She is named after Humphrey Van Weyden , a character in Jack London 's The Sea - Wolf . Willa - She is possibly named after writer Willa Cather who refers to a shipwreck in a notable quotation . Animals ( edit ) There are different animals that appear in this franchise and are listed in order of appearance : Incredibly Deadly Viper ( edit ) The Incredible Deadly Viper ( also known as Ink and Inky ) is a snake that was discovered by Montgomery Montgomery . In The Reptile Room , Inky was presented to the Baudelaire children as Montgomery 's latest discovery '' where it bonded with Sunny . When Count Olaf posed as Stephano and killed Montgomery while framing Inky , the Baudelaire children were able to prove its innocence and expose Stephano as Count Olaf . After Count Olaf and the Hook - Handed Man got away , Inky was among the reptiles that were packed up by Bruce to be sent to the Herpetology Society . In The End , Inky arrived on the island with a pregnant Kit Snicket who revealed that Inky lived on the island before being `` discovered '' by Montgomery . Following Count Olaf and Kit Snicket 's deaths , Inky rounded up the type of apples that were mixed with normal apples and horseradishes in order to give them to the departed castaways following their infection of the Medusoid Mycelium . In the film , Count Olaf as Stephano pinned the blame of Montgomery 's death on the Incredibly Deadly Viper to Mr. Poe and the Constable . This plot was foiled when Sunny plays with it causing Count Olaf to secretly get away while shedding his disguise on the way out . In the TV series , Count Olaf as Stephano pinned the blame of Montgomery 's death on the Incredibly Deadly Viper to Mr. Poe with the help of the Person of Indeterminate Gender posing as Nurse Lucafont while the rest of Count Olaf 's troupe posed as members of the Sheriff Department . Just like the book , Violet finds the vial containing the Mamba du Mal poison in Stephano 's briefcase . Mamba du Mal ( edit ) The Mamba du Mal is a snake in Montgomery Montgomery 's collection which is `` one of the deadliest snakes in the hemisphere '' that kills its victims by strangling them . In The Reptile Room , Count Olaf in his alias of Stephano used its venom to kill Montgomery and frame the Incredibly Dangerous Viper for the death . After Count Olaf was exposed and the Incredibly Deadly Viper was innocent , the Mamba du Mal is among the reptiles that are packed up by Bruce in order to take them to the Herpetology Society . While the Mamba du Mal does not appear in the film , its venom was used in the TV series during the final parts of `` The Reptile Room '' Pt. 1 . When Stephano talks about the Mamba du Mal in the second part , it shifts to a snake that might by the Mamba du Mal . Either way , it alongside the other creatures in Montgomery 's collection are claimed by the Herpetology Society in light of Montgomery 's death . Lachrymose Leech ( edit ) The Lachrymose Leech is a type of leech that lives in the waters of Lake Lachrymose where they have six rows of sharp teeth , a sharp pointed nose , and a smell of food . As they are blind , the Lachrymose Leeches can attack any human who has just eaten something as well as their usual food of small fish and crabs . Anyone traveling on the lake must wait one hour after eating before entering it for any reason . In The Wide Window , Josephine Anwhistle mentioned that she lost her husband Ike to the Lachrymose Leeches when he waited 45 minutes before going swimming . When the Baudelaire children and Josephine were leaving Curdling Cave by water , the Baudelaires did not know that Josephine ate a banana which started to attract the Lachrymose Leeches . As their boat is attacked by the Lachrymose Leeches , Violet invents a signal light that attracts a passing boat . However , the boat is operated by Count Olaf in the alias of Captain Sham . When Josephine begs for Captain Sham to spare her , he got irritated with Josephine and pushed her into the water where the Lachrymose Leeches are . In The Beatrice Letters , there was a Lachrymose Leech paperweight that Ike Anwhistle gave Lemony Snicket as a graduation present . In the film , the Baudelaires were rescued from the Lachrymose Leeches by Count Olaf who left Josephine to her fate . In the TV series , the Baudelaires were rescued from the Lachrymose Leeches by Captain Sham and the disguised members of Count Olaf 's troupe . V.F.D. Crows ( edit ) The V.F.D. Crows are a type of crows that are worshiped by the Village of Fowl Devotees and have the same migratory pattern every day . The # 1 rule in the Village of Fowl Devotees is to never harm a crow . In The Vile Village , Esmé Squalor in the alias of Officer Luciana accidentally harmed a crow when she fired a harpoon gun at the books that the Quagmire children were throwing to the Baudelaire children . This incited the wrath of the villagers causing Count Olaf and Esmé to flee . Volunteer Feline Detectives ( edit ) The Volunteer Feline Detectives are a group of lions that lived in the caves of the Mortmain Mountains . They were trained by the V.F.D. to smell out smoke . At some point following the Schism , the fire - starting side of the V.F.D. gained possession of the lions . On a related note , one of Gustav Sebald 's movies was called Lions in the Mountains which references these lions and their habitat in the Mortmain Mountains . In The Carnivorous Carnival , Count Olaf whipped and abused them enough for them to have scars where the Baudelaire children noticed that as they can see the ribs of one of them due to them being lethargic and malnourished . When Count Olaf put on a show at the Caligari Carnival , he held an event where one of its freaks would be fed to the lions . During the crowd chaos , Olivia Caliban and the Bald Man with the Big Nose were knocked into the lion pit and devoured by the lions . When the Caligari Carnival is burned by Count Olaf , the lions perished in the fire as Count Olaf neglected to get them out of the pit . Lemony Snicket stated that the lions ' bodies were blackened when he found them . It was n't mentioned what happened to the remaining lions in the Volunteer Feline Detectives . In the TV series , a group of starving lions lurk in the haunts near the Caligari Carnival . Two of the lions were captured by Count Olaf for his lion - feeding event . Just like the book , the lions perished in the Caligari Carnival 's fire . Snow Gnats ( edit ) The Snow Gnats are small flying insects that inhabit the Mortmain Mountains . Similar to red ants , they enjoy stinging people for no reason . There are two ways to prevent Snow Gnats from stinging people . One is to create smoke by starting a fire since Snow Gnats hate smoke . Another way is to cover the entire body so that they wo n't attack . In The Slippery Slope , the Snow Gnats are first seen attacking Violet and Klaus . They managed to find shelter in a cave where Bruce , Carmelita Spats , and the Snow Scouts are taking refuge in . V.F.D. Eagles ( edit ) The V.F.D. Eagles are a type of eagle that are used by the fire - starting side of the V.F.D. They bend to their whim upon hearing their whistles . In The Slippery Slope , the V.F.D. Eagles are summoned by Count Olaf to carry off Bruce and the Snow Scouts . The Man with a Beard But No Hair and the Woman with Hair But No Beard escaped on some of them . In The End , it was mentioned that the V.F.D. Eagles have attacked Hector 's self - sustaining hot - air mobile home causing it to crash into the Queequeg . This was foreshadowed by Kit Snicket in The Penultimate Peril where Quigley Quagmire used a homemade net to save his fellow siblings . See also ( edit ) Lemony Snicket portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ LS to BB # 5 , Dewey is killed in book 13 The End . When Violet accidentally drops a harpoon gun causing Dewey to be shot . The Beatrice Letters Jump up ^ The Bad Beginning : Rare Edition Jump up ^ Snicket , Lemony ( 2006 ) . The End . A Series of Unfortunate Events . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 441016 - 1 . Jump up ^ Snicket , Lemony ( 2006 ) . The Beatrice Letters . A Series of Unfortunate Events . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 058658 - 3 . Jump up ^ The Unauthorized Autobiography , p. 79 ^ Jump up to : UPI ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` Nathan Fillion , Tony Hale Book Roles on ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' '' . TV Insider . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Behind the Scenes of `` A Series of Unfortunate Events '' ^ Jump up to : https://screenrant.com/series-unfortunate-events-season-2-cast-characters/ Jump up ^ A Series of Unfortunate Events ( @ unfortunate ) ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` A most unfortunate update : @ robbieamell joins Season 2 of # ASOUE . Our repeated letters instructing him to run swiftly in the opposite direction must have failed to arrive '' . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 -- via Instagram . ^ Jump up to : Melody Joy Kramer ( October 12 , 2006 ) . `` A Series Of Unfortunate Literary Allusions '' . NPR . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Maureen ; Overturf , Brenda ( November 7 , 2012 ) . The Common Core : Teaching K - 5 Students to Meet the Reading Standards . International Reading Assoc . p. 92 . ISBN 0872078159 . clearly a reference to the Roman Emperor Nero , who allegedly fiddled while Rome burned Jump up ^ https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/reviews/a-series-of-unfortunate-events-season-2-review-release-watch-netflix-date-cast-count-olaf-a8274776.html#gallery Jump up ^ A Series of Unfortunate Events ( @ unfortunate ) ( February 23 , 2018 ) . `` The sad truth is the truth is sad . @ davidalangrier joins Season 2 , adding to the ranks of people who did not heed our sound advice to avoid this grim tale at all costs '' . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ p. 163 of The Carnivorous Carnival calls Madame Lulu `` the fake name of the woman '' . Jump up ^ French , Emma ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` Best librarian characters in fantasy fiction '' . OUPblog . Oxford University Press . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snicket , Lemony . `` Lemony Snicket : The Unauthroized Autobiography '' . HarperCollins , 2002 , p. 140 - 141 . Works by Lemony Snicket A Series of Unfortunate Events Novels The Bad Beginning The Reptile Room The Wide Window The Miserable Mill The Austere Academy The Ersatz Elevator The Vile Village The Hostile Hospital The Carnivorous Carnival The Slippery Slope The Grim Grotto The Penultimate Peril The End Related works The Unauthorized Autobiography The Beatrice Letters Horseradish : Bitter Truths You Ca n't Avoid Media Feature film Soundtrack Video game The Tragic Treasury TV series Other Characters All the Wrong Questions Who Could That Be at This Hour ? When Did You See Her Last ? Should n't You Be in School ? Why Is This Night Different From All Other Nights ? Other works The Latke Who Could n't Stop Screaming The Lump of Coal The Composer Is Dead Related Daniel Handler Brett Helquist Seth Portal Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_A_Series_of_Unfortunate_Events_characters&oldid=855686526 '' Categories : A Series of Unfortunate Events characters Lists of literary characters Lists of minor fictional characters Fictional members of secret societies Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2018 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Français Italiano Bahasa Melayu Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2018 , at 03 : 31 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	a series of unfortunate events the baudelaire parents	[ "The children's novel series A Series of Unfortunate Events features a large cast of characters created by Daniel Handler by the pen-name of Lemony Snicket. The series follows the turbulent lives of the Baudelaire orphans after their parents, Bertrand and Beatrice, are killed in an arsonous structure fire and their multiple escapes from their murderous relative Count Olaf, who is after their family fortune.\n" ]	[ "Bertrand and Beatrice" ]
-8683784603239929821	São Tomé and Príncipe	São Tomé and Príncipe - wikipedia São Tomé and Príncipe Jump to : navigation , search Coordinates : 1 ° N 7 ° E / 1 ° N 7 ° E / 1 ; 7 Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe República Democrática de São Tomé e Príncipe ( Portuguese ) Flag Coat of arms Motto : `` Unidade , Disciplina , Trabalho '' ( Portuguese ) `` Unity , Discipline , Labour '' Anthem : Independência total Total Independence Location of São Tomé and Príncipe ( dark blue ) -- in Africa ( light blue & dark grey ) -- in the African Union ( light blue ) Capital and largest city São Tomé 0 ° 20 ′ N 6 ° 44 ′ E / 0.333 ° N 6.733 ° E / 0.333 ; 6.733 Official languages Portuguese Recognised regional languages Forro Angolar Principense Demonym São Toméan ( Sao Tomean ) Santomean Government Unitary semi-presidential republic President Evaristo Carvalho Prime Minister Patrice Trovoada Legislature National Assembly Independence from Portugal 12 July 1975 Area Total 964 km ( 372 sq mi ) ( 171th ) Water ( % ) Negligible Population 2016 estimate 199,910 ( 178th ) 2013 census 192,993 Density 187.17 / km ( 484.8 / sq mi ) ( 69th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2017 estimate Total $685 million Per capita $3,220 GDP ( nominal ) 2017 estimate Total $355 million Per capita $1,668 Gini ( 2010 ) 33.9 medium HDI ( 2015 ) 0.574 medium 142nd Currency Dobra ( STD ) Time zone GMT ( UTC + 0 ) Drives on the right Calling code + 239 ISO 3166 code ST Internet TLD . st São Tomé and Príncipe ( / ˌsaʊ təˈmeɪ ən ˈprɪnsɪpə , - ˈprɪnsɪpeɪ / SOW tə - MAY ən PRIN - sip - ə , - PRIN - sip - ay ; Portuguese : ( sɐ̃w tuˈmɛ i ˈpɾĩsɨpɨ ) ) , officially the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe , is a Portuguese - speaking island nation in the Gulf of Guinea , off the western equatorial coast of Central Africa . It consists of two archipelagos around the two main islands : São Tomé and Príncipe , located about 140 kilometres ( 87 miles ) apart and about 250 and 225 kilometres ( 155 and 140 miles ) , respectively , off the northwestern coast of Gabon . The islands were uninhabited until their discovery by Portuguese explorers in the 15th century . Gradually colonized and settled by the Portuguese throughout the 16th century , they collectively served as a vital commercial and trade center for the Atlantic slave trade . The rich volcanic soil and close proximity to the Equator made São Tomé and Príncipe ideal for sugar cultivation , followed later by cash crops such as coffee and cocoa ; the lucrative plantation economy was heavily dependent upon imported African slaves . Cycles of social unrest and economic instability throughout the 19th and 20th centuries culminated in peaceful independence in 1975 . São Tomé and Príncipe has since remained one of Africa 's most stable and democratic countries . With a population of 199,910 ( 2016 Census ) , São Tomé and Príncipe is the second - smallest African country after Seychelles , as well as the smallest Portuguese - speaking country . Its people are predominantly of African and mestiço descent , with most practising Roman Catholicism . The legacy of Portuguese rule is also visible in the country 's culture , customs , and music , which fuse European and African influences . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Independence ( 1975 ) 2 Politics 2.1 Political culture 2.2 Foreign relations 2.3 Military 2.4 Administrative divisions 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 3.2 Wildlife 4 Economy 4.1 Petroleum exploration 4.2 Banking 5 Society 5.1 Demographics 5.2 Ethnic groups 5.3 Languages 5.4 Religion 5.5 Health 5.6 Education 6 Culture 6.1 Music 6.2 Cuisine 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : History of São Tomé and Príncipe The islands of São Tomé and Príncipe were uninhabited when the Portuguese arrived sometime around 1470 . The islands were discovered by João de Santarém and Pêro Escobar . Portuguese navigators explored the islands and decided that they would be good locations for bases to trade with the mainland . The dates of discovery are sometimes given as 21 December ( St Thomas 's Day ) 1471 , for São Tomé ; and 17 January ( St Anthony 's Day ) 1472 , for Príncipe , though other sources cite different years around that time . Príncipe was initially named Santo Antão ( `` Saint Anthony '' ) , changing its name in 1502 to Ilha do Príncipe ( `` Prince 's Island '' ) , in reference to the Prince of Portugal to whom duties on the island 's sugar crop were paid . The first successful settlement of São Tomé was established in 1493 by Álvaro Caminha , who received the land as a grant from the crown . Príncipe was settled in 1500 under a similar arrangement . Attracting settlers proved difficult , however , and most of the earliest inhabitants were `` undesirables '' sent from Portugal , mostly Jews . In time these settlers found the volcanic soil of the region suitable for agriculture , especially the growing of sugar . By 1515 , São Tomé and Príncipe had become slave depots for the coastal slave trade centered at Elmina . The cultivation of sugar was a labour - intensive process and the Portuguese began to enslave large numbers of Africans from the mainland . By the mid-16th century the Portuguese settlers had turned the islands into Africa 's foremost exporter of sugar . São Tomé and Príncipe were taken over and administered by the Portuguese crown in 1522 and 1573 , respectively . However , competition from sugar - producing colonies in the Western Hemisphere began to hurt the islands . The large enslaved population also proved difficult to oppress , with Portugal unable to invest many resources in the effort . Sugar cultivation thus declined over the next 100 years , and by the mid-17th century , the economy of São Tomé had changed . It was now primarily a transit point for ships engaged in the slave trade between the West and continental Africa . In the early 19th century , two new cash crops , coffee and cocoa , were introduced . The rich volcanic soils proved well suited to the new cash crop industry , and soon extensive plantations ( known as `` roças '' ) , owned by Portuguese companies or absentee landlords , occupied almost all of the good farmland . By 1908 , São Tomé had become the world 's largest producer of cocoa , which remains the country 's most important crop . The roças system , which gave the plantation managers a high degree of authority , led to abuses against the African farm workers . Although Portugal officially abolished slavery in 1876 , the practice of forced paid labour continued . Scientific American magazine documented in words and pictures the continued use of slaves in São Tomé in its 13 March 1897 issue . In the early 20th century , an internationally publicized controversy arose over charges that Angolan contract workers were being subjected to forced labour and unsatisfactory working conditions . Sporadic labor unrest and dissatisfaction continued well into the 20th century , culminating in an outbreak of riots in 1953 in which several hundred African laborers were killed in a clash with their Portuguese rulers . This `` Batepá Massacre '' remains a major event in the colonial history of the islands , and its anniversary is officially observed by the government . Independence ( 1975 ) ( edit ) The cathedral of São Tomé By the late 1950s , when other emerging nations across the African Continent demanded their independence , a small group of São Toméans had formed the Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe ( MLSTP ) , which eventually established its base in nearby Gabon . Picking up momentum in the 1960s , events moved quickly after the overthrow of the Caetano dictatorship in Portugal in April 1974 . The new Portuguese regime was committed to the dissolution of its overseas colonies . In November 1974 , their representatives met with the MLSTP in Algiers and worked out an agreement for the transfer of sovereignty . After a period of transitional government , São Tomé and Príncipe achieved independence on 12 July 1975 , choosing as the first president the MLSTP Secretary General Manuel Pinto da Costa . In 1990 , São Tomé became one of the first African countries to undergo democratic reform , and changes to the constitution -- the legalization of opposition political parties -- led to elections in 1991 that were nonviolent , free , and transparent . Miguel Trovoada , a former prime minister who had been in exile since 1986 , returned as an independent candidate and was elected president . Trovoada was re-elected in São Tomé 's second multi-party presidential election in 1996 . The Party of Democratic Convergence ( PCD ) won a majority of seats in the National Assembly , with the MLSTP becoming an important and vocal minority party . Municipal elections followed in late 1992 , in which the MLSTP won a majority of seats on five of seven regional councils . In early legislative elections in October 1994 , the MLSTP won a plurality of seats in the Assembly . It regained an outright majority of seats in the November 1998 elections . Presidential elections were held in July 2001 . The candidate backed by the Independent Democratic Action party , Fradique de Menezes , was elected in the first round and inaugurated on 3 September . Parliamentary elections were held in March 2002 . For the next four years , a series of short - lived opposition - led governments were formed . The army seized power for one week in July 2003 , complaining of corruption and that forthcoming oil revenues would not be divided fairly . An accord was negotiated under which President de Menezes was returned to office . The cohabitation period ended in March 2006 , when a pro-presidential coalition won enough seats in National Assembly elections to form a new government . In the 30 July 2006 presidential election , Fradique de Menezes easily won a second five - year term in office , defeating two other candidates Patrice Trovoada ( son of former President Miguel Trovoada ) and independent Nilo Guimarães . Local elections , the first since 1992 , took place on 27 August 2006 and were dominated by members of the ruling coalition . On 12 February 2009 , there was an attempted coup d'état to overthrow President Fradique de Menezes . The coup plotters were imprisoned , but later received a pardon from President de Menezes . Politics ( edit ) Main article : Politics of São Tomé and Príncipe Former President Manuel Pinto da Costa in 1986 The president of the republic is elected to a five - year term by direct universal suffrage and a secret ballot , and must gain an outright majority to be elected . The president may hold up to two consecutive terms . The prime minister is appointed by the president , and the fourteen members of cabinet are chosen by the prime minister . The National Assembly , the supreme organ of the state and the highest legislative body , is made up of 55 members , who are elected for a four - year term and meet semiannually . Justice is administered at the highest level by the Supreme Court . The judiciary is independent under the current constitution . Political culture ( edit ) São Tomé has functioned under a multiparty system since 1990 . With regards to human rights in São Tomé , there are freedom of speech and the freedom to form opposition political parties . São Tomé and Príncipe finished 11th out of the African countries measured by the Ibrahim Index of African Governance in 2010 , a comprehensive reflection of the levels of governance in Africa . Foreign relations ( edit ) Further information : Foreign relations of São Tomé and Príncipe São Tomé and Príncipe has embassies in Angola , Belgium , Gabon , Portugal and the United States . It recognizes the People 's Republic of China in 2016 . It also has a permanent mission to the UN in New York City and an International Diplomatic Correspondent Office . Military ( edit ) Further information : Military of São Tomé and Príncipe São Tomé and Príncipe 's military is small and consists of four branches : the Army ( Exército ) , Coast Guard ( Guarda Costeira also called `` Navy '' ) , Presidential Guard ( Guarda Presidencial ) , and the National Guard . Administrative divisions ( edit ) Main articles : Provinces of São Tomé and Príncipe and Districts of São Tomé and Príncipe São Tomé and Príncipe is divided into 2 provinces : Príncipe and São Tomé . The provinces are further divided into seven districts , six on São Tomé and one on Príncipe ( with Príncipe having self - government since 29 April 1995 ) . Geography ( edit ) Main article : Geography of São Tomé and Príncipe A map of São Tomé and Príncipe The Pico Cão Grande The islands of São Tomé and Príncipe , situated in the equatorial Atlantic and Gulf of Guinea about 300 and 250 kilometres ( 190 and 160 mi ) , respectively , off the northwest coast of Gabon , constitute Africa 's second - smallest country . Both are part of the Cameroon volcanic mountain line , which also includes the islands of Annobón to the southwest , Bioko to the northeast ( both part of Equatorial Guinea ) , and Mount Cameroon on the coast of Gulf of Guinea . Beach scenery in São Tomé and Príncipe São Tomé is 50 km ( 30 mi ) long and 30 km ( 20 mi ) wide and the more mountainous of the two islands . Its peaks reach 2,024 m ( 6,640 ft ) -- Pico de São Tomé . Príncipe is about 30 km ( 20 mi ) long and 6 km ( 4 mi ) wide . Its peaks reach 948 m ( 3,110 ft ) -- Pico de Príncipe . Swift streams radiating down the mountains through lush forest and cropland to the sea cross both islands . The Equator lies immediately south of São Tomé Island , passing through the islet Ilhéu das Rolas . The Pico Cão Grande ( Great Dog Peak ) is a landmark volcanic plug peak , located at 0 ° 7 ′ 0 '' N 6 ° 34 ′ 00 '' E / 0.11667 ° N 6.56667 ° E / 0.11667 ; 6.56667 in southern São Tomé . It rises over 300 m ( 1,000 ft ) above the surrounding terrain and the summit is 663 m ( 2,175 ft ) above sea level . Climate ( edit ) At sea level , the climate is tropical -- hot and humid with average yearly temperatures of about 27 ° C ( 80.6 ° F ) and little daily variation . The temperature rarely rises beyond 32 ° C ( 89.6 ° F ) . At the interior 's higher elevations , the average yearly temperature is 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) , and nights are generally cool . Annual rainfall varies from 5,000 mm ( 196.9 in ) on the southwestern slopes to 1,000 mm ( 39.4 in ) in the northern lowlands . The rainy season is from October to May . Wildlife ( edit ) Main article : Wildlife of São Tomé and Príncipe São Tomé and Príncipe does not have a large number of native mammals ( although the São Tomé shrew and several bat species are endemic ) . The islands are home to a larger number of endemic birds and plants , including the world 's smallest ibis ( the São Tomé ibis ) , the world 's largest sunbird ( the giant sunbird ) , the rare São Tomé fiscal , and several giant species of Begonia . São Tomé and Principe is an important marine turtle nesting site , including the hawksbill turtles ( Eretmochelys imbricata ) . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of São Tomé and Príncipe Ossame fruit in São Tomé and Príncipe Since the 19th century , the economy of São Tomé and Príncipe has been based on plantation agriculture . At the time of independence , Portuguese - owned plantations occupied 90 % of the cultivated area . After independence , control of these plantations passed to various state - owned agricultural enterprises . The main crop on São Tomé is cocoa , representing about 95 % of agricultural exports . Other export crops include copra , palm kernels , and coffee . Domestic food - crop production is inadequate to meet local consumption , so the country imports most of its food . In 1997 it was estimated that approximately 90 % of the country 's food needs are met through imports . Efforts have been made by the government in recent years to expand food production , and several projects have been undertaken , largely financed by foreign donors . A market place located in the city of São Tomé A proportional representation of São Tomé 's exports . Other than agriculture , the main economic activities are fishing and a small industrial sector engaged in processing local agricultural products and producing a few basic consumer goods . The scenic islands have potential for tourism , and the government is attempting to improve its rudimentary tourist industry infrastructure . The government sector accounts for about 11 % of employment . Following independence , the country had a centrally directed economy with most means of production owned and controlled by the state . The original constitution guaranteed a mixed economy , with privately owned cooperatives combined with publicly owned property and means of production . In the 1980s and 1990s , the economy of São Tomé encountered major difficulties . Economic growth stagnated , and cocoa exports dropped in both value and volume , creating large balance - of - payments deficits . Plantation land was seized , resulting in the complete collapse of cocoa production . At the same time , the international price of cocoa slumped . The country no longer produces cocoa at all . In response to its economic downturn , the government undertook a series of far - reaching economic reforms . In 1987 , the government implemented an International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) structural adjustment program , and invited greater private participation in management of the parastatals , as well as in the agricultural , commercial , banking , and tourism sectors . The focus of economic reform since the early 1990s has been widespread privatization , especially of the state - run agricultural and industrial sectors . The São Toméan Government has traditionally obtained foreign assistance from various donors , including the UN Development Programme , the World Bank , the European Union ( EU ) , Portugal , Taiwan , and the African Development Bank . In April 2000 , in association with the Banco Central de São Tomé e Príncipe , the IMF approved a poverty reduction and growth facility for São Tomé aimed at reducing inflation to 3 % for 2001 , raising ideal growth to 4 % , and reducing the fiscal deficit . In late 2000 , São Tomé qualified for significant debt reduction under the IMF -- World Bank 's Heavily Indebted Poor Countries ( HIPC ) initiative . The reduction is being reevaluated by the IMF , due to the attempted coup d'état in July 2003 and subsequent emergency spending . Following the truce , the IMF decided to send a mission to São Tomé to evaluate the macroeconomic state of the country . This evaluation is ongoing , reportedly pending oil legislation to determine how the government will manage incoming oil revenues which are still poorly defined , but in any case expected to change the economic situation dramatically . In parallel , some efforts have been made to incentivize private tourism initiatives , but their scope remains limited . São Tomé also hosts a broadcasting station of the American International Broadcasting Bureau ( IBB ) for the Voice of America located at Pinheira . Portugal remains one of São Tomé 's major trading partners , particularly as a source of imports . Food , manufactured articles , machinery , and transportation equipment are imported primarily from the EU . São Tomé and Príncipe was ranked the 174th - safest investment destination in the world in the March 2011 Euromoney Country Risk rankings . Petroleum exploration ( edit ) In 2001 , São Tomé and Nigeria reached agreement on joint exploration for petroleum in waters claimed by the two countries of the Niger Delta geologic province . After a lengthy series of negotiations , in April 2003 the joint development zone ( JDZ ) was opened for bids by international oil firms . The JDZ was divided into nine blocks ; the winning bids for block one , ChevronTexaco , ExxonMobil , and the Norwegian firm , Equity Energy , were announced in April 2004 , with São Tomé to take in 40 % of the $123 million bid , and Nigeria the other 60 % . Bids on other blocks were still under consideration in October 2004 . São Tomé has received more than $2 million from the bank to develop its petroleum sector . Banking ( edit ) Banco Central de Sāo Tomé e Príncipe is the central bank , responsible for monetary policy and bank supervision . There are six banks in the country . The largest and oldest is Banco Internacional de São Tomé e Príncipe , which is a subsidiary of Portugal 's government - owned Caixa Geral de Depósitos . It had a monopoly on commercial banking until a change in the banking law in 2003 led to the entry of several other banks . Society ( edit ) Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of São Tomé and Príncipe São Tomé and Príncipe 's population in thousands between 1961 and 2003 The first ever census was carried out in 2011 with the help of the National Statistic Institute ( INE ) of Cape Verde . The total population is estimated at 163,784 in 2010 by the government agency . Approximately 157,000 people live on São Tomé and 6,000 on Príncipe . All are descended from people from different countries taken to the islands by the Portuguese from 1470 onwards . In the 1970s , there were two significant population movements -- the exodus of most of the 4,000 Portuguese residents and the influx of several hundred São Tomé refugees from Angola . Ethnic groups ( edit ) Distinct ethnic groups on São Tomé and Príncipe include : Mestiços , or mixed - blood , descendants of Portuguese colonists and African slaves brought to the islands during the early years of settlement from Benin , Gabon , the Republic of the Congo , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , and Angola ( these people also are known as filhos da terra or `` children of the land '' ) . Angolares , reputedly descendants of Angolan slaves who survived a 1540 shipwreck and now earn their livelihood fishing . Forros , descendants of freed slaves when slavery was abolished . Serviçais , contract laborers from Angola , Mozambique , and Cape Verde , living temporarily on the islands . Tongas , children of serviçais born on the islands . Europeans , primarily Portuguese . Asians , mostly Chinese , including Macanese people of mixed Portuguese and Chinese descent from Macau . Languages ( edit ) Further information : Languages of São Tomé and Príncipe Religion in São Tomé and Príncipe Catholic Church ( 71.9 % ) Other Christian ( 10.2 % ) Other or Non Religious ( 17.9 % ) Portuguese is the official and the de facto national language of São Tomé and Príncipe , with about 98.4 % speaking it in the country , a significant share of it as their native language , and it has been spoken in the islands since the end of the 15th century . Restructured variants of Portuguese or Portuguese creoles are also spoken : Forro , a creole language ( 36.2 % ) , Cape Verdean Creole ( 8.5 % ) , Angolar ( 6.6 % ) and Principense ( 1 % ) . French ( 6.8 % ) and English ( 4.9 % ) are foreign languages taught in schools . Religion ( edit ) The majority residents belongs to the local branch of the Roman Catholic Church , which in turn retains close ties with the church in Portugal . There are also sizeable Protestant minorities of Seventh - day Adventists and other Evangelical Protestants . There is a small but growing Muslim population . Age - standardized Disability - adjusted life year for iron - deficiency anemia in 2004 . Countries highlighted in red are stricken with large amounts of iron - deficiency anemia , while countries highlighted in yellow have lower concentrations of this disease within their populations . São Tomé and Príncipe ( located to the left of Equatorial Guinea and Gabon , Africa ) has more than 1250 life years lost to iron - deficiency anemia , per 100,000 inhabitants . Health ( edit ) There was a resurgence of malaria in the country in 2010 , but the exact cause is unknown . Female life expectancy at birth was 65.1 years in between 2005 and 2010 , and male life expectancy at 62.8 for the same time period . Healthy life expectancy at birth was at 64.7 years in 2011 . A Cuban medical team of seven doctors , nurses and other health workers is working on the main island , with occasional visits to Principe . Government health expenditure per capita was at US $90.73 ( current US $ ) in 2009 . According to WHO , São Tomé and Príncipe is also home to the largest documented amount of iron - deficiency anemia amongst any country 's population . Education ( edit ) Education in São Tomé and Príncipe is compulsory for four years . Primary school enrollment and attendance rates were unavailable for São Tomé and Principe as of 2001 . The educational system has a shortage of classrooms , insufficiently trained and underpaid teachers , inadequate textbooks and materials , high rates of repetition , poor educational planning and management , and a lack of community involvement in school management . Domestic financing of the school system is lacking , leaving the system highly dependent on foreign financing . Tertiary institutions are the National Lyceum ( São Tomé and Príncipe ) and the University of São Tomé and Príncipe . Culture ( edit ) Further information : List of writers from São Tomé and Príncipe Lagoa Azul Lighthouse São Toméan culture is a mixture of African and Portuguese influences . Music ( edit ) Further information : Music of São Tomé and Príncipe São Toméans are known for ússua and socopé rhythms , while Príncipe is home to the dêxa beat . Portuguese ballroom may have played an integral part in the development of these rhythms and their associated dances . Tchiloli is a musical dance performance that tells a dramatic story . The danço - Congo is similarly a combination of music , dance and theatre . Cuisine ( edit ) Further information : Cuisine of São Tomé and Príncipe Staple foods include fish , seafood , beans , maize and cooked banana . Tropical fruits such as pineapple , avocado and bananas are a significant component of the cuisine . The use of hot spices is prominent in São Tomése cuisine . Coffee is utilized in various dishes as a spice or seasoning . Breakfast dishes are often reheated leftovers from the previous evening 's meal , and omelettes are popular . See also ( edit ) São Tomé and Príncipe portal Islands portal Africa portal Outline of São Tomé and Príncipe Bight of Bonny References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Nationality '' . The World Factbook . Retrieved July 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Octávio Amorim Neto ; Marina Costa Lobo ( 2010 ) . `` Between Constitutional Diffusion and Local Politics : Semi-Presidentialism in Portuguese - Speaking Countries '' . Social Science Research Network . SSRN 1644026 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` São Tomé and Príncipe '' . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` GINI index '' . World Bank . Retrieved 26 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Human Development Report '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme. 2016 . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` São Tomé -- Definition of São Tomé '' . Yourdictionary.com. 2013 - 09 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Expulsion 1492 Chronicles , section XI : `` The Vale of Tears '' , quoting Joseph Hacohen ( 1496 -- 1577 ) ; also , section XVII , quoting 16th century author Samuel Usque `` . Aish.com. 2009 - 08 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Ivor Wilks and Akan Wangara ( January 1997 ) . `` Portuguese in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries '' . In Peter John Bakewell . Mines of Silver and Gold in the Americas . Aldershot : Variorum . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86078 - 513 - 2 . Jump up ^ Gerhard Seibert ( 2006 ) , Comrades , Clients and Cousins : Colonialism , Socialism and Democratization in São Tomé and Príncipe , Leiden : Brill . Jump up ^ Sao Tome president pardons coup plotter . Orange Botswana Portal . January 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 2010 Ibrahim Index of African Governance ( PDF ) , archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2011 , retrieved 2012 - 03 - 04 ^ Jump up to : Mary E. Lassanyi ; Wayne Olson ( 1 July 1997 ) . Agricultural Marketing Directory for U.S. & Africa Trade . DIANE Publishing . p. 206 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7881 - 4479 - 0 . Jump up ^ Brígida Rocha Brito and others , Turismo em Meio Insular Africano : Potencialidades , constrangimentos e impactos , Lisbon : Gerpress , 2010 ( in Portuguese ) Jump up ^ World Radio TV Handbook ( WRTH ) Vol. 49 1995 , p. 162 ; Billboard Publications , Amsterdam 1995 . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 5926 - X Jump up ^ WRTH 1997 , p. 514 , ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7797 - 7 Jump up ^ `` Euromoney Country Risk '' . Euromoney Country Risk . Euromoney Institutional Investor PLC . Retrieved 15 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Phuong Tran ( 1 February 2007 ) . `` São Tomé & Príncipe Still Waiting for Oil Boom '' . VOA News . Voice of America . Retrieved 25 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cape Verde supports population census in Sao Tome and Principe '' . Inforpress. 6 April 2011 . Jump up ^ População : Observada , Estimada e Projectada ( 1991 / 2001 ) . Ine.st . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ São Tomé and Principe . pewforum.org . Jump up ^ World Malaria Report 2010 ( PDF ) . 2010 . pp. 42 , 111 -- 113 . Retrieved March 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects : The 2010 Revision '' . Retrieved March 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sao Tome and Principe : Human Development Indicator . hdrstats.undp.org Jump up ^ DEPARTAMENTO DE COOPERAÇÃO BILATERAL . Santomense Ministério dos Negocios Estrangeiros , Cooperação e Comunidades on international cooperation Jump up ^ `` World Development Indicators and Global Development Finance -- Google Public Data Explorer '' . Retrieved March 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ File : Iron - deficiency_anaemia_world_map_ - _DALY_ - _WHO2002. svg ^ Jump up to : `` São Tomé and Príncipe '' . 2001 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor . Bureau of International Labor Affairs , U.S. Department of Labor ( 2002 ) . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . ^ Jump up to : The Recipes of Africa . Dyfed Lloyd Evans . pp. 174 -- 176 . ^ Jump up to : Kathleen Becker ( 23 July 2008 ) . Sao Tome and Principe . Bradt Travel Guides . pp. 74 -- 79 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84162 - 216 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for São Tomé and Príncipe . Wikimedia Commons has media related to São Tomé and Príncipe . Look up são tomé and príncipe in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Country Profile from BBC News `` São Tomé and Príncipe '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . São Tomé and Príncipe from UCB Libraries GovPubs São Tomé and Príncipe at DMOZ Wikimedia Atlas of São Tomé and Príncipe Atlas de São Tomé e Príncipe -- Available maps catalogue in the internet from Associação Caué - Friends of STP ( in Portuguese ) São Tomé e Príncipe -- Tourist information Presentation `` Developing the sao tome island '' , and `` Developing the sao tome island '' full text . Key Development Forecasts for São Tomé and Príncipe from International Futures Government Página Oficial do Governo de São Tomé e Príncipe -- Official Page of the Government of São Tomé and Príncipe ( in Portuguese ) Presidência da República Democrática de São Tomé e Príncipe -- President of the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe ( official site ) ( in Portuguese ) Assembleia Nacional de São Tomé e Príncipe -- National Assembly of São Tomé and Príncipe ( official site ) ( in Portuguese ) Instituto Nacional de Estatística -- National statistics institute ( in Portuguese ) Central Bank of São Tomé and Príncipe Chief of State and Cabinet Members São Tomé and Príncipe articles History Colonial era governors Batepá massacre Geography Cities and towns Districts Gulf of Guinea Islands Lowland forests Príncipe Provinces Rivers São Tomé Island Obo Natural Park Pico de São Tomé ( mountain ) São Tomé ( city ) Wildlife birds mammals Politics Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT Military Law Ministers National Assembly Political parties Presidents Prime Ministers Economy Banks Central Bank Companies Dobra ( currency ) Telecommunications Internet domain Transport airports Society Anthem Coat of arms Culture Demographics languages Beti - Pahuin peoples Flag Music Public holidays Religion Islam Roman Catholicism Scouting Sport football Outline Index Category Portal Countries and territories of Africa Sovereign states entirely in Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe partly in Africa France Mayotte Réunion Italy Pantelleria Pelagie Islands Portugal Madeira Spain Canary Islands Ceuta Melilla Plazas de soberanía Yemen Socotra Territories and dependencies Îles Éparses France Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha UK Southern Provinces ( Western Sahara ) States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Unclear sovereignty . 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Or 1600 . A factory ( Anosy Region ) and small temporary coastal bases . Part of Portuguese Guinea from 1879 . Part of Portuguese Angola from the 1920s . Middle East ( Persian Gulf ) 16th century 1506 -- 1615 Gamru ( Bandar Abbas ) 1507 -- 1643 Sohar 1515 -- 1622 Hormuz ( Ormus ) 1515 -- 1648 Quriyat 1515 -- ? Qalhat 1515 -- 1650 Muscat 1515 ? -- ? Barka 1515 -- 1633 ? Julfar ( Ras al - Khaimah ) 1521 -- 1602 Bahrain ( Muharraq Manama ) 1521 -- 1529 ? Qatif 1521 ? -- 1551 ? Tarut Island 1550 -- 1551 Qatif 1588 -- 1648 Matrah 17th century 1620 -- ? Khor Fakkan 1621 ? -- ? As Sib 1621 -- 1622 Qeshm 1623 -- ? Khasab 1623 -- ? Libedia 1624 -- ? Kalba 1624 -- ? Madha 1624 -- 1648 Dibba Al - Hisn 1624 ? -- ? 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-6852574981544078973	List of celebrities involved with WrestleMania	List of Celebrities involved with WrestleMania - wikipedia List of Celebrities involved with WrestleMania Jump to : navigation , search WrestleMania is a professional wrestling pay - per - view event produced by the promotion World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) , formerly known as the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) , and is considered the flagship event of the company . The events feature wrestlers from the promotion 's roster competing in a variety of professional wrestling matches ( with predetermined outcomes , though portrayed as legitimate ) . The WrestleMania franchise debuted in 1985 with WrestleMania I , and has been produced annually since then . WrestleMania 34 is the most recent production . Aside from professional wrestling performances , celebrities have been a major key in the production of WrestleMania events . WWE involves them to attract more hype and media attention for the event , in an effort to boost pay - per - view buys , and ticket sales . The celebrities involved with WrestleMania events have come from a range of occupations , including singing , acting , sports , and modeling , and have been used in a variety of roles , such as live musical performances , backstage segments , ringside managers , and on some occasions even as wrestlers . Overall , there have been 99 celebrities involved at WrestleMania : 32 athletes , 29 musicians , 19 actors , and 20 from various other backgrounds . Nine of these celebrities would subsequently be inducted into the celebrity wing of the WWE Hall of Fame . Contents ( hide ) 1 Celebrities 1.1 Actors 1.2 Athletes 1.3 Musicians 1.4 Other 2 References 3 External links Celebrities ( edit ) Arnold Schwarzenegger Mr. T - indicates inducted into the celebrity wing of the WWE Hall of Fame Actors ( edit ) Celebrity Appearance Role Refs Allen , Steve Steve Allen 06 ! WrestleMania VI Interviewer Anderson , Pamela Pamela Anderson 11 ! WrestleMania XI Valet of Diesel ( Kevin Nash ) in his WWF Championship match against Shawn Michaels ( Michael Hickenbottom ) Conrad , Robert Robert Conrad 02 ! WrestleMania 2 Guest referee at the Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena in Los Angeles Crosby , Cathy Lee Cathy Lee Crosby 02 ! WrestleMania 2 Guest commentator at the Rosemont Horizon in Rosemont , Illinois Garth , Jennie Jennie Garth 10 ! WrestleMania X Guest time keeper James , Susan St. Susan St. James 02 ! WrestleMania 2 Guest commentator at the Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum in Uniondale , New York Maples , Marla Marla Maples 07 ! WrestleMania VII Guest time keeper McCarthy , Jenny Jenny McCarthy 11 ! WrestleMania XI Valet of Shawn Michaels in his WWF Championship match against Diesel Peterson , Cassandra ! Cassandra Peterson as Elvira 02 ! WrestleMania 2 Guest commentator at the Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena in Los Angeles Philbin , Regis Regis Philbin 07 ! WrestleMania VII Interviewer , Guest commentator Prinze Jr. , Freddie Freddie Prinze Jr . 26 ! WrestleMania XXVI Symoné , Raven Raven Symoné 24 ! WrestleMania XXIV Promoted the Make - A-Wish Foundation in an in - ring segment Reubens , Paul ! Paul Reubens as Pee - wee Herman 27 ! WrestleMania XXVII Appeared in a backstage segment Reynolds , Burt Burt Reynolds 10 ! WrestleMania X Guest ring announcer for the main event Rivers , Joan Joan Rivers 02 ! WrestleMania 2 Guest ring announcer at the Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum in Uniondale , New York Rourke , Mickey Mickey Rourke 25 ! WrestleMania XXV Involved in an altercation with Chris Jericho Schroder , Rick Rick Schroder 02 ! WrestleMania 2 Guest time keeper at the Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena in Los Angeles Schwarzenegger , Arnold Arnold Schwarzenegger 31 ! WrestleMania 31 Appeared in video intro for Triple H 's match vs. Sting Shear , Rhonda Rhonda Shear 10 ! WrestleMania X Guest time keeper T , Mr.Mr . T 01 ! WrestleMania I Wrestled in a tag team match with Hulk Hogan against Roddy Piper ( Roderick Toombs ) and Paul Orndorff 02 ! WrestleMania 2 Participated in a boxing match against Roddy Piper ( Roderick Toombs ) . Taylor Thomas , Jonathan Jonathan Taylor Thomas 11 ! WrestleMania XI Guest time keeper Turturro , Nicholas Nicholas Turturro 11 ! WrestleMania XI Interviewer and guest ring announcer Athletes ( edit ) Pete Rose Mike Tyson Bob Uecker Celebrity Profession Appearance Role Refs Ali , Muhammad Muhammad Ali Professional boxer 01 ! WrestleMania I Guest referee for the main event Banks , Carl Carl Banks Linebacker for the New York Giants 11 ! WrestleMania XI Manager of Lawrence Taylor in his match against Bam Bam Bigelow ( Scott Bigelow ) 02 ! WrestleMania 2 Guest referee 07 ! WrestleMania VII Involved in a skit Covert , Jim Jim Covert Offensive tackle for the Chicago Bears 02 ! WrestleMania 2 Wrestled in a Battle royal , an elimination style match in which the last person remaining is the winner , involving other NFL football players Dawkins , Darryl Darryl Dawkins Basketball player 02 ! WrestleMania 2 Judge for the boxing match between Mr. T and Roddy Piper ( Roderick Toombs ) Duva , Lou Lou Duva Professional boxing trainer 02 ! WrestleMania 2 Manager of Roddy Piper in his boxing match against Mr. T Esch , Eric Eric Esch Professional boxer 15 ! WrestleMania XV Fought in an unscripted Brawl For All boxing match , knocking out opponent Bart Gunn ( Mike Polchlopek ) Fralic , Bill Bill Fralic Offensive guard for the Atlanta Falcons 02 ! WrestleMania 2 Wrestled in a Battle royal , an elimination style match in which the last person remaining is the winner , involving other NFL football players Francis , Russ Russ Francis Tight end for the San Francisco 49ers 02 ! WrestleMania 2 Wrestled in a Battle royal , an elimination style match in which the last person remaining is the winner , involving other NFL football players Gronkowski , Rob Rob Gronkowski Tight end for the New England Patriots 33 ! WrestleMania 33 Was in the stands for the André the Giant Memorial Trophy where he got into an argument with Jinder Mahal . Gronkowski then entered the ring and helped his friend Mojo Rawley to win the trophy . Holmes , Ernie Ernie Holmes Defensive tackle for the Pittsburgh Steelers 02 ! WrestleMania 2 Wrestled in a Battle royal , an elimination style match in which the last person remaining is the winner , involving other NFL football players Jackson , Rickey Rickey Jackson Linebacker for the New Orleans Saints 11 ! WrestleMania XI Manager of Lawrence Taylor in his match against Bam Bam Bigelow Jones , Ed Ed Jones Defensive end for the Dallas Cowboys 02 ! WrestleMania 2 Guest referee Lasorda , Tommy Tommy Lasorda Manager for the Los Angeles Dodgers 02 ! WrestleMania 2 Guest ring announcer at the Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena in Los Angeles Maguire , Paul Paul Maguire Linebacker for the Buffalo Bills 07 ! WrestleMania VII Involved in a skit Martin , Billy Billy Martin Second baseman for the New York Yankees 01 ! WrestleMania I Guest ring announcer Martin , Harvey Harvey Martin Defensive end for the Dallas Cowboys 02 ! WrestleMania 2 Wrestled in a Battle royal , an elimination style match in which the last person remaining is the winner , involving other NFL football players Mayweather , Jr. , Floyd Floyd Mayweather , Jr . Professional boxer 24 ! WrestleMania XXIV Wrestled in a No disqualification match against The Big Show ( Paul Wight ) McMichael , Steve Steve McMichael Defensive tackle for the Chicago Bears 11 ! WrestleMania XI Manager of Lawrence Taylor in his match against Bam Bam Bigelow Norton , Jr. , Ken Ken Norton , Jr . Linebacker for the Dallas Cowboys 11 ! WrestleMania XI Manager of Lawrence Taylor in his match against Bam Bam Bigelow O'Neal , Shaquille Shaquille O'Neal Basketball player and analyst 32 ! WrestleMania 32 Participated in the André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal Pazienza , Vinny Vinny Pazienza Professional boxer 15 ! WrestleMania XV Guest referee for the Brawl for All rules match between Eric Esch and Bart Gunn ( Mike Polchlopek ) Perry , William William Perry Defensive lineman for the Chicago Bears 02 ! WrestleMania 2 Wrestled in a Battle royal , an elimination style match in which the last person remaining is the winner , involving other NFL football players 22 ! WrestleMania 22 Appeared as a part of the WWE Hall of Fame Class of 2006 Rooney , Kevin Kevin Rooney Professional boxing trainer 15 ! WrestleMania XV Judge for boxing match between Eric Esch and Bart Gunn Rose , Pete Pete Rose Player / Manager for the Cincinnati Reds 14 ! WrestleMania XIV Guest ring announcer and involved in a physical altercation with Kane ( Glenn Jacobs ) 15 ! WrestleMania XV Dressed as the San Diego Chicken and involved in an altercation with Kane 16 ! WrestleMania 2000 Was involved in an altercation with Kane and Rikishi ( Solofa Fatu ) 20 ! WrestleMania XX Appeared as a part of the WWE Hall of Fame Class of 2004 Spielman , Chris Chris Spielman Linebacker for the Detroit Lions 11 ! WrestleMania XI Manager of Lawrence Taylor in his match against Bam Bam Bigelow Taylor , Lawrence Lawrence Taylor Linebacker for the New York Giants 11 ! WrestleMania XI Wrestled in a standard wrestling match against Bam Bam Bigelow in the main event Tyson , Mike Mike Tyson Professional boxer 14 ! WrestleMania XIV Ringside enforcer for the main event and was involved in a physical altercation with Shawn Michaels ( Michael Hickenbottom ) Uecker , Bob Bob Uecker Catcher for the Atlanta Braves 03 ! WrestleMania III Interviewer , Guest commentator , Guest Ring Announcer 04 ! WrestleMania IV Interviewer , Guest commentator , Guest Ring Announcer 24 ! WrestleMania XXVI Appeared as a part of the WWE Hall of Fame Class of 2010 Wepner , Chuck Chuck Wepner Professional boxer 15 ! WrestleMania XV Judge for boxing match between Eric Esch and Bart Gunn White , Reggie Reggie White Defensive end for the Green Bay Packers 11 ! WrestleMania XI Manager of Lawrence Taylor in his match against Bam Bam Bigelow Young , Larry Larry Young Umpire 11 ! WrestleMania XI Guest referee Musicians ( edit ) Snoop Dogg Kid Rock Celebrity ( s ) Genre ( s ) Appearance Role Refs Aloe Blacc R&B 31 ! WrestleMania 31 Sang a rendition of `` America the Beautiful '' Ashanti R&B 19 ! WrestleMania XIX Sang a rendition of `` America the Beautiful '' DX Band , The The DX Band Rock 14 ! WrestleMania XIV Sang a rendition of `` America the Beautiful '' and performed the DX entrance music Break It Down Travis Barker Alternative Rock WrestleMania 31 Performed `` Money and the Power '' with Kid Ink and Skylar Grey Barrino , Fantasia Fantasia Barrino R&B / Soul 26 ! WrestleMania XXVI Sang a rendition of `` America the Beautiful '' Boys Choir of Harlem Gospel WrestleMania XX Sang a rendition of `` America the Beautiful '' Boyz II Men R&B / Soul 15 ! WrestleMania XV Sang a rendition of `` America the Beautiful '' Calloway , Cab Cab Calloway Jazz / blues 03 ! WrestleMania 2 Judge for boxing match between Mr T and Rowdy Roddy Piper Carroll , Diahann Diahann Carroll Jazz / blues 03 ! WrestleMania IX Sang a rendition of `` America the Beautiful '' Charles , Ray Ray Charles R&B / Soul 03 ! WrestleMania 2 Sang a rendition of `` America the Beautiful '' Cooper , Alice Alice Cooper Rock 03 ! WrestleMania III Manager of Jake Roberts ( Aurelian Smith , Jr ) in his match against The Honky Tonk Man ( Roy Farris ) Drowning Pool Alternative metal 18 ! WrestleMania X8 Performed `` Tear Away '' for the event and `` The Game '' for Triple H ( Paul Levesque ) 's entrance Fifth Harmony R&B 32 ! WrestleMania 32 Sang a rendition of `` America the Beautiful '' Franklin , Aretha Aretha Franklin Soul 03 ! WrestleMania III Sang a rendition of `` America the Beautiful '' 23 ! WrestleMania 23 Sang a rendition of `` America the Beautiful '' Goulet , Robert Robert Goulet Ballad 06 ! WrestleMania VI Sang a rendition of `` O Canada '' Skylar Grey Pop WrestleMania 31 Performed `` Rise '' with David Guetta and `` Money and the Power '' with Kid Ink and Travis Barker David Guetta Pop WrestleMania 31 Performed `` Rise '' with Skylar Grey Hilson , Keri Keri Hilson R&B 27 ! WrestleMania XXVII Sang a rendition of `` America the Beautiful '' Ice - T Hip - hop 16 ! WrestleMania 2000 Performed `` Pimpin ' Ai n't Easy '' for The Godfather Kid Ink Hip - hop WrestleMania 31 Performed `` Money and the Power '' with Kid Ink and Skylar Grey Kid Rock Rock 25 ! WrestleMania XXV Performed a medley of `` Bawitdaba '' , `` Rock N Roll Jesus '' , `` Cowboy '' , `` All Summer Long '' and `` So Hott '' Knight , Gladys Gladys Knight R&B / Soul 04 ! WrestleMania IV Sang a rendition of `` America the Beautiful '' Cool J , L.L. L.L. Cool J R&B 31 ! WrestleMania 31 Appeared in a video for the introduction for WrestleMania 31 Lauper , Cyndi Cyndi Lauper Pop 01 ! WrestleMania I Manager of Wendi Richter in her match against Leilani Kai Legend , John John Legend R&B / Soul 24 ! WrestleMania XXIV Sang a rendition of `` America the Beautiful '' Liberace Pianist 01 ! WrestleMania I Guest time keeper Limp Bizkit Nu / rap metal 19 ! WrestleMania XIX Sang the theme song `` Crack Addict '' for the event and the theme song `` Rollin ' '' for The Undertaker 's entrance . Little Richard R&B 10 ! WrestleMania X Sang a rendition of `` America the Beautiful '' Lewis , Lunchmoney Lunchmoney Lewis Rapper 33 ! WrestleMania 33 Sang Greenlight . McEntire , Reba Reba McEntire Country 08 ! WrestleMania VIII Sang a rendition of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' Motörhead Heavy metal 17 ! WrestleMania X-Seven Performed `` The Game '' for Triple H ( Paul Levesque ) 's entrance Motörhead Heavy metal 21 ! WrestleMania 21 Performed `` The Game '' for Triple H ( Paul Levesque ) 's entrance Nelson , Willie Willie Nelson Country 07 ! WrestleMania VII Sang a rendition of `` America The Beautiful '' Osbourne , Ozzy Ozzy Osbourne Heavy metal 02 ! WrestleMania 2 Manager of The British Bulldogs in their match against The Dream Team Pitbull Rapper 33 ! WrestleMania 33 Sang Greenlight . P.O.D. Alternative metal 22 ! WrestleMania 22 Performed `` Booyaka 619 '' for Rey Mysterio ( Oscar Gutierrez ) 's entrance Run - D.M.C. Hip - hop 05 ! WrestleMania V Performed The WrestleMania Rap , a song created specifically for the event Saliva Alternative metal 18 ! WrestleMania X8 Performed `` Superstar '' for the event and `` Turn the Tables '' for the Dudley Boyz ' entrance . Salt - N - Pepa Hip - hop 11 ! WrestleMania XI Performed `` Whatta Man '' for Lawrence Taylor in his match against Bam Bam Bigelow Scherzinger , Nicole Nicole Scherzinger Pop 25 ! WrestleMania XXV Sang a rendition of `` America the Beautiful '' Snoop Dogg Rap 24 ! WrestleMania XXIV Master of Ceremonies for the Bunnymania match . 27 ! WrestleMania XXVII Backstage segment with Theodore Long . 32 ! WrestleMania 32 Performed `` Sky 's the Limit '' for Sasha Banks ' entrance . Wahlberg , Donnie Donnie Wahlberg Pop 10 ! WrestleMania X Guest ring announcer Williams , Michelle Michelle Williams R&B 22 ! WrestleMania 22 Sang a rendition of `` America the Beautiful '' Flo Rida Hip - Hop 28 ! WrestleMania XXVIII Sang Wild Ones & Good Feeling 33 ! WrestleMania 33 Sang Greenlight . Sean `` Diddy '' Combs Hip Hop 28 ! WrestleMania XXVIII Introduced Machine Gun Kelly to the crowd . Machine Gun Kelly Hip Hop 28 ! WrestleMania XXVIII Sang `` Invincible '' Skylar Grey Pop / Hip Hop 28 ! WrestleMania XXVIII Sang the chorus of `` Invincible '' Living Colour Rock 29 ! WrestleMania 29 Performed `` Cult of Personality '' for CM Punk 's entrance Sean `` Diddy '' Combs Hip Hop 29 ! WrestleMania 29 Sang `` Coming Home '' Rev Theory Hard Rock 30 ! WrestleMania XXX Performed `` Voices '' for Randy Orton 's entrance Mark Crozer and the Rels Alternative rock 30 ! WrestleMania XXX Performed `` Live in Fear '' for Bray Wyatt 's entrance Stayc Reign Electropop / Hip Hop 28 ! WrestleMania XXVIII Sang the chorus of `` Wild Ones '' Natalie La Rose Electropop / Hip Hop 28 ! WrestleMania XXVIII Sang the chorus of `` Good Feeling '' Other ( edit ) Donald Trump Celebrity ( s ) Occupation ( s ) Appearance Role Refs Baker , Kitana Kitana Baker Model 19 ! WrestleMania XIX Involved in a pillow fight with WWE Divas , Torrie Wilson and Stacy Keibler Ballinger , Tanya Tanya Ballinger Model 19 ! WrestleMania XIX Involved in a pillow fight with WWE Divas , Torrie Wilson and Stacy Keibler Barrett , Rona Rona Barrett Gossip reporter 06 ! WrestleMania VI Interviewer Combs , Ray Ray Combs Comedian / Game show host 08 ! WrestleMania VIII Guest ring announcer Conner , Tara Tara Conner Beauty queen 23 ! WrestleMania 23 Escorted Donald Trump to the ring during the `` Battle of the Billionaires '' Coppock , Chet Chet Coppock Radio broadcaster 02 ! WrestleMania 2 Guest ring announcer Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders NFL cheerleading squad 32 ! WrestleMania 32 Performed their signature dance to `` Thunderstruck '' by AC / DC and were a part of The Rock 's entrance Downey , Jr. , Morton Morton Downey , Jr . Talk show host 05 ! WrestleMania V Guest on Roddy Piper ( Roderick Toombs ) 's `` Piper 's Pit '' , an in - ring talk show segment Flowers , Gennifer Gennifer Flowers Model and Porn actress 14 ! WrestleMania XIV Guest ring announcer and interviewer Hart , Mary Mary Hart Entertainment Tonight host 03 ! WrestleMania III Interviewer , Guest Timekeeper Menick , John ! John Menick as Herb Portrayed Herb in Burger King 's `` Where 's Herb ? '' 02 ! WrestleMania 2 Guest time keeper at Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum in Uniondale , New York Kardashian , Kim Kim Kardashian Reality TV star 24 ! WrestleMania XXIV Hostess Leach , Robin Robin Leach Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous host 04 ! WrestleMania IV Read the rules of the tournament and Presented the WWF Championship to Randy Savage after Savage won it in a tournament Liddy , G. Gordon G. Gordon Liddy Political figure / radio talk show host 02 ! WrestleMania 2 Judge for boxing match between Mr. T and Roddy Piper Menounos , Maria Maria Menounos Television host 28 ! WrestleMania XXVIII Teamed up with Kelly Kelly to defeat Beth Phoenix and Eve Torres 31 ! WrestleMania 31 Guest interviewer 32 ! WrestleMania 32 Guest interviewer 33 ! WrestleMania 33 Guest interviewer Peller , Clara Clara Peller Star of Wendy 's `` Where 's the Beef ? '' commercials 02 ! WrestleMania 2 Guest time keeper at the Rosemont Horizon in Rosemont , Illinois Philbin , Regis Regis Philbin Morning TV talk show host 07 ! WrestleMania VII Guest commentator for the main event between Hulk Hogan and Sergeant Slaughter Polizzi , Nicole Nicole Polizzi Reality TV star 27 ! WrestleMania XXVII Participated in a 6 - person mixed tag team match with Trish Stratus and John Morrison against Dolph Ziggler and LayCool ( Layla and Michelle McCool ) Rivera , Zuleyka Zuleyka Rivera Beauty queen 23 ! WrestleMania 23 Escorted Donald Trump to the ring during the `` Battle of the Billionaires '' Rockettes , The The Rockettes Dance company 01 ! WrestleMania I Escorted Liberace to the ring as the guest time keeper Steinbrenner , George George Steinbrenner New York Yankees owner 07 ! WrestleMania VII Involved in a skit Trebek , Alex Alex Trebek Game show host 07 ! WrestleMania VII Guest ring announcer Trump , Donald Donald Trump Businessman Host of The Apprentice 45th President of The United States 04 ! WrestleMania IV His owned venue hosted the event 05 ! WrestleMania V His owned venue hosted the event 07 ! WrestleMania VII Interviewed in the crowd 20 ! WrestleMania XX 23 ! WrestleMania 23 Was physically involved in WrestleMania 23 with the `` Battle of the Billionaires . '' Sperling , Sy Sy Sperling Hair Club For Men owner 10 ! WrestleMania X Gave a hairpiece to WWF ring announcer Howard Finkel White , Vanna Vanna White Game show hostess 04 ! WrestleMania IV Guest time keeper Colburn , Keith Keith Colburn Captain of the FV Wizard ( Deadliest Catch ) 28 ! Wrestlemania XXVIII Appeared in a backstage segment with Santino Marella and Mick Foley Roker , Al Al Roker Today Show weatherman . 33 ! Wrestlemania 33 Guest Ring Announcer ; John Cena & Nikki Bella vs The Miz and Maryse References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` WrestleMania History : WrestleMania I '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Archived from the original on 2005 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Cohen , Eric . `` WrestleMania Celebrities '' . About.com ( Professional Wrestling ) . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Acklen , Lori . `` WrestleMania Celebrity Sightings '' . Channel Guide Magazine . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` WrestleMania 2000 Celebrities '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canada Hosts WrestleMania 6 '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` WrestleMania XI Celebrities '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` No worse WrestleMania than 11 '' . Slam ! Sports . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` WrestleMania 2 Celebrities '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Archived from the original on 2006 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` WrestleMania 2 Celebrities '' . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Celebrities at WrestleMania X '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hart elevated at WrestleMania 10 '' . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Burr , Ty ( 1991 - 05 - 03 ) . `` Strange Brutes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Celebrities Pack a Punch at WrestleMania XXIV '' . World Wrestling Entertainment Corporate . 2008 - 03 - 04 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` WrestleMania attracts Snoop Dogg '' . NZherald.co.nz. 2008 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Rourke , Flair laugh in the face of defeat '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` WrestleMania I Celebrities '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Archived from the original on 2005 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` WrestleMania : The Dynasty Begins '' . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` No worse WrestleMania than 11 '' . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` WrestleMania 15 Celebrities '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 27 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Austin wins title at WM15 '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` WrestleMania 2 Results '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Archived from the original on 2005 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Dee , Louie ( 2008 - 03 - 30 ) . `` Show - n up '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Floyd Mayweather Jr . Accepts One - on - One Match with Big Show '' . World Wrestling Entertainment Corporate . 2008 - 02 - 17 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` William Perry WWE Hall of Fame profile '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 31 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pete Rose WWE Hall of Fame Profile '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` WrestleMania XIV Celebrities '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 03 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , John . `` Austin wins WWF World Title at WrestleMania '' . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` WrestleMania 3 Celebrities '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` WrestleMania 4 Celebrities '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` WrestleMania XIX Celebrities '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Powell , John . `` WWE shines at WrestleMania XIX '' . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Fantasia to perform at WrestleMania XXVI in Glendale '' . The Arizona Republic . 2010 - 03 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Steamboat -- Savage rule WrestleMania 3 '' . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` WrestleMania X8 Celebrities '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Archived from the original on 2005 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Old vs. new at WrestleMania X8 '' . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Tello , Craig ( 2007 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Aretha Franklin makes momentous return '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 18 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` WrestleMania 2000 Celebrities '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` WrestleMania 2000 a flop '' . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kid Rock and Nicole Scherzinger to perform at WrestleMania '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Archived from the original on 2009 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tournament spices up WrestleMania 4 '' . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Tello , Craig ( 2008 - 03 - 30 ) . `` Night of Legends '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hart elevated at WrestleMania 10 '' . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` WrestleMania 10 Celebrities '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pitbull , Flo Rida , Lunchmoney Lewis and Stephen Marley to perform at WrestleMania '' . ^ Jump up to : `` WrestleMania 8 Celebrities '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` WrestleMania 8 , a two - for - one deal '' . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` WrestleMania 17 Celebrities '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Plummer , Dale . `` Main events weak at WrestleMania 21 '' . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` WrestleMania 7 , all out war '' . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` P.O.D. to play Mysterio to the ring at WrestleMania '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` WrestleMania V Celebrities '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` WrestleMania 5 : The Mega Powers Explode '' . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Burdick , Michael ( 2008 - 03 - 30 ) . `` Santino tamed by rabid Dogg '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Michelle Williams of Destiny 's Child Returns Home to Chicago to Perform America the Beautiful at WrestleMania 22 '' . Business Wire . Findarticles.com. 2006 - 03 - 27 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` WrestleMania 22 Homepage '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Archived from the original on 2007 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Caldwell , James . `` CALDWELL 'S WWE WRESTLEMANIA 28 PPV REPORT 4 / 1 : Ongoing `` virtual time '' coverage of live PPV -- Rock - Cena , Taker - Hunter , Punk - Jericho `` . Pro Wrestling Torch . Retrieved 2 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` WWE : Living Colour to Play CM Punk to the Ring at WrestleMania '' . The Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Gray , Richard . `` Mark Crozer Performing Wyatt Family Theme Song Live At Wrestlemania 30 '' . Wrestling News World . Retrieved 7 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Plummer , Dale . `` Undertaker the champ , McMahon bald after WrestleMania '' . Canadian Online Explorer . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Starr , Joe . `` The Rock Brings Star Power ( and a Flamethrower ! ) to Wrestlemania 32 '' . E ! Online . Jump up ^ `` WrestleMania : WrestleMania XXIV '' . World Wrestling Entertainment . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` John Cena reveals that Al Roker will be a guest ring announcer at WrestleMania '' . WWE. 2017 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 27 . External links ( edit ) Official WrestleMania website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_celebrities_involved_with_WrestleMania&oldid=842059268 '' Categories : WrestleMania Professional wrestling - related lists Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 May 2018 , at 23 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sang america the beautiful at wrestlemania 11	[]	[]
-3869424257398006982	Anthropomorphism	Anthropomorphism - wikipedia Anthropomorphism Compare anthropocentrism . In this illustration by Milo Winter of Aesop 's fable , `` The North Wind and the Sun '' , a personified North Wind tries to strip the cloak off of a traveler . Personification of Music by Antonio Franchi , circa 1650 Anthropomorphism is the attribution of human traits , emotions , or intentions to non-human entities . It is considered to be an innate tendency of human psychology . Personification is the related attribution of human form and characteristics to abstract concepts such as nations , emotions , and natural forces , such as seasons and weather . Both have ancient roots as storytelling and artistic devices , and most cultures have traditional fables with anthropomorphized animals as characters . People have also routinely attributed human emotions and behavioural traits to wild as well as domesticated animals . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 Examples in prehistory 3 In religion and mythology 3.1 Criticism 4 In literature 4.1 Religious texts 4.2 Fables 4.3 Fairy tales 4.4 Modern literature 5 In film , television , and video games 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 5.3 Video games 6 Art history 6.1 Claes Oldenburg 6.2 Minimalism 6.3 Post Minimalism 7 Mascots 8 Animals 9 In science 10 In computing 11 Psychology 11.1 Foundational research 11.2 Three - factor theory 11.3 Developmental perspective 11.4 Effect on learning 11.5 In mental health 11.6 In marketing 12 Image gallery 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Sources 17 Further reading 18 External links Name Anthropomorphism derives from its verb form anthropomorphize , itself derived from the Greek ánthrōpos ( ἄνθρωπος , lit . `` human '' ) and morphē ( μορφή , `` form '' ) . It is first attested in 1753 , originally in reference to the heresy of applying a human form to the Christian God . Examples in Prehistory The 40,000 - year - old Löwenmensch figurine From the beginnings of human behavioural modernity in the Upper Paleolithic , about 40,000 years ago , examples of zoomorphic ( animal - shaped ) works of art occur that may represent the earliest evidence we have of anthropomorphism . One of the oldest known is an ivory sculpture , the Löwenmensch figurine , Germany , a human - shaped figurine with the head of a lioness or lion , determined to be about 32,000 years old . It is not possible to say what these prehistoric artworks represent . A more recent example is The Sorcerer , an enigmatic cave painting from the Trois - Frères Cave , Ariège , France : the figure 's significance is unknown , but it is usually interpreted as some kind of great spirit or master of the animals . In either case there is an element of anthropomorphism . This anthropomorphic art has been linked by archaeologist Steven Mithen with the emergence of more systematic hunting practices in the Upper Palaeolithic ( Mithen 1998 ) . He proposes that these are the product of a change in the architecture of the human mind , an increasing fluidity between the natural history and social intelligences , where anthropomorphism allowed hunters to identify empathetically with hunted animals and better predict their movements . In Religion and mythology Main article : Anthropotheism In religion and mythology , anthropomorphism is the perception of a divine being or beings in human form , or the recognition of human qualities in these beings . Ancient mythologies frequently represented the divine as deities with human forms and qualities . They resemble human beings not only in appearance and personality ; they exhibited many human behaviors that were used to explain natural phenomena , creation , and historical events . The deities fell in love , married , had children , fought battles , wielded weapons , and rode horses and chariots . They feasted on special foods , and sometimes required sacrifices of food , beverage , and sacred objects to be made by human beings . Some anthropomorphic deities represented specific human concepts , such as love , war , fertility , beauty , or the seasons . Anthropomorphic deities exhibited human qualities such as beauty , wisdom , and power , and sometimes human weaknesses such as greed , hatred , jealousy , and uncontrollable anger . Greek deities such as Zeus and Apollo often were depicted in human form exhibiting both commendable and despicable human traits . Anthropomorphism in this case is , more specifically , anthropotheism . From the perspective of adherents to religions in which humans were created in the form of the divine , the phenomenon may be considered theomorphism , or the giving of divine qualities to humans . Anthropomorphism has cropped up as a Christian heresy , particularly prominently with the Audians in third century Syria , but also in fourth century Egypt and tenth century Italy . This often was based on a literal interpretation of Genesis 1 : 27 : `` So God created man in His own image , in the image of God created He him ; male and female created He them '' . Criticism Some religions , scholars , and philosophers objected to anthropomorphic deities . The Greek philosopher Xenophanes ( 570 -- 480 BCE ) argued against the conception of deities as fundamentally anthropomorphic : But if cattle and horses and lions had hands or could paint with their hands and create works such as men do , horses like horses and cattle like cattle also would depict the gods ' shapes and make their bodies of such a sort as the form they themselves have . ... Ethiopians say that their gods are snub -- nosed ( σιμούς ) and black Thracians that they are pale and red - haired . He said that `` the greatest god '' resembles man `` neither in form nor in mind '' . Both Judaism and Islam reject an anthropomorphic deity , believing that God is beyond human comprehension . Judaism 's rejection of an anthropomorphic deity grew during the Hasmonean period ( circa 300 BCE ) , when Jewish belief incorporated some Greek philosophy . Judaism 's rejection grew further after the Islamic Golden Age in the tenth century , which Maimonides codified in the twelfth century , in his thirteen principles of Jewish faith . Hindus do not reject the concept of a deity in the abstract unmanifested , but note practical problems . Lord Krishna said in the Bhagavad Gita , Chapter 12 , Verse 5 , that it is much more difficult for people to focus on a deity as the unmanifested than one with form , using anthropomorphic icons ( murtis ) , because people need to perceive with their senses . In Faces in the Clouds , anthropologist Stewart Guthrie proposes that all religions are anthropomorphisms that originate in the brain 's tendency to detect the presence or vestiges of other humans in natural phenomena . In literature Religious texts There are various examples of personification as a literary device in both Hebrew Bible and Christian New Testament and also in the texts of some other religions . Fables From the Panchatantra : Rabbit fools Elephant by showing the reflection of the moon Anthropomorphism , also referred to as personification , is a well established literary device from ancient times . The story of `` The Hawk and the Nightingale '' in Hesiod 's Works and Days preceded Aesop 's fables by centuries . Collections of linked fables from India , the Jataka Tales and Panchatantra , also employ anthropomorphized animals to illustrate principles of life . Many of the stereotypes of animals that are recognized today , such as the wily fox and the proud lion , can be found in these collections . Aesop 's anthropomorphisms were so familiar by the first century CE that they colored the thinking of at least one philosopher : And there is another charm about him , namely , that he puts animals in a pleasing light and makes them interesting to mankind . For after being brought up from childhood with these stories , and after being as it were nursed by them from babyhood , we acquire certain opinions of the several animals and think of some of them as royal animals , of others as silly , of others as witty , and others as innocent . -- Apollonius of Tyana Apollonius noted that the fable was created to teach wisdom through fictions that are meant to be taken as fictions , contrasting them favorably with the poets ' stories of the deities that are sometimes taken literally . Aesop , `` by announcing a story which everyone knows not to be true , told the truth by the very fact that he did not claim to be relating real events '' . The same consciousness of the fable as fiction is to be found in other examples across the world , one example being a traditional Ashanti way of beginning tales of the anthropomorphic trickster - spider Anansi : `` We do not really mean , we do not really mean that what we are about to say is true . A story , a story ; let it come , let it go . '' Fairy tales Anthropomorphic motifs have been common in fairy tales from the earliest ancient examples set in a mythological context to the great collections of the Brothers Grimm and Perrault . The Tale of Two Brothers ( Egypt , 13th century BCE ) features several talking cows and in Cupid and Psyche ( Rome , 2nd century CE ) Zephyrus , the west wind , carries Psyche away . Later an ant feels sorry for her and helps her in her quest . Modern literature John Tenniel 's depiction of this anthropomorphic rabbit was featured in the first chapter of Lewis Carroll 's Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland From The Emperor 's Rout ( 1831 ) Building on the popularity of fables and fairy tales , specifically children 's literature began to emerge in the nineteenth century with works such as Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland ( 1865 ) by Lewis Carroll , The Adventures of Pinocchio ( 1883 ) by Carlo Collodi and The Jungle Book ( 1894 ) by Rudyard Kipling , all employing anthropomorphic elements . This continued in the twentieth century with many of the most popular titles having anthropomorphic characters , examples being The Tales of Beatrix Potter ( 1901 onwards ) , The Wind in the Willows ( 1908 ) by Kenneth Grahame , The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe by C.S. Lewis and Winnie - the - Pooh ( 1926 ) by A.A. Milne . In many of these stories the animals can be seen as representing facets of human personality and character . As John Rowe Townsend remarks , discussing The Jungle Book in which the boy Mowgli must rely on his new friends the bear Baloo and the black panther Bagheera , `` The world of the jungle is in fact both itself and our world as well '' . A notable work aimed at an adult audience is George Orwell 's Animal Farm , in which all the main characters are anthropomorphic animals . Non-animal examples include Rev. W Awdry 's children 's stories of Thomas the Tank Engine and other anthropomorphic locomotives . The fantasy genre developed from mythological , fairy tale , and Romance motifs and characters , sometimes with anthropomorphic animals . The best - selling examples of the genre are The Hobbit ( 1937 ) and The Lord of the Rings ( 1954 -- 1955 ) , both by J.R.R. Tolkien , books peopled with talking creatures such as ravens , spiders , and the dragon Smaug and a multitude of anthropomorphic goblins and elves . John D. Rateliff calls this the `` Doctor Dolittle Theme '' in his book The History of the Hobbit and Tolkien saw this anthropomorphism as closely linked to the emergence of human language and myth : `` ... The first men to talk of ' trees and stars ' saw things very differently . To them , the world was alive with mythological beings ... To them the whole of creation was `` myth - woven and elf - patterned '' . ' Richard Adams developed a distinctive take on anthropomorphic writing in the 1970s : his debut novel , Watership Down ( 1972 ) , featured rabbits that could talk , with their own distinctive language ( Lapine ) and mythology , and included a warren , Efrafa , run along the lines of a police state . Despite this , Adams attempted to ensure his characters ' behaviour mirrored that of wild rabbits , engaging in fighting , copulating and defecating , drawing on Ronald Lockley 's study The Private Life of the Rabbit as research . Adams returned to anthropomorphic storytelling in his later novels The Plague Dogs ( 1977 ) and Traveller ( 1988 ) . By the 21st century , the children 's picture book market had expanded massively . Perhaps a majority of picture books have some kind of anthropomorphism , with popular examples being The Very Hungry Caterpillar ( 1969 ) by Eric Carle and The Gruffalo ( 1999 ) by Julia Donaldson . Anthropomorphism in literature and other media led to a sub-culture known as furry fandom , which promotes and creates stories and artwork involving anthropomorphic animals , and the examination and interpretation of humanity through anthropomorphism . Anthropomorphic characters have also been a staple of the comic book genre . The most prominent one was Neil Gaiman 's the Sandman which had a huge impact on how characters that are physical embodiments are written in the fantasy genre . Other examples also include the mature Hellblazer ( personified political and moral ideas ) , Fables and its spin - off series Jack of Fables , which was unique for having anthropomorphic representation of literary techniques and genres . Various Japanese manga and anime have used anthropomorphism as the basis of their story . Examples include Squid Girl ( anthropomorphized squid ) , Hetalia : Axis Powers ( personified countries ) , Upotte ! ! ( personified guns ) , Arpeggio of Blue Steel and Kancolle ( personified ships ) . In film , television , and video games Play media Big Buck Bunny is a free animated short featuring anthropomorphic characters Film Some of the most notable examples are the Walt Disney characters the Magic Carpet from Disney 's Aladdin franchise , Mickey Mouse , Donald Duck , Goofy , and Oswald the Lucky Rabbit ; the Looney Tunes characters Bugs Bunny , Daffy Duck , and Porky Pig ; and an array of others from the 1920s to present day . In the films Cars ( 2006 ) , Cars 2 ( 2011 ) , Planes ( 2013 ) , Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) and Cars 3 ( 2017 ) , all the characters are anthropomorphic vehicles . Discussing Madagascar , Escape 2 Africa ( 2008 ) , and Europe 's Most Wanted ( 2012 ) , Laurie suggests that `` social differences based on conflict and contradiction are naturalized and made less ' contestable ' through the classificatory matrix of human and nonhuman relations '' . All of the characters in Walt Disney Animation Studios ' Zootopia ( 2016 ) are anthropomorphic animals . Television Since the 1960s , anthropomorphism has also been represented in various animated television shows such as Biker Mice From Mars ( 1993 -- 1996 ) and SWAT Kats : The Radical Squadron ( 1993 -- 1995 ) . Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles , first aired in 1987 , features four pizza - loving anthropomorphic turtles with a great knowledge of ninjutsu , led by their anthropomorphic rat sensei , Master Splinter . In the American animated TV series Family Guy , one of the show 's main characters , Brian , is a dog . Brian shows many human characteristics -- he walks upright , talks , smokes , and drinks Martinis -- but also acts like a normal dog in other ways ; for example he can not resist chasing a ball and barks at the mailman , believing him to be a threat . Video games Play media In Armello , anthropomorphic animals battle it out for control of the animal kingdom Sonic the Hedgehog , a game released in 1991 , features a speedy blue hedgehog as the protagonist . This series ' characters are almost all anthropomorphic animals such as foxes , cats , and other hedgehogs who are able to speak and walk on their hind legs like normal humans . As with most anthropomorphisms of animals , clothing is of little or no importance , where some characters may be fully clothed while some wear only shoes and gloves . Another example in video games is Super Mario Bros. , which was released in 1985 . Some of the characters include Yoshi , a dinosaur who is able to talk , run and jump , and Bowser , a `` Koopa '' that is able to perform most human characteristics , with some exceptions , as he can breathe fire . Art History Anthropomorphic pareidolia by Giuseppe Arcimboldo Claes Oldenburg Claes Oldenburg 's soft sculptures are commonly described as anthropomorphic . Depicting common household objects , Oldenburg 's sculptures were considered Pop Art . Reproducing these objects , often at a greater size than the original , Oldenburg created his sculptures out of soft materials . The anthropomorphic qualities of the sculptures were mainly in their sagging and malleable exterior which mirrored the not so idealistic forms of the human body . In `` Soft Light Switches '' Oldenburg creates a household light switch out of vinyl . The two identical switches , in a dulled orange , insinuate nipples . The soft vinyl references the aging process as the sculpture wrinkles and sinks with time . Minimalism In the essay `` Art and Objecthood '' , Michael Fried makes the case that `` Literalist art '' ( Minimalism ) becomes theatrical by means of anthropomorphism . The viewer engages the minimalist work , not as an autonomous art object , but as a theatrical interaction . Fried references a conversation in which Tony Smith answers questions about his `` six - foot cube , Die . '' Q : Why did n't you make it larger so that it would loom over the observer ? A : I was not making a monument . Q : then why did n't you make it smaller so that the observer could see over the top ? A : I was not making an object . Fried implies an anthropomorphic connection by means of `` a surrogate person - that is , a kind of statue . '' The minimalist decision of `` hollowness '' in much of their work , was also considered by Fried , to be `` blatantly anthropomorphic . '' This `` hollowness '' contributes to the idea of a separate inside ; an idea mirrored in the human form . Fried considers the Literalist art 's `` hollowness '' to be `` biomorphic '' as it references a living organism . Post Minimalism Curator Lucy Lippard 's Eccentric Abstraction show , in 1966 , sets up Briony Fer 's writing of a post minimalist anthropomorphism . Reacting to Fried 's interpretation of minimalist art 's `` looming presence of objects which appear as actors might on a stage '' , Fer interprets the artists in Eccentric Abstraction to a new form of anthropomorphism . She puts forth the thoughts of Surrealist writer Roger Caillois , who speaks of the `` spacial lure of the subject , the way in which the subject could inhabit their surroundings . '' Caillous uses the example of an insect who `` through camouflage does so in order to become invisible ... and loses its distinctness . '' For Fer , the anthropomorphic qualities of imitation found in the erotic , organic sculptures of artists Eva Hesse and Louise Bourgeois , are not necessarily for strictly `` mimetic '' purposes . Instead , like the insect , the work must come into being in the `` scopic field ... which we can not view from outside . '' Mascots Fatso the Fat - Arsed Wombat , a popular symbol of the Sydney 2000 Summer Olympics created as a parody of the blandly commercial official mascots . Main articles : Mascot and List of mascots For branding , merchandising , and representation , figures known as mascots are now often employed to personify sports teams , corporations , and major events such as the World 's Fair and the Olympics . These personifications may be simple human or animal figures , such as Ronald McDonald or the ass that represents the United States 's Democratic Party . Other times , they are anthropomorphic items , such as `` Clippy '' or the `` Michelin Man '' . Most often , they are anthropomorphic animals such as the Energizer Bunny or the San Diego Chicken . The practice is particularly widespread in Japan , where cities , regions , and companies all have mascots , collectively known as yuru - chara . Two of the most popular are Kumamon ( a bear who represents Kumamoto Prefecture ) and Funassyi ( a pear who represents Funabashi , a suburb of Tokyo ) . Animals This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2016 ) Other examples of anthropomorphism include the attribution of human traits to animals , especially domesticated pets such as dogs and cats . Examples of this include thinking a dog is smiling simply because he is showing his teeth , or a cat is bored because it is not reacting to commands . Anthropomorphism may be beneficial to the welfare of animals . A 2012 study by Butterfield et al. found that utilizing anthropomorphic language when describing dogs created a greater willingness to help them in situations of distress . Previous studies have shown that individuals who attribute human characteristics to animals are less willing to eat them and that the degree to which individuals perceive minds in other animals predicts the moral concern afforded to them . It is possible that anthropomorphism leads humans to like non-humans more when they have apparent human qualities , since perceived similarity has been shown to increase prosocial behavior toward other humans . In Science In science , the use of anthropomorphic language that suggests animals have intentions and emotions has traditionally been deprecated as indicating a lack of objectivity . Biologists have been warned to avoid assumptions that animals share any of the same mental , social , and emotional capacities of humans , and to rely instead on strictly observable evidence . In 1927 Ivan Pavlov wrote that animals should be considered `` without any need to resort to fantastic speculations as to the existence of any possible subjective states '' . More recently , The Oxford companion to animal behaviour ( 1987 ) advised that `` one is well advised to study the behaviour rather than attempting to get at any underlying emotion '' . Some scientists , like William M Wheeler ( writing apologetically of his use of anthropomorphism in 1911 ) , have used anthropomorphic language in metaphor to make subjects more humanly comprehensible or memorable . Despite the impact of Charles Darwin 's ideas in The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals ( Konrad Lorenz in 1965 called him a `` patron saint '' of ethology ) ethology has generally focused on behavior , not on emotion in animals . Though in other ways Darwin was and is the epitome of science , his acceptance of anecdote and anthropomorphism stands out in sharp contrast to the lengths to which later scientists would go to overlook apparent mindedness , selfhood , individuality , and agency : `` Even insects play together , as has been described by that excellent observer , P. Huber , who saw ants chasing and pretending to bite each other , like so many puppies . '' -- Charles Darwin , The Descent of Man The study of great apes in their own environment and in captivity has changed attitudes to anthropomorphism . In the 1960s the three so - called `` Leakey 's Angels '' , Jane Goodall studying chimpanzees , Dian Fossey studying gorillas and Biruté Galdikas studying orangutans , were all accused of `` that worst of ethological sins -- anthropomorphism '' . The charge was brought about by their descriptions of the great apes in the field ; it is now more widely accepted that empathy has an important part to play in research . De Waal has written : `` To endow animals with human emotions has long been a scientific taboo . But if we do not , we risk missing something fundamental , about both animals and us . '' Alongside this has come increasing awareness of the linguistic abilities of the great apes and the recognition that they are tool - makers and have individuality and culture . Writing of cats in 1992 , veterinarian Bruce Fogle points to the fact that `` both humans and cats have identical neurochemicals and regions in the brain responsible for emotion '' as evidence that `` it is not anthropomorphic to credit cats with emotions such as jealousy '' . In computing In science fiction , an artificially - intelligent computer or robot , even though it has not been programmed with human emotions , often spontaneously experiences those emotions anyway : for example , Agent Smith in The Matrix was influenced by a `` disgust '' toward humanity . This is an example of anthropomorphism : in reality , while an artificial intelligence could perhaps be deliberately programmed with human emotions , or could develop something similar to an emotion as a means to an ultimate goal if it is useful to do so , it would not spontaneously develop human emotions for no purpose whatsoever , as portrayed in fiction . One example of anthropomorphism would be to believe that your PC is angry at you because you insulted it ; another would be to believe that an intelligent robot would naturally find a woman sexy and be driven to mate with her . Scholars sometimes disagree with each other about whether a particular prediction about an artificial intelligence 's behavior is logical , or whether the prediction constitutes illogical anthropomorphism . An example that might initially be considered anthropomorphism , but is in fact a logical statement about an artificial intelligence 's behavior , would be the Dario Floreano experiments where certain robots spontaneously evolved a crude capacity for `` deception '' , and tricked other robots into eating `` poison '' and dying : here a trait , `` deception '' , ordinarily associated with people rather than with machines , spontaneously evolves in a type of convergent evolution . The conscious use of anthropomorphic metaphor is not intrinsically unwise ; ascribing mental processes to the computer , under the proper circumstances , may serve the same purpose as it does when we do it to other people : it may help us to understand what the computer will do , how our actions will affect the computer , how to compare computers with ourselves , and conceivably how to design computer programs . However , inappropriate use of anthropomorphic metaphors can result in false beliefs about the behavior of computers , for example by causing people to overestimate how `` flexible '' computers are . According to Paul R. Cohen and Edward Feigenbaum , in order to differentiate between anthropomorphization and logical prediction of AI behavior , `` the trick is to know enough about how humans and computers think to say exactly what they have in common , and , when we lack this knowledge , to use the comparison to suggest theories of human thinking or computer thinking . '' Computers overturn the childhood hierarchical taxonomy of `` stones ( non-living ) → plants ( living ) → animals ( conscious ) → humans ( rational ) '' , by introducing a non-human `` actor '' that appears to regularly behave rationally . Much of computing terminology derives from anthropomorphic metaphors : computers can `` read '' , `` write '' , or `` catch a virus '' . Information technology presents no clear correspondence with any other entities in the world besides humans ; the options are either to leverage a mushy , imprecise human metaphor , or to reject imprecise metaphor and make use of more precise , domain - specific technical terms . People often grant an unnecessary social role to computers during interactions . The underlying causes are debated ; Youngme Moon and Clifford Nass propose that humans are emotionally , intellectually and physiologically biased toward social activity , and so when presented with even tiny social cues , deeply - infused social responses are triggered automatically . The field of `` social computing '' attempts to make computers easier to use by leveraging anthropomorphism as a `` language '' of human - computer interaction . Psychology Foundational research In psychology , the first empirical study of anthropomorphism was conducted in 1944 by Fritz Heider and Marianne Simmel . In the first part of this experiment , the researchers showed a 2 - and - a-half minute long animation of several shapes moving around on the screen in varying directions at various speeds . When subjects were asked to describe what they saw , they gave detailed accounts of the intentions and personalities of the shapes . For instance , the large triangle was characterized as a bully , chasing the other two shapes until they could trick the large triangle and escape . The researchers concluded that when people see objects making motions for which there is no obvious cause , they view these objects as intentional agents . Modern psychologists generally characterize anthropomorphism as a cognitive bias . That is , anthropomorphism is a cognitive process by which people use their schemas about other humans as a basis for inferring the properties of non-human entities in order to make efficient judgements about the environment , even if those inferences are not always accurate . Schemas about humans are used as the basis because this knowledge is acquired early in life , is more detailed than knowledge about non-human entities , and is more readily accessible in memory . Anthropomorphism can also function as a strategy to cope with loneliness when other human connections are not available . Three - factor theory Since making inferences requires cognitive effort , anthropomorphism is likely to be triggered only when certain aspects about a person and their environment are true . Psychologist Adam Waytz and his colleagues created a three - factor theory of anthropomorphism to describe these aspects and predict when people are most likely to anthropomorphize . The three factors are : Elicited agent knowledge , or the amount of prior knowledge held about an object and the extent to which that knowledge is called to mind . Effectance , or the drive to interact with and understand one 's environment . Sociality , the need to establish social connections . When elicited agent knowledge is low and effectance and sociality are high , people are more likely to anthropomorphize . Various dispositional , situational , developmental , and cultural variables can affect these three factors , such as need for cognition , social disconnection , cultural ideologies , uncertainty avoidance , etc . Developmental perspective Children appear to anthropomorphize and use egocentric reasoning from an early age and use it more frequently than adults . Examples of this are describing a storm cloud as `` angry '' or drawing flowers with faces . This penchant for anthropomorphism is likely because children have acquired vast amounts of socialization , but not as much experience with specific non-human entities , so thus they have less developed alternative schemas for their environment . In contrast , autistic children tend to describe anthropomorphized objects in purely mechanical terms because they have difficulties with theory of mind . Effect on Learning Anthropomorphism can be used to assist learning . Specifically , anthropomorphized words and describing scientific concepts with intentionality can improve later recall of these concepts . In mental Health In people with depression , social anxiety , or other mental illnesses , emotional support animals are a useful component of treatment partially because anthropomorphism of these animals can satisfy the patients ' need for social connection . In marketing Anthropomorphism of inanimate objects can affect product buying behavior . When products seem to resemble a human schema , such as the front of a car resembling a face , potential buyers evaluate that product more positively than if they do n't anthropomorphize the object . People also tend to trust robots to do more complex tasks such as driving a car or childcare if the robot resembles humans in ways such as having a face , voice , and name ; mimicking human motions ; expressing emotion ; and displaying some variability in behavior . Image gallery A glass door in the Chatham House Almada tram in smiley livery Pareidolia of a face in a rock Seymore D. Fair 1st - ever World Expo Mascot See also Children 's literature portal Aniconism -- antithetic concept Animism Anthropic principle Anthropocentrism Anthropology Anthropomorphic maps Anthropopathism Funny animal Great Chain of Being Human - animal hybrid Humanoid Moe anthropomorphism National personification Pareidolia -- seeing faces in everyday objects Pathetic fallacy Prosopopoeia Speciesism Talking animals in fiction Zoomorphism Notes Jump up ^ Possibly via Frenchn anthropomorphisme . Jump up ^ Anthropomorphism , among divines , the error of those who ascribe a human figure to the deity . Jump up ^ In the New York Review of Books , Gardner opined that `` I find most convincing Mithen 's claim that human intelligence lies in the capacity to make connections : through using metaphors '' . Jump up ^ Many other translations of this passage have Xenophanes state that the Thracians were `` blond '' . Jump up ^ Moses Maimonides quoted Rabbi Abraham Ben David : `` It is stated in the Torah and books of the prophets that God has no body , as stated ' Since G-d your God is the god ( lit . gods ) in the heavens above and in the earth below '' and a body can not be in both places . And it was said ' Since you have not seen any image ' and it was said ' To who would you compare me , and I would be equal to them ? ' and if he was a body , he would be like the other bodies . '' Jump up ^ The Victoria and Albert Museum wrote : `` Beatrix Potter is still one of the world 's best - selling and best - loved children 's authors . Potter wrote and illustrated a total of 28 books , including the 23 Tales , the ' little books ' that have been translated into more than 35 languages and sold over 100 million copies . '' Jump up ^ 150 million sold , a 2007 estimate of copies of the full story sold , whether published as one volume , three , or some other configuration . Jump up ^ It is estimated that the UK market for children 's books was worth £ 672m in 2004 . Jump up ^ In 1911 , Wheeler wrote : `` The larval insect is , if I may be permitted to lapse for a moment into anthropomorphism , a sluggish , greedy , self - centred creature , while the adult is industrious , abstemious and highly altruistic ... '' Jump up ^ In 1946 , Hebb wrote : `` A thoroughgoing attempt to avoid anthropomorphic description in the study of temperament was made over a two - year period at the Yerkes laboratories . All that resulted was an almost endless series of specific acts in which no order or meaning could be found . On the other hand , by the use of frankly anthropomorphic concepts of emotion and attitude one could quickly and easily describe the peculiarities of individual animals ... Whatever the anthropomorphic terminology may seem to imply about conscious states in chimpanzee , it provides an intelligible and practical guide to behavior . '' References ^ Jump up to : Oxford English Dictionary , 1st ed. `` anthropomorphism , n . '' Oxford University Press ( Oxford ) , 1885 . ^ Jump up to : Hutson , Matthew ( 2012 ) . The 7 Laws of Magical Thinking : How Irrational Beliefs Keep Us Happy , Healthy , and Sane . New York : Hudson Street Press . pp. 165 -- 81 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 55832 - 4 . Jump up ^ Moss , Stephen ( 15 January 2016 ) . `` What you see in this picture says more about you than the kangaroo '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 17 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Chambers 's Cyclopædia , Supplement , 1753 Jump up ^ `` Lionheaded Figurine '' . Jump up ^ Dalton ( 1 January 2004 ) . `` Löwenmensch Oldest Statue '' . VNN World . Archived from the original on 25 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Howard ( 9 October 1997 ) , `` Thinking About Thinking '' , New York Review of Books , archived from the original on 29 March 2010 , retrieved 8 May 2010 Jump up ^ `` anthropotheism '' . Ologies & - Isms . The Gale Group , Inc. 2008 . Jump up ^ Fox , James Joseph ( 1907 ) . `` Anthropomorphism '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . 1 . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Jump up ^ Chambers , Ephraim , ed. ( 1728 ) . `` Anthropomorphite '' . Cyclopædia , or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences ( first ed . ) . James and John Knapton , et al . Jump up ^ Diels - Kranz , Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker , Xenophanes frr. 15 - 16 . Jump up ^ Clement of Alexandria , Miscellanies V xiv 109.1 -- 3 Jump up ^ Maimonides , Moses , `` Fundamentals of Torah , Ch. 1 , § 8 '' , Book of Science Jump up ^ Fowler , Jeanne D. ( 1997 ) . Hinduism : Beliefs and Practices . Sussex Academic Press . pp. 42 -- 43 . ISBN 1898723605 . Jump up ^ Narayan , M.K.V. ( 2007 ) . Flipside of Hindu Symbolism . Fultus . pp. 84 -- 85 . ISBN 1596821175 . Jump up ^ Guthrie , Stewart E. ( 1995 ) . Faces in the Clouds : A New Theory of Religion . Oxford University Press . p. 7 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509891 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Philostratus , Flavius ( c. 210 CE ) . The Life of Apollonius , 5.14 . Translated by F.C. Conybeare . the Loeb Classical Library ( 1912 ) Jump up ^ Kwesi Yankah ( 1983 ) . `` The Akan Trickster Cycle : Myth or Folktale ? '' ( PDF ) . Trinidad University of the West Indes . ^ Jump up to : `` The top 50 children 's books '' . The Telegraph . 22 February 2008 . and Sophie Borland ( 22 February 2008 ) . `` Narnia triumphs over Harry Potter '' . The Telegraph . Jump up ^ `` Beatrix Potter '' , Official website , Victoria and Albert Museum ^ Jump up to : Gamble , Nikki ; Yates , Sally ( 2008 ) . Exploring Children 's Literature . Sage Publications Ltd ; . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 3013 - 0 . Jump up ^ John Grant and John Clute , The Encyclopedia of Fantasy , p 621 , ISBN 0 - 312 - 19869 - 8 Jump up ^ 100 million copies sold : BBC : Tolkien 's memorabilia go on sale . 18 March 2008 Jump up ^ The Toronto Star , 16 April 2007 Jump up ^ Rateliff , John D. ( 2007 ) . The History of the Hobbit : Return to Bag - end . London : HarperCollins . p. 654 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 723555 - 1 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Humphrey ( 1979 ) . The Inklings : C.S. Lewis , J.R.R. Tolkien , Charles Williams and Their Friends . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . p. 43 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 27628 - 4 . Jump up ^ Pallardy , Richard ( 14 January 2016 ) . `` Richard Adams '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Chicago , IL : Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Levy , Keren ( 19 December 2013 ) . `` Watership Down by Richard Adams : A tale of courage , loyalty , language '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Value of the Children 's Picture Book Market '' , Archived from the original on 9 June 2016 CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Ben Myers ( 10 June 2008 ) . `` Why we 're all animal lovers '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Patten , Fred ( 2006 ) . Furry ! The World 's Best Anthropomorphic Fiction . ibooks . pp. 427 -- 436 . ISBN 1 - 59687 - 319 - 1 . Jump up ^ Buxton , Marc ( 30 October 2013 ) . `` The Sandman : The Essential Horror Comic of the Nineties '' . Den of Geek . Archived from the original on 3 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Buxton , Marc ( 26 January 2014 ) . `` By Crom ! The 10 Greatest Fantasy Comics of All - Time '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on 9 April 2014 . Archive requires scrolldown Jump up ^ Josie Campbell ( 22 July 2014 ) . `` Hellblazer 's past weighs in on Constantine 's future '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved 14 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Doctorow , Cory . `` Great Fables Crossover : Fables goes even more meta , stays just as rollicking '' . Boing. 25 March 2010 ^ Jump up to : Laurie , Timothy ( 2015 ) , `` Becoming - Animal Is A Trap For Humans '' , Deleuze and the Non-Human eds . Hannah Stark and Jon Roffe . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( 11 June 2015 ) . `` Watch : Disney 's ' Zootopia ' Trailer Introduces Animal - Run World '' . Variety . Retrieved 18 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Fried , Michael ( 1998 ) . Art and Objecthood . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 26319 - 3 . Jump up ^ Fer , Briony ( 1999 ) . `` Objects Beyond Objecthood '' . Oxford Art Journal . 22 ( 2 ) : 25 -- 36 . doi : 10.1093 / oxartj / 22.2. 25 . Jump up ^ Official website . ( in Japanese ) Jump up ^ Official website . ( in Japanese ) Jump up ^ Butterfield , M.E. , Hill , S.E. and Lord , C.G. , 2012 . Mangy mutt or furry friend ? Anthropomorphism promotes animal welfare . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 48 ( 4 ) , pp. 957 - 960 . Jump up ^ Bastian , B. , Loughnan , S. , Haslam , N. and Radke , H.R. , 2012 . Do n't mind meat ? The denial of mind to animals used for human consumption . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 38 ( 2 ) , pp. 247 - 256 . Jump up ^ Gray , H.M. , Gray , K. and Wegner , D.M. , 2007 . Dimensions of mind perception . Science , 315 ( 5812 ) , pp. 619 - 619 . Jump up ^ Burger , J.M. , Messian , N. , Patel , S. , del Prado , A. and Anderson , C. , 2004 . What a coincidence ! The effects of incidental similarity on compliance . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 30 ( 1 ) , pp. 35 - 43 . Jump up ^ Shapiro , Kenneth J. ( 1993 ) . `` Editor 's Introduction to Society and Animals '' . Society & Animals . 1 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 4 . doi : 10.1163 / 156853093X00091 . Later re-published as an introduction to : Flynn , Cliff ( 2008 ) . Social Creatures : A Human and Animal Studies Reader . Lantern Books . ISBN 1 - 59056 - 123 - 6 . Jump up ^ Ryder , Richard . Animal Revolution : Changing Attitudes Towards Speciesism . Berg , 2000 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Masson & McCarthy 1996 , p. xviii . Jump up ^ Wheeler , William Morton ( November 1911 ) , `` Insect parasitism and its peculiarities '' , Popular Science , Vol. 79 , p. 443 ^ Jump up to : Black , J ( Jun 2002 ) . `` Darwin in the world of emotions '' ( Free full text ) . Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine . 95 ( 6 ) : 311 -- 3 . doi : 10.1258 / jrsm. 95.6. 311 . ISSN 0141 - 0768 . PMC 1279921 . PMID 12042386 . Jump up ^ Darwin , Charles ( 1871 ) . The Descent of Man ( 1st ed . ) . p. 39 . Jump up ^ Hebb , Donald O. ( 1946 ) , `` Emotion in man and animal : An analysis of the intuitive processes of recognition '' , Psychological Review , 53 ( 2 ) : 88 -- 106 , doi : 10.1037 / h0063033 , PMID 21023321 Jump up ^ Masson & McCarthy 1996 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Frans de Waal ( 1997 - 07 ) . `` Are We in Anthropodenial ? '' . Discover . pp. 50 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Fogle , Bruce ( 1992 ) . If Your Cat Could Talk . London : Dorling Kindersley . p. 11 . ISBN 9781405319867 . ^ Jump up to : Yudkowsky , Eliezer . `` Artificial intelligence as a positive and negative factor in global risk . '' Global catastrophic risks ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ `` Real - Life Decepticons : Robots Learn to Cheat '' . Wired magazine . 18 August 2009 . Retrieved 7 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : MARAKAS , GEORGE M. ; JOHNSON , RICHARD D. ; PALMER , JONATHAN W. ( April 2000 ) . `` A theoretical model of differential social attributions toward computing technology : when the metaphor becomes the model '' . International Journal of Human - Computer Studies . 52 ( 4 ) : 719 -- 750 . doi : 10.1006 / ijhc. 1999.0348 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Paul R. , and Edward A. Feigenbaum , eds . The handbook of artificial intelligence . Vol. 3 . Butterworth - Heinemann , 2014 . Jump up ^ Moon , Youngme , and Clifford Nass . `` How ' real ' are computer personalities ? Psychological responses to personality types in human - computer interaction . '' Communication research 23.6 ( 1996 ) : 651 - 674 . Jump up ^ Duffy , Brian R. ( March 2003 ) . `` Anthropomorphism and the social robot '' . Robotics and Autonomous Systems . 42 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 177 -- 190 . doi : 10.1016 / S0921 - 8890 ( 02 ) 00374 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Fritz Heider & Marianne Simmel : An Experimental Study of Apparent Behavior '' . Psychology . Retrieved 16 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Epley , Nicholas ; Waytz , Adam ; Cacioppo , John T. ( 2007 ) . `` On seeing human : A three - factor theory of anthropomorphism '' . Psychological Review . 114 ( 4 ) : 864 -- 886 . doi : 10.1037 / 0033 - 295x. 114.4. 864 . PMID 17907867 . Jump up ^ Waytz , Adam . Social Connection and Seeing Human - Oxford Handbooks . doi : 10.1093 / oxfordhb / 9780195398700.013. 0023 . Jump up ^ Piaget , Jean ( 1929 ) . The Child 's Conception of the World : A 20th - Century Classic of Child Psychology . New York , NY : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 16887 - 2 . Jump up ^ Castelli , Fulvia ; Frith , Chris ; Happé , Francesca ; Frith , Uta ( 1 August 2002 ) . `` Autism , Asperger syndrome and brain mechanisms for the attribution of mental states to animated shapes '' . Brain . 125 ( 8 ) : 1839 -- 1849 . doi : 10.1093 / brain / awf189 . ISSN 0006 - 8950 . PMID 12135974 . Jump up ^ Blanchard , Jay ; Mcnincth , George ( 1 November 1984 ) . `` The Effects of Anthropomorphism on Word Learning '' . The Journal of Educational Research . 78 ( 2 ) : 105 -- 110 . doi : 10.1080 / 00220671.1984. 10885582 . ISSN 0022 - 0671 . Jump up ^ Dorion , K. A Learner 's Tactic : How Secondary Students ' Anthropomorphic Language may Support Learning of Abstract Science Concepts . Electronic Journal of Science Education . Vol. 12 , No. 2 . 2011 Retrieved from http://ejse.southwestern.edu . Jump up ^ Cusack , Odean ( 2013 ) . Pets and Mental Health . Binghamton , NY : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 86656 - 652 - X . Jump up ^ Aggarwal , Pankaj ; McGill , Ann L. ( 1 December 2007 ) . `` Is That Car Smiling at Me ? Schema Congruity as a Basis for Evaluating Anthropomorphized Products '' . Journal of Consumer Research . 34 ( 4 ) : 468 -- 479 . doi : 10.1086 / 518544 . ISSN 0093 - 5301 . Jump up ^ Waytz , Adam ; Norton , Michael . `` How to Make Robots Seem Less Creepy '' . Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Retrieved 16 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Waytz , Adam ( 13 May 2014 ) . `` Seeing Human '' . Slate . ISSN 1091 - 2339 . Retrieved 16 November 2015 . Sources Masson , Jeffrey Moussaieff ; McCarthy , Susan ( 1996 ) . When Elephants Weep : Emotional Lives of Animals . Vintage . p. 272 . ISBN 0 - 09 - 947891 - 9 . Further reading Baynes , T.S. , ed. ( 1878 ) . `` Anthropomorphism '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2 ( 9th ed . ) . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . pp. 123 -- 124 . Mackintosh , Robert ( 1911 ) . `` Anthropomorphism '' . In Chisholm , Hugh . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 120 . Kennedy , John S. ( 1992 ) . The New Anthropomorphism . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 42267 - 3 . Mithen , Steven ( 1998 ) . The Prehistory Of The Mind : A Search for the Origins of Art , Religion and Science . Phoenix . p. 480 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7538 - 0204 - 5 . External links Find more aboutAnthropomorphismat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity `` Anthropomorphism '' entry in the Encyclopedia of Human - Animal Relationships ( Horowitz A. , 2007 ) `` Anthropomorphism '' entry in the Encyclopedia of Astrobiology , Astronomy , and Spaceflight `` Anthropomorphism '' in mid-century American print advertising . Collection at The Gallery of Graphic Design . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the use of human characteristics to describe ideas or inanimate objects	[ "Anthropomorphism is the attribution of human traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human entities.[1] It is considered to be an innate tendency of human psychology.[2]" ]	[ "Anthropomorphism" ]
-981489307640006351	Electoral College (United States)	Electoral College ( United states ) - wikipedia Electoral College ( United states ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the United States Electoral College . For electoral colleges in general , see Electoral college . For other uses and regions , see Electoral college ( disambiguation ) . Map of the Electoral College 2016 presidential election The United States Electoral College is the mechanism established by the United States Constitution for the election of the president and vice president of the United States by small groups of appointed representatives , electors , from each state and the District of Columbia . The Constitution specifies that each state legislature individually determines its own process for appointing electors . In practice , all state legislatures use popular voting to choose a slate of electors who are pledged to vote for a particular party 's candidate . Thus , today the president and vice president are effectively chosen through indirect election by the citizens . The Twelfth Amendment requires each elector to cast one vote for president and another vote for vice president . In each state and the District of Columbia , electors are chosen every four years on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November , and then meet to cast ballots on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December . The candidates who receive a majority of electoral votes among the states are elected president and vice president of the United States when the Electoral College vote is certified by Congress in early January . Pursuant to the Twentieth Amendment , the terms for president and vice president end at noon on January 20 following an election for those offices ; the new terms for those offices then begin . Each state chooses electors , equal in number to that state 's combined total of senators and representatives . There are a total of 538 electors , corresponding to the 435 representatives and 100 senators , plus the three electors for the District of Columbia as provided by the Twenty - third Amendment . The Constitution bars any federal official , elected or appointed , from being an elector . The Office of the Federal Register is charged with administering the Electoral College . Since the mid-19th century when all electors have been popularly chosen , the Electoral College has elected the candidate who received the most popular votes nationwide , except in four elections : 1876 , 1888 , 2000 , and 2016 . In 1824 , there were six states in which electors were legislatively appointed , rather than popularly elected , so the true national popular vote is uncertain ; the electors failed to select a winning candidate , so the matter was decided by the House of Representatives . All states except California ( before 1913 ) , Maine , and Nebraska have chosen electors on a `` winner - take - all '' basis since the 1880s . Under the winner - take - all system , the state 's electors are awarded to the candidate with the most votes in that state , thus maximizing the state 's influence in the national election . Maine and Nebraska use the `` congressional district method , '' selecting one elector within each congressional district by popular vote and awarding two electors by a statewide popular vote . Although no elector is required by federal law to honor his pledge , there have been very few occasions when an elector voted contrary to a pledge , and never once has it impacted the final outcome of a national election . If no candidate for president receives a majority of electoral votes for president , the Twelfth Amendment provides that the House of Representatives will select the president , with each of the fifty state delegations casting one vote . If no candidate for vice president receives a majority of electoral votes for vice president , then the Senate will select the vice president , with each of the 100 senators having one vote . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 History 2.1 Original plan 2.2 Breakdown and revision 2.3 Evolution to the general ticket 2.4 Evolution of selection plans 2.5 Fourteenth Amendment 2.6 Meeting of electors date over the years 3 Modern mechanics 3.1 Summary 3.2 Electors 3.2. 1 Apportionment 3.2. 2 Nomination 3.2. 3 Selection 3.2. 4 Meetings 3.2. 5 Faithlessness 3.3 Joint session of Congress and contingencies 3.3. 1 Contingent presidential election by House 3.3. 2 Contingent vice presidential election by Senate 3.3. 3 Deadlocked election 3.4 Current electoral vote distribution 4 Chronological table 5 Alternative methods of choosing electors 5.1 Appointment by state legislature 5.2 Electoral districts 5.3 Proportional vote 5.4 Congressional district method 5.4. 1 Implementation 6 Contemporary issues 6.1 Criticism 6.1. 1 Nondeterminacy of popular vote 6.1. 2 Exclusive focus on large swing states 6.1. 3 Discouragement of turnout and participation 6.1. 4 Obscuring disenfranchisement within states 6.1. 5 Lack of enfranchisement of U.S. territories 6.1. 6 Advantage based on state population 6.1. 7 Disadvantage for third parties 6.1. 8 Inadequate means for electors to vote conscience and prevent the election of demagogues 6.2 Support 6.2. 1 Prevention of an urban - centric victory 6.2. 2 Maintenance of the federal character of the nation 6.2. 3 Enhancement of the status of minority groups 6.2. 4 Encouragement of stability through the two - party system 6.2. 5 Flexibility if a presidential candidate dies 6.2. 6 Isolation of election problems 7 Efforts to abolish 7.1 Bayh -- Celler amendment 7.2 Carter proposal 7.3 Cohen proposal 7.4 National Popular Vote Interstate Compact 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Background The Constitutional Convention in 1787 used the Virginia Plan as the basis for discussions , as the Virginia delegation had proposed it first . The Virginia Plan called for the Congress to elect the president . Delegates from a majority of states agreed to this mode of election . However , a committee formed to work out various details including the mode of election of the president , recommended instead the election be by a group of people apportioned among the states in the same numbers as their representatives in Congress ( the formula for which had been resolved in lengthy debates resulting in the Connecticut Compromise and Three - Fifths Compromise ) , but chosen by each state `` in such manner as its Legislature may direct . '' Committee member Gouverneur Morris explained the reasons for the change ; among others , there were fears of `` intrigue '' if the president were chosen by a small group of men who met together regularly , as well as concerns for the independence of the president if he were elected by the Congress . However , once the Electoral College had been decided on , several delegates ( Mason , Butler , Morris , Wilson , and Madison ) openly recognized its ability to protect the election process from cabal , corruption , intrigue , and faction . Some delegates , including James Wilson and James Madison , preferred popular election of the executive . Madison acknowledged that while a popular vote would be ideal , it would be difficult to get consensus on the proposal given the prevalence of slavery in the South : There was one difficulty however of a serious nature attending an immediate choice by the people . The right of suffrage was much more diffusive in the Northern than the Southern States ; and the latter could have no influence in the election on the score of Negroes . The substitution of electors obviated this difficulty and seemed on the whole to be liable to the fewest objections . The Convention approved the Committee 's Electoral College proposal , with minor modifications , on September 6 , 1787 . Delegates from states with smaller populations or limited land area such as Connecticut , New Jersey , and Maryland generally favored the Electoral College with some consideration for states . At the compromise providing for a runoff among the top five candidates , the small states supposed that the House of Representatives with each state delegation casting one vote would decide most elections . In The Federalist Papers , James Madison explained his views on the selection of the president and the Constitution . In Federalist No. 39 , Madison argued the Constitution was designed to be a mixture of state - based and population - based government . Congress would have two houses : the state - based Senate and the population - based House of Representatives . Meanwhile , the president would be elected by a mixture of the two modes . Alexander Hamilton in Federalist No. 68 laid out what he believed were the key advantages to the Electoral College . The electors come directly from the people and them alone for that purpose only , and for that time only . This avoided a party - run legislature , or a permanent body that could be influenced by foreign interests before each election . Hamilton explained the election was to take place among all the states , so no corruption in any state could taint `` the great body of the people '' in their selection . The choice was to be made by a majority of the Electoral College , as majority rule is critical to the principles of republican government . Hamilton argued that electors meeting in the state capitals were able to have information unavailable to the general public . Hamilton also argued that since no federal officeholder could be an elector , none of the electors would be beholden to any presidential candidate . Another consideration was the decision would be made without `` tumult and disorder , '' as it would be a broad - based one made simultaneously in various locales where the decision - makers could deliberate reasonably , not in one place where decision - makers could be threatened or intimidated . If the Electoral College did not achieve a decisive majority , then the House of Representatives was to choose the president from among the top five candidates , ensuring selection of a presiding officer administering the laws would have both ability and good character . Hamilton was also concerned about somebody unqualified , but with a talent for `` low intrigue , and the little arts of popularity , '' attaining high office . Additionally , in the Federalist No. 10 , James Madison argued against `` an interested and overbearing majority '' and the `` mischiefs of faction '' in an electoral system . He defined a faction as `` a number of citizens whether amounting to a majority or minority of the whole , who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion , or of interest , adverse to the rights of other citizens , or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community . '' What was then called republican government ( i.e. , federalism , as opposed to direct democracy ) , with its varied distribution of voter rights and powers , would countervail against factions . Madison further postulated in the Federalist No. 10 that the greater the population and expanse of the Republic , the more difficulty factions would face in organizing due to such issues as sectionalism . Although the United States Constitution refers to `` Electors '' and `` electors , '' neither the phrase `` Electoral College '' nor any other name is used to describe the electors collectively . It was not until the early 19th century the name `` Electoral College '' came into general usage as the collective designation for the electors selected to cast votes for president and vice president . The phrase was first written into federal law in 1845 and today the term appears in 3 U.S.C. § 4 , in the section heading and in the text as `` college of electors . '' History Original plan Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution states : Each State shall appoint , in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct , a Number of Electors , equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress : but no Senator or Representative , or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States , shall be appointed an Elector . Article II , Section 1 , Clause 4 of the Constitution states : The Congress may determine the Time of chusing ( sic ) the Electors , and the Day on which they shall give their Votes ; which Day shall be the same throughout the United States . Article II , Section 1 , Clause 3 of the Constitution provided the original plan by which the electors chose the president and vice president . Under the original plan , the candidate who received a majority of votes from the electors would become president ; the candidate receiving the second most votes would become vice president . The original plan of the Electoral College was based upon several assumptions and anticipations of the Framers of the Constitution : Individual electors would be elected by citizens on a district - by - district basis . Each presidential elector would exercise independent judgment when voting . Candidates would not pair together on the same ticket with assumed placements toward each office of president and vice president . The system as designed would rarely produce a winner , thus sending the election to Congress . According to the text of Article II , however , each state government was free to have its own plan for selecting its electors , and the Constitution does not explicitly require states to popularly elect their electors . Several different methods for selecting electors are described at length below . Breakdown and revision The emergence of political parties and nationally coordinated election campaigns soon complicated matters in the elections of 1796 and 1800 . In 1796 , Federalist Party candidate John Adams won the presidential election . Finishing in second place was Democratic - Republican Party candidate Thomas Jefferson , the Federalists ' opponent , who became the vice president . This resulted in the president and vice president being of different political parties . In 1800 , the Democratic - Republican Party again nominated Jefferson for president and also nominated Aaron Burr for vice president . After the election , Jefferson and Burr both obtained a majority of electoral votes , but tied one another with 73 votes each . Since ballots did not distinguish between votes for president and votes for vice president , every ballot cast for Burr technically counted as a vote for him to become president , despite Jefferson clearly being his party 's first choice . Lacking a clear winner by constitutional standards , the election had to be decided by the House of Representatives pursuant to the Constitution 's contingency election provision . Having already lost the presidential contest , Federalist Party representatives in the lame duck House session seized upon the opportunity to embarrass their opposition by attempting to elect Burr over Jefferson . The House deadlocked for 35 ballots as neither candidate received the necessary majority vote of the state delegations in the House ( the votes of nine states were needed for a conclusive election ) . Jefferson achieved electoral victory on the 36th ballot , but only after Federalist Party leader Alexander Hamilton -- who disfavored Burr 's personal character more than Jefferson 's policies -- had made known his preference for Jefferson . Responding to the problems from those elections , the Congress proposed on December 9 , 1803 , and three - fourths of the states ratified by June 15 , 1804 , the Twelfth Amendment . Starting with the 1804 election , the amendment requires electors cast separate ballots for president and vice president , replacing the system outlined in Article II , Section 1 , Clause 3 . Evolution to the general ticket Alexander Hamilton described the framers ' view of how electors would be chosen : `` A small number of persons , selected by their fellow - citizens from the general mass , will be most likely to possess the information and discernment requisite to such complicated ( tasks ) . '' The founders assumed this would take place district by district . That plan was carried out by many states until the 1880s . For example , in Massachusetts in 1820 , the rule stated `` the people shall vote by ballot , on which shall be designated who is voted for as an Elector for the district . '' In other words , the people did not place the name of a candidate for a president on the ballot , instead they voted for their local elector , whom they trusted later to cast a responsible vote for president . Some states reasoned that the favorite presidential candidate among the people in their state would have a much better chance if all of the electors selected by their state were sure to vote the same way -- a `` general ticket '' of electors pledged to a party candidate . So the slate of electors chosen by the state were no longer free agents , independent thinkers , or deliberative representatives . They became `` voluntary party lackeys and intellectual non-entities . '' Once one state took that strategy , the others felt compelled to follow suit in order to compete for the strongest influence on the election . When James Madison and Hamilton , two of the most important architects of the Electoral College , saw this strategy being taken by some states , they protested strongly . Madison and Hamilton both made it clear this approach violated the spirit of the Constitution . According to Hamilton , the selection of the president should be `` made by men most capable of analyzing the qualities adapted to the station ( of president ) . '' According to Hamilton , the electors were to analyze the list of potential presidents and select the best one . He also used the term `` deliberate . '' Hamilton considered a pre-pledged elector to violate the spirit of Article II of the Constitution insofar as such electors could make no `` analysis '' or `` deliberate '' concerning the candidates . Madison agreed entirely , saying that when the Constitution was written , all of its authors assumed individual electors would be elected in their districts and it was inconceivable a `` general ticket '' of electors dictated by a state would supplant the concept . Madison wrote to George Hay , The district mode was mostly , if not exclusively in view when the Constitution was framed and adopted ; & was exchanged for the general ticket ( many years later ) . The Founders assumed that electors would be elected by the citizens of their district and that elector was to be free to analyze and deliberate regarding who is best suited to be president . Madison and Hamilton were so upset by what they saw as a distortion of the framers ' original intent that they advocated a constitutional amendment to prevent anything other than the district plan : `` the election of Presidential Electors by districts , is an amendment very proper to be brought forward , '' Madison told George Hay in 1823 . Hamilton went further . He actually drafted an amendment to the Constitution mandating the district plan for selecting electors . Evolution of selection plans In 1789 , at - large popular vote , the winner - take - all method , began with Pennsylvania and Maryland ; Virginia and Delaware used a district plan by popular vote , and in the five other states participating in the election ( Connecticut , Georgia , Maryland , New Hampshire New Jersey and South Carolina ) , state legislatures chose . By 1800 , Virginia and Rhode Island voted at - large , Kentucky , Maryland and North Carolina voted popularly by district , and eleven states voted by state legislature . Beginning in 1804 there was a definite trend towards the winner - take - all system for statewide popular vote . States using their state legislature to choose presidential electors have included fourteen states from all regions of the country . By 1832 , only South Carolina used the state legislature , and it abandoned the method after 1860 . States using popular vote by district have included ten states from all regions of the country . By 1832 there was only Maryland , and from 1836 district plans fell out of use until the 20th century , though Michigan used a district plan for 1892 only . Since 1836 , statewide , winner - take - all popular voting for electors has been the almost universal practice . As of 2016 , Maine ( from 1972 ) and Nebraska ( from 1996 ) use the district plan , with two at - large electors assigned to support the winner of the statewide popular vote . Fourteenth Amendment Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment allows for a state 's representation in the House of Representatives to be reduced if a state unconstitutionally denies people the right to vote . The reduction is in keeping with the proportion of people denied a vote . This amendment refers to `` the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States , '' among other elections , the only place in the Constitution mentioning electors being selected by popular vote . On May 8 , 1866 , during a debate on the Fourteenth Amendment , Thaddeus Stevens , the leader of the Republicans in the House of Representatives , delivered a speech on the amendment 's intent . Regarding Section 2 , he said : The second section I consider the most important in the article . It fixes the basis of representation in Congress . If any State shall exclude any of her adult male citizens from the elective franchise , or abridge that right , she shall forfeit her right to representation in the same proportion . The effect of this provision will be either to compel the States to grant universal suffrage or so shear them of their power as to keep them forever in a hopeless minority in the national Government , both legislative and executive . Federal law ( 2 U.S.C. § 6 ) implements Section 2 's mandate . Meeting of electors date over the years For 1789 , the first Wednesday in February next be the day for the Electors to assemble in their respective States and vote for a President from Resolution of 13 September 1788 by the Confederation ( Continental ) Congress . For 1792 through 1884 , the Electors shall meet and give their votes on the first Wednesday in December from 1 Stat. 239 , Section 2 . For 1889 through 1933 , the Electors of each State shall meet and give their votes on the second Monday in January next following their appointment from 24 Stat. 373 , Section 1. For 1936 to the present , the Electors of President and Vice President of each State shall meet and give their votes on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December next following their appointment from 62 Stat. 673 , now codified as United States Code : Title 3 , Section 7 ( 3 USC 7 ) . Modern mechanics The 2012 Certificate of Vote issued by Maryland 's delegation to the Electoral College . Summary Even though the aggregate national popular vote is calculated by state officials , media organizations , and the Federal Election Commission , the people only indirectly elect the president , as the national popular vote is not the basis for electing the president or vice president . The president and vice president of the United States are elected by the Electoral College , which consists of 538 presidential electors from the fifty states and Washington , D.C. Presidential electors are selected on a state - by - state basis , as determined by the laws of each state . Since the election of 1824 , most states have appointed their electors on a winner - take - all basis , based on the statewide popular vote on Election Day . Maine and Nebraska are the only two current exceptions , as both states use the congressional district method . Although ballots list the names of the presidential and vice presidential candidates ( who run on a ticket ) , voters actually choose electors when they vote for president and vice president . These presidential electors in turn cast electoral votes for those two offices . Electors usually pledge to vote for their party 's nominee , but some `` faithless electors '' have voted for other candidates or refrained from voting . A candidate must receive an absolute majority of electoral votes ( currently 270 ) to win the presidency or the vice presidency . If no candidate receives a majority in the election for president or vice president , the election is determined via a contingency procedure established by the Twelfth Amendment . In such a situation , the House chooses one of the top three presidential electoral vote - winners as the president , while the Senate chooses one of the top two vice presidential electoral vote - winners as vice president . Electors Apportionment. Further information : United States congressional apportionment State population per electoral vote for the 50 states and Washington D.C. A state 's number of electors equals the number of representatives plus two electors for both senators the state has in the United States Congress . The number of representatives is based on the respective populations , determined every 10 years by the United States Census . Each representative represents on average 711,000 persons . Under the Twenty - third Amendment , Washington , D.C. , is allocated as many electors as it would have if it were a state , but no more electors than the least populous state . The least populous state ( which is Wyoming , according to the 2010 census ) has three electors ; thus , D.C. can not have more than three electors . Even if D.C. were a state , its population would entitle it to only three electors ; based on its population per electoral vote , D.C. has the second highest per capita Electoral College representation , after Wyoming . Currently , there is a total of 538 electors , there being 435 representatives and 100 senators , plus the three electors allocated to Washington , D.C. The six states with the most electors are California ( 55 ) , Texas ( 38 ) , New York ( 29 ) , Florida ( 29 ) , Illinois ( 20 ) , and Pennsylvania ( 20 ) . The seven smallest states by population -- Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , and Wyoming -- have three electors each . This is because each of these states is entitled to one representative and two senators . Nomination Candidates for elector are nominated by state chapters of nationally oriented political parties in the months prior to Election Day . In some states , the electors are nominated by voters in primaries , the same way other presidential candidates are nominated . In some states , such as Oklahoma , Virginia and North Carolina , electors are nominated in party conventions . In Pennsylvania , the campaign committee of each candidate names their respective electoral college candidates ( an attempt to discourage faithless electors ) . Varying by state , electors may also be elected by state legislatures , or appointed by the parties themselves . Selection Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution requires each state legislature to determine how electors for the state are to be chosen , but it disqualifies any person holding a federal office , either elected or appointed , from being an elector . Under Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment , any person who has sworn an oath to support the United States Constitution in order to hold either a state or federal office , and later rebelled against the United States directly or by giving assistance to those doing so , is disqualified from being an elector . However , the Congress may remove this disqualification by a two - thirds vote in each House . Since the Civil War , all states have chosen presidential electors by popular vote . This process has been normalized to the point the names of the electors appear on the ballot in only eight states : Rhode Island , Tennessee , Louisiana , Arizona , Idaho , Oklahoma , North Dakota and South Dakota . The Tuesday following the first Monday in November has been fixed as the day for holding federal elections , called the Election Day . In 48 states and Washington , D.C. , the `` winner - takes - all method '' is used ( electors selected as a single bloc ) . Maine and Nebraska use the `` congressional district method '' , selecting one elector within each congressional district by popular vote and selecting the remaining two electors by a statewide popular vote . This method has been used in Maine since 1972 and in Nebraska since 1996 . The current system of choosing electors is called the `` short ballot '' . In most states , voters choose a slate of electors , and only a few states list on the ballot the names of proposed electors . In some states , if a voter wants to write in a candidate for president , the voter is also required to write in the names of proposed electors . After the election , each state prepares seven Certificates of Ascertainment , each listing the candidates for president and vice president , their pledged electors , and the total votes each candidacy received . One certificate is sent , as soon after Election Day as practicable , to the National Archivist in Washington D.C. The Certificates of Ascertainment are mandated to carry the State Seal , and the signature of the Governor ( in the case of the District of Columbia , the Certificate is signed by the Mayor of the District of Columbia . ) Meetings Certificate for the electoral votes for Rutherford B. Hayes and William A. Wheeler for the State of Louisiana ( 1876 ) . The Electoral College never meets as one body . Electors meet in their respective state capitals ( electors for the District of Columbia meet within the District ) on the Monday after the second Wednesday in December , at which time they cast their electoral votes on separate ballots for president and vice president . Although procedures in each state vary slightly , the electors generally follow a similar series of steps , and the Congress has constitutional authority to regulate the procedures the states follow . The meeting is opened by the election certification official -- often that state 's secretary of state or equivalent -- who reads the Certificate of Ascertainment . This document sets forth who was chosen to cast the electoral votes . The attendance of the electors is taken and any vacancies are noted in writing . The next step is the selection of a president or chairman of the meeting , sometimes also with a vice chairman . The electors sometimes choose a secretary , often not himself an elector , to take the minutes of the meeting . In many states , political officials give short speeches at this point in the proceedings . When the time for balloting arrives , the electors choose one or two people to act as tellers . Some states provide for the placing in nomination of a candidate to receive the electoral votes ( the candidate for president of the political party of the electors ) . Each elector submits a written ballot with the name of a candidate for president . In New Jersey , the electors cast ballots by checking the name of the candidate on a pre-printed card ; in North Carolina , the electors write the name of the candidate on a blank card . The tellers count the ballots and announce the result . The next step is the casting of the vote for vice president , which follows a similar pattern . Each state 's electors must complete six Certificates of Vote . Each Certificate of Vote must be signed by all of the electors and a Certificate of Ascertainment must be attached to each of the Certificates of Vote . Each Certificate of Vote must include the names of those who received an electoral vote for either the office of president or of vice president . The electors certify the Certificates of Vote and copies of the Certificates are then sent in the following fashion : One is sent by registered mail to the President of the Senate ( who usually is the incumbent Vice President of the United States ) ; Two are sent by registered mail to the Archivist of the United States ; Two are sent to the state 's Secretary of State ; and One is sent to the chief judge of the United States district court where those electors met . A staff member of the President of the Senate collects the Certificates of Vote as they arrive and prepares them for the joint session of the Congress . The Certificates are arranged -- unopened -- in alphabetical order and placed in two special mahogany boxes . Alabama through Missouri ( including the District of Columbia ) are placed in one box and Montana through Wyoming are placed in the other box . Before 1950 , the Secretary of State 's office oversaw the certifications , but since then the Office of Federal Register in the Archivist 's office reviews them to make sure the documents sent to the archive and Congress match and that all formalities have been followed , sometimes requiring states to correct the documents . Faithlessness Main article : Faithless elector Faithless electors are those who either cast electoral votes for someone other than the candidate of the party that they pledged to vote for or who abstain . Twenty - nine states plus the District of Columbia have passed laws to punish faithless electors , although none have ever been enforced . Many constitutional scholars claim that state restrictions would be struck down if challenged based on Article II and the Twelfth Amendment . In 1952 , the constitutionality of state pledge laws was brought before the Supreme Court in Ray v. Blair , 343 U.S. 214 ( 1952 ) . The Court ruled in favor of state laws requiring electors to pledge to vote for the winning candidate , as well as removing electors who refuse to pledge . As stated in the ruling , electors are acting as a functionary of the state , not the federal government . Therefore , states have the right to govern the process of choosing electors . The constitutionality of state laws punishing electors for actually casting a faithless vote , rather than refusing to pledge , has never been decided by the Supreme Court . However , in his dissent in Ray v. Blair , Justice Robert Jackson wrote : `` no one faithful to our history can deny that the plan originally contemplated what is implicit in its text -- that electors would be free agents , to exercise an independent and nonpartisan judgment as to the men best qualified for the Nation 's highest offices . '' While many laws punish a faithless elector only after the fact , states like Michigan also specify a faithless elector 's vote be voided . As electoral slates are typically chosen by the political party or the party 's presidential nominee , electors usually have high loyalty to the party and its candidate : a faithless elector runs a greater risk of party censure than of criminal charges . In 2000 , elector Barbara Lett - Simmons of Washington , D.C. , chose not to vote , rather than voting for Al Gore as she had pledged to do . In 2016 , seven electors voted contrary to their pledges . Faithless electors have never changed the outcome of any presidential election . Joint session of Congress and contingencies Further information : Contingent election The Twelfth Amendment mandates Congress assemble in joint session to count the electoral votes and declare the winners of the election . The session is ordinarily required to take place on January 6 in the calendar year immediately following the meetings of the presidential electors . Since the Twentieth Amendment , the newly elected Congress declares the winner of the election ; all elections before 1936 were determined by the outgoing House . The meeting is held at 1 p.m. in the Chamber of the U.S. House of Representatives . The sitting vice president is expected to preside , but in several cases the president pro tempore of the Senate has chaired the proceedings . The vice president and the Speaker of the House sit at the podium , with the vice president in the seat of the Speaker of the House . Senate pages bring in the two mahogany boxes containing each state 's certified vote and place them on tables in front of the senators and representatives . Each house appoints two tellers to count the vote ( normally one member of each political party ) . Relevant portions of the Certificate of Vote are read for each state , in alphabetical order . Members of Congress can object to any state 's vote count , provided objection is presented in writing and is signed by at least one member of each house of Congress . An objection supported by at least one senator and one representative will be followed by the suspension of the joint session and by separate debates and votes in each House of Congress ; after both Houses deliberate on the objection , the joint session is resumed . A state 's certificate of vote can be rejected only if both Houses of Congress vote to accept the objection . In that case , the votes from the State in question are simply ignored . The votes of Arkansas and Louisiana were rejected in the presidential election of 1872 . Objections to the electoral vote count are rarely raised , although it did occur during the vote count in 2001 after the close 2000 presidential election between Governor George W. Bush of Texas and the vice president of the United States , Al Gore . Gore , who as vice president was required to preside over his own Electoral College defeat ( by five electoral votes ) , denied the objections , all of which were raised by only several representatives and would have favored his candidacy , after no senators would agree to jointly object . Objections were again raised in the vote count of the 2004 elections , and on that occasion the document was presented by one representative and one senator . Although the joint session was suspended , the objections were quickly disposed of and rejected by both Houses of Congress . If there are no objections or all objections are overruled , the presiding officer simply includes a state 's votes , as declared in the certificate of vote , in the official tally . After the certificates from all states are read and the respective votes are counted , the presiding officer simply announces the final result of the vote and , provided the required absolute majority of votes was achieved , declares the names of the persons elected president and vice president . This announcement concludes the joint session and formalizes the recognition of the president - elect and of the vice president - elect . The senators then depart from the House Chamber . The final tally is printed in the Senate and House journals . Contingent presidential election by House The Twelfth Amendment requires the House of Representatives to go into session immediately to vote for a president if no candidate for president receives a majority of the electoral votes ( since 1964 , 270 of the 538 electoral votes ) . In this event , the House of Representatives is limited to choosing from among the three candidates who received the most electoral votes for president . Each state delegation votes en bloc -- each delegation having a single vote ; the District of Columbia does not receive a vote . A candidate must receive an absolute majority of state delegation votes ( i.e. , at present , a minimum of 26 votes ) in order for that candidate to become the president - elect . Additionally , delegations from at least two thirds of all the states must be present for voting to take place . The House continues balloting until it elects a president . The House of Representatives has chosen the president only twice : in 1801 under Article II , Section 1 , Clause 3 ; and in 1825 under the Twelfth Amendment . Contingent vice presidential election by Senate If no candidate for vice president receives an absolute majority of electoral votes , then the Senate must go into session to elect a vice president . The Senate is limited to choosing from the two candidates who received the most electoral votes for vice president . Normally this would mean two candidates , one less than the number of candidates available in the House vote . However , the text is written in such a way that all candidates with the most and second most electoral votes are eligible for the Senate election -- this number could theoretically be larger than two . The Senate votes in the normal manner in this case ( i.e. , ballots are individually cast by each senator , not by state delegations ) . However , two - thirds of the senators must be present for voting to take place . Additionally , the Twelfth Amendment states a `` majority of the whole number '' of senators ( currently 51 of 100 ) is necessary for election . Further , the language requiring an absolute majority of Senate votes precludes the sitting vice president from breaking any tie that might occur , although some academics and journalists have speculated to the contrary . The only time the Senate chose the vice president was in 1837 . In that instance , the Senate adopted an alphabetical roll call and voting aloud . The rules further stated , `` ( I ) fa majority of the number of senators shall vote for either the said Richard M. Johnson or Francis Granger , he shall be declared by the presiding officer of the Senate constitutionally elected Vice President of the United States '' ; the Senate chose Johnson . Deadlocked election Section 3 of the Twentieth Amendment specifies if the House of Representatives has not chosen a president - elect in time for the inauguration ( noon EST on January 20 ) , then the vice president - elect becomes acting president until the House selects a president . Section 3 also specifies Congress may statutorily provide for who will be acting president if there is neither a president - elect nor a vice president - elect in time for the inauguration . Under the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 , the Speaker of the House would become acting president until either the House selects a president or the Senate selects a vice president . Neither of these situations has ever occurred . Current Electoral vote distribution See also : Electoral vote changes between United States presidential elections Electoral votes ( EV ) allocations for the 2012 , 2016 and 2020 presidential elections . Triangular markers ( ) indicate gains or losses following the 2010 Census . EV × States States 3 × 8 = 24 Alaska , Delaware , District of Columbia * , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , Wyoming 4 × 5 = 20 Hawaii , Idaho , Maine * * , New Hampshire , Rhode Island 5 × 3 = 15 Nebraska * * , New Mexico , West Virginia 6 × 6 = 36 Arkansas , Iowa , Kansas , Mississippi , Nevada , Utah 7 × 3 = 21 Connecticut , Oklahoma , Oregon 8 × 2 = 16 Kentucky , Louisiana 9 × 3 = 27 Alabama , Colorado , South Carolina 10 × 4 = 40 Maryland , Minnesota , Missouri , Wisconsin 11 × 4 = 44 Arizona , Indiana , Massachusetts , Tennessee 12 × 1 = 12 Washington 13 × 1 = 13 Virginia 14 × 1 = 14 New Jersey 15 × 1 = 15 North Carolina 16 × 2 = 32 Georgia , Michigan 18 × 1 = 18 Ohio 20 × 2 = 40 Illinois , Pennsylvania 29 × 2 = 58 Florida , New York 38 × 1 = 38 Texas 55 × 1 = 55 California = 538 Total electors * The Twenty - third Amendment grants electors to DC as if it were a state , but not more than the least populous state . This has always been three . * * Maine 's four electors and Nebraska 's five are distributed using the Congressional district method . Chronological Table Number of presidential electors by state and year Election year 1788 -- 1800 1804 -- 1900 1904 -- 2000 2004 -- ' 88 ' 92 ' 96 ' 00 ' 04 ' 08 ' 12 ' 16 ' 20 ' 24 ' 28 ' 32 ' 36 ' 40 ' 44 ' 48 ' 52 ' 56 ' 60 ' 64 ' 68 ' 72 ' 76 ' 80 ' 84 ' 88 ' 92 ' 96 ' 00 ' 04 ' 08 ' 12 ' 16 ' 20 ' 24 ' 28 ' 32 ' 36 ' 40 ' 44 ' 48 ' 52 ' 56 ' 60 ' 64 ' 68 ' 72 ' 76 ' 80 ' 84 ' 88 ' 92 ' 96 ' 00 ' 04 ' 08 ' 12 ' 16 ' 20 # Total 81 135 138 176 218 221 235 261 288 294 275 290 296 303 234 294 366 369 401 444 447 476 483 531 537 538 State 22 Alabama 5 7 7 9 9 9 9 0.1 ! 0 8 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 12 11 11 11 11 10 9 9 9 9 9 49 Alaska 48 Arizona 5 6 7 8 10 11 25 Arkansas 0.1 ! 0 5 6 6 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 6 6 6 6 6 6 31 California 05 ! 5 5 6 6 8 9 9 10 10 13 22 25 32 32 40 45 47 54 55 55 38 Colorado 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 8 8 9 9 5 Connecticut 7 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 6 6 6 6 06 ! 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 51 ! - D.C. Delaware 03 ! 3 27 Florida 0.1 ! 0 5 5 6 7 8 10 10 14 17 21 25 27 29 Georgia 5 6 8 8 8 9 11 11 10 10 10 10 0.1 ! 0 9 11 11 12 13 13 13 13 14 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 13 15 16 50 Hawaii 43 Idaho 21 Illinois 5 5 9 9 11 11 16 16 21 21 22 24 24 27 27 29 29 28 27 27 26 26 24 22 21 20 19 Indiana 5 9 9 12 12 13 13 13 13 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 14 13 13 13 13 13 12 12 11 11 29 Iowa 08 ! 8 8 11 11 13 13 13 13 13 13 11 10 10 10 9 8 8 7 7 6 34 Kansas 03 ! 3 5 5 9 10 10 10 10 10 9 8 8 8 7 7 7 6 6 6 15 Kentucky 8 12 12 12 14 15 15 12 12 12 12 11 11 12 12 13 13 13 13 13 13 11 11 10 10 9 9 9 8 8 8 18 Louisiana 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 0.1 ! 0 7 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 9 8 23 Maine 9 9 10 10 9 9 8 8 07 ! 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 7 Maryland 8 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 10 10 8 8 8 8 07 ! 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 6 Massachusetts 10 16 16 19 22 22 15 15 14 14 12 12 13 13 12 12 13 13 14 15 15 16 16 18 17 16 16 16 14 14 13 12 12 11 26 Michigan 5 5 6 6 08 ! 8 8 11 11 13 14 14 14 14 15 19 19 20 20 21 21 20 18 17 16 32 Minnesota 04 ! 4 5 5 7 9 9 11 11 12 11 11 11 11 10 10 10 10 10 10 20 Mississippi 6 6 7 7 0.1 ! 0 0.1 ! 0 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 10 9 9 8 8 7 7 7 7 6 6 24 Missouri 7 7 9 9 11 11 15 15 16 17 17 18 18 18 15 15 13 13 12 12 11 11 11 10 41 Montana 37 Nebraska 5 8 8 8 8 8 7 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 36 Nevada 03 ! 3 5 6 9 New Hampshire 5 6 6 7 8 8 8 8 7 7 6 6 5 5 05 ! 5 5 5 5 New Jersey 6 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 07 ! 7 7 9 9 9 10 10 12 12 14 16 16 16 16 17 17 16 15 15 14 47 New Mexico 5 5 5 5 11 New York 8 12 12 19 29 29 29 36 42 42 36 36 35 35 33 33 35 35 36 36 36 39 39 45 47 47 45 45 43 41 36 33 31 29 12 North Carolina 12 12 14 15 15 15 15 15 15 11 11 10 10 0.1 ! 0 9 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12 13 14 14 14 13 13 13 14 15 15 39 North Dakota 5 17 Ohio 8 8 8 16 21 21 23 23 23 23 21 21 22 22 23 23 23 23 23 24 26 25 25 25 26 25 23 21 20 18 46 Oklahoma 7 10 11 10 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 33 Oregon 03 ! 3 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 Pennsylvania 10 15 15 20 25 25 25 28 30 30 26 26 27 27 26 26 29 29 30 32 32 34 34 38 36 35 32 32 29 27 25 23 21 20 13 Rhode Island 04 ! 4 5 8 South Carolina 7 8 8 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 9 9 8 8 0.1 ! 0 6 7 7 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 40 South Dakota 5 16 Tennessee 5 8 8 8 11 15 15 13 13 12 12 0.1 ! 0 10 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 12 11 11 11 10 11 11 11 11 28 Texas 0.1 ! 0 0.1 ! 0 8 8 13 15 15 18 18 20 23 23 24 24 25 26 29 32 34 38 45 Utah 5 5 5 6 14 Vermont 6 8 8 8 7 7 7 6 6 5 5 05 ! 5 5 5 5 10 Virginia 12 21 21 24 25 25 25 24 23 23 17 17 15 15 0.1 ! 0 0.1 ! 0 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 13 13 13 42 Washington 5 5 7 8 8 9 9 9 9 10 11 11 12 35 West Virginia 05 ! 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 7 6 6 5 5 5 30 Wisconsin 5 5 08 ! 8 8 10 10 11 12 12 13 13 13 12 12 12 12 12 11 11 11 10 10 44 Wyoming # Total 81 135 138 176 218 221 235 261 288 294 275 290 296 303 234 294 366 369 401 444 447 476 483 531 537 538 Source : Presidential Elections 1789 -- 2000 at Psephos ( Adam Carr 's Election Archive ) Note : In 1788 , 1792 , 1796 , and 1800 , each elector cast two votes for president . Number of electors from each state for the 2012 , 2016 and 2020 presidential elections . 12 electoral votes changed between 18 states , based on the 2010 census . Eight states lost one electoral vote and two ( New York & Ohio ) each lost two electoral votes . Eight states gained electoral votes , six gained one electoral vote , Florida gained two & Texas gained four . Alternative methods of choosing electors Methods of presidential elector selection , by state , 1789 -- 1832 Year AL CT DE GA IL IN KY LA ME MD MA MS MO NH NJ NY NC OH PA RI SC TN VT VA 1789 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1792 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1796 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1800 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1804 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1808 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1812 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1816 -- -- -- -- -- 1820 1824 1828 1832 Year AL CT DE GA IL IN KY LA ME MD MA MS MO NH NJ NY NC OH PA RI SC TN VT VA Key Popular vote , At - large Popular vote , Districting Legislative selection Hybrid system Before the advent of the short ballot in the early 20th century , as described above , the most common means of electing the presidential electors was through the general ticket . The general ticket is quite similar to the current system and is often confused with it . In the general ticket , voters cast ballots for individuals running for presidential elector ( while in the short ballot , voters cast ballots for an entire slate of electors ) . In the general ticket , the state canvass would report the number of votes cast for each candidate for elector , a complicated process in states like New York with multiple positions to fill . Both the general ticket and the short ballot are often considered at - large or winner - takes - all voting . The short ballot was adopted by the various states at different times ; it was adopted for use by North Carolina and Ohio in 1932 . Alabama was still using the general ticket as late as 1960 and was one of the last states to switch to the short ballot . The question of the extent to which state constitutions may constrain the legislature 's choice of a method of choosing electors has been touched on in two U.S. Supreme Court cases . In McPherson v. Blacker , 146 U.S. 1 ( 1892 ) , the Court cited Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 which states that a state 's electors are selected `` in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct '' and wrote these words `` operat ( e ) as a limitation upon the state in respect of any attempt to circumscribe the legislative power '' . In Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board , 531 U.S. 70 ( 2000 ) , a Florida Supreme Court decision was vacated ( not reversed ) based on McPherson . On the other hand , three dissenting justices in Bush v. Gore , 531 U.S. 98 ( 2000 ) , wrote : `` ( N ) othing in Article II of the Federal Constitution frees the state legislature from the constraints in the State Constitution that created it . '' Appointment by state legislature In the earliest presidential elections , state legislative choice was the most common method of choosing electors . A majority of the state legislatures selected presidential electors in both 1792 ( 9 of 15 ) and 1800 ( 10 of 16 ) , and half of them did so in 1812 . Even in the 1824 election , a quarter of state legislatures ( 6 of 24 ) chose electors . In that election , Andrew Jackson lost in spite of having pluralities of both the popular and electoral votes , with the outcome being decided by the six state legislatures choosing the electors . Some state legislatures simply chose electors , while other states used a hybrid method in which state legislatures chose from a group of electors elected by popular vote . By 1828 , with the rise of Jacksonian democracy , only Delaware and South Carolina used legislative choice . Delaware ended its practice the following election ( 1832 ) , while South Carolina continued using the method until it seceded from the Union in December 1860 . South Carolina used the popular vote for the first time in the 1868 election . Excluding South Carolina , legislative appointment was used in only four situations after 1832 : In 1848 , Massachusetts statute awarded the state 's electoral votes to the winner of the at - large popular vote , but only if that candidate won an absolute majority . When the vote produced no winner between the Democratic , Free Soil , and Whig parties , the state legislature selected the electors , giving all 12 electoral votes to the Whigs . In 1864 , Nevada , having joined the Union only a few days prior to Election Day , had no choice but to legislatively appoint . In 1868 , the newly reconstructed state of Florida legislatively appointed its electors , having been readmitted too late to hold elections . Finally , in 1876 , the legislature of the newly admitted state of Colorado used legislative choice due to a lack of time and money to hold a popular election . Legislative appointment was brandished as a possibility in the 2000 election . Had the recount continued , the Florida legislature was prepared to appoint the Republican slate of electors to avoid missing the federal safe - harbor deadline for choosing electors . The Constitution gives each state legislature the power to decide how its state 's electors are chosen and it can be easier and cheaper for a state legislature to simply appoint a slate of electors than to create a legislative framework for holding elections to determine the electors . As noted above , the two situations in which legislative choice has been used since the Civil War have both been because there was not enough time or money to prepare for an election . However , appointment by state legislature can have negative consequences : bicameral legislatures can deadlock more easily than the electorate . This is precisely what happened to New York in 1789 when the legislature failed to appoint any electors . Electoral districts Another method used early in U.S. history was to divide the state into electoral districts . By this method , voters in each district would cast their ballots for the electors they supported and the winner in each district would become the elector . This was similar to how states are currently separated by congressional districts . However , the difference stems from the fact every state always had two more electoral districts than congressional districts . As with congressional districts , moreover , this method is vulnerable to gerrymandering . Proportional vote Under such a system , electors would be selected in proportion to the votes cast for their candidate or party , rather than being selected by the statewide plurality vote . Congressional district method There are two versions of the congressional district method : one has been implemented in Maine and Nebraska ; another has been proposed in Virginia . Under the implemented congressional district method , the electoral votes are distributed based on the popular vote winner within each of the states ' congressional districts ; the statewide popular vote winner receives two additional electoral votes . In 2013 , a different version of the congressional district method was proposed in Virginia . This version would distribute Virginia 's electoral votes based on the popular vote winner within each of Virginia 's congressional districts ; the two statewide electoral votes would be awarded based on which candidate won the most congressional districts , rather than on who won Virginia 's statewide popular vote . The congressional district method can more easily be implemented than other alternatives to the winner - takes - all method , in view of major party resistance to relatively enabling third parties under the proportional method . State legislation is sufficient to use this method . Advocates of the congressional district method believe the system would encourage higher voter turnout and incentivize presidential candidates to broaden their campaigns in non-competitive states . Winner - take - all systems ignore thousands of popular votes ; in Democratic California there are Republican districts , in Republican Texas there are Democratic districts . Because candidates have an incentive to campaign in competitive districts , with a district plan , candidates have an incentive to actively campaign in over thirty states versus seven `` swing '' states . Opponents of the system , however , argue candidates might only spend time in certain battleground districts instead of the entire state and cases of gerrymandering could become exacerbated as political parties attempt to draw as many safe districts as they can . Unlike simple congressional district comparisons , the district plan popular vote bonus in the 2008 election would have given Obama 56 % of the Electoral College versus the 68 % he did win , it `` would have more closely approximated the percentage of the popular vote won ( 53 % ) '' . Implementation Of the 43 states whose electoral votes could be affected by the congressional district method , only Maine and Nebraska apply it today . Maine has four electoral votes , based on its two representatives and two senators . Nebraska has two senators and three representatives , giving it five electoral votes . Maine began using the congressional district method in the election of 1972 . Nebraska has used the congressional district method since the election of 1992 . Michigan used the system for the 1892 presidential election , and several other states used various forms of the district plan before 1840 : Virginia , Delaware , Maryland , Kentucky , North Carolina , Massachusetts , Illinois , Maine , Missouri , and New York . The congressional district method allows a state the chance to split its electoral votes between multiple candidates . Prior to 2008 , neither Maine nor Nebraska had ever split their electoral votes . Nebraska split its electoral votes for the first time in 2008 , giving John McCain its statewide electors and those of two congressional districts , while Barack Obama won the electoral vote of Nebraska 's 2nd congressional district . Following the 2008 split , some Nebraska Republicans made efforts to discard the congressional district method and return to the winner - takes - all system . In January 2010 , a bill was introduced in the Nebraska legislature to revert to a winner - take - all system ; the bill died in committee in March 2011 . Republicans had also passed bills in 1995 and 1997 to eliminate the congressional district method in Nebraska , but those bills were vetoed by Democratic Governor Ben Nelson . In 2010 , Republicans in Pennsylvania , who controlled both houses of the legislature as well as the governorship , put forward a plan to change the state 's winner - takes - all system to a congressional district method system . Pennsylvania had voted for the Democratic candidate in the five previous presidential elections , so some saw this as an attempt to take away Democratic electoral votes . Although Democrat Barack Obama won Pennsylvania in 2008 , he won only 55 % of Pennsylvania 's popular vote . The district plan would have awarded him 11 of its 21 electoral votes , a 52.4 % that is closer to the popular vote yet still overcoming Republican gerrymandering . The plan later lost support . Other Republicans , including Michigan state representative Pete Lund , RNC Chairman Reince Priebus , and Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker , have floated similar ideas . Contemporary issues Arguments between proponents and opponents of the current electoral system include four separate but related topics : indirect election , disproportionate voting power by some states , the winner - takes - all distribution method ( as chosen by 48 of the 50 states ) , and federalism . Arguments against the Electoral College in common discussion focus mostly on the allocation of the voting power among the states . Gary Bugh 's research of congressional debates over proposed constitutional amendments to abolish the Electoral College reveals reform opponents have often appealed to a traditional version of representation , whereas reform advocates have tended to reference a more democratic view . Criticism Nondeterminacy of popular vote See also : United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote This graphic demonstrates how the winner of the popular vote can still lose in a hypothetical electoral college system . A bar graph of popular votes in presidential elections ( through 2016 ) , with blue stars marking the five elections in which the winner did not have the plurality of the popular vote . Black squares mark the cases where the electoral vote resulted in a tie , or the winner did not have the majority of electoral votes . An ' H ' marks the two cases where the election was decided by the House , and an ' S ' marks the one case where the election was finalized by the Supreme Court . The elections of 1876 , 1888 , 2000 , and 2016 produced an Electoral College winner who did not receive at least a plurality of the nationwide popular vote . In 1824 , there were six states in which electors were legislatively appointed , rather than popularly elected , so it is uncertain what the national popular vote would have been if all presidential electors had been popularly elected . When no candidate received a majority of electoral votes in 1824 , the election was decided by the House of Representatives and so could be considered distinct from the latter four elections in which all of the states had popular selection of electors . The true national popular vote was also uncertain in the 1960 election , and the plurality for the winner depends on how votes for Alabama electors are allocated . Opponents of the Electoral College claim such outcomes do not logically follow the normative concept of how a democratic system should function . One view is the Electoral College violates the principle of political equality , since presidential elections are not decided by the one - person one - vote principle . Outcomes of this sort are attributable to the federal nature of the system . Supporters of the Electoral College argue candidates must build a popular base that is geographically broader and more diverse in voter interests than either a simple national plurality or majority . Neither is this feature attributable to having intermediate elections of presidents , caused instead by the winner - takes - all method of allocating each state 's slate of electors . Allocation of electors in proportion to the state 's popular vote could reduce this effect . Proponents of a national popular vote point out combined population of the 50 biggest cities ( not including metropolitan areas ) only amounts to 15 % of the population , and that candidates in popular vote elections for governor and U.S. Senate , and for statewide allocation of electoral votes , do not ignore voters in less populated areas . In addition , it is already possible to win the required 270 electoral votes by winning only the 11 most populous states ; what currently prevents such a result is the organic political diversity between those states ( three reliably Republican states , four swing states , and four reliably Democratic states ) , not any inherent quality of the Electoral College itself . If all of those states came to lean reliably for one party , then the Electoral College itself would bring about an urban - centric victory . Comparison of the four elections in which the Electoral College winner ( projected winner in the 2016 election ) lost the popular vote . Elections where the winning candidate loses the national popular vote typically result when the winner builds the requisite configuration of states ( and thus captures their electoral votes ) by small margins , but the losing candidate secures large voter margins in the remaining states . In this case , the very large margins secured by the losing candidate in the other states would aggregate to a plurality of the ballots cast nationally . However , commentators question the legitimacy of this national popular vote ; pointing out that the national popular vote observed under the Electoral College system does not reflect the popular vote observed under a National Popular Vote system ; as each electoral institution produces different incentives for , and strategy choices by , presidential campaigns . Because the national popular vote is irrelevant under the electoral college system , it is generally presumed candidates base their campaign strategies around the existence of the Electoral College ; any close race has candidates campaigning to maximize electoral votes by focusing their get - out - the - vote efforts in crucially needed swing states and not attempting to maximize national popular vote totals by using limited campaign resources to run up margins or close up gaps in states considered `` safe '' for themselves or their opponents , respectively . Conversely , the institutional structure of a national popular vote system would encourage candidates to pursue voter turnout wherever votes could be found , even in `` safe '' states they are already expected to win , and in `` safe '' states they have no hope of winning . Educational YouTuber CGP Grey , who has produced several short videos criticizing the Electoral College , has illustrated how it is technically possible to win the necessary 270 electoral votes while winning only 22 % of the overall popular vote , by winning the barest simple majority of the 39 smallest states and the District of Columbia . Though the current political geography of the United States makes such an election unlikely ( it would require winning both reliably Democratic jurisdictions like Massachusetts and D.C. and reliably Republican states like Utah and Alaska ) , he argues that a system in which such a result is even remotely possible is `` indefensible . '' The United States is the only country that elects a politically powerful president via an electoral college and the only one in which a candidate can become president without having obtained the highest number of votes in the sole or final round of popular voting . -- George C. Edwards III , 2011 Exclusive focus on large swing states Main article : Swing state These maps show the amount of attention given to each state by the Bush and Kerry campaigns during the final five weeks of the 2004 election . At the top , each waving hand represents a visit from a presidential or vice presidential candidate during the final five weeks . At the bottom , each dollar sign represents one million dollars spent on TV advertising by the campaigns during the same time period . According to this criticism , the Electoral College encourages political campaigners to focus on a few so - called `` swing states '' while ignoring the rest of the country . Populous states in which pre-election poll results show no clear favorite are inundated with campaign visits , saturation television advertising , get - out - the - vote efforts by party organizers and debates , while `` four out of five '' voters in the national election are `` absolutely ignored '' , according to one assessment . Since most states use a winner - takes - all arrangement in which the candidate with the most votes in that state receives all of the state 's electoral votes , there is a clear incentive to focus almost exclusively on only a few key undecided states ; in recent elections , these states have included Pennsylvania , Ohio , and Florida in 2004 and 2008 , and also Colorado in 2012 . In contrast , states with large populations such as California , Texas , and New York , have in recent elections been considered `` safe '' for a particular party -- Democratic for California and New York and Republican for Texas -- and therefore campaigns spend less time and money there . Many small states are also considered to be `` safe '' for one of the two political parties and are also generally ignored by campaigners : of the 13 smallest states , six are reliably Democratic , six are reliably Republican , and only New Hampshire is considered as a swing state , according to critic George C. Edwards III . In the 2008 election , campaigns did not mount nationwide efforts but rather focused on select states . Discouragement of turnout and participation Except in closely fought swing states , voter turnout is largely insignificant due to entrenched political party domination in most states . The Electoral College decreases the advantage a political party or campaign might gain for encouraging voters to turn out , except in those swing states . If the presidential election were decided by a national popular vote , in contrast , campaigns and parties would have a strong incentive to work to increase turnout everywhere . Individuals would similarly have a stronger incentive to persuade their friends and neighbors to turn out to vote . The differences in turnout between swing states and non-swing states under the current electoral college system suggest that replacing the Electoral College with direct election by popular vote would likely increase turnout and participation significantly . Obscuring disenfranchisement within states According to this criticism , the electoral college reduces elections to a mere count of electors for a particular state , and , as a result , it obscures any voting problems within a particular state . For example , if a particular state blocks some groups from voting , perhaps by voter suppression methods such as imposing reading tests , poll taxes , registration requirements , or legally disfranchising specific minority groups , then voting inside that state would be reduced , but as the state 's electoral count would be the same , disenfranchisement has no effect on the overall electoral tally . Critics contend that such disenfranchisement is partially obscured by the Electoral College . A related argument is the Electoral College may have a dampening effect on voter turnout : there is no incentive for states to reach out to more of its citizens to include them in elections because the state 's electoral count remains fixed in any event . According to this view , if elections were by popular vote , then states would be motivated to include more citizens in elections since the state would then have more political clout nationally . Critics contend the electoral college system insulates states from negative publicity as well as possible federal penalties for disenfranching subgroups of citizens . Legal scholars Akhil Amar and Vikram Amar have argued the original Electoral College compromise was enacted partially because it enabled the southern states to disenfranchise its slave populations . It permitted southern states to disfranchise large numbers of slaves while allowing these states to maintain political clout within the federation by using the three - fifths compromise . They noted that constitutional Framer James Madison believed the question of counting slaves had presented a serious challenge but that `` the substitution of electors obviated this difficulty and seemed on the whole to be liable to the fewest objections . '' Akhil and Vikram Amar added that The founders ' system also encouraged the continued disfranchisement of women . In a direct national election system , any state that gave women the vote would automatically have doubled its national clout . Under the Electoral College , however , a state had no such incentive to increase the franchise ; as with slaves , what mattered was how many women lived in a state , not how many were empowered ... a state with low voter turnout gets precisely the same number of electoral votes as if it had a high turnout . By contrast , a well - designed direct election system could spur states to get out the vote . -- Akhil and Vikram Amar Lack of enfranchisement of U.S. territories See also : Voting rights in the United States § Overseas and nonresident citizens Territories of the United States , such as Puerto Rico , the Northern Mariana Islands , the U.S. Virgin Islands , American Samoa , and Guam , are not entitled to electors in presidential elections . Constitutionally , only U.S. states ( per Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 ) and Washington , D.C. ( per the Twenty - third Amendment ) are entitled to electors . Guam has held non-binding straw polls for president since the 1980s to draw attention to this fact . This means that roughly 4 million Americans do not have the right to vote in presidential elections . Various scholars consequently conclude that the U.S. national - electoral process is not fully democratic . Half of the population lives in these counties Advantage based on state population Researchers have variously attempted to measure which states ' voters have the greatest impact in such an indirect election . Each state gets a minimum of three electoral votes , regardless of population , which gives low - population states a disproportionate number of electors per capita . For example , an electoral vote represents nearly four times as many people in California as in Wyoming . Sparsely populated states are likely to be increasingly overrepresented in the electoral college over time , because Americans are increasingly moving to big cities , most of which are in big states . This analysis gives a strong advantage to the smallest states , but ignores any extra influence that comes from larger states ' ability to deliver their votes as a single bloc . Countervailing analyses which do take into consideration the sizes of the electoral voting blocs , such as the Banzhaf power index ( BPI ) model based on probability theory lead to very different conclusions about voters relative power . In 1968 , John F. Banzhaf III ( who developed the Banzhaf power index ) determined that a voter in the state of New York had , on average , 3.312 times as much voting power in presidential elections as a voter in any other U.S. state . It was found that based on 1990 census and districting , individual voters in California , the largest state , had 3.3 times more individual power to choose a President than voters of Montana , the largest of the minimum 3 elector states . Because Banzhaf 's method ignores the demographic makeup of the states , it has been criticized for treating votes like independent coin - flips . More empirically based models of voting yield results that seem to favor larger states less . Disadvantage for third parties See also : Duverger 's law and Causes of a two - party system In practice , the winner - take - all manner of allocating a state 's electors generally decreases the importance of minor parties . However , it has been argued the Electoral College is not a cause of the two - party system , and that it had a tendency to improve the chances of third - party candidates in some situations . Inadequate means for electors to vote conscience and prevent the election of demagogues While many of the critics of the Electoral College wish to abolish or weaken it , others are seeking to strengthen it , at least in regard to its original aim of preventing the election of demagogues by too direct of a system of election . Allowing for representatives to vote their conscience dispassionately for the good of the country is considered hampered by the potential for legal consequences in some states at being a faithless elector ( though the Constitutionality of these laws have to date not been challenged ) and the lack of secret ballot by electors in the voting process itself may lead to a consequent stigma and even death threats for those voting against the electorate . Support Prevention of an urban - centric victory Proponents of the Electoral College claim that it prevents a candidate from winning the presidency by simply winning in heavily populated urban areas , and pushes candidates to make a wider geographic appeal than they would if they simply had to win the national popular vote . They believe that adoption of the popular vote would shift the disproportionate focus to large cities at the expense of rural areas . Maintenance of the federal character of the Nation The United States of America is a federal coalition that consists of component states . Proponents of the current system argue the collective opinion of even a small state merits attention at the federal level greater than that given to a small , though numerically equivalent , portion of a very populous state . The system also allows each state the freedom , within constitutional bounds , to design its own laws on voting and enfranchisement without an undue incentive to maximize the number of votes cast . For many years early in the nation 's history , up until the Jacksonian Era , many states appointed their electors by a vote of the state legislature , and proponents argue that , in the end , the election of the president must still come down to the decisions of each state , or the federal nature of the United States will give way to a single massive , centralized government . In his book A More Perfect Constitution , Professor Larry Sabato elaborated on this advantage of the Electoral College , arguing to `` mend it , do n't end it , '' in part because of its usefulness in forcing candidates to pay attention to lightly populated states and reinforcing the role of the state in federalism . Enhancement of the status of minority groups Instead of decreasing the power of minority groups by depressing voter turnout , proponents argue that by making the votes of a given state an all - or - nothing affair , minority groups can provide the critical edge that allows a candidate to win . This encourages candidates to court a wide variety of such minorities and advocacy groups . Encouragement of stability through the two - party system Proponents of the Electoral College see its negative effect on third parties as beneficial . They argue the two party system has provided stability because it encourages a delayed adjustment during times of rapid political and cultural change . They believe it protects the most powerful office in the country from control by what these proponents view as regional minorities until they can moderate their views to win broad , long - term support across the nation . Advocates of a national popular vote for president suggest that this effect would also be true in popular vote elections . Of 918 elections for governor between 1948 and 2009 , for example , more than 90 % were won by candidates securing more than 50 % of the vote , and none have been won with less than 35 % of the vote . Flexibility if a presidential candidate dies According to this argument , the fact the Electoral College is made up of real people instead of mere numbers allows for human judgment and flexibility to make a decision , if it happens that a candidate dies or becomes legally disabled around the time of the election . Advocates of the current system argue that human electors would be in a better position to choose a suitable replacement than the general voting public . According to this view , electors could act decisively during the critical time interval between when ballot choices become fixed in state ballots until mid-December when the electors formally cast their ballots . In the election of 1872 , losing Liberal Republican candidate Horace Greeley died during this time interval , which resulted in disarray for the Democratic Party , who also supported Greeley , but the Greeley electors were able to split their votes for different alternate candidates . A situation in which the winning candidate died has never happened . In the election of 1912 , Vice President Sherman died shortly before the election when it was too late for states to remove his name from their ballots ; accordingly , Sherman was listed posthumously , but the eight electoral votes that Sherman would have received were cast instead for Nicholas Murray Butler . Isolation of election problems Some supporters of the Electoral College note that it isolates the impact of any election fraud , or other such problems , to the state where it occurs . It prevents instances where a party dominant in one state may dishonestly inflate the votes for a candidate and thereby affect the election outcome . For instance , recounts occur only on a state - by - state basis , not nationwide . Results in a single state where the popular vote is very close -- such as Florida in 2000 -- can decide the national election . Efforts to abolish Bayh -- Celler Amendment The closest the United States has come to abolishing the Electoral College occurred during the 91st Congress ( 1969 -- 1971 ) . The presidential election of 1968 resulted in Richard Nixon receiving 301 electoral votes ( 56 % of electors ) , Hubert Humphrey 191 ( 35.5 % ) , and George Wallace 46 ( 8.5 % ) with 13.5 % of the popular vote . However , Nixon had received only 511,944 more popular votes than Humphrey , 43.5 % to 42.9 % , less than 1 % of the national total . Representative Emanuel Celler ( D -- New York ) , chairman of the House Judiciary Committee , responded to public concerns over the disparity between the popular vote and electoral vote by introducing House Joint Resolution 681 , a proposed Constitutional amendment that would have replaced the Electoral College with a simpler plurality system based on the national popular vote . With this system , the pair of candidates who had received the highest number of votes would win the presidency and vice presidency provided they won at least 40 % of the national popular vote . If no pair received 40 % of the popular vote , a runoff election would be held in which the choice of president and vice president would be made from the two pairs of persons who had received the highest number of votes in the first election . The word `` pair '' was defined as `` two persons who shall have consented to the joining of their names as candidates for the offices of President and Vice President . '' On April 29 , 1969 , the House Judiciary Committee voted 28 to 6 to approve the proposal . Debate on the proposal before the full House of Representatives ended on September 11 , 1969 and was eventually passed with bipartisan support on September 18 , 1969 , by a vote of 339 to 70 . On September 30 , 1969 , President Richard Nixon gave his endorsement for adoption of the proposal , encouraging the Senate to pass its version of the proposal , which had been sponsored as Senate Joint Resolution 1 by Senator Birch Bayh ( D -- Indiana ) . On October 8 , 1969 , the New York Times reported that 30 state legislatures were `` either certain or likely to approve a constitutional amendment embodying the direct election plan if it passes its final Congressional test in the Senate . '' Ratification of 38 state legislatures would have been needed for adoption . The paper also reported that six other states had yet to state a preference , six were leaning toward opposition and eight were solidly opposed . On August 14 , 1970 , the Senate Judiciary Committee sent its report advocating passage of the proposal to the full Senate . The Judiciary Committee had approved the proposal by a vote of 11 to 6 . The six members who opposed the plan , Democratic Senators James Eastland of Mississippi , John Little McClellan of Arkansas , and Sam Ervin of North Carolina , along with Republican Senators Roman Hruska of Nebraska , Hiram Fong of Hawaii , and Strom Thurmond of South Carolina , all argued that although the present system had potential loopholes , it had worked well throughout the years . Senator Bayh indicated that supporters of the measure were about a dozen votes shy from the 67 needed for the proposal to pass the full Senate . He called upon President Nixon to attempt to persuade undecided Republican senators to support the proposal . However , Nixon , while not reneging on his previous endorsement , chose not to make any further personal appeals to back the proposal . On September 8 , 1970 , the Senate commenced openly debating the proposal and the proposal was quickly filibustered . The lead objectors to the proposal were mostly Southern senators and conservatives from small states , both Democrats and Republicans , who argued abolishing the Electoral College would reduce their states ' political influence . On September 17 , 1970 , a motion for cloture , which would have ended the filibuster , received 54 votes to 36 for cloture , failing to receive the then required a two - thirds majority of senators voting . A second motion for cloture on September 29 , 1970 , also failed , by 53 to 34 . Thereafter , the Senate majority leader , Mike Mansfield of Montana , moved to lay the proposal aside so the Senate could attend to other business . However , the proposal was never considered again and died when the 91st Congress ended on January 3 , 1971 . Carter proposal On March 22 , 1977 , President Jimmy Carter wrote a letter of reform to Congress that also included his expression of essentially abolishing the Electoral College . The letter read in part : My fourth recommendation is that the Congress adopt a Constitutional amendment to provide for direct popular election of the President . Such an amendment , which would abolish the Electoral College , will ensure that the candidate chosen by the voters actually becomes President . Under the Electoral College , it is always possible that the winner of the popular vote will not be elected . This has already happened in three elections , 1824 , 1876 , and 1888 . In the last election , the result could have been changed by a small shift of votes in Ohio and Hawaii , despite a popular vote difference of 1.7 million . I do not recommend a Constitutional amendment lightly . I think the amendment process must be reserved for an issue of overriding governmental significance . But the method by which we elect our President is such an issue . I will not be proposing a specific direct election amendment . I prefer to allow the Congress to proceed with its work without the interruption of a new proposal . President Carter 's proposed program for the reform of the Electoral College was very liberal for a modern president during this time , and in some aspects of the package , it went beyond original expectations . Newspapers like The New York Times saw President Carter 's proposal at that time as `` a modest surprise '' because of the indication of Carter that he would be interested in only eliminating the electors but retaining the electoral vote system in a modified form . Newspaper reaction to Carter 's proposal ranged from some editorials praising the proposal to other editorials , like that in the Chicago Tribune , criticizing the president for proposing the end of the Electoral College . In a letter to The New York Times , Representative Jonathan B. Bingham ( D - New York ) highlighted the danger of the `` flawed , outdated mechanism of the Electoral College '' by underscoring how a shift of fewer than 10,000 votes in two key states would have led to President Gerald Ford being reelected despite Jimmy Carter 's nationwide 1.7 million - vote margin . Cohen proposal On January 5 , 2017 , Representative Steve Cohen ( D - Tennessee ) introduced a joint resolution proposing a constitutional amendment that would replace the Electoral College with the popular election of the President and Vice President . Unlike the Bayh -- Celler amendment 40 % threshold for election , Cohen 's proposal only requires a candidate to have the `` greatest number of votes '' to be elected . National popular vote Interstate compact Main article : National Popular Vote Interstate Compact Several states plus the District of Columbia have joined the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact . The compact is based on the current rule in Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution , which gives each state legislature the plenary power to determine how it chooses its electors . Those jurisdictions joining the compact agree to eventually pledge their electors to the winner of the national popular vote . The compact will not come into effect until the number of states agreeing to the compact equals a majority ( at least 270 ) of all electors . Some scholars have suggested that Article I , Section 10 , Clause 3 of the Constitution requires congressional consent before the compact could be enforceable ; thus , any attempted implementation of the compact could face court challenges to its constitutionality . As of 2018 , 10 states and the District of Columbia have joined the compact ; collectively , these jurisdictions control 165 electoral votes , which is 61 % of the 270 required for the compact to take effect . Only strongly `` blue '' states have joined the compact , each of which returned large victory margins for Barack Obama in the 2012 election . See also County Unit System Lists of United States presidential electors : 2000 , 2004 , 2008 , 2012 , 2016 List of United States presidential electors from North Dakota United States presidential elections : 1824 , 1876 , 1888 , 2000 , 2016 United States presidential election maps Voter turnout in the United States presidential elections List of U.S. states and territories by population Number of Electoral Votes Per Popular Vote References Jump up ^ Openshaw , Pamela Romney ( 2014 ) . Promises Of The Constitution : Yesterday Today Tomorrow . BookBaby . p. 10.3 . ASIN B00LEWCS4E . Jump up ^ Ross , Tara ( 2017 ) . The Indispensable Electoral College : How the Founders ' Plan Saves Our Country from Mob Rule . Gateway Editions . p. 26 . ASIN B072FK8W7X . Jump up ^ Bromwich , Jonah Engel ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` How Does the Electoral College Work ? '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Black , Eric ( October 17 , 2012 ) . `` Why the Constitution 's Framers did n't want us to directly elect the president '' . MinnPost . Jump up ^ Kuroda , Tadahisa ( 1994 ) . The Origins of the Twelfth Amendment : The Electoral College in the Early Republic , 1787 -- 1804 . Greenwood . p. 168 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29151 - 7 . OCLC 29518703 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Electoral College : Roles and Responsibilities '' . Jump up ^ Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution ^ Jump up to : Zak , Dan ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` The electoral college is n't a real place . But someone has to answer all the angry phone calls these days '' . Washington Post . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gore , D'Angelo ( December 23 , 2016 ) . `` Presidents Winning Without Popular Vote '' . FactCheck.org . Jump up ^ Morris , Irwin L. ( 2010 ) . The American Presidency : An Analytical Approach . Cambridge University Press . p. 67 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 49162 - 4 . OCLC 607985767 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Electoral College -- Maine and Nebraska '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Appointment of 2004 Electors for President and Vice President of the United States '' . Jump up ^ Many states have laws designed to ensure electors vote for their pledged candidate , but the constitutionality of these laws has never been positively established . See The Green Papers Jump up ^ Library of Congress -- Election Process Archived April 12 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Electoral College Fast Facts -- US House of Representatives : History , Art & Archives '' . Jump up ^ `` Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 : May 29 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 : June 2 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 : September 4 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Records of the Federal Convention , p. 57 Farrand 's Records , Volume 2 , A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation : U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates , 1774 -- 1875 , Library of Congress Jump up ^ `` Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 : September 6 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Madison , James ( 1966 ) . Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 . The Norton Library . p. 294 . ASIN B003G6AKX2 . Jump up ^ Patrick , John J. ; Pious , Richard M. ; Ritchie , Donald A. ( 2001 ) . The Oxford Guide to the United States Government . Oxford University Press , USA . p. 208 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 514273 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` The Federalist 39 '' . Avalon Project . Retrieved April 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hamilton . The Federalist Papers : No. 68 The Avalon Project , Yale Law School . viewed November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Twelfth Amendment changed this to the top three candidates Jump up ^ The Federalist Papers : Alexander Hamilton , James Madison , John Jay The New American Library , 1961 Jump up ^ `` U.S. Electoral College : Frequently Asked Questions '' . Jump up ^ Chang , Stanley ( 2007 ) . `` Updating the Electoral College : The National Popular Vote Legislation '' . Harvard Journal on Legislation . Cambridge , MA : President and Fellows of Harvard College . 44 ( 205 , at 208 ) . Jump up ^ Describing how the Electoral College was designed to work , Alexander Hamilton wrote , `` A small number of persons , selected by their fellow - citizens from the general mass , will be most likely to possess the information and discernment requisite to such complicated investigations ( decisions regarding the selection of a president ) . '' ( Hamilton , Federalist 68 ) . Hamilton so strongly believed this was to be done district by district , and when states began doing otherwise , he proposed a constitutional amendment to mandate the district system ( Hamilton , Draft of a Constitutional Amendment ) . Madison concurred , `` The district mode was mostly , if not exclusively in view when the Constitution was framed and adopted . '' ( Madison to Hay , 1823 ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Avalon Project : Federalist No 68 '' . Jump up ^ `` Resolves of the General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts : Passed at Their Session , which Commenced on Wednesday , the Thirty First of May , and Ended on the Seventeenth of June , One Thousand Eight Hundred and Twenty . Published Agreeably to Resolve of 16th January , 1812 . Boston , Russell & Gardner , for B. Russell , 1820 ; ( repr '' . Boston Book Company . January 1 , 1820 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Devin McCarthy ( Ph. D. Polysci , Duke ) , `` How the Electoral College Became Winner - Take - All '' Jump up ^ Chief Justice Robert Jackson , Ray v. Blair , dissent , 1952 ^ Jump up to : `` Founders Online : James Madison to George Hay , 23 August 1823 '' . Jump up ^ `` Founders Online : Draft of a Resolution for the Legislature of New York for the ... '' . Jump up ^ `` 1788 Election For the First Term , 1789 - 1793 '' . U.S. Electoral College . U.S. National Archives . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . New York , North Carolina and Rhode Island did not participate in the election . New York 's electors deadlocked and abstained ; North Carolina and Rhode Island had not yet ratified the Constitution . `` United States presidential election of 1789 '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . September 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Presidential Elections 1789 - 1996 . Congressional Quarterly , Inc. 1997 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5680 - 2065 - 5 , p. 9 - 10 Jump up ^ Presidential Elections 1789 - 1996 . Congressional Quarterly , Inc. 1997 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5680 - 2065 - 5 , p. 10 - 11 Jump up ^ Presidential Elections 1789 - 1996 . Congressional Quarterly , Inc. 1997 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5680 - 2065 - 5 , p. 11 Jump up ^ THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT from America Book 9 ( archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 27 ) Jump up ^ The selected papers of Thaddeus Stevens , v. 2 , Stevens , Thaddeus , 1792 -- 1868 , Palmer , Beverly Wilson , 1936 , Ochoa , Holly Byers , 1951 , Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh , Digital Research Library , 2011 , pp. 135 -- 36 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ McCarthy , Devin . `` How the Electoral College Became Winner - Take - All '' . Fairvote . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ The present allotment of electors by state is shown in the Electoral vote distribution section . Jump up ^ The number of electors allocated to each state is based on Article II , Section 1 , Clause 2 of the Constitution , subject to being reduced pursuant to Section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment . Jump up ^ Congressional Apportionment. 2010 Census Briefs U.S. Census . Jump up ^ Table 1 . Annual Estimates of the Population for the United States , Regions , States , and Puerto Rico : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2011 Archived November 14 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . in State Totals : Vintage 2011 Archived August 9 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , United States Census Bureau . Jump up ^ `` How is the president elected ? Here is a basic guide to the electoral college system '' . Jump up ^ Sabrina Eaton ( October 29 , 2004 ) . `` Brown learns he ca n't serve as Kerry elector , steps down '' ( PDF ) . Cleveland Plain Dealer ( reprint at Edison Research ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 10 , 2011 . Retrieved January 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Darrell J. Kozlowski ( 2010 ) . Federalism . Infobase Publishing . pp. 33 -- 34 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60413 - 218 - 2 . Jump up ^ 3 U.S.C. § 1 A uniform national date for presidential elections was not set until 1845 , although the Congress always had constitutional authority to do so . -- Kimberling , William C. ( 1992 ) The Electoral College , p. 7 Jump up ^ `` Electoral College Instructions to State Officials '' ( PDF ) . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ District of Columbia Certificate of Ascertainment ( archived from the original on 2006 - 03 - 05 ) Jump up ^ `` Twelfth Amendment '' . FindLaw . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Twenty - third Amendment '' . FindLaw . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S.C. § 7 : US Code -- Section 7 : Meeting and vote of electors '' . FindLaw . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Electoral College -- For State Officials '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( January 9 , 2009 ) . `` Congress meets to count electoral votes '' . MSNBC . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barrow , Bill ( November 19 , 2016 ) . `` Q&A : Electors almost always follow the vote in their state '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan Election Law Section 168.47 '' . Legislature.mi.gov . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Green Papers '' . The Green Papers . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Boccagno , Julia ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` Which candidates did the seven `` faithless '' electors support ? `` . CBS News . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The President of the Senate shall , in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives , open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted . '' Constitution of the United States : Amendments 11 -- 27 , National Archives and Records Administration ^ Jump up to : 3 U.S.C. § 15 , Counting electoral votes in Congress Jump up ^ David A. McKnight ( 1878 ) . The Electoral System of the United States : A Critical and Historical Exposition of Its Fundamental Principles in the Constitution and the Acts and Proceedings of Congress Enforcing It . Wm . S. Hein Publishing . p. 313 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8377 - 2446 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` RL30804 : The Electoral College : An Overview and Analysis of Reform Proposals , L. Paige Whitaker and Thomas H. Neale , January 16 , 2001 '' . Ncseonline.org . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Longley , Lawrence D. ; Pierce , Neal R. ( 1999 ) . `` The Electoral College Primer 2000 '' . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press : 13 . Jump up ^ `` Election evolves into ' perfect ' electoral storm '' . USA Today . December 12 , 2000 . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2006 . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Journal from 1837 '' . Memory.loc.gov . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Apportionment of the U.S. House of Representatives Based on the 2010 Census '' ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Census Bureau . December 21 , 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved December 21 , 2010 . Each state 's number of electoral votes is equal to its total congressional representation ( its number of Representatives plus its two Senators ) . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census : State Population and the Distribution of Electoral Votes and Representatives '' . The Green Papers . Jump up ^ Moore , John L. , ed. ( 1985 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to U.S. Elections ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly , Inc . pp. 254 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Bush v. Gore , ( Justice Stevens dissenting ) ( quote in second paragraph ) Jump up ^ Moore , John L. , ed. ( 1985 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to U.S. Elections ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly , Inc. p. 255 . ^ Jump up to : Kolodny , Robin ( 1996 ) . `` The Several Elections of 1824 '' . Congress & the Presidency. 23 ( 2 ) : 139 -- 64 . doi : 10.1080 / 07343469609507834 . Jump up ^ `` Election 101 '' ( PDF ) . Princeton Press . Princeton University Press . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Black , Eric ( 14 October 2012 ) . `` Our Electoral College system is weird -- and not in a good way '' . MinnPost . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , John L. , ed. ( 1985 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to U.S. Elections ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly , Inc. p. 266 . Jump up ^ `` Legislative Action ? , The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer , November 30 , 2000 '' . Pbs.org . Archived from the original on 2001 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moore , John L. , ed. ( 1985 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to U.S. Elections ( 2nd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly , Inc. p. 254 . Jump up ^ `` FairVote '' . FairVote . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fiddling with the Rules '' . Franklin & Marshall College . March 9 , 2005 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2006 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Nia - Malika ; Haines , Errin ( January 25 , 2013 ) . `` Republicans in Virginia , other states seeking electoral college changes '' . washingtonpost.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Election Reform '' ( PDF ) . Dos.state.pa.us . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Timothy ( December 23 , 2012 ) . `` Pennsylvania looks to alter state 's electoral vote system '' . Pittsburgh Post Gazette . Jump up ^ Sabato , Larry . `` A more perfect Constitution '' viewed November 22 , 2014 . ( archiveed from the original on 2016 - 01 - 02 ) Jump up ^ Levy , Robert A. , Should we reform the Electoral College ? Cato Institute , viewed November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Electoral College -- Reform Options '' . Fairvote.org . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Congressional Research Services Electoral College , p. 15 , viewed November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Articles -- Upgrading The College '' . President Elect . September 5 , 2004 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Methods of Choosing Presidential Electors '' . Uselectionatlas.org . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Maralee ( April 7 , 1991 ) . `` Nebraska 's Vote Change '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Skelley , Geoffrey ( 20 November 2014 ) . `` What Goes Around Comes Around ? '' . Sabato 's Crystal Ball . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Egan , Paul ( 21 November 2014 ) . `` Michigan split its electoral votes in 1892 election '' . Lansing State Journal . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Congressional Quarterly Books , `` Presidential Elections : 1789 -- 1996 '' , ISBN 978 - 1 - 5680 - 2065 - 5 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Tysver , Robynn ( November 7 , 2008 ) . `` Obama wins electoral vote in Nebraska '' . Omaha World Herald . Retrieved November 7 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Molai , Nabil ( October 28 , 2008 ) . `` Republicans Push to Change Electoral Vote System '' . KPTM Fox 42 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2012 . Retrieved November 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Jean ( January 7 , 2010 ) . `` Bill targets Neb. ability to split electoral votes '' . Associated Press . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kleeb , Jane ( March 10 , 2011 ) . `` Fail : Sen. McCoy 's Partisan Electoral College Bill '' . Bold Nebraska . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2012 . Retrieved August 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seelye , Katharine Q. ( September 19 , 2011 ) . `` Pennsylvania Republicans Weigh Electoral Vote Changes '' -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ Weigel , David ( September 13 , 2011 ) . `` Pennsylvania Ponders Bold Democrat - Screwing Electoral Plan '' -- via Slate . Jump up ^ GOP Pennsylvania electoral vote plan might be out of steam -- The York Daily Record ( archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 31 ) Jump up ^ Gray , Kathleen ( 14 November 2014 ) . `` Bill to change Michigan 's electoral vote gets hearing '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Jacobson , Louis ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` The Ramifications of Changing the Electoral College '' . Governing Magazine . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Retrieved November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Reid ( 17 December 2012 ) . `` The GOP 's Electoral College Scheme '' . National Journal . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Bugh , Gary E. ( 2016 ) . `` Representation in Congressional Efforts to Amend the Presidential Election System '' . In Bugh , Gary . Electoral College Reform : Challenges and Possibilities . Routledge . pp. 5 -- 18 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 14527 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Op - Chart : How Much Is Your Vote Worth ? Op - Chart '' . November 2 , 2008 -- via The New York Times . Jump up ^ FairVote.org . `` Problems with the Electoral College -- Fairvote '' . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Edwards III , George C. ( 2011 ) . Why the Electoral College is Bad for America ( Second ed . ) . New Haven and London : Yale University Press . pp. 1 , 37 , 61 , 176 -- 77 , 193 -- 94 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 16649 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Electoral College Mischief , The Wall Street Journal , September 8 , 2004 '' . Opinionjournal.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Did JFK Lose the Popular Vote ? '' . RealClearPolitics . October 22 , 2012 . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Carlos Felipe . `` National Popular Vote -- Electoral college reform by direct election of the President '' . archive.nationalpopularvote.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ See also List of United States cities by population Jump up ^ Myths about Big Cities and Big States by National Popular Vote ( archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 05 ) Jump up ^ CGP Grey ( 2016 - 11 - 11 ) , Re : The Trouble With The Electoral College -- Cities , Metro Areas , Elections and The United States , retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 Jump up ^ Jonathan H. Adler . `` Your candidate got more of the popular vote ? Irrelevant '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ashe Schow . `` Why the popular vote is a meaningless statistic '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ CGP Grey ( 2011 - 11 - 07 ) , The Trouble with the Electoral College , retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 Jump up ^ Pearson , Christopher ; Richie , Rob ; Johnson , Adam ( November 3 , 2005 ) . `` Who Picks the President ? '' ( PDF ) . FairVote -- The Center for Voting and Democracy . p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Time to End the Electoral College : Here 's how '' . The Nation . November 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Nivola , Pietro ( January 2005 ) . `` Thinking About Political Polarization '' ( 139 ) . Brookings Institution Policy Brief . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Koza , John ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Every Vote Equal : A State - Based Plan for Electing the President by National Popular Vote '' ( PDF ) . p. xvii . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 11 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Amar , Akhil ; Amar , Vikram ( September 9 , 2004 ) . `` The Electoral College Votes Against Equality '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Katrina vanden Heuvel ( November 7 , 2012 ) . `` It 's Time to End the Electoral College '' . The Nation . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Electoral college defenders offer a range of arguments , from the openly anti-democratic ( direct election equals mob rule ) , to the nostalgic ( we 've always done it this way ) , to the opportunistic ( your little state will get ignored ! More vote - counting means more controversies ! The Electoral College protects hurricane victims ! ) . But none of those arguments overcome this one : One person , one vote . Jump up ^ `` Guam Legislature Moves General Election Presidential Vote to the September Primary '' . Ballot-Access.org. 2008 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` In Guam , ' Non-Binding Straw Poll ' Gives Obama A Commanding Win '' . NPR. 2012 - 11 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` The electoral college badly distorts the vote . And it 's going to get worse '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Torruella , Juan R. ( 1985 ) , The Supreme Court and Puerto Rico : The Doctrine of Separate and Unequal , University of Puerto Rico Press , ISBN 0 - 8477 - 3031 - X Jump up ^ José D. Román . `` Puerto Rico and a Constitutional Right to vote '' . University of Dayton . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 02 . ( excerpted from : José D. Román , `` Trying to Fit an Oval Shaped Island into a Square Constitution : Arguments for Puerto Rican Statehood '' , 29 Fordham Urban Law Journal 1681 -- 1713 , 1697 -- 1713 ( April 2002 ) ( 316 Footnotes Omitted ) ) Jump up ^ Miroff , Bruce ; Seidelman , Raymond ; Swanstrom , Todd ( November 2001 ) . The Democratic Debate : An Introduction to American Politics ( Third ed . ) . Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 618 - 05452 - 9 . Jump up ^ Banzhaf , John ( 1968 ) . `` One Man , 3.312 Votes : A Mathematical Analysis of the Electoral College '' . Villanova Law Review . 13 . Jump up ^ Mark Livingston , Department of Computer Science . `` Banzhaf Power Index '' . University of North Carolina . Jump up ^ Gelman , Andrew ; Katz , Jonathan ; Tuerlinckx , Francis ( 2002 ) . `` The Mathematics and Statistics of Voting Power '' ( PDF ) . Statistical Science . 17 ( 4 ) : 420 -- @ 35 . doi : 10.1214 / ss / 1049993201 . Jump up ^ Jerry Fresia ( February 28 , 2006 ) . `` Third Parties ? '' . Zmag.org . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2009 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.politico.com/story/2016/12/electoral-college-electors-232791 Jump up ^ http://www.houstonpress.com/news/despite-two-faithless-electors-in-texas-trump-wins-the-electoral-college-9040222 Jump up ^ P. Andrew Sandlin ( December 13 , 2000 ) . `` Why the Electoral College '' . Lewrockwell.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hands Off the Electoral College by Rep. Ron Paul , MD , December 28 , 2004 ^ Jump up to : Kimberling , William C. ( May 1992 ) . `` The Electoral College '' ( PDF ) . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved January 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sabato , Larry ( 2007 ) . A More Perfect Constitution ( First U.S. ed . ) . Walker Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1621 - 0 . Retrieved July 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Majority and Plurality in U.S. Gubernatorial Elections . FairVote.org ( 2010 - 04 - 09 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Note : this may be a few days or even weeks before an election ; many states can not change ballots at a late stage . Jump up ^ Note : the day when the electors cast their votes is the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December . Jump up ^ Note : three electoral votes were still cast for Greeley despite being dead . Jump up ^ Ethan Trex ( November 4 , 2008 ) . `` Electoral College for dummies '' . CNN . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 ... In 1872 , though , Democrat Horace Greeley died just over three weeks after Ulysses S. Grant thumped him in the election ... electors who would have voted for Greeley simply spread their 66 votes among other Democratic candidates ... Thomas Andrews Hendricks actually came in second in the election with 42 electoral votes despite not campaigning for the presidency ... Jump up ^ SHELLY FREIERMAN ( November 2 , 2000 ) . `` NEWS WATCH ; Looking for Comic Relief ? Then Consider the Duke '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 ... ( In 1872 , Horace Greeley , opposing Ulysses S. Grant , got zero electoral votes to Grant 's 286 , but five other candidates received from one to 42 votes each ) . Jump up ^ JAMES BARRON ( August 27 , 2012 ) . `` When the Vice Presidency Was a Job for New Yorkers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 ... But Sherman died in office , less than a month before the election of 1912 ... The Republican Party designated Nicholas Murray Butler ... as the candidate to receive Sherman 's votes in the Electoral College ... Jump up ^ Darlington , Richard B . `` The Electoral College : Bulwark Against Fraud '' . Cornell University Department of Psychology . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2000 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Myths about Recounts '' . National Popular Vote . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ For a more detailed account of this proposal read The Politics of Electoral College Reform by Lawrence D. Longley and Alan G. Braun ( 1972 ) Jump up ^ 1968 Electoral College Results , National Archives and Records Administration Jump up ^ `` Text of Proposed Amendment on Voting '' . The New York Times . April 30 , 1969 . p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` House Unit Votes To Drop Electors '' . The New York Times . April 30 , 1969 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Direct Election of President Is Gaining in the House '' . The New York Times . September 12 , 1969 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ `` House Approves Direct Election of The President '' . The New York Times . September 19 , 1969 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Nixon Comes Out For Direct Vote On Presidency '' . The New York Times . October 1 , 1969 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` A Survey Finds 30 Legislatures Favor Direct Vote For President '' . The New York Times . October 8 , 1969 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Weaver , Warren ( April 24 , 1970 ) . `` Senate Unit Asks Popular Election of the President '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Bayh Calls for Nixon 's Support As Senate Gets Electoral Plan '' . The New York Times . August 15 , 1970 . p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Weaver , Warren ( September 18 , 1970 ) . `` Senate Refuses To Halt Debate On Direct Voting '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Senate Debating Direct Election '' . The New York Times . September 9 , 1970 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ The Senate in 1975 reduced the required vote for cloture from two thirds of those voting ( 66 votes ) to three fifths ( 60 votes ) . See United States Senate website . Jump up ^ `` Senate Puts Off Direct Vote Plan '' . The New York Times . September 30 , 1970 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Jimmy Carter Letter to Congress , Jimmy Carter : `` Election reform Message to the Congress '' , Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley , The American Presidency Project . ^ Jump up to : Carter Proposes End Of Electoral College In Presidential Votes , The New York Times , March 23 , 1977 , Pages 1 , 18 . Jump up ^ Carter v . The Electoral College , Chicago Tribune , March 24 , 1977 , Section 3 , Page 2 Jump up ^ The New York Times , Special To ( 15 March 1979 ) . `` Letters '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 18 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , George ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Congressman Cohen proposes elimination of Electoral College '' . WREG - TV . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ H.J. Res. 19 Jump up ^ Text of the compact Jump up ^ Neale , Thomas H. Electoral College Reform Congressional Research Service pp. 21 -- 22 , viewed November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` National Popular Vote '' . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Silver , Nate ( 17 April 2014 ) . `` Why a Plan to Circumvent the Electoral College Is Probably Doomed '' . FiveThirtyEight . ESPN . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . External links Wikisource has the text of the 1905 New International Encyclopedia article Electoral College . U.S. Electoral College FAQ ( www.archives.gov ) Interactive U.S. Electoral Map Historical Documents on the Electoral College Electoral Vote 270 to win Winning The Electoral College `` Math Against Tyranny '' The Green Papers : More detailed description of reform proposals The Electoral College : How It Works in Contemporary Presidential Elections Congressional Research Service Electoral College Reform : Contemporary Issues for Congress Congressional Research Service Office of the Federal Register Joint Session of the 111th Congress for the purpose of certifying the Electoral College ballot count , January 9 , 2009 ( C - Span video ) Introductory chapter of Electoral College Reform : Challenges and Possibilities Voter Turnout Data - United States Election Project Voting rights in the United States Constitutional provisions Article I Voter Qualifications Clause Elections Clause 1st Amendment 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause 15th Amendment 17th Amendment 19th Amendment 23rd Amendment 24th Amendment 26th Amendment Federal laws Voting Rights Act of 1965 Amendments List of covered jurisdictions Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act National Voter Registration Act of 1993 Help America Vote Act of 2002 State laws Voter access Absentee ballot Early voting Postal voting Provisional ballot Voter registration in the U.S. Initiatives and referendums Recall election Vote denial Electoral fraud Grandfather clause Literacy test Poll tax Voter caging Voter ID laws Vote dilution Gerrymandering Plurality - at - large voting One man , one vote By group Women Youth Felons Foreigners Transgender people District of Columbia residents Puerto Rico residents Guam residents History Timeline Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era Selma to Montgomery marches Timeline of women 's suffrage Woman Suffrage Parade of 1913 Silent Sentinels U.S. suffragists publications History of direct democracy Related Ballot access Campaign finance Citizenship Disfranchisement Election Election law Elections Electoral reform Electoral College Redistricting Secret ballot Suffrage Voting Voting system Voter registration National Voting Rights Museum United States presidential elections Elections by year 1788 -- 89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Elections by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington Washington , D.C. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who chooses the electors in the electoral college	[]	[]
-6968097418167302679	United States Navy SEALs	United States Navy SEALs - Wikipedia United States Navy SEALs Jump to : navigation , search `` SEAL '' and `` Navy SEALs '' redirect here . For other uses , see SEAL ( disambiguation ) and Navy SEALs ( disambiguation ) . US Navy special operations force United States Navy SEALs Special Warfare insignia known as the `` SEAL Trident '' Active 1 January 1962 -- present ( 56 years , 3 months ) Country United States of America Branch United States Navy Type Special operations force Role Special operations HVT Raids Direct action Counter-terrorism Special reconnaissance Unconventional warfare Hostage rescue Foreign internal defense Counter-proliferation Counter narcotic operations Part of U.S. Special Operations Command U.S. Naval Special Warfare Command Garrison / HQ Naval Amphibious Base Coronado Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek Nickname ( s ) `` Frogmen '' , `` The Teams '' , `` The Men with Green Faces '' Motto ( s ) `` The Only Easy Day Was Yesterday '' , `` It Pays to be a Winner '' Engagements Vietnam War Multinational Force in Lebanon Operation Urgent Fury Achille Lauro hijacking Operation Earnest Will Operation Prime Chance Operation Just Cause Operation Nifty Package Operation Desert Storm Somali Civil War Operation Restore Hope Operation Gothic Serpent Battle of Mogadishu Operation Uphold Democracy Yugoslav Wars Operation Enduring Freedom War in Afghanistan Operation Red Wings Operation Iraqi Freedom War in North - West Pakistan Angur Ada raid Operation Neptune Spear Maersk Alabama hijacking War on ISIL Operation Inherent Resolve 2014 hostage rescue operations in Yemen 2017 Marawi Crisis The United States Navy 's Sea , Air and Land Teams , commonly abbreviated as the Navy SEALs , are the U.S. Navy 's primary special operations force and a component of the Naval Special Warfare Command . Among the SEALs ' main functions are conducting small - unit maritime military operations that originate from , and return to , a river , ocean , swamp , delta , or coastline . The SEALs are trained to operate in all environments ( sea , air , and land ) for which they are named . As of 2018 , all active SEALs are currently male and members of the U.S. Navy . The CIA 's highly secretive and elite Special Operations Group ( SOG ) recruits operators from SEAL Teams , with joint operations going back to the MACV - SOG during the Vietnam War . This cooperation still exists today , as evidenced by military operations in Iraq and Afghanistan . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 Scouts and Raiders 1.3 Naval Combat Demolition Units 1.4 OSS Maritime Unit 1.5 Underwater Demolition Teams ( UDT ) 1.6 Korean War 1.7 Birth of Navy SEALs and the Vietnam War 1.8 Reorganization 1.9 Grenada 1.10 Iran -- Iraq War 1.11 Panama 1.12 Persian Gulf War 1.13 Somali Intervention 1.14 War in Afghanistan 1.14. 1 Invasion 1.14. 2 Post-invasion 1.15 Iraq War 1.15. 1 Invasion 1.15. 2 Post-invasion Iraq 1.16 Operation Enduring Freedom -- Philippines 1.17 Operation Enduring Freedom -- Horn of Africa 1.17. 1 Maersk Alabama hijacking 1.18 Death of Osama bin Laden 1.19 Morning Glory oil tanker 1.20 Operation Inherent Resolve 2 Selection and training 2.1 Women 3 Navy SEAL teams and structures 3.1 Naval Special Warfare Groups 3.2 SEAL Teams 3.3 Special warfare ratings 4 United States Navy Parachute Team `` Leap Frogs '' 5 Influence on foreign units 6 National Navy UDT - SEAL Museum and memorial 6.1 NSW personnel killed in action 7 In popular culture 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Origins ( edit ) The modern day U.S. Navy SEALs can trace their roots to World War II . The United States Navy recognized the need for the covert reconnaissance of landing beaches and coastal defenses . As a result , the Amphibious Scout and Raider School was established in 1942 at Fort Pierce , Florida . The Scouts and Raiders were formed in September of that year , just nine months after the attack on Pearl Harbor , from the Observer Group , a joint U.S. Army - Marine - Navy unit . Scouts and Raiders ( edit ) Recognizing the need for a beach reconnaissance force , a select group of Army and Navy personnel assembled at Amphibious Training Base Little Creek , Virginia on August 15 , 1942 to begin Amphibious Scouts and Raiders ( joint ) training . The Scouts and Raiders mission was to identify and reconnoiter the objective beach , maintain a position on the designated beach prior to a landing , and guide the assault waves to the landing beach . The first group included Phil H. Bucklew , the `` Father of Naval Special Warfare , '' after whom the Naval Special Warfare Center building is named . Commissioned in October 1942 , this group saw combat in November 1942 during Operation Torch on the North African Coast . Scouts and Raiders also supported landings in Sicily , Salerno , Anzio , Normandy , and southern France . A second group of Scouts and Raiders , code - named Special Service Unit No. 1 , was established on 7 July 1943 , as a joint and combined operations force . The first mission , in September 1943 , was at Finschhafen in Papua New Guinea . Later operations were at Gasmata , Arawe , Cape Gloucester , and the east and south coasts of New Britain , all without any loss of personnel . Conflicts arose over operational matters , and all non-Navy personnel were reassigned . The unit , renamed 7th Amphibious Scouts , received a new mission , to go ashore with the assault boats , buoy channels , erect markers for the incoming craft , handle casualties , take offshore soundings , clear beach obstacles and maintain voice communications linking the troops ashore , incoming boats and nearby ships . The 7th Amphibious Scouts conducted operations in the Pacific for the duration of the conflict , participating in more than 40 landings . The third and final Scouts and Raiders organization operated in China . Scouts and Raiders were deployed to fight with the Sino - American Cooperative Organization , or SACO . To help bolster the work of SACO , Admiral Ernest J. King ordered that 120 officers and 900 men be trained for `` Amphibious Raider '' at the Scout and Raider school at Fort Pierce , Florida . They formed the core of what was envisioned as a `` guerrilla amphibious organization of Americans and Chinese operating from coastal waters , lakes and rivers employing small steamboats and sampans . '' While most Amphibious Raider forces remained at Camp Knox in Calcutta , three of the groups saw active service . They conducted a survey of the upper Yangtze River in the spring of 1945 and , disguised as coolies , conducted a detailed three - month survey of the Chinese coast from Shanghai to Kitchioh Wan , near Hong Kong . Naval combat Demolition units ( edit ) NCDU 45 , Ensign Karnowski CEC , Chief Carpenters Mate Conrad C. Millis , Machinist Mate Equipment Operator 2nd Class Lester Meyers and 3 sailors . They were on Omaha beach with Ens . Karnowski earning the Navy Cross MM2 Meyers the Silver Star In September 1942 , 17 Navy salvage personnel arrived at ATB Little Creek , VA for a week long course in demolitions , explosive cable cutting and commando raiding techniques . On November 10 , 1942 , the first combat demolition unit successfully cut cable and net barriers across the Wadi Sebou River during Operation Torch in North Africa . This enabled the USS Dallas ( DD - 199 ) to traverse the water and insert U.S. Rangers who captured the Port Lyautey airdrome . In early May 1943 , a two - phase `` Naval Demolition Project '' was directed by the Chief of Naval Operations `` to meet a present and urgent requirement '' . The first phase began at Amphibious Training Base ( ATB ) Solomons , Maryland with the establishment of Operational Naval Demolition Unit No. 1 . Six Officers and eighteen enlisted men reported from the Seabee 's NTC Camp Peary dynamiting and demolition school , for a four - week course . Those Seabees were immediately sent to participate in the invasion of Sicily . At that time Lieutenant Commander Draper L. Kauffman , `` The Father of Naval Combat Demolition , '' was selected to set up a school for Naval Demolitions and direct the entire Project . The first six classes graduated from `` Area E '' at NTC Camp Peary . LCDR Kauffman 's needs quickly out - grew `` Area E '' and on 6 June 1943 he established NCDU training at Fort Pierce . Most of Kauffman 's volunteers came from the navy 's Civil Engineer Corps and enlisted seabees . Training commenced with a gruelling week designed to filter out under - performing candidates . By April 1944 , a total of 34 NCDUs were deployed to England in preparation for Operation Overlord , the amphibious landing at Normandy . On 6 June 1944 , in the face of great adversity , the NCDUs at Omaha Beach managed to blow eight complete gaps and two partial gaps in the German defenses . The NCDUs suffered 31 killed and 60 wounded , a casualty rate of 52 % . Meanwhile , the NCDUs at Utah Beach met less intense enemy fire . They cleared 700 yards ( 640 metres ) of beach in two hours , another 900 yards ( 820 metres ) by the afternoon . Casualties at Utah Beach were significantly lighter with six killed and eleven wounded . During Operation Overlord , not a single demolitioneer was lost to improper handling of explosives . In August 1944 , NCDUs from Utah Beach participated in the landings in southern France , the last amphibious operation in the European Theater of Operations . NCDUs also operated in the Pacific theater . NCDUs 1 - 10 were staged on Florida Island in the Solomon Islands ( archipelago ) during January 1944 . A few were temporarily attached to UDTs . Later NCDUs 1 - 10 were combined to form Underwater Demolition Team A. It is most commonly referred to by its USN phonetic UDT `` Able '' . NCDU 2 , under LTjg Frank Kaine , after whom the Naval Special Warfare Command building is named , and NCDU 3 under LTjg Lloyd Anderson , formed the nucleus of six NCDUs that served with the Seventh Amphibious Force and were the only remaining NCDUs at the end of the war . OSS maritime unit ( edit ) Some of the earliest World War II predecessors of the SEALs were the Operational Swimmers of the Office of Strategic Services , or OSS . Many current SEAL missions were first assigned to them . OSS specialized in special operations , dropping operatives behind enemy lines to engage in organized guerrilla warfare as well as to gather information on such things as enemy resources and troop movements . British Combined Operations veteran LCDR Wooley , of the Royal Navy , was placed in charge of the OSS Maritime Unit in June 1943 . Their training started in November 1943 at Camp Pendleton , California , moved to Santa Catalina Island , California in January 1944 , and finally moved to the warmer waters of The Bahamas in March 1944 . Within the U.S. military , they pioneered flexible swimfins and diving masks , closed - circuit diving equipment ( under the direction of Dr. Christian J. Lambertsen ) , the use of Swimmer Delivery Vehicles ( a type of submersible ) , and combat swimming and limpet mine attacks . In May 1944 , Colonel `` Wild Bill '' Donovan , the head of the OSS , divided the unit into groups . He loaned Group 1 , under Lieutenant Choate , to Admiral Nimitz , as a way to introduce the OSS into the Pacific theater . They became part of UDT - 10 in July 1944 . Five OSS men participated in the very first UDT submarine operation with the USS Burrfish in the Caroline Islands in August 1944 . Underwater Demolition Teams ( UDT ) ( edit ) Main article : Underwater Demolition Teams UDT 3 Seabee welcome sign for the U.S. Marine Corps on Guam ( U.S. Navy ) On 23 November 1943 , the U.S. Marines suffered heavy losses at the Battle of Tarawa , as the second wave of landing crafts ran aground on coral reefs because of unexpectedly shallow tide . As a result , Admiral Kelly Turner ordered the formation of nine underwater demolition teams to do advance landing reconnaissance and demolition of beach obstructions . UDTs 1 & 2 consisted mostly of Seabees plus a few Amphibious Scouts and Raiders personnel . They all had been through the NCDU program and additionally trained at Waimanalo , on Maui . Seabees made up the vast majority of the men in teams 1 - 9 and 13 and were referred to as Seabee Teams . Seabees were roughly 20 % of UDT 11 . The officers were mostly CEC . When Teams 1 and 2 were initially formed they were `` provisional '' with 180 men total . They wore fatigues with life - vests and were not expected to leave their boats similar to the NCDUs . However , at Kwajalein Fort Pierce protocol was changed . Admiral Turner ordered daylight reconnaissance and CEC Ens . Lewis F. Luehrs and Seabee Chief Bill Acheson wore swim trunks under their fatigues anticipating they would not be able to get what the Admiral wanted by staying in the boat . They stripped down , spent 45 minutes in the water in broad daylight . When they got out were taken directly to Admiral Turners flagship to report , still in their trunks . Admiral Turner concluded that daylight reconnaissance by individual swimmers was the way to get accurate information on coral and underwater obstacles for upcoming landings . This is what he reported to Admiral Nimitz . The success of those UDT 1 Seabees not following Fort Pierce protocol rewrote the UDT mission model and training regimen . As a result of UDT 1 the Naval Combat Demolition Training & Experimental Base was created at Kihei on Maui and was distinctly different from Fort Pierce . Those seabees also created the image of UDTs as the `` naked warriors '' . Eventually , 34 UDT teams were established . Their combat uniform of the day was : trunks , fins , diving masks and Ka - bars . These `` Naked Warriors '' saw action across the Pacific in every major amphibious landing including : Eniwetok , Saipan , Kwajalein , Tinian , Guam , Angaur , Ulithi , Peleliu , Leyte , Lingayen Gulf , Zambales , Iwo Jima , Okinawa , Labuan , and Brunei Bay . The last UDT operation of the war was on 4 July 1945 at Balikpapan , Borneo . The rapid demobilization at the conclusion of the war reduced the number of active duty UDTs to two on each coast with a complement of seven officers and 45 enlisted men each . Korean War ( edit ) UDT members using the casting technique from a speeding boat . The Korean War began on 25 June 1950 , when the North Korean army invaded South Korea . Beginning with a detachment of 11 personnel from UDT 3 , UDT participation expanded to three teams with a combined strength of 300 men . During the `` Forgotten War '' the UDTs fought intensively , beginning to employ demolition expertise gained from WWII and use it for an offensive role . Continuing to use water as cover and concealment as well as an insertion method , the Korean Era UDTs targeted bridges , tunnels , fishing nets and other maritime and coastal targets . They also developed a close working relationship with the Republic of Korea Underwater Demolitions Unit ( predecessor to the Navy Special Warfare Flotilla ) , which continues today . The UDTs refined and developed their commando tactics during the Korean War , through their focused efforts on demolitions and mine disposal . The UDTs also accompanied South Korean commandos on raids in the North to demolish train tunnels . This was frowned upon by higher - ranking officials because they believed it was a non-traditional use of Naval forces . Due to the nature of the war the UDTs maintained a low operational profile . Some of the missions include transporting spies into North Korea and the destruction of North Korean fishing nets used to supply the North Korean Army . As part of the Special Operations Group , or SOG , UDTs successfully conducted demolition raids on railroad tunnels and bridges along the Korean coast . The UDTs specialized in a somewhat new mission : Night coastal demolition raids against railroad tunnels and bridges . The UDT men were given the task because , in the words of UDT Lieutenant Ted Fielding , `` We were ready to do what nobody else could do , and what nobody else wanted to do . '' ( Ted Fielding was awarded the Silver Star during Korea , and was later promoted to the rank of Captain ) . On 15 September 1950 , UDTs supported Operation Chromite , the amphibious landing at Incheon . UDT 1 and 3 provided personnel who went in ahead of the landing craft , scouting mud flats , marking low points in the channel , clearing fouled propellers , and searching for mines . Four UDT personnel acted as wave - guides for the Marine landing . In October 1950 , UDTs supported mine - clearing operations in Wonsan Harbor where frogmen would locate and mark mines for minesweepers . On 12 October 1950 , two U.S. minesweepers hit mines and sank . UDTs rescued 25 sailors . The next day , William Giannotti conducted the first U.S. combat operation using an `` aqualung '' when he dove on the USS Pledge . For the remainder of the war , UDTs conducted beach and river reconnaissance , infiltrated guerrillas behind the lines from sea , continued mine sweeping operations , and participated in Operation Fishnet , which devastated the North Koreans ' fishing capability . Birth of Navy SEALs and the Vietnam War ( edit ) Main article : Vietnam War President John F. Kennedy , aware of the situation in Southeast Asia , recognized the need for unconventional warfare and special operations as a measure against guerrilla warfare . In a speech , to Congress , on 25 May 1961 , Kennedy spoke of his deep respect for the United States Army Special Forces . While his announcement of the government 's plan to put a man on the moon drew most of the attention , in the same speech he announced his intention to spend over $100 million to strengthen U.S. special operations forces and expand American capabilities in unconventional warfare . Some people erroneously credit President Kennedy with creating the Navy SEALs . His announcement was actually only a formal acknowledgement of a process that had been under way since Korea . The Navy needed to determine its role within the special operations arena . In March 1961 , Admiral Arleigh Burke , the Chief of Naval Operations , recommended the establishment of guerrilla and counter-guerrilla units . These units would be able to operate from sea , air or land . This was the beginning of the Navy SEALs . All SEALs came from the Navy 's Underwater Demolition Teams , who had already gained extensive experience in commando warfare in Korea ; however , the Underwater Demolition Teams were still necessary to the Navy 's amphibious force . Members of SEAL Delivery Vehicle Team Two in a Dry Deck Shelter of the submerged USS Philadelphia . The first two teams were formed in January 1962 and stationed on both US coasts : Team ONE at Naval Amphibious Base Coronado , in San Diego , California and Team TWO at Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek , in Virginia Beach , Virginia . Formed entirely with personnel from UDTs , the SEALs mission was to conduct counter guerilla warfare and clandestine operations in maritime and riverine environments . Men of the newly formed SEAL Teams were trained in such unconventional areas as hand - to - hand combat , high - altitude parachuting , demolitions , and foreign languages . The SEALs attended Underwater Demolition Team replacement training and they spent some time training in UDTs . Upon making it to a SEAL team , they would undergo a SEAL Basic Indoctrination ( SBI ) training class at Camp Kerry in the Cuyamaca Mountains . After SBI training class , they would enter a platoon and conduct platoon training . According to founding SEAL team member Roy Boehm , the SEALs ' first missions were directed against communist Cuba . These consisted of deploying from submarines and carrying out beach reconnaissance in prelude to a proposed US amphibious invasion of the island . On at least one occasion Boehm and another SEAL smuggled a CIA agent ashore to take pictures of Soviet nuclear missiles being unloaded on the dockside . The Pacific Command recognized Vietnam as a potential hot spot for unconventional forces . At the beginning of 1962 , the UDTs started hydrographic surveys and along with other branches of the US Military , the Military Assistance Command Vietnam ( MACV ) was formed . In March 1962 , SEALs were deployed to South Vietnam as advisors for the purpose of training Army of the Republic of Vietnam commandos in the same methods they were trained themselves . The Central Intelligence Agency began using SEALs in covert operations in early 1963 . The SEALs were involved in the CIA sponsored Phoenix Program where it targeted key North Vietnamese Army personnel and Vietcong sympathizers for capture and assassination . The SEALs were initially deployed in and around Da Nang , training the South Vietnamese in combat diving , demolitions , and guerrilla / anti-guerrilla tactics . As the war continued , the SEALs found themselves positioned in the Rung Sat Special Zone where they were to disrupt the enemy supply and troop movements and in the Mekong Delta to fulfill riverine operations , fighting on the inland waterways . SEALs on patrol in the Mekong Delta . Combat with the Viet Cong was direct . Unlike the conventional warfare methods of firing artillery into a coordinate location , the SEALs operated close to their targets . Into the late 1960s , the SEALs were successful in a new style of warfare , effective in anti-guerrilla and guerrilla actions . SEALs brought a personal war to the enemy in a previously safe area . The Viet Cong referred to them as `` the men with green faces , '' due to the camouflage face paint the SEALs wore during combat missions . In February 1966 , a small SEAL Team One detachment arrived in Vietnam to conduct direct actions missions . Operating from Nha Be , in the Rung Sat Special Zone , this detachment signaled the beginning of a SEAL presence that would eventually include 8 SEAL platoons in country on a continuing basis . SEALs also served as advisors for Provincial Reconnaissance Units and the Lein Doc Nguio Nhia , the Vietnamese SEALs . SEALs continued to make forays into North Vietnam and Laos , and covertly into Cambodia , controlled by the Studies and Observations Group . The SEALs from Team TWO started a unique deployment of SEAL team members working alone with South Vietnamese Commandos ( ARVN ) . In 1967 , a SEAL unit named Detachment Bravo ( Det Bravo ) was formed to operate these mixed US and ARVN units , which were called South Vietnamese Provincial Reconnaissance Units ( PRUs ) . At the beginning of 1968 , the North Vietnamese and the Viet Cong orchestrated a major offensive against South Vietnam : the `` Tet Offensive '' . The North hoped it would prove to be America 's Dien Bien Phu , attempting to break the American public 's desire to continue the war . As propaganda , the Tet Offensive was successful in adding to the American protest of the Vietnam war . However , North Vietnam suffered tremendous casualties , and from a purely military standpoint , the Tet Offensive was a major disaster for the Communists . By 1970 , President Richard Nixon initiated a Plan of Vietnamization , which would remove the US from the Vietnam War and return the responsibility of defense back to the South Vietnamese . Conventional forces were being withdrawn ; the last SEAL platoon left Vietnam on 7 December 1971 , the last SEAL advisor , left Vietnam in March 1973 . South Vietnam fell to North Vietnamese communist forces in April 1975 . The SEALs were among the highest decorated units for their size in the war , receiving five Navy Crosses , 42 Silver stars , 402 Bronze Stars , two Legions of Merit , 352 Commendation Medals , three Presidential Unit Citations and three Medals of Honor . By the end of the war , 48 SEALs had been killed in Vietnam , but estimates of their kill count are as high as 2,000 . The Navy SEAL Museum in Fort Pierce , Florida , displays a list of the 48 SEALs who lost their lives in combat during the Vietnam War . Reorganization ( edit ) On May 1 , 1983 , UDT -- 11 was redesignated as SEAL Team FIVE , UDT -- 21 was redesignated as SEAL Team FOUR , UDT -- 12 became SEAL Delivery Vehicle Team ONE ( SDVT -- 1 ) , and UDT -- 22 was redesignated as SDVT -- 2 . SEAL Team THREE , was established October 1 , 1983 in Coronado , CA . SEAL Team EIGHT was established on October 1 , 1988 at Naval Amphibious Base , Little Creek , VA . Grenada ( edit ) Main article : Invasion of Grenada Both SEAL Team FOUR and SEAL Team SIX , the predecessor to DEVGRU , participated in the US invasion of Grenada . The SEALs ' two primary missions were the extraction of Grenada 's Governor - General and the capture of Grenada 's only radio tower . Neither mission was well briefed or sufficiently supported with timely intelligence and the SEALs ran into trouble from the very beginning . On 24 October 1983 , twelve operators from SEAL Team SIX and four Air Force Combat Control Team members ( CCT ) conducted a predawn combat airborne water insertion from C130 Hercules with Zodiac inflatable rubber boats 40 kilometers north of Point Salinas , Grenada . The team inserted with full combat gear in bad weather with low visibility conditions and high winds . Four SEALs drowned and were never recovered . SEALs split into two teams and proceeded to their objectives . After digging in at the Governor 's mansion , the SEALs realized they had forgotten to load their cryptographic satellite phone . As Grenadian and Cuban troops surrounded the team , the SEALs ' only radio ran out of battery power , and they used the mansion 's land line telephone to call in AC - 130 gunship fire support . The SEALs were pinned down in the mansion overnight and were relieved and extracted by a group of Marines the following morning . The team sent to the radio station also ran into communication problems . As soon as the SEALs reached the radio facility they found themselves unable to raise their command post . After beating back several waves of Grenadian and Cuban troops supported by BTR - 60 armoured personnel carriers , the SEALs decided that their position at the radio tower was untenable . They destroyed the station and fought their way to the water where they hid from patrolling enemy forces . After the enemy had given up their search the SEALs , some wounded , swam into the open sea where they were extracted several hours later after being spotted by a reconnaissance aircraft . Iran -- Iraq War ( edit ) Main article : Operation Prime Chance During the closing stages of the Iran -- Iraq War the United States Navy began conducting operations in the Persian Gulf to protect US - flagged ships from attack by Iranian naval forces . A secret plan was put in place and dubbed Operation Prime Chance . Navy SEAL Teams 1 and 2 along with several Special Boat Units and EOD techs were deployed on mobile command barges and transported by helicopters from the Army 's 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment . Over the course of the operation SEALs conducted VBSS ( Visit , Board , Search , and Seizure ) missions to counter Iranian mine laying boats . The only loss of life occurred during the take down of the Iran Ajr . Evidence gathered on the Iran Ajr by the SEALs later allowed the US Navy to trace the mines that struck the USS Samuel B. Roberts ( FFG - 58 ) . This chain of events lead to Operation Praying Mantis , the largest US Naval surface engagement since the Second World War . During Operation Desert Shield and Storm , Navy SEALs trained Kuwaiti Special Forces . They set up naval special operations groups in Kuwait , working with the Kuwaiti Navy in exile . Using these new diving , swimming , and combat skills , these commandos took part in combat operations such as the liberation of the capital city . Panama ( edit ) Main article : United States invasion of Panama Members of SEAL Team 4 immediately before the start of Operation Just Cause . The United States Navy contributed extensive special operations assets to the invasion of Panama , codenamed Operation Just Cause . This included SEAL Teams 2 and 4 , Naval Special Warfare Unit 8 , and Special Boat Unit 26 , all falling under Naval Special Warfare Group 2 ; and the separate Naval Special Warfare Development Group ( DEVGRU ) . DEVGRU fell under Task Force Blue , while Naval Special Warfare Group 2 composed the entirety of Task Force White . Task Force White was tasked with three principal objectives : the destruction of Panamanian Defense Forces ( PDF ) naval assets in Balboa Harbor and the destruction of Manuel Noriega 's private jet at Paitilla Airport ( collectively known as Operation Nifty Package ) , as well as isolating PDF forces on Flamenco Island . The strike on Balboa Harbor by Task Unit Whiskey is notably marked in SEAL history as the first publicly acknowledged combat swimmer mission since the Second World War . Prior to the commencement of the invasion four Navy SEALs , Lt Edward S. Coughlin , EN - 3 Timothy K. Eppley , ET - 1 Randy L. Beausoleil , and PH - 2 Chris Dye , swam underwater into the harbor on Draeger LAR - V rebreathers and attached C4 explosives to and destroyed Noriega 's personal gunboat the Presidente Porras . Task Unit Papa was tasked with the seizure of Paitilla airfield and the destruction of Noriega 's plane there . Several SEALs were concerned about the nature of the mission assigned to them being that airfield seizure was usually the domain of the Army Rangers . Despite these misgivings and a loss of operational surprise , the SEALs of TU Papa proceeded with their mission . Almost immediately upon landing , the 48 SEALs came under withering fire from the PDF stationed at the airfield . Although Noriega 's plane was eventually destroyed , the SEALs suffered four dead and thirteen wounded . Killed were Lt. John Connors , Chief Petty Officer Donald McFaul , Torpedoman 's Mate 2nd Class Issac Rodriguez , and Boatswain 's Mate 1st Class Chris Tilghman . Persian Gulf War ( edit ) Main article : Gulf War In August 1990 , SEALs were the first western forces to deploy to the Persian Gulf as part of Operation Desert Shield . They infiltrated the capital city of Kuwait within hours of the invasion and gathered intelligence and developed plans to rescue US embassy staff should they become hostages . SEALs were also the first to capture Iraqi Prisoners of War when they assaulted nine Kuwaiti Oil platforms on 19 January 1991 . On 23 February 1991 , a seven - man SEAL team launched a mission to trick the Iraqi military into thinking an amphibious assault on Kuwait by coalition forces was imminent by setting off explosives and placing marking buoys 500 meters off the Kuwaiti coast . The mission was a success and Iraqi forces were diverted east away from the true coalition offensive . The SEALs were first into Kuwait City in their Desert Patrol Vehicles when it was recaptured . Somali intervention ( edit ) On 6 December 1992 , as part of Operation Restore Hope , U.S. Navy SEALs and Special Boat crewmen from Naval Special Warfare Task Unit TRIPOLI began a three - day operation carrying out reconnaissance operations in the vicinity of Mogadishu airport and harbor ; ahead of UNITAFs deployment to the country . They suffered only one casualty , who was injured by an IED . In August 1993 a four - man DEVGRU SEAL sniper team was deployed to Mogadishu to work alongside Delta Force as part of Task Force Ranger in the search for Somali warlord Mohammed Farrah Aidid . They took part in several operations in support of the CIA and Army culminating in the 3 October ' Battle of Mogadishu ' where they were part of the ground convoy raiding the Olympic Hotel . All four SEALs would be later awarded the Silver Star in recognition of their bravery whilst Navy SEAL Howard E. Wasdin would be awarded a Purple Heart after continuing to fight despite being wounded three times during the battle . War in Afghanistan ( edit ) Main article : War in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- present ) Invasion ( edit ) Further information on the opening phase of Operation Enduring Freedom -- Afghanistan : United States invasion of Afghanistan In the immediate aftermath of the 11 September attacks , Navy SEALs quickly dispatched to Camp Doha , and those already aboard US Naval vessels in the Persian Gulf and surrounding waters began conducting VBSS operations against ships suspected of having ties to or even carrying al Qaeda operatives . SEAL Teams 3 and 8 also began rotating into Oman from the United States and staging on the island of Masirah for operations in Afghanistan . One of the SEALs ' immediate concerns was their lack of suitable vehicles to conduct special reconnaissance ( SR ) missions in the rough , landlocked terrain of Afghanistan . After borrowing and retrofitting Humvees from the Army Rangers also staging on Masirah , the SEALs inserted into Afghanistan to conduct the SR of what would become Camp Rhino , as part of Operation Enduring Freedom -- Afghanistan ( OEF - A ) . These early stages of OEF were commanded by a fellow SEAL , Rear Admiral Albert Calland . Task Force K - Bar SEALs at one of the entrances to the Zhawar Kili cave complex . As part of the CJSOTF ( Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force ) under the command of General Tommy Franks at CENTCOM SEALs from DEVGRU were part of Task Force Sword , which was established in early October 2001 , it was a black SOF ( Special Operations Forces ) unit under direct command of JSOC . It was a so - called hunter - killer force whose primary objective was of capturing or killing senior leadership and HVT within both al - Qaeda and the Taliban . Sword was initially structured around a two - squadron component of operators from Delta Force ( Task Force Green ) and DEVGRU ( Task Force Blue ) supported by a Ranger protection force teams ( Task Force Red ) and ISA signals intercept and surveillance operators ( Task Force Orange ) and the 160th SOAR ( Task Force Brown ) . Task Force K - Bar was established on 10 October 2001 , it was formed around a Naval Special Warfare Group consisting of SEALs from SEAL Teams 2 , 3 and 8 and Green Berets from 1st Battalion , 3rd SFG ; the task force was led by SEAL Captain Robert Harward . The task force 's principal task was to conduct SR and SSE missions in the south of the country . Other Coalition SOF - particularly KSK , JTF2 and New Zealand Special Air Service were assigned to the task force . As part of the JIATF - CT ( Joint Interagency Task Force - Counterterrorism ) - intelligence integration and fusion activity manned by personnel from all Operation Enduring Freedom -- Afghanistan ( OEF - A ) participating units - SEALs from DEVGRU were part of Task Force Bowie , they were embedded in the task force in AFOs ( Advanced Force Operations ) . The AFOs were 45 - man reconnaissances units made up of a Delta Force recce specialists augmented by selected SEALs from DEVGRU and supported by ISA 's technical experts . The AFOs had been raised to support TF Sword and were tasked with intelligence preparation of the battlefield , working closely with the CIA and reported directly to Task Force Sword . The AFOs conducted covert reconnaissance -- sending small 2 or 3 man teams into al - Qaeda ' Backyard ' along the border with Pakistan , the AFO operators would deploy observation posts to watch and report enemy movements and numbers as well as environmental reconnaissance ; much of the work was done on foot or ATVs . SEALs were present at the Battle of Qala - i - Jangi in November 2001 alongside their counterparts from the British SBS . Chief Petty Officer Stephen Bass was awarded the Navy Cross for his actions during the battle . Before the US Marines landed at Camp Rhino in November 2001 , a SEAL recce team from SEAL Team 8 conducted reconnaissance of the area , they were mistakenly engaged by orbiting AH - 1W attack helicopters , but the SEALs managed to get a message through to the Marines before they suffered casualties . The SR mission in the region of Camp Rhino lasted for four days , after which two United States Air Force Combat Control Teams made a nighttime HALO jump to assist the SEALs in guiding in Marines from the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit who seized control of the area and established a Forward operating base . Post-invasion ( edit ) Task Force K - Bar SEALs searching munitions found in the Zhawar Kili cave complex . In January 2002 , following the Battle of Tora Bora , another series of caves was discovered in Zhawar Kili , just south of Tora Bora , airstrikes hit the sites before SOF teams were inserted into the area . A SEAL platoon from SEAL Team 3 , including several of their Desert Patrol Vehicles , accompanied by a German KSK element , a Norwegian SOF team and JTF2 reconnaissance teams spent some nine days conducting extensive SEE , clearing an estimated 70 caves and 60 structures in the area , recovering a huge amount of both intelligence and munitions , but they did n't encounter any al - Qaeda fighters . Subsequent SEAL operations during the invasion of Afghanistan were conducted within Task Force K - Bar , a joint special operations unit of Army Special Forces , United States Air Force Special Tactics Teams , and special operations forces from Norway , Germany , Australia , New Zealand , Canada , and Denmark . Task Force K - Bar conducted combat operations in the massive cave complexes near the city of Kandahar and surrounding territory , the town of Prata Ghar and hundreds of miles of rough terrain in southern and eastern Afghanistan . Over the course of six months Task Force K - Bar killed or captured over 200 Taliban and al Qaeda fighters , and destroyed tens of thousands of pounds of weapons and ordnance . In February 2002 , while at Camp Rhino , the CIA passed on intelligence from a Predator drone operating in the Paktia province that Taliban Mullah Khirullah Said Wali Khairkhwa was spotted leaving a building by vehicle convoy . SEALs and Danish Jægerkorpset commandos boarded Air Force Pave Low helicopters and seized Khairkhwa on the road less than two hours later . The SEALs continued to perform reconnaissance operations for the Marines until leaving after having spent 45 days on the ground . In March 2002 , SEALs from DEVGRU , SEAL Team 2 , 3 and 8 participated extensively in Operation Anaconda . During what would become known as the Battle of Takur Ghar , whilst inserting from an MH - 47E Chinook , PO1 Neil Roberts from DEVGRU , was thrown from his helicopter when it took fire from entrenched al Qaeda fighters . Roberts was subsequently killed after engaging and fighting dozens of enemies for almost an hour . Several SEALs were wounded in a rescue attempt and their Air Force Combat Controller , Technical Sergeant John Chapman , was killed . Attempts to rescue the stranded SEAL also led to the deaths of several US Army Rangers and an Air Force Pararescueman acting as a Quick Reaction Force . Navy SEALs LT Michael P. Murphy and STG2 Matthew Axelson in Afghanistan , both of whom were killed in action . Later in 2002 , CJSOFT became a single integrated command under the broader CJTF - 180 that commanded all US forces assigned to OEF - A , it was built around an Army Special Forces Group ( often manned by National Guard units ) and SEAL teams . A small JSOC element ( formerly Task Force Sword / 11 ) not under direct CTJF command -- embedded within CJSOFT , it was manned by a joint SEAL and Ranger element that rotated command , it was not under direct ISAF command , although it operated in support of NATO operations . In June 2005 , Lieutenant Michael P. Murphy was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor after his four - man reconnaissance counterinsurgency team was almost wiped out during Operation Red Wings . After the four man team lost Danny Dietz , he put himself in open view to call in the QRF . He soon after died from injuries sustained . Matthew Axelson also died on this operation . The QRF never reached the scene ; it was struck by an RPG killing eight Navy SEALs and eight Army Night Stalkers . Marcus Luttrell was the only survivor from this operation . A US Navy SEAL , assigned to Special Operations Task Force - South East , greets children in a village in Uruzgan Province , 30 August 2012 . In early 2010 , Brigadier General Scott Miller took command of CJSOTF - Afghanistan and assigned virtually all SOF in the theatre to a new counterinsurgency role that would become known as the ALP / VSO Program ( Afghan Local Police / Village Stability Operations ) , the SOF in Afghanistan were organised into battalion level SOTF ( Special Operations Task Forces ) each with a geographic area of responsibility - the SEALs were given southeast Afghanistan . To increase security of their assigned VSO village , a SEAL Platoon in Chora District , Uruzgan Province built a wall constructed of 500 metres ( 550 yd ) of HESCO barriers to divert insurgent movements away , this proved successful and eventually the Afghan villagers took ownership of it . SEALs and other SOTF still conducted Direct Action missions , but now partnered with Afghan forces . On 6 August 2011 , seventeen U.S. Navy SEALs were killed when their CH - 47 Chinook helicopter was shot down by an RPG fired by Taliban militants . The SEALs were en route to support U.S. Army Rangers who were taking fire while attempting to capture a senior Taliban leader in the Tangi Valley . Fifteen of the SEALs belonged to the Naval Special Warfare Development Group . Two others were SEALs assigned to a West Coast - based Naval Special Warfare unit . A total of 30 Americans and eight Afghans were killed in the crash , making it the single largest loss of U.S. lives in the Global War on Terrorism . On 16 June 2012 , SEALs in Uruzgan Province conducted a joint operation into the Shah Wali Kot Valley where they suffered the loss of a Black Hawk helicopter when it was struck by an insurgent RPG , the crash killed 11 servicemen ( seven US and four Afghan ) . In December 2012 , SEALs from DEVGRU rescued a US doctor who had been kidnapped a few days earlier . However , during the operation the unit suffered a fatality , Petty Officer 1st Class Nicolas D. Checque . Senior Chief Edward Byers , was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions during this mission . In May 2013 , Rear Admiral Sean Pybus , commander of Navy Special Warfare stated that the unit would cut in half the number of SEAL platoons in Afghanistan by the end of 2013 . Pybus also added that the unit is already `` undergoing a transition back to its maritime roots '' by placing more emphasis on sea - based missions after being involved in mostly landlocked missions since 2001 . Iraq War ( edit ) Main article : Iraq War Invasion ( edit ) US military security personnel on the Al Basrah Oil Terminal after its capture . For the 2003 invasion of Iraq , a squadron from DEVGRU operated as part of Task Force 20 . Their role was to conduct heliborne direct action raids , particularly against HVTs . The Naval Special Operations Task Group was assigned to Operation Iraqi Freedom , and was built around a core of SEAL Teams 8 and 10 , Polish GROM , Royal Marines from 40 and 42 Commando under the command of 3 Commando Brigade and attached US Psy Ops and civil affairs teams . The Naval Task Group was principally tasked with the capture of the port of Umm Qasr , Iraq 's only deep - water port ; the oil pipeline facilities of the Al - Faw Peninsula ; and the two off - shore platforms the pipelines fed . Once these initial target sets were secured , the Task Group would support conventional forces in the south , conducting reconnaissance and raiding activities . Aviation support was provided by both Marine air of the 15th MEU and 20th Special Operations Squadron . Several days before the beginning of the invasion , two SDV teams were launched from Mark V Special Operations Craft in the Persian Gulf . Their objectives were the hydrographic reconnaissance of the Al Basrah ( MABOT ) and Khawr Al Amaya ( KAAOT ) Oil Terminals . After swimming under the terminals and securing their Mark 8 mod 1s , the SDV SEALs spent several hours taking pictures and surveying Iraqi activity on both platforms before returning to their boats . On March 20 , 2003 , SEALs from SEAL Team 8 and 10 ( 31 SEALs , 2 Navy EOD a USAF combat controller and several Iraqi interpreters ) moved to seize the MABOT oil terminal whilst GROM operators assaulted the KAAOT Oil Terminals . The terminals were quickly seized with no casualties , and explosives which were found on the terminals were made safe by GROM operators . The shore - based pumping stations ( known as MMS - Monitoring and Meter Stations ) and their pipelines on the Al - Faw Peninsula were seized by 12 SEALS from SEAL Team 3 , who were mounted in DPVs . They took off from Kuwait and were inserted under Iraqi anti-aircraft fire by MH - 53 helicopters . The target area was ' softened up ' by JDAM bombs dropped from B - 52s on Iraqi bunkers , trenches and dugouts around the oil facilities . After a brief firefight in which the SEALs killed 1 Iraqi soldier and captured 13 , the SEALs secured the MMS and the pipelines , and were relieved by Royal Marines from 40 Commando . The SEALs advised the Marines , helping coordinate AC - 130 Spectres fire support onto Iraqi forces . The other shore - based pumping station at Umm Qasr was secured by SEALs and Royal Marines ; before they landed , AC - 130 Spectres and A-10As engaged a nearby SAM installation and a responding Iraqi mechanised unit . The SEALs secured the facility itself whilst the Royal Marines cleared Iraqi bunkers , killing several Iraqi soldiers . Other Naval Task Group operations included elements of three SEAL platoons in GMV trucks and DPVs seizing the al Zubayr MMS , whilst I MEF attacked the Rumaylah Oil Fields north of al - Faw . SEALs and Special Boat teams helped secure the Khawr Abd Allah and Khawr Az Zubyar waterways , which enabled humanitarian supplies to be delivered to the port of Umm Qasr . SEALs from the unit that secured the al - Faw MMS also conducted reconnaissance on the Shat Al Arab waterway , that was later secured by British forces . SEALs were also involved in various VBSS missions with British and Australian forces to seize Iraqi craft carrying seaborne mines . Coalition military planners were concerned that retreating Iraqi forces would destroy the Mukatayin hydroelectric dam , located 57 miles northeast of Baghdad , in an attempt to slow advancing US troops . In addition to restricting the manoeuvre of Coalition forces , the destruction of the dam would deny critical power needs to the surrounding area , as well as cause massive flooding and loss of Iraqi civilian life . A mixed team of SEALs from SEAL Team 5 and Polish GROM was called in to seize the dam . This force was flown several hours by six US Air Force MH - 53J Pave Lows ; the force consisted of 20 SEALs ( with an extra six SEAL snipers in one helicopter carrying the SEAL command and control element ) and two EOD operators along with 35 GROM operators to the dam . The SEALs employed DPVs into blocking positions to defend against counter-attack and roving bands of Iranian bandits that had been crossing the border and raiding Iraqi towns . As in Al Faw , the SEALs found their DPVs ( the SEAL unit at the al - Faw MMS lost all but two DPVs when they were bogged down in the oily mud ) to be ineffective and this marked the last time they would employ them in Iraq . The SEALs and GROM on foot fast - roped out of their helicopters and immediately stormed the dam . The minimal Iraqi troops guarding the dam surrendered without a fight , and with the exception of a GROM soldier who broke an ankle during the insertion , no casualties were sustained in the operation . After several hours of searching the dam for remaining hostile forces or any explosives , the SEALs secured the dam and held it for five days until they were relieved by advancing elements of the US Army . During the Battle of Basra , SEALs along with the Brigade Reconnaissance Force and 539 Assault Squadron RM attempted a waterborne approach to Basra via the Shatt al - Arab waterway but were intercepted by Iranian Revolutionary Guard patrol craft and did not want to engage them so they withdrew . On 6 April 2003 , after relocating further up the waterway they successfully infiltrated via the waterway , using SEAL UAVs they called in `` show - of - force '' and an airstrike by a USMC harrier on Iraqi troops , the SEALs then headed to `` Chemical Ali 's '' house with SSE teams to find traces of chemical weapons . SEALs carried out missions around Nasiriyah , carrying out reconnaissance on surrounding villages and engaging enemy strong points bypassed by the US Marine advance . Charlie Platoon , SEAL Team 3 , later operated ahead of the Marine advance carrying out similar missions . SEAL and GROM units continued to cooperate throughout the rest of the invasion phase , with raids and anti-sniper missions in Baghdad . Post-invasion Iraq ( edit ) Petty Officer Michael A. Monsoor , 2nd Navy SEAL killed in Iraq . This photo was taken during an extraction after a firefight , and the smoke was used to conceal their movements from the enemy . Following the invasion , SEAL platoons rotated through Iraq , conducting overwatch for US and Iraqi patrols and directly mentoring local Iraqi forces ; they also conducted surveillance and sniping missions into known trouble spots . In September 2004 , a SEAL sniper element was tasked with establishing an overwatch and surveillance position overlooking Haifa Street , they were inserted by Bradley IFVs from a unit of the 9th Cavalry Regiment , however they were spotted and engaged by insurgents . The SEALs notified the Bradleys , they drove back , fired on the insurgents and set up a cordon for the SEALs to be extracted , one Bradley was destroyed by a car bomb , there were no casualties and the SEALs were extracted . In the interim between the First Battle of Fallujah and Second Battle of Fallujah , insurgents in Fallujah knew that the coalition assault was inevitable and under the guidance of the influx of foreign fighters , began to build defensive networks throughout the city - ranging from fortified buildings , trench lines , berms , strategically placed car bombs and IEDs . In preparations for the second battle , SEALs conducted reconnaissance near the berms and tested out reports that the insurgents were equipped with night - vision equipment , they proved this by throwing an infra - red chemical light into the street which drew small arms fire . SEALs along with the 5th SFG , Marine Force Recon and Det One and other JSOC elements were heavily involved in shaping operations prior to the November 7 D - DAY when coalition forces entered the city . The SOF shaping included sophisticated feints to mislead the insurgents as to the direction of the final assault , close target reconnaissance and direct - action missions where a logistics node or IED factory was targeted . When the offensive on the insurgents in the city began , many of the US Marine companies had SEAL sniper teams attached to them , mainly from SEAL Teams 3 , 5 and 10 . From 2005 , SEALs were heavily committed to western Iraq in Al Anbar Governorate , AQI terrorists who escaped Fallujah had relocated to Ramadi . A SEAL Task Unit was co-located with the Marines at Al Asad Airbase and sent elements to Ramadi and Habbaniyah , the SEALs were initially tasked with target development for the Marines and providing sniper overwatch for their patrols . The SEALs were already training an Iraqi Army unit in Habbaniyah , although FID was their main focus until later that year . A SEAL Task Unit generally comprised two individual SEAL Platoons : each Platoon was made up of seven - man squad elements commanded by a junior officer , three of these Task Units ( although a fourth was often added ) along with a Special Boat Team detachment and a Headquarters Team ( including integral intelligence , targeting and EOD personnel ) made up a Naval Special Warfare Squadron . According to Dick Couch , the SEALs began FID with two Iraqi units - the Army Scouts who conducted conventional reconnaissance missions , and the SMP ( Special Missions Platoon ) , a locally formed unit that would later fight alongside the SEALs . Despite several challenges , the SEALs were soon conducted operations with partnered units , particularly in Special Reconnaissance , focusing on the surveillance aspect , whilst conventional US Army or Marines would conduct raids and arrests . The typical loadout of the SEALs in Ramadi included the M4 carbine , optimised for close quarter battle with a 10 - inch barrel equipped with a 6 - inch sound suppressor , Surefire flashlight and EOTech sight , short barrel and foregrip and seven magazines . As the SEALs were beginning to make headway in Ramadi , AQI was starting to infiltrate the area by targeting local Sheikhs and convincing them to allow jihadists to marry into local tribes , thus cementing their powerbase and Sheikhs that resisted these advances were met with typical AQI brutality . Al - Qaeda 's efforts to install a Sharia - style shadow government in Ramadi led to AQI 's downfall - when in the first half of 2006 , in the run - up to the Second Battle of Ramadi SEALs , increasingly partnered with conventional forces of the 1st Brigade Combat Team , 1st Armored Division which was planning the offensive . SEALs along with the Scouts and SMP , would conduct reconnaissance , surveillance and sniper overwatch tasks ; with their own targeting cell , they also began conducting raids on local insurgent leaders . The 1st BCT began the concerted offensive to clear Ramadi of AQI fighters ; on 29 September 2006 , whilst at a rooftop overwatch position , Petty Officer Michael A. Monsoor died after leaping upon an enemy grenade during a rooftop firefight , two SEALs on the roof were badly wounded from the grenade fragments and their local Iraqi Scouts ran back into the cover of the building , a fourth SEAL ( only lightly wounded ) , managed to radio his colleagues and get the Scouts to return fire . A SEAL element in a second overwatch position immediately ran through heavy fire to reach Monsoor ( whom later died from his wounds in the back of a Bradley IFV ) and the wounded SEALs , Monsoor was later awarded the Medal of Honor and the Silver Star . The advances by conventional forces and the SEALs in Ramadi , combined with the brutal tactics of AQI , helped to increase recruitment in a local police initiative - the programme was designed to bring the local Sheikhs ' militias into the Iraqi Security Forces . These volunteers would serve locally in their communities to defend them against al - Qaeda , a month after the kidnapping and murder of Sheikh Khalid by AQI ( which proved to be the tipping point ) , the Sheikhs signed a declaration agreeing to fight AQI and by the closing of 2006 , even former insurgents were joining the local police ( later known as the Anbar Awakening ) by the end of the battle , some 1,100 terrorists were killed . In Fallujah , the SEAL Task Unit were also heavily involved in fighting . In one joint operation to capture an AQI leader , they entered the target building and were engaged resulting in an Iraqi Scout being killed and a SEAL severely wounded , two SEALs returned fire and entered the building , both SEALs entered different rooms , in one room the SEAL encountered three insurgents who opened fired at close range , another SEAL across the hallway was struck in the head and killed , the SEAL in the room with the insurgents killed all three . In September 2009 , in a nighttime raid in Fallujah , SEALs captured Ahmad Hashim Abd al - Isawi ( nicknamed the `` Butcher of Fallujah '' ) , a prominent al - Qaeda terrorist who was the mastermind behind the 2004 Fallujah ambush . Al - Isawai made accusations of mistreatment while in custody , and testified in April 2010 at the ensuing courts - martial against three SEALs ( all of whom were acquitted ) . Iraqi authorities later tried and executed al - Isawi by hanging at some point before November 2013 . SEALS remained employed throughout the Iraqi Campaign as Task Units or Task Elements until its close in 2011 . Operation Enduring Freedom -- Philippines ( edit ) Main article : Operation Enduring Freedom -- Philippines OEF - P was established in 2002 to conduct long - term partnered operations with both Philippine Army special operations and intelligence units , as well as police units to counter the threat posed by the ASG and JI terrorist groups . Much of this work has been assigned to 1st SFG ; SEALs and USAF Special Operations who have also had a long - term presence in the Philippines . There are few confirmed operational details about the SEALs and Green Berets conducting partnered operations , although elements are partnered with Philippine Army and SOF ; there have been mentions of Green Berets and SEALs being wounded . On 21 June 2002 , SEALs in RIBs supported the Philippine Naval Special Operations Group in the operation that killed Abu Sabaya , a senior leader in the ASG . A US Predator UAV marked the HVT with an infrared laser as he tried to escape in a smugglers boat , the MH - 47Es from the 160th SOAR used search lights mounted on their helicopters to pinpoint the target 's boat while operators from the Philippine Naval Special Operations Group opened fire on the boat killing the terrorist leader and capturing four other terrorists with him . Operation Enduring Freedom -- Horn of Africa ( edit ) Main article : Operation Enduring Freedom -- Horn of Africa As part of OEF - HOA , Naval Special Warfare Unit 10 are deployed to Camp Lemonnier , Djibouti , under the command of SOCCE - HOA ( Special Opererations Command and Control Element - Horn of Africa ) which commands all SOCOM units assigned to training or operational missions in the region . Special operations carried out in Somalia are conducted under the codename : Operation Octave Dune , as part of the overall effort in Somalia , which is known as Operation Octave Shield . Before Djibouti became the epicentre for counter terrorism operations in Africa , unilateral operations were launched from temporary forward locations in friendly nations such as Kenya , or from US Navy Ships . The earliest known operation in Somalia was known as Operation Cobalt Blue : In 2003 , SEALs using SEAL Delivery Vehicles swam ashore along the Somali coastline and emplaced covert surveillance cameras . Known as cardinals , the cameras were designed to watch likely target locations for wanted terrorists as al - Qaeda and its affiliates began to regroup in the country , however the cameras only took one image a day and captured very little . CJSOTF - HOA ( Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force - Horn of Africa ) developed a rescue plan called Operation Mystic Talon , in case and CIA SAD or ISA operators were captured in the region , the plan required a SEAL platoon Air Force Special Operations assets that , if necessary , would fight their way into Somalia , recover the hostage and fight their way out , should a mission need to be launched before a dedicated JSOC task force could be deployed to the region . Maersk Alabama hijacking ( edit ) Main article : Maersk Alabama hijacking On 12 April 2009 , in response to a hostage taking incident off the coast of Somalia by Somalian pirates , three Navy SEALs from DEVGRU simultaneously engaged and killed the three pirates who were closely holding the hostage , Captain Richard Phillips , of the freighter ship Maersk Alabama . The pirates and their hostage were being towed in a lifeboat approximately 100 yards behind USS Bainbridge when each of the pirates were killed by a different DEVGRU sniper with a single shot to the head . Death of Osama bin Laden ( edit ) Main article : Death of Osama bin Laden In the early morning of 1 May 2011 local time , a team of Navy SEALs of the Naval Special Warfare Development Group ( DEVGRU ) , previously called `` SEAL Team 6 '' , along with a Belgian Malinois Military Working Dog ( named `` Cairo '' ) , supported by Special Activities Division officers on the ground , killed Osama bin Laden in Abbottabad , Pakistan about 35 miles ( 56 km ) from Islamabad in a CIA operation . President Barack Obama later confirmed the death of bin Laden , but did not directly mention the involvement of DEVGRU , saying only that a `` small team '' of Americans undertook the operation to bring down bin Laden . The unprecedented media coverage raised the public profile of the SEAL community , particularly the counter-terrorism specialists commonly known as SEAL Team 6 . The Walt Disney Company tried unsuccessfully to trademark the name `` SEAL Team 6 '' the day after the raid . The official name of the military operation was Operation Neptune Spear . The model of the compound used in the 60 Minutes documentary was donated by CBS to the Navy SEAL Museum . Morning Glory oil tanker ( edit ) On 16 March 2014 , thirty U.S. Navy SEALs from SEAL Team 2 took control of MV Morning Glory , a tanker full of oil loaded from a rebel - held port in Libya . The raid by Navy SEALs took place in international waters off the coast of Cyprus , the raid was a success ; preventing a Libyan splinter militia group selling nationalized Libyan oil on the black market . Operation Inherent Resolve ( edit ) Main article : Operation Inherent Resolve As part of Operation Inherent Resolve 's Iraq Campaign , there are at least 100 SEALs as part of a Special Operations advise and assist mission to Peshmerga and Iraqi Security Forces in combating ISIS . The Navy SEAL operation in northern Iraq is called Task Force Trident . On 3 May 2016 , Petty Officer 1st Class Charles Keating IV was killed by ISIS small arms fire near the town of Tel Skuf during an ISIS assault on a Peshmerga position . He was a member of a 20 - man Quick Reaction Force ( QRF ) sent to rescue a dozen U.S. advisors at the position and temporarily assist the Peshmerga . Selection and training ( edit ) Main article : United States Navy SEAL selection and training U.S. Navy SEALs conducting training with SCAR rifles . Students conduct CQB drills during SEAL Qualification Training . Before getting accepted into Basic Underwater Demolition / SEAL training , a prospective candidate must pass a certain number of both mental and physical requirements . These tests include : Pre-enlistment medical screening , ASVAB , AFQT , C - SORT , and PST . Then , the candidate must get a SEAL contract by passing the SEAL Physical Screening Test : 500 yard swim in 12 : 30 , 50 push - ups in 2 minutes , 50 sit - ups in 2 minutes , 10 consecutive pull - ups in 2 minutes , and a 1.5 mile run in 10 : 30 . Candidates receiving a passing score may then be admitted into training to become Navy SEALs . SEAL training is extremely rigorous . The attrition rate fluctuates , but averages at about 80 percent . The average candidate spends over a year in a series of formal training courses before being awarded the Special Warfare Operator Naval Rating and the Navy Enlisted Classification ( NEC ) 5326 Combatant Swimmer ( SEAL ) or , in the case of commissioned naval officers , the designation Naval Special Warfare ( SEAL ) Officer . Navy SEAL training pipeline : 8 - week Naval Recruit Training 8 - week Naval Special Warfare Prep School 24 - week Basic Underwater Demolition / SEAL Training ( BUD / S ) 5 - week Parachute Jump School 26 - week SEAL Qualification Training ( SQT ) Upon graduation from SQT , trainees receive the U.S. Navy SEAL Trident , designating them as Navy SEALs . They are subsequently assigned to a SEAL Team or SEAL Delivery Vehicle ( SDV ) Team and begin 18 - months of predeployment training before they are considered deployable . This training consists of : 6 - month Professional Development -- Individual Specialty Training ( ProDev ) 6 - month Unit Level Training ( ULT ) . ULT is unit training conducted by each Groups Training Detachment . Core unit training blocks are Air Operations , Land Warfare , Maritime , Urban and Special Reconnaissance . 6 - month Squadron Integration Training ( SIT ) Those enlisted SEALs with a medical rating will first attend the Special Operation Combat Medic Course for 6 months in Fort Bragg , North Carolina before joining a team in order to become a SEAL medic . Those pursuing Officer positions first attend the Junior Officer Training Course to learn about operations planning and how to perform team briefings . In total it can take over 2.5 years to completely train a Navy SEAL for his first deployment . Women ( edit ) Until December 2015 , female sailors were barred from becoming Navy SEALs by naval regulation . However , in August 2015 , it was reported that the `` Navy is planning to open its elite SEAL teams to women who can pass the grueling training regimen . '' Admiral Jon Greenert , the Chief of Naval Operations at the time , said that `` he and the head of Naval Special Warfare Command , Rear Admiral Brian Losey , believe that if women can pass the legendary six - month Basic Underwater Demolition / SEAL training , they should be allowed to serve . '' In August 2015 , `` ( f ) inal approval ( for admission of women ) is still pending . '' On 3 December 2015 , it was announced that there are now `` no exceptions '' to all military roles in the U.S. , and women can become U.S. Navy SEALs . However , as of April 2016 , no female sailors have yet applied to undergo indoctrination as SEALs . The Washington Examiner reported on 10 August 2017 : `` A woman aiming to become the first female Navy SEAL officer quit about a week into the initial training '' . Navy SEAL Teams and structures ( edit ) Two members of SEAL Delivery Team 2 conduct lockout training with USS Hawaii in 2007 . SEALs from SEAL Delivery Vehicle Team Two fast - rope to the deck of the USS Toledo ( 2005 ) . Naval Special Warfare groups ( edit ) Naval Special Warfare Command is organized into the following configuration : Naval Special Warfare Group 1 : SEAL Teams 1 , 3 , 5 , 7 Naval Special Warfare Group 2 : SEAL Teams 2 , 4 , 8 , 10 Naval Special Warfare Group 3 : SEAL Delivery Vehicle Team 1 Naval Special Warfare Group 4 : Special Boat Teams 12 , 20 , 22 Naval Special Warfare Group 10 : NSW Support Activity One , NSW Support Activity Two , Mission Support Center ( `` organize , train , educate , equip , deploy and sustain specialized intelligence , surveillance , reconnaissance and preparation - of - the - environment capabilities '' ) Naval Special Warfare Group 11 : SEAL Teams 17 , 18 ( formerly Operational Support Teams 1 , 2 ) Naval Special Warfare Development Group : Assigned operationally to JSOC ( formerly SEAL Team 6 ) The total number of special operations personnel , including SEALs and SWCC 's assigned to Naval Special Warfare Command is approximately 8,195 out of a total 8,985 military staff , and 10,166 including civilian support staff . SEAL Teams ( edit ) The original SEAL Teams in the Vietnam War were separated between West Coast ( Team ONE ) and East Coast ( Team TWO ) SEALs . Likewise current SEAL Teams are organized into two groups : Naval Special Warfare Group One ( West Coast ) and Naval Special Warfare Group Two ( East Coast ) , both of which come under the command of Naval Special Warfare Command at NAB Coronado , California . As of 2006 , there are eight confirmed Navy SEAL Teams . The current SEAL Team deployments include Teams 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 8 , and 10 . The most recent teams are SEAL Team 7 and SEAL Team 10 , which were formed in March and April 2002 , respectively . The Teams deploy as Naval Special Warfare Squadrons or Special Operations Task Forces and can deploy anywhere in the world . Squadrons will normally be deployed and fall under a Joint Task Force ( JTF ) or a Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force ( CJSOTF ) as a Special Operations Task Force ( SOTF ) . SEAL Team 5 conducts an exercise in a Combat Rubber Raiding Craft in 2000 . Each SEAL Team is commanded by a Navy Commander ( O - 5 ) , and has a number of operational SEAL platoons and a headquarters element . A SEAL Team has a Staff Headquarters element and three 40 - man Troops . Each Troop consists of a Headquarters element consisting of a Troop Commander , typically a Lieutenant Commander ( O - 4 ) , a platoon Senior Enlisted ( E-8 ) , a Targeting / Operations Officer ( O - 2 / 3 ) and a Targeting / Operations Leading / Chief Petty Officer ( E-6 / 7 ) . Under the HQ element are two SEAL platoons of 16 -- 20 men ( two officers , 14 -- 16 enlisted SEALs , and sometimes assigned non-NSW support personnel ) ; a company - sized Combat Service Support ( CSS ) and / or Combat Support ( CS ) consisting of staff N - codes ( the Army and Marine Corps use S - codes ) ; N1 Administrative support , N2 Intelligence , N3 Operations , N4 Logistics , N5 Plans and Targeting , N6 Communications , N7 Training , and N8 Air / Medical . Each platoon can be task organized for operational purposes into four squads , of eight 4 -- 5 man fire teams / boat crews . The size of each SEAL `` Team '' with platoons and support staff is approximately 300 personnel . The typical SEAL platoon has an OIC ( Officer in Charge , usually a Lieutenant ( O - 3 ) , a Platoon chief ( E-7 / E-8 ) , and two squads commanded by a LTJG ( O - 2 ) and a Squad Leader ( E-6 ) . The remaining members of the Squad are operators ( E-4 to E-6 ) with their specialty skills in ordinance , communications , diving , medical . The core leadership in the Troop and Platoon are the Commander / OIC and the Senior Enlisted NCO ( Senior Chief / Chief ) . Platoon core skills consist of : Sniper , Breacher , Communicator , Maritime / Engineering , Close Air Support , Corpsman , Point - man / Navigator , Primary Driver / Navigator ( Rural / Urban / Protective Security ) , Heavy Weapons Operator , Sensitive Site Exploitation , Air Operations Master , Lead Climber , Lead Diver / Navigator , Interrogator , Explosive Ordnance Disposal , Technical Surveillance , and Advanced Special Operations . Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek , a naval base in Virginia Beach , Virginia , is home to SEAL Teams 2 , 4 , 8 , and 10 . Naval Amphibious Base Coronado , a naval base in Coronado , California , is home to SEAL Teams 1 , 3 , 5 , and 7 . There is also a SEAL Delivery Vehicle ( SDV ) unit , SDVT - 1 , located in Pearl Harbor , Hawaii . SDVT - 2 was based in Virginia ; it was disestablished and merged into SDVT - 1 . SDV Teams are SEAL teams with an added underwater delivery capability . An SDV platoon consists of 12 -- 15 SEALs . Declassified locations : Insignia Team Deployment Number of Platoons HQ Notes SEAL Team 1 Worldwide 6 Platoons Coronado , California SEAL Team 2 Worldwide 6 Platoons Little Creek , Virginia SEAL Team 3 Middle East 6 Platoons Coronado , California SEAL Team 4 Worldwide 6 Platoons Little Creek , Virginia SEAL Team 5 Worldwide 6 Platoons Coronado , California Naval Special Warfare Development Group Worldwide Classified Dam Neck , Virginia SEAL Team 6 was dissolved in 1987 . The Navy then established the Naval Special Warfare Development Group , also known as DEVGRU . While DEVGRU is administratively supported by Naval Special Warfare Command , they are operationally under the command of the Joint Special Operations Command SEAL Team 7 Worldwide 6 Platoons Coronado , California SEAL Team 8 Worldwide 6 Platoons Little Creek , Virginia SEAL Team 10 Middle East 6 Platoons Little Creek , Virginia SEAL Delivery Vehicle Team Worldwide 4 Platoons Pearl Harbor , Hawaii Dets in : Little Creek , Virginia San Diego , California Special Warfare ratings ( edit ) Main article : List of United States Navy enlisted rates Navy SEALs training with MP5 submachine guns . The Special Warfare Operator rating ( SO ) and Special Warfare Boat Operator rating ( SB ) , were established in 2006 . Special Warfare Operators ( SEALs ) and Special Warfare Boat Operators ( SWCCs ) , are no longer required to maintain the original rating they qualified in upon joining the Navy . The following ratings are specific to Navy SEALs : Navy Rate Abbreviation Pay Grade Special Warfare Rating Abbreviation Master Chief Petty Officer MCPO E-9 Master Chief Special Warfare Operator SOCM Senior Chief Petty Officer SCPO E-8 Senior Chief Special Warfare Operator SOCS Chief Petty Officer CPO E-7 Chief Special Warfare Operator SOC Petty Officer First Class PO1 E-6 Special Warfare Operator , First Class SO1 Petty Officer Second Class PO2 E-5 Special Warfare Operator , Second Class SO2 Petty Officer Third Class PO3 E-4 Special Warfare Operator , Third Class SO3 United States Navy Parachute Team `` Leap Frogs '' ( edit ) A member of the U.S. Navy Parachute Demonstration Team , the `` Leap Frogs '' , returns to earth after a successful jump . The primary mission of the Navy Parachute Team ( NPT ) is to support Naval Special Warfare recruiting by gaining access and exposure to appropriate candidates through aerial parachuting demonstrations . The U.S. Navy Parachute Team is a fifteen - man team composed of U.S. Navy SEALs . Each member comes to the team for a three - year tour from one of the two Naval Special Warfare Groups located on the east and west coasts . On completion of the tour , members return to operational units . The parachute team began in 1969 when Navy SEALs and Frogmen volunteered to perform at weekend air shows . The Team initially consisted of five jumpers : LCDR Olson , PHC Gagliardi , SK2 `` Herky '' Hertenstein , PR1 Al Schmiz and PH2 `` Chip '' Maury . Schmiz and Maury were members of the original `` Chuting Stars . '' When LCDR Olson was transferred to California , PHC Gene `` Gag '' Gagliardi ( D 546 ) of UDT ELEVEN introduced him to the local jumping elite with the San Diego Skydivers , one of the nation 's first sports parachuting clubs . He convinced the Commander Naval Operations Support Group , PACIFIC to create a small demonstration team consisting of a cadre of highly qualified freefall jumpers . Its activities were to be conducted on a `` not to interfere '' basis with other military duties and at no cost to the government , other than utilizing normally scheduled aircraft . This group eventually adopted the `` Leap Frogs '' name . The team was officially commissioned as the U.S. Navy Parachute Team in 1974 by the Chief of Naval Operations and assigned the mission of demonstrating Navy excellence throughout the United States . The East Coast - based `` Chuting Stars '' were disbanded in the 1980s with the `` Leap Frogs '' taking on all official parachute demonstrations within the Navy . A typical Leap Frogs performance consists of six jumpers leaping out of an aircraft at an altitude of 6,000 feet . After freefalling sometimes using smoke or streamers , the Leap Frogs fly their canopies together to build canopy - relative work formations . After performances , the Leap Frogs make themselves available to the public to answer questions about the Navy and the Naval Special Warfare community , as well as to sign autographs . Influence on foreign units ( edit ) US Navy SEALs and Grom -- Polish naval warfare team members -- practicing boarding skills near Gdansk , Poland , 2009 . From its predecessors -- the Underwater Demolition Teams -- to its current form , the SEALs have influenced the training and formation of several foreign units . In 1955 the Underwater Demolition Teams provided funding and training for the Republic of Korea Naval Special Warfare Flotilla , who are also known as UDT / SEALs . The Philippine Naval Special Warfare Group is also patterned on the training and implementation of the US Navy SEALs and the UDTs . Upon the creation of the Indian MARCOS in 1987 , three officers were sent to undergo a hard training schedule with the SEALs that would help them further shape their unit 's capabilities . Due to their reputation as being one of America 's premier special operations forces , SEALs ( particularly operators from DEVGRU ) will often do exchanges with allied SOFs . National Navy UDT - SEAL Museum and memorial ( edit ) Main article : National Navy UDT - SEAL Museum The National Navy UDT - SEAL Museum , in Fort Pierce , Florida , was founded in 1985 and was recognized as a National Museum by an act of Congress . The museum is dedicated to preserving the history of the Navy SEALs and their predecessors . The SEAL Museum stands on the training site of the first Navy frogmen . There through World War II , thousands of service members were trained as members of Naval Combat Demolition Units and Underwater Demolition Teams . The Museum houses rare historic artifacts from the founding of the UDT to present day , including weapons , vehicles , equipment , and most recently added , the Maersk Alabama lifeboat aboard which Somali pirates held Captain Richard Phillips hostage . NSW personnel killed in action ( edit ) According to the museum , 280 UDT and SEALs were killed in action as of March 2018 : World War II & Korean War ( 1941 -- 1953 ) : 96 personnel Vietnam and Cold War ( 1954 -- 1989 ) : 103 personnel Desert Storm and War on Terror ( 1990 -- Present ) : 81 personnel In popular culture ( edit ) Main article : United States Navy SEALs in popular culture U.S. Navy SEALs have been depicted in numerous works of art , entertainment , and media . Examples of well - known representations in films include : Navy SEALs ( 1990 ) , The Rock ( 1996 ) , G.I. Jane ( 1997 ) , Act of Valor ( 2012 ) , Zero Dark Thirty ( 2012 ) , Lone Survivor ( 2013 ) and American Sniper ( 2014 ) . Examples of fictional representations in literature include various characters in Tom Clancy novels ( e.g. , Rainbow Six and Without Remorse ) and the G.I. Joe universe . See also ( edit ) United States Navy portal Underwater diving portal List of Navy SEALs List of special forces units United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ As of 3 December 2015 , female sailors can become U.S. Navy SEALs , however as of 19 April 2016 , none have yet done so . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wentz , Gene ; Jurus , B. Abell ( 1993 ) . Men In Green Faces . St. Martin 's Paperbacks . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 95052 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` US joins battle as Philippines takes losses in besieged city '' . CNBC . 10 June 2017 . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marawi siege : US special forces aiding Philippine army '' . BBC News Online . 10 June 2017 . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Dancel , Raul ( 11 June 2017 ) . `` US special forces aid Philippine troops in battle for Marawi '' . The Straits Times . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Navy SEAL History '' . Navy Seals.com . Retrieved 16 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SEAL Requirements '' . Navy Seals.com . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Laster , Jill ( July 2011 ) . `` Program letting Coasties train as SEALs on hold '' . Navy Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Navy SEAL History '' . SEAL + SWCC . Retrieved 20 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Myers , Meghann ( 19 April 2016 ) . `` The Navy SEALs are now open to women , but no one has stepped forward '' . Navy Times . Military Times & Sightline Media Group . Retrieved 23 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Waller , Douglas ( 3 February 2003 ) . `` The CIA 's Secret Army '' . TIME . Retrieved 2 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Plaster , John L. ( 1997 ) . SOG : The Secret Wars of America 's Commandos in Vietnam . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 68481 - 105 - 5 . Jump up ^ Haney , Eric L. ( 2002 ) . Inside Delta Force . New York : Delacorte Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 38573 - 251 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Army Officer Recalls Hunt for Bin Laden '' . 60 Minutes . CBS News . 5 October 2008 . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SEAL History : Origins of Naval Special Warfare - WWII '' . National Navy UDT - SEAL Museum . Retrieved 24 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Seabee magazine online ^ Jump up to : `` Seal History : Origins of Naval Special Warfare -- WWII '' . Navy Seal Museum Archives . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Naval Combat Demolition Units '' . specwarnet . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : World War II US Navy Special Warfare Units , Eugene Lipak , Osprey Publishing , POB 3985 , NY , NY , 10185 . 2014 , p. 25 ^ Jump up to : Vann , R.D. ( 2004 ) . `` Lambertsen and O2 : beginnings of operational physiology '' . Undersea Hyperb Med. 31 ( 1 ) : 21 -- 31 . PMID 15233157 . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Butler , F.K. ( 2004 ) . `` Closed - circuit oxygen diving in the U.S. Navy '' . Undersea Hyperb Med. 31 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 20 . PMID 15233156 . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Teams in World War II '' . View of the Rockies . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Blazich , Frank A. ( 12 September 2016 ) . `` This Week in Seabee History ( Week of September 11 ) '' . Seabees Online . Navy Facilities Engineering Command . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WWII UDT One & WWII UDT Two '' . View of the Rockies . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoyt , Edwin P. ( 15 June 2011 ) . SEALs at War . Random House Publishing Group . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 57006 - 2 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Orr ( 24 June 2014 ) . Brave Men , Dark Waters : The Untold Story of the Navy SEALs . Open Road Media . p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4976 - 4563 - 9 . Retrieved 18 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SEAL History : Underwater Demolition Teams in the Korean War '' . National Navy UDT - SEAL Museum . Retrieved 24 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Genesis of the U.S. Navy 's SEa , Air , Land ( SEAL ) Teams '' . National Navy UDT - SEAL Museum . Archived from the original on 22 February 2014 . Retrieved 24 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Navy SEAL History '' . Navy Seals.com . Retrieved 12 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Watson , James ( 1997 ) . Walking Point : The Experience of a Founding Member of the Elite Navy SEALs . New York , New York : William Morrow & Co . ISBN 0 - 688 - 14302 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Video gallery : Forged by Adversity '' . United States Navy . 2 January 2013 . Retrieved 24 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Boehm , Ray ; Sasser , Charles ( 1997 ) . First SEAL . New York : Pocket Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 67153 - 625 - 1 . Retrieved 24 May 2014 -- via Amazon.co.uk . Jump up ^ Watson , James ; Dockery , Kevin ( 1993 ) . Point Man . New York : Avon Books . ISBN 0 - 380 - 71986 - X . Jump up ^ Moïse , Edwin E. `` The Vietnam Wars , Section 8 : The Tet Offensive and its Aftermath '' . Clemson University . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` President Cites Seal Team '' . The New York Times . 12 November 1968 . p. 21 -- via ProQuest . Jump up ^ `` Washington For the Record '' . The New York Times . 19 June 1970 . p. 4 -- via ProQuest . Jump up ^ Couch ( 2008 ) . ^ Jump up to : Cawthorne ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Neville ( 2015 ) , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Herbert A. `` United States PSYOP in Somalia '' . Psywarrior . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Borchini , Charles P. ( Lt. Col . ) ; Borstelmann , Mari ( October 1994 ) . `` PSYOP in Somalia : The Voice of Hope '' ( PDF ) . Special Warfare . United States Army . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Wasdin , Howard E. ; Templin , Stephen ( 2011 ) . Seal Team Six : The incredible story of an elite sniper -- and the special operations unit that killed Osama Bin Laden . London , UK : Sphere Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84744 - 549 - 0 . Retrieved 24 May 2014 -- via Amazon.co.uk . Jump up ^ Neville ( 2015 ) , pp. 25 - 31 . Jump up ^ Neville ( 2015 ) , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Neville ( 2015 ) , pp. 49 - 50 & 77 . Jump up ^ Neville ( 2015 ) , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Neville ( 2015 ) , pp. 54 - 69 . Jump up ^ Neville ( 2015 ) , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Neville ( 2015 ) , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Neville ( 2015 ) , pp. 161 - 162 . ^ Jump up to : `` DOD Identifies Service Members Killed In CH - 47 Crash '' . U.S. Department of Defense , Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense ( Public Affairs ) . 11 August 2011 . Retrieved 20 September 2012 . Jump up ^ King , Laura ; Dilanian , Ken ; Cloud , David S. ( 6 August 2011 ) . `` SEAL Team 6 members among 38 killed in Afghanistan '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Helicopter Crash in Afghanistan Reportedly Kills Members of SEAL Team 6 '' . Fox News . 6 August 2011 . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pentagon releases names of Chinook crash victims '' . CNN News . 12 August 2011 . Retrieved 14 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Neville ( 2015 ) , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Shumaker , Lisa ( 11 December 2012 ) . `` Navy identifies SEAL killed in hostage rescue in Afghanistan '' . Yahoo ! News . Archived from the original on 18 December 2012 . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Obama to present Medal of Honor to Navy SEAL '' . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved 2 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Parsons , Dan ( 15 May 2013 ) . `` SEALs to Undergo ' Evolution in Reverse ' as They Return to Maritime Operations '' . National Defense . National Defense Industrial Association . Retrieved 24 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Neville ( 2015 ) , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Neville ( 2015 ) , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Neville ( 2015 ) , pp. 123 - 126 . Jump up ^ Rossiter ( 2009 ) , pp. 149 , 153 & 158 - 162 . ^ Jump up to : Kyle ( 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Neville ( 2015 ) , pp. 126 - 127 . Jump up ^ Neville ( 2015 ) , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Rossiter ( 2009 ) , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Owen , Mark ( 2012 ) . No Easy Day : The Autobiography of a Navy Seal : The Firsthand Account of the Mission That Killed Osama Bin Laden . New York : Dutton Books . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 52595 - 372 - 2 . Jump up ^ Rossiter ( 2009 ) , pp. 325 -- 328 . Jump up ^ Neville ( 2015 ) , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Neville ( 2015 ) , pp. 178 - 179 . Jump up ^ Neville ( 2015 ) , pp. 175 - 178 . Jump up ^ Neville ( 2015 ) , pp. 179 - 180 . Jump up ^ `` A Navy SEAL loadout in Ramadi '' . Corpi d'élite. net . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Neville ( 2015 ) , pp. 180 - 182 . Jump up ^ Neville ( 2015 ) , p. 182 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Patrick ( 2013 ) . Honor and Betrayal : The Untold Story of the Navy Seals Who Captured the `` Butcher of Fallujah '' -- and the Shameful Ordeal They Later Endured . Perseus Book Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 30682 - 309 - 1 . Jump up ^ CNN Wire Staff ( 22 April 2010 ) . `` Navy SEAL not guilty of charges in Iraq '' . CNN . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Centanni , Steve ( 6 May 2010 ) . `` Navy SEAL Found Not Guilty of Assaulting a Suspected Terrorist '' . Fox News . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Hartwell , Ray V. ( 26 November 2013 ) . `` Persecuting Our Heroes '' . The American Spectator . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Neville ( 2015 ) , pp. 184 - 185 . Jump up ^ Neville ( 2015 ) , pp. 200 - 201 . Jump up ^ Neville ( 2015 ) , pp. 282 - 284 . Jump up ^ Neville ( 2015 ) , p. 285 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. warship near boat carrying pirates '' . CNN . 9 April 2009 . Retrieved 4 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Flock , Elizabeth ( 2 May 2011 ) . `` Navy SEALs who killed Osama bin Laden are from the elite ' Team 6 ' '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The raid on Osama bin Laden 's compound '' . CBS News . 2 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Osama bin Laden killed in CIA operation '' . The Washington Post . 8 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Winter , Jana ( 25 May 2011 ) . `` Mickey Mouse Surrenders to Navy SEALs in Trademark Battle '' . Fox News . Retrieved 8 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Model of Osama bin Laden Abbottabad Compound '' . National Navy UDT - SEAL Museum . Retrieved 24 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Navy Seals board rogue Libya oil tanker Morning Glory '' . BBC News . 17 March 2014 . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Navy SEALS board , take control of rogue Libya tanker '' . Fox News . 17 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Revelation of March ISIS battle highlights risks for U.S. troops '' . CNN . 20 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Navy SEAL killed in Iraq battle vs. ISIS '' . CBS News . 3 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Navy SEAL Charles Keating IV gave life rescuing others from ISIS '' . CNN . 3 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Inside the Battle With ISIS that Killed a US Navy SEAL '' . ABC News . 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Navy SEAL Enlisted General Requirements '' . SEAL + SWCC . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Enlisted SEAL Requirements '' . Navy Seals.com . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ '' . SEAL + SWCC . Retrieved 30 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BUD / S '' . Navy SEALs . Retrieved 2 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Navy SEALs '' . Navy.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Navy SEALs Training Stages Overview '' . SEAL + SWCC . Jump up ^ `` Navy SEAL Platoon Training '' . Navy SEALs Information & Resources . 4 September 2009 . Retrieved 24 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Special Operations Combat Medic Course '' . U.S. Navy . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Larter , David ; Myers , Meghann ( 19 August 2015 ) . `` Navy SEALs set to open to women , top admiral says '' . Navy Times . Retrieved 16 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Crockett , Emily ( 3 December 2015 ) . `` '' No exceptions `` : Women can now serve in all military combat roles '' . Vox . Retrieved 5 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Tritten , Travis J. ( 10 August 2017 ) . `` Candidate to be first female Navy SEAL officer quits after a week '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Naval Special Warfare Welcomes Group 10 to Force '' . navy.mil. 26 May 2011 . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Menzie , Christopher ( 8 August 2008 ) . `` Naval Special Warfare Reserve Command Renamed '' . U.S. Navy . Retrieved 1 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Special Operations Forces , Fiscal Year 2014 p. 46 '' ( PDF ) . Government Accountability Office . July 2015 . Retrieved 2 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` US Navy SEALs '' . Duniakemilauemas.blogspot.com. 4 October 2011 . Retrieved 24 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Crosby , Tommy ( 12 December 2007 ) . `` SEAL Team 7 Holds Change of Command '' . U.S. Navy . Retrieved 24 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Navy Special Warfare Operator Rating ( SEAL ) '' . Navycs.com. 21 December 2016 . Retrieved 24 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Menzie , Christopher ( 10 October 2006 ) . `` NSW Community Establishes New SO and SB Ratings '' . U.S. Navy . Retrieved 24 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SEALs and SWCCs drop source ratings '' . SOCNET : The Special Operations Community Network . 11 October 2006 . Retrieved 24 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Job Title '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Navy . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 May 2014 . Retrieved 24 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bachelor of Science in Business Administration with a concentration in General Management '' ( PDF ) . Trident University International . 23 August 2013 . Retrieved 2 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome '' ( PDF ) . Governors State University . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 May 2010 . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Navy Parachute Team handbook '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Navy . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Leap Frogs '' . Official U.S. Navy Parachute Team Web Site . Archived from the original on 5 October 2011 . Retrieved 1 October 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` SEAL History : The Leap Frogs - Origins of the Navy SEAL Parachuting Exhibition Team '' . National Navy UDT - SEAL Museum . Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 24 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Couch ( 2008 ) , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Falconer , Duncan ( 1 July 2001 ) . First Into Action : A Dramatic Personal Account of Life in the SBS . London : Little , Brown Book Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 75153 - 165 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` The Origin of the UDT - SEAL Museum '' . National Navy UDT - SEAL Museum . Archived from the original on 10 March 2014 . Retrieved 24 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ft . Pierce Museum Now the Official National Museum of Navy SEALs and Their Predecessors '' . NavySEALs.com . Archived from the original on 13 June 2011 . Retrieved 1 October 2011 . Jump up ^ https://www.navysealmuseum.org/home-to-artifacts-from-the-secret-world-of-naval-special-warfare/the-navy-seal-memorial-the-names-of-those-who-made-the-ultimate-sacrifice Bibliography ( edit ) Besel , Jennifer M. The Navy SEALs . Mankato , Minn : Capstone Press , 2011 . ISBN 1 - 4296 - 5380 - 9 OCLC 649079630 Bosiljevac , T.L. SEALs : UDT / SEAL Operations in Vietnam . Ballantine Books , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 8041 - 0722 - X . OCLC 23228772 Bosiljevac , T.L. SEAL Team Roll - Back . New York : Avon Books , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 380 - 78714 - 8 . OCLC 41020614 Bahmanyar , Mir . US Navy SEALs . Oxford : Osprey Publishing , 2005 . ISBN 1 - 84176 - 807 - 3 . OCLC 62176513 Bahmanyar , Mir with Chris Osman . SEALs : The US Navy 's Elite Fighting Force . Osprey Publishing , 2008 . ISBN 1 - 84603 - 226 - 1 . OCLC 191922842 Cawthorne , Nigel ( 2008 ) . The Mammoth Book of Inside the Elite Forces . London , UK : Robinson . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84529 - 821 - 0 . Couch , Dick . May the Seals : Their untold history ( 2014 ) Couch , Dick ( 2008 ) . The Sheriff of Ramadi : Navy SEALs and the Winning of al - Anbar . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 138 - 9 . Couch , Dick . The Warrior Elite : The Forging of SEAL Class 228 . New York : Three Rivers Press , 2003 . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 4695 - 5 . OCLC 802957824 Couch , Dick . The Finishing School : Earning the Navy SEAL Trident . New York : Three Rivers Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 609 - 81046 - 4 . OCLC 60563833 Couch , Dick . Down Range : Navy SEALs in the War on Terrorism . New York : Three Rivers Press , 2005 . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 8101 - 7 . OCLC 71199069 Cummings , Dennis J. The Men Behind the Trident : SEAL Team One in Viet Nam . New York : Bantam Books , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 553 - 57928 - 2 OCLC 39494815 Denver , Rorke , and Ellis Henican . Damn Few : Making the Modern SEAL Warrior . New York : Hyperion , 2013 . ISBN 1 - 4013 - 1280 - 2 OCLC 795757181 Dockery , Kevin . Navy SEALs : A History of the Early Years . New York : Berkley Books , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 425 - 17825 - 0 OCLC 0425178250 Dockery , Kevin . Navy SEALs : A History Part II : The Vietnam Years . New York : Berkley Books , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 425 - 18348 - 3 OCLC 48449554 Dockery , Kevin . Navy SEALs : A History Part III : Post-Vietnam to the Present . New York : Berkley Books , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 425 - 19034 - X OCLC 51818673 Dockery , Kevin . Weapons of the Navy SEALs . New York : Berkley Books , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 425 - 19834 - 0 OCLC 56347561 Donald , Mark L. , and Scott Mactavish . Battle Ready : Memoir of a SEAL Warrior Medic . New York : St. Martin 's Press , 2013 . ISBN 1 - 250 - 00976 - 6 OCLC 759914152 Fawcett , Bill . Hunters and Shooters : An Oral History of the U.S. Navy SEALs in Vietnam . New York : W. Morrow and Co. , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 688 - 12664 - 2 OCLC 31520013 Freid - Perenchio , Stephanie , and Jennifer Walton . SEAL : The Unspoken Sacrifice . ( Ketchum , ID ) : SFP Studio , 2009 . ISBN 0 - 615 - 30322 - 6 OCLC 525383689 Greitens , Eric . The Heart and the Fist : The Education of a Humanitarian , the Making of a Navy SEAL . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , 2011 . ISBN 0 - 547 - 42485 - X OCLC 646308409 Halberstadt , Hans . US Navy SEALs in Action . Osceola , WI : Motorbooks International , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 87938 - 993 - 1 OCLC 32275764 Jansing , Chris ( 29 January 2010 ) . `` A typical SEAL ? Think 007 , not Rambo '' . NBC Field Notes ( NBC News ) . Archived from the original on 31 January 2010 . Retrieved 29 January 2010 . Kelly , Orr . Never Fight Fair ! : Navy SEALs ' Stories of Combat and Adventure . Novato , CA : Presidio Press , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 89141 - 519 - X OCLC 30894438 Kyle , Chris ( 2013 ) . American Sniper . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06208 - 235 - 0 . Luttrell , Marcus . Lone Survivor : The Eyewitness Account of Operation Redwing and the Lost Heroes of SEAL Team 10 . Little , Brown and Company , 2009 . ISBN 0 - 316 - 04469 - 5 . OCLC 319610219 Luttrell , Marcus. , and James D. Hornfischer . Service : A Navy SEAL at War . New York , NY : Little , Brown and Co. , 2012 . ISBN 0 - 316 - 18536 - 1 OCLC 756584153 Mann , Don , and Ralph Pezzullo . Inside SEAL Team Six : My Life and Missions with America 's Elite Warriors . New York , NY : Little , Brown & Co. , 2011 . ISBN 0 - 316 - 20431 - 5 OCLC 729343843 McEwen , Scott , and Richard Miniter . Eyes on Target : Inside Stories from the Brotherhood of the U.S. Navy SEALs . New York : Center Street , 2014 . ISBN 1 - 4555 - 7569 - 0 OCLC 828891431 Neville , Leigh ( 2015 ) . Special Forces in the War on Terror . Oxford , UK : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 47280 - 790 - 8 . Neville , Leigh . Takur Ghar : The SEALs and Rangers on Roberts Ridge , Afghanistan 2002 . Oxford , UK : Osprey Pub. , 2013 . ISBN 1 - 78096 - 198 - 7 OCLC 798058824 Owen , Mark , and Kevin Maurer . No Easy Day : The Autobiography of s Navy SEAL : the Firsthand Account of the Mission That Killed Osama Bin Laden . New York , NY : Dutton , 2012 . ISBN 0 - 525 - 95372 - 8 OCLC 808121503 Padden , Ian . U.S. Navy SEALs . Toronto : Bantam Books , 1985 . ISBN 0 - 553 - 24954 - 1 OCLC 12264420 Pfarrer , Chuck . SEAL Target Geronimo : The Inside Story of the Mission to Kill Osama Bin Laden . New York : St. Martin 's Press , 2011 . ISBN 1 - 250 - 00635 - X OCLC 733234790 Pfarrer , Chuck . Warrior Soul : The Memoir of a Navy SEAL . New York : Random House , 2004 . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 6036 - 2 OCLC 52165997 Redman , Jason , and John R. Bruning . The Trident : The Forging and Reforging of a Navy SEAL Leader . New York : William Morrow , 2013 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 220832 - 2 OCLC 827260093 Robinson , Patrick . Honor and Betrayal : The Untold Story of the Navy SEALs Who Captured the `` Butcher of Fallujah '' - and the Shameful Ordeal They Later Endured . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Da Capo Press , 2013 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 82308 - X OCLC 861508106 Rossiter , Mike ( 2009 ) . Target Basra . London , UK : Corgi . ISBN 978 - 0 - 55215 - 700 - 1 . Sasser , Charles W. Encyclopedia of the Navy SEALs . New York : Facts on File , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4569 - 0 . OCLC 48383497 Wasdin , Howard E. , and Stephen Templin . SEAL Team Six : Memoirs of an Elite Navy SEAL Sniper . New York : St. Martin 's Press , 2011 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 69945 - X OCLC 681499659 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Navy SEALs . Official website United States Navy Parachute Team -- official website `` Navy Fact File : Navy SEALs '' . San Diego : United States Navy . April 2002 . Archived from the original on 3 March 2005 . Retrieved 25 June 2006 . Peterson , Lt. Cmdr Erick ( June 2009 ) . `` The Strategic Utility of U.S. Navy SEALs '' . Master thesis ( dtic.mil ) . Naval Postgraduate School . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . SEAL The Unspoken Sacrifice exhibit at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library McCoy , Shane T. ( August 2004 ) . `` Testing Newton 's Law '' , All Hands Magazine , p. 33 . Obringer , Lee Ann . `` How the Navy SEALs Work '' . How Stuff Works . Retrieved 14 June 2006 . Navy SEALs 50 -- Commemorating the 50th Anniversary of the Establishment of the U.S. Navy SEALs Ethos of the Navy SEALs United States Special Operations Command ( USSOCOM ) Portal : Military of the United States United States Army USASOC Units U.S. Army Special Forces Command U.S. Army John F. 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-6495622965162259781	Top of the Lake	Top of the Lake - wikipedia Top of the Lake Jump to : navigation , search Top of the Lake Genre Drama Created by Jane Campion Gerard Lee Written by Jane Campion Gerard Lee Directed by Jane Campion Garth Davis Ariel Kleiman Starring Elisabeth Moss David Wenham Peter Mullan Thomas M. Wright Holly Hunter Gwendoline Christie David Dencik Ewen Leslie Alice Englert Nicole Kidman Composer ( s ) Mark Bradshaw Country of origin Australia United Kingdom New Zealand Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 13 ( Sundance ) 12 ( BBC ) ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Emile Sherman Iain Canning Jane Campion Jamie Laurenson Producer ( s ) Philippa Campbell Libby Sharpe Location ( s ) Queenstown , New Zealand Sydney , Australia Cinematography Adam Arkapaw Germain McMicking Editor ( s ) Alexandre de Franceschi Scott Gray Camera setup Single - camera Running time 45 minutes ( Sundance ) 60 minutes ( BBC ) Production company ( s ) See - Saw Films Distributor BBC Two BBC UKTV SundanceTV Release Original network Sundance Channel Picture format HDTV Audio format Surround First shown in United States Original release 18 March 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 18 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website www.sundancechannel.com/series/top-of-the-lake Production website www.see-saw-films.com/television/top-of-the-lake-china-girl/ Top of the Lake is a mystery drama television series created and written by Jane Campion and Gerard Lee , and directed by Campion and Garth Davis . It aired in 2013 , and the sequel , entitled Top of the Lake : China Girl , in 2017 . It marks Campion 's first work for television since An Angel at My Table in 1990 . Season 1 follows Detective Robin Griffin ( Elisabeth Moss ) and deals with her investigation of the disappearance of a pregnant 12 - year - old girl in New Zealand . Season 2 , China Girl , is set in Sydney four years later , as Detective Griffin investigates the death of an unidentified Asian girl found at Bondi Beach . Top of the Lake was co-produced for BBC Two in the UK , BBC UKTV in Australia and New Zealand , and Sundance Channel in the United States . It has been generally very well received . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Supporting 1.3 Top of the Lake : China Girl 2 Production 2.1 Top of the Lake 2.2 Top of the Lake : China Girl 3 Release 4 Episodes 4.1 Top of the Lake : China Girl 5 Reception 5.1 Awards and nominations 5.1. 1 AACTA Awards 5.1. 2 Critics ' Choice Television Awards 5.1. 3 Emmy Awards 5.1. 4 Golden Globe Awards 5.1. 5 Golden Nymph Awards 5.1. 6 Screen Actors Guild Awards 5.1. 7 New Zealand Film Awards 5.1. 8 Screen Producers Australia Awards 5.1. 9 Equity Ensemble Awards 6 References 7 External links Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Elisabeth Moss as Robin Griffin , a Sydney detective specialising in sexual assault who is visiting her remote New Zealand hometown of Laketop , agrees to investigate the pregnancy and disappearance of a local 12 - year - old girl , Tui Mitcham . Her ability to empathise with Tui 's circumstances is based on a horrific event during her own teenage years . David Wenham as Al Parker , an old - school and well - liked detective sergeant , based in Queenstown , who also manages a café where young offenders are given a second chance . Peter Mullan as Matt Mitcham , a Scotsman and head of the Mitcham family . The informal leader of the town , feared by the townspeople , but with a complex inner life . Tom Wright as Johnno Mitcham , Matt 's estranged youngest son , and Robin 's teenage sweetheart . He recently returned to Laketop after serving eight years in Bangkwang , a Thai prison , for drug possession . Holly Hunter as GJ , an androgynous Swiss spiritual leader , arriving at Paradise with a group of troubled women , who hope GJ and Laketop will help them rediscover themselves . Supporting ( edit ) Kip Chapman and Jay Ryan as Luke and Mark Mitcham , Matt 's brute sons . Jacqueline Joe as Tui Angel Mitcham , Matt 's 12 - year - old daughter who disappears after it is discovered that she is five months pregnant . Robyn Nevin as Jude Griffin , Robin 's mother , who is suffering from cancer . Calvin Tuteao as Turangi , Jude 's caring Māori boyfriend , who has a violent temper . GJ 's Community Alison Bruce as Anne - Marie Georgi Kay as Melissa Lucy Lawless as Caroline Platt Genevieve Lemon as Bunny Robyn Malcolm as Anita Griz Pomirska as `` the Naked Lady '' Sarah Valentine as Prue Skye Wansey as Grishina Matt 's men Ben Barrington as Terry James Blake as Shotover Byron Coll as Penguin Cohen Holloway as Mike Oscar Redding as Sarge Edwin Wright as Scuzz Tui 's friends Luke Buchanan as Jamie Sam Dickson as Jase Connor Olivia Moore as Kayla Layne Opetaia as Daniel Alice Ward as Gemma The Southern Lakes Police Department Stephen Lovatt as Officer Pete Gavin Rutherford as Officer Joy Madeleine Sami as Zena the secretary Residents of Laketop Edward Campbell as Putty , the `` village idiot '' . Lauren Dawes as Mandy , Johnno 's girlfriend . Erica Englert as Narelle , Matt 's housekeeper . Mirrah Foulkes as Simone , Jamie 's mother . Dra McKay as Delia , Tui 's teacher . Top of the Lake : China Girl ( edit ) Gwendoline Christie as Miranda Hilmarson , a 35 - year - old Constable in the Sydney Police Force , who becomes Robin 's partner . David Dencik as Alexander `` Puss '' Braun , a 42 - year - old charismatic East German , who is associated with a brothel , known as Silk 41 . He is also Mary 's boyfriend . Puss 's grooming of Mary frightens Robin , Pyke and Julia . Ewen Leslie as Pyke Edwards , a successful lawyer and Mary 's adoptive father . Alice Englert as Mary Edwards , Robin 's 17 - year - old daughter , whom she gave up for adoption . She has begun to act out , due to the separation of her parents . Nicole Kidman as Julia Edwards , Mary 's adoptive mother . She has recently become estranged from her husband and daughter , due to having an affair with a female teacher from Mary 's school . Production ( edit ) Top of the Lake ( edit ) Actress Jennifer Ehle auditioned for the role of GJ , which went to Holly Hunter . Jane Campion originally offered the role of Robin to Anna Paquin , who had worked with her on The Piano ( 1993 ) . Paquin declined due to her pregnancy , and the role went to Elisabeth Moss . The series was originally intended as a co-production with the Australian Broadcasting Corporation . But after American - born Elisabeth Moss was cast , the network pulled their funding before production began , citing a prior agreement to put an Australian actress in the lead . Australian - based channel UKTV , owned by BBC Worldwide , filled the funding gap left by the ABC . Philippa Campbell was the New Zealand - based producer . Filming took 18 weeks and was shot entirely on location in Queenstown and Glenorchy , in Otago , on the South Island of New Zealand . While Queenstown is referred to during the series , Glenorchy doubles as the fictitious town of Laketop . The scenes in the women 's commune were filmed at Moke Lake . Top of the Lake : China Girl ( edit ) In early 2013 , co-creator Jane Campion said that Top of the Lake comes to a distinct ending , and there would be no additional series . Despite this , it was announced in October 2014 that the series had been renewed for a second season . China Girl began shooting on location in Sydney , Australia in December 2015 . Campion returned as co-writer and co-director . Gerard Lee returned as co-writer . The original co-director , Garth Davis , was replaced by Ariel Kleiman due to scheduling conflicts . Philippa Campbell returned as producer . Actress Nicole Kidman joined the cast for China Girl , which is the second time she has worked with Campion . Kidman `` plays an Australian mother , Julia , whose story dovetails with that of Detective Robin Griffin '' , played by Elisabeth Moss . Christie , a fan of Campion 's The Piano , joined the cast after sending a letter through a mutual friend . Release ( edit ) Top of the Lake screened in its entirety at the January 2013 Sundance Film Festival , in a single seven - hour session with one intermission and a break for lunch . This was the first such screening in the history of the festival . Top of the Lake was additionally shown at the 63rd Berlin International Film Festival . The US premiere was on the Sundance Channel on 18 March 2013 , in Australia on BBC UKTV on 24 March 2013 , and in New Zealand on 25 March , also on BBC UKTV . China Girl was screened in its entirety at the May 2017 Cannes Film Festival . In the UK , it premiered on BBC Two on 27 July 2017 , and the entire series was released on the BBC iPlayer immediately afterwards . In the US , it premiered in September 2017 , on Sundance TV , and each episode will be available on Hulu the day after its screening on SundanceTV . In Canada , China Girl will premiere on Wednesday , October 25 , 2017 , on CBC Television . Episodes ( edit ) Sundance episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date `` Episode 1 '' Jane Campion Jane Campion & Gerard Lee 18 March 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 18 ) In the small town of Laketop , New Zealand , a young girl named Tui Mitcham is discovered standing chest - deep in the icy , glacial waters of the titular lake . Afterwards , a school nurse notices that the girl is pregnant . Robin Griffin , who grew up in the area , is now a police inspector in Sydney who specializes in cases involving children . While home visiting her sick mother , she agrees to interview Tui at the local police station . `` Episode 2 '' Garth Davis with Jane Campion Jane Campion & Gerard Lee 18 March 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 18 ) Robin encounters two women from Paradise . They tell her Tui was with them the day before she disappeared but was gone in the morning . Robin organizes the local authorities to search for Tui . During the search , Robin walks into the lake and has a vision of Tui doing the same , the latter clenching her fists in the water . `` Episode 3 '' Garth Davis Jane Campion & Gerard Lee 25 March 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 25 ) Matt Mitcham goes to Paradise and sits in on a session with GJ , the enigmatic leader of the camp . In a mocking tone , Matt asks the group about the human mind . GJ tells Matt that the human mind schemes . Later , Al meets Matt in the middle of the lake for a secret meeting . `` Episode 4 '' Garth Davis with Jane Campion Jane Campion & Gerard Lee 1 April 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 01 ) Robin has dinner at Al 's ultramodern , immaculate , lakeside house . Robin tells Al she thinks Tui 's note , that said `` No One '' , meant there were multiple rapists . Al counsels Robin she is getting too involved in Tui 's case , likely because of Robin 's own history of having been gang raped , at age 15 . 5 5 `` Episode 5 '' Jane Campion with Garth Davis Jane Campion & Gerard Lee 8 April 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 08 ) Robin asks Johnno what he wanted to tell her about the night she was raped . Johnno describes how he heard Robin screaming and he peed himself . He says he found a latch to get out of the dog cage in the back of the truck but was too afraid to persist in trying to stop the men from raping her . 6 6 `` Episode 6 '' Garth Davis with Jane Campion Jane Campion & Gerard Lee 15 April 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 15 ) Robin reveals to Johnno that she plans to make a case against Matt Mitcham , in hopes of encouraging Tui to come home . Robin shares that she caught Jamie attempting to take Tui with rohypnol , a `` date rape '' drug that Robin suspects Matt manufactures . Johnno warns Robin against bringing a case against Matt , as Matt 's drug business provides much of the town with a livelihood . 7 7 `` Episode 7 '' Jane Campion Jane Campion & Gerard Lee 15 April 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 15 ) Robin goes to work at the police station the next day and tells Al that Matt said he was her father . Matt , certain that Tui could not be pregnant , searches for and finds her with her newborn baby . As he is about to kill the baby , Tui appears and kills Matt . Robin discovers that Al has been pimping young boys and girls from the barista training , including Tui , to other men for sex . BBC episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by UK air date UK viewers ( millions ) `` Paradise Sold '' Jane Campion Jane Campion & Gerard Lee 13 July 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 13 ) 2.70 Tui 's pregnancy is discovered , and the Paradise community moves in . `` Searchers Search '' Garth Davis Jane Campion & Gerard Lee 20 July 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 20 ) 1.92 Robin 's search for Tui begins . `` The Edge of the Universe '' Garth Davis Jane Campion & Gerard Lee 27 July 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 27 ) 1.57 Robin makes a breakthrough . Over dinner at Al 's place he warns her about her past being known . `` A Rainbow Above Us '' Jane Campion Jane Campion & Gerard Lee 3 August 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 03 ) 1.32 Al dismisses Robin from the case . Her passionate affair with Johnno intensifies . 5 5 `` The Dark Creator '' Garth Davis Jane Campion & Gerard Lee 10 August 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 10 ) 1.50 Robin is back on the case . Matt gathers troops to hunt Tui down . Tui 's friends celebrate her birthday in the mountains . 6 6 `` No Goodbyes Thanks '' Jane Campion Jane Campion & Gerard Lee 17 August 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 17 ) 1.72 Matt reveals his secret about Robin , and the investigation concludes . Top of the Lake : China Girl ( edit ) BBC episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by UK air date UK viewers ( millions ) 7 `` China Girl '' Jane Campion Jane Campion & Gerard Lee 27 July 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 27 ) 3.39 Robin tries to adjust back to life in Sydney while dealing with residual PTSD from shooting Al Parker , who has now filed a civil suit against her . She has also received a letter from her daughter , Mary , who is now 17 and , unbeknownst to Robin , is engaged to a 41 year old man , Alexander `` Puss '' , who works and lives in a brothel . Meanwhile , a prostitute is thrown into a suitcase which is tossed into the ocean , and she washes up on Bondi Beach . Robin and her new co-worker , Miranda , are assigned to the case . 8 `` The Loved One '' Ariel Kleiman Jane Campion & Gerard Lee 3 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 03 ) 2.38 A flashback reveals that Robin left Johnno on their wedding day because he was cheating on her . In the present , Robin is forced to team up with Miranda on the `` China Girl '' case . They learn that China Girl was pregnant at the time of her death . Robin finally works up the courage to contact Mary and is able to meet her for the first time . At the meeting Mary reveals she assumed that she was the product of rape , which Robin confirms . 9 `` Surrogate '' Ariel Kleiman Jane Campion & Gerard Lee 10 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 10 ) 1.97 Robin gets a lead on the China girl case after potentially finding the biological parents she was a surrogate for . Pyke and Julia confront Mary 's boyfriend Puss with the fact that he is already married , causing a further rift between them and Mary . Robin 's mediation with Al does not go as planned when he assaults her before it begins . 10 `` Birthday '' Ariel Kleiman Jane Campion & Gerard Lee 17 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 17 ) 1.92 Robin gets a lead on who China girl is via a John who was in love with her . Puss becomes more erratic and convinces Mary that she should begin work as a prostitute when she turns 18 . She eventually agrees . Mary takes a group of the prostitutes to the beach with her , Pyke and Robin . Puss comes along and , after bringing up Robin 's rape , attacks her by biting her in the face . Mary convinces her not to press charges . 11 5 `` Who 's Your Daddy '' Jane Campion Jane Campion & Gerard Lee 24 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 24 ) 1.69 Mary leaves the safety of Robin 's home to reconnect with Puss , who learns from her that Robin is looking into the murder of Cinnamon . Brett is able to officially connect China Girl to Puss 's brothel but becomes unhinged after seeing her corpse . After Miranda discloses a secret about her pregnancy , Robin is able to come closer to tying Cinnamon 's disappearance to a surrogacy ring . Connected by concern over Mary and Puss , Robin and Pyke grow closer , much to Julia 's annoyance . 12 6 `` The Battle of the Mothers '' Ariel Kleiman Jane Campion & Gerard Lee 31 August 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 31 ) 1.84 Robin searches for Mary after Brett takes her hostage . Puss reveals to Robin the truth of what happened to Cinnamon and discloses the location of the missing surrogates . Reception ( edit ) Reviews of Top of the Lake have been positive , referring to the series as `` masterfully made '' , `` beautiful '' , `` mysterious '' , `` riveting '' , and `` a masterpiece '' . It received a score of 86 out of 100 from Metacritic and a score of 93 per cent from Rotten Tomatoes . There were also some less positive reviews . Mike Hale of The New York Times criticized the `` elaborately introduced plotlines '' and described Tui 's disappearance as `` less a story element than a metaphor for the kind of armed resistance to male hegemony that constitutes the central idea of Ms Campion 's body of work . '' Top of the Lake was lauded by feminist critics for its explicit effort to analyse rape culture as well as its radical construction of narratives entirely foregrounding the experiences of single women . Awards and nominations ( edit ) AACTA Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominated artist / work Result 2014 Best Telefeature , Mini Series or Short Run Series Emile Sherman , Iain Canning , Jane Campion and Philippa Campbell Won Best Direction in a Drama or Comedy Garth Davis for `` The Dark Creator '' Nominated Best Guest or Supporting Actor in a Television Drama Peter Mullan Nominated Best Guest or Supporting Actress in a Television Drama Robyn Nevin Nominated Best Cinematography in Television Adam Arkapaw for Episode 5 : `` The Dark Creator '' Won Best Sound in Television Richard Flynn , Tony Vaccher , John Dennison , Craig Butters , Danny Longhurst and Blair Slater , for Episode 5 : `` The Dark Creator '' Won Best Original Music Score in Television Mark Bradshaw , for Episode 5 : `` The Dark Creator '' Nominated Best Production Design in Television Fiona Crombie for Episode 5 : `` The Dark Creator '' Nominated Best Costume Design in Television Emily Seresin for Episode 5 : `` The Dark Creator '' Nominated Best Editing in Television Scott Gray for Episode 5 : `` The Dark Creator '' Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominated artist / work Result 2013 Best Movie / Miniseries -- Nominated Best Actress in a Movie / Miniseries Elisabeth Moss Won Best Supporting Actor in a Movie / Miniseries Peter Mullan Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Movie / Miniseries David Wenham Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Movie / Miniseries Thomas M. Wright Nominated Emmy Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominated artist / work Result 2013 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Miniseries or Movie Nominated Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Elisabeth Moss Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Movie Peter Mullan Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries , Movie , or Dramatic Special Jane Campion , Garth Davis Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Miniseries , Movie , or Dramatic Special Jane Campion , Gerard Lee Nominated Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Casting for a Miniseries , Movie , or Special Nominated Outstanding Cinematography for a Miniseries or Movie Episode : `` Part 1 '' Won Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Miniseries or Movie Episode : `` Part 5 '' Nominated Golden Globe Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominated artist / work Result 2014 Best Miniseries or Television Film -- Nominated Best Actress -- Miniseries or Television Film Elisabeth Moss Won Golden Nymph Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominated artist / work Result 2014 Best Miniseries -- Won Best Actor -- Miniseries Peter Mullan Won Best Actress -- Miniseries Elisabeth Moss Won Screen Actors Guild Awards ( edit ) Year Category Nominated artist / work Result 2014 Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie Elisabeth Moss Nominated 2014 Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie Holly Hunter Nominated New Zealand Film Awards ( edit ) Year Category Result Ref 2013 Best Television Feature or Drama Series Won Screen Producers Australia Awards ( edit ) Year Category Result Ref 2013 Drama Television Production of the Year Won Equity Ensemble Awards ( edit ) Year Category Result Ref 2013 Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Miniseries or Telemovie Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Top of the Lake ( TV series ) ( 2013 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved 10 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nicole Kidman to star in Top of the Lake season 2 : China Girl '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 12 June 2016 . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Szalai , Georg ( 4 April 2017 ) . `` MIPTV : ' Top of the Lake ' Producer on Why Season 2 `` Will Be More Accessible '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Eldridge Industries . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top of the Lake and Two Mothers selected for the Sundance Film Festival '' ( Press release ) . Screen Australia . 4 December 2012 . Archived from the original on 24 March 2016 . Retrieved 20 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top Of The Lake Season 2 Cast & Characters : The Ultimate Guide - moviepilot.com '' . moviepilot.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Top of the Lake : China Girl First Look Photos '' . www.sundance.tv . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` BBC - Top Of The Lake : China Girl - Media Centre '' . www.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Elisabeth Moss , Top of the Lake interview '' . Vulture. 25 January 2013 . Retrieved 31 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` No funding from ABC for Top of the Lake after it learned Mad Men actress Elisabeth Moss was in cast '' . The Daily Telegraph . 7 November 2011 . Retrieved 20 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` David Wenham : `` Top of the Lake is ABC 's loss '' `` . TV Tonight . 5 March 2013 . Retrieved 20 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gone Girl : Inside Top of the Lake , Jane Campion 's gritty new thriller '' . The Daily Beast. 13 March 2013 . Retrieved 30 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( 16 November 2014 ) . `` Top of the Lake Season 2 '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( 24 July 2015 ) . `` Elisabeth Moss Returning for ' Top of the Lake ' Season 2 '' . SlashFilm . Jump up ^ Shechet , Ellie ( 23 June 2015 ) . `` Season 2 of Top of the Lake Will Take Place in Sydney and Hong Kong '' . Jezebel . Jump up ^ Berger , Laura . `` Gwendoline Christie Joins Elisabeth Moss for Series 2 of Jane Campion 's ' Top of the Lake ' '' . Retrieved 19 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( 15 May 2017 ) . `` Nicole Kidman in Cannes : her tortuous journey to Queen of the Croisette '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Ahmed , Tufayel ( 2017 - 07 - 10 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' star Gwendoline Christie on Brienne of Tarth 's fate and her many suitors '' . Newsweek . Jump up ^ `` Sundance : Campion 's Seven - Hour Top of the Lake '' . Vulture. 12 February 2014 . Retrieved 27 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top of the Lake : Sundance Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 21 January 2013 . Retrieved 20 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UKTV announces air date for Top of the Lake '' . Foxtel. 14 January 2013 . Retrieved 20 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jane Campion : Lady of the lake '' . The New Zealand Herald . 16 March 2013 . Retrieved 20 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Knapp , JD ( 11 May 2017 ) . `` ' Top of the Lake : China Girl ' Trailer Showcases Elisabeth Moss , Nicole Kidman '' . Variety . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Strang , Fay ( 27 July 2017 ) . `` When is Top Of The Lake start on BBC Two tonight , who does Nicole Kidman play , who else is in the China Girl cast and what 's it about ? '' . The Sun . News UK . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` SundanceTV Releases New Photos of ' Top of the Lake : China Girl ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Ben ( 11 May 2017 ) . `` ' Top of the Lake : China Girl ' Trailer : Elisabeth Moss and Nicole Kidman Protect Their Own in Jane Campion 's Sequel -- Watch '' . Indiewire.com . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBC announces fall 2017 broadcast premiere dates for new and returning television series '' . CBC Radio - Canada . 16 August 2017 . Retrieved 6 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 's '' . BARB . Retrieved 8 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 30 's '' . BARB . Retrieved 8 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Next on ( 2 ) '' . BBC . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Seitz on Jane Campion 's Top of the Lake : A Police Procedural , Masterfully Made '' . Vulture. 2013 - 03 - 21 . Retrieved 8 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Jane Campion 's Top of the Lake mysterious , beautiful '' . Los Angeles Times . 18 March 2013 . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` David Bianculli 's take on Jane Campion 's new TV drama : Top of the Lake '' . NPR Fresh Air . 2013 - 03 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Top of the Lake -- first look review '' . The Guardian . 9 February 2013 . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Jane Campion 's Top of the Lake a riveting long - form mystery '' . Hitfix. 18 March 2013 . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Top of the Lake at Metacritic Jump up ^ Top of the Lake at Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ `` Pregnant Girl Vanishes , and Story Lines Fork '' . The New York Times . 17 March 2013 . Retrieved 18 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Can We Talk About How Damn Good Top of the Lake Is ? '' . Jezebel. 2013 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Top of the Lake : A Non-Watered Down Depiction of Rape Culture '' . Ms. Magazine blog . 18 April 2013 . Retrieved 1 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 2013 winners of the Rialto Channel New Zealand Film Awards '' . Retrieved 13 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Goalpost Pictures Awarded Media Super Production Business of the Year '' . Screen Producers Australia . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 27 May 2014 ) . `` Equity Ensemble Awards 2014 : winners '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 5 April 2015 . External links ( edit ) Top of the Lake at the SundanceTV Top of the Lake at the BBC Top of the Lake : China Girl at the BBC Top of the Lake on IMDb Top of the Lake at Rotten Tomatoes Top of the Lake : China Girl at Rotten Tomatoes Top of the Lake at Metacritic Jane Campion Films directed Feature films Sweetie ( 1989 ) An Angel at My Table ( 1990 ) The Piano ( 1993 ) The Portrait of a Lady ( 1996 ) Holy Smoke ! ( 1999 ) In the Cut ( 2003 ) Bright Star ( 2009 ) Short films Mishaps of Seduction and Conquest ( 1981 ) Peel ( 1982 ) Passionless Moments ( 1983 ) A Girl 's Own Story ( 1984 ) The Lady Bug ( 2007 ) The Water Diary ( 2008 ) Television Dancing Daze ( 1985 ) Two Friends ( 1986 ) Top of the Lake ( 2013 , 2017 ) AACTA Award for Best Telefeature , Mini Series or Short Run Series ( 2010 -- 2029 ) Hawke ( 2010 ) The Slap ( 2011 ) Howzat ! Kerry Packer 's War ( 2012 ) Top of the Lake ( 2013 ) Devil 's Playground ( 2014 ) Peter Allen : Not the Boy Next Door ( 2015 ) Complete list ( 1986 -- 1989 ) ( 1990 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- 2029 ) Equity Award for Most Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Television Movie or Miniseries The Slap ( 2011 ) : Costabile ; B. Davis ; E. Davis ; Dimitriades ; George ; Glenn ; Hayes ; LaPaglia ; Lowe ; Marinos ; McInnes ; Okonedo ; Townsend ; Yianni Devil 's Dust ( 2012 ) : Foulkes ; Hany ; Hayes ; Hegney ; Leslie ; Schepisi Top of the Lake ( 2013 ) : Buchanan ; Hunter ; Joe ; Lemon ; Malcolm ; Moss ; Mullan ; Nevin ; Ryan ; Wenham ; Wright ANZAC Girls ( 2014 ) : Brent ; Clare ; Craig ; Debelle ; Flood ; Lasance ; Mayer ; McClelland ; McGahan ; Prebble Peter Allen : Not the Boy Next Door ( 2015 ) : Baldwin ; Farnell ; Gibney ; Jackson ; Mills , Szeps ; Thornton ; West Barracuda ( 2016 ) : Anton ; Cobham - Hervey ; Creer ; Griffiths ; Haralabidou ; Kindon ; Nable ; Taylor Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Top_of_the_Lake&oldid=806568045 '' Categories : English - language television programs Television shows set in New Zealand Rape in fiction 2013 Australian television series debuts 2010s Australian television series Australian subscription television series BBC Television programmes Preteen pregnancy Hidden categories : EngvarB from January 2016 Use dmy dates from January 2016 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands Polski Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 22 October 2017 , at 21 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	difference between top of the lake and china girl	[]	[]
-4922325325906055543	Sherlock Gnomes	Sherlock Gnomes - wikipedia Sherlock Gnomes Jump to : navigation , search Sherlock Gnomes Theatrical release poster Directed by John Stevenson Produced by David Furnish Steve Hamilton Shaw Carolyn Soper Screenplay by Ben Zazove Story by Kevin Cecil Andy Riley Emily Cook Kathy Greenberg Based on Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare Sherlock Holmes by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Starring James McAvoy Emily Blunt Chiwetel Ejiofor Mary J. Blige Johnny Depp Music by Chris Bacon Edited by Prakash Patel Mark Solomon Production company Paramount Animation Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Rocket Pictures Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) ( United States ) May 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 11 ) ( United Kingdom ) Running time 88 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $59 million Box office $76.6 million Sherlock Gnomes is a 2018 3D computer - animated comedy film directed by John Stevenson . A sequel to Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) , the film stars the voices of James McAvoy , Emily Blunt , Chiwetel Ejiofor , Mary J. Blige , and Johnny Depp . It was produced by Paramount Animation , Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer , and Rocket Pictures , with the animation service provided by Mikros Image . It is the first film from Paramount Animation to be entirely animated , and the first animated film from Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer since 2008 's Igor . The film was released in the United States on March 23 , 2018 , by Paramount Pictures , unlike its predecessor , which was distributed by Touchstone Pictures . It has grossed $76 million worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Animation 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Sherlock Gnomes and his assistant , Gnome Watson , storm into a museum , where their nemesis , a pie mascot named Moriarty , is holding gnomes hostage , planning to smash them . After a brief battle , Moriarty is defeated and seemingly crushed by a dinosaur skeleton . Meanwhile , Gnomeo and Juliet , as well as the other gnomes , are moving to London . While there , Gnomeo and Juliet are declared the new leaders of the garden . Gnomeo leaves to find a flower for the garden , but is caught . He and Juliet have a brief argument , but then find out that all the other gnomes have gone missing . Sherlock and Watson show up at the scene to investigate , and after Gnomeo and Juliet help them escape from a sewer , they all team up . Sherlock inspects a clue given to them by Moriarty , who he believes survived their last encounter . After literally searching his mind , he concludes that the clue is leading them to Chinatown . After an encounter with some Maneki - nekos , they find the next clue . The group is split on where the clue is leading , so they split up . Later , Watson is seemingly killed by a stone Gargoyle , saddening the group . Eventually , Sherlock figures out that the next clue is at the park . He and Juliet disguise themselves as a squirrel to get the clue from a dog and barely succeed . Meanwhile , Gnomeo discovers where the gnomes are being kept . The next clue leads Sherlock and Juliet to a doll shop , where they meet his former girlfriend , Irene . Resentful towards Sherlock , she kicks them out , but Juliet is allowed back in . Juliet then convinces her to give them the clue , which finally leads them to Moriarty . However , they discover that Watson was the true mastermind . Watson 's Gargoyles then betray him and dispose of Sherlock , Watson , and Juliet . Sherlock discovers exactly where the gnomes are being held , at the Tower Bridge , and the group later finds out that Moriarty really was behind everything and plans on smashing the gnomes with the bridge when it 's raised . He then reveals that , after witnessing Sherlock 's mistreatment of Watson , had the Gargoyles , who worked for him the entire time , pretend to work for Watson . During a brief chase , Gnomeo defeats the Gargoyles with a drone , Watson goes to save the trapped gnomes , and Moriarty injures Sherlock 's leg . To save everyone , Sherlock tackles Moriarty over the edge of the bridge where Watson narrowly saves him . Moriarty is left floating in the river where he vows revenge . Watson and Sherlock reconcile , as does Gnomeo and Juliet , and the gnomes are rescued . The garden gnomes hold a ceremony for Gnomeo and Juliet , with Irene in attendance , and Sherlock and Watson leave onto another adventure . Voice cast ( edit ) James McAvoy as Gnomeo , Lady Bluebury 's son , Juliet 's husband , Benny 's best friend and a blue gnome counterpart to Romeo Montague . Emily Blunt as Juliet , Lord Redbrick 's daughter , Gnomeo 's wife , Nanette 's best friend and a red gnome counterpart to Juliet Capulet . Johnny Depp as Sherlock Gnomes , Gnome Watson 's friend and assistant , Irene 's ex-boyfriend , Moriarty 's arch - nemesis and a gnome counterpart to Sherlock Holmes . Chiwetel Ejiofor as Gnome Watson , Sherlock Gnomes ' friend and assistant and a gnome counterpart to Dr. John Watson . Mary J. Blige as Irene , Sherlock 's ex-girlfriend , and a plastic doll counterpart to Irene Adler . Jamie Demetriou as Moriarty , Sherlock 's arch - nemesis and a pie mascot counterpart to Professor Moriarty . Michael Caine as Lord Redbrick , the leader of the red gnomes and Juliet 's overprotective widowed father and gnome counterpart to Lord Capulet . Maggie Smith as Lady Bluebury , the leader of the blue gnomes and Gnomeo 's widowed mother ; gnome counterpart to Lady Montague . Ashley Jensen as Nanette , a Scottish - accented plastic garden frog , Juliet 's best friend and Paris ' girlfriend in first film now is the new girlfriend of Benny and garden frog counterpart to Nurse . Matt Lucas as Benny , Gnomeo 's impulsive and tall - hatted best friend , Call Me Doll 's boyfriend in first film who is the new boyfriend of Nanette ; gnome counterpart to Benvolio . Stephen Merchant as Paris , a nerdy red gnome who was arranged to marry Juliet and Nanette 's boyfriend in first film and gnome counterpart to Count Paris . Julie Walters as Ms. Montague , the elderly owner of the garden . Richard Wilson as Mr. Capulet , the elderly owner of the garden . Julio Bonet as Mankini Gnome , a red gnome in a mankini . Kelly Asbury as Red Goon Gnomes ; counterparts to Gregory , Sampson , Anthony , and Potpan . Ozzy Osbourne as Fawn , a garden deer . Dan Starkey as Teddy Gregson , a counterpart to Tobias Gregson . Dexter Fletcher as Reggie , a gargoyle . James Hong as Salt Shaker John Stevenson as Big Boy Gorilla Stephen Wright as Bridge Operator Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In March 2012 , it was reported that the film was in development at Rocket Pictures . Emily Cook , Kathy Greenberg , Andy Riley and Kevin Cecil , four of the nine writers on the first film , were to write the script for the film . Steve Hamilton Shaw and David Furnish produced the film , and Elton John , an executive producer , was again composing new songs for the film . The film would feature Sherlock Gnomes , `` the greatest ornamental detective '' hired by the characters from the first film , who would try to solve the mystery of disappearing gnomes . In September 2012 , it was reported that John Stevenson , one of the directors of Kung Fu Panda , had been set to direct the film . Kelly Asbury , the director of the first film , was unable to direct the sequel due to being busy on Smurfs : The Lost Village for Sony Pictures Animation . However , he was involved in the sequel as the creative consultant . Casting ( edit ) In November 2015 , it was announced that Johnny Depp would voice Sherlock Gnomes and that the film would be released on January 12 , 2018 . McAvoy and Blunt reprised their roles as Gnomeo and Juliet , respectively . Animation ( edit ) Unlike the first film , which was animated by Arc Productions ( now Jam Filled Toronto ) , Sherlock Gnomes was animated by Mikros Image in London and Paris . Like the first film , the movie 's animation was created using Maya. 60 percent of the animation crew was in London , and the rest were in Paris . During peak production , there were between 80 and 100 animators working on the project . Animation director Eric Leighton took inspiration from George Pal 's Puppetoons for the animation of the gnomes in the film . Additional animation was produced by Reel FX Creative Studios in Dallas , Texas . Music ( edit ) Chris Bacon was confirmed to return to score the sequel like in the first film while James Newton Howard did not return to co-compose the score since he was too busy working on the music for an unnamed sequel of Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them . However , James did return only to be involved as a music consultant . Release ( edit ) The film was originally scheduled to be released in the United States on January 12 , 2018 . In May 2017 , the film was pushed back two months to March 23 , 2018 . In the UK , it was released on May 11 , 2018 . Marketing ( edit ) On November 3 , 2017 , seven teaser posters were released . The same day , the title was shortened from Gnomeo and Juliet 2 : Sherlock Gnomes to Sherlock Gnomes . On November 7 , the first trailer was revealed . The trailer was shown before screenings of Daddy 's Home 2 . The film had also released posters parodying previous films from 2017 , such as Darkest Hour , The Disaster Artist , The Greatest Showman , The Post , I , Tonya , Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 , All the Money in the World , Wonder Woman , and The Shape of Water . Home Media ( edit ) Sherlock Gnomes will be released on Digital HD on June 5 , 2018 , and on Blu - ray and DVD on June 12 , 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of May 27 , 2018 , Sherlock Gnomes has grossed $42.3 million in the United States and Canada , and $34.3 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $76.6 million , against a production budget of $59 million . In the United States and Canada , Sherlock Gnomes was released alongside Pacific Rim Uprising , Midnight Sun , Unsane and Paul , Apostle of Christ , and was projected to gross $13 -- 18 million from 3,600 theaters in its opening weekend . It ended up debuting to $10.6 million , underperforming but still finishing 4th at the box office . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 28 % based on 54 reviews , and an average rating of 4.5 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Sherlock Gnomes is sadly , utterly stumped by the mystery of the reason of its own existence . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 36 out of 100 , based on 14 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . See also ( edit ) Gnomeo and Juliet , the film 's predecessor . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike Jr . ( September 5 , 2012 ) . `` John Stevenson Tapped To Direct ' Gnomeo & Juliet ' Sequel ' Sherlock Gnomes ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sherlock Gnomes ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rocket Pictures Partners with Mikros Image to Lead Digital Animation Work for Paramount Animation and MGM 's `` Sherlock Gnomes '' '' ( Press release ) . Mikros Image . June 9 , 2016 . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Evans , Greg ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Paramount Nudges ' Sherlock Gnomes ' To Later Release Date '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike Jr . ( March 8 , 2012 ) . `` Rocket Pictures Plots ' Gnomeo & Juliet ' Sequel , With New Tunes By Elton John '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Evry , Max ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Sherlock Gnomes Character Posters Revealed '' . ComingSoon.net . CraveOnline Media . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Will ( November 7 , 2015 ) . `` Johnny Depp takes lead in Sherlock Gnomes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time . Retrieved November 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ CS ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Paramount Animation Announces Release Dates '' . ComingSoon.net . CraveOnline Media . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Idelson , Karen ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Sherlock Gnomes ' : Not So Elementary , Dear Watson ! '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sherlock Gnomes ( 2018 ) - Official Trailer - Paramount Pictures . Paramount Pictures . November 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original ( YouTube ) on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dacey ( 27 January 2018 ) . `` Lots of parody posters for Sherlock Gnomes released '' . Animated Views . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sherlock Gnomes DVD Release Date June 12 , 2018 '' . DVDs Release Dates . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office Preview : ' Pacific Rim Uprising ' Set to Break ' Black Panther 's ' Five - Week Streak '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` Does ' Pacific Rim : Uprising ' Break Even At The Global B.O. ? ; ' Black Panther ' Sets Marvel Record -- Sunday Postmortem '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sherlock Gnomes ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sherlock Gnomes Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Sherlock Gnomes on IMDb Sherlock Gnomes at Rotten Tomatoes Official website Paramount Animation Feature films The SpongeBob Movie : Sponge Out of Water ( 2015 ) Monster Trucks ( 2016 ) Sherlock Gnomes ( 2018 ) Upcoming films Wonder Park ( 2019 ) Sonic the Hedgehog ( 2019 ) The SpongeBob Movie : It 's a Wonderful Sponge ( 2020 ) Monster on the Hill ( 2020 ) Luck ( 2021 ) Related animation studios Nickelodeon Movies Nickelodeon Animation Studio Nick Digital MTV Films MTV Animation Fleischer Studios Famous Studios Terrytoons Rainbow S.r.l. William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Characters Romeo Juliet Mercutio Tybalt Benvolio Friar Laurence Nurse Paris Rosaline Queen Mab Atomy Sources The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Palace of Pleasure Troilus and Criseyde Ballets Romeo and Juliet ( 1938 , Prokofiev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1962 , Cranko ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , MacMillan ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1977 , Nureyev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , Lavery ) Radio and Juliet ( 2005 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 2007 , Martins ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2008 , Pastor ) Operas Romeo und Julie ( 1776 , Benda ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1796 , Zingarelli ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1825 , Vaccai ) I Capuleti ei Montecchi ( 1830 , Bellini ) Gloria ( 1874 , Cilea ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1867 , Gounod ) A Village Romeo and Juliet ( 1907 , Delius ) Romeo und Julia ( 1940 , Sutermeister ) Musicals The Belle of Mayfair ( 1906 ) West Side Story ( 1957 ) Once on This Island ( 1990 ) Roméo et Juliette , de la Haine à l'Amour ( 2001 ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 2007 ) Classical Beethoven 's String Quartet No. 1 ( c. 1800 ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1839 , Berlioz ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1870 , Tchaikovsky ) On screen 1900 1908 1916 Metro Pictures 1916 Fox 1936 1953 1954 1955 1964 1968 1978 ( TV ) 1992 ( TV ) 2006 2007 2013 Film adaptations English Beneath the 12 - Mile Reef ( 1953 ) Romanoff and Juliet ( 1961 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Gonks Go Beat ( 1965 ) Lonesome Cowboys ( 1968 ) Romie - 0 and Julie - 8 ( TV ; 1979 ) The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet ( 1982 ) Valley Girl ( 1983 ) Bullies ( 1986 ) China Girl ( 1987 ) Romeo. Juliet ( 1990 ) Tromeo and Juliet ( 1996 ) Love Is All There Is ( 1996 ) Rose by Any Other Name ... ( 1997 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns ( 1999 ) Romeo Must Die ( 2000 ) Brooklyn Babylon ( 2001 ) Pizza My Heart ( TV ; 2005 ) West Bank Story ( 2005 ) Life and Lyrics ( 2006 ) Romeo & Juliet : Sealed with a Kiss ( 2006 ) Rome & Jewel ( 2006 ) David & Fatima ( 2008 ) The Cross Road ( 2008 ) Vicious Circle ( 2008 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Private Romeo ( 2011 ) Warm Bodies ( 2013 ) Make Your Move ( 2013 ) Romeo & Juliet ( 2013 ) Hindi Ek Duuje Ke Liye ( 1981 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( 1988 ) Saudagar ( 1991 ) Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein ( 2002 ) Bollywood Queen ( 2002 ) Ishaqzaade ( 2012 ) Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela ( 2013 ) Issaq ( 2013 ) Telugu Maro Charitra ( 1978 ) Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi ( 1996 ) Kalisundam Raa ( 2000 ) Maro Charitra ( 2010 ) Spanish Romeo and Juliet ( 1940 ) Los Tarantos ( 1963 ) 30 : e november ( Swedish / Spanish 1995 ) Amar te duele ( 2002 ) Italian Fury of Johnny Kid ( 1967 ) Ma che musica maestro ( 1971 ) Portuguese Mônica e Cebolinha : No Mundo de Romeu e Julieta ( 1979 ) O Casamento de Romeu e Julieta ( 2005 ) Other Ambikapathy ( Tamil 1937 ) Les amants de Vérone ( French 1949 ) Romeo , Juliet and Darkness ( Czech 1960 ) The Phantom Lover ( Mandarin 1995 ) Chicken Rice War ( Cantonese / English 2000 ) Ondagona Baa ( Kannada 2003 ) Mamay ( Ukrainian 2003 ) The District ! ( Hungarian 2004 ) In Fair Palestine : A Story of Romeo and Juliet ( 2006 ) The Bubble ( Hebrew / Arabic 2006 ) Priyatama ( Marathi 2014 ) Arshinagar ( Bengali 2015 ) Eeda ( Malayalam 2017 ) The Sea Prince and the Fire Child ( Japanese 1981 ) TV series Sons and Daughters ( 1982 ) Family and Friends ( 1990 ) Villa Quintana ( 1995 ) Yo amo a Paquita Gallego ( 1998 ) Skin ( 2003 ) A Touch Away ( 2006 ) Dangerous ( 2007 ) Romeo × Juliet ( 2007 ) Romeo y Julieta ( 2007 ) Saints & Sinners ( 2007 ) Harina de otro costal ( 2010 ) Villa Quintana ( 2013 ) Westside ( 2013 pilot ) Star - Crossed ( 2014 ) Still Star - Crossed ( 2017 ) Plays Romanoff and Juliet ( 1956 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2013 ) Songs Lan và Điệp ( 1930s ) `` Montagues and Capulets '' ( 1935 ) `` Fever '' ( 1956 ) Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' ( 1976 ) `` Angelo '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1981 ) `` Cherish '' ( 1989 ) `` Amor Prohibido '' ( 1994 ) `` Kissing You '' ( 1996 ) `` Exit Music '' ( 1997 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1998 ) `` Starcrossed '' ( 2004 ) `` Peut - être toi '' ( 2006 ) `` Mademoiselle Juliette '' ( 2007 ) `` Love Story '' ( 2008 ) `` Love Me Again '' `` Laal Ishq '' `` Mor Bani Thanghat Kare '' `` Nagada Sang Dhol '' `` Ram Chahe Leela '' ( 2013 ) Albums Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) Romeo & Julia ( 2006 ) Tragic Lovers ( 2008 ) Literature Les Chouans The Wandering Jew ( 1844 ) The Stolen Dormouse ( 1941 ) The Faraway Lurs ( 1963 ) Romiette and Julio ( 2001 ) New Moon ( 2006 ) Warm Bodies ( 2010 ) Art Romeo and Juliet : the Tomb Scene ( 1790 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1978 ) Phrases `` Star - crossed '' `` A rose by any other name would smell as sweet '' Story within a story Nicholas Nickleby 1912 film 1947 film 1980 play 2001 film 2002 film The Picture of Dorian Gray 1910 film 1913 film 1915 film 1916 film 1917 film 1918 film 1945 film 1976 TV special 2009 film Harlequinade W Juliet `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' Panic Button Bare : A Pop Opera `` '' Into the Light '' Bolji život The Sky Is Everywhere Pay as You Exit The White Mercedes She Died a Lady `` Moonshine River '' Rendez - vous Fame `` I Am Unicorn '' The Frog Prince Molly Smart Girls Get What They Want Tumbleweeds `` The Thief of Baghead '' The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke Prince Charming Km. 0 Phileine Says Sorry Hamateur Night `` Say You 'll Be Mine '' Into the Gauntlet Wandering Son K - On ! Foreign stories Adam Khan and Durkhanai Tum Teav Yusuf Khan and Sherbano Solomon & Gaenor Butterfly Lovers Hani and Sheh Mureed Lục Vân Tiên film Teav Aek Layla and Majnun Lovers of Teruel film Lord Saltoun and Auchanachie Ishaqzaade Other Such Tweet Sorrow Romeo and Juliet effect After Juliet `` Upper West Side Story '' ( 2012 ) Millennium Dome Show Inge Sylten and Heinz Drosihn Boys Do n't Cry My Wedding and Other Secrets Donkey in Lahore Upside Down Letters to Juliet Sherlock Gnomes Book : Romeo and Juliet Screen adaptations of Sherlock Holmes Silent films Sherlock Holmes Baffled ( 1900 ) Adventures of Sherlock Holmes ; or , Held for Ransom ( 1905 ) Sherlock Holmes in the Great Murder Mystery ( 1908 ) Arsène Lupin contra Sherlock Holmes ( 1910 ) Der Hund von Baskerville ( 1914 ) Detektiv Braun ( 1914 ) A Study in Scarlet ( 1914 British film ) A Study in Scarlet ( 1914 US film ) The Valley of Fear ( 1916 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1916 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1922 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1929 ) Stoll series The Dying Detective ( 1921 ) The Devil 's Foot ( 1921 ) The Man with the Twisted Lip ( 1921 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1921 ) The Sign of Four ( 1923 ) Wontner series The Sleeping Cardinal ( 1931 ) The Missing Rembrandt ( 1932 , lost ) The Sign of Four ( 1932 ) The Triumph of Sherlock Holmes ( 1935 ) Silver Blaze ( 1937 ) Rathbone -- Bruce series The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1939 ) The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes ( 1939 ) Voice of Terror ( 1942 ) Secret Weapon ( 1942 ) Sherlock Holmes in Washington ( 1943 ) Sherlock Holmes Faces Death ( 1943 ) The Spider Woman ( 1944 ) The Scarlet Claw ( 1944 ) The Pearl of Death ( 1944 ) The House of Fear ( 1945 ) The Woman in Green ( 1945 ) Pursuit to Algiers ( 1945 ) Terror by Night ( 1946 ) Dressed to Kill ( 1946 ) By actor Clive Brook The Return of Sherlock Holmes ( 1929 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1932 ) Peter Cushing The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1959 ) The Masks of Death ( 1984 ) ( TV ) Christopher Plummer Silver Blaze ( 1977 ) ( TV ) Murder by Decree ( 1979 ) Christopher Lee The Deadly Necklace ( 1962 ) The Leading Lady ( 1991 ) ( TV ) Incident at Victoria Falls ( 1991 ) ( TV ) Robert Downey Jr . Sherlock Holmes ( 2009 ) A Game of Shadows ( 2011 ) Other films The Speckled Band ( 1931 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1932 ) A Study in Scarlet ( 1933 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1937 ) A Study in Terror ( 1965 ) The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes ( 1970 ) The Seven - Per - Cent Solution ( 1976 ) The Case of Marcel Duchamp ( 1984 ) Young Sherlock Holmes ( 1985 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 2010 ) Holmes & Watson . Madrid Days ( 2012 ) Mr. Holmes ( 2015 ) Television films Ian Richardson The Sign of Four ( 1983 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1983 ) Maslennikov series Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson ( 1979 ) The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson ( 1980 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1981 ) The Treasures of Agra ( 1983 ) The Twentieth Century Approaches ( 1986 ) Matt Frewer The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 2000 ) The Sign of Four ( 2001 ) The Case of the Whitechapel Vampire ( 2002 ) The Royal Scandal ( 2003 ) Ian Hart ( as Watson ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 2002 ) The Case of the Silk Stocking ( 2004 ) Other films The Three Garridebs ( 1937 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1972 ) The Longing of Sherlock Holmes ( 1972 ) Sherlock Holmes in New York ( 1976 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1982 ) Sherlock Holmes and the Baskerville Curse ( 1983 ) The Return of Sherlock Holmes ( 1987 ) Hands of a Murderer ( 1990 ) The Crucifer of Blood ( 1991 ) 1994 Baker Street : Sherlock Holmes Returns ( 1993 ) The Hound of London ( 1993 ) Sherlock : Case of Evil ( 2002 ) Sherlock Holmes and the Baker Street Irregulars ( 2007 ) Comedies , pastiches , and parodies The Mystery of the Leaping Fish ( 1916 ) The Limejuice Mystery or Who Spat in Grandfather 's Porridge ? ( 1930 ) Lelíček ve službách Sherlocka Holmese ( 1932 ) The Man Who Was Sherlock Holmes ( 1937 ) Deduce , You Say ! ( 1956 ) They Might Be Giants ( 1971 ) The Adventure of Sherlock Holmes ' Smarter Brother ( 1975 ) The Return of the World 's Greatest Detective ( 1976 ) Sherlock Pink ( 1976 ) The Strange Case of the End of Civilization as We Know It ( 1977 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1978 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Without a Clue ( 1988 ) The Adventures of Shirley Holmes ( 1997 ) Zero Effect ( 1998 ) A Samba for Sherlock ( 2001 ) Sheerluck Holmes and the Golden Ruler ( 2006 ) Aria the Scarlet Ammo ( 2008 ) Tantei Opera Milky Holmes ( 2009 ) Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes ( 2010 ) The Empire of Corpses ( 2015 ) Sherlock Gnomes ( 2018 ) Holmes and Watson ( 2018 ) Television series Sherlock Holmes ( 1951 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1954 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1965 -- 68 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1967 -- 68 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1968 ) Sherlock Holmes and Doctor Watson ( 1979 -- 80 ) Young Sherlock : The Mystery of the Manor House ( 1982 ) The Baker Street Boys ( 1983 ) Sherlock Hound ( 1984 -- 85 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1984 -- 94 ) episodes Sherlock Holmes in the 22nd Century ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Sherlock ( 2010 -- present ) Elementary ( 2012 -- present ) Sherlock Holmes ( 2013 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 2014 -- 15 ) other articles List of actors who have played Sherlock Holmes List of actors who have played Dr. Watson List of actors who have played Inspector Lestrade List of actors who have played Mycroft Holmes List of actors who have played Professor Moriarty Minor Sherlock Holmes characters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sherlock_Gnomes&oldid=843626955 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 2018 3D films 2018 computer - animated films 2010s American animated films 2010s romantic comedy films American children 's animated adventure films American children 's animated comedy films American children 's animated fantasy films American computer - animated films American fantasy adventure films American films American romantic comedy films Animated duos Animated musical films British 3D films British animated films British animated fantasy films British children 's animated films British children 's comedy films British children 's fantasy films British fantasy adventure films British films British romantic comedy films Children 's fantasy films Crossover films Fantasy - comedy films Fictional gnomes Films about gnomes Films based on Romeo and Juliet Films based on multiple works Films set in England Films set in London Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer films Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer animated films Paramount Pictures films Paramount Pictures animated films Paramount Animation films Sherlock Holmes films Rocket Pictures films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Euskara فارسی Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Português Русский Tiếng Việt 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 11 : 13 . 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-2688684480337601721	Pi	Pi - wikipedia Pi Jump to : navigation , search `` π '' and `` π '' redirect here . For the Greek letter , see Pi ( letter ) . For other uses , see Pi ( disambiguation ) . Part of a series of articles on the mathematical constant π Uses Area of a circle Circumference Use in other formulae Properties Irrationality Transcendence Value Less than 22 / 7 Approximations Memorization People Archimedes Liu Hui Zu Chongzhi Aryabhata Madhava Ludolph van Ceulen Seki Takakazu Takebe Kenko William Jones John Machin William Shanks John Wrench Chudnovsky brothers Yasumasa Kanada History Chronology Book In culture Legislation Holiday Related topics Squaring the circle Basel problem Six nines in π Other topics related to π The number π ( / ˈpaɪ / ) is a mathematical constant . Originally defined as the ratio of a circle 's circumference to its diameter , it now has various equivalent definitions and appears in many formulas in all areas of mathematics and physics . It is approximately equal to 3.14159 . It has been represented by the Greek letter `` π '' since the mid-18th century , though it is also sometimes spelled out as `` pi '' . Being an irrational number , π can not be expressed exactly as a common fraction ( equivalently , its decimal representation never ends and never settles into a permanent repeating pattern ) . Still , fractions such as 22 / 7 and other rational numbers are commonly used to approximate π . The digits appear to be randomly distributed . In particular , the digit sequence of π is conjectured to satisfy a specific kind of statistical randomness , but to date no proof of this has been discovered . Also , π is a transcendental number ; that is , a number that is not the root of any non-zero polynomial having rational coefficients . This transcendence of π implies that it is impossible to solve the ancient challenge of squaring the circle with a compass and straightedge . Ancient civilizations required fairly accurate computed values for π for practical reasons . It was calculated to seven digits , using geometrical techniques , in Chinese mathematics , and to about five digits in Indian mathematics in the 5th century AD . The historically first exact formula for π , based on infinite series , was not available until a millennium later , when in the 14th century the Madhava -- Leibniz series was discovered in Indian mathematics . In the 20th and 21st centuries , mathematicians and computer scientists discovered new approaches that , when combined with increasing computational power , extended the decimal representation of π to many trillions of digits after the decimal point . Practically all scientific applications require no more than a few hundred digits of π , and many substantially fewer , so the primary motivation for these computations is the quest to find more efficient algorithms for calculating lengthy numeric series , as well as the desire to break records . The extensive calculations involved have also been used to test supercomputers and high - precision multiplication algorithms . Because its most elementary definition relates to the circle , π is found in many formulae in trigonometry and geometry , especially those concerning circles , ellipses , and spheres . In more modern mathematical analysis , the number is instead defined using the spectral properties of the real number system , as an eigenvalue or a period , without any reference to geometry . It appears therefore in areas of mathematics and the sciences having little to do with the geometry of circles , such as number theory and statistics , as well as in almost all areas of physics . The ubiquity of π makes it one of the most widely known mathematical constants both inside and outside the scientific community ; several books devoted to it have been published , the number is celebrated on Pi Day , and record - setting calculations of the digits of π often result in news headlines . Attempts to memorize the value of π with increasing precision have led to records of over 70,000 digits . Contents ( hide ) 1 Fundamentals 1.1 Name 1.2 Definition 1.3 Irrationality and normality 1.4 Transcendence 1.5 Continued fractions 1.6 Approximate value 1.7 Complex numbers and Euler 's identity 2 History 2.1 Antiquity 2.2 Polygon approximation era 2.3 Infinite series 2.3. 1 Rate of convergence 2.4 Irrationality and transcendence 2.5 Adoption of the symbol π 3 Modern quest for more digits 3.1 Computer era and iterative algorithms 3.2 Motives for computing π 3.3 Rapidly convergent series 3.4 Monte Carlo methods 3.5 Spigot algorithms 4 Role and characterizations in mathematics 4.1 Geometry and trigonometry 4.2 Eigenvalues 4.3 Inequalities 4.4 Fourier transform and Heisenberg uncertainty principle 4.5 Gaussian integrals 4.6 Projective geometry 4.7 Topology 4.8 Vector calculus 4.9 Cauchy 's integral formula 4.10 The gamma function and Stirling 's approximation 4.11 Number theory and Riemann zeta function 4.12 Fourier series 4.13 Modular forms and theta functions 4.14 Cauchy distribution and potential theory 4.15 Complex dynamics 5 Outside mathematics 5.1 Describing physical phenomena 5.2 Memorizing digits 5.3 In popular culture 5.4 In computer culture 6 Notes 7 Further reading 8 External links Fundamentals Name The symbol used by mathematicians to represent the ratio of a circle 's circumference to its diameter is the lowercase Greek letter π , sometimes spelled out as pi , and derived from the first letter of the Greek word perimetros , meaning circumference . In English , π is pronounced as `` pie '' ( / paɪ / , paɪ ) . In mathematical use , the lowercase letter π ( or π in sans - serif font ) is distinguished from its capitalized and enlarged counterpart ∏ , which denotes a product of a sequence , analogous to how ∑ denotes summation . The choice of the symbol π is discussed in the section Adoption of the symbol π . Definition The circumference of a circle is slightly more than three times as long as its diameter . The exact ratio is called π . π is commonly defined as the ratio of a circle 's circumference C to its diameter d : π = C d ( \ displaystyle \ pi = ( \ frac ( C ) ( d ) ) ) The ratio C / d is constant , regardless of the circle 's size . For example , if a circle has twice the diameter of another circle it will also have twice the circumference , preserving the ratio C / d . This definition of π implicitly makes use of flat ( Euclidean ) geometry ; although the notion of a circle can be extended to any curved ( non-Euclidean ) geometry , these new circles will no longer satisfy the formula π = C / d . Here , the circumference of a circle is the arc length around the perimeter of the circle , a quantity which can be formally defined independently of geometry using limits , a concept in calculus . For example , one may compute directly the arc length of the top half of the unit circle given in Cartesian coordinates by x + y = 1 , as the integral : π = ∫ − 1 1 d x 1 − x 2 . ( \ displaystyle \ pi = \ int _ ( - 1 ) ^ ( 1 ) ( \ frac ( dx ) ( \ sqrt ( 1 - x ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) . ) An integral such as this was adopted as the definition of π by Karl Weierstrass , who defined it directly as an integral in 1841 . Definitions of π such as these that rely on a notion of circumference , and hence implicitly on concepts of the integral calculus , are no longer common in the literature . Remmert ( 1991 ) explains that this is because in many modern treatments of calculus , differential calculus typically precedes integral calculus in the university curriculum , so it is desirable to have a definition of π that does not rely on the latter . One such definition , due to Richard Baltzer , and popularized by Edmund Landau , is the following : π is twice the smallest positive number at which the cosine function equals 0 . The cosine can be defined independently of geometry as a power series , or as the solution of a differential equation . In a similar spirit , π can be defined instead using properties of the complex exponential , exp ( z ) , of a complex variable z . Like the cosine , the complex exponential can be defined in one of several ways . The set of complex numbers at which exp ( z ) is equal to one is then an ( imaginary ) arithmetic progression of the form : ( ... , − 2 π i , 0 , 2 π i , 4 π i , ... ) = ( 2 π k i ∣ k ∈ Z ) ( \ displaystyle \ ( \ dots , - 2 \ pi i , 0 , 2 \ pi i , 4 \ pi i , \ dots \ ) = \ ( 2 \ pi ki \ mid k \ in \ mathbb ( Z ) \ ) ) and there is a unique positive real number π with this property . A more abstract variation on the same idea , making use of sophisticated mathematical concepts of topology and algebra , is the following theorem : there is a unique ( up to automorphism ) continuous isomorphism from the group R / Z of real numbers under addition modulo integers ( the circle group ) onto the multiplicative group of complex numbers of absolute value one . The number π is then defined as half the magnitude of the derivative of this homomorphism . A circle encloses the largest area that can be attained within a given perimeter . Thus the number π is also characterized as the best constant in the isoperimetric inequality ( times one - fourth ) . There are many other , closely related , ways in which π appears as an eigenvalue of some geometrical or physical process ; see below . Irrationality and normality π is an irrational number , meaning that it can not be written as the ratio of two integers ( fractions such as 22 / 7 are commonly used to approximate π , but no common fraction ( ratio of whole numbers ) can be its exact value ) . Because π is irrational , it has an infinite number of digits in its decimal representation , and it does not settle into an infinitely repeating pattern of digits . There are several proofs that π is irrational ; they generally require calculus and rely on the reductio ad absurdum technique . The degree to which π can be approximated by rational numbers ( called the irrationality measure ) is not precisely known ; estimates have established that the irrationality measure is larger than the measure of e or ln ( 2 ) but smaller than the measure of Liouville numbers . The digits of π have no apparent pattern and have passed tests for statistical randomness , including tests for normality ; a number of infinite length is called normal when all possible sequences of digits ( of any given length ) appear equally often . The conjecture that π is normal has not been proven or disproven . Since the advent of computers , a large number of digits of π have been available on which to perform statistical analysis . Yasumasa Kanada has performed detailed statistical analyses on the decimal digits of π and found them consistent with normality ; for example , the frequencies of the ten digits 0 to 9 were subjected to statistical significance tests , and no evidence of a pattern was found . Any random sequence of digits contains arbitrarily long subsequences that appear non-random , by the infinite monkey theorem . Thus , because the sequence of π 's digits passes statistical tests for randomness , it contains some sequences of digits that may appear non-random , such as a sequence of six consecutive 9s that begins at the 762nd decimal place of the decimal representation of π . This is also called the `` Feynman point '' in mathematical folklore , after Richard Feynman , although no connection to Feynman is known . Transcendence Because π is a transcendental number , squaring the circle is not possible in a finite number of steps using the classical tools of compass and straightedge . In addition to being irrational , more strongly π is a transcendental number , which means that it is not the solution of any non-constant polynomial equation with rational coefficients , such as x / 120 − x / 6 + x = 0 . The transcendence of π has two important consequences : First , π can not be expressed using any finite combination of rational numbers and square roots or n - th roots such as √ 31 or √ 10 . Second , since no transcendental number can be constructed with compass and straightedge , it is not possible to `` square the circle '' . In other words , it is impossible to construct , using compass and straightedge alone , a square whose area is exactly equal to the area of a given circle . Squaring a circle was one of the important geometry problems of the classical antiquity . Amateur mathematicians in modern times have sometimes attempted to square the circle and sometimes claim success despite the fact that it is mathematically impossible . Continued fractions The constant π is represented in this mosaic outside the Mathematics Building at the Technical University of Berlin . Like all irrational numbers , π can not be represented as a common fraction ( also known as a simple or vulgar fraction ) , by the very definition of `` irrational number '' ( that is , `` not a rational number '' ) . But every irrational number , including π , can be represented by an infinite series of nested fractions , called a continued fraction : π = 3 + 1 7 + 1 15 + 1 1 + 1 292 + 1 1 + 1 1 + 1 1 + ⋱ ( \ displaystyle \ pi = 3 + \ textstyle ( \ cfrac ( 1 ) ( 7 + \ textstyle ( \ cfrac ( 1 ) ( 15 + \ textstyle ( \ cfrac ( 1 ) ( 1 + \ textstyle ( \ cfrac ( 1 ) ( 292 + \ textstyle ( \ cfrac ( 1 ) ( 1 + \ textstyle ( \ cfrac ( 1 ) ( 1 + \ textstyle ( \ cfrac ( 1 ) ( 1 + \ ddots ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Truncating the continued fraction at any point yields a rational approximation for π ; the first four of these are 3 , 22 / 7 , 333 / 106 , and 355 / 113 . These numbers are among the most well - known and widely used historical approximations of the constant . Each approximation generated in this way is a best rational approximation ; that is , each is closer to π than any other fraction with the same or a smaller denominator . Because π is known to be transcendental , it is by definition not algebraic and so can not be a quadratic irrational . Therefore , π can not have a periodic continued fraction . Although the simple continued fraction for π ( shown above ) also does not exhibit any other obvious pattern , mathematicians have discovered several generalized continued fractions that do , such as : π = 4 1 + 1 2 2 + 3 2 2 + 5 2 2 + 7 2 2 + 9 2 2 + ⋱ = 3 + 1 2 6 + 3 2 6 + 5 2 6 + 7 2 6 + 9 2 6 + ⋱ = 4 1 + 1 2 3 + 2 2 5 + 3 2 7 + 4 2 9 + ⋱ ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ pi & = \ textstyle ( \ cfrac ( 4 ) ( 1 + \ textstyle ( \ cfrac ( 1 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 + \ textstyle ( \ cfrac ( 3 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 + \ textstyle ( \ cfrac ( 5 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 + \ textstyle ( \ cfrac ( 7 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 + \ textstyle ( \ cfrac ( 9 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 + \ ddots ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) = 3 + \ textstyle ( \ cfrac ( 1 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 6 + \ textstyle ( \ cfrac ( 3 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 6 + \ textstyle ( \ cfrac ( 5 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 6 + \ textstyle ( \ cfrac ( 7 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 6 + \ textstyle ( \ cfrac ( 9 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 6 + \ ddots ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) \ \ ( 8pt ) & = \ textstyle ( \ cfrac ( 4 ) ( 1 + \ textstyle ( \ cfrac ( 1 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 3 + \ textstyle ( \ cfrac ( 2 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 5 + \ textstyle ( \ cfrac ( 3 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 7 + \ textstyle ( \ cfrac ( 4 ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 9 + \ ddots ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Approximate value Some approximations of pi include : Integers : 3 Fractions : Approximate fractions include ( in order of increasing accuracy ) 22 / 7 , 333 / 106 , 355 / 113 , 52163 / 16604 , 103993 / 33102 , and 245850922 / 78256779 . ( List is selected terms from A063674 and A063673 . ) Decimal : The first 50 decimal digits are 3.14159 26535 89793 23846 26433 83279 50288 41971 69399 37510 ... ( see A000796 ) Binary : The base 2 approximation to 48 digits is 11.0010 0100 0011 1111 0110 1010 1000 1000 1000 0101 1010 0011 ... ( see A004601 ) Hexadecimal : The base 16 approximation to 20 digits is 3.243 F6A8885A308D31319 ... ( see A062964 ) Sexagesimal : A base 60 approximation to five sexagesimal digits is 3 ; 8 , 29 , 44 , 0 , 47 ( see A060707 ) Complex numbers and Euler 's identity The association between imaginary powers of the number e and points on the unit circle centered at the origin in the complex plane given by Euler 's formula . Any complex number , say z , can be expressed using a pair of real numbers . In the polar coordinate system , one number ( radius or r ) is used to represent z 's distance from the origin of the complex plane and the other ( angle or φ ) to represent a counter-clockwise rotation from the positive real line as follows : z = r ⋅ ( cos ⁡ φ + i sin ⁡ φ ) , ( \ displaystyle z = r \ cdot ( \ cos \ varphi + i \ sin \ varphi ) , ) where i is the imaginary unit satisfying i = − 1 . The frequent appearance of π in complex analysis can be related to the behavior of the exponential function of a complex variable , described by Euler 's formula : e i φ = cos ⁡ φ + i sin ⁡ φ , ( \ displaystyle e ^ ( i \ varphi ) = \ cos \ varphi + i \ sin \ varphi , ) where the constant e is the base of the natural logarithm . This formula establishes a correspondence between imaginary powers of e and points on the unit circle centered at the origin of the complex plane . Setting φ = π in Euler 's formula results in Euler 's identity , celebrated by mathematicians because it contains the five most important mathematical constants : e i π + 1 = 0 . ( \ displaystyle e ^ ( i \ pi ) + 1 = 0 . ) There are n different complex numbers z satisfying z = 1 , and these are called the `` n - th roots of unity '' . They are given by this formula : e 2 π i k / n ( k = 0 , 1 , 2 , ... , n − 1 ) . ( \ displaystyle e ^ ( 2 \ pi ik / n ) \ qquad ( k = 0 , 1 , 2 , \ dots , n - 1 ) . ) History Main article : Approximations of π See also : Chronology of computation of π Antiquity The best known approximations to π dating before the Common Era were accurate to two decimal places ; this was improved upon in Chinese mathematics in particular by the mid first millennium , to an accuracy of seven decimal places . After this , no further progress was made until the late medieval period . Some Egyptologists have claimed that the ancient Egyptians used an approximation of π as 22 / 7 from as early as the Old Kingdom . This claim has met with skepticism . The earliest written approximations of π are found in Egypt and Babylon , both within one percent of the true value . In Babylon , a clay tablet dated 1900 -- 1600 BC has a geometrical statement that , by implication , treats π as 25 / 8 = 3.125 . In Egypt , the Rhind Papyrus , dated around 1650 BC but copied from a document dated to 1850 BC , has a formula for the area of a circle that treats π as ( 16 / 9 ) ≈ 3.1605 . Astronomical calculations in the Shatapatha Brahmana ( ca . 4th century BC ) use a fractional approximation of 339 / 108 ≈ 3.139 ( an accuracy of 9 × 10 ) . Other Indian sources by about 150 BC treat π as √ 10 ≈ 3.1622 . Polygon approximation Era π can be estimated by computing the perimeters of circumscribed and inscribed polygons . The first recorded algorithm for rigorously calculating the value of π was a geometrical approach using polygons , devised around 250 BC by the Greek mathematician Archimedes . This polygonal algorithm dominated for over 1,000 years , and as a result π is sometimes referred to as `` Archimedes ' constant '' . Archimedes computed upper and lower bounds of π by drawing a regular hexagon inside and outside a circle , and successively doubling the number of sides until he reached a 96 - sided regular polygon . By calculating the perimeters of these polygons , he proved that 223 / 71 < π < 22 / 7 ( that is 3.1408 < π < 3.1429 ) . Archimedes ' upper bound of 22 / 7 may have led to a widespread popular belief that π is equal to 22 / 7 . Around 150 AD , Greek - Roman scientist Ptolemy , in his Almagest , gave a value for π of 3.1416 , which he may have obtained from Archimedes or from Apollonius of Perga . Mathematicians using polygonal algorithms reached 39 digits of π in 1630 , a record only broken in 1699 when infinite series were used to reach 71 digits . Archimedes developed the polygonal approach to approximating π . In ancient China , values for π included 3.1547 ( around 1 AD ) , √ 10 ( 100 AD , approximately 3.1623 ) , and 142 / 45 ( 3rd century , approximately 3.1556 ) . Around 265 AD , the Wei Kingdom mathematician Liu Hui created a polygon - based iterative algorithm and used it with a 3,072 - sided polygon to obtain a value of π of 3.1416 . Liu later invented a faster method of calculating π and obtained a value of 3.14 with a 96 - sided polygon , by taking advantage of the fact that the differences in area of successive polygons form a geometric series with a factor of 4 . The Chinese mathematician Zu Chongzhi , around 480 AD , calculated that π ≈ 355 / 113 ( a fraction that goes by the name Milü in Chinese ) , using Liu Hui 's algorithm applied to a 12,288 - sided polygon . With a correct value for its seven first decimal digits , this value of 3.141592920 ... remained the most accurate approximation of π available for the next 800 years . The Indian astronomer Aryabhata used a value of 3.1416 in his Āryabhaṭīya ( 499 AD ) . Fibonacci in c. 1220 computed 3.1418 using a polygonal method , independent of Archimedes . Italian author Dante apparently employed the value 3 + √ 2 / 10 ≈ 3.14142 . The Persian astronomer Jamshīd al - Kāshī produced 9 sexagesimal digits , roughly the equivalent of 16 decimal digits , in 1424 using a polygon with 3 × 2 sides , which stood as the world record for about 180 years . French mathematician François Viète in 1579 achieved 9 digits with a polygon of 3 × 2 sides . Flemish mathematician Adriaan van Roomen arrived at 15 decimal places in 1593 . In 1596 , Dutch mathematician Ludolph van Ceulen reached 20 digits , a record he later increased to 35 digits ( as a result , π was called the `` Ludolphian number '' in Germany until the early 20th century ) . Dutch scientist Willebrord Snellius reached 34 digits in 1621 , and Austrian astronomer Christoph Grienberger arrived at 38 digits in 1630 using 10 sides , which remains the most accurate approximation manually achieved using polygonal algorithms . Infinite series Comparison of the convergence of several historical infinite series for π . S is the approximation after taking n terms . Each subsequent subplot magnifies the shaded area horizontally by 10 times . ( click for detail ) The calculation of π was revolutionized by the development of infinite series techniques in the 16th and 17th centuries . An infinite series is the sum of the terms of an infinite sequence . Infinite series allowed mathematicians to compute π with much greater precision than Archimedes and others who used geometrical techniques . Although infinite series were exploited for π most notably by European mathematicians such as James Gregory and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz , the approach was first discovered in India sometime between 1400 and 1500 AD . The first written description of an infinite series that could be used to compute π was laid out in Sanskrit verse by Indian astronomer Nilakantha Somayaji in his Tantrasamgraha , around 1500 AD . The series are presented without proof , but proofs are presented in a later Indian work , Yuktibhāṣā , from around 1530 AD . Nilakantha attributes the series to an earlier Indian mathematician , Madhava of Sangamagrama , who lived c. 1350 -- c. 1425 . Several infinite series are described , including series for sine , tangent , and cosine , which are now referred to as the Madhava series or Gregory -- Leibniz series . Madhava used infinite series to estimate π to 11 digits around 1400 , but that value was improved on around 1430 by the Persian mathematician Jamshīd al - Kāshī , using a polygonal algorithm . Isaac Newton used infinite series to compute π to 15 digits , later writing `` I am ashamed to tell you to how many figures I carried these computations '' . The first infinite sequence discovered in Europe was an infinite product ( rather than an infinite sum , which are more typically used in π calculations ) found by French mathematician François Viète in 1593 : 2 π = 2 2 ⋅ 2 + 2 2 ⋅ 2 + 2 + 2 2 ⋯ ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( \ pi ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( \ sqrt ( 2 + ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) ) ( 2 ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( \ sqrt ( 2 + ( \ sqrt ( 2 + ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) ) ( 2 ) ) \ cdots ) The second infinite sequence found in Europe , by John Wallis in 1655 , was also an infinite product : π 2 = 2 1 ⋅ 2 3 ⋅ 4 3 ⋅ 4 5 ⋅ 6 5 ⋅ 6 7 ⋅ 8 7 ⋅ 8 9 ⋯ ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 2 ) ) = ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 1 ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 3 ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( 6 ) ( 5 ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( 6 ) ( 7 ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( 8 ) ( 7 ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( 8 ) ( 9 ) ) \ cdots ) The discovery of calculus , by English scientist Isaac Newton and German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in the 1660s , led to the development of many infinite series for approximating π . Newton himself used an arcsin series to compute a 15 digit approximation of π in 1665 or 1666 , later writing `` I am ashamed to tell you to how many figures I carried these computations , having no other business at the time . '' In Europe , Madhava 's formula was rediscovered by Scottish mathematician James Gregory in 1671 , and by Leibniz in 1674 : arctan ⁡ z = z − z 3 3 + z 5 5 − z 7 7 + ⋯ ( \ displaystyle \ arctan z = z - ( \ frac ( z ^ ( 3 ) ) ( 3 ) ) + ( \ frac ( z ^ ( 5 ) ) ( 5 ) ) - ( \ frac ( z ^ ( 7 ) ) ( 7 ) ) + \ cdots ) This formula , the Gregory -- Leibniz series , equals π / 4 when evaluated with z = 1 . In 1699 , English mathematician Abraham Sharp used the Gregory -- Leibniz series for z = 1 3 ( \ displaystyle z = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ sqrt ( 3 ) ) ) ) to compute π to 71 digits , breaking the previous record of 39 digits , which was set with a polygonal algorithm . The Gregory -- Leibniz for z = 1 ( \ displaystyle z = 1 ) series is simple , but converges very slowly ( that is , approaches the answer gradually ) , so it is not used in modern π calculations . In 1706 John Machin used the Gregory -- Leibniz series to produce an algorithm that converged much faster : π 4 = 4 arctan ⁡ 1 5 − arctan ⁡ 1 239 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 4 ) ) = 4 \ , \ arctan ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 5 ) ) - \ arctan ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 239 ) ) ) Machin reached 100 digits of π with this formula . Other mathematicians created variants , now known as Machin - like formulae , that were used to set several successive records for calculating digits of π . Machin - like formulae remained the best - known method for calculating π well into the age of computers , and were used to set records for 250 years , culminating in a 620 - digit approximation in 1946 by Daniel Ferguson -- the best approximation achieved without the aid of a calculating device . A record was set by the calculating prodigy Zacharias Dase , who in 1844 employed a Machin - like formula to calculate 200 decimals of π in his head at the behest of German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss . British mathematician William Shanks famously took 15 years to calculate π to 707 digits , but made a mistake in the 528th digit , rendering all subsequent digits incorrect . Rate of convergence Some infinite series for π converge faster than others . Given the choice of two infinite series for π , mathematicians will generally use the one that converges more rapidly because faster convergence reduces the amount of computation needed to calculate π to any given accuracy . A simple infinite series for π is the Gregory -- Leibniz series : π = 4 1 − 4 3 + 4 5 − 4 7 + 4 9 − 4 11 + 4 13 − ⋯ ( \ displaystyle \ pi = ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 1 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 3 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 7 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 9 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 11 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 13 ) ) - \ cdots ) As individual terms of this infinite series are added to the sum , the total gradually gets closer to π , and -- with a sufficient number of terms -- can get as close to π as desired . It converges quite slowly , though -- after 500,000 terms , it produces only five correct decimal digits of π . An infinite series for π ( published by Nilakantha in the 15th century ) that converges more rapidly than the Gregory -- Leibniz series is : π = 3 + 4 2 × 3 × 4 − 4 4 × 5 × 6 + 4 6 × 7 × 8 − 4 8 × 9 × 10 + ⋯ ( \ displaystyle \ pi = 3 + ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 2 \ times 3 \ times 4 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 4 \ times 5 \ times 6 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 6 \ times 7 \ times 8 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 8 \ times 9 \ times 10 ) ) + \ cdots ) The following table compares the convergence rates of these two series : Infinite series for π After 1st term After 2nd term After 3rd term After 4th term After 5th term Converges to : π = 4 1 − 4 3 + 4 5 − 4 7 + 4 9 − 4 11 + 4 13 ⋯ . ( \ displaystyle \ pi = ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 1 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 3 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 7 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 9 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 11 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 13 ) ) \ cdots . ) 4.0000 2.6666 ... 3.4666 ... 2.8952 ... 3.3396 ... π = 3.1415 ... π = 3 + 4 2 × 3 × 4 − 4 4 × 5 × 6 + 4 6 × 7 × 8 ⋯ . ( \ displaystyle \ pi = ( 3 ) + ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 2 \ times 3 \ times 4 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 4 \ times 5 \ times 6 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 6 \ times 7 \ times 8 ) ) \ cdots . ) 3.0000 3.1666 ... 3.1333 ... 3.1452 ... 3.1396 ... After five terms , the sum of the Gregory -- Leibniz series is within 0.2 of the correct value of π , whereas the sum of Nilakantha 's series is within 0.002 of the correct value of π . Nilakantha 's series converges faster and is more useful for computing digits of π . Series that converge even faster include Machin 's series and Chudnovsky 's series , the latter producing 14 correct decimal digits per term . Irrationality and transcendence See also : Proof that π is irrational and Proof that π is transcendental Not all mathematical advances relating to π were aimed at increasing the accuracy of approximations . When Euler solved the Basel problem in 1735 , finding the exact value of the sum of the reciprocal squares , he established a connection between π and the prime numbers that later contributed to the development and study of the Riemann zeta function : π 2 6 = 1 1 2 + 1 2 2 + 1 3 2 + 1 4 2 + ⋯ ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ pi ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 6 ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 1 ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + \ cdots ) Swiss scientist Johann Heinrich Lambert in 1761 proved that π is irrational , meaning it is not equal to the quotient of any two whole numbers . Lambert 's proof exploited a continued - fraction representation of the tangent function . French mathematician Adrien - Marie Legendre proved in 1794 that π is also irrational . In 1882 , German mathematician Ferdinand von Lindemann proved that π is transcendental , confirming a conjecture made by both Legendre and Euler . Hardy and Wright states that `` the proofs were afterwards modified and simplified by Hilbert , Hurwitz , and other writers '' . Adoption of the symbol π Leonhard Euler popularized the use of the Greek letter π in works he published in 1736 and 1748 . In the earliest usages , the Greek letter π was an abbreviation of the Greek word for periphery ( περιφέρεια ) , and was combined in ratios with δ ( for diameter ) or ρ ( for radius ) to form circle constants . ( Before then , mathematicians sometimes used letters such as c or p instead . ) The first recorded use is Oughtred 's `` δ. π '' , to express the ratio of periphery and diameter in the 1647 and later editions of Clavis Mathematicae . Barrow likewise used `` π δ ( \ textstyle ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( \ delta ) ) ) '' to represent the constant 3.14 ... , while Gregory instead used `` π ρ ( \ textstyle ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( \ rho ) ) ) '' to represent 6.28 ... . The earliest known use of the Greek letter π alone to represent the ratio of a circle 's circumference to its diameter was by Welsh mathematician William Jones in his 1706 work Synopsis Palmariorum Matheseos ; or , a New Introduction to the Mathematics . The Greek letter first appears there in the phrase `` 1 / 2 Periphery ( π ) '' in the discussion of a circle with radius one . However , he writes that his equations for π are from the `` ready pen of the truly ingenious Mr. John Machin '' , leading to speculation that Machin may have employed the Greek letter before Jones . Jones ' notation was not immediately adopted by other mathematicians , with the fraction notation still being used as late as 1767 . Euler started using the single - letter form beginning with his 1727 Essay Explaining The Properties Of Air , though he used π = 6.28 ... , the ratio of radius to periphery , in this and some later writing . Euler first used π = 3.14 ... in his 1736 work Mechanica , and continued in his widely - read 1748 work Introductio in analysin infinitorum ( he wrote : `` for the sake of brevity we will write this number as π ; thus π is equal to half the circumference of a circle of radius 1 '' ) . Because Euler corresponded heavily with other mathematicians in Europe , the use of the Greek letter spread rapidly , and the practice was universally adopted thereafter in the Western world . Modern quest for more digits Computer Era and iterative algorithms John von Neumann was part of the team that first used a digital computer , ENIAC , to compute π . The Gauss -- Legendre iterative algorithm : Initialize a 0 = 1 b 0 = 1 2 t 0 = 1 4 p 0 = 1 ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle a_ ( 0 ) = 1 \ quad b_ ( 0 ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) \ quad t_ ( 0 ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 ) ) \ quad p_ ( 0 ) = 1 ) Iterate a n + 1 = a n + b n 2 b n + 1 = a n b n ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle a_ ( n + 1 ) = ( \ frac ( a_ ( n ) + b_ ( n ) ) ( 2 ) ) \ quad \ quad b_ ( n + 1 ) = ( \ sqrt ( a_ ( n ) b_ ( n ) ) ) ) t n + 1 = t n − p n ( a n − a n + 1 ) 2 p n + 1 = 2 p n ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle t_ ( n + 1 ) = t_ ( n ) - p_ ( n ) ( a_ ( n ) - a_ ( n + 1 ) ) ^ ( 2 ) \ quad \ quad p_ ( n + 1 ) = 2p_ ( n ) ) Then an estimate for π is given by π ≈ ( a n + b n ) 2 4 t n ( \ displaystyle \ scriptstyle \ pi \ approx ( \ frac ( ( a_ ( n ) + b_ ( n ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 4t_ ( n ) ) ) ) The development of computers in the mid-20th century again revolutionized the hunt for digits of π . American mathematicians John Wrench and Levi Smith reached 1,120 digits in 1949 using a desk calculator . Using an inverse tangent ( arctan ) infinite series , a team led by George Reitwiesner and John von Neumann that same year achieved 2,037 digits with a calculation that took 70 hours of computer time on the ENIAC computer . The record , always relying on an arctan series , was broken repeatedly ( 7,480 digits in 1957 ; 10,000 digits in 1958 ; 100,000 digits in 1961 ) until 1 million digits were reached in 1973 . Two additional developments around 1980 once again accelerated the ability to compute π . First , the discovery of new iterative algorithms for computing π , which were much faster than the infinite series ; and second , the invention of fast multiplication algorithms that could multiply large numbers very rapidly . Such algorithms are particularly important in modern π computations , because most of the computer 's time is devoted to multiplication . They include the Karatsuba algorithm , Toom -- Cook multiplication , and Fourier transform - based methods . The iterative algorithms were independently published in 1975 -- 1976 by American physicist Eugene Salamin and Australian scientist Richard Brent . These avoid reliance on infinite series . An iterative algorithm repeats a specific calculation , each iteration using the outputs from prior steps as its inputs , and produces a result in each step that converges to the desired value . The approach was actually invented over 160 years earlier by Carl Friedrich Gauss , in what is now termed the arithmetic -- geometric mean method ( AGM method ) or Gauss -- Legendre algorithm . As modified by Salamin and Brent , it is also referred to as the Brent -- Salamin algorithm . The iterative algorithms were widely used after 1980 because they are faster than infinite series algorithms : whereas infinite series typically increase the number of correct digits additively in successive terms , iterative algorithms generally multiply the number of correct digits at each step . For example , the Brent - Salamin algorithm doubles the number of digits in each iteration . In 1984 , the Canadian brothers John and Peter Borwein produced an iterative algorithm that quadruples the number of digits in each step ; and in 1987 , one that increases the number of digits five times in each step . Iterative methods were used by Japanese mathematician Yasumasa Kanada to set several records for computing π between 1995 and 2002 . This rapid convergence comes at a price : the iterative algorithms require significantly more memory than infinite series . Motives for computing π As mathematicians discovered new algorithms , and computers became available , the number of known decimal digits of π increased dramatically . Note that the vertical scale is logarithmic . For most numerical calculations involving π , a handful of digits provide sufficient precision . According to Jörg Arndt and Christoph Haenel , thirty - nine digits are sufficient to perform most cosmological calculations , because that is the accuracy necessary to calculate the circumference of the observable universe with a precision of one atom . Despite this , people have worked strenuously to compute π to thousands and millions of digits . This effort may be partly ascribed to the human compulsion to break records , and such achievements with π often make headlines around the world . They also have practical benefits , such as testing supercomputers , testing numerical analysis algorithms ( including high - precision multiplication algorithms ) ; and within pure mathematics itself , providing data for evaluating the randomness of the digits of π . Rapidly convergent series Srinivasa Ramanujan , working in isolation in India , produced many innovative series for computing π . Modern π calculators do not use iterative algorithms exclusively . New infinite series were discovered in the 1980s and 1990s that are as fast as iterative algorithms , yet are simpler and less memory intensive . The fast iterative algorithms were anticipated in 1914 , when the Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan published dozens of innovative new formulae for π , remarkable for their elegance , mathematical depth , and rapid convergence . One of his formulae , based on modular equations , is 1 π = 2 2 9801 ∑ k = 0 ∞ ( 4 k ) ! ( 1103 + 26390 k ) k ! 4 ( 396 4 k ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ pi ) ) = ( \ frac ( 2 ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) ) ( 9801 ) ) \ sum _ ( k = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( ( 4k ) ! ( 1103 + 26390k ) ) ( k ! ^ ( 4 ) ( 396 ^ ( 4k ) ) ) ) . ) This series converges much more rapidly than most arctan series , including Machin 's formula . Bill Gosper was the first to use it for advances in the calculation of π , setting a record of 17 million digits in 1985 . Ramanujan 's formulae anticipated the modern algorithms developed by the Borwein brothers and the Chudnovsky brothers . The Chudnovsky formula developed in 1987 is 1 π = 12 640320 3 / 2 ∑ k = 0 ∞ ( 6 k ) ! ( 13591409 + 545140134 k ) ( 3 k ) ! ( k ! ) 3 ( − 640320 ) 3 k . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ pi ) ) = ( \ frac ( 12 ) ( 640320 ^ ( 3 / 2 ) ) ) \ sum _ ( k = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( ( 6k ) ! ( 13591409 + 545140134k ) ) ( ( 3k ) ! ( k ! ) ^ ( 3 ) ( - 640320 ) ^ ( 3k ) ) ) . ) It produces about 14 digits of π per term , and has been used for several record - setting π calculations , including the first to surpass 1 billion ( 10 ) digits in 1989 by the Chudnovsky brothers , 2.7 trillion ( 2.7 × 10 ) digits by Fabrice Bellard in 2009 , and 10 trillion ( 10 ) digits in 2011 by Alexander Yee and Shigeru Kondo . For similar formulas , see also the Ramanujan -- Sato series . In 2006 , Canadian mathematician Simon Plouffe used the PSLQ integer relation algorithm to generate several new formulas for π , conforming to the following template : π k = ∑ n = 1 ∞ 1 n k ( a q n − 1 + b q 2 n − 1 + c q 4 n − 1 ) , ( \ displaystyle \ pi ^ ( k ) = \ sum _ ( n = 1 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( n ^ ( k ) ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( a ) ( q ^ ( n ) - 1 ) ) + ( \ frac ( b ) ( q ^ ( 2n ) - 1 ) ) + ( \ frac ( c ) ( q ^ ( 4n ) - 1 ) ) \ right ) , ) where q is e ( Gelfond 's constant ) , k is an odd number , and a , b , c are certain rational numbers that Plouffe computed . Monte Carlo methods Buffon 's needle . Needles a and b are dropped randomly . Random dots are placed on the quadrant of a square with a circle inscribed in it . Monte Carlo methods , based on random trials , can be used to approximate π . Monte Carlo methods , which evaluate the results of multiple random trials , can be used to create approximations of π . Buffon 's needle is one such technique : If a needle of length l is dropped n times on a surface on which parallel lines are drawn t units apart , and if x of those times it comes to rest crossing a line ( x > 0 ) , then one may approximate π based on the counts : π ≈ 2 n l x t ( \ displaystyle \ pi \ approx ( \ frac ( 2n \ ell ) ( xt ) ) ) Another Monte Carlo method for computing π is to draw a circle inscribed in a square , and randomly place dots in the square . The ratio of dots inside the circle to the total number of dots will approximately equal π / 4 . Five random walks with 200 steps . The sample mean of W is μ = 56 / 5 , and so 2 ( 200 ) μ ≈ 3.19 is within 0.05 of π Another way to calculate π using probability is to start with a random walk , generated by a sequence of ( fair ) coin tosses : independent random variables X such that X ∈ ( − 1 , 1 ) with equal probabilities . The associated random walk is W n = ∑ k = 1 n X k ( \ displaystyle W_ ( n ) = \ sum _ ( k = 1 ) ^ ( n ) X_ ( k ) ) so that , for each n , W is drawn from a standard binomial distribution . As n varies W defines a ( discrete ) stochastic process . Then π can be calculated by π = lim n → ∞ 2 n E ( W n ) 2 . ( \ displaystyle \ pi = \ lim _ ( n \ to \ infty ) ( \ frac ( 2n ) ( E ( W_ ( n ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . ) This Monte Carlo method is independent of any relation to circles , and is a consequence of the central limit theorem , discussed above . These Monte Carlo methods for approximating π are very slow compared to other methods , and do not provide any information on the exact number of digits that are obtained . Thus they are never used to approximate π when speed or accuracy is desired . Spigot algorithms Two algorithms were discovered in 1995 that opened up new avenues of research into π . They are called spigot algorithms because , like water dripping from a spigot , they produce single digits of π that are not reused after they are calculated . This is in contrast to infinite series or iterative algorithms , which retain and use all intermediate digits until the final result is produced . American mathematicians Stan Wagon and Stanley Rabinowitz produced a simple spigot algorithm in 1995 . Its speed is comparable to arctan algorithms , but not as fast as iterative algorithms . Another spigot algorithm , the BBP digit extraction algorithm , was discovered in 1995 by Simon Plouffe : π = ∑ k = 0 ∞ 1 16 k ( 4 8 k + 1 − 2 8 k + 4 − 1 8 k + 5 − 1 8 k + 6 ) ( \ displaystyle \ pi = \ sum _ ( k = 0 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 16 ^ ( k ) ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 8k + 1 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 8k + 4 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 8k + 5 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 8k + 6 ) ) \ right ) ) This formula , unlike others before it , can produce any individual hexadecimal digit of π without calculating all the preceding digits . Individual binary digits may be extracted from individual hexadecimal digits , and octal digits can be extracted from one or two hexadecimal digits . Variations of the algorithm have been discovered , but no digit extraction algorithm has yet been found that rapidly produces decimal digits . An important application of digit extraction algorithms is to validate new claims of record π computations : After a new record is claimed , the decimal result is converted to hexadecimal , and then a digit extraction algorithm is used to calculate several random hexadecimal digits near the end ; if they match , this provides a measure of confidence that the entire computation is correct . Between 1998 and 2000 , the distributed computing project PiHex used Bellard 's formula ( a modification of the BBP algorithm ) to compute the quadrillionth ( 10 th ) bit of π , which turned out to be 0 . In September 2010 , a Yahoo ! employee used the company 's Hadoop application on one thousand computers over a 23 - day period to compute 256 bits of π at the two - quadrillionth ( 2 × 10 th ) bit , which also happens to be zero . Role and characterizations in mathematics Because π is closely related to the circle , it is found in many formulae from the fields of geometry and trigonometry , particularly those concerning circles , spheres , or ellipses . Other branches of science , such as statistics , physics , Fourier analysis , and number theory , also include π in some of their important formulae . Geometry and trigonometry The area of the circle equals π times the shaded area . π appears in formulae for areas and volumes of geometrical shapes based on circles , such as ellipses , spheres , cones , and tori . Below are some of the more common formulae that involve π . The circumference of a circle with radius r is 2πr . The area of a circle with radius r is πr . The volume of a sphere with radius r is 4 / 3πr . The surface area of a sphere with radius r is 4πr . The formulae above are special cases of the volume of the n - dimensional ball and the surface area of its boundary , the ( n − 1 ) - dimensional sphere , given below . Definite integrals that describe circumference , area , or volume of shapes generated by circles typically have values that involve π . For example , an integral that specifies half the area of a circle of radius one is given by : ∫ − 1 1 1 − x 2 d x = π 2 . ( \ displaystyle \ int _ ( - 1 ) ^ ( 1 ) ( \ sqrt ( 1 - x ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ , dx = ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 2 ) ) . ) In that integral the function √ 1 − x represents the top half of a circle ( the square root is a consequence of the Pythagorean theorem ) , and the integral ∫ 1 − 1 computes the area between that half of a circle and the x axis . Sine and cosine functions repeat with period 2π . The trigonometric functions rely on angles , and mathematicians generally use radians as units of measurement . π plays an important role in angles measured in radians , which are defined so that a complete circle spans an angle of 2π radians . The angle measure of 180 ° is equal to π radians , and 1 ° = π / 180 radians . Common trigonometric functions have periods that are multiples of π ; for example , sine and cosine have period 2π , so for any angle θ and any integer k , sin ⁡ θ = sin ⁡ ( θ + 2 π k ) and cos ⁡ θ = cos ⁡ ( θ + 2 π k ) . ( \ displaystyle \ sin \ theta = \ sin \ left ( \ theta + 2 \ pi k \ right ) ( \ text ( and ) ) \ cos \ theta = \ cos \ left ( \ theta + 2 \ pi k \ right ) . ) Eigenvalues The overtones of a vibrating string are eigenfunctions of the second derivative , and form a harmonic progression . The associated eigenvalues form the arithmetic progression of integer multiples of π . Many of the appearances of π in the formulas of mathematics and the sciences have to do with its close relationship with geometry . However , π also appears in many natural situations having apparently nothing to do with geometry . In many applications it plays a distinguished role as an eigenvalue . For example , an idealized vibrating string can be modelled as the graph of a function f on the unit interval ( 0 , 1 ) , with fixed ends f ( 0 ) = f ( 1 ) = 0 . The modes of vibration of the string are solutions of the differential equation f `` ( x ) + λ f ( x ) = 0 . Here λ is an associated eigenvalue , which is constrained by Sturm -- Liouville theory to take on only certain specific values . It must be positive , since the second derivative is negative definite , so it is convenient to write λ = ν where ν > 0 is called the wavenumber . Then f ( x ) = sin ( π x ) satisfies the boundary conditions and the differential equation with ν = π . The value π is in fact the least such value of the wavenumber , and is associated with the fundamental mode of vibration of the string . One way to obtain this is by estimating the energy . The energy satisfies an inequality , Wirtinger 's inequality for functions , which states that if a function f : ( 0 , 1 ) → C is given such that f ( 0 ) = f ( 1 ) = 0 and f and f ' are both square integrable , then the inequality holds : π 2 ∫ 0 1 f ( x ) 2 d x ≤ ∫ 0 1 f ′ ( x ) 2 d x , ( \ displaystyle \ pi ^ ( 2 ) \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( 1 ) f ( x ) ^ ( 2 ) \ , dx \ leq \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( 1 ) f ' ( x ) ^ ( 2 ) \ , dx , ) and the case of equality holds precisely when f is a multiple of sin ( π x ) . So π appears as an optimal constant in Wirtinger 's inequality , and from this it follows that it is the smallest such wavenumber , using the variational characterization of the eigenvalue . As a consequence , π is the smallest singular value of the derivative on the space of functions on ( 0 , 1 ) vanishing at both endpoints ( the Sobolev space H 0 1 ( 0 , 1 ) ( \ displaystyle H_ ( 0 ) ^ ( 1 ) ( 0 , 1 ) ) ) . Inequalities The ancient city of Carthage was the solution to an isoperimetric problem , according to a legend recounted by Lord Kelvin ( Thompson 1894 ) : those lands bordering the sea that Queen Dido could enclose on all other sides within a single given oxhide , cut into strips . The number π serves appears in similar eigenvalue problems in higher - dimensional analysis . As mentioned above , it can be characterized via its role as the best constant in the isoperimetric inequality : the area A enclosed by a plane Jordan curve of perimeter P satisfies the inequality 4 π A ≤ P 2 , ( \ displaystyle 4 \ pi A \ leq P ^ ( 2 ) , ) and equality is clearly achieved for the circle , since in that case A = πr and P = 2πr . Ultimately as a consequence of the isoperimetric inequality , π appears in the optimal constant for the critical Sobolev inequality in n dimensions , which thus characterizes the role of π in many physical phenomena as well , for example those of classical potential theory . In two dimensions , the critical Sobolev inequality is 2 π ∥ f ∥ 2 ≤ ∥ ∇ f ∥ 1 ( \ displaystyle 2 \ pi \ f \ _ ( 2 ) \ leq \ \ nabla f \ _ ( 1 ) ) for f a smooth function with compact support in R , ∇ f ( \ displaystyle \ nabla f ) is the gradient of f , and ∥ f ∥ 2 ( \ displaystyle \ f \ _ ( 2 ) ) and ∥ ∇ f ∥ 1 ( \ displaystyle \ \ nabla f \ _ ( 1 ) ) refer respectively to the L and L - norm . The Sobolev inequality is equivalent to the isoperimetric inequality ( in any dimension ) , with the same best constants . Wirtinger 's inequality also generalizes to higher - dimensional Poincaré inequalities that provide best constants for the Dirichlet energy of an n - dimensional membrane . Specifically , π is the greatest constant such that π ≤ ( ∫ G ∇ u 2 ) 1 / 2 ( ∫ G u 2 ) 1 / 2 ( \ displaystyle \ pi \ leq ( \ frac ( \ left ( \ int _ ( G ) \ nabla u ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) ^ ( 1 / 2 ) ) ( \ left ( \ int _ ( G ) u ^ ( 2 ) \ right ) ^ ( 1 / 2 ) ) ) ) for all convex subsets G of R of diameter 1 , and square - integrable functions u on G of mean zero . Just as Wirtinger 's inequality is the variational form of the Dirichlet eigenvalue problem in one dimension , the Poincaré inequality is the variational form of the Neumann eigenvalue problem , in any dimension . Fourier transform and Heisenberg uncertainty principle An animation of a geodesic in the Heisenberg group , showing the close connection between the Heisenberg group , isoperimetry , and the constant π . The cumulative height of the geodesic is equal to the area of the shaded portion of the unit circle , while the arc length ( in the Carnot -- Carathéodory metric ) is equal to the circumference . The constant π also appears as a critical spectral parameter in the Fourier transform . This is the integral transform , that takes a complex - valued integrable function f on the real line to the function defined as : f ^ ( ξ ) = ∫ − ∞ ∞ f ( x ) e − 2 π i x ξ d x . ( \ displaystyle ( \ hat ( f ) ) ( \ xi ) = \ int _ ( - \ infty ) ^ ( \ infty ) f ( x ) e ^ ( - 2 \ pi ix \ xi ) \ , dx . ) There are several different conventions for the Fourier transform , all of which involve a factor of π that is placed somewhere . The appearance of π is essential in these formulas , as there is there is no possibility to remove π altogether from the Fourier transform and its inverse transform . The definition given above is the most canonical however , because it describes the unique unitary operator on L that is also an algebra homomorphism of L to L . The Heisenberg uncertainty principle also contains the number π . The uncertainty principle gives a sharp lower bound on the extent to which it is possible to localize a function both in space and in frequency : with our conventions for the Fourier transform , ∫ − ∞ ∞ x 2 f ( x ) 2 d x ∫ − ∞ ∞ ξ 2 f ^ ( ξ ) 2 d ξ ≥ ( 1 4 π ∫ − ∞ ∞ f ( x ) 2 d x ) 2 . ( \ displaystyle \ int _ ( - \ infty ) ^ ( \ infty ) x ^ ( 2 ) f ( x ) ^ ( 2 ) \ , dx \ \ int _ ( - \ infty ) ^ ( \ infty ) \ xi ^ ( 2 ) ( \ hat ( f ) ) ( \ xi ) ^ ( 2 ) \ , d \ xi \ geq \ left ( ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 \ pi ) ) \ int _ ( - \ infty ) ^ ( \ infty ) f ( x ) ^ ( 2 ) \ , dx \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) . ) The physical consequence , about the uncertainty in simultaneous position and momentum observations of a quantum mechanical system , is discussed below . The appearance of π in the formulae of Fourier analysis is ultimately a consequence of the Stone -- von Neumann theorem , asserting the uniqueness of the Schrödinger representation of the Heisenberg group . Gaussian integrals A graph of the Gaussian function ƒ ( x ) = e . The colored region between the function and the x-axis has area √ π . The fields of probability and statistics frequently use the normal distribution as a simple model for complex phenomena ; for example , scientists generally assume that the observational error in most experiments follows a normal distribution . The Gaussian function , which is the probability density function of the normal distribution with mean μ and standard deviation σ , naturally contains π : f ( x ) = 1 σ 2 π e − ( x − μ ) 2 / ( 2 σ 2 ) ( \ displaystyle f ( x ) = ( 1 \ over \ sigma ( \ sqrt ( 2 \ pi ) ) ) \ , e ^ ( - ( x - \ mu ) ^ ( 2 ) / ( 2 \ sigma ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) For this to be a probability density , the area under the graph of f needs to be equal to one . This follows from a change of variables in the Gaussian integral : ∫ − ∞ ∞ e − u 2 d u = π ( \ displaystyle \ int _ ( - \ infty ) ^ ( \ infty ) e ^ ( - u ^ ( 2 ) ) \ , du = ( \ sqrt ( \ pi ) ) ) which says that the area under the basic bell curve in the figure is equal to the square root of π . π can be computed from the distribution of zeros of a one - dimensional Wiener process The central limit theorem explains the central role of normal distributions , and thus of π , in probability and statistics . This theorem is ultimately connected with the spectral characterization of π as the eigenvalue associated with the Heisenberg uncertainty principle , and the fact that equality holds in the uncertainty principle only for the Gaussian function . Equivalently , π is the unique constant making the Gaussian normal distribution e equal to its own Fourier transform . Indeed , according to Howe ( 1980 ) , the `` whole business '' of establishing the fundamental theorems of Fourier analysis reduces to the Gaussian integral . Projective geometry Let V be the set of all twice differentiable real functions f : R → R ( \ displaystyle f : \ mathbb ( R ) \ to \ mathbb ( R ) ) that satisfy the ordinary differential equation f '' ( x ) + f ( x ) = 0 ( \ displaystyle f ' ' ( x ) + f ( x ) = 0 ) . Then V is a two - dimensional real vector space , with two parameters corresponding to a pair of initial conditions for the differential equation . For any t ∈ R ( \ displaystyle t \ in \ mathbb ( R ) ) , let e t : V → R ( \ displaystyle e_ ( t ) : V \ to \ mathbb ( R ) ) be the evaluation functional , which associates to each f ∈ V ( \ displaystyle f \ in V ) the value e t ( f ) = f ( t ) ( \ displaystyle e_ ( t ) ( f ) = f ( t ) ) of the function f at the real point t . Then , for each t , the kernel of e t ( \ displaystyle e_ ( t ) ) is a one - dimensional linear subspace of V. Hence t ↦ ker ⁡ e t ( \ displaystyle t \ mapsto \ ker e_ ( t ) ) defines a function from R → P ( V ) ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( R ) \ to \ mathbb ( P ) ( V ) ) from the real line to the real projective line . This function is periodic , and the quantity π can be characterized as the period of this map . Topology Uniformization of the Klein quartic , a surface of genus three and Euler characteristic − 4 , as a quotient of the hyperbolic plane by the symmetry group PSL ( 2 , 7 ) of the Fano plane . The hyperbolic area of a fundamental domain is 8π , by Gauss -- Bonnet . The constant π appears in the Gauss -- Bonnet formula which relates the differential geometry of surfaces to their topology . Specifically , if a compact surface Σ has Gauss curvature K , then ∫ Σ K d A = 2 π χ ( Σ ) ( \ displaystyle \ int _ ( \ Sigma ) K \ , dA = 2 \ pi \ chi ( \ Sigma ) ) where χ ( Σ ) is the Euler characteristic , which is an integer . An example is the surface area of a sphere S of curvature 1 ( so that its radius of curvature , which coincides with its radius , is also 1 . ) The Euler characteristic of a sphere can be computed from its homology groups , and is found to be equal to two . Thus we have A ( S ) = ∫ S 1 d A = 2 π ⋅ 2 = 4 π ( \ displaystyle A ( S ) = \ int _ ( S ) 1 \ , dA = 2 \ pi \ cdot 2 = 4 \ pi ) reproducing the formula for the surface area of a sphere of radius 1 . The constant appears in many other integral formulae in topology , in particular those involving characteristic classes via the Chern -- Weil homomorphism . Vector calculus The techniques of vector calculus can be understood in terms of decompositions into spherical harmonics ( shown ) Vector calculus is a branch of calculus that is concerned with the properties of vector fields , and has many physical applications such as to electricity and magnetism . The Newtonian potential for a point source Q situated at the origin of a three dimensional Cartesian coordinate system is V ( x ) = − k Q x ( \ displaystyle V ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) = - ( \ frac ( kQ ) ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) ) which represents the potential energy of a unit mass ( or charge ) placed a distance x from the source , and k is a dimensional constant . The field , denoted here by E , which may be the ( Newtonian ) gravitational field or the ( Coulomb ) electric field , is the negative gradient of the potential : E = − ∇ V . ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( E ) = - \ nabla V . ) Special cases include Coulomb 's law and Newton 's law of universal gravitation . Gauss ' law states that the outward flux of the field through any smooth , simple , closed , orientable surface S containing the origin is equal to 4πkQ : 4 π k Q = ( \ displaystyle 4 \ pi kQ = ) S ( \ displaystyle ( \ scriptstyle S ) ) E ⋅ d A ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( E ) \ cdot d \ mathbf ( A ) ) It is standard to absorb this factor of 4π into the constant k , but this argument shows why it must appear somewhere . Furthermore , 4π is the surface area of the unit sphere , but we have not assumed that S is the sphere . However , as a consequence of the divergence theorem , because the region away from the origin is vacuum ( source - free ) it is only the homology class of the surface S in R \ ( 0 ) that matters in computing the integral , so it can be replaced by any convenient surface in the same homology class , in particular a sphere , where spherical coordinates can be used to calculate the integral . A consequence of the Gauss law is that the negative Laplacian of the potential V is equal to 4πkQ times the Dirac delta function : Δ V ( x ) = − 4 π k Q δ ( x ) . ( \ displaystyle \ Delta V ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) = - 4 \ pi kQ \ delta ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) . ) More general distributions of matter ( or charge ) are obtained from this by convolution , giving the Poisson equation Δ V ( x ) = − 4 π k ρ ( x ) ( \ displaystyle \ Delta V ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) = - 4 \ pi k \ rho ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) ) where ρ is the distribution function . Einstein 's equation states that the curvature of space - time is produced by the matter - energy content . The constant π also plays an analogous role in four - dimensional potentials associated with Einstein 's equations , a fundamental formula which forms the basis of the general theory of relativity and describes the fundamental interaction of gravitation as a result of spacetime being curved by matter and energy : R μ ν − 1 2 R g μ ν + Λ g μ ν = 8 π G c 4 T μ ν , ( \ displaystyle R_ ( \ mu \ nu ) - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) Rg_ ( \ mu \ nu ) + \ Lambda g_ ( \ mu \ nu ) = ( \ frac ( 8 \ pi G ) ( c ^ ( 4 ) ) ) T_ ( \ mu \ nu ) , ) where R is the Ricci curvature tensor , R is the scalar curvature , g is the metric tensor , Λ is the cosmological constant , G is Newton 's gravitational constant , c is the speed of light in vacuum , and T is the stress -- energy tensor . The left - hand side of Einstein 's equation is a non-linear analog of the Laplacian of the metric tensor , and reduces to that in the weak field limit , with the Λ g ( \ displaystyle \ Lambda g ) term playing the role of a Lagrange multiplier , and the right hand side is the analog of the distribution function , times 8π . Cauchy 's integral formula Complex analytic functions can be visualized as a collection of streamlines and equipotentials , systems of curves intersecting at right angles . Here illustrated is the complex logarithm of the Gamma function . One of the key tools in complex analysis is contour integration of a function over a positively oriented ( rectifiable ) Jordan curve γ . A form of Cauchy 's integral formula states that if a point z is interior to γ , then ∮ γ d z z − z 0 = 2 π i . ( \ displaystyle \ oint _ ( \ gamma ) ( \ frac ( dz ) ( z - z_ ( 0 ) ) ) = 2 \ pi i . ) Although the curve γ is not a circle , and hence does not have any obvious connection to the constant π , a standard proof of this result uses Morera 's theorem , which implies that the integral is invariant under homotopy of the curve , so that it can be deformed to a circle and then integrated explicitly in polar coordinates . More generally , it is true that if a rectifiable closed curve γ does not contain z , then the above integral is 2πi times the winding number of the curve . The general form of Cauchy 's integral formula establishes the relationship between the values of a complex analytic function f ( z ) on the Jordan curve γ and the value of f ( z ) at any interior point z of γ : ∮ γ f ( z ) z − z 0 d z = 2 π i f ( z 0 ) ( \ displaystyle \ oint _ ( \ gamma ) ( f ( z ) \ over z - z_ ( 0 ) ) \ , dz = 2 \ pi if ( z_ ( 0 ) ) ) provided f ( z ) is analytic in the region enclosed by γ and extends continuously to γ . Cauchy 's integral formula is a special case of the residue theorem , that if g ( z ) is a meromorphic function the region enclosed by γ and is continuous in a neighborhood of γ , then ∮ γ g ( z ) d z = 2 π i ∑ Res ⁡ ( g , a k ) ( \ displaystyle \ oint _ ( \ gamma ) g ( z ) \ , dz = 2 \ pi i \ sum \ operatorname ( Res ) ( g , a_ ( k ) ) ) where the sum is of the residues at the poles of g ( z ) . The gamma function and Stirling 's approximation The Hopf fibration of the 3 - sphere , by Villarceau circles , over the complex projective line with its Fubini -- Study metric ( three parallels are shown ) . The identity S ( 1 ) / S ( 1 ) = π / 2 is a consequence . The factorial function n ! is the product of all of the positive integers through n . The gamma function extends the concept of factorial ( normally defined only for non-negative integers ) to all complex numbers , except the negative real integers . When the gamma function is evaluated at half - integers , the result contains π ; for example Γ ( 1 / 2 ) = π ( \ displaystyle \ Gamma ( 1 / 2 ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ pi ) ) ) and Γ ( 5 / 2 ) = 3 π 4 ( \ displaystyle \ Gamma ( 5 / 2 ) = ( \ frac ( 3 ( \ sqrt ( \ pi ) ) ) ( 4 ) ) ) . The gamma function is defined by its Weierstrass product development : Γ ( z ) = e − γ z ∏ n = 1 ∞ e z / n 1 + z / n ( \ displaystyle \ Gamma ( z ) = e ^ ( - \ gamma z ) \ prod _ ( n = 1 ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( e ^ ( z / n ) ) ( 1 + z / n ) ) ) where γ is the Euler -- Mascheroni constant . Evaluated at z = 1 / 2 and squared , the equation Γ ( 1 / 2 ) = π reduces to the Wallis product formula . The gamma function is also connected to the Riemann zeta function and identities for the functional determinant , in which the constant π plays an important role . The gamma function is used to calculate the volume V ( r ) of the n - dimensional ball of radius r in Euclidean n - dimensional space , and the surface area S ( r ) of its boundary , the ( n − 1 ) - dimensional sphere : V n ( r ) = π n / 2 Γ ( n 2 + 1 ) r n ( \ displaystyle V_ ( n ) ( r ) = ( \ frac ( \ pi ^ ( n / 2 ) ) ( \ Gamma ( ( \ frac ( n ) ( 2 ) ) + 1 ) ) ) r ^ ( n ) ) S n − 1 ( r ) = n π n / 2 Γ ( n 2 + 1 ) r n − 1 ( \ displaystyle S_ ( n - 1 ) ( r ) = ( \ frac ( n \ pi ^ ( n / 2 ) ) ( \ Gamma ( ( \ frac ( n ) ( 2 ) ) + 1 ) ) ) r ^ ( n - 1 ) ) Further , it follows from the functional equation that 2 π r = S n + 1 ( r ) V n ( r ) . ( \ displaystyle 2 \ pi r = ( \ frac ( S_ ( n + 1 ) ( r ) ) ( V_ ( n ) ( r ) ) ) . ) The gamma function can be used to create a simple approximation to the factorial function n ! for large n : n ! ∼ 2 π n ( n e ) n ( \ displaystyle n ! \ sim ( \ sqrt ( 2 \ pi n ) ) \ left ( ( \ frac ( n ) ( e ) ) \ right ) ^ ( n ) ) which is known as Stirling 's approximation . Equivalently , π = lim n → ∞ e 2 n n ! 2 2 n 2 n + 1 . ( \ displaystyle \ pi = \ lim _ ( n \ to \ infty ) ( \ frac ( e ^ ( 2n ) n ! ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2n ^ ( 2n + 1 ) ) ) . ) As a geometrical application of Stirling 's approximation , let Δ denote the standard simplex in n - dimensional Euclidean space , and ( n + 1 ) Δ denote the simplex having all of its sides scaled up by a factor of n + 1 . Then Vol ⁡ ( ( n + 1 ) Δ n ) = ( n + 1 ) n n ! ∼ e n + 1 2 π n . ( \ displaystyle \ operatorname ( Vol ) ( ( n + 1 ) \ Delta _ ( n ) ) = ( \ frac ( ( n + 1 ) ^ ( n ) ) ( n ! ) ) \ sim ( \ frac ( e ^ ( n + 1 ) ) ( \ sqrt ( 2 \ pi n ) ) ) . ) Ehrhart 's volume conjecture is that this is the ( optimal ) upper bound on the volume of a convex body containing only one lattice point . Number theory and Riemann zeta function Each prime has an associated Prüfer group , which are arithmetic localizations of the circle . The L - functions of analytic number theory are also localized in each prime p . Solution of the Basel problem using the Weil conjecture : the value of ζ ( 2 ) ( \ displaystyle \ zeta ( 2 ) ) is the hyperbolic area of a fundamental domain of the modular group , times 2 π ( \ displaystyle 2 \ pi ) The Riemann zeta function ζ ( s ) is used in many areas of mathematics . When evaluated at s = 2 it can be written as ζ ( 2 ) = 1 1 2 + 1 2 2 + 1 3 2 + ⋯ ( \ displaystyle \ zeta ( 2 ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 1 ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + \ cdots ) Finding a simple solution for this infinite series was a famous problem in mathematics called the Basel problem . Leonhard Euler solved it in 1735 when he showed it was equal to π / 6 . Euler 's result leads to the number theory result that the probability of two random numbers being relatively prime ( that is , having no shared factors ) is equal to 6 / π . This probability is based on the observation that the probability that any number is divisible by a prime p is 1 / p ( for example , every 7th integer is divisible by 7 . ) Hence the probability that two numbers are both divisible by this prime is 1 / p , and the probability that at least one of them is not is 1 − 1 / p . For distinct primes , these divisibility events are mutually independent ; so the probability that two numbers are relatively prime is given by a product over all primes : ∏ p ∞ ( 1 − 1 p 2 ) = ( ∏ p ∞ 1 1 − p − 2 ) − 1 = 1 1 + 1 2 2 + 1 3 2 + ⋯ = 1 ζ ( 2 ) = 6 π 2 ≈ 61 % . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ prod _ ( p ) ^ ( \ infty ) \ left ( 1 - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( p ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ right ) & = \ left ( \ prod _ ( p ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 1 - p ^ ( - 2 ) ) ) \ right ) ^ ( - 1 ) \ \ ( 4pt ) & = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 1 + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + \ cdots ) ) \ \ ( 4pt ) & = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ zeta ( 2 ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( 6 ) ( \ pi ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ approx 61 \ %. \ end ( aligned ) ) ) This probability can be used in conjunction with a random number generator to approximate π using a Monte Carlo approach . The solution to the Basel problem implies that the geometrically derived quantity π is connected in a deep way to the distribution of prime numbers . This is a special case of Weil 's conjecture on Tamagawa numbers , which asserts the equality of similar such infinite products of arithmetic quantities , localized at each prime p , and a geometrical quantity : the reciprocal of the volume of a certain locally symmetric space . In the case of the Basel problem , it is the hyperbolic 3 - manifold SL ( R ) / SL ( Z ) . The zeta function also satisfies Riemann 's functional equation , which involves π as well as the gamma function : ζ ( s ) = 2 s π s − 1 sin ⁡ ( π s 2 ) Γ ( 1 − s ) ζ ( 1 − s ) . ( \ displaystyle \ zeta ( s ) = 2 ^ ( s ) \ pi ^ ( s - 1 ) \ \ sin \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ pi s ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) \ \ Gamma ( 1 - s ) \ \ zeta ( 1 - s ) \ ! . ) Furthermore , the derivative of the zeta function satisfies exp ⁡ ( − ζ ′ ( 0 ) ) = 2 π . ( \ displaystyle \ exp ( - \ zeta ' ( 0 ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( 2 \ pi ) ) . ) A consequence is that π can be obtained from the functional determinant of the harmonic oscillator . This functional determinant can be computed via a product expansion , and is equivalent to the Wallis product formula . The calculation can be recast in quantum mechanics , specifically the variational approach to the spectrum of the hydrogen atom . Fourier series π appears in characters of p - adic numbers ( shown ) , which are elements of a Prüfer group . Tate 's thesis makes heavy use of this machinery . The constant π also appears naturally in Fourier series of periodic functions . Periodic functions are functions on the group T = R / Z of fractional parts of real numbers . The Fourier decomposition shows that a complex - valued function f on T can be written as an infinite linear superposition of unitary characters of T. That is , continuous group homomorphisms from T to the circle group U ( 1 ) of unit modulus complex numbers . It is a theorem that every character of T is one of the complex exponentials e n ( x ) = e 2 π i n x ( \ displaystyle e_ ( n ) ( x ) = e ^ ( 2 \ pi inx ) ) . There is a unique character on T , up to complex conjugation , that is a group isomorphism . Using the Haar measure on the circle group , the constant π is half the magnitude of the Radon -- Nikodym derivative of this character . The other characters have derivatives whose magnitudes are positive integral multiples of 2π . As a result , the constant π is the unique number such that the group T , equipped with its Haar measure , is Pontrjagin dual to the lattice of integral multiples of 2π . This is a version of the one - dimensional Poisson summation formula . Modular forms and theta functions Theta functions transform under the lattice of periods of an elliptic curve . The constant π is connected in a deep way with the theory of modular forms and theta functions . For example , the Chudnovsky algorithm involves in an essential way the j - invariant of an elliptic curve . Modular forms are holomorphic functions in the upper half plane characterized by their transformation properties under the modular group S L 2 ( Z ) ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( SL ) _ ( 2 ) ( \ mathbb ( Z ) ) ) ( or its various subgroups ) , a lattice in the group S L 2 ( R ) ( \ displaystyle \ mathrm ( SL ) _ ( 2 ) ( \ mathbb ( R ) ) ) . An example is the Jacobi theta function θ ( z , τ ) = ∑ n = − ∞ ∞ e 2 π i n z + i π n 2 τ ( \ displaystyle \ theta ( z , \ tau ) = \ sum _ ( n = - \ infty ) ^ ( \ infty ) e ^ ( 2 \ pi inz + i \ pi n ^ ( 2 ) \ tau ) ) which is a kind of modular form called a Jacobi form . This is sometimes written in terms of the nome q = e π i τ ( \ displaystyle q = e ^ ( \ pi i \ tau ) ) . The constant π is the unique constant making the Jacobi theta function an automorphic form , which means that it transforms in a specific way . Certain identities hold for all automorphic forms . An example is θ ( z + τ , τ ) = e − π i τ − 2 π i z θ ( z , τ ) , ( \ displaystyle \ theta ( z+ \ tau , \ tau ) = e ^ ( - \ pi i \ tau - 2 \ pi iz ) \ theta ( z , \ tau ) , ) which implies that θ transforms as a representation under the discrete Heisenberg group . General modular forms and other theta functions also involve π , once again because of the Stone -- von Neumann theorem . Cauchy distribution and potential theory The Witch of Agnesi , named for Maria Agnesi ( 1718 -- 1799 ) , is a geometrical construction of the graph of the Cauchy distribution . The Cauchy distribution g ( x ) = 1 π ⋅ 1 x 2 + 1 ( \ displaystyle g ( x ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ pi ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( x ^ ( 2 ) + 1 ) ) ) is a probability density function . The total probability is equal to one , owing to the integral : ∫ − ∞ ∞ 1 x 2 + 1 d x = π . ( \ displaystyle \ int _ ( - \ infty ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( x ^ ( 2 ) + 1 ) ) \ , dx = \ pi . ) The Shannon entropy of the Cauchy distribution is equal to log ( 4π ) , which also involves π . The Cauchy distribution governs the passage of Brownian particles through a membrane . The Cauchy distribution plays an important role in potential theory because it is the simplest Furstenberg measure , the classical Poisson kernel associated with a Brownian motion in a half - plane . Conjugate harmonic functions and so also the Hilbert transform are associated with the asymptotics of the Poisson kernel . The Hilbert transform H is the integral transform given by the Cauchy principal value of the singular integral H f ( t ) = 1 π ∫ − ∞ ∞ f ( x ) d x x − t . ( \ displaystyle Hf ( t ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ pi ) ) \ int _ ( - \ infty ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( f ( x ) \ , dx ) ( x-t ) ) . ) The constant π is the unique ( positive ) normalizing factor such that H defines a linear complex structure on the Hilbert space of square - integrable real - valued functions on the real line . The Hilbert transform , like the Fourier transform , can be characterized purely in terms of its transformation properties on the Hilbert space L ( R ) : up to a normalization factor , it is the unique bounded linear operator that commutes with positive dilations and anticommutes with all reflections of the real line . The constant π is the unique normalizing factor that makes this transformation unitary . Complex dynamics π can be computed from the Mandelbrot set , by counting the number of iterations required before point ( − 0.75 , ε ) diverges . An occurrence of π in the Mandelbrot set fractal was discovered by David Boll in 1991 . He examined the behavior of the Mandelbrot set near the `` neck '' at ( − 0.75 , 0 ) . If points with coordinates ( − 0.75 , ε ) are considered , as ε tends to zero , the number of iterations until divergence for the point multiplied by ε converges to π . The point ( 0.25 , ε ) at the cusp of the large `` valley '' on the right side of the Mandelbrot set behaves similarly : the number of iterations until divergence multiplied by the square root of ε tends to π . Outside mathematics Describing physical phenomena Although not a physical constant , π appears routinely in equations describing fundamental principles of the universe , often because of π 's relationship to the circle and to spherical coordinate systems . A simple formula from the field of classical mechanics gives the approximate period T of a simple pendulum of length L , swinging with a small amplitude ( g is the earth 's gravitational acceleration ) : T ≈ 2 π L g . ( \ displaystyle T \ approx 2 \ pi ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( L ) ( g ) ) ) . ) One of the key formulae of quantum mechanics is Heisenberg 's uncertainty principle , which shows that the uncertainty in the measurement of a particle 's position ( Δx ) and momentum ( Δp ) can not both be arbitrarily small at the same time ( where h is Planck 's constant ) : Δ x Δ p ≥ h 4 π . ( \ displaystyle \ Delta x \ , \ Delta p \ geq ( \ frac ( h ) ( 4 \ pi ) ) . ) The fact that π is approximately equal to 3 plays a role in the relatively long lifetime of orthopositronium . The inverse lifetime to lowest order in the fine - structure constant α is 1 τ = 2 π 2 − 9 9 π m α 6 , ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( \ tau ) ) = 2 ( \ frac ( \ pi ^ ( 2 ) - 9 ) ( 9 \ pi ) ) m \ alpha ^ ( 6 ) , ) where m is the mass of the electron . π is present in some structural engineering formulae , such as the buckling formula derived by Euler , which gives the maximum axial load F that a long , slender column of length L , modulus of elasticity E , and area moment of inertia I can carry without buckling : F = π 2 E I L 2 . ( \ displaystyle F = ( \ frac ( \ pi ^ ( 2 ) EI ) ( L ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . ) The field of fluid dynamics contains π in Stokes ' law , which approximates the frictional force F exerted on small , spherical objects of radius R , moving with velocity v in a fluid with dynamic viscosity η : F = 6 π η R v . ( \ displaystyle F = 6 \ , \ pi \ , \ eta \ , R \ , v . ) Under ideal conditions ( uniform gentle slope on a homogeneously erodible substrate ) , the sinuosity of a meandering river approaches π . The sinuosity is the ratio between the actual length and the straight - line distance from source to mouth . Faster currents along the outside edges of a river 's bends cause more erosion than along the inside edges , thus pushing the bends even farther out , and increasing the overall loopiness of the river . However , that loopiness eventually causes the river to double back on itself in places and `` short - circuit '' , creating an ox - bow lake in the process . The balance between these two opposing factors leads to an average ratio of π between the actual length and the direct distance between source and mouth . Memorizing digits Main article : Piphilology Piphilology is the practice of memorizing large numbers of digits of π , and world - records are kept by the Guinness World Records . The record for memorizing digits of π , certified by Guinness World Records , is 70,000 digits , recited in India by Rajveer Meena in 9 hours and 27 minutes on 21 March 2015 . In 2006 , Akira Haraguchi , a retired Japanese engineer , claimed to have recited 100,000 decimal places , but the claim was not verified by Guinness World Records . One common technique is to memorize a story or poem in which the word lengths represent the digits of π : The first word has three letters , the second word has one , the third has four , the fourth has one , the fifth has five , and so on . An early example of a memorization aid , originally devised by English scientist James Jeans , is `` How I want a drink , alcoholic of course , after the heavy lectures involving quantum mechanics . '' When a poem is used , it is sometimes referred to as a piem . Poems for memorizing π have been composed in several languages in addition to English . Record - setting π memorizers typically do not rely on poems , but instead use methods such as remembering number patterns and the method of loci . A few authors have used the digits of π to establish a new form of constrained writing , where the word lengths are required to represent the digits of π . The Cadaeic Cadenza contains the first 3835 digits of π in this manner , and the full - length book Not a Wake contains 10,000 words , each representing one digit of π . In popular culture A pi pie . The circular shape of pie makes it a frequent subject of pi puns . Perhaps because of the simplicity of its definition and its ubiquitous presence in formulae , π has been represented in popular culture more than other mathematical constructs . In the 2008 Open University and BBC documentary co-production , The Story of Maths , aired in October 2008 on BBC Four , British mathematician Marcus du Sautoy shows a visualization of the -- historically first exact -- formula for calculating π when visiting India and exploring its contributions to trigonometry . In the Palais de la Découverte ( a science museum in Paris ) there is a circular room known as the pi room . On its wall are inscribed 707 digits of π . The digits are large wooden characters attached to the dome - like ceiling . The digits were based on an 1853 calculation by English mathematician William Shanks , which included an error beginning at the 528th digit . The error was detected in 1946 and corrected in 1949 . In Carl Sagan 's novel Contact it is suggested that the creator of the universe buried a message deep within the digits of π . The digits of π have also been incorporated into the lyrics of the song `` Pi '' from the album Aerial by Kate Bush . In the United States , Pi Day falls on 14 March ( written 3 / 14 in the US style ) , and is popular among students . π and its digital representation are often used by self - described `` math geeks '' for inside jokes among mathematically and technologically minded groups . Several college cheers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology include `` 3.14159 '' . Pi Day in 2015 was particularly significant because the date and time 3 / 14 / 15 9 : 26 : 53 reflected many more digits of pi . During the 2011 auction for Nortel 's portfolio of valuable technology patents , Google made a series of unusually specific bids based on mathematical and scientific constants , including π . In 1958 Albert Eagle proposed replacing π by τ ( tau ) , where τ = π / 2 , to simplify formulas . However , no other authors are known to use τ in this way . Some people use a different value , τ = 6.283185 ... = 2π , arguing that τ , as the number of radians in one turn or as the ratio of a circle 's circumference to its radius rather than its diameter , is more natural than π and simplifies many formulas . Celebrations of this number , because it approximately equals 6.28 , by making 28 June `` Tau Day '' and eating `` twice the pie '' , have been reported in the media . However , this use of τ has not made its way into mainstream mathematics . In 1897 , an amateur American mathematician attempted to persuade the Indiana legislature to pass the Indiana Pi Bill , which described a method to square the circle and contained text that implied various incorrect values for π , including 3.2 . The bill is notorious as an attempt to establish a value of scientific constant by legislative fiat . The bill was passed by the Indiana House of Representatives , but rejected by the Senate , meaning it did not become a law . In computer culture In contemporary internet culture , individuals and organizations frequently pay homage to the number π . For instance , the computer scientist Donald Knuth let the version numbers of his program TeX approach π . The versions are 3 , 3.1 , 3.14 , and so forth . Notes Footnotes Jump up ^ Andrews , George E. ; Askey , Richard ; Roy , Ranjan ( 1999 ) . Special Functions . Cambridge University Press . p. 58 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 78988 - 5 . Jump up ^ Gupta , R.C. ( 1992 ) . `` On the remainder term in the Madhava -- Leibniz 's series '' . Ganita Bharati. 14 ( 1 -- 4 ) : 68 -- 71 . Jump up ^ π trillion digits of π Archived 6 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine . -- the exact number of digits increases periodically -- it should not be included in this article by citing only a primary reference source . Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Bailey , David ; Borwein , Jonathan ; Borwein , Peter ; Plouffe , Simon ( 1997 ) . `` The Quest for Pi '' . The Mathematical Intelligencer. 19 ( 1 ) : 50 -- 56 . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.138. 7085 . doi : 10.1007 / bf03024340 . Jump up ^ Boeing , Niels ( 14 March 2016 ) . `` Die Welt ist Pi '' ( The World is Pi ) . Zeit Online ( in German ) . Archived from the original on 17 March 2016 . Die Ludolphsche Zahl oder Kreiszahl erhielt nun auch das Symbol , unter dem wir es heute kennen : William Jones schlug 1706 den griechischen Buchstaben π vor , in Anlehnung an perimetros , griechisch für Umfang . Leonhard Euler etablierte π schließlich in seinen mathematischen Schriften . ( The Ludolphian number or circle number now also received the symbol under which we know it today : William Jones proposed in 1706 the Greek letter π , based on perimetros ( περίμετρος ) , Greek for perimeter . Leonhard Euler firmly established π in his mathematical writings . ) Jump up ^ `` pi '' . Dictionary.reference.com. 2 March 1993 . Archived from the original on 28 July 2014 . Retrieved 18 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Apostol , Tom ( 1967 ) . Calculus , volume 1 ( 2nd ed . ) . Wiley ... Page 102 : `` From a logical point of view , this is unsatisfactory at the present stage because we have not yet discussed the concept of arc length . '' Arc length is introduced on page 529 . ^ Jump up to : Remmert , Reinhold ( 1991 ) , `` What is π ? '' , Numbers , Springer , p. 129 Jump up ^ Remmert ( 1991 ) . The precise integral that Weierstrass used was π = ∫ − ∞ ∞ d x 1 + x 2 . ( \ displaystyle \ pi = \ int _ ( - \ infty ) ^ ( \ infty ) ( \ frac ( dx ) ( 1 + x ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . ) Jump up ^ Baltzer , Richard ( 1870 ) , Die Elemente der Mathematik ( The Elements of Mathematics ) ( in German ) , Hirzel , p. 195 , archived from the original on 14 September 2016 Jump up ^ Landau , Edmund ( 1934 ) , Einführung in die Differentialrechnung und Integralrechnung ( in German ) , Noordoff , p. 193 ^ Jump up to : Rudin , Walter ( 1976 ) . Principles of Mathematical Analysis . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 054235 - X . , p 183 . Jump up ^ Rudin , Walter ( 1986 ) . Real and complex analysis . McGraw - Hill . , p 2 . Jump up ^ Ahlfors , Lars ( 1966 ) , Complex analysis , McGraw - Hill , p. 46 Jump up ^ Bourbaki , Nicolas ( 1981 ) , Topologie generale , Springer , § VIII. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Bourbaki , Nicolas ( 1979 ) , Fonctions d'une variable réelle ( in French ) , Springer , § II. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Salikhov , V. ( 2008 ) . `` On the Irrationality Measure of pi '' . Russian Mathematical Survey . 53 ( 3 ) : 570 -- 572 . Bibcode : 2008RuMaS ... 63 ... 570S . doi : 10.1070 / RM2008v063n03ABEH004543 . ^ Jump up to : Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 22 -- 23 Preuss , Paul ( 23 July 2001 ) . `` Are The Digits of Pi Random ? Lab Researcher May Hold The Key '' . Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory . Archived from the original on 20 October 2007 . Retrieved 10 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 22 , 28 -- 30 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 3 Jump up ^ Mayer , Steve . `` The Transcendence of π '' . Archived from the original on 2000 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 4 November 2007 . Jump up ^ The polynomial shown is the first few terms of the Taylor series expansion of the sine function . Jump up ^ Posamentier & Lehmann 2004 , p. 25 Jump up ^ Eymard & Lafon 1999 , p. 129 Jump up ^ Beckmann 1989 , p. 37 Schlager , Neil ; Lauer , Josh ( 2001 ) . Science and Its Times : Understanding the Social Significance of Scientific Discovery . Gale Group . ISBN 0 - 7876 - 3933 - 8 . , p 185 . ^ Jump up to : Eymard & Lafon 1999 , p. 78 Jump up ^ `` Sloane 's A001203 : Continued fraction for Pi '' . The On - Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences . OEIS Foundation . Retrieved 12 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Lange , L.J. ( May 1999 ) . `` An Elegant Continued Fraction for π '' . The American Mathematical Monthly . 106 ( 5 ) : 456 -- 458 . JSTOR 2589152 . doi : 10.2307 / 2589152 . Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 240 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 242 Jump up ^ Kennedy , E.S. , `` Abu - r - Raihan al - Biruni , 973 -- 1048 '' , Journal for the History of Astronomy , 9 : 65 , Bibcode : 1978JHA ... 9 ... 65K , doi : 10.1177 / 002182867800900106 . Ptolemy used a three - sexagesimal - digit approximation , and Jamshīd al - Kāshī expanded this to nine digits ; see Aaboe , Asger ( 1964 ) , Episodes from the Early History of Mathematics , New Mathematical Library , 13 , New York : Random House , p. 125 , archived from the original on 29 November 2016 Jump up ^ Ayers 1964 , p. 100 ^ Jump up to : Bronshteĭn & Semendiaev 1971 , p. 592 Jump up ^ Maor , Eli , E : The Story of a Number , Princeton University Press , 2009 , p 160 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 14134 - 3 ( `` five most important '' constants ) . Jump up ^ Weisstein , Eric W. `` Roots of Unity '' . MathWorld . Jump up ^ Petrie , W.M.F. Wisdom of the Egyptians ( 1940 ) Jump up ^ Based on the Great Pyramid of Giza , supposedly built so that the circle whose radius is equal to the height of the pyramid has a circumference equal to the perimeter of the base ( it is 1760 cubits around and 280 cubits in height ) . Verner , Miroslav . The Pyramids : The Mystery , Culture , and Science of Egypt 's Great Monuments . Grove Press . 2001 ( 1997 ) . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 3935 - 3 Jump up ^ Rossi , Corinna Architecture and Mathematics in Ancient Egypt , Cambridge University Press . 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 69053 - 9 . Jump up ^ Legon , J.A.R. On Pyramid Dimensions and Proportions ( 1991 ) Discussions in Egyptology ( 20 ) 25 -- 34 `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 18 July 2011 . Retrieved 7 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` We can conclude that although the ancient Egyptians could not precisely define the value of π , in practice they used it '' . Verner , M. ( 2003 ) . `` The Pyramids : Their Archaeology and History '' . , p. 70 . Petrie ( 1940 ) . `` Wisdom of the Egyptians '' . , p. 30 . See also Legon , J.A.R. ( 1991 ) . `` On Pyramid Dimensions and Proportions '' . Discussions in Egyptology. 20 : 25 -- 34 . Archived from the original on 18 July 2011 ... See also Petrie , W.M.F. ( 1925 ) . `` Surveys of the Great Pyramids '' . Nature . 116 ( 2930 ) : 942 -- 942 . Bibcode : 1925Natur. 116 ... 942P . doi : 10.1038 / 116942a0 . Jump up ^ Egyptologist : Rossi , Corinna , Architecture and Mathematics in Ancient Egypt , Cambridge University Press , 2004 , pp 60 -- 70 , 200 , ISBN 9780521829540 . Skeptics : Shermer , Michael , The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience , ABC - CLIO , 2002 , pp 407 -- 408 , ISBN 9781576076538 . See also Fagan , Garrett G. , Archaeological Fantasies : How Pseudoarchaeology Misrepresents The Past and Misleads the Public , Routledge , 2006 , ISBN 9780415305938 . For a list of explanations for the shape that do not involve π , see Herz - Fischler , Roger ( 2000 ) . The Shape of the Great Pyramid . Wilfrid Laurier University Press . pp. 67 -- 77 , 165 -- 166 . ISBN 9780889203242 . Archived from the original on 29 November 2016 . Retrieved 5 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 167 Jump up ^ Chaitanya , Krishna . A profile of Indian culture . Indian Book Company ( 1975 ) . p. 133 . Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 169 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 170 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 175 , 205 Jump up ^ `` The Computation of Pi by Archimedes : The Computation of Pi by Archimedes -- File Exchange -- MATLAB Central '' . Mathworks.com . Archived from the original on 25 February 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 171 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 176 Boyer & Merzbach 1991 , p. 168 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 15 -- 16 , 175 , 184 -- 186 , 205 . Grienberger achieved 39 digits in 1630 ; Sharp 71 digits in 1699 . Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 176 -- 177 ^ Jump up to : Boyer & Merzbach 1991 , p. 202 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 177 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 178 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 179 ^ Jump up to : Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 180 Jump up ^ Azarian , Mohammad K. ( 2010 ) . `` al - Risāla al - muhītīyya : A Summary '' . Missouri Journal of Mathematical Sciences . 22 ( 2 ) : 64 -- 85 . Archived from the original on 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , John J. ; Robertson , Edmund F. ( 1999 ) . `` Ghiyath al - Din Jamshid Mas'ud al - Kashi '' . MacTutor History of Mathematics archive . Archived from the original on 12 April 2011 . Retrieved 11 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 182 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 182 -- 183 ^ Jump up to : Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 183 Jump up ^ Grienbergerus , Christophorus ( 1630 ) . Elementa Trigonometrica ( PDF ) ( in Latin ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 02 - 01 . His evaluation was 3.14159 26535 89793 23846 26433 83279 50288 4196 < π < 3.14159 26535 89793 23846 26433 83279 50288 4199 . ^ Jump up to : Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 185 -- 191 Jump up ^ Roy 1990 , pp. 101 -- 102 Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 185 -- 186 ^ Jump up to : Roy 1990 , pp. 101 -- 102 Jump up ^ Joseph 1991 , p. 264 ^ Jump up to : Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 188 . Newton quoted by Arndt . ^ Jump up to : Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 187 Jump up ^ A060294 Jump up ^ Variorum de rebus mathematicis responsorum liber VIII . Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 188 -- 189 ^ Jump up to : Eymard & Lafon 1999 , pp. 53 -- 54 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 189 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 156 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 192 -- 193 ^ Jump up to : Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 72 -- 74 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 192 -- 196 , 205 ^ Jump up to : Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 194 -- 196 ^ Jump up to : Borwein , J.M. ; Borwein , P.B. ( 1988 ) . `` Ramanujan and Pi '' . Scientific American . 256 ( 2 ) : 112 -- 117 . Bibcode : 1988SciAm. 258b. 112B . doi : 10.1038 / scientificamerican0288 - 112 . Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 15 -- 17 , 70 -- 72 , 104 , 156 , 192 -- 197 , 201 -- 202 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 69 -- 72 Jump up ^ Borwein , J.M. ; Borwein , P.B. ; Dilcher , K. ( 1989 ) . `` Pi , Euler Numbers , and Asymptotic Expansions '' . American Mathematical Monthly . 96 ( 8 ) : 681 -- 687 . doi : 10.2307 / 2324715 . Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 223 , ( formula 16.10 ) . Note that ( n − 1 ) n ( n + 1 ) = n − n . Wells , David ( 1997 ) . The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers ( revised ed . ) . Penguin . p. 35 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 140 - 26149 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Posamentier & Lehmann 2004 , pp. 284 Jump up ^ Lambert , Johann , `` Mémoire sur quelques propriétés remarquables des quantités transcendantes circulaires et logarithmiques '' , reprinted in Berggren , Borwein & Borwein 1997 , pp. 129 -- 140 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Hardy and Wright 1938 and 2000 : 177 footnote § 11.13 -- 14 references Lindemann 's proof as appearing at Math . Ann . 20 ( 1882 ) , 213 -- 25 . Jump up ^ cf Hardy and Wright 1938 and 2000 : 177 footnote § 11.13 -- 14 . The proofs that e and π are transcendental can be found on pages 170 -- 176 . They cite two sources of the proofs at Landau 1927 or Perron 1910 ; see the `` List of Books '' at pages 417 -- 419 for full citations . Jump up ^ Oughtred , William ( 1652 ) . Theorematum in libris Archimedis de sphaera et cylindro declarario ( in Latin ) . Excudebat L. Lichfield , Veneunt apud T. Robinson . δ. π : : semidiameter . semiperipheria ^ Jump up to : Cajori , Florian ( 2007 ) . A History of Mathematical Notations : Vol. II . Cosimo , Inc . pp. 8 -- 13 . ISBN 9781602067141 . the ratio of the length of a circle to its diameter was represented in the fractional form by the use of two letters ... J.A. Segner ... in 1767 , he represented 3.14159 ... by δ : π , as did Oughtred more than a century earlier ^ Jump up to : Smith , David E. ( 1958 ) . History of Mathematics . Courier Corporation . p. 312 . ISBN 9780486204307 . Jump up ^ Archibald , R.C. ( 1921 ) . `` Historical Notes on the Relation e − ( π / 2 ) = i i ( \ displaystyle e ^ ( - ( \ pi / 2 ) ) = i ^ ( i ) ) `` . The American Mathematical Monthly . 28 ( 3 ) : 121 . doi : 10.2307 / 2972388 . It is noticeable that these letters are never used separately , that is , π is not used for ' Semiperipheria ' ^ Jump up to : Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 166 Jump up ^ See , for example , Oughtred , William ( 1648 ) . Clavis Mathematicæ ( The key to mathematics ) ( in Latin ) . London , England : Thomas Harper . p. 69 . ( English translation : Oughtred , William ( 1694 ) . Key of the Mathematics . J. Salusbury. ) Jump up ^ Barrow , Isaac ( 1860 ) . `` Lecture XXIV '' . In Whewell , William . The mathematical works of Isaac Barrow ... ( in Latin ) . Harvard University . Cambridge University press . p. 381 . Jump up ^ Gregorii , Davidis ( 1695 ) . `` Davidis Gregorii M.D. Astronomiae Professoris Sauiliani & S.R.S. Catenaria , Ad Reverendum Virum D. Henricum Aldrich S.T.T. Decanum Aedis Christi Oxoniae '' . Philosophical Transactions ( 1683 - 1775 ) ( in Latin ) . 19 : 652 . doi : 10.2307 / 102382 -- via JSTOR . Jump up ^ Jones , William ( 1706 ) . Synopsis Palmariorum Matheseos : or , a New Introduction to the Mathematics . pp. 243 , 263 . Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 165 . A facsimile of Jones ' text is in Berggren , Borwein & Borwein 1997 , pp. 108 -- 109 Jump up ^ See Schepler 1950 , p. 220 : William Oughtred used the letter π to represent the periphery ( that is , the circumference ) of a circle . Jump up ^ Segner , Joannes Andreas ( 1756 ) . Cursus Mathematicus ( in Latin ) . Halae Magdeburgicae . p. 282 . Jump up ^ Euler , Leonhard ( 1727 ) . `` Tentamen explicationis phaenomenorum aeris '' ( PDF ) . Commentarii academiae scientiarum imperialis Petropolitana ( in Latin ) . 2 : 351 . E007 . Sumatur pro ratione radii ad peripheriem , I : π English translation by Ian Bruce : `` π is taken for the ratio of the radius to the periphery ( note that in this work , Euler 's π is double our π . ) '' Jump up ^ Euler , Leonhard ( 1747 ) . Henry , Charles , ed . Lettres inédites d'Euler à d'Alembert . Bullettino di Bibliografia e di Storia delle Scienze Matematiche e Fisiche ( in French ) . 19 ( published 1886 ) . p. 139 . E858 . Car , soit π la circonference d'un cercle , dout le rayon est = 1 English translation in Cajori , Florian ( 1913 ) . `` History of the Exponential and Logarithmic Concepts : '' . The American Mathematical Monthly . 20 ( 3 ) : 76 . doi : 10.2307 / 2973441 . Letting π be the circumference ( ! ) of a circle of unit radius Jump up ^ Euler , Leonhard ( 1736 ) . `` Ch. 3 Prop. 34 Cor. 1 '' . Mechanica sive motus scientia analytice exposita . ( cum tabulis ) ( in Latin ) . 1 . Academiae scientiarum Petropoli . p. 113 . E015 . Denotet 1 : π rationem diametri ad peripheriam English translation by Ian Bruce : `` Let 1 : π denote the ratio of the diameter to the circumference '' Jump up ^ Euler , Leonhard ( 1707 - 1783 ) ( 1922 ) . Leonhardi Euleri opera omnia. 1 , Opera mathematica . Volumen VIII , Leonhardi Euleri introductio in analysin infinitorum . Tomus primus / ediderunt Adolf Krazer et Ferdinand Rudio ( in Latin ) . Lipsae : B.G. Teubneri . pp. 133 -- 134 . E101 . Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 205 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 197 . See also Reitwiesner 1950 . Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 197 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 15 -- 17 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 131 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 132 , 140 ^ Jump up to : Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 87 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 111 ( 5 times ) ; pp. 113 -- 114 ( 4 times ) . See Borwein & Borwein 1987 for details of algorithms . ^ Jump up to : Bailey , David H. ( 16 May 2003 ) . `` Some Background on Kanada 's Recent Pi Calculation '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 15 April 2012 . Retrieved 12 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 17 . `` 39 digits of π are sufficient to calculate the volume of the universe to the nearest atom . '' Accounting for additional digits needed to compensate for computational round - off errors , Arndt concludes that a few hundred digits would suffice for any scientific application . Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 17 -- 19 Jump up ^ Schudel , Matt ( 25 March 2009 ) . `` John W. Wrench , Jr. : Mathematician Had a Taste for Pi '' . The Washington Post . p . B5 . Jump up ^ Connor , Steve ( 8 January 2010 ) . `` The Big Question : How close have we come to knowing the precise value of pi ? '' . The Independent . London . Archived from the original on 2 April 2012 . Retrieved 14 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 18 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 103 -- 104 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 104 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 104 , 206 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 110 -- 111 Jump up ^ Eymard & Lafon 1999 , p. 254 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 110 -- 111 , 206 Bellard , Fabrice , `` Computation of 2700 billion decimal digits of Pi using a Desktop Computer '' Archived 18 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , 11 Feb 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Round 2 ... 10 Trillion Digits of Pi '' Archived 1 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine. , NumberWorld.org , 17 Oct 2011 . Retrieved 30 May 2012 . Jump up ^ PSLQ means Partial Sum of Least Squares . Jump up ^ Plouffe , Simon ( April 2006 ) . `` Identities inspired by Ramanujan 's Notebooks ( part 2 ) '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 14 January 2012 . Retrieved 10 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 39 Jump up ^ Ramaley , J.F. ( October 1969 ) . `` Buffon 's Noodle Problem '' . The American Mathematical Monthly . 76 ( 8 ) : 916 -- 918 . JSTOR 2317945 . doi : 10.2307 / 2317945 . Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 39 -- 40 Posamentier & Lehmann 2004 , p. 105 Jump up ^ Grünbaum , B. ( 1960 ) , `` Projection Constants '' , Trans . Amer . Math . Soc. , 95 : 451 -- 465 , doi : 10.1090 / s0002 - 9947 - 1960 - 0114110 - 9 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 43 Posamentier & Lehmann 2004 , pp. 105 -- 108 ^ Jump up to : Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 77 -- 84 ^ Jump up to : Gibbons , Jeremy , `` Unbounded Spigot Algorithms for the Digits of Pi '' Archived 2 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , 2005 . Gibbons produced an improved version of Wagon 's algorithm . ^ Jump up to : Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 77 Jump up ^ Rabinowitz , Stanley ; Wagon , Stan ( March 1995 ) . `` A spigot algorithm for the digits of Pi '' . American Mathematical Monthly . 102 ( 3 ) : 195 -- 203 . doi : 10.2307 / 2975006 . A computer program has been created that implements Wagon 's spigot algorithm in only 120 characters of software . ^ Jump up to : Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 117 , 126 -- 128 Jump up ^ Bailey , David H. ; Borwein , Peter B. ; Plouffe , Simon ( April 1997 ) . `` On the Rapid Computation of Various Polylogarithmic Constants '' ( PDF ) . Mathematics of Computation. 66 ( 218 ) : 903 -- 913 . doi : 10.1090 / S0025 - 5718 - 97 - 00856 - 9 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 22 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 128 . Plouffe did create a decimal digit extraction algorithm , but it is slower than full , direct computation of all preceding digits . Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 20 Bellards formula in : Bellard , Fabrice . `` A new formula to compute the n binary digit of pi '' . Archived from the original on 12 September 2007 . Retrieved 27 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Palmer , Jason ( 16 September 2010 ) . `` Pi record smashed as team finds two - quadrillionth digit '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on 17 March 2011 . Retrieved 26 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Bronshteĭn & Semendiaev 1971 , pp. 200 , 209 Jump up ^ Weisstein , Eric W. `` Semicircle '' . MathWorld . ^ Jump up to : Ayers 1964 , p. 60 ^ Jump up to : Bronshteĭn & Semendiaev 1971 , pp. 210 -- 211 Jump up ^ Hilbert , David ; Courant , Richard ( 1966 ) , Methods of mathematical physics , volume 1 , Wiley , pp. 286&endash ; 290 Jump up ^ Dym , H. ; McKean , H.P. ( 1972 ) , Fourier series and integrals , Academic Press , p. 47 Jump up ^ Chavel , Isaac ( 2001 ) , Isoperimetric inequalities , Cambridge University Press Jump up ^ Talenti , Giorgio , `` Best constant in Sobolev inequality '' , Annali di Matematica Pura ed Applicata , 110 ( 1 ) : 353 -- 372 , ISSN 1618 - 1891 , doi : 10.1007 / BF02418013 , archived from the original on 29 January 2017 Jump up ^ L. Esposito ; C. Nitsch ; C. Trombetti , Best constants in Poincaré inequalities for convex domains , arXiv : 1110.2960 Jump up ^ M Del Pino ; J Dolbeault ( 2002 ) , `` Best constants for Gagliardo -- Nirenberg inequalities and applications to nonlinear diffusions '' , Journal de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées , 81 ( 9 ) : 847 -- 875 , CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.57. 7077 , doi : 10.1016 / s0021 - 7824 ( 02 ) 01266 - 7 Jump up ^ Payne , L.E. ; Weinberger , H.F. ( 1960 ) , `` An optimal Poincaré inequality for convex domains '' , Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis : 286 -- 292 , ISSN 0003 - 9527 Jump up ^ Gerald Folland ( 1989 ) , Harmonic analysis in phase space , Princeton University Press , p. 5 Jump up ^ Howe 1980 Jump up ^ Feller , W. An Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Applications , Vol. 1 , Wiley , 1968 , pp 174 -- 190 . ^ Jump up to : Bronshteĭn & Semendiaev 1971 , pp. 106 -- 107 , 744 , 748 Jump up ^ H Dym ; HP McKean ( 1972 ) , Fourier series and integrals , Academic Press ; Section 2.7 Jump up ^ Elias Stein ; Guido Weiss ( 1971 ) , Fourier analysis on Euclidean spaces , Princeton University Press , p. 6 ; Theorem 1.13 . Jump up ^ V. Ovsienko ; S. Tabachnikov ( 2004 ) , Projective Differential Geometry Old and New : From the Schwarzian Derivative to the Cohomology of Diffeomorphism Groups , Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0521831864 : Section 1.3 Jump up ^ Michael Spivak ( 1999 ) , A comprehensive introduction to differential geometry , 3 , Publish or Perish Press ; Chapter 6 . Jump up ^ Kobayashi , Shoshichi ; Nomizu , Katsumi ( 1996 ) , Foundations of Differential Geometry , Vol. 2 ( New ed . ) , Wiley Interscience , p. 293 ; Chapter XII Characteristic classes Jump up ^ H.M. Schey ( 1996 ) Div , Grad , Curl , and All That : An Informal Text on Vector Calculus , ISBN 0 - 393 - 96997 - 5 . Jump up ^ Yeo , Adrian , The pleasures of pi , e and other interesting numbers , World Scientific Pub. , 2006 , p 21 , ISBN 978 - 981 - 270 - 078 - 0 . Ehlers , Jürgen , Einstein 's Field Equations and Their Physical Implications , Springer , 2000 , p 7 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 67073 - 5 . Jump up ^ Lars Ahlfors ( 1966 ) , Complex analysis , McGraw - Hill , p. 115 Jump up ^ Weisstein , Eric W. `` Cauchy Integral Formula '' . MathWorld . Jump up ^ Joglekar , S.D. , Mathematical Physics , Universities Press , 2005 , p 166 , ISBN 978 - 81 - 7371 - 422 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bronshteĭn & Semendiaev 1971 , pp. 191 -- 192 Jump up ^ Emil Artin ( 1964 ) , The gamma function , Athena series ; selected topics in mathematics ( 1st ed . ) , Holt , Rinehart and Winston Jump up ^ Lawrence Evans ( 1997 ) , Partial differential equations , AMS , p. 615 . Jump up ^ Bronshteĭn & Semendiaev 1971 , p. 190 Jump up ^ Benjamin Nill ; Andreas Paffenholz ( 2014 ) , `` On the equality case in Erhart 's volume conjecture '' , Advances in Geometry , 14 ( 4 ) : 579 -- 586 , ISSN 1615 - 7168 , arXiv : 1205.1270 , doi : 10.1515 / advgeom - 2014 - 0001 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 41 -- 43 Jump up ^ This theorem was proved by Ernesto Cesàro in 1881 . For a more rigorous proof than the intuitive and informal one given here , see Hardy , G.H. , An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers , Oxford University Press , 2008 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 921986 - 5 , theorem 332 . Jump up ^ Ogilvy , C.S. ; Anderson , J.T. , Excursions in Number Theory , Dover Publications Inc. , 1988 , pp. 29 -- 35 , ISBN 0 - 486 - 25778 - 9 . Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 43 Jump up ^ Vladimir Platonov ; Andrei Rapinchuk ( 1994 ) , Algebraic groups and number theory , Academic Press , pp. 262&endash ; 265 Jump up ^ Sondow , J. ( 1994 ) , `` Analytic Continuation of Riemann 's Zeta Function and Values at Negative Integers via Euler 's Transformation of Series '' , Proc. Amer . Math . Soc. , 120 : 421 -- 424 , CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.352. 5774 , doi : 10.1090 / s0002 - 9939 - 1994 - 1172954 - 7 Jump up ^ T. Friedmann ; C.R. Hagen ( 2015 ) . `` Quantum mechanical derivation of the Wallis formula for pi '' . Journal of Mathematical Physics. 56 ( 11 ) . arXiv : 1510.07813 . doi : 10.1063 / 1.4930800 . Jump up ^ Tate , John T. ( 1950 ) , `` Fourier analysis in number fields , and Hecke 's zeta - functions '' , Algebraic Number Theory ( Proc. Instructional Conf. , Brighton , 1965 ) , Thompson , Washington , D.C. , pp. 305 -- 347 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9502734 - 2 - 6 , MR 0217026 Jump up ^ H Dym ; HP McKean ( 1972 ) , Fourier series and integrals , Academic Press ; Chapter 4 ^ Jump up to : Mumford , David ( 1983 ) , Tata Lectures on Theta I , Boston : Birkhauser , pp. 1 -- 117 , ISBN 3 - 7643 - 3109 - 7 Jump up ^ Sidney Port ; Charles Stone ( 1978 ) , Brownian motion and classical potential theory , Academic Press , p. 29 Jump up ^ * Titchmarsh , E ( 1948 ) , Introduction to the theory of Fourier integrals ( 2nd ed . ) , Oxford University : Clarendon Press ( published 1986 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8284 - 0324 - 5 . Jump up ^ Stein , Elias ( 1970 ) , Singular integrals and differentiability properties of functions , Princeton University Press ; Chapter II . ^ Jump up to : Klebanoff , Aaron ( 2001 ) . `` Pi in the Mandelbrot set '' ( PDF ) . Fractals. 9 ( 4 ) : 393 -- 402 . doi : 10.1142 / S0218348X01000828 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 April 2012 . Retrieved 14 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Peitgen , Heinz - Otto , Chaos and fractals : new frontiers of science , Springer , 2004 , pp. 801 -- 803 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 20229 - 7 . Jump up ^ Halliday , David ; Resnick , Robert ; Walker , Jearl , Fundamentals of Physics , 5th Ed. , John Wiley & Sons , 1997 , p 381 , ISBN 0 - 471 - 14854 - 7 . Jump up ^ Imamura , James M ( 17 August 2005 ) . `` Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle '' . University of Oregon . Archived from the original on 12 October 2007 . Retrieved 9 September 2007 . Jump up ^ C. Itzykson , J-B . Zuber , Quantum Field Theory , McGraw - Hill , 1980 . Jump up ^ Low , Peter , Classical Theory of Structures Based on the Differential Equation , CUP Archive , 1971 , pp 116 -- 118 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 08089 - 7 . Jump up ^ Batchelor , G.K. , An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics , Cambridge University Press , 1967 , p 233 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 66396 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hans - Henrik Stølum ( 22 March 1996 ) . `` River Meandering as a Self - Organization Process '' . Science . 271 ( 5256 ) : 1710 -- 1713 . Bibcode : 1996Sci ... 271.1710 S . doi : 10.1126 / science. 271.5256. 1710 . Jump up ^ Posamentier & Lehmann 2004 , pp. 140 -- 141 ^ Jump up to : Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 44 -- 45 Jump up ^ `` Most Pi Places Memorized '' Archived 14 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , Guinness World Records . Jump up ^ Otake , Tomoko ( 17 December 2006 ) . `` How can anyone remember 100,000 numbers ? '' . The Japan Times . Archived from the original on 18 August 2013 . Retrieved 27 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Raz , A. ; Packard , M.G. ( 2009 ) . `` A slice of pi : An exploratory neuroimaging study of digit encoding and retrieval in a superior memorist '' . Neurocase. 15 : 361 -- 372 . PMC 4323087 . PMID 19585350 . doi : 10.1080 / 13554790902776896 . Jump up ^ Keith , Mike . `` Cadaeic Cadenza Notes & Commentary '' . Archived from the original on 18 January 2009 . Retrieved 29 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Keith , Michael ; Diana Keith ( February 17 , 2010 ) . Not A Wake : A dream embodying ( pi ) 's digits fully for 10000 decimals . Vinculum Press . ISBN 978 - 0963009715 . Jump up ^ For instance , Pickover calls π `` the most famous mathematical constant of all time '' , and Peterson writes , `` Of all known mathematical constants , however , pi continues to attract the most attention '' , citing the Givenchy π perfume , Pi ( film ) , and Pi Day as examples . See Pickover , Clifford A. ( 1995 ) , Keys to Infinity , Wiley & Sons , p. 59 , ISBN 9780471118572 ; Peterson , Ivars ( 2002 ) , Mathematical Treks : From Surreal Numbers to Magic Circles , MAA spectrum , Mathematical Association of America , p. 17 , ISBN 9780883855379 , archived from the original on 29 November 2016 Jump up ^ BBC documentary `` The Story of Maths '' , second part Archived 23 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine. , showing a visualization of the historically first exact formula , starting at 35 min and 20 sec into the second part of the documentary . Jump up ^ Posamentier & Lehmann 2004 , p. 118 Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 50 Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , p. 14 . This part of the story was omitted from the film adaptation of the novel . Jump up ^ Gill , Andy ( 4 November 2005 ) . `` Review of Aerial '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 15 October 2006 . the almost autistic satisfaction of the obsessive - compulsive mathematician fascinated by ' Pi ' ( which affords the opportunity to hear Bush slowly sing vast chunks of the number in question , several dozen digits long ) Jump up ^ Pi Day activities . Jump up ^ MIT cheers Archived 19 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 12 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Pi Day ! Watch these stunning videos of kids reciting 3.14 '' . USAToday.com. 14 March 2015 . Archived from the original on 15 March 2015 . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Google 's strange bids for Nortel patents '' . FinancialPost.com . Reuters. 5 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 9 August 2011 . Retrieved 16 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Eagle , Albert ( 1958 ) . The Elliptic Functions as They Should be : An Account , with Applications , of the Functions in a New Canonical Form . Galloway and Porter , Ltd. p. ix . Jump up ^ Sequence A019692 , Jump up ^ Abbott , Stephen ( April 2012 ) . `` My Conversion to Tauism '' ( PDF ) . Math Horizons . 19 ( 4 ) : 34 . doi : 10.4169 / mathhorizons. 19.4. 34 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 28 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Palais , Robert ( 2001 ) . `` π Is Wrong ! '' ( PDF ) . The Mathematical Intelligencer. 23 ( 3 ) : 7 -- 8 . doi : 10.1007 / BF03026846 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 22 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Tau Day : Why you should eat twice the pie -- Light Years -- CNN.com Blogs Archived 12 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Life of pi in no danger -- Experts cold - shoulder campaign to replace with tau '' . Telegraph India . 30 June 2011 . Archived from the original on 13 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Arndt & Haenel 2006 , pp. 211 -- 212 Posamentier & Lehmann 2004 , pp. 36 -- 37 Hallerberg , Arthur ( May 1977 ) . `` Indiana 's squared circle '' . Mathematics Magazine . 50 ( 3 ) : 136 -- 140 . JSTOR 2689499 . doi : 10.2307 / 2689499 . Jump up ^ Knuth , Donald ( 3 October 1990 ) . `` The Future of TeX and Metafont '' ( PDF ) . TeX Mag. 5 ( 1 ) : 145 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 13 April 2016 . Retrieved 17 February 2017 . References Arndt , Jörg ; Haenel , Christoph ( 2006 ) . Pi Unleashed . Springer - Verlag . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 66572 - 4 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 05 . English translation by Catriona and David Lischka . Ayers , Frank ( 1964 ) . Calculus . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 070 - 02653 - 7 . Berggren , Lennart ; Borwein , Jonathan ; Borwein , Peter ( 1997 ) . Pi : a Source Book . Springer - Verlag . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 20571 - 7 . Beckmann , Peter ( 1989 ) ( 1974 ) . History of Pi . St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88029 - 418 - 8 . Borwein , Jonathan ; Borwein , Peter ( 1987 ) . Pi and the AGM : a Study in Analytic Number Theory and Computational Complexity . Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 31515 - 5 . Boyer , Carl B. ; Merzbach , Uta C. ( 1991 ) . A History of Mathematics ( 2 ed . ) . Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 54397 - 8 . Bronshteĭn , Ilia ; Semendiaev , K.A. ( 1971 ) . A Guide Book to Mathematics . Verlag Harri Deutsch . ISBN 978 - 3 - 871 - 44095 - 3 . Eymard , Pierre ; Lafon , Jean Pierre ( 1999 ) . The Number Pi . American Mathematical Society . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8218 - 3246 - 2 . , English translation by Stephen Wilson . Howe , Roger ( 1980 ) , `` On the role of the Heisenberg group in harmonic analysis '' , Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society , 3 ( 2 ) , MR 578375 , doi : 10.1090 / S0273 - 0979 - 1980 - 14825 - 9 . Joseph , George Gheverghese ( 1991 ) . The Crest of the Peacock : Non-European Roots of Mathematics . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 13526 - 7 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 05 . Posamentier , Alfred S. ; Lehmann , Ingmar ( 2004 ) . Pi : A Biography of the World 's Most Mysterious Number . Prometheus Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59102 - 200 - 8 . Reitwiesner , George ( 1950 ) . `` An ENIAC Determination of pi and e to 2000 Decimal Places '' . Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation. 4 ( 29 ) : 11 -- 15 . doi : 10.2307 / 2002695 . Roy , Ranjan ( 1990 ) . `` The Discovery of the Series Formula for pi by Leibniz , Gregory , and Nilakantha '' . Mathematics Magazine . 63 ( 5 ) : 291 -- 306 . doi : 10.2307 / 2690896 . Schepler , H.C. ( 1950 ) . `` The Chronology of Pi '' . Mathematics Magazine . Mathematical Association of America . 23 ( 3 ) : 165 -- 170 ( Jan / Feb ) , 216 -- 228 ( Mar / Apr ) , and 279 -- 283 ( May / Jun ) . doi : 10.2307 / 3029284 ... issue 3 Jan / Feb , issue 4 Mar / Apr , issue 5 May / Jun Thompson , William ( 1894 ) , `` Isoperimetrical problems '' , Nature series : Popular lectures and addresses , MacMillan and Company , II : 571 -- 592 Further reading Blatner , David ( 1999 ) . The Joy of Pi . Walker & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8027 - 7562 - 7 . Borwein , Jonathan ; Borwein , Peter ( 1984 ) . `` The Arithmetic - Geometric Mean and Fast Computation of Elementary Functions '' ( PDF ) . SIAM Review . 26 ( 3 ) : 351 -- 365 . doi : 10.1137 / 1026073 . Borwein , Jonathan ; Borwein , Peter ; Bailey , David H. ( 1989 ) . `` Ramanujan , Modular Equations , and Approximations to Pi or How to Compute One Billion Digits of Pi '' . The American Mathematical Monthly . 96 ( 3 ) : 201 -- 219 . JSTOR 2325206 . doi : 10.2307 / 2325206 . Chudnovsky , David V. and Chudnovsky , Gregory V. , `` Approximations and Complex Multiplication According to Ramanujan '' , in Ramanujan Revisited ( G.E. Andrews et al. Eds ) , Academic Press , 1988 , pp 375 -- 396 , 468 -- 472 Cox , David A. , `` The Arithmetic - Geometric Mean of Gauss '' , L ' Ensignement Mathematique , 30 ( 1984 ) 275 -- 330 Delahaye , Jean - Paul , `` Le Fascinant Nombre Pi '' , Paris : Bibliothèque Pour la Science ( 1997 ) ISBN 2902918259 Engels , Hermann ( 1977 ) . `` Quadrature of the Circle in Ancient Egypt '' . Historia Mathematica. 4 ( 2 ) : 137 -- 140 . doi : 10.1016 / 0315 - 0860 ( 77 ) 90104 - 5 . Euler , Leonhard , `` On the Use of the Discovered Fractions to Sum Infinite Series '' , in Introduction to Analysis of the Infinite . Book I , translated from the Latin by J.D. Blanton , Springer - Verlag , 1964 , pp 137 -- 153 Hardy , G.H. and Wright E.M. , An Introduction to the Theory of Numbers first published 1938 , fifth Edition 1979 with additions 2000 , Clarendon Press , Oxford U.K. Heath , T.L. , The Works of Archimedes , Cambridge , 1897 ; reprinted in The Works of Archimedes with The Method of Archimedes , Dover , 1953 , pp 91 -- 98 Huygens , Christiaan , `` De Circuli Magnitudine Inventa '' , Christiani Hugenii Opera Varia I , Leiden 1724 , pp 384 -- 388 Lay - Yong , Lam ; Tian - Se , Ang ( 1986 ) . `` Circle Measurements in Ancient China '' . Historia Mathematica. 13 ( 4 ) : 325 -- 340 . doi : 10.1016 / 0315 - 0860 ( 86 ) 90055 - 8 . Lindemann , Ferdinand ( 1882 ) . `` Ueber die Zahl pi '' . Mathematische Annalen. 20 ( 2 ) : 213 -- 225 . doi : 10.1007 / bf01446522 . Matar , K. Mukunda ; Rajagonal , C. ( 1944 ) . `` On the Hindu Quadrature of the Circle '' ( Appendix by K. Balagangadharan ) `` . Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society . 20 : 77 -- 82 . Niven , Ivan , `` A Simple Proof that pi Is Irrational '' , Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society , 53 : 7 ( July 1947 ) , 507 Ramanujan , Srinivasa , `` Modular Equations and Approximations to π '' , Quarterly Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics , XLV , 1914 , 350 -- 372 . Reprinted in G.H. Hardy , P.V. Seshu Aiyar , and B.M. Wilson ( eds ) , Srinivasa Ramanujan : Collected Papers , 1927 ( reprinted 2000 ) , pp 23 -- 29 Shanks , William , Contributions to Mathematics Comprising Chiefly of the Rectification of the Circle to 607 Places of Decimals , 1853 , pp. i -- xvi , 10 Shanks , Daniel ; Wrench , John William ( 1962 ) . `` Calculation of pi to 100,000 Decimals '' . Mathematics of Computation. 16 ( 77 ) : 76 -- 99 . doi : 10.1090 / s0025 - 5718 - 1962 - 0136051 - 9 . Tropfke , Johannes , Geschichte Der Elementar - Mathematik in Systematischer Darstellung ( The history of elementary mathematics ) , BiblioBazaar , 2009 ( reprint ) , ISBN 978 - 1 - 113 - 08573 - 3 Viete , Francois , Variorum de Rebus Mathematicis Reponsorum Liber VII . F. Viete , Opera Mathematica ( reprint ) , Georg Olms Verlag , 1970 , pp 398 -- 401 , 436 -- 446 Wagon , Stan , `` Is Pi Normal ? '' , The Mathematical Intelligencer , 7 : 3 ( 1985 ) 65 -- 67 Wallis , John , Arithmetica Infinitorum , sive Nova Methodus Inquirendi in Curvilineorum Quadratum , aliaque difficiliora Matheseos Problemata , Oxford 1655 -- 6 . Reprinted in vol. 1 ( pp 357 -- 478 ) of Opera Mathematica , Oxford 1693 Zebrowski , Ernest , A History of the Circle : Mathematical Reasoning and the Physical Universe , Rutgers University Press , 1999 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 2898 - 4 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pi . Digits of Pi at DMOZ `` Pi '' at Wolfram Mathworld Representations of Pi at Wolfram Alpha Pi Search Engine : 2 billion searchable digits of π , √ 2 , and e Demonstration by Lambert ( 1761 ) of irrationality of π , online and analyzed BibNum ( PDF ) . ( hide ) Irrational numbers Prime ( ρ ) Euler -- Mascheroni ( γ ) Logarithm of 2 Twelfth root of two ( √ 2 ) Apéry 's ( ζ ( 3 ) ) Sophomore 's dream Plastic ( ρ ) Square root of 2 ( √ 2 ) Erdős -- Borwein ( E ) Golden ratio ( φ ) Square root of 3 ( √ 3 ) Square root of 5 ( √ 5 ) Silver ratio ( δ ) Second Feigenbaum ( α ) E ( e ) Pi ( π ) First Feigenbaum ( δ ) Schizophrenic Transcendental Trigonometric LCCN : sh85101712 GND : 4174646 - 6 NDL : 00562015 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pi&oldid=807056054 '' Categories : Pi Complex analysis Mathematical series Real transcendental numbers Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from July 2012 Articles with DMOZ links Featured articles Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Galego 贛語 ગુજરાતી Хальмг 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Лезги Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Na Vosa Vakaviti Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pälzisch پنجابی Patois Picard Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 16 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who calculated the value of pi in india	[ "The Indian astronomer Aryabhata used a value of 3.1416 in his Āryabhaṭīya (499 AD).[58] Fibonacci in c. 1220 computed 3.1418 using a polygonal method, independent of Archimedes.[59] Italian author Dante apparently employed the value 3+√2/10 ≈ 3.14142.[59]" ]	[ "Aryabhata" ]
3598777237320126990	Nigerian Navy	Nigerian Navy - wikipedia Nigerian Navy Jump to : navigation , search Nigerian Navy Active 1958 -- present Country Nigeria Type Navy Part of Ministry of Defence Nigerian Armed Forces Motto ( s ) `` Onward Together '' Fleet 2 amphibious tank landing ships 3 frigates 2 offshore patrol vessels 2 minesweepers 9 fast patrol boats 4 patrol cutters 4 corvettes 16 inshore patrol crafts Engagements Nigerian Civil War First Liberian Civil War Sierra Leone Civil War Conflict in the Niger Delta Boko Haram insurgency Northern Mali War Invasion of the Gambia Website http://www.navy.mil.ng/ Commanders Commander - in - Chief President Muhammadu Buhari Chief of Naval Staff Vice Admiral Ibok - Ete Ekwe Ibas Insignia Naval Ensign Naval Ensign ( 1960 - 1998 ) Aircraft flown Attack Lynx Reconnaissance Aerostar Trainer AgustaWestland AW109 The Nigerian Navy ( NN ) is a branch of the Nigerian Armed Forces . The Nigerian Navy is among the largest Navies on the African continent , consisting of several thousand personnel , including those of the Coast Guard . Contents ( hide ) 1 Brief History 2 Command Structure 2.1 The Naval Headquarters ( NHQ ) 2.2 Chief of the Naval Staff 2.2. 1 Chiefs of the Naval Staff 2.3 The Western Naval Command 2.4 The Eastern Naval Command 2.5 Central Naval Command 2.6 Naval Training Command ( NAVTRAC ) 2.7 The Logistics Command 2.8 The autonomous units 2.9 The NN Air Arm 3 Organization onboard NN ships 4 Special Boat Service 5 Nigerian Navy Fleet 5.1 Frigates / Offshore Patrol Vessels 5.2 Fast Attack Craft / Patrol Boats 5.3 Patrol Cutters 5.4 Inshore Patrol Craft 5.5 Minesweepers 5.6 Others 5.7 Aircraft 6 References 7 External links Brief history ( edit ) The Nigerian Navy owes its origin to the Nigerian Marine . Formed in 1914 after the amalgamation of the then Northern and Southern Nigeria , the Nigerian Marine ( as it became known after 1914 ) was a quasi-military organization . This force expanded to become the Southern Nigerian Marine in 1893 . A Northern Nigeria equivalent was formed in 1900 . The two Marines were merged in 1914 , . The responsibilities of the Marine included administration of the ports and harbours , dredging of channels , bouyage and lighting . It also operated ferry services , touring launches , and other small craft that plied the various creeks and other inland waterways . The first of these new organizations was the Nigerian Ports Authority , which was charged with the running of ports and ensuring safe navigation . The second organisation was the Inland Waterways Department , which took over the running of ferries and touring launches . The third organisation was the Nigerian Naval Force , made up mostly of reserve Royal Navy officers and ex-Service personnel who had been transferred to the Nigerian Ports Authority from the defunct Nigerian Marine . Its primary responsibility was to train the personnel and set up the appropriate infrastructure necessary for the planned Navy . The first basic training establishment for the future Navy - the HMNS QUORRA - was started on 1 November 1957 with 60 junior ratings , who underwent a 6 - month basic seamanship course . In July 1959 , the Nigerian Naval Force was transformed into a full - fledged Navy when Queen Elizabeth granted permission for the Force to use the title ' Royal Nigerian Navy ' . The title was changed to the ' Nigerian Navy ' in 1963 after Nigeria became a republic . The constitutional task of the Navy was expanded in 1964 after the repeal of the 1958 Ordinance . The new law , known as the Navy Act of 1964 , for the first time tasked the Navy with the `` naval defence of Nigeria . '' Other tasks assigned the Navy by the 1964 Act were essentially coast guard duties , namely : assisting in enforcement of Customs laws , making hydrographic surveys , and training officers and men in naval duties . These tasks were essentially routine functions of any Navy . Consequently , the naval leadership began to mount pressure on the political leadership to re-define the constitutional role of the Navy . In 1993 , this pressure yielded the desired result and under a new law , Armed Forces Decree 105 ( now known as the Armed Forces Act ) , was incorporated as part of the 1999 Constitution . The Navy was given expanded military and constabulary roles , especially in the oil and gas sectors of the Nigerian maritime economy . Command structure ( edit ) The Naval headquarters ( NHQ ) ( edit ) The Naval Headquarters ( NHQ ) is the administrative and policy - making organ of the Nigerian Navy . At its head is the Chief of the Naval Staff ( CNS ) , who exercises full command of the NN . The CNS has seven staff branches in addition to the Office of the Navy Secretary . The staff branches are : Policy and Plans , Training and Operations , Administration , Naval Engineering , Logistics , Accounts and Budget , and Safety and Standards . These branches are headed by Principal Staff Officers ( PSOs ) of flag rank . Chief of the Naval Staff ( edit ) The Chief of the Naval Staff is the highest ranking military officer of the Nigerian Navy . The position is often occupied by the most senior commissioned officer appointed by the Commander - in - Chief of the Armed Forces of Nigeria. The Chief of the Naval Staff reports to the Chief of Defence Staff , who also reports to the Defence Minister . The Statutory duty of the Officer is to formulate and execute policies towards the highest attainment of National Security and operational competence of the Nigerian Navy . The current Chief of Naval Staff is Vice Admiral Ibok Ekwe Ibas who was appointed on July 13 , 2015 by President Muhammadu Buhari to succeeded Usman Oyibe Jibrin . Chiefs of the Naval Staff ( edit ) Table below is a chronological list of officers holding the position of Chief of the Naval Staff ( CNS ) . Officer Title Period Served Remarks Captain F.W. Skutil CNS 1956 -- 1958 Commodore A.R. Kennedy CNS 1958 -- 1964 Vice Commodore J.E.A. Wey OFR FSS CNS 1964 -- 1973 Vice Admiral N.B. Soroh MFR FSS IDC CNS 1973 -- 1975 Vice Admiral M.A Adelanwa GCON FSS rcds CNS 1975 -- 1980 Vice Admiral A.A. Aduwo CFR FSS FBIM CNS 1980 - 1983 Rear Admirall A.A. Aikhomu FSS psc mni CNS 1984 - 1986 Vice Admiral Patrick Koshoni FSS psc mni CNS 1986 - 1990 Vice Admiral Murtala Nyako FSS psc mni CNS 1990 - 1992 Vice Admiral D.P.E Omotsola FSS DSO psc rcds CNS 1992 - 1993 Rear Admiral S. Sa'idu FSS LSS MSS DSS rcds CNS September 1993 - November 1993 Rear Admiral A.A. Madueke FSS DSS MRNI mni CNS 1993 - 1994 Rear Admiral O.M Akhigbe FSS DSS psc mni CNS 1994 - 1998 Vice Admiral J. Ayinla DSS psc Usnwc fwc GCON CNS 1998 - 1999 Vice Admiral V.K. Ombu CFR mni CNS 1999 - 2001 Vice Admiral S.O. Afolayan DSS psc fwc CNS 2001 - 2005 Vice Admiral G.T.A. Adekeye DSS psc mirss mni CNS 2005 - 2008 Vice Admiral I.I. Ibrahim CFR DSS psc fwc CNS 2008 - 2010 Vice Admiral O.S. Ibrahim DSS psc rcds fwc LLB ( Hons ) MA CNS 2010 - 2012 Vice Admiral D.J. Ezeoba GSS fwc Msc MRIN FCIS CNS 2012 - 2013 Vice Admiral U.O. Jibrin GSS AM psc+ mni LLB PGCPA CNS 2013 - 2015 Vice Admiral Ibok - Ete Ekwe Ibas CNS July 2015 -- Vice Admiral National institute for policy and strategic studies Directly under the Naval Headquarters ( NHQ ) are three operational commands ( Western Naval Command , Eastern Naval Command , and Central Naval Command ) , one training command , one logistics command , and several autonomous units . The Western Naval Command ( edit ) The Western Naval Command HQ is located at Apapa in Lagos . It covers the sea and coastal areas from the Nigeria / Benin border at Long 002o 49 ' E to Long 006o E in Delta State , from the Nigerian coastline to the limit of the nation 's EEZ . The Command has the following units under its jurisdiction : Headquarters Western Naval Command Western Fleet at Apapa . NNS BEECROFT , an operations base at Apapa . Naval Air Base , Ojo , Lagos . Nigerian Navy Reference Hospital , Ojo , Lagos . Fleet Support Group ( West ) at Apapa . NNS WEY , a maintenance unit at Navy Town , Ojo . Forward Operating Bases ( FOB ) IGBOKODA and BADAGRY in Ondo and Lagos States respectively . Nigerian Navy Secondary School , Abeokuta . Nigerian Navy Secondary School , Ojo . Nigerian Navy Secondary School , Ogbomoso . Nigerian Navy Secondary School , The Eastern Naval Command ( edit ) The Eastern Naval Command ( ENC ) is the second operations command of the NN and covers the sea area from Long 006o E in Delta State to the Nigeria / Cameroon border at Long 008o 30 ' E , and from the Nigerian coastline to the limit of the nation 's EEZ . The headquarters is at Calabar . The Command has the following units under its jurisdiction : NNS VICTORY , an operations base at Calabar . NNS PATHFINDER , an operations base at Port Harcourt . NNS JUBILEE , an operations base at Ikot Abasi . Eastern Fleet at Calabar . Naval Air Station , Calabar ( to be constructed ) Forward Operating Bases ( FOB ) BONNY and IBAKA in Rivers and Akwa Ibom States respectively . Fleet Support Group ( East ) at Calabar . Navy Hospitals at Calabar and Port Harcourt . Nigerian Navy Secondary Schools at Calabar and Port Harcourt . Central Naval Command ( edit ) The Central naval Command ( CNC ) is the third operations command of the NN . The headquarters is in Yenagoa in Bayelsa State . Its Area of Responsibility ( AOR ) stretches from the Benin River entrance ( Long 0050 00'E ) to the Santa Barbara River entrance ( Long 0060 30'E ) , encompassing the coastal states of Bayelsa , Delta , and Edo , and the landward states , including Kogi . The Command has the following units under its jurisdiction : NNS DELTA , an operations base in Warri , Delta State Naval Air Station , Effurun - Warri , Delta State Navy Hospital , Warri , Delta State Forward Operating Bases ( FOB ) ESCRAVOS and FORMOSO in Delta and Bayelsa States respectively NNS LUGARD , an inland operations base on the River Niger at Lokoja , Kogi State . Nigerian Navy Secondary School Okura - Olafia , Kogi State Naval Training Command ( NAVTRAC ) ( edit ) The main functions of the Naval Training Command ( NAVTRAC ) are the coordination and harmonization of training doctrines and standards for all local training in the NN , as evolved by the NHQ . The Command is headed by the FOC NAVTRAC , who is assisted by nine PSOs , namely : the CSO , the Command Technical Training Officer ( CTTO ) , Command Logistic Training Officer ( CLTO ) and Command Medical Training Officer ( CMTO ) . Others are the Command Academic Training Officer ( CATO ) , CABO , CAO , CINTO and CPM . The units under NAVTRAC are : Sea Training Unit at Victoria Island , Lagos . It is responsible for Basic Operations Sea Training , Safety Operations Sea Training , and Consolidated Operations Sea Training of all NN ships when assigned . It also conducts harbour and ship acceptance trials of vessels after major refits . NNS QUORRA at Apapa , which provides various professional courses for officers and ratings . Nigerian Navy Engineering College ( NNEC ) Sapele , which provides technical training for all NN technical personnel . The Nigerian Navy Finance and Logistic School ( NNFLS ) at Owerrinta . Nigerian Naval College ONURA and the Nigerian Navy Basic Training School ( NNBTS ) , which are co-located at Onne , Port Harcourt . The two establishments conduct basic training for officers and ratings respectively . Other professional schools , including the Medical Staff Training Schoolat Offa in Kwara State and the NN School of Music Otta in Ogun State , and the Hydrographic School in Port Harcourt , the Naval Provost and Regulating School in Benue State , the Nigerian Navy Intelligence School , and the Physical Training School , both at Apapa , Lagos . The Logistics Command ( edit ) The Logistics Command is headed by a FOC of Rear Admiral rank . The permanent HQ of the Command is at Oghara , Delta State . However , the Nigerian Navy Order establishing the Logistics Command has been released and the command has since started operation . The Order stipulates the organization and responsibilities of the Command . The autonomous units ( edit ) The autonomous units are those units which require prudent management and high - level control that need not be duplicated or represented at the lower hierarchy . Though small in size , they report directly to the CNS . Prominent among the autonomous units is the Nigerian Naval Dockyard , located in Victoria Island , Lagos . Hitherto , third line maintenance had been carried out either in foreign dockyards or private ones in Nigeria , at very high cost . The Naval Dockyard in Lagos , which was commissioned on 27 August 1990 , now takes care of high level maintenance , such as major overhaul of ships engines , additions and alterations , and modification of designs . The Naval Shipyard in Port Harcourt was also acquired in 1990 from Messrs Witt and Bush . Smaller ships of the NN and merchant ships are repaired there . The shipyard has built and delivered some tugboats and barges to some private organizations . The NN Air arm ( edit ) The 101 Squadron was established in 1985 , based at Navytown , near Ojo . It operated AgustaWestland Lynx helicopters for anti-submarine warfare and search and rescue ( SAR ) operations from the Meko class frigate NNS Aradu . For quite some time , the Squadron has operated Agusta 109 Helicopters from Warri Naval Base on anti-smuggling and oil protection duties . Organization onboard NN ships ( edit ) There are four main departments onboard NN ships . These are operations , marine engineering , weapon engineering , and logistics . An officer , who is referred to as the head of department , is in charge of each department . He reports directly to the commanding officer on operational matters or through the Executive Officer ( XO ) on all administrative matters . The XO is the second in command on all naval ships , as well as being the head of the Operations Department on smaller ships . On larger ships the XO remains the second in command , but the Principal Warfare Officer is the head of the Operations Department . In the ratings cadre , the most senior seaman rating is referred to as the Coxswain . The Coxswain is responsible for organizing the ratings for work and discipline . Special Boat Service ( edit ) The Special Boat Service ( SBS ) is a special operations unit of the Nigerian Navy . It is a male only outfit fashioned after the Royal Navy 's Special Boat Service . It is predominantly focused on , but not restricted to ; littoral and riverine operations , including reconnaissance and surveillance ; covert beach reconnaissance in advance of an amphibious assault ; recovery or protection of ships and oil installations subject to hostile state or non-state action ; maritime counter-terrorism ; and offensive action . Nigerian Navy Fleet ( edit ) Frigates / Offshore Patrol Vessels ( edit ) A Nigerian Navy ship , NNS Thunder Ship name and Pennant no . Photo Class Origin Notes NNS Aradu ( F89 ) MEKO 360 Type H1 Frigate Germany Inoperable NNS Thunder ( F90 ) Hamilton class cutter / OPV United States Active NNS Centenary ( F91 ) P18N Class China Active NNS Unity ( F92 ) P18N Class China Nigeria Active NNS Okpabana ( F93 ) Hamilton class cutter / OPV United States Active Fast Attack Craft / Patrol Boats ( edit ) Ship name and Pennant no . Photo Class Origin Notes NNS Andoni ( P100 ) Seaward Defence Boat Nigeria Built at the Nigerian Naval Dockyard 2012 NNS Karaduwa ( P102 ) Seaward Defence Boat Nigeria Built at the Nigerian Naval Dockyard 2016 NNS SDBII Seaward Defence Boat Nigeria NNS Ekpe ( P178 ) Luerssen FPB57 Fast Patrol Boat Germany NNS Damisa ( P179 ) Luerssen FPB57 Fast Patrol Boat Germany NNS Agu ( P180 ) Luerssen FPB57 Fast Patrol Boat Germany NNS Dorina ( P101 ) OCEA FPB 98 MKII France NNS Siri ( P181 ) Combattante IIIB Fast Attack Craft France NNS Ayam ( P182 ) Combattante IIIB Fast Attack Craft France NNS Ekun ( P183 ) Combattante IIIB Fast Attack Craft France Wave Rider Class Sri Lanka NNS Zaria ( P173 ) Sea Eagle Fast Patrol Craft Singapore NNS Burutu ( P174 ) Sea Eagle Fast Patrol Craft Singapore Patrol Cutters ( edit ) Ship name and Pennant no . Photo Class Origin Notes NNS Kyanwa ( A 501 ) Class C , buoy tender United States ex USCGC Sedge ( WLB - 402 ) NNS Ologbo ( A 502 ) Class A , buoy tender United States ex USCGC Cowslip ( WLB - 277 ) . NNS Nwamba ( A 503 ) Class C , buoy tender United States ex USCGC Firebus ( WLB - 393 ) NNS Obula ( A 504 ) Class C , buoy tender United States ex USCGC Sassafras ( WLB - 401 ) . Inshore Patrol Craft ( edit ) Type Photo In service Origin Notes Shaldag MK2 Class Fast Patrol Boat 5 Israel Manta Class Patrol Boat 22 Singapore Defender Class Boat ( RB - S ) 15 United States Arrow Class Patrol Boat 9 Sri Lanka Epenal security patrol boat 30 Nigeria Minesweepers ( edit ) Ship name and Pennant no . Photo Class Origin Notes NNS Ohue ( M371 ) Lerici Class Coastal minesweeper Italy NNS Barama ( M372 ) Lerici Class Coastal minesweeper Italy Ship name and Pennant no . Photo Class Origin Notes NNS Ambe ( LST1312 ) Ro - Ro Landing Ship , Tank Germany Others ( edit ) Ship name and Pennant no . Class Origin Notes NNS Lana ( A 498 ) Bulldog class survey vessel United Kingdom NNS Amariya Presidential yacht and training ship NNS Argungu ( P 165 ) Argungu Class Germany NNS Yola ( P 166 ) Argungu Class Germany NNS Bras ( P 169 ) Argungu Class Germany NNS Epe ( P 170 ) Argungu Class Germany NNS Makurdi ( P 167 ) Makurdi Class United Kingdom NNS Hadejia ( P 168 ) Makurdi Class United Kingdom NNS Jebba ( P 171 ) Makurdi Class United Kingdom NNS Oguta ( P 172 ) Makurdi Class United Kingdom NNS Prosperity Emer Class OPV Ireland Training ship NNS Ruwan Yaro ( A 497 ) decommissioned Aircraft ( edit ) Aircraft Photo Type Origin In service Notes Agusta A109 helicopter Light utility helicopter Italy 8 Aeronautics Aerostar Reconnaissance UAV Israel ? ? Westland Lynx Anti-Submarine Warfare ( ASW ) helicopter United Kingdom ( 3 ) being re-activated The Nigerian Navy is interested in acquiring former American CH - 46 Sea Knight and SH - 2 Seasprite helicopters . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Minimah , Jibrin , Amosu Appointed Service Chiefs , Articles - THISDAY LIVE '' . thisdaylive.com . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Buhari appoints new Service Chiefs '' . DailyPost Nigeria . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` President Buhari Appoints New Service Chiefs And NSA - Channels Television '' . Channels Television . Retrieved 18 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cross River governor lauds buhari over new naval chief '' . Premium Times Nigeria . Retrieved June 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chronicles of Command '' . Nigerian Navy . Retrieved 19 July 2015 . Jump up ^ http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-Helicopter-Markets-and-Systems/Nigerian-Navy-Air-Arm-Nigeria.html Jump up ^ ( 1 ) The Armed Forces Command and Staff College ( AFCSC ) , HISTORY , ROLES AND ORGANIZATION OF THE NIGERIAN NAVY Jump up ^ http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/featurettes/2009/dec/25/Featurettes-25-12-2009-002.htm Jump up ^ http://www.uscg.mil/history/webcutters/Sedge1944.asp Jump up ^ http://www.uscg.mil/history/webcutters/Cowslip1942.asp Jump up ^ http://www.uscg.mil/history/webcutters/firebush_1944.asp Jump up ^ http://www.uscg.mil/history/webcutters/Sassafras1943.asp ^ Jump up to : http://i-hls.com/2013/12/nigerian-navy-received-new-israeli-attack-boats/ ^ Jump up to : http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=44765:nigerian-navy-commissions-39-gunboats-local-patrol-vessel&catid=51:Sea&Itemid=106 Jump up ^ https://www.scribd.com/doc/6987054/Janes-Defence-Weekly-Jan3107 Jump up ^ ( 2 ) - http://www.navair.navy.mil/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.NAVAIRNewsStory&id=5574 , Mar 13 , 2014 External links ( edit ) Official website Nigerian Navy e-Recruitment website Military , law enforcement and intelligence agencies of Nigeria Military Nigerian Armed Forces Nigerian Army Chief of Army Staff Nigerian Navy Chief of Naval Staff Nigerian Air Force Chief of Air Staff Ministry of Defence Defence Minister Chief of the Defence Staff Law enforcement Nigeria Police Force National Drug Law Enforcement Agency Nigerian Mobile Police Economic and Financial Crimes Commission Intelligence State Security Service National Intelligence Agency Defence Intelligence Agency Chief of Defence Intelligence Federal Investigation and Intelligence Bureau Navies of Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nigerian_Navy&oldid=799830399 '' Categories : Nigerian Navy 1958 establishments in Nigeria Military units and formations established in 1958 Defence agencies of Nigeria Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Region topic template using suffix Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Italiano Português Yorùbá Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 03 : 12 . 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6689148690959005172	Great Pyramid of Giza	Great pyramid of Giza - wikipedia Great pyramid of Giza Jump to : navigation , search The Great Pyramid of Giza Owner Khufu Location Giza pyramid complex , Giza , Egypt Coordinates 29 ° 58 ′ 45.03 '' N 31 ° 08 ′ 03.69 '' E / 29.9791750 ° N 31.1343583 ° E / 29.9791750 ; 31.1343583 Coordinates : 29 ° 58 ′ 45.03 '' N 31 ° 08 ′ 03.69 '' E / 29.9791750 ° N 31.1343583 ° E / 29.9791750 ; 31.1343583 Ancient name Khufu 's Horizon Architect Hemiunu Constructed c. 2580 -- 2560 BC ( 4th dynasty ) Type True pyramid Height 146.7 metres ( 481 ft ) or 280 cubits ( ancient ) 138.8 metres ( 455 ft ) ( contemporary ) Base 230.34 metres ( 756 ft ) or 440 cubits Volume 2,583,283 cubic metres ( 91,227,778 cu ft ) Slope 51 ° 52 ' ± 2 ' UNESCO World Heritage Site Criteria Cultural : ( i ) , ( iii ) , ( vi ) Reference 86 - 002 Inscription 1979 ( 3rd Session ) Location of Great Pyramid of Giza Related media on Wikimedia Commons ( edit on Wikidata ) The Great Pyramid of Giza ( also known as the Pyramid of Khufu or the Pyramid of Cheops ) is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza pyramid complex bordering what is now El Giza , Egypt . It is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World , and the only one to remain largely intact . Based on a mark in an interior chamber naming the work gang and a reference to fourth dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu , Egyptologists believe that the pyramid was built as a tomb over a 10 to 20 - year period concluding around 2560 BC . Initially at 146.5 metres ( 481 feet ) , the Great Pyramid was the tallest man - made structure in the world for more than 3,800 years . Originally , the Great Pyramid was covered by casing stones that formed a smooth outer surface ; what is seen today is the underlying core structure . Some of the casing stones that once covered the structure can still be seen around the base . There have been varying scientific and alternative theories about the Great Pyramid 's construction techniques . Most accepted construction hypotheses are based on the idea that it was built by moving huge stones from a quarry and dragging and lifting them into place . There are three known chambers inside the Great Pyramid . The lowest chamber is cut into the bedrock upon which the pyramid was built and was unfinished . The so - called Queen 's Chamber and King 's Chamber are higher up within the pyramid structure . The main part of the Giza complex is a setting of buildings that included two mortuary temples in honour of Khufu ( one close to the pyramid and one near the Nile ) , three smaller pyramids for Khufu 's wives , an even smaller `` satellite '' pyramid , a raised causeway connecting the two temples , and small mastaba tombs surrounding the pyramid for nobles . Transparent view of Khufu 's pyramid from SE . Taken from a 3d model Contents ( hide ) 1 History and description 2 Materials 2.1 Casing stones 2.2 Construction theories 3 Interior 3.1 Queen 's Chamber 3.2 Grand Gallery 3.3 King 's Chamber 3.4 Modern entrance 4 Pyramid complex 5 Boats 6 Looting 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History and description Timeline and map of the Great Pyramid of Giza and the other Wonders of the Ancient World It is believed the pyramid was built as a tomb for Fourth Dynasty Egyptian pharaoh Khufu ( often Hellenicised as `` Cheops '' ) and was constructed over a 20 - year period . Khufu 's vizier , Hemiunu ( also called Hemon ) , is believed by some to be the architect of the Great Pyramid . It is thought that , at construction , the Great Pyramid was originally 280 Egyptian cubits tall ( 146.5 metres ( 480.6 ft ) ) , but with erosion and absence of its pyramidion , its present height is 138.8 metres ( 455.4 ft ) . Each base side was 440 cubits , 230.4 metres ( 755.9 ft ) long . The mass of the pyramid is estimated at 5.9 million tonnes . The volume , including an internal hillock , is roughly 2,500,000 cubic metres ( 88,000,000 cu ft ) . Based on these estimates , building the pyramid in 20 years would involve installing approximately 800 tonnes of stone every day . Additionally , since it consists of an estimated 2.3 million blocks , completing the building in 20 years would involve moving an average of more than 12 of the blocks into place each hour , day and night . The first precision measurements of the pyramid were made by Egyptologist Sir Flinders Petrie in 1880 -- 82 and published as The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh . Almost all reports are based on his measurements . Many of the casing stones and inner chamber blocks of the Great Pyramid fit together with extremely high precision . Based on measurements taken on the northeastern casing stones , the mean opening of the joints is only 0.5 millimetre wide ( 1 / 50 of an inch ) . Great Pyramid of Giza from a 19th - century stereopticon card photo The pyramid remained the tallest man - made structure in the world for over 3,800 years , unsurpassed until the 160 - metre - tall ( 520 ft ) spire of Lincoln Cathedral was completed c. 1300 . The accuracy of the pyramid 's workmanship is such that the four sides of the base have an average error of only 58 millimetres in length . The base is horizontal and flat to within ± 15 mm ( 0.6 in ) . The sides of the square base are closely aligned to the four cardinal compass points ( within four minutes of arc ) based on true north , not magnetic north , and the finished base was squared to a mean corner error of only 12 seconds of arc . The completed design dimensions , as suggested by Petrie 's survey and subsequent studies , are estimated to have originally been 280 royal cubits high by 440 cubits long at each of the four sides of its base . The ratio of the perimeter to height of 1760 / 280 royal cubits equates to 2 π to an accuracy of better than 0.05 % ( corresponding to the well - known approximation of π as 22 / 7 ) . Some Egyptologists consider this to have been the result of deliberate design proportion . Verner wrote , `` We can conclude that although the ancient Egyptians could not precisely define the value of π , in practice they used it '' . Petrie , author of Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh concluded : `` but these relations of areas and of circular ratio are so systematic that we should grant that they were in the builder 's design '' . Others have argued that the Ancient Egyptians had no concept of pi and would not have thought to encode it in their monuments . They believe that the observed pyramid slope may be based on a simple seked slope choice alone , with no regard to the overall size and proportions of the finished building . In 2013 rolls of papyrus called The diary of Merer were discovered written by some of those who delivered stone and other construction materials to Khufu 's brother at Giza . Materials The Great Pyramid consists of an estimated 2.3 million blocks which most believe to have been transported from nearby quarries . The Tura limestone used for the casing was quarried across the river . The largest granite stones in the pyramid , found in the `` King 's '' chamber , weigh 25 to 80 tonnes and were transported from Aswan , more than 800 km ( 500 mi ) away . Traditionally , ancient Egyptians cut stone blocks by hammering into them some wooden wedges , which were then soaked with water . As the water was absorbed , the wedges expanded , causing the rock to crack . Once they were cut , they were carried by boat either up or down the Nile River to the pyramid . It is estimated that 5.5 million tonnes of limestone , 8,000 tonnes of granite ( imported from Aswan ) , and 500,000 tonnes of mortar were used in the construction of the Great Pyramid . Casing stones Casing stone in the British Museum . At completion , the Great Pyramid was surfaced by white `` casing stones '' -- slant - faced , but flat - topped , blocks of highly polished white limestone . These were carefully cut to what is approximately a face slope with a seked of 51⁄2 palms to give the required dimensions . Visibly , all that remains is the underlying stepped core structure seen today . In AD 1303 , a massive earthquake loosened many of the outer casing stones , which were then carted away by Bahri Sultan An - Nasir Nasir - ad - Din al - Hasan in 1356 to build mosques and fortresses in nearby Cairo . Many more casing stones were removed from the great pyramids by Muhammad Ali Pasha in the early 19th century to build the upper portion of his Alabaster Mosque in Cairo not far from Giza . These limestone casings can still be seen as parts of these structures . Later explorers reported massive piles of rubble at the base of the pyramids left over from the continuing collapse of the casing stones , which were subsequently cleared away during continuing excavations of the site . Nevertheless , a few of the casing stones from the lowest course can be seen to this day in situ around the base of the Great Pyramid , and display the same workmanship and precision that has been reported for centuries . Petrie also found a different orientation in the core and in the casing measuring 193 centimetres ± 25 centimetres . He suggested a redetermination of north was made after the construction of the core , but a mistake was made , and the casing was built with a different orientation . Petrie related the precision of the casing stones as to being `` equal to opticians ' work of the present day , but on a scale of acres '' and `` to place such stones in exact contact would be careful work ; but to do so with cement in the joints seems almost impossible '' . It has been suggested it was the mortar ( Petrie 's `` cement '' ) that made this seemingly impossible task possible , providing a level bed , which enabled the masons to set the stones exactly . Construction theories Main article : Egyptian pyramid construction techniques Clay seal bearing the name of Khufu from the great pyramid . On display at the Musée du Louvre . Many alternative , often contradictory , theories have been proposed regarding the pyramid 's construction techniques . Many disagree on whether the blocks were dragged , lifted , or even rolled into place . The Greeks believed that slave labour was used , but modern discoveries made at nearby workers ' camps associated with construction at Giza suggest that it was built instead by tens of thousands of skilled workers . Verner posited that the labour was organized into a hierarchy , consisting of two gangs of 100,000 men , divided into five zaa or phyle of 20,000 men each , which may have been further divided according to the skills of the workers . One mystery of the pyramid 's construction is its planning . John Romer suggests that they used the same method that had been used for earlier and later constructions , laying out parts of the plan on the ground at a 1 - to - 1 scale . He writes that `` such a working diagram would also serve to generate the architecture of the pyramid with precision unmatched by any other means '' . He also argues for a 14 - year time span for its construction . A modern construction management study , in association with Mark Lehner and other Egyptologists , estimated that the total project required an average workforce of 14,567 people and a peak workforce of roughly 40,000 . Without the use of pulleys , wheels , or iron tools , they used critical path analysis methods , which suggest that the Great Pyramid was completed from start to finish in approximately 10 years . Interior Diagram of the interior structures of the Great Pyramid . The inner line indicates the pyramid 's present profile ; the outer line indicates the original profile . The original entrance to the Great Pyramid is on the north , 17 metres ( 56 ft ) vertically above ground level and 7.29 metres ( 23.9 ft ) east of the centre line of the pyramid . From this original entrance , there is a Descending Passage 0.96 metres ( 3.1 ft ) high and 1.04 metres ( 3.4 ft ) wide , which goes down at an angle of 26 ° 31'23 '' through the masonry of the pyramid and then into the bedrock beneath it . After 105.23 metres ( 345.2 ft ) , the passage becomes level and continues for an additional 8.84 metres ( 29.0 ft ) to the lower Chamber , which appears not to have been finished . There is a continuation of the horizontal passage in the south wall of the lower chamber ; there is also a pit dug in the floor of the chamber . Some Egyptologists suggest that this Lower Chamber was intended to be the original burial chamber , but Pharaoh Khufu later changed his mind and wanted it to be higher up in the pyramid . 28.2 metres ( 93 ft ) from the entrance is a square hole in the roof of the Descending Passage . Originally concealed with a slab of stone , this is the beginning of the Ascending Passage . The Ascending Passage is 39.3 metres ( 129 ft ) long , as wide and high as the Descending Passage and slopes up at almost precisely the same angle to reach the Grand Gallery . The lower end of the Ascending Passage is closed by three huge blocks of granite , each about 1.5 metres ( 4.9 ft ) long . One must use the Robbers ' Tunnel ( see below ) to access the Ascending Passage . At the start of the Grand Gallery on the right - hand side there is a hole cut in the wall . This is the start of a vertical shaft which follows an irregular path through the masonry of the pyramid to join the Descending Passage . Also at the start of the Grand Gallery there is the Horizontal Passage leading to the `` Queen 's Chamber '' . The passage is 1.1 m ( 3'8 `` ) high for most of its length , but near the chamber there is a step in the floor , after which the passage is 1.73 metres ( 5.7 ft ) high . Queen 's Chamber Richard Pococke 's sketch of Pyramid of Cheops from 1754 . The `` Queen 's Chamber '' is exactly halfway between the north and south faces of the pyramid and measures 5.75 metres ( 18.9 ft ) north to south , 5.23 metres ( 17.2 ft ) east to west , and has a pointed roof with an apex 6.23 metres ( 20.4 ft ) above the floor . At the eastern end of the chamber there is a niche 4.67 metres ( 15.3 ft ) high . The original depth of the niche was 1.04 metres ( 3.4 ft ) , but has since been deepened by treasure hunters . In the north and south walls of the Queen 's Chamber there are shafts , which unlike those in the King 's Chamber that immediately slope upwards ( see below ) , are horizontal for around 2 m ( 6.6 ft ) before sloping upwards . The horizontal distance was cut in 1872 by a British engineer , Waynman Dixon , who believed a shaft similar to those in the King 's Chamber must also exist . He was proved right , but because the shafts are not connected to the outer faces of the pyramid or the Queen 's Chamber , their purpose is unknown . At the end of one of his shafts , Dixon discovered a ball of black diorite ( a type of rock ) and a bronze implement of unknown purpose . Both objects are currently in the British Museum . The shafts in the Queen 's Chamber were explored in 1993 by the German engineer Rudolf Gantenbrink using a crawler robot he designed , Upuaut 2 . After a climb of 65 m ( 213 ft ) , he discovered that one of the shafts was blocked by limestone `` doors '' with two eroded copper `` handles '' . Some years later the National Geographic Society created a similar robot which , in September 2002 , drilled a small hole in the southern door , only to find another door behind it . The northern passage , which was difficult to navigate because of twists and turns , was also found to be blocked by a door . Research continued in 2011 with the Djedi Project . Realizing the problem was that the National Geographic Society 's camera was only able to see straight ahead of it , they instead used a fiber - optic `` micro snake camera '' that could see around corners . With this they were able to penetrate the first door of the southern shaft through the hole drilled in 2002 , and view all the sides of the small chamber behind it . They discovered hieroglyphs written in red paint . They were also able to scrutinize the inside of the two copper `` handles '' embedded in the door , and they now believe them to be for decorative purposes . They also found the reverse side of the `` door '' to be finished and polished , which suggests that it was not put there just to block the shaft from debris , but rather for a more specific reason . Grand Gallery The Grand Gallery of the Great Pyramid of Giza The Grand Gallery continues the slope of the Ascending Passage , but is 8.6 metres ( 28 ft ) high and 46.68 metres ( 153.1 ft ) long . At the base it is 2.06 metres ( 6.8 ft ) wide , but after 2.29 metres ( 7.5 ft ) the blocks of stone in the walls are corbelled inwards by 7.6 centimetres ( 3.0 in ) on each side . There are seven of these steps , so , at the top , the Grand Gallery is only 1.04 metres ( 3.4 ft ) wide . It is roofed by slabs of stone laid at a slightly steeper angle than the floor of the gallery , so that each stone fits into a slot cut in the top of the gallery like the teeth of a ratchet . The purpose was to have each block supported by the wall of the Gallery rather than resting on the block beneath it , which would have resulted in an unacceptable cumulative pressure at the lower end of the Gallery . At the upper end of the Gallery on the right - hand side there is a hole near the roof that opens into a short tunnel by which access can be gained to the lowest of the Relieving Chambers . The other Relieving Chambers were discovered in 1837 - 1838 by Colonel Howard Vyse and J.S. Perring , who dug tunnels upwards using blasting powder . The floor of the Grand Gallery consists of a shelf or step on either side , 51 centimetres ( 20 in ) wide , leaving a lower ramp 1.04 metres ( 3.4 ft ) wide between them . In the shelves there are 54 slots , 27 on each side matched by vertical and horizontal slots in the walls of the Gallery . These form a cross shape that rises out of the slot in the shelf . The purpose of these slots is not known , but the central gutter in the floor of the Gallery , which is the same width as the Ascending Passage , has led to speculation that the blocking stones were stored in the Grand Gallery and the slots held wooden beams to restrain them from sliding down the passage . This , in turn , has led to the proposal that originally many more than 3 blocking stones were intended , to completely fill the Ascending Passage . At the top of the Grand Gallery , there is a step giving onto a horizontal passage some metres long and approximately 1.02 metres ( 3.3 ft ) in height and width , in which can be detected four slots , three of which were probably intended to hold granite portcullises . Fragments of granite found by Petrie in the Descending Passage may have come from these now - vanished doors . King 's Chamber Sarcophagus in the King 's chamber The `` King 's Chamber '' is 20 cubits or 10.47 metres ( 34.4 ft ) from east to west and 10 cubits or 5.234 metres ( 17.17 ft ) north to south . It has a flat roof 11 cubits and 5 digits or 5.852 metres ( 19 feet 2 inch ) above the floor . 0.91 m ( 3.0 ft ) above the floor there are two narrow shafts in the north and south walls ( one is now filled by an extractor fan in an attempt to circulate air inside the pyramid ) . The purpose of these shafts is not clear : they appear to be aligned towards stars or areas of the northern and southern skies , yet one of them follows a dog - leg course through the masonry , indicating no intention to directly sight stars through them . They were long believed by Egyptologists to be `` air shafts '' for ventilation , but this idea has now been widely abandoned in favour of the shafts serving a ritualistic purpose associated with the ascension of the king 's spirit to the heavens . The King 's Chamber is entirely faced with granite . Above the roof , which is formed of nine slabs of stone weighing in total about 400 tons , are five compartments known as Relieving Chambers . The first four , like the King 's Chamber , have flat roofs formed by the floor of the chamber above , but the final chamber has a pointed roof . Vyse suspected the presence of upper chambers when he found that he could push a long reed through a crack in the ceiling of the first chamber . From lower to upper , the chambers are known as `` Davison 's Chamber '' , `` Wellington 's Chamber '' , `` Nelson 's Chamber '' , `` Lady Arbuthnot 's Chamber '' , and `` Campbell 's Chamber '' . It is believed that the compartments were intended to safeguard the King 's Chamber from the possibility of a roof collapsing under the weight of stone above the Chamber . As the chambers were not intended to be seen , they were not finished in any way and a few of the stones still retain masons ' marks painted on them . One of the stones in Campbell 's Chamber bears a mark , apparently the name of a work gang . The entrance of the Pyramid The only object in the King 's Chamber is a rectangular granite sarcophagus , one corner of which is broken . The sarcophagus is slightly larger than the Ascending Passage , which indicates that it must have been placed in the Chamber before the roof was put in place . Unlike the fine masonry of the walls of the Chamber , the sarcophagus is roughly finished , with saw marks visible in several places . This is in contrast with the finely finished and decorated sarcophagi found in other pyramids of the same period . Petrie suggested that such a sarcophagus was intended but was lost in the river on the way north from Aswan and a hurriedly made replacement was used instead . Modern entrance Today tourists enter the Great Pyramid via the Robbers ' Tunnel , a tunnel purportedly created around AD 820 by Caliph al - Ma'mun 's workmen using a battering ram . The tunnel is cut straight through the masonry of the pyramid for approximately 27 metres ( 89 ft ) , then turns sharply left to encounter the blocking stones in the Ascending Passage . It is believed that their efforts dislodged the stone fitted in the ceiling of the Descending Passage to hide the entrance to the Ascending Passage and it was the noise of that stone falling and then sliding down the Descending Passage , which alerted them to the need to turn left . Unable to remove these stones , however , the workmen tunnelled up beside them through the softer limestone of the Pyramid until they reached the Ascending Passage . It is possible to enter the Descending Passage from this point , but access is usually forbidden . Pyramid complex Main article : Giza pyramid complex Map of Giza pyramid complex -- `` Pyramid of Khufu '' refers to the Great Pyramid . The Great Pyramid is surrounded by a complex of several buildings including small pyramids . The Pyramid Temple , which stood on the east side of the pyramid and measured 52.2 metres ( 171 ft ) north to south and 40 metres ( 130 ft ) east to west , has almost entirely disappeared apart from the black basalt paving . There are only a few remnants of the causeway which linked the pyramid with the valley and the Valley Temple . The Valley Temple is buried beneath the village of Nazlet el - Samman ; basalt paving and limestone walls have been found but the site has not been excavated . The basalt blocks show `` clear evidence '' of having been cut with some kind of saw with an estimated cutting blade of 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) in length , capable of cutting at a rate of 1.5 inches ( 38 mm ) per minute . John Romer suggests that this `` super saw '' may have had copper teeth and weighed up to 300 pounds ( 140 kg ) . He theorizes that such a saw could have been attached to a wooden trestle and possibly used in conjunction with vegetable oil , cutting sand , emery or pounded quartz to cut the blocks , which would have required the labour of at least a dozen men to operate it . On the south side are the subsidiary pyramids , popularly known as Queens ' Pyramids . Three remain standing to nearly full height but the fourth was so ruined that its existence was not suspected until the recent discovery of the first course of stones and the remains of the capstone . Hidden beneath the paving around the pyramid was the tomb of Queen Hetepheres I , sister - wife of Sneferu and mother of Khufu . Discovered by accident by the Reisner expedition , the burial was intact , though the carefully sealed coffin proved to be empty . Group photo of Australian 11th Battalion soldiers on the Great Pyramid in 1915 . Aerial photography , taken from Eduard Spelterini 's balloon on 21 November 1904 The Giza pyramid complex , which includes among other structures the pyramids of Khufu , Khafre and Menkaure , is surrounded by a cyclopean stone wall , the Wall of the Crow . Mark Lehner has discovered a worker 's town outside of the wall , otherwise known as `` The Lost City '' , dated by pottery styles , seal impressions , and stratigraphy to have been constructed and occupied sometime during the reigns of Khafre ( 2520 -- 2494 BC ) and Menkaure ( 2490 -- 2472 BC ) . Recent discoveries by Mark Lehner and his team at the town and nearby , including what appears to have been a thriving port , suggest the town and associated living quarters consisting of barracks called `` galleries '' may not have been for the pyramid workers after all , but rather for the soldiers and sailors who utilized the port . In light of this new discovery , as to where then the pyramid workers may have lived Lehner now suggests the alternative possibility they may have camped on the ramps he believes were used to construct the pyramids or possibly at nearby quarries . In the early 1970s , the Australian archaeologist Karl Kromer excavated a mound in the South Field of the plateau . This mound contained artefacts including mudbrick seals of Khufu , which he identified with an artisans ' settlement . Mudbrick buildings just south of Khufu 's Valley Temple contained mud sealings of Khufu and have been suggested to be a settlement serving the cult of Khufu after his death . A worker 's cemetery used at least between Khufu 's reign and the end of the Fifth Dynasty was discovered south of the Wall of the Crow by Zahi Hawass in 1990 . Boats Main article : Khufu ship There are three boat - shaped pits around the pyramid , of a size and shape to have held complete boats , though so shallow that any superstructure , if there ever was one , must have been removed or disassembled . In May 1954 , the Egyptian archaeologist Kamal el - Mallakh discovered a fourth pit , a long , narrow rectangle , still covered with slabs of stone weighing up to 15 tons . Inside were 1,224 pieces of wood , the longest 23 metres ( 75 ft ) long , the shortest 10 centimetres ( 0.33 ft ) . These were entrusted to a boat builder , Haj Ahmed Yusuf , who worked out how the pieces fit together . The entire process , including conservation and straightening of the warped wood , took fourteen years . The result is a cedar - wood boat 43.6 metres ( 143 ft ) long , its timbers held together by ropes , which is currently housed in a special boat - shaped , air - conditioned museum beside the pyramid . During construction of this museum , which stands above the boat pit , a second sealed boat pit was discovered . It was deliberately left unopened until 2011 when excavation began on the boat . Looting Comparison of approximate profiles of the Great Pyramid of Giza with some notable pyramidal or near - pyramidal buildings . Dotted lines indicate original heights , where data are available . In its SVG file , hover over a pyramid to highlight and click for its article . Although succeeding pyramids were smaller , pyramid building continued until the end of the Middle Kingdom . However , as authors Briar and Hobbs claim , `` all the pyramids were robbed '' by the New Kingdom , when the construction of royal tombs in a desert valley , now known as the Valley of the Kings , began . Joyce Tyldesley states that the Great Pyramid itself `` is known to have been opened and emptied by the Middle Kingdom '' , before the Arab caliph Abdullah al - Mamun entered the pyramid around AD 820 . I.E.S. Edwards discusses Strabo 's mention that the pyramid `` a little way up one side has a stone that may be taken out , which being raised up there is a sloping passage to the foundations '' . Edwards suggested that the pyramid was entered by robbers after the end of the Old Kingdom and sealed and then reopened more than once until Strabo 's door was added . He adds : `` If this highly speculative surmise be correct , it is also necessary to assume either that the existence of the door was forgotten or that the entrance was again blocked with facing stones '' , in order to explain why al - Ma'mun could not find the entrance . He also discusses a story told by Herodotus . Herodotus visited Egypt in the 5th century BC and recounts a story that he was told concerning vaults under the pyramid built on an island where the body of Cheops lies . Edwards notes that the pyramid had `` almost certainly been opened and its contents plundered long before the time of Herodotus '' and that it might have been closed again during the Twenty - sixth Dynasty of Egypt when other monuments were restored . He suggests that the story told to Herodotus could have been the result of almost two centuries of telling and retelling by Pyramid guides . See also Djedi Project Golden Ratio dimensions in Egyptian pyramids Index of Egypt - related articles List of archaeoastronomical sites by country List of Egyptian pyramids List of largest monoliths in the world including a section on calculating the weight of megaliths List of tallest freestanding structures Pyramid inch Pyramidion Pyramidology The Upuaut Project References Notes Jump up ^ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemiunu . ^ Jump up to : `` By themselves , of course , none of these modern labels define the ancient purposes of the architecture they describe . '' -- Romer ( 2007 ) , p. 8 Jump up ^ Shaw ( 2003 ) , p. 89 Jump up ^ Levy ( 2005 ) , p. 17 ^ Jump up to : Petrie ( 1883 ) Jump up ^ I.E.S. Edwards ( 1986 ) ( 1947 ) . The Pyramids of Egypt . p. 285 . Jump up ^ Collins ( 2001 ) , p. 234 Jump up ^ Cole Survey ( 1925 ) based on side lengths 230.252 m , 230.454 m , 230.391 m , 230.357 m Jump up ^ Lehner ( 1997 ) , p. 108 Jump up ^ Petrie ( 1883 ) , p. 38 For 2600 BC , bisecting the semi-circular path of star 10i Draconis around the North Celestial Pole during the half - day darkness of a mid-winter evening would easily provide accurate true north . See Nature 412 : 699 ( 2001 ) ; further sources and discussion available via DIO . Jump up ^ Petrie ( 1883 ) , p. 125 Jump up ^ Petrie ( 1883 ) , p. 39 Jump up ^ Verner ( 2003 ) , p. 70 Jump up ^ Petrie Wisdom of the Egyptians 1940 : 30 Jump up ^ Rossi , Corina ( 2007 ) , Architecture and Mathematics in Ancient Egypt , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 69053 - 9 Jump up ^ Stille , Alexander . `` The World 's Oldest Papyrus and What It Can Tell Us About the Great Pyramids '' . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Lehner ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Romer ( 2007 ) , p. 157 Jump up ^ `` British Museum -- Limestone block from the pyramid of Khufu '' . britishmuseum.org . Jump up ^ Romer ( 2007 ) , p. 41 Jump up ^ Clarke , Somers ; Reginal Engelbach ( 1991 ) . Ancient Egyptian construction and architecture . Dover Publications . pp. 78 -- 79 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 26485 - 1 . Jump up ^ Stocks , Denys Allen ( 2003 ) . Experiments in Egyptian archaeology : stoneworking technology in ancient Egypt . Routledge . pp. 182 -- 183 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 30664 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Building the Great Pyramid '' . BBC . 3 February 2006 . Jump up ^ Verner ( 2001 ) , p. 75 -- 82 Jump up ^ Romer ( 2007 ) , p. 327 , 329 -- 337 Jump up ^ Romer ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ `` Civil Engineering '' . June 1999 . Archived from the original on 8 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Unfinished Chamber '' . Public Broadcasting Service . Retrieved 11 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lower Northern Shaft '' . The Upuaut Project . Retrieved 11 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Will the Great Pyramid 's Secret Doors Be Opened ? '' . Fox News . 12 December 2011 . Archived from the original on 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Gupton , Nancy ( 4 April 2003 ) . `` Ancient Egyptian Chambers Explored '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 11 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Third `` Door '' Found in Great Pyramid `` . National Geographic . 23 September 2002 . Retrieved 11 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` First images from Great Pyramid 's chamber of secrets '' . New Scientist . Reed Business Information . 25 May 2011 . Retrieved 25 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Lehner , Mark ( 1997 ) . The Complete Pyramids . London : Thames and Hudson . p. 113 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05084 - 8 . Jump up ^ Jackson & Stamp ( 2002 ) , p. 79 , 104 Jump up ^ `` Vyse , H. ( 1840 ) Operations Carried on at the Pyramids of Gizeh in 1837 : With an Account of a Voyage into Upper Egypt , and an Appendix . Vol I . '' . Internet Archive . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas and Dr Zahi Hawass inside the Great Pyramid '' . BBC . Retrieved 15 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Tyldesley ( 2007 ) , p. 38 Jump up ^ Tyldesley ( 2007 ) , pp. 38 -- 40 Jump up ^ Shafer , Byron E. ; Dieter Arnold ( 2005 ) . Temples of Ancient Egypt . I.B. Tauris . pp. 51 -- 52 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85043 - 945 - 5 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Dieter ; Nigel Strudwick ; Helen Strudwick ( 2002 ) . The encyclopaedia of ancient Egyptian architecture . I.B. Tauris . p. 126 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86064 - 465 - 8 . Jump up ^ Romer Jump up ^ `` Egyptian Pyramids -- Lost City of the Pyramid Builders -- AERA -- Ancient Egypt Research Associates '' . aeraweb.org . Jump up ^ `` Dating the Lost City of the Pyramids -- Mark Lehner & AERA -- Ancient Egypt Research Associates '' . aeraweb.org . Jump up ^ `` Ruins of Bustling Port Unearthed at Egypt 's Giza Pyramids '' . Livescience.com. 2014 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Zahi Hawass : ' `` Giza , workmen 's community '' , In : Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt . Compiled and edited by Kathryn A. Bard . London / New York 1999 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 18589 - 0 pp. 423 -- 426 Jump up ^ Hawass , Zahi ; Ashraf Senussi ( 2008 ) . Old Kingdom Pottery from Giza . Supreme Council of Antiquities . pp. 127 -- 128 . ISBN 978 - 977 - 305 - 986 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hawass , Zahi . `` The Discovery of the Tombs of the Pyramid Builders at Giza '' . Retrieved 21 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Khufu 's Second Boat '' . Institute of Egyptology . Tokyo , Japan : Waseda University . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Brier 1999 , p. 164 . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 19 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Cremin 2007 p. 96 . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 19 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Edwards ( 1986 ) , p. 99 -- 100 Jump up ^ Edwards ( 1986 ) , p. 990 -- 91 Bibliography Bauval , Robert & , Hancock , Graham ( 1996 ) . Keeper of Genesis . Mandarin books . ISBN 0 - 7493 - 2196 - 2 . Brier , Bob & , Hobbs , A. Hoyt ( 1999 ) . Daily Life of the Ancient Egyptians . Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30313 - 5 . Calter , Paul A. ( 2008 ) . Squaring the Circle : Geometry in Art and Architecture . Key College Publishing . ISBN 1 - 930190 - 82 - 4 . Clayton , Peter A. ( 1994 ) . Chronicle of the Pharaohs . Thames & Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05074 - 0 . Cole , JH. ( 1925 ) . Determination of the Exact Size and Orientation of the Great Pyramid of Giza . Cairo : Government Press . SURVEY OF EGYPT Paper No. 39 . Collins , Dana M. ( 2001 ) . The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510234 - 5 . Cremin , Aedeen ( 2007 ) . Archaeologica . Frances Lincoln . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7112 - 2822 - 1 . Edwards , I.E.S. ( 1986 ) ( 1962 ) . The Pyramids of Egypt . Max Parrish . Gahlin , Lucia ( 2003 ) . Myths and Mythology of Ancient Egypt . Anness Publishing Ltd . ISBN 1 - 84215 - 831 - 7 . Hassan , Selim ( 1960 ) . The Great Pyramid of Khufu and its Mortuary Chapel With Names and Titles of Vols . I-X of the Excavations at Giza ( PDF ) . Ministry of Culture and National Orientation , Antiquities Department of Egypt . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 29 January 2013 . Jackson , K. ; Stamp , J. ( 2002 ) . Pyramid : Beyond Imagination . Inside the Great Pyramid of Giza . BBC Worldwide Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 563 - 48803 - 3 . Lehner , Mark ( 1997 ) . The Complete Pyramids . London : Thames and Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05084 - 8 . Levy , Janey ( 2005 ) . The Great Pyramid of Giza : Measuring Length , Area , Volume , and Angles . Rosen Publishing Group . ISBN 1 - 4042 - 6059 - 5 . Lepre , J.P. ( 1990 ) . The Egyptian Pyramids : A Comprehensive , Illustrated Reference . McFarland & Company . ISBN 0 - 89950 - 461 - 2 . Lightbody , David I ( 2008 ) . Egyptian Tomb Architecture : The Archaeological Facts of Pharaonic Circular Symbolism . British Archaeological Reports International Series S1852 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4073 - 0339 - 0 . Oakes , Lorana ; Lucia Gahlin ( 2002 ) . Ancient Egypt . Hermes House . ISBN 1 - 84309 - 429 - 0 . Petrie , Sir William Matthew Flinders ( 1883 ) . The Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh . Field & Tuer . ISBN 0 - 7103 - 0709 - 8 . Romer , John ( 2007 ) . The Great Pyramid : Ancient Egypt Revisited . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 87166 - 2 . Scarre , Chris ( 1999 ) . The Seventy Wonders of the Ancient World . Thames & Hudson , London . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 05096 - 5 . Seidelmann , P. Kenneth ( 1992 ) . Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac . University Science Books . ISBN 0 - 935702 - 68 - 7 . Shaw , Ian ( 2003 ) . The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 815034 - 2 . Siliotti , Alberto ( 1997 ) . Guide to the pyramids of Egypt ; preface by Zahi Hawass . Barnes & Noble Books . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 0763 - 4 . Smyth , Piazzi ( 1978 ) . The Great Pyramid . Crown Publishers Inc . ISBN 0 - 517 - 26403 - X . Tyldesley , Joyce ( 2007 ) . Egypt : How a lost civilization was rediscovered . BBC Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 563 - 52257 - 7 . Verner , Miroslav ( 2001 ) . The Pyramids : The Mystery , Culture , and Science of Egypt 's Great Monuments . Grove Press . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 1703 - 1 . Verner , Miroslav ( 2003 ) . The Pyramids : Their Archaeology and History . Atlantic Books . ISBN 1 - 84354 - 171 - 8 . Wirsching , Armin ( 2009 ) . Die Pyramiden von Giza -- Mathematik in Stein gebaut ( 2nd ed . ) . Books on Demand . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8370 - 2355 - 8 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Great Pyramid of Giza . Pyramids at DMOZ Building the Khufu Pyramid `` The Giza Plateau Mapping Project '' . Oriental Institute . Records Preceded by Red Pyramid World 's tallest structure c. 2570BC -- 1300AD 146.6 m Succeeded by Lincoln Cathedral Egyptian pyramids List of Egyptian pyramids ( Lepsius ) Commons Period Dynasty Pyramids Old Kingdom ( 2686 -- 2181 BC ) III Djoser Buried Layer Lepsius I ( de ) Athribis Elephantine Edfu South el - Kula ( de ) Naqada Saujet el - Meitin ( de ) Sinki ( de ) IV Seila ( de ) Meidum Bent Red Khufu Djedefre Unfinished Northern Pyramid of Zawyet el'Aryan Khafre Menkaure Khentkaus I ( de ) Mastabet el - Fara'un G1 - a G1 - b G1 - c G1 - d Lepsius L ( de ) V Userkaf Neferhetepes ( de ) Sahure Neferirkare Khentkaus II Neferefre Unfinished Niuserre ( de ) Lepsius XXIV Double Headless Djedkare - Isesi Unas VI Teti Pepi I Merenre Pepi II Sesheshet 1 Intermediate Period ( 2181 -- 2040 BC ) VII VIII Ity Neferkare Neby Ibi Khui X Merikare Middle Kingdom ( 2040 -- 1650 BC ) XI Reherishefnakht XII Amenemhat I Senusret I White Senusret II ( de ) Senusret III Black Hawara Neferuptah ( de ) Central Dahshur ( de ) South Mazghuna North Mazghuna XIII Ameny Qemau Khendjer Southern South Saqqara SAK S 3 SAK S 7 ( de ) South Dahshur A ( de ) South Dahshur B ( de ) DAS 46 DAS 49 DAS 50 DAS 51 DAS 53 ( de ) S 9 S 10 Merneferre Ay Second Intermediate ( 1650 -- 1570 BC ) XVII Sobekemsaf I Sobekemsaf II Sekhemre - Wepmaat Intef Nubkheperre Intef Senakhtenre Ahmose Seqenenre Tao Kamose New Kingdom ( 1570 -- 1070 BC ) XVIII Ahmose Step pyramid Construction techniques Seked Texts Pyramidion Pyramidology Mathematics and art Forms Algorithmic art Anamorphic art Computer art 4D art Fractal art Islamic geometric patterns Girih Jali Muqarnas Zellige Knotting Architecture Geodesic dome Islamic Mughal Pyramid Vastu shastra Music Origami Textiles String art Sculpture Tiling Artworks List of works designed with the golden ratio Continuum Octacube Pi Pi in the Sky Buildings Hagia Sophia Pantheon Parthenon Pyramid of Khufu Sagrada Família St Mary 's Cathedral Sydney Opera House Taj Mahal Artists Renaissance Paolo Uccello Piero della Francesca Albrecht Dürer Leonardo da Vinci Vitruvian Man Parmigianino Self - portrait in a Convex Mirror 19th -- 20th Century William Blake The Ancient of Days Newton ) Jean Metzinger Danseuse au café L'Oiseau bleu Man Ray René Magritte La condition humaine Salvador Dalí Crucifixion The Swallow 's Tail Giorgio de Chirico M.C. Escher Circle Limit III Print Gallery Relativity Reptiles Waterfall Contemporary Martin and Erik Demaine Scott Draves Jan Dibbets John Ernest Helaman Ferguson Peter Forakis Bathsheba Grossman George W. Hart Desmond Paul Henry John A. Hiigli Anthony Hill Charles Jencks Garden of Cosmic Speculation Robert Longhurst István Orosz Hinke Osinga Hamid Naderi Yeganeh A Bird in Flight Boat Tony Robbin Oliver Sin Hiroshi Sugimoto Daina Taimina Roman Verostko Concepts Algorithm Catenary Fractal Golden ratio Hyperboloid structure Minimal surface Paraboloid Perspective Camera lucida Camera obscura Projective geometry Proportion Architecture Human Symmetry Tessellation Wallpaper group Theorists Ancient Polykleitos Canon Vitruvius De architectura Renaissance Luca Pacioli De divina proportione Piero della Francesca De prospectiva pingendi Leon Battista Alberti De pictura De re aedificatoria Sebastiano Serlio Regole generali d'architettura Andrea Palladio I quattro libri dell'architettura Albrecht Dürer Vier Bücher von Menschlicher Proportion Romantic Frederik Macody Lund `` Ad Quadratum '' Jay Hambidge `` The Greek Vase '' Samuel Colman `` Nature 's Harmonic Unity '' Modern Owen Jones The Grammar of Ornament Ernest Hanbury Hankin The Drawing of Geometric Patterns in Saracenic Art G.H. Hardy A Mathematician 's Apology George David Birkhoff Aesthetic Measure Douglas Hofstadter Gödel , Escher , Bach Nikos Salingaros The ' Life ' of a Carpet Publications Journal of Mathematics and the Arts Organizations Ars Mathematica The Bridges Organization European Society for Mathematics and the Arts Goudreau Museum of Mathematics in Art and Science Institute For Figuring Museum of Mathematics Related topics Droste effect Mathematical beauty Patterns in nature Sacred geometry Memphis and the Memphis pyramid complex City Memphis Abu Rawash Pyramid of Djedefre Giza Giza pyramid complex Great Pyramid of Giza Pyramid of Khafre Pyramid of Menkaure Sphinx Zawyet el'Aryan Abusir Abu Gorab Saqqara Step Pyramid Pyramid of Unas Mastabet el - Fara'un Serapeum Pyramid of Teti Imhotep Museum Dahshur Bent Pyramid Red Pyramid Black Pyramid Mazghuna See also Egyptian pyramid construction techniques Lepsius list of pyramids Seven Wonders of the Ancient World The Seven Wonders Great Pyramid of Giza Hanging Gardens of Babylon Statue of Zeus at Olympia Temple of Artemis Mausoleum at Halicarnassus Colossus of Rhodes Lighthouse of Alexandria Related Wonders of the World Seven Wonders of the World ( 1956 film ) VIAF : 247198851 LCCN : sh85057002 GND : 4093545 - 0 SUDOC : 027326578 BNF : cb11939303h ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Pyramid_of_Giza&oldid=800811421 '' Categories : Buildings and structures completed in the 26th century BC Pyramids of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt Former world 's tallest buildings Giza Plateau Khufu Seven Wonders of the Ancient World Buildings and structures in Giza Tourist attractions in Egypt Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use dmy dates from June 2011 Use British English Oxford spelling from August 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles using infobox pyramid using locally defined parameters Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from March 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Articles with DMOZ links Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kurdî ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Livvinkarjala Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली 日本語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Twi Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 Zeêuws 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 20 : 33 . 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5007984954277456248	A Star Is Born (2018 soundtrack)	A Star Is Born ( 2018 soundtrack ) - wikipedia A Star Is Born ( 2018 soundtrack ) A Star Is Born Soundtrack album by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper Released October 5 , 2018 Recorded 2017 -- 2018 Studio Woodrow Wilson Studios ( Hollywood , California ) EastWest Studios , The Village West ( Los Angeles , California ) Shangri - La Studios ( Malibu , California ) Electric Lady Studios ( New York , New York ) Length 70 : 01 Label Interscope Producer Paul `` DJWS '' Blair Dave Cobb Bradley Cooper Lady Gaga Nick Monson Lukas Nelson Brian Newman Mark Nilan Jr . Benjamin Rice Lady Gaga chronology Joanne ( 2016 ) A Star Is Born ( 2018 ) Singles from A Star Is Born `` Shallow '' Released : September 27 , 2018 A Star Is Born is the soundtrack album to the 2018 musical film of the same name , performed by its stars Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper . It was released on October 5 , 2018 , by Interscope Records . Gaga and Cooper collaborated on the soundtrack album with an assortment of country musicians , including Lukas Nelson , who also stars in the film as a member of Cooper 's band . For the more pop - oriented songs on the soundtrack , Gaga teamed up with recurring collaborator DJ White Shadow . The soundtrack also includes contributions from Jason Isbell , Mark Ronson , Diane Warren , and Andrew Wyatt of Miike Snow . Commercially , it has topped the charts in Australia , Canada , the Czech Republic , Estonia , Ireland , New Zealand , Scotland , Slovakia , Sweden , Switzerland , the United Kingdom , and the United States . Contents 1 Background and development 2 Writing and recording 3 Music and lyrics 4 Release 5 Critical reception 6 Commercial performance 7 Track listing 8 Charts 9 Release history 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Background and development ( edit ) In March 2015 , Warner Bros. announced that Bradley Cooper was in talks to make his directorial debut with A Star Is Born , the fourth remake of the 1937 film of the same name . Lady Gaga was officially attached to the film in August 2016 , with the studio green - lighting the project to begin production in early 2017 . Cooper plays Jackson Maine , `` a veteran country singer who discovers and eventually falls in love with a struggling singer - songwriter named Ally , played by Gaga . '' Gaga `` helped inform Cooper 's performance as a musician '' . Cooper spent two - and - a-half years prepping for the film and determining what kind of musician his character would be . He worked with a number of musicians and vocal coach Roger Love . Cooper said , `` by the end he just kind of started developing into his own sort of creation . If I had another year of prep , it would have been complete rock , but now it 's some sort of hybrid . '' Writing and Recording ( edit ) Cooper described the soundtrack `` an evolution , like the story . '' Gaga and Cooper were writing songs for the soundtrack during filming , leading to `` so many different incarnations of each song . '' Cooper added that `` the music really became a character in the movie . There is no lyric that 's ever in any point of the movie that does n't have exactly to do with where one of them is or hopes to be or regrets being . That was our launching pad and then it was just about discovering what songs fit in the right places . '' Jason Isbell wrote a song for Cooper 's character , which became `` the sword with which a lot of the music spawned from ( Cooper ) '' . Isbell sent the song through Dave Cobb , a Nashville - based producer with whom Cooper had been collaborating . Cooper approached Lukas Nelson ( son of country music singer Willie Nelson ) after seeing him perform at Desert Trip in October 2016 and asked him to work on the film as a music consultant . Nelson said he began `` writing songs for the movie , just for the heck of it , and sending them over to the producer , and they started liking them . Then Lady Gaga came by and I met her and we clicked . We became good friends , and we started writing together . '' Gaga , in turn , provided backing vocals on two tracks on Nelson 's self - titled album released in 2017 . Nelson and his band , Lukas Nelson & Promise of the Real , appear in the film as Cooper 's backing band . Gaga reunited with producer Mark Ronson and songwriter Hillary Lindsey , who had both contributed to her previous studio album Joanne ( 2016 ) . She worked with recurring collaborator DJ White Shadow on the soundtrack 's more pop - oriented numbers performed by her character Ally . Much of the album was recorded live on set , at Gaga 's insistence . Music and lyrics ( edit ) Billboard described the soundtrack as `` integral to the plotline '' , adding that `` many of the lyrics are about wanting and longing for change , but noting the struggle . Some express the great love and beautiful bond the booze - addled rock star ( Jackson Maine , played by Cooper ) and neophyte singer - songwriter ( Ally , played by Lady Gaga ) have for each other '' , and concluding that `` the music stands up , movie or no movie . They are timeless , emotional , gritty and earnest . They sound like songs written by artists who , quite frankly , are supremely messed up but hit to the core of the listener . '' Release ( edit ) The soundtrack 's track list and release date were announced on August 30 , 2018 . Interscope Records tweeted that the album `` features 19 songs in a wide range of musical styles + 15 dialogue tracks that will take you on a journey that mirrors the experience of seeing the film . '' Its track `` Shallow '' was released on September 27 as the album 's lead single . Critical reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Aggregate scores Source Rating Metacritic 78 / 100 Review scores Source Rating AllMusic The Daily Telegraph The Guardian NME Pitchfork 7.4 / 10 Rolling Stone Slant Magazine The soundtrack received positive response from critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications , the album has an average score of 78 , based on 8 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . In a positive review , The Washington Post called the soundtrack a `` five - star marvel '' and stated that it is a possible contender to win a Grammy Award . Ben Beaumont - Thomas of The Guardian gave the album a positive review , acknowledging `` Bradley Cooper shows he can sing as well as act and direct '' , but that `` it is Lady Gaga 's pop prowess that lifts each track , be it spectacular piano ballads or heart - rending duets '' In a positive review , Stephen Thomas Erlewine , writing for AllMusic , said `` All the songs make sense narratively and on their own , so they hold together well and would amount to a first - rate soundtrack '' , but criticized the dialogue included in the album . Rolling Stone 's Brittany Spanos gave the soundtrack four stars out of a possible five , saying `` The music Gaga helps write for this stretch in Ally 's career ... is gorgeous -- romantic without being trite and powerful . '' Nick Reilly of NME complimented the album 's `` emotionally charged songs that feel entirely appropriate for this heartfelt tale of doomed romance '' , adding that the album is `` one of the best Hollywood soundtracks of recent years . '' Writing for The Daily Telegraph , Neil McCormick gave the album a moderately positive review , saying the soundtrack was enjoyable , but criticized the `` slightly awkward journey from rock balladry to slickly superficial pop '' and stated that `` there is also a weird disconnect as the soundtrack shifts gear to anodyne modern pop '' . Jeremy Winograd of Slant Magazine , in a mixed review , was critical of the album , saying `` There 's undoubtedly a strong 10 - song album lodged at the core of A Star Is Born , but unlike the film , wherein an outsized sense of sentimentality is rendered affecting by the more grounded performances , there 's not nearly enough substance here to justify all the bombast . '' Commercial performance ( edit ) A Star Is Born opened atop the US Billboard 200 with 231,000 album - equivalent units , including 162,000 pure album sales . It had the biggest overall sales week for a soundtrack in over three years , and is Gaga 's fifth US number - one album as well as Cooper 's first . Gaga extended her record as the female artist with the most chart - topping albums during the 2010s , breaking her tie with Taylor Swift . Beside its pure album sales , A Star Is Born earned 37,000 in stream - equivalent units and 32,000 from track - equivalent units . The soundtrack spent a second week at number one there with 143,000 album - equivalent units ( 86,000 being pure sales ) , and became Gaga 's second album to top the chart for two consecutive weeks after Born This Way ( 2011 ) . It then held the country 's summit for a third week in a row with 109,000 equivalent units ( 61,000 pure sales ) , becoming the first soundtrack since High School Musical 2 in 2007 to top the chart for its first three weeks . Additionally it became Gaga 's longest running chart - topping album in the country . A Star Is Born entered at number one on the Canadian Albums Chart , selling 18,000 equivalent units , earning the top sales and digital song download honors and the seventh highest on - demand streams for the week . The soundtrack was Gaga 's third album to reach the summit in the nation and her first since Born This Way . The soundtrack held the top position for the next week , with another 12,000 equivalent units and was also the top - selling album . It had an 11 % increase in sales during the third week and remained atop the charts , selling close to 14,000 equivalent units . Like in the United States , the soundtrack became Gaga 's longest running chart - topping album in Canada for Gaga . In the United Kingdom , A Star Is Born faced competition from Twenty One Pilots ' fifth studio album , Trench , with the midweek chart suggesting the latter to emerge as the top album . A Star Is Born pulled ahead at the last moment according to Alan Jones from Music Week , and debuted atop the UK Albums Chart with 31,816 units ( including 6,178 from stream - equivalent units ) . It became Gaga 's fourth album to reach number one in the nation and first since Artpop ( 2013 ) , as well as Cooper 's first entry on the chart . The soundtrack was then displaced by Jess Glynne 's Always In Between the following week , and it fell to number two , selling 24,732 equivalent units . For the week ending November 1 , 2018 , the soundtrack moved back atop the chart with 24,982 copies sold ( including 6,645 from sales - equivalent streams ) . `` Shallow '' also reached the top of the UK Singles Chart that week , making Gaga and Cooper score an Official UK Chart double , this being Gaga 's third time to do so . A Star Is Born opened at number one in Ireland and Scotland , and was Gaga 's third number one in the former . During its third week atop the Irish chart , the soundtrack attained its highest sales tally . In France , the soundtrack sold 8,700 units and debuted at number seven on the SNEP Albums Chart , and held the same position the next week with another 8,000 units . In Australia , A Star Is Born entered at number three on the ARIA Albums Chart , giving Gaga her seventh top 10 album in the country and her sixth to reach the top three . Two weeks later , the soundtrack reached the top of the charts , becoming Gaga 's third album to reach the Australian charts summit after The Fame Monster and Born This Way . The soundtrack debuted at number six in the New Zealand Albums Chart , and after two weeks reached the top . Track listing ( edit ) Standard version No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Intro '' 0 : 20 2 . `` Black Eyes '' ( performed by Bradley Cooper ) Cooper Lukas Nelson Cooper Nelson Lady Gaga 3 : 03 3 . `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow '' ( dialogue ; featuring Lady Gaga ) Harold Arlen E.Y. Harburg Claire Louise Whittleston 0 : 42 4 . `` Fabulous French '' ( dialogue ; featuring Bradley Cooper , Lady Gaga , Anthony Ramos and D.J. `` Shangela '' Pierce ) 0 : 19 5 . `` La Vie en rose '' ( performed by Lady Gaga ) Louiguy Édith Piaf Gaga Brian Newman 2 : 59 6 . `` I 'll Wait for You '' ( dialogue ; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga ) 0 : 19 7 . `` Maybe It 's Time '' ( performed by Bradley Cooper ) Jason Isbell Cooper Benjamin Rice Gaga 2 : 39 8 . `` Parking Lot '' ( dialogue ; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga ) 0 : 31 9 . `` Out of Time '' ( performed by Bradley Cooper ) Cooper Nelson Cooper Nelson 2 : 52 10 . `` Alibi '' ( performed by Bradley Cooper ) Gaga Cooper Nelson Gaga Cooper Nelson 3 : 03 11 . `` Trust Me '' ( dialogue ; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga ) 0 : 32 12 . `` Shallow '' ( performed by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper ) Gaga Mark Ronson Anthony Rossomando Andrew Wyatt Gaga Rice 3 : 35 13 . `` First Stop , Arizona '' ( dialogue ; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga ) 0 : 10 14 . `` Music to My Eyes '' ( performed by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper ) Gaga Nelson Nelson 3 : 19 15 . `` Diggin ' My Grave '' ( performed by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper ) Paul Kennerley Gaga Nelson 3 : 57 16 . `` I Love You '' ( dialogue ; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga ) 0 : 19 17 . `` Always Remember Us This Way '' ( performed by Lady Gaga ) Gaga Natalie Hemby Hillary Lindsey Lori McKenna Dave Cobb Gaga 3 : 30 18 . `` Unbelievable '' ( dialogue ; featuring Lady Gaga and Rafi Gavron ) 0 : 28 19 . `` How Do You Hear It ? '' ( dialogue ; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga ) 0 : 14 20 . `` Look What I Found '' ( performed by Lady Gaga ) Gaga Mark Nilan Jr . Nick Monson Paul `` DJWS '' Blair Nelson Aaron Raitiere Gaga Nilan Monson Blair 2 : 55 21 . `` Memphis '' ( dialogue ; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga ) 0 : 24 22 . `` Heal Me '' ( performed by Lady Gaga ) Gaga Nilan Monson Blair Julia Michaels Justin Tranter Gaga Nilan Monson Blair 3 : 16 23 . `` I Do n't Know What Love Is '' ( performed by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper ) Gaga Nelson Gaga Nelson Nilan Monson 2 : 57 24 . `` Vows '' ( dialogue ; featuring Lady Gaga ) 0 : 17 25 . `` Is That Alright ? '' ( performed by Lady Gaga ) Gaga Nilan Monson Blair Raitiere Gaga Nilan Monson Blair 3 : 11 26 . `` SNL '' ( dialogue ; featuring Alec Baldwin , Donald King , Michael Mancini and Gena Rositano ) 0 : 13 27 . `` Why Did You Do That ? '' ( performed by Lady Gaga ) Gaga Diane Warren Nilan Monson Blair Gaga Nilan Monson Blair 3 : 04 28 . `` Hair Body Face '' ( performed by Lady Gaga ) Gaga Nilan Monson Blair Gaga Nilan Monson Blair Rice 3 : 22 29 . `` Scene 98 '' ( dialogue ; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga ) 0 : 35 30 . `` Before I Cry '' ( performed by Lady Gaga ) Gaga Nilan Monson Blair Gaga Nilan Monson Blair 4 : 18 31 . `` Too Far Gone '' ( performed by Bradley Cooper ) Cooper Nelson Cooper Nelson 1 : 26 32 . `` Twelve Notes '' ( dialogue ; featuring Lady Gaga and Sam Elliott ) 1 : 03 33 . `` I 'll Never Love Again '' ( film version ) ( performed by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper ) Gaga Hemby Lindsey Raitiere Gaga Rice 4 : 41 34 . `` I 'll Never Love Again '' ( extended version ) ( performed by Lady Gaga ) Gaga Hemby Lindsey Raitiere Gaga Rice 5 : 28 Total length : 70 : 01 show Version without dialogue No . Title Length 1 . `` Black Eyes '' 3 : 03 2 . `` La Vie en rose '' 2 : 59 3 . `` Maybe It 's Time '' 2 : 39 4 . `` Out of Time '' 2 : 52 5 . `` Alibi '' 3 : 03 6 . `` Shallow '' ( radio edit ) 3 : 37 7 . `` Music to My Eyes '' 3 : 19 8 . `` Diggin ' My Grave '' 3 : 57 9 . `` Always Remember Us This Way '' 3 : 30 10 . `` Look What I Found '' 2 : 55 11 . `` Heal Me '' 3 : 16 12 . `` I Do n't Know What Love Is '' 2 : 57 13 . `` Is That Alright ? '' 3 : 11 14 . `` Why Did You Do That ? '' 3 : 04 15 . `` Hair Body Face '' 3 : 22 16 . `` Before I Cry '' 4 : 18 17 . `` Too Far Gone '' 1 : 26 18 . `` I 'll Never Love Again '' ( film version ) ( radio edit ) 4 : 41 19 . `` I 'll Never Love Again '' ( extended version ) ( radio edit ) 5 : 28 Total length : 63 : 37 Notes -- additional vocal production -- additional production -- main and additional production -- vocal production -- 0 : 31 on clean version of the album -- 0 : 34 on clean version of the album -- 69 : 59 for clean version of the album Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Argentinian Albums ( CAPIF ) Australian Albums ( ARIA ) Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) Croatia International Albums ( HDU ) Czech Albums ( ČNS IFPI ) Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) Estonian Albums ( IFPI ) Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 12 French Albums ( SNEP ) 7 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 5 Greek Albums ( IFPI Greece ) Hungarian Albums ( MAHASZ ) 15 Icelandic Albums ( Tonlist ) Irish Albums ( OCC ) Italian Albums ( FIMI ) New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) Polish Albums ( ZPAV ) 32 Portuguese Albums ( AFP ) Scottish Albums ( OCC ) Slovak Albums ( ČNS IFPI ) South African Albums ( RiSA ) 18 South Korean Albums ( Gaon ) 37 South Korean International Albums ( Gaon ) Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) Swedish Compilation ( Sverigetopplistan ) Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Albums ( OCC ) UK Soundtrack Albums ( OCC ) US Billboard 200 US Soundtrack Albums ( Billboard ) US Top Tastemaker Albums ( Billboard ) Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Ref . Various October 5 , 2018 Digital download Streaming CD LP Interscope Japan November 7 , 2018 CD LP See also ( edit ) Book : A Star Is Born ( 2018 film ) List of artists who have achieved simultaneous UK and US number - one hits List of Billboard 200 number - one albums of 2018 List of number - one albums of 2018 ( Australia ) List of number - one albums of 2018 ( Canada ) List of number - one albums of 2018 ( Ireland ) List of number - one albums from the 2010s ( New Zealand ) List of number - one albums of 2018 ( Scotland ) List of number - one hits of 2018 ( Switzerland ) List of UK Albums Chart number ones of the 2010s List of UK Album Downloads Chart number ones of the 2010s References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Reed , Ryan ( August 30 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga , Bradley Cooper Detail ' A Star Is Born ' Soundtrack '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Bradley Cooper To Make Directing Debut , Hopes To Star With Beyonce In ' A Star Is Born ' For Warner Bros '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' A Star Is Born ' Gets Warner Bros Green Light ; Bradley Cooper Directs , Stars With Lady Gaga '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rao , Sonia ( August 30 , 2018 ) . `` What we know about the lengthy ' A Star Is Born ' soundtrack , like its copious amount of Bradley Cooper '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Amy ( August 30 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga on letting go for ' A Star Is Born ' and what Bradley Cooper insisted she do before filming '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Nolfi , Joey ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Get to know the songwriters behind Lady Gaga 's A Star Is Born '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( August 11 , 2018 ) . `` Inside the creation of the thrilling new A Star Is Born soundtrack '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Betts , Stephen ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Jason Isbell , Lukas Nelson Songs to Appear in Lady Gaga 's ' A Star Is Born ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Greene , Andy ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` Lukas Nelson Talks Writing With Lady Gaga , Gigging With Neil Young '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Finn , Timothy ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` He 's worked with Neil Young , Gaga and his dad , Willie Nelson . Now he 's coming to KC '' . The Kansas City Star . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stephens , Samantha ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` How Lady Gaga Brought Lukas Nelson and Promise of the Real 's `` Find Yourself '' to Life `` . CMT . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bliss , Karen ( September 10 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga Praises ' A Star Is Born ' Co-Star Bradley Cooper 's Talents at Toronto Premiere : ' He Sings From His Soul ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ @ Interscope ( August 30 , 2018 ) . `` # AStarIsBornSoundtrack features 19 songs in a wide range of musical styles + 15 dialogue tracks that will take you on a journey that mirrors the experience of seeing the film . Pre-order the music from the film now , out Oct. 5 . smarturl.it/ASIBSoundtrack @ StarIsBornMovie # AStarIsBorn '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 3 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Balancia , Donna ( September 25 , 2018 ) . `` REVIEW : Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper Let the Music Shine in ' A Star Is Born ' '' . California Rocker . Retrieved September 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Star Is Born ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas Erlewine , Stephen ( October 5 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga / Bradley Cooper - A Star Is Born ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . AllMusic . Retrieved October 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McCormick , Neil ( October 5 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga & Bradley Cooper : A Star Is Born soundtrack , review : an enjoyable but very peculiar album '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved October 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Beaumont - Thomas , Ben ( October 5 , 2018 ) . `` A Star Is Born soundtrack review -- instant classics full of Gaga 's emotional might '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Reilly , Nick ( October 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Star Is Born ' -- soundtrack review '' . NME . Retrieved October 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fitzmaurice , Larry ( October 8 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga / Bradley Cooper - A Star Is Born Original Motion Picture Soundtrack '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved October 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Spannos , Brittany ( October 5 , 2018 ) . `` Review : Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper Shine Bright on the ' A Star Is Born ' Soundtrack '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Winograd , Jeremy ( October 10 , 2018 ) . `` A Star Is Born Original Soundtrack '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved October 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Mark ( October 4 , 2018 ) . `` Review : ' A Star Is Born ' soundtrack is a five - star marvel '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( October 14 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga & Bradley Cooper 's ' A Star Is Born ' Soundtrack Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Albums Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( October 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Star Is Born ' Soundtrack Spends Second Week at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( October 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Star Is Born ' Soundtrack Earns Third Week at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Chart , Future & Juice WRLD Debut at No. 2 '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tuch , Paul ( October 15 , 2018 ) . `` A Star Is Reborn At No. 1 On This Week 's Albums Chart '' . FYIMusicNews . Retrieved October 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tuch , Paul ( October 22 , 2018 ) . `` Rap Dominates This Week 's Chart , But A Star Is Born Remains No. 1 '' . FYIMusicNews . Retrieved October 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tuch , Paul ( October 29 , 2018 ) . `` Ginette Reno , Arkells Debut With Strong Numbers On This Week 's Chart '' . FYIMusicNews . Retrieved October 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( October 12 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga tops Official Albums Chart for fourth time thanks to A Star Is Born '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( October 12 , 2018 ) . `` Charts analysis : A Star Is Born races to No. 1 '' . Music Week . Retrieved October 12 , 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Ainsley , Helen ( October 19 , 2018 ) . `` Jess Glynne scores second Number 1 album with Always In Between '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( October 20 , 2018 ) . `` Charts analysis : Jess Glynne sophomore album races to No. 1 '' . Music Week . Retrieved October 22 , 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Myers , Justin ( October 26 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper score the Official Chart double as Shallow becomes Gaga 's fifth UK Number 1 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jones , Alan ( October 26 , 2018 ) . `` Charts analysis : A Star Is Reborn on albums chart '' . Music Week . Retrieved October 27 , 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Mapstone , Lucy ( October 12 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper top charts with A Star Is Born soundtrack '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ White , Jack ( October 12 , 2018 ) . `` The A Star Is Born soundtrack bests Twenty One Pilots for Official Irish Albums Chart Number 1 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ White , Jack ( October 26 , 2018 ) . `` Lady Gaga & Bradley Cooper 's A Star Is Born holds at Number 1 , Dua Lipa returns to Top 3 on the Official Irish Albums Chart '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ruelle , Yohann ( October 15 , 2018 ) . `` Top Albums : Trois Cafés Gourmands détrône Mylène Farmer , Angèle devant Lady Gaga '' . PureBreak Charts ( in French ) . Retrieved October 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ruelle , Yohann ( October 29 , 2018 ) . `` Top Albums : Johnny Hallyday entre dans l'histoire et fait le triplé , SCH dans le top 5 '' . PureBreak Charts ( in French ) . Retrieved October 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( October 14 , 2018 ) . `` Australian Albums : twenty one pilots ' Trench ' Lands At No 1 '' . Noise11 . Retrieved October 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Star Is Born Jumps To # 1 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . October 27 , 2018 . Retrieved October 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` NZ Top 40 Albums Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . October 29 , 2018 . Retrieved October 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Star Is Born Soundtrack Credits '' . A Star Is Born . Interscope Records . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2018 . Retrieved October 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Over the Rainbow : BMI Work # 21904915 '' . BMI . Retrieved October 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Star Is Born ( Without Dialogue ) '' . Spotify . Retrieved October 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Los discos más vendidos : `` TRENCH '' de TWENTY ONE PILOTS se quedó con en el primer puesto en la semana del 15 al 21 de Octubre `` . Diario de Cultura ( in Portuguese ) . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2018 . Retrieved October 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . October 29 , 2018 . Retrieved October 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Soundtrack / Lady Gaga / Bradley Cooper -- A Star Is Born '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Soundtrack / Lady Gaga / Bradley Cooper -- A Star Is Born '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Soundtrack / Lady Gaga / Bradley Cooper -- A Star Is Born '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga Chart History ( Canadian Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lista prodaje 41 . tjedan 2018 '' ( in Croatian ) . HDU . Retrieved October 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Czech Albums -- Top 100 '' . ČNS IFPI . Note : On the chart page , select 201842 on the field besides the word `` Zobrazit '' , and then click over the word to retrieve the correct chart data . Retrieved October 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Soundtrack / Lady Gaga / Bradley Cooper -- A Star Is Born '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nestor , Siim ( October 22 , 2018 ) . `` EESTI TIPP - 40 MUUSIKAS : Lenna kihutas koos nubluga , aga '' . Eesti Ekspress ( in Estonian ) . Retrieved October 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Elokuvamusiikki : A Star Is Born '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved October 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Albums ( Week 41 , 2018 ) '' . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Soundtrack -- A Star Is Born '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved October 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official IFPI Charts Top - 75 Albums Sales Chart Εβδομάδα : 41 / 2018 '' ( in Greek ) . IFPI Greece . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2018 . Retrieved October 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 album DVD és válogatáslemez - lista -- 2018 . 42 . hét '' ( in Hungarian ) . MAHASZ . Retrieved October 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tonlistinn Vika 42 -- 2018 '' ( in Icelandic ) . Tonlistinn . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2018 . Retrieved October 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Irish Albums Chart Top 50 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Album -- Classifica settimanale WK 42 ( dal 2018 - 10 - 12 al 2018 - 10 - 18 ) '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved October 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 Albums uke 42 , 2018 '' . VG - lista . Retrieved October 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oficjalna lista sprzedaży : : OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart '' . OLiS . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved October 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Soundtrack / Lady Gaga / Bradley Cooper -- A Star Is Born '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Slovak Albums -- Top 100 '' . ČNS IFPI . Retrieved October 22 , 2018 . Note : On the chart page , select SK Albums and `` 201842 '' on the field besides the word `` Zobrazit '' , and then click over the word to retrieve the correct chart data . Jump up ^ `` South Africa Top 20 '' ( in Africans ) . Recording Industry of South Africa . October 27 , 2018 . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2018 . Retrieved October 29 , 2018 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ `` South Korea Gaon Album Chart '' . On the page , select `` 2018.10. 14 ~ 2018.10. 20 '' to obtain the corresponding chart . Gaon Chart Retrieved October 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` South Korea Gaon International Album Chart '' . On the page , select `` 2018.10. 07 ~ 2018.10. 13 '' , then `` 국외 '' , to obtain the corresponding chart . Gaon Chart Retrieved October 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Albumes -- Semana 42 ( 12 / 10 a 18 / 10 ) '' . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved October 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Veckolista Samlingar -- Vecka 41 , 12 oktober 2018 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . October 12 , 2018 . Retrieved October 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Soundtrack / Lady Gaga / Bradley Cooper -- A Star Is Born '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Soundtrack Albums Chart Top 50 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga Chart History ( Billboard 200 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga Chart History ( Soundtrack Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga Chart History ( Top Tastemaker Albums ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A Star Is Born -- Official store '' . Warner Bros. Retrieved September 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' A Star Is Born ( Movie ) ' Original Soundtrack '' ( in Japanese ) . CDJapan . Retrieved October 25 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) A Star Is Born Music Official website A Star Is Born Films 1937 1954 1976 2018 Music 1954 soundtrack `` The Man That Got Away '' 1976 soundtrack `` Evergreen '' 2018 soundtrack `` La Vie en rose '' `` Shallow '' `` Always Remember Us This Way '' `` Is That Alright ? '' `` I 'll Never Love Again '' Related What Price Hollywood ? Lady Gaga Awards and nominations Discography Live performances Songs Videography Studio albums The Fame Born This Way Artpop Cheek to Cheek Joanne Soundtracks A Star Is Born Compilations The Remix Born This Way : The Remix Born This Way : The Collection Extended plays The Cherrytree Sessions Hitmixes The Fame Monster A Very Gaga Holiday Concert tours The Fame Ball Tour Fame Kills : Starring Kanye West and Lady Gaga The Monster Ball Tour Born This Way Ball ArtRave : The Artpop Ball Cheek to Cheek Tour Joanne World Tour One - off shows ArtRave Dive Bar Tour Residencies Lady Gaga Live at Roseland Ballroom Lady Gaga Enigma Documentaries Gaga : Five Foot Two Television Lady Gaga Presents the Monster Ball Tour : At Madison Square Garden A Very Gaga Thanksgiving Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga : Cheek to Cheek Live ! Super Bowl LI halftime show Fragrances Lady Gaga Fame Eau de Gaga Bibliography Lady Gaga x Terry Richardson Related articles Aleiodes gaga Born This Way Foundation Doll Domination Tour Gaga ( plant ) Gagadon Haus of Gaga Joanne Trattoria Cookbook Lady Gaga : Queen of Pop `` Lisa Goes Gaga '' Meat dress `` Perform This Way '' TechHaus Volantis Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Star_Is_Born_(2018_soundtrack)&oldid=866524684 '' Categories : 2018 soundtracks Film soundtracks Lady Gaga albums Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Croatian - language sources ( hr ) CS1 Estonian - language sources ( et ) CS1 Greek - language sources ( el ) CS1 Icelandic - language sources ( is ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 maint : Unrecognized language CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Use mdy dates from October 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats Track listings with input errors Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Polski Português Русский Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 21 : 31 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	jason isbell songs in a star is born	[ "Standard version[45]No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Intro\" 0:202.\"Black Eyes\" (performed by Bradley Cooper)CooperLukas NelsonCooperNelsonLady Gaga[a][b]3:033.\"Somewhere Over the Rainbow\" (dialogue; featuring Lady Gaga)Harold ArlenE.Y. HarburgClaire Louise Whittleston[46] 0:424.\"Fabulous French\" (dialogue; featuring Bradley Cooper, Lady Gaga, Anthony Ramos and D.J. \"Shangela\" Pierce) 0:195.\"La Vie en rose\" (performed by Lady Gaga)LouiguyÉdith PiafGagaBrian Newman2:596.\"I'll Wait for You\" (dialogue; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga) 0:197.\"Maybe It's Time\" (performed by Bradley Cooper)Jason IsbellCooperBenjamin RiceGaga[a]2:398.\"Parking Lot\" (dialogue; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga) 0:319.\"Out of Time\" (performed by Bradley Cooper)CooperNelsonCooperNelson2:5210.\"Alibi\" (performed by Bradley Cooper)GagaCooperNelsonGagaCooperNelson3:0311.\"Trust Me\" (dialogue; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga) 0:32[e]12.\"Shallow\" (performed by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper)GagaMark RonsonAnthony RossomandoAndrew WyattGagaRice3:3513.\"First Stop, Arizona\" (dialogue; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga) 0:1014.\"Music to My Eyes\" (performed by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper)GagaNelsonNelson3:1915.\"Diggin' My Grave\" (performed by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper)Paul KennerleyGagaNelson3:5716.\"I Love You\" (dialogue; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga) 0:1917.\"Always Remember Us This Way\" (performed by Lady Gaga)GagaNatalie HembyHillary LindseyLori McKennaDave CobbGaga3:3018.\"Unbelievable\" (dialogue; featuring Lady Gaga and Rafi Gavron) 0:2819.\"How Do You Hear It?\" (dialogue; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga) 0:1420.\"Look What I Found\" (performed by Lady Gaga)GagaMark Nilan Jr.Nick MonsonPaul \"DJWS\" BlairNelsonAaron RaitiereGagaNilanMonsonBlair2:5521.\"Memphis\" (dialogue; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga) 0:2422.\"Heal Me\" (performed by Lady Gaga)GagaNilanMonsonBlairJulia MichaelsJustin TranterGagaNilanMonsonBlair3:1623.\"I Don't Know What Love Is\" (performed by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper)GagaNelsonGaga[c]NelsonNilan[b]Monson[b]2:5724.\"Vows\" (dialogue; featuring Lady Gaga) 0:1725.\"Is That Alright?\" (performed by Lady Gaga)GagaNilanMonsonBlairRaitiereGagaNilanMonsonBlair3:1126.\"SNL\" (dialogue; featuring Alec Baldwin, Donald King, Michael Mancini and Gena Rositano) 0:1327.\"Why Did You Do That?\" (performed by Lady Gaga)GagaDiane WarrenNilanMonsonBlairGagaNilanMonsonBlair3:0428.\"Hair Body Face\" (performed by Lady Gaga)GagaNilanMonsonBlairGagaNilanMonsonBlairRice[d]3:2229.\"Scene 98\" (dialogue; featuring Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga) 0:35[f]30.\"Before I Cry\" (performed by Lady Gaga)GagaNilanMonsonBlairGagaNilanMonsonBlair4:1831.\"Too Far Gone\" (performed by Bradley Cooper)CooperNelsonCooperNelson1:2632.\"Twelve Notes\" (dialogue; featuring Lady Gaga and Sam Elliott) 1:0333.\"I'll Never Love Again\" (film version) (performed by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper)GagaHembyLindseyRaitiereGagaRice4:4134.\"I'll Never Love Again\" (extended version) (performed by Lady Gaga)GagaHembyLindseyRaitiereGagaRice5:28Total length:70:01[g]" ]	[ "\"Maybe It's Time\" (performed by Bradley Cooper)" ]
4491211933551869357	List of prime numbers	List of prime numbers - wikipedia List of prime numbers Jump to : navigation , search This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries . A prime number ( or a prime ) is a natural number greater than 1 that has no positive divisors other than 1 and itself . By Euclid 's theorem , there are an infinite number of prime numbers . Subsets of the prime numbers may be generated with various formulas for primes . The first 1000 primes are listed below , followed by lists of notable types of prime numbers in alphabetical order , giving their respective first terms . 1 is neither prime nor composite . Contents ( hide ) 1 The first 1000 prime numbers 2 Lists of primes by type 2.1 Additive primes 2.2 Annihilating primes 2.3 Bell primes 2.4 Carol primes 2.5 Centered decagonal primes 2.6 Centered heptagonal primes 2.7 Centered square primes 2.8 Centered triangular primes 2.9 Chen primes 2.10 Circular primes 2.11 Class 1 + primes 2.12 Cousin primes 2.13 Cuban primes 2.14 Cullen primes 2.15 Dihedral primes 2.16 Double factorial primes 2.17 Double Mersenne primes 2.18 Eisenstein primes without imaginary part 2.19 Emirps 2.20 Euclid primes 2.21 Euler irregular primes 2.21. 1 Euler ( p , p − 3 ) irregular primes 2.22 Even primes 2.23 Factorial primes 2.24 Fermat primes 2.25 Fibonacci primes 2.26 Fortunate primes 2.27 Gaussian primes 2.28 Generalized Fermat primes 2.29 Generalized repunit primes 2.30 Genocchi primes 2.31 Gilda 's primes 2.32 Good primes 2.33 Happy primes 2.34 Harmonic primes 2.35 Higgs primes for squares 2.36 Highly cototient primes 2.37 Irregular primes 2.37. 1 ( p , p − 5 ) irregular primes 2.37. 2 ( p , p − 9 ) irregular primes 2.38 Isolated primes 2.39 Kynea primes 2.40 Left - truncatable primes 2.41 Leyland primes 2.42 Long primes 2.43 Lucas primes 2.44 Lucky primes 2.45 Markov primes 2.46 Mersenne primes 2.47 Mersenne prime exponents 2.48 Mills primes 2.49 Minimal primes 2.50 Motzkin primes 2.51 Newman - Shanks - Williams primes 2.52 Non-generous primes 2.53 Odd primes 2.54 Padovan primes 2.55 Palindromic primes 2.56 Palindromic wing primes 2.57 Partition primes 2.58 Pell primes 2.59 Permutable primes 2.60 Perrin primes 2.61 Pierpont primes 2.62 Pillai primes 2.63 Primes of the form n + 1 2.64 Primeval primes 2.65 Primorial primes 2.66 Proth primes 2.67 Pythagorean primes 2.68 Prime quadruplets 2.69 Primes of binary quadratic form 2.70 Quartan primes 2.71 Ramanujan primes 2.72 Regular primes 2.73 Repunit primes 2.74 Primes in residue classes 2.75 Right - truncatable primes 2.76 Safe primes 2.77 Self primes in base 10 2.78 Sexy primes 2.79 Smarandache primes 2.80 Smarandache -- Wellin primes 2.81 Solinas primes 2.82 Sophie Germain primes 2.83 Star primes 2.84 Stern primes 2.85 Super-primes 2.86 Supersingular primes 2.87 Swinging primes 2.88 Thabit primes 2.89 Prime triplets 2.90 Twin primes 2.91 Two - sided primes 2.92 Ulam primes 2.93 Unique primes 2.94 Wagstaff primes 2.95 Wall - Sun - Sun primes 2.96 Wedderburn - Etherington primes 2.97 Weakly prime numbers 2.98 Wieferich primes 2.99 Wilson primes 2.100 Wolstenholme primes 2.101 Woodall primes 3 See also 4 References 5 External links The first 1000 prime numbers ( edit ) The following table lists the first 1000 primes , with 20 columns of consecutive primes in each of the 50 rows . 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 1 -- 20 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 29 31 37 41 43 47 53 59 61 67 71 21 -- 40 73 79 83 89 97 101 103 107 109 113 127 131 137 139 149 151 157 163 167 173 41 -- 60 179 181 191 193 197 199 211 223 227 229 233 239 241 251 257 263 269 271 277 281 61 -- 80 283 293 307 311 313 317 331 337 347 349 353 359 367 373 379 383 389 397 401 409 81 -- 100 419 421 431 433 439 443 449 457 461 463 467 479 487 491 499 503 509 521 523 541 101 -- 120 547 557 563 569 571 577 587 593 599 601 607 613 617 619 631 641 643 647 653 659 121 -- 140 661 673 677 683 691 701 709 719 727 733 739 743 751 757 761 769 773 787 797 809 141 -- 160 811 821 823 827 829 839 853 857 859 863 877 881 883 887 907 911 919 929 937 941 161 -- 180 947 953 967 971 977 983 991 997 1009 1013 1019 1021 1031 1033 1039 1049 1051 1061 1063 1069 181 -- 200 1087 1091 1093 1097 1103 1109 1117 1123 1129 1151 1153 1163 1171 1181 1187 1193 1201 1213 1217 1223 201 -- 220 1229 1231 1237 1249 1259 1277 1279 1283 1289 1291 1297 1301 1303 1307 1319 1321 1327 1361 1367 1373 221 -- 240 1381 1399 1409 1423 1427 1429 1433 1439 1447 1451 1453 1459 1471 1481 1483 1487 1489 1493 1499 1511 241 -- 260 1523 1531 1543 1549 1553 1559 1567 1571 1579 1583 1597 1601 1607 1609 1613 1619 1621 1627 1637 1657 261 -- 280 1663 1667 1669 1693 1697 1699 1709 1721 1723 1733 1741 1747 1753 1759 1777 1783 1787 1789 1801 1811 281 -- 300 1823 1831 1847 1861 1867 1871 1873 1877 1879 1889 1901 1907 1913 1931 1933 1949 1951 1973 1979 301 -- 320 1999 2003 2011 2017 2027 2029 2039 2053 2063 2069 2081 2083 2087 2089 2099 2111 2113 2129 321 -- 340 2131 2137 2141 2143 2153 2161 2179 2203 2207 2213 2221 2237 2239 2243 2251 2267 2269 2273 2281 2287 341 -- 360 2293 2297 2309 2311 2333 2339 2341 2347 2351 2357 2371 2377 2381 2383 2389 2393 2399 2411 2417 2423 361 -- 380 2437 2441 2447 2459 2467 2473 2477 2503 2521 2531 2539 2543 2549 2551 2557 2579 2591 2593 2609 2617 381 -- 400 2621 2633 2647 2657 2659 2663 2671 2677 2683 2687 2689 2693 2699 2707 2711 2713 2719 2729 2731 2741 401 -- 420 2749 2753 2767 2777 2789 2791 2797 2801 2803 2819 2833 2837 2843 2851 2857 2861 2879 2887 2897 2903 421 -- 440 2909 2917 2927 2939 2953 2957 2963 2969 2971 2999 3001 3011 3019 3023 3037 3041 3049 3061 3067 3079 441 -- 460 3083 3089 3109 3119 3121 3137 3163 3167 3169 3181 3187 3191 3203 3209 3217 3221 3229 3251 3253 3257 461 -- 480 3259 3271 3299 3301 3307 3313 3319 3323 3329 3331 3343 3347 3359 3361 3371 3373 3389 3391 3407 3413 481 -- 500 3433 3449 3457 3461 3463 3467 3469 3491 3499 3511 3517 3527 3529 3533 3539 3541 3547 3557 3559 3571 501 -- 520 3581 3583 3593 3607 3613 3617 3623 3631 3637 3643 3659 3671 3673 3677 3691 3697 3701 3709 3719 3727 521 -- 540 3733 3739 3761 3767 3769 3779 3793 3797 3803 3821 3823 3833 3847 3851 3853 3863 3877 3881 3889 3907 541 -- 560 3911 3917 3919 3923 3929 3931 3943 3947 3967 3989 4001 4003 4007 4013 4019 4021 4027 4049 4051 4057 561 -- 580 4073 4079 4091 4093 4099 4111 4127 4129 4133 4139 4153 4157 4159 4177 4201 4211 4217 4219 4229 4231 581 -- 600 4241 4243 4253 4259 4261 4271 4273 4283 4289 4297 4327 4337 4339 4349 4357 4363 4373 4391 4397 4409 601 -- 620 4421 4423 4441 4447 4451 4457 4463 4481 4483 4493 4507 4513 4517 4519 4523 4547 4549 4561 4567 4583 621 -- 640 4591 4597 4603 4621 4637 4639 4643 4649 4651 4657 4663 4673 4679 4691 4703 4721 4723 4729 4733 4751 641 -- 660 4759 4783 4787 4789 4793 4799 4801 4813 4817 4831 4861 4871 4877 4889 4903 4909 4919 4931 4933 4937 661 -- 680 4943 4951 4957 4967 4969 4973 4987 4993 4999 5003 5009 5011 5021 5023 5039 5051 5059 5077 5081 5087 681 -- 700 5099 5101 5107 5113 5119 5147 5153 5167 5171 5179 5189 5197 5209 5227 5231 5233 5237 5261 5273 5279 701 -- 720 5281 5297 5303 5309 5323 5333 5347 5351 5381 5387 5393 5399 5407 5413 5417 5419 5431 5437 5441 5443 721 -- 740 5449 5471 5477 5479 5483 5501 5503 5507 5519 5521 5527 5531 5557 5563 5569 5573 5581 5591 5623 5639 741 -- 760 5641 5647 5651 5653 5657 5659 5669 5683 5689 5693 5701 5711 5717 5737 5741 5743 5749 5779 5783 5791 761 -- 780 5801 5807 5813 5821 5827 5839 5843 5849 5851 5857 5861 5867 5869 5879 5881 5897 5903 5923 5927 5939 781 -- 800 5953 5981 5987 6007 6011 6029 6037 6043 6047 6053 6067 6073 6079 6089 6091 6101 6113 6121 6131 6133 801 -- 820 6143 6151 6163 6173 6197 6199 6203 6211 6217 6221 6229 6247 6257 6263 6269 6271 6277 6287 6299 6301 821 -- 840 6311 6317 6323 6329 6337 6343 6353 6359 6361 6367 6373 6379 6389 6397 6421 6427 6449 6451 6469 6473 841 -- 860 6481 6491 6521 6529 6547 6551 6553 6563 6569 6571 6577 6581 6599 6607 6619 6637 6653 6659 6661 6673 861 -- 880 6679 6689 6691 6701 6703 6709 6719 6733 6737 6761 6763 6779 6781 6791 6793 6803 6823 6827 6829 6833 881 -- 900 6841 6857 6863 6869 6871 6883 6899 6907 6911 6917 6947 6949 6959 6961 6967 6971 6977 6983 6991 6997 901 -- 920 7001 7013 7019 7027 7039 7043 7057 7069 7079 7103 7109 7121 7127 7129 7151 7159 7177 7187 7193 7207 921 -- 940 7211 7213 7219 7229 7237 7243 7247 7253 7283 7297 7307 7309 7321 7331 7333 7349 7351 7369 7393 7411 941 -- 960 7417 7433 7451 7457 7459 7477 7481 7487 7489 7499 7507 7517 7523 7529 7537 7541 7547 7549 7559 7561 961 -- 980 7573 7577 7583 7589 7591 7603 7607 7621 7639 7643 7649 7669 7673 7681 7687 7691 7699 7703 7717 7723 981 -- 1000 7727 7741 7753 7757 7759 7789 7793 7817 7823 7829 7841 7853 7867 7873 7877 7879 7883 7901 7907 7919 ( sequence A000040 in the OEIS ) . The Goldbach conjecture verification project reports that it has computed all primes below 4 × 10 . That means 95,676,260,903,887,607 primes ( nearly 10 ) , but they were not stored . There are known formulae to evaluate the prime - counting function ( the number of primes below a given value ) faster than computing the primes . This has been used to compute that there are 1,925,320,391,606,803,968,923 primes ( roughly 2 × 10 ) below 10 . A different computation found that there are 18,435,599,767,349,200,867,866 primes ( roughly 2 × 10 ) below 10 , if the Riemann hypothesis is true . Lists of primes by type ( edit ) Below are listed the first prime numbers of many named forms and types . More details are in the article for the name . n is a natural number ( including 0 ) in the definitions . Additive primes ( edit ) Primes such that the sum of digits with 10 as the base is a prime . 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 11 , 23 , 29 , 41 , 43 , 47 , 61 , 67 , 83 , 89 , 101 , 113 , 131 ( A046704 ) Annihilating primes ( edit ) Let d ( p ) be the shadow of the sequence f ( n ) = seq ( n ) ( that gives the number of sequences without repetitions that can be obtained from n distinct objects ) , i.e. the count of sequence entries f ( 0 ) , f ( 1 ) , f ( 2 ) , ... , f ( h - 1 ) divisible by an integer h . If d ( p ) = 0 , then p is an annihilating prime . 3 , 7 , 11 , 17 , 47 , 53 , 61 , 67 , 73 , 79 , 89 , 101 , 139 , 151 , 157 , 191 , 199 ( A072456 ) Bell primes ( edit ) Primes that are the number of partitions of a set with n members . 2 , 5 , 877 , 27644437 , 35742549198872617291353508656626642567 , 359334085968622831041960188598043661065388726959079837 . The next term has 6,539 digits . ( A051131 ) Carol primes ( edit ) Of the form ( 2 − 1 ) − 2 . 7 , 47 , 223 , 3967 , 16127 , 1046527 , 16769023 , 1073676287 , 68718952447 , 274876858367 , 4398042316799 , 1125899839733759 , 18014398241046527 , 1298074214633706835075030044377087 ( A091516 ) Centered decagonal primes ( edit ) Of the form 5 ( n + n ) + 1 . 11 , 31 , 61 , 101 , 151 , 211 , 281 , 661 , 911 , 1051 , 1201 , 1361 , 1531 , 1901 , 2311 , 2531 , 3001 , 3251 , 3511 , 4651 , 5281 , 6301 , 6661 , 7411 , 9461 , 9901 , 12251 , 13781 , 14851 , 15401 , 18301 , 18911 , 19531 , 20161 , 22111 , 24151 , 24851 , 25561 , 27011 , 27751 ( A090562 ) Centered heptagonal primes ( edit ) Of the form ( 7n − 7n + 2 ) / 2 . 43 , 71 , 197 , 463 , 547 , 953 , 1471 , 1933 , 2647 , 2843 , 3697 , 4663 , 5741 , 8233 , 9283 , 10781 , 11173 , 12391 , 14561 , 18397 , 20483 , 29303 , 29947 , 34651 , 37493 , 41203 , 46691 , 50821 , 54251 , 56897 , 57793 , 65213 , 68111 , 72073 , 76147 , 84631 , 89041 ( A144974 ) Centered square primes ( edit ) Of the form n + ( n + 1 ) . 5 , 13 , 41 , 61 , 113 , 181 , 313 , 421 , 613 , 761 , 1013 , 1201 , 1301 , 1741 , 1861 , 2113 , 2381 , 2521 , 3121 , 3613 , 4513 , 5101 , 7321 , 8581 , 9661 , 9941 , 10513 , 12641 , 13613 , 14281 , 14621 , 15313 , 16381 , 19013 , 19801 , 20201 , 21013 , 21841 , 23981 , 24421 , 26681 ( A027862 ) Centered triangular primes ( edit ) Of the form ( 3n + 3n + 2 ) / 2 . 19 , 31 , 109 , 199 , 409 , 571 , 631 , 829 , 1489 , 1999 , 2341 , 2971 , 3529 , 4621 , 4789 , 7039 , 7669 , 8779 , 9721 , 10459 , 10711 , 13681 , 14851 , 16069 , 16381 , 17659 , 20011 , 20359 , 23251 , 25939 , 27541 , 29191 , 29611 , 31321 , 34429 , 36739 , 40099 , 40591 , 42589 ( A125602 ) Chen primes ( edit ) Where p is prime and p + 2 is either a prime or semiprime . 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 11 , 13 , 17 , 19 , 23 , 29 , 31 , 37 , 41 , 47 , 53 , 59 , 67 , 71 , 83 , 89 , 101 , 107 , 109 , 113 , 127 , 131 , 137 , 139 , 149 , 157 , 167 , 179 , 181 , 191 , 197 , 199 , 211 , 227 , 233 , 239 , 251 , 257 , 263 , 269 , 281 , 293 , 307 , 311 , 317 , 337 , 347 , 353 , 359 , 379 , 389 , 401 , 409 ( A109611 ) Circular primes ( edit ) A circular prime number is a number that remains prime on any cyclic rotation of its digits ( in base 10 ) . 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 11 , 13 , 17 , 31 , 37 , 71 , 73 , 79 , 97 , 113 , 131 , 197 , 199 , 311 , 337 , 373 , 719 , 733 , 919 , 971 , 991 , 1193 , 1931 , 3119 , 3779 , 7793 , 7937 , 9311 , 9377 , 11939 , 19391 , 19937 , 37199 , 39119 , 71993 , 91193 , 93719 , 93911 , 99371 , 193939 , 199933 , 319993 , 331999 , 391939 , 393919 , 919393 , 933199 , 939193 , 939391 , 993319 , 999331 ( A068652 ) Some sources only list the smallest prime in each cycle , for example , listing 13 , but omitting 31 ( OEIS really calls this sequence circular primes , but not the above sequence ) : 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 11 , 13 , 17 , 37 , 79 , 113 , 197 , 199 , 337 , 1193 , 3779 , 11939 , 19937 , 193939 , 199933 , 1111111111111111111 , 11111111111111111111111 ( A016114 ) All repunit primes are circular . Class 1 + primes ( edit ) Of the form 2 3 − 1 for some integers u , v ≥ 0 . 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 11 , 17 , 23 , 31 , 47 , 53 , 71 , 107 , 127 , 191 , 383 , 431 , 647 , 863 , 971 , 1151 , 2591 , 4373 , 6143 , 6911 , 8191 , 8747 , 13121 , 15551 , 23327 , 27647 , 62207 , 73727 , 131071 , 139967 , 165887 ( A005105 ) Cousin primes ( edit ) See also : § Twin primes , § Prime triplets , and § Prime quadruplets Where ( p , p + 4 ) are both prime . ( 3 , 7 ) , ( 7 , 11 ) , ( 13 , 17 ) , ( 19 , 23 ) , ( 37 , 41 ) , ( 43 , 47 ) , ( 67 , 71 ) , ( 79 , 83 ) , ( 97 , 101 ) , ( 103 , 107 ) , ( 109 , 113 ) , ( 127 , 131 ) , ( 163 , 167 ) , ( 193 , 197 ) , ( 223 , 227 ) , ( 229 , 233 ) , ( 277 , 281 ) ( A023200 , A046132 ) Cuban primes ( edit ) Of the form x 3 − y 3 x − y , ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( x ^ ( 3 ) - y ^ ( 3 ) ) ( x-y ) ) , ) x = y + 1 . 7 , 19 , 37 , 61 , 127 , 271 , 331 , 397 , 547 , 631 , 919 , 1657 , 1801 , 1951 , 2269 , 2437 , 2791 , 3169 , 3571 , 4219 , 4447 , 5167 , 5419 , 6211 , 7057 , 7351 , 8269 , 9241 , 10267 , 11719 , 12097 , 13267 , 13669 , 16651 , 19441 , 19927 , 22447 , 23497 , 24571 , 25117 , 26227 , 27361 , 33391 , 35317 ( A002407 ) Of the form x 3 − y 3 x − y , ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( x ^ ( 3 ) - y ^ ( 3 ) ) ( x-y ) ) , ) x = y + 2 . 13 , 109 , 193 , 433 , 769 , 1201 , 1453 , 2029 , 3469 , 3889 , 4801 , 10093 , 12289 , 13873 , 18253 , 20173 , 21169 , 22189 , 28813 , 37633 , 43201 , 47629 , 60493 , 63949 , 65713 , 69313 , 73009 , 76801 , 84673 , 106033 , 108301 , 112909 , 115249 ( A002648 ) Cullen primes ( edit ) Of the form n × 2 + 1 . 3 , 393050634124102232869567034555427371542904833 ( A050920 ) Dihedral primes ( edit ) Primes that remain prime when read upside down or mirrored in a seven - segment display . 2 , 5 , 11 , 101 , 181 , 1181 , 1811 , 18181 , 108881 , 110881 , 118081 , 120121 , 121021 , 121151 , 150151 , 151051 , 151121 , 180181 , 180811 , 181081 ( A134996 ) Double factorial primes ( edit ) Of the form n ! ! + 1 . Values of n : 0 , 1 , 2 , 518 , 33416 , 37310 , 52608 ( A080778 ) Note that n = 0 and n = 1 produce the same prime , namely 2 . Of the form n ! ! − 1 . Values of n : 3 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 16 , 26 , 64 , 82 , 90 , 118 , 194 , 214 , 728 , 842 , 888 , 2328 , 3326 , 6404 , 8670 , 9682 , 27056 , 44318 ( A007749 ) Double Mersenne primes ( edit ) A subset of Mersenne primes of the form 2 − 1 for prime p . 7 , 127 , 2147483647 , 170141183460469231731687303715884105727 ( primes in A077586 ) As of June 2017 , these are the only known double Mersenne primes , and number theorists think these are probably the only double Mersenne primes . Eisenstein primes without imaginary part ( edit ) Eisenstein integers that are irreducible and real numbers ( primes of the form 3n − 1 ) . 2 , 5 , 11 , 17 , 23 , 29 , 41 , 47 , 53 , 59 , 71 , 83 , 89 , 101 , 107 , 113 , 131 , 137 , 149 , 167 , 173 , 179 , 191 , 197 , 227 , 233 , 239 , 251 , 257 , 263 , 269 , 281 , 293 , 311 , 317 , 347 , 353 , 359 , 383 , 389 , 401 ( A003627 ) Emirps ( edit ) Primes that become a different prime when their decimal digits are reversed . The name `` emirp '' is obtained by reversing the word `` prime '' . 13 , 17 , 31 , 37 , 71 , 73 , 79 , 97 , 107 , 113 , 149 , 157 , 167 , 179 , 199 , 311 , 337 , 347 , 359 , 389 , 701 , 709 , 733 , 739 , 743 , 751 , 761 , 769 , 907 , 937 , 941 , 953 , 967 , 971 , 983 , 991 ( A006567 ) Euclid primes ( edit ) Of the form p # + 1 ( a subset of primorial primes ) . 3 , 7 , 31 , 211 , 2311 , 200560490131 ( A018239 ) Euler irregular primes ( edit ) A prime p ( \ displaystyle p ) that divides Euler number E 2 n ( \ displaystyle E_ ( 2n ) ) for some 0 ≤ 2 n ≤ p − 3 ( \ displaystyle 0 \ leq 2n \ leq p - 3 ) . 19 , 31 , 43 , 47 , 61 , 67 , 71 , 79 , 101 , 137 , 139 , 149 , 193 , 223 , 241 , 251 , 263 , 277 , 307 , 311 , 349 , 353 , 359 , 373 , 379 , 419 , 433 , 461 , 463 , 491 , 509 , 541 , 563 , 571 , 577 , 587 ( A120337 ) Euler ( p , p − 3 ) irregular primes ( edit ) Primes p ( \ displaystyle p ) such that ( p , p − 3 ) ( \ displaystyle ( p , p - 3 ) ) is an Euler irregular pair . 149 , 241 , 2946901 ( A198245 ) Even primes ( edit ) Of the form 2n . The only even prime is 2 . It is therefore sometimes called `` the oddest prime '' as a pun on the non-mathematical meaning of `` odd '' . Factorial primes ( edit ) Of the form n ! − 1 or n ! + 1 . 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 23 , 719 , 5039 , 39916801 , 479001599 , 87178291199 , 10888869450418352160768000001 , 265252859812191058636308479999999 , 263130836933693530167218012159999999 , 8683317618811886495518194401279999999 ( A088054 ) Fermat primes ( edit ) Of the form 2 + 1 . 3 , 5 , 17 , 257 , 65537 ( A019434 ) As of April 2017 these are the only known Fermat primes , and conjecturally the only Fermat primes . Fibonacci primes ( edit ) Primes in the Fibonacci sequence F = 0 , F = 1 , F = F + F . 2 , 3 , 5 , 13 , 89 , 233 , 1597 , 28657 , 514229 , 433494437 , 2971215073 , 99194853094755497 , 1066340417491710595814572169 , 19134702400093278081449423917 ( A005478 ) Fortunate primes ( edit ) Fortunate numbers that are prime ( it has been conjectured they all are ) . 3 , 5 , 7 , 13 , 17 , 19 , 23 , 37 , 47 , 59 , 61 , 67 , 71 , 79 , 89 , 101 , 103 , 107 , 109 , 127 , 151 , 157 , 163 , 167 , 191 , 197 , 199 , 223 , 229 , 233 , 239 , 271 , 277 , 283 , 293 , 307 , 311 , 313 , 331 , 353 , 373 , 379 , 383 , 397 ( A046066 ) Gaussian primes ( edit ) Prime elements of the Gaussian integers ( primes of the form 4n + 3 ) . 3 , 7 , 11 , 19 , 23 , 31 , 43 , 47 , 59 , 67 , 71 , 79 , 83 , 103 , 107 , 127 , 131 , 139 , 151 , 163 , 167 , 179 , 191 , 199 , 211 , 223 , 227 , 239 , 251 , 263 , 271 , 283 , 307 , 311 , 331 , 347 , 359 , 367 , 379 , 383 , 419 , 431 , 439 , 443 , 463 , 467 , 479 , 487 , 491 , 499 , 503 ( A002145 ) Generalized Fermat primes ( edit ) Of the form a + 1 for fixed integer a . a = 2 : 3 , 5 , 17 , 257 , 65537 ( A019434 ) a = 4 : 5 , 17 , 257 , 65537 a = 6 : 7 , 37 , 1297 a = 8 : ( does not exist ) a = 10 : 11 , 101 a = 12 : 13 a = 14 : 197 a = 16 : 17 , 257 , 65537 a = 18 : 19 a = 20 : 401 , 160001 a = 22 : 23 a = 24 : 577 , 331777 As of April 2017 these are the only known generalized Fermat primes for a ≤ 24 . Generalized repunit primes ( edit ) Of the form ( a − 1 ) / ( a − 1 ) for fixed integer a . a = 2 : 3 , 7 , 31 , 127 , 8191 , 131071 , 524287 , 2147483647 , 2305843009213693951 , 618970019642690137449562111 , 162259276829213363391578010288127 ( A000668 ) a = 3 : 13 , 1093 , 797161 , 3754733257489862401973357979128773 , 6957596529882152968992225251835887181478451547013 ( A076481 ) a = 4 : 5 ( the only prime for a = 4 ) a = 5 : 31 , 19531 , 12207031 , 305175781 , 177635683940025046467781066894531 , 14693679385278593849609206715278070972733319459651094018859396328480215743184089660644531 ( A086122 ) a = 6 : 7 , 43 , 55987 , 7369130657357778596659 , 3546245297457217493590449191748546458005595187661976371 ( A165210 ) a = 7 : 2801 , 16148168401 , 85053461164796801949539541639542805770666392330682673302530819774105141531698707146930307290253537320447270457 a = 8 : 73 ( the only prime for a = 8 ) a = 9 : ( does not exist ) a = 10 : 11 , 1111111111111111111 , 11111111111111111111111 ( A004022 ) a = 11 : 50544702849929377 , 6115909044841454629 , 1051153199500053598403188407217590190707671147285551702341089650185945215953 a = 12 : 13 , 157 , 22621 , 29043636306420266077 , 43570062353753446053455610056679740005056966111842089407838902783209959981593077811330507328327968191581 Genocchi primes ( edit ) 17 The only positive prime Genocchi number is 17 . If negative primes are allowed , then the only other one is - 3 . Gilda 's primes ( edit ) Gilda 's numbers that are prime . A number n is a Gilda 's number , if when a Fibonacci sequence is formed with the first term equal to the absolute value of the successive differences between consecutive digits of n and the second term equal to the sum of the decimal digits of n , n itself appears as a term in this Fibonacci sequence . 29 , 683 , 997 , 2207 , 30571351 ( A046850 ; another entry A135995 is erroneous ) Good primes ( edit ) Primes p for which p > p p for all 1 ≤ i ≤ n − 1 , where p is the nth prime . 5 , 11 , 17 , 29 , 37 , 41 , 53 , 59 , 67 , 71 , 97 , 101 , 127 , 149 , 179 , 191 , 223 , 227 , 251 , 257 , 269 , 307 ( A028388 ) Happy primes ( edit ) Happy numbers that are prime . 7 , 13 , 19 , 23 , 31 , 79 , 97 , 103 , 109 , 139 , 167 , 193 , 239 , 263 , 293 , 313 , 331 , 367 , 379 , 383 , 397 , 409 , 487 , 563 , 617 , 653 , 673 , 683 , 709 , 739 , 761 , 863 , 881 , 907 , 937 , 1009 , 1033 , 1039 , 1093 ( A035497 ) Harmonic primes ( edit ) Primes p for which there are no solutions to H ≡ 0 ( mod p ) and H ≡ − ω ( mod p ) for 1 ≤ k ≤ p − 2 , where H denotes the k - th harmonic number and ω denotes the Wolstenholme quotient . 5 , 13 , 17 , 23 , 41 , 67 , 73 , 79 , 107 , 113 , 139 , 149 , 157 , 179 , 191 , 193 , 223 , 239 , 241 , 251 , 263 , 277 , 281 , 293 , 307 , 311 , 317 , 331 , 337 , 349 ( A092101 ) Higgs primes for squares ( edit ) Primes p for which p − 1 divides the square of the product of all earlier terms . 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 11 , 13 , 19 , 23 , 29 , 31 , 37 , 43 , 47 , 53 , 59 , 61 , 67 , 71 , 79 , 101 , 107 , 127 , 131 , 139 , 149 , 151 , 157 , 173 , 181 , 191 , 197 , 199 , 211 , 223 , 229 , 263 , 269 , 277 , 283 , 311 , 317 , 331 , 347 , 349 ( A007459 ) Highly cototient primes ( edit ) Primes that are a cototient more often than any integer below it except 1 . 2 , 23 , 47 , 59 , 83 , 89 , 113 , 167 , 269 , 389 , 419 , 509 , 659 , 839 , 1049 , 1259 , 1889 ( A105440 ) Irregular primes ( edit ) Odd primes p that divide the class number of the p - th cyclotomic field . 37 , 59 , 67 , 101 , 103 , 131 , 149 , 157 , 233 , 257 , 263 , 271 , 283 , 293 , 307 , 311 , 347 , 353 , 379 , 389 , 401 , 409 , 421 , 433 , 461 , 463 , 467 , 491 , 523 , 541 , 547 , 557 , 577 , 587 , 593 , 607 , 613 ( A000928 ) ( P , p − 5 ) irregular primes ( edit ) Primes p such that ( p , p − 5 ) is an irregular pair . 37 ( P , p − 9 ) irregular primes ( edit ) Primes p such that ( p , p − 9 ) is an irregular pair . 67 , 877 ( A212557 ) Isolated primes ( edit ) Primes p such that neither p − 2 nor p + 2 is prime . 2 , 23 , 37 , 47 , 53 , 67 , 79 , 83 , 89 , 97 , 113 , 127 , 131 , 157 , 163 , 167 , 173 , 211 , 223 , 233 , 251 , 257 , 263 , 277 , 293 , 307 , 317 , 331 , 337 , 353 , 359 , 367 , 373 , 379 , 383 , 389 , 397 , 401 , 409 , 439 , 443 , 449 , 457 , 467 , 479 , 487 , 491 , 499 , 503 , 509 , 541 , 547 , 557 , 563 , 577 , 587 , 593 , 607 , 613 , 631 , 647 , 653 , 673 , 677 , 683 , 691 , 701 , 709 , 719 , 727 , 733 , 739 , 743 , 751 , 757 , 761 , 769 , 773 , 787 , 797 , 839 , 853 , 863 , 877 , 887 , 907 , 911 , 919 , 929 , 937 , 941 , 947 , 953 , 967 , 971 , 977 , 983 , 991 , 997 ( A007510 ) Kynea primes ( edit ) Of the form ( 2 + 1 ) − 2 . 2 , 7 , 23 , 79 , 1087 , 66047 , 263167 , 16785407 , 1073807359 , 17180131327 , 68720001023 , 4398050705407 , 70368760954879 , 18014398777917439 , 18446744082299486207 ( A091514 ) Left - truncatable primes ( edit ) See also : § Right - truncatable primes , and § Two - sided primes Primes that remain prime when the leading decimal digit is successively removed . 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 13 , 17 , 23 , 37 , 43 , 47 , 53 , 67 , 73 , 83 , 97 , 113 , 137 , 167 , 173 , 197 , 223 , 283 , 313 , 317 , 337 , 347 , 353 , 367 , 373 , 383 , 397 , 443 , 467 , 523 , 547 , 613 , 617 , 643 , 647 , 653 , 673 , 683 ( A024785 ) Leyland primes ( edit ) Of the form x + y , with 1 < x ≤ y . 17 , 593 , 32993 , 2097593 , 8589935681 , 59604644783353249 , 523347633027360537213687137 , 43143988327398957279342419750374600193 ( A094133 ) Long primes ( edit ) Primes p for which , in a given base b , b p − 1 − 1 p ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( b ^ ( p - 1 ) - 1 ) ( p ) ) ) gives a cyclic number . They are also called full reptend primes . Primes p for base 10 : 7 , 17 , 19 , 23 , 29 , 47 , 59 , 61 , 97 , 109 , 113 , 131 , 149 , 167 , 179 , 181 , 193 , 223 , 229 , 233 , 257 , 263 , 269 , 313 , 337 , 367 , 379 , 383 , 389 , 419 , 433 , 461 , 487 , 491 , 499 , 503 , 509 , 541 , 571 , 577 , 593 ( A001913 ) Lucas primes ( edit ) Primes in the Lucas number sequence L = 2 , L = 1 , L = L + L . 2 , 3 , 7 , 11 , 29 , 47 , 199 , 521 , 2207 , 3571 , 9349 , 3010349 , 54018521 , 370248451 , 6643838879 , 119218851371 , 5600748293801 , 688846502588399 , 32361122672259149 ( A005479 ) Lucky primes ( edit ) Lucky numbers that are prime . 3 , 7 , 13 , 31 , 37 , 43 , 67 , 73 , 79 , 127 , 151 , 163 , 193 , 211 , 223 , 241 , 283 , 307 , 331 , 349 , 367 , 409 , 421 , 433 , 463 , 487 , 541 , 577 , 601 , 613 , 619 , 631 , 643 , 673 , 727 , 739 , 769 , 787 , 823 , 883 , 937 , 991 , 997 ( A031157 ) Markov primes ( edit ) Primes p for which there exist integers x and y such that x + y + p = 3xyp . 2 , 5 , 13 , 29 , 89 , 233 , 433 , 1597 , 2897 , 5741 , 7561 , 28657 , 33461 , 43261 , 96557 , 426389 , 514229 , 1686049 , 2922509 , 3276509 , 94418953 , 321534781 , 433494437 , 780291637 , 1405695061 , 2971215073 , 19577194573 , 25209506681 ( primes in A002559 ) Mersenne primes ( edit ) Of the form 2 − 1 . 3 , 7 , 31 , 127 , 8191 , 131071 , 524287 , 2147483647 , 2305843009213693951 , 618970019642690137449562111 , 162259276829213363391578010288127 , 170141183460469231731687303715884105727 ( A000668 ) As of 2018 , there are 50 known Mersenne primes . The 13th , 14th , and 50th have respectively 157 , 183 , and 23,249,425 digits . Mersenne prime exponents ( edit ) Primes p such that 2 − 1 is prime . 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 13 , 17 , 19 , 31 , 61 , 89 , 107 , 127 , 521 , 607 , 1279 , 2203 , 2281 , 3217 , 4253 , 4423 , 9689 , 9941 , 11213 , 19937 , 21701 , 23209 , 44497 , 86243 , 110503 , 132049 , 216091 , 756839 , 859433 , 1257787 , 1398269 , 2976221 , 3021377 , 6972593 , 13466917 , 20996011 , 24036583 , 25964951 , 30402457 , 32582657 , 37156667 ( A000043 ) As of January 2018 five more are known to be in the sequence , but it is not known whether they are the next : 42643801 , 43112609 , 57885161 , 74207281 , 77232917 Mills primes ( edit ) Of the form ⌊ θ ⌋ , where θ is Mills ' constant . This form is prime for all positive integers n . 2 , 11 , 1361 , 2521008887 , 16022236204009818131831320183 ( A051254 ) Minimal primes ( edit ) Primes for which there is no shorter sub-sequence of the decimal digits that form a prime . There are exactly 26 minimal primes : 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 11 , 19 , 41 , 61 , 89 , 409 , 449 , 499 , 881 , 991 , 6469 , 6949 , 9001 , 9049 , 9649 , 9949 , 60649 , 666649 , 946669 , 60000049 , 66000049 , 66600049 ( A071062 ) Motzkin primes ( edit ) Primes that are the number of different ways of drawing non-intersecting chords on a circle between n points . 2 , 127 , 15511 , 953467954114363 ( A092832 ) Newman - Shanks - Williams primes ( edit ) Newman -- Shanks -- Williams numbers that are prime . 7 , 41 , 239 , 9369319 , 63018038201 , 489133282872437279 , 19175002942688032928599 ( A088165 ) Non-generous primes ( edit ) Primes p for which the least positive primitive root is not a primitive root of p . 2 , 40487 , 6692367337 ( A055578 ) Odd primes ( edit ) Of the form 2n + 1 . 3 , 5 , 7 , 11 , 13 , 17 , 19 , 23 , 29 , 31 , 37 , 41 , 43 , 47 , 53 , 59 , 61 , 67 , 71 , 73 , 79 , 83 , 89 , 97 , 101 , 103 , 107 , 109 , 113 , 127 , 131 , 137 , 139 , 149 , 151 , 157 , 163 , 167 , 173 , 179 , 181 , 191 , 193 , 197 , 199 ... ( A065091 ) All prime numbers except 2 are odd . Padovan primes ( edit ) Primes in the Padovan sequence P ( 0 ) = P ( 1 ) = P ( 2 ) = 1 , P ( n ) = P ( n − 2 ) + P ( n − 3 ) . 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 37 , 151 , 3329 , 23833 , 13091204281 , 3093215881333057 , 1363005552434666078217421284621279933627102780881053358473 ( A100891 ) Palindromic primes ( edit ) Primes that remain the same when their decimal digits are read backwards . 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 11 , 101 , 131 , 151 , 181 , 191 , 313 , 353 , 373 , 383 , 727 , 757 , 787 , 797 , 919 , 929 , 10301 , 10501 , 10601 , 11311 , 11411 , 12421 , 12721 , 12821 , 13331 , 13831 , 13931 , 14341 , 14741 ( A002385 ) Palindromic wing primes ( edit ) Primes of the form a ( 10 m − 1 ) 9 ± b × 10 m − 1 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( a ( \ big ( ) 10 ^ ( m ) - 1 ( \ big ) ) ) ( 9 ) ) \ pm b \ times 10 ^ ( \ frac ( m - 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ) with 0 ≤ a ± b < 10 ( \ displaystyle 0 \ leq a \ pm b < 10 ) . This means all digits except the middle digit are equal . 101 , 131 , 151 , 181 , 191 , 313 , 353 , 373 , 383 , 727 , 757 , 787 , 797 , 919 , 929 , 11311 , 11411 , 33533 , 77377 , 77477 , 77977 , 1114111 , 1117111 , 3331333 , 3337333 , 7772777 , 7774777 , 7778777 , 111181111 , 111191111 , 777767777 , 77777677777 , 99999199999 ( A077798 ) Partition primes ( edit ) Partition function values that are prime . 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 11 , 101 , 17977 , 10619863 , 6620830889 , 80630964769 , 228204732751 , 1171432692373 , 1398341745571 , 10963707205259 , 15285151248481 , 10657331232548839 , 790738119649411319 , 18987964267331664557 ( A049575 ) Pell primes ( edit ) Primes in the Pell number sequence P = 0 , P = 1 , P = 2P + P . 2 , 5 , 29 , 5741 , 33461 , 44560482149 , 1746860020068409 , 68480406462161287469 , 13558774610046711780701 , 4125636888562548868221559797461449 ( A086383 ) Permutable primes ( edit ) Any permutation of the decimal digits is a prime . 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 11 , 13 , 17 , 31 , 37 , 71 , 73 , 79 , 97 , 113 , 131 , 199 , 311 , 337 , 373 , 733 , 919 , 991 , 1111111111111111111 , 11111111111111111111111 ( A003459 ) It seems likely that all further permutable primes are repunits , i.e. contain only the digit 1 . Perrin primes ( edit ) Primes in the Perrin number sequence P ( 0 ) = 3 , P ( 1 ) = 0 , P ( 2 ) = 2 , P ( n ) = P ( n − 2 ) + P ( n − 3 ) . 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 17 , 29 , 277 , 367 , 853 , 14197 , 43721 , 1442968193 , 792606555396977 , 187278659180417234321 , 66241160488780141071579864797 ( A074788 ) Pierpont primes ( edit ) Of the form 2 3 + 1 for some integers u , v ≥ 0 . These are also class 1 - primes . 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 13 , 17 , 19 , 37 , 73 , 97 , 109 , 163 , 193 , 257 , 433 , 487 , 577 , 769 , 1153 , 1297 , 1459 , 2593 , 2917 , 3457 , 3889 , 10369 , 12289 , 17497 , 18433 , 39367 , 52489 , 65537 , 139969 , 147457 ( A005109 ) Pillai primes ( edit ) Primes p for which there exist n > 0 such that p divides n ! + 1 and n does not divide p − 1 . 23 , 29 , 59 , 61 , 67 , 71 , 79 , 83 , 109 , 137 , 139 , 149 , 193 , 227 , 233 , 239 , 251 , 257 , 269 , 271 , 277 , 293 , 307 , 311 , 317 , 359 , 379 , 383 , 389 , 397 , 401 , 419 , 431 , 449 , 461 , 463 , 467 , 479 , 499 ( A063980 ) Primes of the form n + 1 ( edit ) Of the form n + 1 . 2 , 17 , 257 , 1297 , 65537 , 160001 , 331777 , 614657 , 1336337 , 4477457 , 5308417 , 8503057 , 9834497 , 29986577 , 40960001 , 45212177 , 59969537 , 65610001 , 126247697 , 193877777 , 303595777 , 384160001 , 406586897 , 562448657 , 655360001 ( A037896 ) Primeval primes ( edit ) Primes for which there are more prime permutations of some or all the decimal digits than for any smaller number . 2 , 13 , 37 , 107 , 113 , 137 , 1013 , 1237 , 1367 , 10079 ( A119535 ) Primorial primes ( edit ) Of the form p # ± 1 . 3 , 5 , 7 , 29 , 31 , 211 , 2309 , 2311 , 30029 , 200560490131 , 304250263527209 , 23768741896345550770650537601358309 ( union of A057705 and A018239 ) Proth primes ( edit ) Of the form k × 2 + 1 , with odd k and k < 2 . 3 , 5 , 13 , 17 , 41 , 97 , 113 , 193 , 241 , 257 , 353 , 449 , 577 , 641 , 673 , 769 , 929 , 1153 , 1217 , 1409 , 1601 , 2113 , 2689 , 2753 , 3137 , 3329 , 3457 , 4481 , 4993 , 6529 , 7297 , 7681 , 7937 , 9473 , 9601 , 9857 ( A080076 ) Pythagorean primes ( edit ) Of the form 4n + 1 . 5 , 13 , 17 , 29 , 37 , 41 , 53 , 61 , 73 , 89 , 97 , 101 , 109 , 113 , 137 , 149 , 157 , 173 , 181 , 193 , 197 , 229 , 233 , 241 , 257 , 269 , 277 , 281 , 293 , 313 , 317 , 337 , 349 , 353 , 373 , 389 , 397 , 401 , 409 , 421 , 433 , 449 ( A002144 ) Prime quadruplets ( edit ) See also : § Cousin primes , § Twin primes , and § Prime triplets Where ( p , p + 2 , p + 6 , p + 8 ) are all prime . ( 5 , 7 , 11 , 13 ) , ( 11 , 13 , 17 , 19 ) , ( 101 , 103 , 107 , 109 ) , ( 191 , 193 , 197 , 199 ) , ( 821 , 823 , 827 , 829 ) , ( 1481 , 1483 , 1487 , 1489 ) , ( 1871 , 1873 , 1877 , 1879 ) , ( 2081 , 2083 , 2087 , 2089 ) , ( 3251 , 3253 , 3257 , 3259 ) , ( 3461 , 3463 , 3467 , 3469 ) , ( 5651 , 5653 , 5657 , 5659 ) , ( 9431 , 9433 , 9437 , 9439 ) ( A007530 , A136720 , A136721 , A090258 ) Primes of binary quadratic form ( edit ) Of the form x + xy + 2y , with non-negative integers x and y . 2 , 11 , 23 , 37 , 43 , 53 , 71 , 79 , 107 , 109 , 127 , 137 , 149 , 151 , 163 , 193 , 197 , 211 , 233 , 239 , 263 , 281 , 317 , 331 , 337 , 373 , 389 , 401 , 421 , 431 , 443 , 463 , 487 , 491 , 499 , 541 , 547 , 557 , 569 , 599 , 613 , 617 , 641 , 653 , 659 , 673 , 683 , 739 , 743 , 751 , 757 , 809 , 821 ( A106856 ) Quartan primes ( edit ) Of the form x + y , where x , y > 0 . 2 , 17 , 97 , 257 , 337 , 641 , 881 ( A002645 ) Ramanujan primes ( edit ) Integers R that are the smallest to give at least n primes from x / 2 to x for all x ≥ R ( all such integers are primes ) . 2 , 11 , 17 , 29 , 41 , 47 , 59 , 67 , 71 , 97 , 101 , 107 , 127 , 149 , 151 , 167 , 179 , 181 , 227 , 229 , 233 , 239 , 241 , 263 , 269 , 281 , 307 , 311 , 347 , 349 , 367 , 373 , 401 , 409 , 419 , 431 , 433 , 439 , 461 , 487 , 491 ( A104272 ) Regular primes ( edit ) Primes p that do not divide the class number of the p - th cyclotomic field . 3 , 5 , 7 , 11 , 13 , 17 , 19 , 23 , 29 , 31 , 41 , 43 , 47 , 53 , 61 , 71 , 73 , 79 , 83 , 89 , 97 , 107 , 109 , 113 , 127 , 137 , 139 , 151 , 163 , 167 , 173 , 179 , 181 , 191 , 193 , 197 , 199 , 211 , 223 , 227 , 229 , 239 , 241 , 251 , 269 , 277 , 281 ( A007703 ) Repunit primes ( edit ) Primes containing only the decimal digit 1 . 11 , 1111111111111111111 , 11111111111111111111111 ( A004022 ) The next have 317 and 1,031 digits . Primes in residue classes ( edit ) Of the form an + d for fixed integers a and d . Also called primes congruent to d modulo a . Three cases have their own entry : 2n + 1 are the odd primes , 4n + 1 are Pythagorean primes , 4n + 3 are the integer Gaussian primes . 2n + 1 : 3 , 5 , 7 , 11 , 13 , 17 , 19 , 23 , 29 , 31 , 37 , 41 , 43 , 47 , 53 ( A065091 ) 4n + 1 : 5 , 13 , 17 , 29 , 37 , 41 , 53 , 61 , 73 , 89 , 97 , 101 , 109 , 113 , 137 ( A002144 ) 4n + 3 : 3 , 7 , 11 , 19 , 23 , 31 , 43 , 47 , 59 , 67 , 71 , 79 , 83 , 103 , 107 ( A002145 ) 6n + 1 : 7 , 13 , 19 , 31 , 37 , 43 , 61 , 67 , 73 , 79 , 97 , 103 , 109 , 127 , 139 ( A002476 ) 6n + 5 : 5 , 11 , 17 , 23 , 29 , 41 , 47 , 53 , 59 , 71 , 83 , 89 , 101 , 107 , 113 ( A007528 ) 8n + 1 : 17 , 41 , 73 , 89 , 97 , 113 , 137 , 193 , 233 , 241 , 257 , 281 , 313 , 337 , 353 ( A007519 ) 8n + 3 : 3 , 11 , 19 , 43 , 59 , 67 , 83 , 107 , 131 , 139 , 163 , 179 , 211 , 227 , 251 ( A007520 ) 8n + 5 : 5 , 13 , 29 , 37 , 53 , 61 , 101 , 109 , 149 , 157 , 173 , 181 , 197 , 229 , 269 ( A007521 ) 8n + 7 : 7 , 23 , 31 , 47 , 71 , 79 , 103 , 127 , 151 , 167 , 191 , 199 , 223 , 239 , 263 ( A007522 ) 10n + 1 : 11 , 31 , 41 , 61 , 71 , 101 , 131 , 151 , 181 , 191 , 211 , 241 , 251 , 271 , 281 ( A030430 ) 10n + 3 : 3 , 13 , 23 , 43 , 53 , 73 , 83 , 103 , 113 , 163 , 173 , 193 , 223 , 233 , 263 ( A030431 ) 10n + 7 : 7 , 17 , 37 , 47 , 67 , 97 , 107 , 127 , 137 , 157 , 167 , 197 , 227 , 257 , 277 ( A030432 ) 10n + 9 : 19 , 29 , 59 , 79 , 89 , 109 , 139 , 149 , 179 , 199 , 229 , 239 , 269 , 349 , 359 ( A030433 ) 12n + 1 : 13 , 37 , 61 , 73 , 97 , 109 , 157 , 181 , 193 , 229 , 241 , 277 , 313 , 337 , 349 ( A068228 ) 12n + 5 : 5 , 17 , 29 , 41 , 53 , 89 , 101 , 113 , 137 , 149 , 173 , 197 , 233 , 257 , 269 ( A040117 ) 12n + 7 : 7 , 19 , 31 , 43 , 67 , 79 , 103 , 127 , 139 , 151 , 163 , 199 , 211 , 223 , 271 ( A068229 ) 12n + 11 : 11 , 23 , 47 , 59 , 71 , 83 , 107 , 131 , 167 , 179 , 191 , 227 , 239 , 251 , 263 ( A068231 ) ... 10n+d ( d = 1 , 3 , 7 , 9 ) are primes ending in the decimal digit d . Right - truncatable primes ( edit ) See also : § Left - truncatable primes , and § Two - sided primes Primes that remain prime when the last decimal digit is successively removed . 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 23 , 29 , 31 , 37 , 53 , 59 , 71 , 73 , 79 , 233 , 239 , 293 , 311 , 313 , 317 , 373 , 379 , 593 , 599 , 719 , 733 , 739 , 797 , 2333 , 2339 , 2393 , 2399 , 2939 , 3119 , 3137 , 3733 , 3739 , 3793 , 3797 ( A024770 ) Safe primes ( edit ) Where p and ( p − 1 ) / 2 are both prime . 5 , 7 , 11 , 23 , 47 , 59 , 83 , 107 , 167 , 179 , 227 , 263 , 347 , 359 , 383 , 467 , 479 , 503 , 563 , 587 , 719 , 839 , 863 , 887 , 983 , 1019 , 1187 , 1283 , 1307 , 1319 , 1367 , 1439 , 1487 , 1523 , 1619 , 1823 , 1907 ( A005385 ) Self primes in base 10 ( edit ) Primes that can not be generated by any integer added to the sum of its decimal digits . 3 , 5 , 7 , 31 , 53 , 97 , 211 , 233 , 277 , 367 , 389 , 457 , 479 , 547 , 569 , 613 , 659 , 727 , 839 , 883 , 929 , 1021 , 1087 , 1109 , 1223 , 1289 , 1447 , 1559 , 1627 , 1693 , 1783 , 1873 ( A006378 ) Sexy primes ( edit ) Where ( p , p + 6 ) are both prime . ( 5 , 11 ) , ( 7 , 13 ) , ( 11 , 17 ) , ( 13 , 19 ) , ( 17 , 23 ) , ( 23 , 29 ) , ( 31 , 37 ) , ( 37 , 43 ) , ( 41 , 47 ) , ( 47 , 53 ) , ( 53 , 59 ) , ( 61 , 67 ) , ( 67 , 73 ) , ( 73 , 79 ) , ( 83 , 89 ) , ( 97 , 103 ) , ( 101 , 107 ) , ( 103 , 109 ) , ( 107 , 113 ) , ( 131 , 137 ) , ( 151 , 157 ) , ( 157 , 163 ) , ( 167 , 173 ) , ( 173 , 179 ) , ( 191 , 197 ) , ( 193 , 199 ) ( A023201 , A046117 ) Smarandache primes ( edit ) Primes that are the concatenation of the first n number written in decimal . As of April 2017 , no Smarandache primes are known , and if exist , the smallest one must be with n > 200000 . Smarandache -- Wellin primes ( edit ) Primes that are the concatenation of the first n primes written in decimal . 2 , 23 , 2357 ( A069151 ) The fourth Smarandache - Wellin prime is the 355 - digit concatenation of the first 128 primes that end with 719 . Solinas primes ( edit ) Of the form 2 ± 2 ± 1 , where 0 < b < a . 3 , 5 , 7 , 11 , 13 ( A165255 ) Sophie germain primes ( edit ) Where p and 2p + 1 are both prime . 2 , 3 , 5 , 11 , 23 , 29 , 41 , 53 , 83 , 89 , 113 , 131 , 173 , 179 , 191 , 233 , 239 , 251 , 281 , 293 , 359 , 419 , 431 , 443 , 491 , 509 , 593 , 641 , 653 , 659 , 683 , 719 , 743 , 761 , 809 , 911 , 953 ( A005384 ) Star primes ( edit ) Of the form 6n ( n − 1 ) + 1 . 13 , 37 , 73 , 181 , 337 , 433 , 541 , 661 , 937 , 1093 , 2053 , 2281 , 2521 , 3037 , 3313 , 5581 , 5953 , 6337 , 6733 , 7561 , 7993 , 8893 , 10333 , 10837 , 11353 , 12421 , 12973 , 13537 , 15913 , 18481 ( A083577 ) Stern primes ( edit ) Primes that are not the sum of a smaller prime and twice the square of a nonzero integer . 2 , 3 , 17 , 137 , 227 , 977 , 1187 , 1493 ( A042978 ) As of 2011 , these are the only known Stern primes , and possibly the only existing . Super-primes ( edit ) Primes with a prime index in the sequence of prime numbers ( the 2nd , 3rd , 5th , ... prime ) . 3 , 5 , 11 , 17 , 31 , 41 , 59 , 67 , 83 , 109 , 127 , 157 , 179 , 191 , 211 , 241 , 277 , 283 , 331 , 353 , 367 , 401 , 431 , 461 , 509 , 547 , 563 , 587 , 599 , 617 , 709 , 739 , 773 , 797 , 859 , 877 , 919 , 967 , 991 ( A006450 ) Supersingular primes ( edit ) There are exactly fifteen supersingular primes : 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 11 , 13 , 17 , 19 , 23 , 29 , 31 , 41 , 47 , 59 , 71 ( A002267 ) Swinging primes ( edit ) Primes of the form n ≀ ± 1 ( \ displaystyle n \ wr \ pm 1 ) , where n ≀ ( \ displaystyle n \ wr ) denotes the swinging factorial , which is defined in terms of the double swinging factorial as n ≀ = ( n − 1 ) ≀ ≀ n ≀ ≀ ( \ displaystyle n \ wr = ( n - 1 ) \ wr \ wr n \ wr \ wr ) and n ≀ ≀ = ( 1 n ⩽ 0 ( n − 2 ) ≀ ≀ n ( n odd ) ( 4 / n ) ( n even ) n > 0 ( \ displaystyle n \ wr \ wr = ( \ begin ( cases ) 1 \ qquad \ qquad \ qquad \ qquad \ qquad \ qquad \ quad \ n \ leqslant 0 \ \ ( n - 2 ) \ wr \ wr n ^ ( ( \ big ( ) ( \ text ( n odd ) ) ( \ big ) ) ) ( 4 / n ) ^ ( ( \ big ( ) ( \ text ( n even ) ) ( \ big ) ) ) \ quad n > 0 \ end ( cases ) ) ) 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 19 , 29 , 31 , 71 , 139 , 251 , 631 , 3433 , 12011 ( A163074 ) Thabit primes ( edit ) Of the form 3 × 2 − 1 . 2 , 5 , 11 , 23 , 47 , 191 , 383 , 6143 , 786431 , 51539607551 , 824633720831 , 26388279066623 , 108086391056891903 , 55340232221128654847 , 226673591177742970257407 ( A007505 ) The primes of the form 3 × 2 + 1 are related . 7 , 13 , 97 , 193 , 769 , 12289 , 786433 , 3221225473 , 206158430209 , 6597069766657 ( A039687 ) Prime triplets ( edit ) See also : § Cousin primes , § Twin primes , and § Prime quadruplets Where ( p , p + 2 , p + 6 ) or ( p , p + 4 , p + 6 ) are all prime . ( 5 , 7 , 11 ) , ( 7 , 11 , 13 ) , ( 11 , 13 , 17 ) , ( 13 , 17 , 19 ) , ( 17 , 19 , 23 ) , ( 37 , 41 , 43 ) , ( 41 , 43 , 47 ) , ( 67 , 71 , 73 ) , ( 97 , 101 , 103 ) , ( 101 , 103 , 107 ) , ( 103 , 107 , 109 ) , ( 107 , 109 , 113 ) , ( 191 , 193 , 197 ) , ( 193 , 197 , 199 ) , ( 223 , 227 , 229 ) , ( 227 , 229 , 233 ) , ( 277 , 281 , 283 ) , ( 307 , 311 , 313 ) , ( 311 , 313 , 317 ) , ( 347 , 349 , 353 ) ( A007529 , A098414 , A098415 ) Twin primes ( edit ) See also : § Cousin primes , § Prime triplets , and § Prime quadruplets Where ( p , p + 2 ) are both prime . ( 3 , 5 ) , ( 5 , 7 ) , ( 11 , 13 ) , ( 17 , 19 ) , ( 29 , 31 ) , ( 41 , 43 ) , ( 59 , 61 ) , ( 71 , 73 ) , ( 101 , 103 ) , ( 107 , 109 ) , ( 137 , 139 ) , ( 149 , 151 ) , ( 179 , 181 ) , ( 191 , 193 ) , ( 197 , 199 ) , ( 227 , 229 ) , ( 239 , 241 ) , ( 269 , 271 ) , ( 281 , 283 ) , ( 311 , 313 ) , ( 347 , 349 ) , ( 419 , 421 ) , ( 431 , 433 ) , ( 461 , 463 ) ( A001359 , A006512 ) Two - sided primes ( edit ) See also : § Right - truncatable primes , and § Left - truncatable primes Primes that are both left - truncatable and right - truncatable . There are exactly fifteen two - sided primes : 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 23 , 37 , 53 , 73 , 313 , 317 , 373 , 797 , 3137 , 3797 , 739397 ( A020994 ) Ulam primes ( edit ) Ulam numbers that are prime . 2 , 3 , 11 , 13 , 47 , 53 , 97 , 131 , 197 , 241 , 409 , 431 , 607 , 673 , 739 , 751 , 983 , 991 , 1103 , 1433 , 1489 , 1531 , 1553 , 1709 , 1721 , 2371 , 2393 , 2447 , 2633 , 2789 , 2833 , 2897 ( A068820 ) Unique primes ( edit ) The list of primes p for which the period length of the decimal expansion of 1 / p is unique ( no other prime gives the same period ) . 3 , 11 , 37 , 101 , 9091 , 9901 , 333667 , 909091 , 99990001 , 999999000001 , 9999999900000001 , 909090909090909091 , 1111111111111111111 , 11111111111111111111111 , 900900900900990990990991 ( A040017 ) Wagstaff primes ( edit ) Of the form ( 2 + 1 ) / 3 . 3 , 11 , 43 , 683 , 2731 , 43691 , 174763 , 2796203 , 715827883 , 2932031007403 , 768614336404564651 , 201487636602438195784363 , 845100400152152934331135470251 , 56713727820156410577229101238628035243 ( A000979 ) Values of n : 3 , 5 , 7 , 11 , 13 , 17 , 19 , 23 , 31 , 43 , 61 , 79 , 101 , 127 , 167 , 191 , 199 , 313 , 347 , 701 , 1709 , 2617 , 3539 , 5807 , 10501 , 10691 , 11279 , 12391 , 14479 , 42737 , 83339 , 95369 , 117239 , 127031 , 138937 , 141079 , 267017 , 269987 , 374321 ( A000978 ) Wall - Sun - Sun primes ( edit ) A prime p > 5 , if p divides the Fibonacci number F p − ( p 5 ) ( \ displaystyle F_ ( p - \ left ( ( \ frac ( p ) ( 5 ) ) \ right ) ) ) , where the Legendre symbol ( p 5 ) ( \ displaystyle \ left ( ( \ frac ( p ) ( 5 ) ) \ right ) ) is defined as ( p 5 ) = ( 1 if p ≡ ± 1 ( mod 5 ) − 1 if p ≡ ± 2 ( mod 5 ) . ( \ displaystyle \ left ( ( \ frac ( p ) ( 5 ) ) \ right ) = ( \ begin ( cases ) 1& ( \ textrm ( if ) ) \ ; p \ equiv \ pm 1 ( \ pmod ( 5 ) ) \ \ - 1& ( \ textrm ( if ) ) \ ; p \ equiv \ pm 2 ( \ pmod ( 5 ) ). \ end ( cases ) ) ) As of 2015 , no Wall - Sun - Sun primes are known . Wedderburn - Etherington primes ( edit ) Wedderburn - Etherington numbers that are prime . 2 , 3 , 11 , 23 , 983 , 2179 , 24631 , 3626149 , 253450711 , 596572387 ( A136402 ) Weakly prime numbers ( edit ) Primes that having any one of their ( base 10 ) digits changed to any other value will always result in a composite number . 294001 , 505447 , 584141 , 604171 , 971767 , 1062599 , 1282529 , 1524181 , 2017963 , 2474431 , 2690201 , 3085553 , 3326489 , 4393139 ( A050249 ) Wieferich primes ( edit ) Primes p such that a ≡ 1 ( mod p ) for fixed integer a > 1 . 2 ≡ 1 ( mod p ) : 1093 , 3511 ( A001220 ) 3 ≡ 1 ( mod p ) : 11 , 1006003 ( A014127 ) 4 ≡ 1 ( mod p ) : 1093 , 3511 5 ≡ 1 ( mod p ) : 2 , 20771 , 40487 , 53471161 , 1645333507 , 6692367337 , 188748146801 ( A123692 ) 6 ≡ 1 ( mod p ) : 66161 , 534851 , 3152573 ( A212583 ) 7 ≡ 1 ( mod p ) : 5 , 491531 ( A123693 ) 8 ≡ 1 ( mod p ) : 3 , 1093 , 3511 9 ≡ 1 ( mod p ) : 2 , 11 , 1006003 10 ≡ 1 ( mod p ) : 3 , 487 , 56598313 ( A045616 ) 11 ≡ 1 ( mod p ) : 71 12 ≡ 1 ( mod p ) : 2693 , 123653 ( A111027 ) 13 ≡ 1 ( mod p ) : 2 , 863 , 1747591 ( A128667 ) 14 ≡ 1 ( mod p ) : 29 , 353 , 7596952219 ( A234810 ) 15 ≡ 1 ( mod p ) : 29131 , 119327070011 ( A242741 ) 16 ≡ 1 ( mod p ) : 1093 , 3511 17 ≡ 1 ( mod p ) : 2 , 3 , 46021 , 48947 ( A128668 ) 18 ≡ 1 ( mod p ) : 5 , 7 , 37 , 331 , 33923 , 1284043 ( A244260 ) 19 ≡ 1 ( mod p ) : 3 , 7 , 13 , 43 , 137 , 63061489 ( A090968 ) 20 ≡ 1 ( mod p ) : 281 , 46457 , 9377747 , 122959073 ( A242982 ) 21 ≡ 1 ( mod p ) : 2 22 ≡ 1 ( mod p ) : 13 , 673 , 1595813 , 492366587 , 9809862296159 ( A298951 ) 23 ≡ 1 ( mod p ) : 13 , 2481757 , 13703077 , 15546404183 , 2549536629329 ( A128669 ) 24 ≡ 1 ( mod p ) : 5 , 25633 25 ≡ 1 ( mod p ) : 2 , 20771 , 40487 , 53471161 , 1645333507 , 6692367337 , 188748146801 As of 2015 , these are all known Wieferich primes with a ≤ 25 . Wilson primes ( edit ) Primes p for which p divides ( p − 1 ) ! + 1 . 5 , 13 , 563 ( A007540 ) As of 2015 , these are the only known Wilson primes . Wolstenholme primes ( edit ) Primes p for which the binomial coefficient ( 2 p − 1 p − 1 ) ≡ 1 ( mod p 4 ) . ( \ displaystyle ( ( 2p - 1 ) \ choose ( p - 1 ) ) \ equiv 1 ( \ pmod ( p ^ ( 4 ) ) ) . ) 16843 , 2124679 ( A088164 ) As of 2015 , these are the only known Wolstenholme primes . Woodall primes ( edit ) Of the form n × 2 − 1 . 7 , 23 , 383 , 32212254719 , 2833419889721787128217599 , 195845982777569926302400511 , 4776913109852041418248056622882488319 ( A050918 ) See also ( edit ) Illegal prime Largest known prime number List of numbers Prime gap Prime number theorem Probable prime Pseudoprime Strobogrammatic prime Strong prime Wieferich pair References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lehmer , D.N. ( 1982 ) . List of prime numbers from 1 to 10,006,721. 165 . Washington D.C. : Carnegie Institution of Washington . OL16553580M . Archived from the original on 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Tomás Oliveira e Silva , Goldbach conjecture verification Archived 24 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 16 July 2013 Jump up ^ ( sequence A080127 in the OEIS ) Jump up ^ Jens Franke ( 29 July 2010 ) . `` Conditional Calculation of pi ( 10 ) '' . Archived from the original on 24 August 2014 . Retrieved 17 May 2011 . Jump up ^ L. Halbeisen , N. Hungerbühler , Number theoretic aspects of a combinatorial function Archived 15 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : A018239 includes 2 = empty product of first 0 primes plus 1 , but 2 is excluded in this list . Jump up ^ W. , Weisstein , Eric . `` Odd Prime '' . mathworld.wolfram.com . Archived from the original on 21 September 2017 . Retrieved 3 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Weisstein , Eric W. `` Genocchi Number '' . MathWorld . Jump up ^ Russo , F. , A Set of New Samarandache Functions , Sequences and Conjectures in Number Theory ( PDF ) , pp. 73 -- 74 , archived ( PDF ) from the original on 18 July 2011 Jump up ^ Boyd , D.W. ( 1994 ) . `` A p - adic Study of the Partial Sums of the Harmonic Series '' . Experimental Mathematics. 3 ( 4 ) : 287 -- 302 . doi : 10.1080 / 10586458.1994. 10504298 . Zbl 0838.11015 . CiteSeerX : 10.1. 1.56. 7026 . Archived from the original on 27 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , W. ( 1975 ) . `` Irregular Primes and Cyclotomic Invariants '' ( PDF ) . Mathematics of Computation . AMS. 29 ( 129 ) : 113 -- 120 . doi : 10.2307 / 2005468 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 December 2010 . Jump up ^ It varies whether L = 2 is included in the Lucas numbers . Jump up ^ Caldwell , C. ; Dubner , H. ( 1996 -- 97 ) . `` The near repdigit primes A n − k − 1 B 1 A k ( \ displaystyle A_ ( n-k - 1 ) B_ ( 1 ) A_ ( k ) ) , especially 9 n − k − 1 8 1 9 k ( \ displaystyle 9_ ( n-k - 1 ) 8_ ( 1 ) 9_ ( k ) ) `` . Journal of Recreational Mathematics. 28 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Lal , M. ( 1967 ) . `` Primes of the Form n + 1 '' ( PDF ) . Mathematics of Computation . AMS. 21 : 245 -- 247 . doi : 10.1090 / S0025 - 5718 - 1967 - 0222007 - 9 . ISSN 1088 - 6842 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Bohman , J. ( 1973 ) . `` New primes of the form n + 1 '' . BIT Numerical Mathematics . Springer . 13 ( 3 ) : 370 -- 372 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01951947 . ISSN 1572 - 9125 . Jump up ^ Luschny , Swinging factorial Archived 28 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ribenboim , P . The new book of prime number records . New York : Springer - Verlag . p. 347 . ISBN 0 - 387 - 94457 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Mirimanoff 's Congruence : Other Congruences '' . Retrieved 26 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Gallot , Y. ; Moree , P. ; Zudilin , W. ( 2011 ) . `` The Erdös - Moser equation 1 + 2 + ... + ( m − 1 ) = m revisited using continued fractions '' . Mathematics of Computation . American Mathematical Society . 80 : 1221 -- 1237 . arXiv : 0907.1356 . doi : 10.1090 / S0025 - 5718 - 2010 - 02439 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Ribenboim , P. ( 2006 ) . Die Welt der Primzahlen . Berlin : Springer . p. 240 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 34283 - 4 . Archived from the original on 6 November 2012 . External links ( edit ) Lists of Primes at the Prime Pages . The Nth Prime Page Nth prime through n = 10 ^ 12 , pi ( x ) through x = 3 * 10 ^ 13 , Random prime in same range . Prime Numbers List Full list for prime numbers below 10,000,000,000 , partial list for up to 400 digits . Interface to a list of the first 98 million primes ( primes less than 2,000,000,000 ) Weisstein , Eric W. `` Prime Number Sequences '' . MathWorld . Selected prime related sequences in OEIS . Fischer , R. Thema : Fermatquotient B ^ ( P − 1 ) = = 1 ( mod P ^ 2 ) ( in German ) ( Lists Wieferich primes in all bases up to 1052 ) Padilla , Tony . `` New Largest Known Prime Number '' . Numberphile . Brady Haran . ( hide ) Prime number classes By formula Fermat ( 2 + 1 ) Mersenne ( 2 − 1 ) Double Mersenne ( 2 − 1 ) Wagstaff ( 2 + 1 ) / 3 Proth ( k 2 + 1 ) Factorial ( n ! ± 1 ) Primorial ( p # ± 1 ) Euclid ( p # + 1 ) Pythagorean ( 4n + 1 ) Pierpont ( 2 3 + 1 ) Quartan ( x + y ) Solinas ( 2 ± 2 ± 1 ) Cullen ( n 2 + 1 ) Woodall ( n 2 − 1 ) Cuban ( x − y ) / ( x − y ) Carol ( 2 − 1 ) − 2 Kynea ( 2 + 1 ) − 2 Leyland ( x + y ) Thabit ( 3 2 − 1 ) Mills ( ⌊ A ⌋ ) By integer sequence Fibonacci Lucas Pell Newman -- Shanks -- Williams Perrin Partitions Bell Motzkin By property Wieferich ( pair ) Wall -- Sun -- Sun Wolstenholme Wilson Lucky Fortunate Ramanujan Pillai Regular Strong Stern Supersingular ( elliptic curve ) Supersingular ( moonshine theory ) Good Super Higgs Highly cototient Base - dependent Happy Dihedral Palindromic Emirp Repunit ( 10 − 1 ) / 9 Permutable Circular Truncatable Strobogrammatic Minimal Weakly Full reptend Unique Primeval Self Smarandache -- Wellin Patterns Twin ( p , p + 2 ) Bi-twin chain ( n − 1 , n + 1 , 2n − 1 , 2n + 1 , ... ) Triplet ( p , p + 2 or p + 4 , p + 6 ) Quadruplet ( p , p + 2 , p + 6 , p + 8 ) k − Tuple Cousin ( p , p + 4 ) Sexy ( p , p + 6 ) Chen Sophie Germain ( p , 2p + 1 ) Cunningham chain ( p , 2p ± 1 , ... ) Safe ( p , ( p − 1 ) / 2 ) Arithmetic progression ( p + a n , n = 0 , 1 , ... ) Balanced ( consecutive p − n , p , p + n ) By size Titanic ( 1,000 + digits ) Gigantic ( 10,000 + digits ) Mega ( 1,000,000 + digits ) Largest known Complex numbers Eisenstein prime Gaussian prime Composite numbers Pseudoprime Almost prime Semiprime Interprime Related topics Probable prime Industrial - grade prime Illegal prime Formula for primes Prime gap First 50 primes 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 29 31 37 41 43 47 53 59 61 67 71 73 79 83 89 97 101 103 107 109 113 127 131 137 139 149 151 157 163 167 173 179 181 191 193 197 199 211 223 227 229 List of prime numbers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_prime_numbers&oldid=839501471 '' Categories : Prime numbers Classes of prime numbers Mathematics - related lists Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Dynamic lists Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 Articles with German - language external links Use dmy dates from May 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Bosanski Čeština Cymraeg Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Français Galego 한국어 Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 May 2018 , at 21 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	list all of the prime numbers less than 20 in numerical order	[]	[]
-4838853283863881856	List of Olympic Games host cities	List of Olympic Games host cities - wikipedia List of Olympic Games host cities Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of host cities of the Olympic Games , both summer and winter , since the modern Olympics began in 1896 . Since then , summer games have usually -- but not always -- celebrated a four - year period known as an Olympiad . There have been 28 Summer Olympic Games held in 24 cities , and 23 Winter Olympic Games held in 20 cities . In addition , three summer and two winter editions of the Games were scheduled to take place but later cancelled due to war : Berlin ( summer ) in 1916 ; Tokyo / Helsinki ( summer ) and Sapporo / Garmisch - Partenkirchen ( winter ) in 1940 ; and London ( summer ) and Cortina d'Ampezzo , Italy ( winter ) in 1944 . The 1906 Summer Olympics were officially sanctioned and held in Athens . However , in 1949 , the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) , decided to unrecognize the 1906 Games . Four cities have been chosen by the IOC to host upcoming Olympic Games : Tokyo for the 2020 Summer Olympics , Beijing for the 2022 Winter Olympics , Paris for the 2024 Summer Olympics , and Los Angeles for the 2028 Summer Olympics . In 2022 , Beijing will become the only city that has held both the summer and the winter Olympic Games . Nine cities will have hosted the Olympic Games more than once : Athens ( 1896 and 2004 Summer Olympics ) , Paris ( 1900 , 1924 and 2024 Summer Olympics ) , London ( 1908 , 1948 and 2012 Summer Olympics ) , St. Moritz ( 1928 and 1948 Winter Olympics ) , Lake Placid ( 1932 and 1980 Winter Olympics ) , Los Angeles ( 1932 , 1984 and 2028 Summer Olympics ) , Innsbruck ( 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics ) , Tokyo ( 1964 and 2020 Summer Olympics ) and Beijing ( 2008 Summer Olympics and 2022 Winter Olympics ) . In addition , Stockholm hosted the 1912 Summer Olympics and the equestrian portion of the 1956 Summer Olympics . London became the first city to have hosted three Games with the 2012 Summer Olympics . Paris will become the second city to do this with the 2024 Summer Olympics , followed by Los Angeles as the third in 2028 . The United States has hosted a total of eight Olympic Games , more than any other country , followed by France with five editions . Canada , Germany , Italy , Japan , and the United Kingdom have each hosted three Games . The Games have primarily been hosted in the continents of Europe ( 36 editions ) and North America ( 12 editions ) ; eight Games have been hosted in Asia and two have been hosted in Oceania . In 2016 , Rio de Janeiro became South America 's first Olympic host city , while the African continent has yet to hold the Games . Other major geographic regions which have never hosted the Olympics include the Middle East , the Indian subcontinent , the Caribbean , and Southeast Asia . Host cities are selected by the IOC membership , usually seven years in advance . The selection process lasts approximately two years . In the first stage , any city in the world may submit an application to become a host city . After 10 months , the Executive Board of the IOC decides which applicant city will become official candidates as based on the recommendation of a working group that reviews the applications . In a second stage , the candidate cities are investigated thoroughly by an Evaluation Commission , which then submits a final short list of cities to be considered for selection . The host city is then chosen by vote of the IOC session , a general meeting of IOC members . Contents ( hide ) 1 Olympic Games host cities 1.1 Host cities for multiple Summer and Winter Olympic Games 1.2 Number of Olympic Games by country 1.3 Number of Olympic Games by continent 1.4 Unsuccessful cities 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Olympic Games host cities ( edit ) For individual summer and winter lists , see List of modern Summer Olympic Games and List of Winter Olympic Games . City Country Continent Summer ( Olympiad ) Winter Year Opening Ceremony Closing Ceremony Athens Greece Europe S005 I 1896 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 000000002018 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 Paris France Europe S005 II 1900 000000002018 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 000000002018 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 St. Louis United States North America S005 III 1904 000000002018 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 000000002018 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 London United Kingdom Europe S005 IV 1908 000000002018 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 000000002018 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 Stockholm Sweden Europe S005 V 1912 000000002018 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 000000002018 - 07 - 22 - 0000 July 22 Berlin Germany Europe S006 VI 1916 Cancelled due to WWI Antwerp Belgium Europe S007 VII 1920 000000002018 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 000000002018 - 09 - 12 - 0000 September 12 Chamonix France Europe W001 I 1924 000000002018 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 Paris France Europe S008 VIII 000000002018 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 000000002018 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 St. Moritz Switzerland Europe W002 II 1928 000000002018 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 000000002018 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 Amsterdam Netherlands Europe S009 IX 000000002018 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 000000002018 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 Lake Placid United States North America W003 III 1932 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 000000002018 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 Los Angeles United States North America S010 X 000000002018 - 07 - 30 - 0000 July 30 000000002018 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 Garmisch - Partenkirchen Nazi Germany Europe W004 IV 1936 000000002018 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 000000002018 - 02 - 16 - 0000 February 16 Berlin Nazi Germany Europe S011 XI 000000002018 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 000000002018 - 08 - 16 - 0000 August 16 Sapporo Garmisch - Partenkirchen Empire of Japan Nazi Germany Asia Europe W005a V 1940 Cancelled due to WWII Tokyo Helsinki Empire of Japan Finland Asia Europe S012 XII Cortina d'Ampezzo Italy Europe W005b V 1944 London United Kingdom Europe S013 XIII St. Moritz Switzerland Europe W005c V 1948 000000002018 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 London United Kingdom Europe S014 XIV 000000002018 - 07 - 29 - 0000 July 29 000000002018 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 Oslo Norway Europe W006 VI 1952 000000002018 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 000000002018 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 Helsinki Finland Europe S015 XV 000000002018 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 000000002018 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 Cortina d'Ampezzo Italy Europe W007 VII 1956 000000002018 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 000000002018 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 Melbourne Stockholm Australia Sweden Oceania Europe S016 XVI 000000002018 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 000000002018 - 06 - 10 - 0000 June 10 000000002018 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 000000002018 - 06 - 17 - 0000 June 17 Squaw Valley United States North America W008 VIII 1960 000000002018 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 000000002018 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 Rome Italy Europe S017 XVII 000000002018 - 08 - 25 - 0000 August 25 000000002018 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 Innsbruck Austria Europe W009 IX 1964 000000002018 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 000000002018 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 Tokyo Japan Asia S018 XVIII 000000002018 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 000000002018 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 Grenoble France Europe W010 X 1968 000000002018 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 000000002018 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 Mexico City Mexico North America S019 XIX 000000002018 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 000000002018 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 Sapporo Japan Asia W011 XI 1972 000000002018 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 000000002018 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 Munich West Germany Europe S020 XX 000000002018 - 08 - 26 - 0000 August 26 000000002018 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 Innsbruck Austria Europe W012 XII 1976 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 000000002018 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 Montreal Canada North America S021 XXI 000000002018 - 07 - 17 - 0000 July 17 000000002018 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 Lake Placid United States North America W013 XIII 1980 000000002018 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 000000002018 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 Moscow Soviet Union Europe S022 XXII 000000002018 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 000000002018 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 Sarajevo Yugoslavia Europe W014 XIV 1984 000000002018 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 000000002018 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 Los Angeles United States North America S023 XXIII 000000002018 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 000000002018 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 Calgary Canada North America W015 XV 1988 000000002018 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 000000002018 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 Seoul South Korea Asia S024 XXIV 000000002018 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 000000002018 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 Albertville France Europe W016 XVI 1992 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 000000002018 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 Barcelona Spain Europe S025 XXV 000000002018 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 000000002018 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 Lillehammer Norway Europe W017 XVII 1994 000000002018 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 000000002018 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 Atlanta United States North America S026 XXVI 000000002018 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 000000002018 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4 Nagano Japan Asia W018 XVIII 1998 000000002018 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 000000002018 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 Sydney Australia Oceania S027 XXVII 2000 000000002018 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 000000002018 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 Salt Lake City United States North America W019 XIX 2002 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 000000002018 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 Athens Greece Europe S028 XXVIII 000000002018 - 08 - 13 - 0000 August 13 000000002018 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 Torino Italy Europe W020 XX 2006 000000002018 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 000000002018 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 Beijing China Asia S029 XXIX 2008 000000002018 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 000000002018 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 Vancouver Canada North America W021 XXI 000000002018 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 000000002018 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 London United Kingdom Europe S030 XXX 2012 000000002018 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 000000002018 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 Sochi Russia Europe W022 XXII 2014 000000002018 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 000000002018 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 Rio de Janeiro Brazil South America S031 XXXI 2016 000000002018 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 000000002018 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 Pyeongchang South Korea Asia W023 XXIII 2018 000000002018 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 000000002018 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 Tokyo Japan Asia S032 XXXII 2020 000000002018 - 07 - 24 - 0000 July 24 000000002018 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 Beijing China Asia W024 XXIV 2022 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 000000002018 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 Paris France Europe S033 XXXIII 2024 000000002018 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 000000002018 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 TBD TBD W025 XXV 2026 ( TBD ) Los Angeles United States North America S034 XXXIV 2028 000000002018 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 000000002018 - 08 - 06 - 0000 August 6 Host cities for multiple Summer and winter Olympic Games ( edit ) List of cities that hosted multiple editions of the Olympic Games City Country Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total London United Kingdom Europe 3 ( 1908 , 1948 , 2012 ) 0 Paris France Europe 3 ( 1900 , 1924 , 2024 ) 0 Los Angeles United States North America 3 ( 1932 , 1984 , 2028 ) 0 Athens Greece Europe 2 ( 1896 , 2004 ) 0 Tokyo Japan Asia 2 ( 1964 , 2020 ) 0 Beijing China Asia 1 ( 2008 ) 1 ( 2022 ) St. Moritz Switzerland Europe 0 2 ( 1928 , 1948 ) Innsbruck Austria Europe 0 2 ( 1964 , 1976 ) Lake Placid United States North America 0 2 ( 1932 , 1980 ) The 1906 Intercalated Games are not officially recognized by the IOC as an official Olympic Games . Number of Olympic Games by country ( edit ) Nations that have hosted or will host the Summer Olympics 5 times 4 times ( no entry ) 3 times 2 times 1 time Never held games Nations that have hosted or will host the Winter Olympics 4 times or more 3 times 2 times 1 time Never held games List of countries ranked by the number of times they hosted the Olympic Games Rank Country Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total United States North America 5 ( 1904 , 1932 , 1984 , 1996 , 2028 ) 4 ( 1932 , 1960 , 1980 , 2002 ) 9 France Europe 3 ( 1900 , 1924 , 2024 ) 3 ( 1924 , 1968 , 1992 ) 6 Japan Asia 2 ( 1940 , 1964 , 2020 ) 2 ( 1940 , 1972 , 1998 ) United Kingdom Europe 3 ( 1908 , 1944 , 1948 , 2012 ) 0 Canada North America 1 ( 1976 ) 2 ( 1988 , 2010 ) Italy Europe 1 ( 1960 ) 2 ( 1944 , 1956 , 2006 ) German Empire / Nazi Germany / West Germany / Germany Europe 2 ( 1916 , 1936 , 1972 ) 1 ( 1936 , 1940 ) 8 China Asia 1 ( 2008 ) 1 ( 2022 ) South Korea Asia 1 ( 1988 ) 1 ( 2018 ) Soviet Union / Russia Europe 1 ( 1980 ) 1 ( 2014 ) Greece Europe 2 ( 1896 , 2004 ) 0 Australia Oceania 2 ( 1956 , 2000 ) 0 Norway Europe 0 2 ( 1952 , 1994 ) Austria Europe 0 2 ( 1964 , 1976 ) Switzerland Europe 0 2 ( 1928 , 1940 , 1948 ) Sweden Europe 2 ( 1912 , 1956 ( equestrian events only ) ) 0 17 Brazil South America 1 ( 2016 ) 0 Spain Europe 1 ( 1992 ) 0 SFR Yugoslavia / Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe 0 1 ( 1984 ) Mexico North America 1 ( 1968 ) 0 Finland Europe 1 ( 1940 , 1952 ) 0 Netherlands Europe 1 ( 1928 ) 0 Belgium Europe 1 ( 1920 ) 0 Number of Olympic Games by continent ( edit ) Rank Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total Europe 17 ( 1896 , 1900 , 1908 , 1912 , 1920 , 1924 , 1928 , 1936 , 1940 , 1944 , 1948 , 1952 , 1960 , 1972 , 1980 , 1992 , 2004 , 2012 , 2024 ) 14 ( 1924 , 1928 , 1936 , 1940 , 1944 , 1948 , 1952 , 1956 , 1964 , 1968 , 1976 , 1984 , 1992 , 1994 , 2006 , 2014 ) 31 North America 7 ( 1904 , 1932 , 1968 , 1976 , 1984 , 1996 , 2028 ) 6 ( 1932 , 1960 , 1980 , 1988 , 2002 , 2010 ) 13 Asia 4 ( 1940 , 1964 , 1988 , 2008 , 2020 ) 4 ( 1940 , 1972 , 1998 , 2018 , 2022 ) 8 Oceania 2 ( 1956 , 2000 ) 0 5 South America 1 ( 2016 ) 0 6 Africa 0 0 0 Unsuccessful cities ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Country City Bids United States Detroit 7 Hungary Budapest 6 Turkey Istanbul 5 Spain Madrid Argentina Buenos Aires Switzerland Lausanne United States Philadelphia 5 United States Chicago United States Minneapolis Cuba Havana Belgium Brussels Azerbaijan Baku Qatar Doha Spain Seville Yugoslavia Belgrade Puerto Rico San Juan Australia Brisbane Slovakia Poprad United States Boston See also ( edit ) Olympics portal List of Commonwealth Games host cities Notes ( edit ) Originally awarded to Chicago , but moved to St. Louis to coincide with the World 's Fair . The 1906 Games were sanctioned and treated as an Olympic Games when held , and they were recognized as an Olympic Games by the IOC until 1949 The 1908 Games were originally given to Rome , but were moved to London when Mount Vesuvius erupted . The sailing events in 1920 were held in Ostend , Belgium and in Amsterdam , Netherlands . The 1940 winter games were originally awarded to Sapporo , but were moved to Garmisch - Partenkirchen before being cancelled . The 1940 summer games were originally awarded to Tokyo , but were moved to Helsinki before being cancelled . Equestrian events were held in Stockholm , Sweden . Stockholm had to bid for the equestrian competition separately ; it received its own Olympic flame and had its own formal invitations and opening and closing ceremonies , just like the regular Summer Olympics . Russia / Soviet Union spans the continents of Europe and Asia . However , the Russian National Olympic Committee is part of the European Olympic Committees . Also , Moscow is on the European side of the most commonly recognized boundary between Europe and Asia . ( Sochi is in Asia per the usual geographic boundary , being just south of the Greater Caucasus ' western end ; but political approximations of the continental boundary place it in Europe . ) Equestrian events were held in China 's Hong Kong SAR . Although Hong Kong 's separate NOC conducted the equestrian competition , it was an integral part of the Beijing Games ( unlike the 1956 Stockholm equestrian competition it was not conducted under a separate Hong Kong bid , separate flame , etc . ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Findling , John E. ; Pelle , Kimberly D. ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32278 - 5 . Jump up ^ Group , Taylor Francis ( 2003 ) . The Europa World Yearbook . Taylor and Francis Group . p. 247 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85743 - 227 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Choice of the Host City '' . olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Durántez , Conrado ( April -- May 1997 ) . `` The Olympic Movement , a twentieth - century phenomenon '' ( PDF ) . Olympic Review . XXVI ( 14 ) : 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ `` Antwerp 1920 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chamonix 1924 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Paris 1924 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Moritz 1928 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amsterdam 1928 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lake Placid 1932 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles 1932 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1936 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Berlin 1936 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St Louis 1904 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis gets Olympic Games ; International Committee Sanctions the Change for the World 's Fair in 1904 '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . 1903 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ The 2nd International Olympic Games In Athens 1906 , Karl Lennartz , Journal of Olympic History , Dec. 2001 / Jan. 2002 Jump up ^ `` Rome Games moved to London '' . realclearsports.com . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stockholm / Melbourne 1956 '' . Swedish Olympic Committee . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Tim Pile ( June 25 , 2008 ) . `` Hong Kong saddles up for the Olympics '' . London : The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Beijing Olympic home page '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 04 . External links ( edit ) `` The Olympic Games '' . olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 05 . Summer Olympic Games host cities 1896 : Athens 1900 : Paris 1904 : St. Louis 1908 : London 1912 : Stockholm 1916 : None 1920 : Antwerp 1924 : Paris 1928 : Amsterdam 1932 : Los Angeles 1936 : Berlin 1940 : None 1944 : None 1948 : London 1952 : Helsinki 1956 : Melbourne 1960 : Rome 1964 : Tokyo 1968 : Mexico City 1972 : Munich 1976 : Montreal 1980 : Moscow 1984 : Los Angeles 1988 : Seoul 1992 : Barcelona 1996 : Atlanta 2000 : Sydney 2004 : Athens 2008 : Beijing 2012 : London 2016 : Rio de Janeiro 2020 : Tokyo 2024 : Paris 2028 : Los Angeles Cancelled due to World War I ; Cancelled due to World War II Winter Olympic Games host cities 1924 : Chamonix 1928 : St. Moritz 1932 : Lake Placid 1936 : Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 : Cancelled due to World War II 1944 : Cancelled due to World War II 1948 : St. Moritz 1952 : Oslo 1956 : Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 : Squaw Valley 1964 : Innsbruck 1968 : Grenoble 1972 : Sapporo 1976 : Innsbruck 1980 : Lake Placid 1984 : Sarajevo 1988 : Calgary 1992 : Albertville 1994 : Lillehammer 1998 : Nagano 2002 : Salt Lake City 2006 : Turin 2010 : Vancouver 2014 : Sochi 2018 : Pyeongchang 2022 : Beijing 2026 : TBD 2030 : TBD Olympic Games Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Ties Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Olympic video games Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo 1944 London 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St. Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Olympics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Olympic_Games_host_cities&oldid=843272486 '' Categories : Olympics - related lists Lists of host cities Lists of Olympic venues Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Ελληνικά فارسی Français Қазақша Latviešu Македонски Norsk Português Română Русский தமிழ் Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 01 : 40 . 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-1565879310737561437	Brown v. Board of Education	Brown v. Board of Education - wikipedia Brown v. Board of Education United States Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court of the United States Argued December 9 , 1952 Reargued December 8 , 1953 Decided May 17 , 1954 Full case name Oliver Brown , et al. v. Board of Education of Topeka , et al . Citations 347 U.S. 483 ( more ) 74 S. Ct. 686 ; 98 L. Ed . 873 ; 1954 U.S. LEXIS 2094 ; 53 Ohio Op. 326 ; 38 A.L.R. 2d 1180 Prior history Judgment for defendants , 98 F. Supp. 797 ( D. Kan . 1951 ) Subsequent history Judgment on relief , 349 U.S. 294 ( 1955 ) ( Brown II ) ; on remand , 139 F. Supp. 468 ( D. Kan . 1955 ) ; motion to intervene granted , 84 F.R.D. 383 ( D. Kan . 1979 ) ; judgment for defendants , 671 F. Supp. 1290 ( D. Kan . 1987 ) ; reversed , 892 F. 2d 851 ( 10th Cir. 1989 ) ; vacated , 503 U.S. 978 ( 1992 ) ( Brown III ) ; judgment reinstated , 978 F. 2d 585 ( 10th Cir. 1992 ) ; judgment for defendants , 56 F. Supp . 2d 1212 ( D. Kan . 1999 ) Holding Segregation of students in public schools violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment , because separate facilities are inherently unequal . District Court of Kansas reversed . Court membership Chief Justice Earl Warren Associate Justices Hugo Black Stanley F. Reed Felix Frankfurter William O. Douglas Robert H. Jackson Harold H. Burton Tom C. Clark Sherman Minton Case opinions Majority Warren , joined by unanimous Laws applied U.S. Const . amend . XIV This case overturned a previous ruling or rulings Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 ) Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education ( 1899 ) Berea College v. Kentucky ( 1908 ) Educational segregation in the US prior to Brown Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka , 347 U.S. 483 ( 1954 ) , was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional . The decision effectively overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896 , which allowed state - sponsored segregation , insofar as it applied to public education . Handed down on May 17 , 1954 , the Warren Court 's unanimous ( 9 -- 0 ) decision stated that `` separate educational facilities are inherently unequal . '' As a result , de jure racial segregation was ruled a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution . This ruling paved the way for integration and was a major victory of the Civil Rights Movement , and a model for many future impact litigation cases . However , the decision 's fourteen pages did not spell out any sort of method for ending racial segregation in schools , and the Court 's second decision in Brown II ( 349 U.S. 294 ( 1955 ) ) only ordered states to desegregate `` with all deliberate speed '' . Contents 1 Background 2 Case 2.1 Filing and arguments 2.2 Supreme Court review 2.3 Unanimous opinion and consensus building 2.4 Holding 2.5 Local outcomes 3 Social implications 3.1 Deep South 3.2 Upland South 3.3 North 4 Legal criticism and praise 5 Brown II 6 Brown III 7 Related cases 8 Other comments 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Background For much of the sixty years preceding the Brown case , race relations in the United States had been dominated by racial segregation . This policy had been endorsed in 1896 by the United States Supreme Court case of Plessy v. Ferguson , which held that as long as the separate facilities for the separate races were equal , segregation did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment ( `` no State shall ... deny to any person ... the equal protection of the laws '' ) . The plaintiffs in Brown asserted that this system of racial separation , while masquerading as providing separate but equal treatment of both white and black Americans , instead perpetuated inferior accommodations , services , and treatment for black Americans . Racial segregation in education varied widely from the 17 states that required racial segregation to the 16 in which it was prohibited . Brown was influenced by UNESCO 's 1950 Statement , signed by a wide variety of internationally renowned scholars , titled The Race Question . This declaration denounced previous attempts at scientifically justifying racism as well as morally condemning racism . Another work that the Supreme Court cited was Gunnar Myrdal 's An American Dilemma : The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy ( 1944 ) . Myrdal had been a signatory of the UNESCO declaration . The research performed by the educational psychologists Kenneth B. Clark and Mamie Phipps Clark also influenced the Court 's decision . The Clarks ' `` doll test '' studies presented substantial arguments to the Supreme Court about how segregation affected black schoolchildren 's mental status . The United States and the Soviet Union were both at the height of the Cold War during this time , and U.S. officials , including Supreme Court Justices , were highly aware of the harm that segregation and racism played on America 's international image . When Justice William O. Douglas traveled to India in 1950 , the first question he was asked was , `` Why does America tolerate the lynching of Negroes ? '' Douglas later wrote that he had learned from his travels that `` the attitude of the United States toward its colored minorities is a powerful factor in our relations with India . '' Chief Justice Earl Warren , nominated to the Supreme Court by President Eisenhower , echoed Douglas 's concerns in a 1954 speech to the American Bar Association , proclaiming that `` Our American system like all others is on trial both at home and abroad , ... the extent to which we maintain the spirit of our constitution with its Bill of Rights , will in the long run do more to make it both secure and the object of adulation than the number of hydrogen bombs we stockpile . '' Case Filing and arguments Education in the United States By state and in insular areas By subject area History of Issues : Finance -- Law -- Literacy -- Reform Levels : Pre-kindergarten -- Primary -- Secondary -- Higher Organizations Education portal United States portal In 1951 , a class action suit was filed against the Board of Education of the City of Topeka , Kansas in the United States District Court for the District of Kansas . The plaintiffs were thirteen Topeka parents on behalf of their 20 children . The suit called for the school district to reverse its policy of racial segregation . The Topeka Board of Education operated separate elementary schools under an 1879 Kansas law , which permitted ( but did not require ) districts to maintain separate elementary school facilities for black and white students in 12 communities with populations over 15,000 . The plaintiffs had been recruited by the leadership of the Topeka NAACP . Notable among the Topeka NAACP leaders were the chairman McKinley Burnett ; Charles Scott , one of three serving as legal counsel for the chapter ; and Lucinda Todd . The named plaintiff , Oliver L. Brown , was a parent , a welder in the shops of the Santa Fe Railroad , an assistant pastor at his local church , and an African American . He was convinced to join the lawsuit by Scott , a childhood friend . Brown 's daughter Linda , a third grader , had to walk six blocks to her school bus stop to ride to Monroe Elementary , her segregated black school one mile ( 1.6 km ) away , while Sumner Elementary , a white school , was seven blocks from her house . As directed by the NAACP leadership , the parents each attempted to enroll their children in the closest neighborhood school in the fall of 1951 . They were each refused enrollment and directed to the segregated schools . The case `` Oliver Brown et al. v . The Board of Education of Topeka , Kansas '' was named after Oliver Brown as a legal strategy to have a man at the head of the roster . The lawyers , and the National Chapter of the NAACP , also felt that having Mr. Brown at the head of the roster would be better received by the U.S. Supreme Court Justices . The 13 plaintiffs were : Oliver Brown , Darlene Brown , Lena Carper , Sadie Emmanuel , Marguerite Emerson , Shirley Fleming , Zelma Henderson , Shirley Hodison , Maude Lawton , Alma Lewis , Iona Richardson , and Lucinda Todd . The last surviving plaintiff , Zelma Henderson , died in Topeka , on May 20 , 2008 , at age 88 . The District Court ruled in favor of the Board of Education , citing the U.S. Supreme Court precedent set in Plessy v. Ferguson , 163 U.S. 537 ( 1896 ) , which had upheld a state law requiring `` separate but equal '' segregated facilities for blacks and whites in railway cars . The three - judge District Court panel found that segregation in public education has a detrimental effect on negro children , but denied relief on the ground that the negro and white schools in Topeka were substantially equal with respect to buildings , transportation , curricula , and educational qualifications of teachers . Supreme Court Review The case of Brown v. Board of Education as heard before the Supreme Court combined five cases : Brown itself , Briggs v. Elliott ( filed in South Carolina ) , Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County ( filed in Virginia ) , Gebhart v. Belton ( filed in Delaware ) , and Bolling v. Sharpe ( filed in Washington D.C. ) . All were NAACP - sponsored cases . The Davis case , the only case of the five originating from a student protest , began when 16 - year - old Barbara Rose Johns organized and led a 450 - student walkout of Moton High School . The Gebhart case was the only one where a trial court , affirmed by the Delaware Supreme Court , found that discrimination was unlawful ; in all the other cases the plaintiffs had lost as the original courts had found discrimination to be lawful . The Kansas case was unique among the group in that there was no contention of gross inferiority of the segregated schools ' physical plant , curriculum , or staff . The district court found substantial equality as to all such factors . The lower court , in its opinion , noted that , in Topeka , `` the physical facilities , the curricula , courses of study , qualification and quality of teachers , as well as other educational facilities in the two sets of schools ( were ) comparable . '' The lower court observed that `` colored children in many instances are required to travel much greater distances than they would be required to travel could they attend a white school '' but also noted that the school district `` transports colored children to and from school free of charge '' and that `` no such service ( was ) provided to white children . '' In the Delaware case the district court judge in Gebhart ordered that the black students be admitted to the white high school due to the substantial harm of segregation and the differences that made the separate schools unequal . The NAACP 's chief counsel , Thurgood Marshall -- who was later appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court in 1967 -- argued the case before the Supreme Court for the plaintiffs . Assistant attorney general Paul Wilson -- later distinguished emeritus professor of law at the University of Kansas -- conducted the state 's ambivalent defense in his first appellate argument . In December 1952 , the Justice Department filed a friend of the court brief in the case . The brief was unusual in its heavy emphasis on foreign - policy considerations of the Truman administration in a case ostensibly about domestic issues . Of the seven pages covering `` the interest of the United States , '' five focused on the way school segregation hurt the United States in the Cold War competition for the friendship and allegiance of non-white peoples in countries then gaining independence from colonial rule . Attorney General James P. McGranery noted that The existence of discrimination against minority groups in the United States has an adverse effect upon our relations with other countries . Racial discrimination furnishes grist for the Communist propaganda mills . The brief also quoted a letter by Secretary of State Dean Acheson lamenting that The United States is under constant attack in the foreign press , over the foreign radio , and in such international bodies as the United Nations because of various practices of discrimination in this country . British barrister and parliamentarian Anthony Lester has written that `` Although the Court 's opinion in Brown made no reference to these considerations of foreign policy , there is no doubt that they significantly influenced the decision . '' Unanimous opinion and consensus building The members of the U.S. Supreme Court that on May 17 , 1954 , ruled unanimously that racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional . In spring 1953 , the Court heard the case but was unable to decide the issue and asked to rehear the case in fall 1953 , with special attention to whether the Fourteenth Amendment 's Equal Protection Clause prohibited the operation of separate public schools for whites and blacks . The Court reargued the case at the behest of Associate Justice Felix Frankfurter , who used reargument as a stalling tactic , to allow the Court to gather a consensus around a Brown opinion that would outlaw segregation . The justices in support of desegregation spent much effort convincing those who initially intended to dissent to join a unanimous opinion . Although the legal effect would be same for a majority rather than unanimous decision , it was felt that dissent could be used by segregation supporters as a legitimizing counter-argument . Conference notes and draft decisions illustrate the division of opinions before the decision was issued . Justices Douglas , Black , Burton , and Minton were predisposed to overturn Plessy . Fred M. Vinson noted that Congress had not issued desegregation legislation ; Stanley F. Reed discussed incomplete cultural assimilation and states ' rights and was inclined to the view that segregation worked to the benefit of the African - American community ; Tom C. Clark wrote that `` we had led the states on to think segregation is OK and we should let them work it out . '' Felix Frankfurter and Robert H. Jackson disapproved of segregation , but were also opposed to judicial activism and expressed concerns about the proposed decision 's enforceability . Chief Justice Vinson had been a key stumbling block . After Vinson died in September 1953 , President Dwight D. Eisenhower appointed Earl Warren as Chief Justice . Warren had supported the integration of Mexican - American students in California school systems following Mendez v. Westminster . However , Eisenhower invited Earl Warren to a White House dinner , where the president told him : `` These ( southern whites ) are not bad people . All they are concerned about is to see that their sweet little girls are not required to sit in school alongside some big overgrown Negroes . '' Nevertheless , the Justice Department sided with the African American plaintiffs . In his reading of the unanimous decision , Justice Warren noted the adverse psychological effects that segregated schools had on African American children . Brown 's cite of the Kenneth and Mamie Doll Study was criticized by Justice Clarence Thomas in a later concurring opinion for implying black inferiority . According to Susan Firestone , the study itself is dubious in conclusion and unreliable in reproduction . While all but one justice personally rejected segregation , the judicial restraint faction questioned whether the Constitution gave the Court the power to order its end . The activist faction believed the Fourteenth Amendment did give the necessary authority and were pushing to go ahead . Warren , who held only a recess appointment , held his tongue until the Senate confirmed his appointment . Warren convened a meeting of the justices , and presented to them the simple argument that the only reason to sustain segregation was an honest belief in the inferiority of Negroes . Warren further submitted that the Court must overrule Plessy to maintain its legitimacy as an institution of liberty , and it must do so unanimously to avoid massive Southern resistance . He began to build a unanimous opinion . Although most justices were immediately convinced , Warren spent some time after this famous speech convincing everyone to sign onto the opinion . Justices Jackson and Reed finally decided to drop their dissent . The final decision was unanimous . Warren drafted the basic opinion and kept circulating and revising it until he had an opinion endorsed by all the members of the Court . Reed was the last holdout and reportedly cried during the reading of the opinion . Holding Reporters who observed the court holding were surprised by two facts . First , the court made a unanimous decision . Prior to the ruling , there were reports that the court members were sharply divided and might not be able to agree . Second , the attendance of Justice Robert H. Jackson who had suffered a mild heart attack and was not expected to return to the bench until early June 1954 . `` Perhaps to emphasize the unanimity of the court , perhaps from a desire to be present when the history - making verdict was announced , Justice Jackson was in his accustomed seat when the court convened . '' Reporters also noted that former Secretary of State Dean Acheson ( who had related the case to foreign policy considerations ) and current Attorney General Herbert Brownell were in the courtroom . The key holding of the Court was that , even if segregated black and white schools were of equal quality in facilities and teachers , segregation by itself was harmful to black students and unconstitutional . They found that a significant psychological and social disadvantage was given to black children from the nature of segregation itself , drawing on research conducted by Kenneth Clark assisted by June Shagaloff . This aspect was vital because the question was not whether the schools were `` equal '' , which under Plessy they nominally should have been , but whether the doctrine of separate was constitutional . The justices answered with a strong `` no '' : ( D ) oes segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race , even though the physical facilities and other `` tangible '' factors may be equal , deprive the children of the minority group of equal educational opportunities ? We believe that it does ... `` Segregation of white and colored children in public schools has a detrimental effect upon the colored children . The effect is greater when it has the sanction of the law , for the policy of separating the races is usually interpreted as denoting the inferiority of the negro group . A sense of inferiority affects the motivation of a child to learn . Segregation with the sanction of law , therefore , has a tendency to ( retard ) the educational and mental development of negro children and to deprive them of some of the benefits they would receive in a racial ( ly ) integrated school system . '' ... We conclude that , in the field of public education , the doctrine of `` separate but equal '' has no place . Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal . Therefore , we hold that the plaintiffs and others similarly situated for whom the actions have been brought are , by reason of the segregation complained of , deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment . Local outcomes Judgment and order of the Supreme Court for the case . The Topeka junior high schools had been integrated since 1941 . Topeka High School was integrated from its inception in 1871 and its sports teams from 1949 on . The Kansas law permitting segregated schools allowed them only `` below the high school level '' . Soon after the district court decision , election outcomes and the political climate in Topeka changed . The Board of Education of Topeka began to end segregation in the Topeka elementary schools in August 1953 , integrating two attendance districts . All the Topeka elementary schools were changed to neighborhood attendance centers in January 1956 , although existing students were allowed to continue attending their prior assigned schools at their option . Plaintiff Zelma Henderson , in a 2004 interview , recalled that no demonstrations or tumult accompanied desegregation in Topeka 's schools : `` They accepted it , '' she said . `` It was n't too long until they integrated the teachers and principals . '' The Topeka Public Schools administration building is named in honor of McKinley Burnett , NAACP chapter president who organized the case . Monroe Elementary was designated a U.S. National Historic Site unit of the National Park Service on October 26 , 1992 . Social implications Not everyone accepted the Brown v. Board of Education decision . In Virginia , Senator Harry F. Byrd , Sr. organized the Massive Resistance movement that included the closing of schools rather than desegregating them . See , for example , The Southern Manifesto . For more implications of the Brown decision , see School integration in the United States . Deep South Texas Attorney General John Ben Shepperd organized a campaign to generate legal obstacles to implementation of desegregation . In 1957 , Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus called out his state 's National Guard to block black students ' entry to Little Rock Central High School . President Dwight Eisenhower responded by deploying elements of the 101st Airborne Division from Fort Campbell , Kentucky , to Arkansas and by federalizing Arkansas 's National Guard . Also in 1957 , Florida 's response was mixed . Its legislature passed an Interposition Resolution denouncing the decision and declaring it null and void . But Florida Governor LeRoy Collins , though joining in the protest against the court decision , refused to sign it , arguing that the attempt to overturn the ruling must be done by legal methods . In Mississippi fear of violence prevented any plaintiff from bringing a school desegregation suit for the next nine years . When Medgar Evers sued to desegregate Jackson , Mississippi schools in 1963 White Citizens Council member Byron De La Beckwith murdered him . Two subsequent trials resulted in hung juries . Beckwith was not convicted of the murder until 1994 . In 1963 , Alabama Gov. George Wallace personally blocked the door to Foster Auditorium at the University of Alabama to prevent the enrollment of two black students . This became the infamous Stand in the Schoolhouse Door where Wallace personally backed his `` segregation now , segregation tomorrow , segregation forever '' policy that he had stated in his 1963 inaugural address . He moved aside only when confronted by General Henry Graham of the Alabama National Guard , who was ordered by President John F. Kennedy to intervene . Upland South In North Carolina , there was often a strategy of nominally accepting Brown , but tacitly resisting it . On May 18 , 1954 the Greensboro , North Carolina school board declared that it would abide by the Brown ruling . This was the result of the initiative of D.E. Hudgins Jr. , a former Rhodes Scholar and prominent attorney , who chaired the school board . This made Greensboro the first , and for years the only , city in the South , to announce its intent to comply . However , others in the city resisted integration , putting up legal obstacles to the actual implementation of school desegregation for years afterward , and in 1969 , the federal government found the city was not in compliance with the 1964 Civil Rights Act . Transition to a fully integrated school system did not begin until 1971 , after numerous local lawsuits and both nonviolent and violent demonstrations . Historians have noted the irony that Greensboro , which had heralded itself as such a progressive city , was one of the last holdouts for school desegregation . In Moberly , Missouri , the schools were desegregated , as ordered . However , after 1955 , the African - American teachers from the local `` negro school '' were not retained ; this was ascribed to poor performance . They appealed their dismissal in Naomi Brooks et al. , Appellants , v. School District of City of Moberly , Missouri , Etc. , et al. ; but it was upheld , and SCOTUS declined to hear a further appeal . North Many Northern cities also had de facto segregation policies , which resulted in a vast gulf in educational resources between black and white communities . In Harlem , New York , for example , not a single new school had been built since the turn of the century , nor did a single nursery school exist , even as the Second Great Migration caused overcrowding of existing schools . Existing schools tended to be dilapidated and staffed with inexperienced teachers . Northern officials were in denial of the segregation , but Brown helped stimulate activism among African - American parents like Mae Mallory who , with support of the NAACP , initiated a successful lawsuit against the city and State of New York on Brown 's principles . Mallory and thousands of other parents bolstered the pressure of the lawsuit with a school boycott in 1959 . During the boycott , some of the first freedom schools of the period were established . The city responded to the campaign by permitting more open transfers to high - quality , historically - white schools . ( New York 's African - American community , and Northern desegregation activists generally , now found themselves contending with the problem of white flight , however . ) The intellectual roots of Plessy v. Ferguson , the landmark United States Supreme Court decision upholding the constitutionality of racial segregation in 1896 under the doctrine of `` separate but equal '' were , in part , tied to the scientific racism of the era . However , the popular support for the decision was more likely a result of the racist beliefs held by many whites at the time . In deciding Brown v. Board of Education , the Supreme Court rejected the ideas of scientific racists about the need for segregation , especially in schools . The Court buttressed its holding by citing ( in footnote 11 ) social science research about the harms to black children caused by segregated schools . Both scholarly and popular ideas of hereditarianism played an important role in the attack and backlash that followed the Brown decision . The Mankind Quarterly was founded in 1960 , in part in response to the Brown decision . Legal criticism and praise U.S. circuit judges Robert A. Katzmann , Damon J. Keith , and Sonia Sotomayor at a 2004 exhibit on the Fourteenth Amendment , Thurgood Marshall , and Brown v. Board of Education William Rehnquist wrote a memo titled `` A Random Thought on the Segregation Cases '' when he was a law clerk for Justice Robert H. Jackson in 1952 , during early deliberations that led to the Brown v. Board of Education decision . In his memo , Rehnquist argued : `` I realize that it is an unpopular and unhumanitarian position , for which I have been excoriated by ' liberal ' colleagues but I think Plessy v. Ferguson was right and should be reaffirmed . '' Rehnquist continued , `` To the argument ... that a majority may not deprive a minority of its constitutional right , the answer must be made that while this is sound in theory , in the long run it is the majority who will determine what the constitutional rights of the minorities are . '' Rehnquist also argued for Plessy with other law clerks . However , during his 1971 confirmation hearings , Rehnquist said , `` I believe that the memorandum was prepared by me as a statement of Justice Jackson 's tentative views for his own use . '' Justice Jackson had initially planned to join a dissent in Brown . Later , at his 1986 hearings for the slot of Chief Justice , Rehnquist put further distance between himself and the 1952 memo : `` The bald statement that Plessy was right and should be reaffirmed , was not an accurate reflection of my own views at the time . '' In any event , while serving on the Supreme Court , Rehnquist made no effort to reverse or undermine the Brown decision , and frequently relied upon it as precedent . Chief Justice Warren 's reasoning was broadly criticized by contemporary legal academics with Judge Learned Hand decrying that the Supreme Court had `` assumed the role of a third legislative chamber '' and Herbert Wechsler finding Brown impossible to justify based on neutral principles . Some aspects of the Brown decision are still debated . Notably , Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas , himself an African American , wrote in Missouri v. Jenkins ( 1995 ) that at the very least , Brown I has been misunderstood by the courts . Brown I did not say that `` racially isolated '' schools were inherently inferior ; the harm that it identified was tied purely to de jure segregation , not de facto segregation . Indeed , Brown I itself did not need to rely upon any psychological or social - science research in order to announce the simple , yet fundamental truth that the Government can not discriminate among its citizens on the basis of race. ... Segregation was not unconstitutional because it might have caused psychological feelings of inferiority . Public school systems that separated blacks and provided them with superior educational resources making blacks `` feel '' superior to whites sent to lesser schools -- would violate the Fourteenth Amendment , whether or not the white students felt stigmatized , just as do school systems in which the positions of the races are reversed . Psychological injury or benefit is irrelevant ... Given that desegregation has not produced the predicted leaps forward in black educational achievement , there is no reason to think that black students can not learn as well when surrounded by members of their own race as when they are in an integrated environment . ( ... ) Because of their `` distinctive histories and traditions , '' black schools can function as the center and symbol of black communities , and provide examples of independent black leadership , success , and achievement . Some Constitutional originalists , notably Raoul Berger in his influential 1977 book `` Government by Judiciary , '' make the case that Brown can not be defended by reference to the original understanding of the 14th Amendment . They support this reading of the 14th amendment by noting that the Civil Rights Act of 1875 did not ban segregated schools and that the same Congress that passed the 14th Amendment also voted to segregate schools in the District of Columbia . Other originalists , including Michael W. McConnell , a federal judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit , in his article `` Originalism and the Desegregation Decisions , '' argue that the Radical Reconstructionists who spearheaded the 14th Amendment were in favor of desegregated southern schools . Evidence supporting this interpretation of the 14th amendment has come from archived Congressional records showing that proposals for federal legislation which would enforce school integration were debated in Congress a few years following the amendment 's ratification . The case also has attracted some criticism from more liberal authors , including some who say that Chief Justice Warren 's reliance on psychological criteria to find a harm against segregated blacks was unnecessary . For example , Drew S. Days has written : `` we have developed criteria for evaluating the constitutionality of racial classifications that do not depend upon findings of psychic harm or social science evidence . They are based rather on the principle that ' distinctions between citizens solely because of their ancestry are by their very nature odious to a free people whose institutions are founded upon the doctrine of equality , ' Hirabayashi v. United States , 320 U.S. 81 ( 1943 ) ... '' In his book The Tempting of America ( page 82 ) , Robert Bork endorsed the Brown decision as follows : By 1954 , when Brown came up for decision , it had been apparent for some time that segregation rarely if ever produced equality . Quite aside from any question of psychology , the physical facilities provided for blacks were not as good as those provided for whites . That had been demonstrated in a long series of cases ... The Court 's realistic choice , therefore , was either to abandon the quest for equality by allowing segregation or to forbid segregation in order to achieve equality . There was no third choice . Either choice would violate one aspect of the original understanding , but there was no possibility of avoiding that . Since equality and segregation were mutually inconsistent , though the ratifiers did not understand that , both could not be honored . When that is seen , it is obvious the Court must choose equality and prohibit state - imposed segregation . The purpose that brought the fourteenth amendment into being was equality before the law , and equality , not separation , was written into the law . In June 1987 , Philip Elman , a civil rights attorney who served as an associate in the Solicitor General 's office during Harry Truman 's term , claimed he and Associate Justice Felix Frankfurter were mostly responsible for the Supreme Court 's decision , and stated that the NAACP 's arguments did not present strong evidence . Elman has been criticized for offering a self - aggrandizing history of the case , omitting important facts , and denigrating the work of civil rights attorneys who had laid the groundwork for the decision over many decades . However , Frankfurter was also known for being one of court 's most outspoken advocates of the judicial restraint philosophy of basing court rulings on existing law rather than personal or political considerations . Public officials in the United States today are nearly unanimous in lauding the ruling . In May 2004 , the fiftieth anniversary of the ruling , President George W. Bush spoke at the opening of the Brown v. Board of Education National Historic Site , calling Brown `` a decision that changed America for the better , and forever . '' Most Senators and Representatives issued press releases hailing the ruling . In an article in Townhall , Thomas Sowell argued that When Chief Justice Earl Warren declared in the landmark 1954 case of Brown v. Board of Education that racially separate schools were `` inherently unequal , '' Dunbar High School was a living refutation of that assumption . And it was within walking distance of the Supreme Court . '' Brown II In 1955 , the Supreme Court considered arguments by the schools requesting relief concerning the task of desegregation . In their decision , which became known as `` Brown II '' the court delegated the task of carrying out school desegregation to district courts with orders that desegregation occur `` with all deliberate speed , '' a phrase traceable to Francis Thompson 's poem , The Hound of Heaven . Supporters of the earlier decision were displeased with this decision . The language `` all deliberate speed '' was seen by critics as too ambiguous to ensure reasonable haste for compliance with the court 's instruction . Many Southern states and school districts interpreted `` Brown II '' as legal justification for resisting , delaying , and avoiding significant integration for years -- and in some cases for a decade or more -- using such tactics as closing down school systems , using state money to finance segregated `` private '' schools , and `` token '' integration where a few carefully selected black children were admitted to former white - only schools but the vast majority remained in underfunded , unequal black schools . For example , based on `` Brown II , '' the U.S. District Court ruled that Prince Edward County , Virginia did not have to desegregate immediately . When faced with a court order to finally begin desegregation in 1959 the county board of supervisors stopped appropriating money for public schools , which remained closed for five years , from 1959 to 1964 . White students in the county were given assistance to attend white - only `` private academies '' that were taught by teachers formerly employed by the public school system , while black students had no education at all unless they moved out of the county . But the public schools reopened after the Supreme Court overturned `` Brown II '' in Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County , declaring that `` ... the time for mere ' deliberate speed ' has run out , '' and that the county must provide a public school system for all children regardless of race . Brown III In 1978 , Topeka attorneys Richard Jones , Joseph Johnson and Charles Scott , Jr. ( son of the original Brown team member ) , with assistance from the American Civil Liberties Union , persuaded Linda Brown Smith -- who now had her own children in Topeka schools -- to be a plaintiff in reopening Brown . They were concerned that the Topeka Public Schools ' policy of `` open enrollment '' had led to and would lead to further segregation . They also believed that with a choice of open enrollment , white parents would shift their children to `` preferred '' schools that would create both predominantly African American and predominantly European American schools within the district . The district court reopened the Brown case after a 25 - year hiatus , but denied the plaintiffs ' request finding the schools `` unitary '' . In 1989 , a three - judge panel of the Tenth Circuit on 2 -- 1 vote found that the vestiges of segregation remained with respect to student and staff assignment . In 1993 , the Supreme Court denied the appellant School District 's request for certiorari and returned the case to District Court Judge Richard Rodgers for implementation of the Tenth Circuit 's mandate . After a 1994 plan was approved and a bond issue passed , additional elementary magnet schools were opened and district attendance plans redrawn , which resulted in the Topeka schools meeting court standards of racial balance by 1998 . Unified status was eventually granted to Topeka Unified School District No. 501 on July 27 , 1999 . One of the new magnet schools is named after the Scott family attorneys for their role in the Brown case and civil rights . Related cases Main article : List of 14th amendment cases Other comments Linda Brown Thompson later recalled the experience of being refused enrollment : ... we lived in an integrated neighborhood and I had all of these playmates of different nationalities . And so when I found out that day that I might be able to go to their school , I was just thrilled , you know . And I remember walking over to Sumner school with my dad that day and going up the steps of the school and the school looked so big to a smaller child . And I remember going inside and my dad spoke with someone and then he went into the inner office with the principal and they left me out ... to sit outside with the secretary . And while he was in the inner office , I could hear voices and hear his voice raised , you know , as the conversation went on . And then he immediately came out of the office , took me by the hand and we walked home from the school . I just could n't understand what was happening because I was so sure that I was going to go to school with Mona and Guinevere , Wanda , and all of my playmates . Linda Brown died on March 25 , 2018 at the age of 76 . See also African - American Civil Rights Movement ( 1896 -- 1954 ) Little Rock Nine Rubey Mosley Hulen , federal judge who made a similar ruling in an earlier case Timeline of the African American Civil Rights Movement Ruby Bridges , the first black child to attend an all - white elementary school in the South References Jump up ^ Brown v. Board of Education , 347 U.S. 483 ( 1954 ) . Jump up ^ Brown v Board of Education Decision ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Schuck , P.H. ( 2006 ) . Meditations of a Militant Moderate : Cool Views on Hot Topics . G - Reference , Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 104 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 3961 - 7 . Jump up ^ Harald E.L. Prins . `` Toward a World without Evil : Alfred Métraux as UNESCO Anthropologist ( 1946 -- 1962 ) '' . UNESCO . As a direct offshoot of the 1948 `` Universal Declaration of Human Rights , '' it sought to dismantle any scientific justification or basis for racism and proclaimed that race was not a biological fact of nature but a dangerous social myth . As a milestone , this critically important declaration contributed to the 1954 U.S. Supreme Court desegregation decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka . ' ( in English ) Jump up ^ Myrdal , Gunnar ( 1944 ) . An American Dilemma : The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy . New York : Harper & Row . Jump up ^ `` Desegregation to diversity ? '' . American Psychological Association . 2004 . Retrieved May 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kenneth Clark , 90 ; His Studies Influenced Ban on Segregation -- '' . Los Angeles Times . May 3 , 2005 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mary L. Dudziak , `` The Global Impact of Brown v. Board of Education '' SCOTUS Blog Jump up ^ Mary L Dudziak `` Brown as a Cold War Case '' Journal of American History , June 2004 Archived December 7 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Anderson , Legacy of Brown : Many people part of local case , Thirteen parents representing 20 children signed up as Topeka plaintiffs Archived August 28 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Topeka Capital - Journal ( Sunday , May 9 , 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Black , White , and Brown , PBS NewsHour ( May 12 , 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka MSN Encarta , archived on October 31 , 2009 from the original Archived October 31 , 2009 , at WebCite Jump up ^ `` Interactive map of locations in Topeka important to the Brown case -- Topeka Capital Journal online '' . Cjonline.com . October 26 , 1992 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brown Foundation for Educational Equity , Excellence and Research , Myths Versus Truths Archived June 27 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . ( revised April 11 , 2004 ) Jump up ^ Ric Anderson , Legacy of Brown : Many people part of local case , Thirteen parents representing 20 children signed up as Topeka plaintiffs Archived August 28 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Topeka Capital - Journal ( Sunday , May 9 , 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Fox , Margalit ( May 22 , 2008 ) . `` Zelma Henderson , Who Aided Desegregation , Dies at 88 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Last surviving Brown v. Board plaintiff dies at 88 - TwinCities.com '' . May 24 , 2008 . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ School facilities for Negroes here held comparable Archived November 1 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Topeka State Journal ( August 3 , 1951 ) Jump up ^ Brown v. Board of Education , 98 F. Supp. 797 ( D. Kan . 1951 ) . Jump up ^ Student Strike at Moton High ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans ^ Jump up to : Brown , 98 F. Supp . at 798 . Jump up ^ Neier , By Aryeh . `` Brown v. Board of Ed : Key Cold War weapon '' . ^ Jump up to : Antonly Lester , `` Brown v. Board of Education Overseas '' PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY VOL. 148 , NO . 4 , DECEMBER 2004 Archived May 1 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ See Smithsonian , `` Separate is Not Equal : Brown v. Board of Education Archived June 30 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Cass R. Sunstein ( May 3 , 2004 ) . `` Did Brown Matter ? '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ George R. Goethals , Georgia Jones Sorenson ( 2006 ) . The quest for a general theory of leadership . Edward Elgar Publishing . p. 165 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84542 - 541 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Digital History '' . www.digitalhistory.uh.edu . Jump up ^ Beschloss , Michael ( November 15 , 2014 ) . `` The Gang That Always Liked Ike '' -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ Warren , Earl ( 1977 ) . The Memoirs of Earl Warren . New York : Doubleday & Company . p. 291 . ISBN 0385128355 . Jump up ^ Mungazi , D.A. ( 2001 ) . Journey to the promised land : The African American struggle for development since the Civil War ( pp. 46 ) . Westport , CT : Greenwood Publishing Group Jump up ^ Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 , 551 U.S. 701 ( 2006 ) ( J. Thomas , concurring ) Jump up ^ `` The Problem of Kenneth Clark - Commentary Magazine '' . Jump up ^ Patterson , James T. ( 2001 ) . Brown v. Board of Education : A Civil Rights Milestone and Its Troubled Legacy . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515632 - 3 . Jump up ^ Caro , Robert A. ( 2002 ) . Master of the Senate . Vintage Books . p. 696 . ISBN 9780394720951 . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Huston , Luther A. ( 18 May 1954 ) . `` High Court Bans School Segregation ; 9 - to - 0 Decision Grants Time to Comply '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 6 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AP WAS THERE : Original 1954 Brown v. Board story '' Archived December 9 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Topeka Capital Journal article on integration of THS sports teams '' . Cjonline.com . July 10 , 2001 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Topeka Capital Journal on line article '' . Cjonline.com . February 28 , 2002 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Racial bar down for teachers here '' , Topeka Daily Capital ( January 19 , 1956 ) Jump up ^ `` First step taken to end segregation '' , Topeka Daily Capital ( September 9 , 1953 ) Jump up ^ `` Little Effect On Topeka '' Topeka Capital - Journal ( May 18 , 1954 ) Jump up ^ Erin Adamson , `` Breaking barriers : Topekans reflect on role in desegregating nation 's schools '' Archived April 27 , 2004 , at the Wayback Machine. , Topeka Capital Journal ( May 11 , 2003 ) Jump up ^ `` Massive Resistance '' to Integration ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Howell , Mark C. , John Ben Shepperd , Attorney General of the State of Texas : His Role in the Continuation of Segregation in Texas , 1953 - 1957 , Master 's Thesis , The University of Texas of the Permian Basin , Odessa , Texas , July 2003 . Jump up ^ The Little Rock Nine ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Michael Klarman , The Supreme Court , 2012 Term - Comment : Windsor and Brown : Marriage Equality and Racial Equality 127 Harv . L. Rev. 127 , 153 ( 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Id . citing Karlman , From Jim Crow to Civil Rights : The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality at 352 - 354 ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ `` De La Beckwith v. State , 707 So . 2d 547 ( Miss . 1997 ) '' . Jump up ^ Standing In the Schoolhouse Door ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ The American Experience ; George Wallace : Settin ' the Woods on Fire ; Wallace Quotes , Public Broadcasting Service , pbs.org , 2000 . Retrieved February 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Civil Rights Greensboro '' . library.uncg.edu . Jump up ^ `` '' Summary of ' Civilities and Civil Rights ' : by William H. Chafe '' George Mason University website `` . Jump up ^ `` Naomi Brooks et al. , Appellants , v. School District of City of Moberly , Missouri , Etc. , et al. , Appellees , 267 F. 2d 733 ( 8th Cir. 1959 ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Revisionist History Season 2 Episode 3 '' . Revisionist History . Jump up ^ Melissa F. Weiner , Power , Protest , and the Public Schools : Jewish and African American Struggles in New York City ( Rutgers University Press , 2010 ) p. 51 - 66 Jump up ^ Adina Back `` Exposing the Whole Segregation Myth : The Harlem Nine and New York City Schools '' in Freedom north : Black freedom struggles outside the South , 1940 - 1980 , Jeanne Theoharis , Komozi Woodard , eds. ( Palgrave Macmillan , 2003 ) p. 65 - 91 Jump up ^ Austin Sarat ( 1997 ) . Race , Law , and Culture : Reflections on Brown v. Board of Education . Oxford University Press . p. 55 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 510622 - 0 . What lay behind Plessy v. Ferguson ? There were , perhaps , some important intellectual roots ; this was the era of scientific racism . Jump up ^ Charles A. Lofgren ( 1988 ) . The Plessy Case . Oxford University Press . p. 184 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 505684 - 6 . But he ( Henry Billings Brown ) at minimum established popular sentiment and practice , along with legal and scientific testimony on race , as a link in his train of reasoning . ^ Jump up to : Race , Law , and Culture : Reflections on Brown v. Board of Education By Austin Sarat . Page 55 and 59 . 1997 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 510622 - 9 Jump up ^ Schaffer , Gavin ( 2007 ) . `` '' ' Scientific ' Racism Again ? `` : Reginald Gates , the Mankind Quarterly and the Question of `` Race '' in Science after the Second World War `` . Journal of American Studies . 41 ( 2 ) : 253 -- 278 . doi : 10.1017 / S0021875807003477 . Jump up ^ Science for Segregation : Race , Law , and the Case Against Brown v. Board of Education . By John P. Jackson . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 4271 - 8 Page 148 Jump up ^ William Rehnquist , `` A Random Thought on the Segregation Cases '' Archived June 15 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , S. Hrg. 99 - 1067 , Hearings Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary on the Nomination of Justice William Hubbs Rehnquist to be Chief Justice of the United States ( July 29 , 30 , 31 , and August 1 , 1986 ) . Jump up ^ Peter S. Canellos , Memos may not hold Roberts 's opinions , The Boston Globe , August 23 , 2005 . Here is what Rehnquist said in 1986 about his conversations with other clerks about Plessy : I thought Plessy had been wrongly decided at the time , that it was not a good interpretation of the equal protection clause to say that when you segregate people by race , there is no denial of equal protection . But Plessy had been on the books for 60 years ; Congress had never acted , and the same Congress that had promulgated the 14th Amendment had required segregation in the District schools ... I saw factors on both sides ... I did not agree then , and I certainly do not agree now , with the statement that Plessy against Ferguson is right and should be reaffirmed . I had ideas on both sides , and I do not think I ever really finally settled in my own mind on that ... ( A ) round the lunch table I am sure I defended it ... I thought there were good arguments to be made in support of it . S. Hrg. 99 - 1067 , Hearings Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary on the Nomination of Justice William Hubbs Rehnquist to be Chief Justice of the United States ( July 29 , 30 , 31 , and August 1 , 1986 ) . Jump up ^ Justice William O. Douglas wrote : `` In the original conference there were only four who voted that segregation in the public schools was unconstitutional . Those four were Black , Burton , Minton , and myself . '' See Bernard Schwartz , Decision : How the Supreme Court Decides Cases , page 96 ( Oxford 1996 ) . Likewise , Justice Felix Frankfurter wrote : `` I have no doubt that if the segregation cases had reached decision last term , there would have been four dissenters -- Vinson , Reed , Jackson , and Clark . '' Id . Justice Jackson 's longtime legal secretary had a different view , calling Rehnquist 's Senate testimony an attempt to `` smear the reputation of a great justice . '' See Alan Dershowitz , Telling the Truth About Chief Justice Rehnquist , Huffington Post , September 5 , 2005 . Retrieved March 15 , 2007 . See also Felix Frankfurter on the death of Justice Vinson . Jump up ^ Adam Liptak , The Memo That Rehnquist Wrote and Had to Disown , NY Times ( September 11 , 2005 ) Jump up ^ Cases where Justice Rehnquist has cited Brown v. Board of Education in support of a proposition Archived June 15 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine. , S. Hrg. 99 - 1067 , Hearings Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary on the Nomination of Justice William Hubbs Rehnquist to be Chief Justice of the United States ( July 29 , 30 , 31 , and August 1 , 1986 ) . Also see Jeffery Rosen , Rehnquist the Great ? , Atlantic Monthly ( April 2005 ) : `` Rehnquist ultimately embraced the Warren Court 's Brown decision , and after he joined the Court he made no attempt to dismantle the civil - rights revolution , as political opponents feared he would '' . Jump up ^ Michael Klarman , The Supreme Court , 2012 Term - Comment : Windsor and Brown : Marriage Equality and Racial Equality , 127 Harv . L. Rev. 127 , 142 ( 2013 ) citing Learned Hand , The Bill of Rights at 55 ( Oliver Wendell Holmes Lecture , 1958 ) . Jump up ^ Id. , Pamela Karlan , `` What Can Brown Do For You : Neutral Principles and the Struggle Over the Equal Protection Clause , 58 DUKE L.J. 1049 ( 2008 ) citing Herbert Wechsler , Toward Neutral Principles of Constitutional Law , 73 HARV . L. REV. 1 ( Oliver Wendell Holmes Lecture , 1959 ) . Jump up ^ Missouri v. Jenkins , 515 U.S. 70 , 120 - 22 ( 1995 ) ( Thomas , J. , concurring ) . Jump up ^ McConnell , Michael W. ( May 1995 ) . `` Originalism and the desegregation decisions '' . Virginia Law Review . The Virginia Law Review Association via JSTOR. 81 ( 4 ) : 947 -- 1140 . doi : 10.2307 / 1073539 . JSTOR 1073539 . Response to McConnell : Klarman , Michael J. ( October 1995 ) . `` Response : Brown , originalism , and constitutional theory : a response to Professor Mcconnell '' . Virginia Law Review . The Virginia Law Review Association via JSTOR. 81 ( 7 ) : 1881 -- 1936 . doi : 10.2307 / 1073643 . JSTOR 1073643 . Response to Klarman : McConnell , Michael W. ( October 1995 ) . `` Reply : The originalist justification for Brown : a reply to Professor Klarman '' . Virginia Law Review . The Virginia Law Review Association via JSTOR. 81 ( 7 ) : 1937 -- 1955 . doi : 10.2307 / 1073644 . JSTOR 1073644 . Jump up ^ Adam Liptak ( November 9 , 2009 ) . `` From 19th - Century View , Desegregation Is a Test '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Days , III , Drew S. ( 2001 ) , `` Days , J. , concurring '' , in Balkan , Jack ; Ackerman , Bruce A. , What ' Brown v. Board of Education ' should have said , New York : New York University Press , p. 97 , ISBN 9780814798904 . Preview . Jump up ^ Harvard Law Review , Vol. 100 , No. 8 ( June 1987 ) , pp. 1938 -- 1948 Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Randall Kennedy . `` A Reply to Philip Elman . '' Harvard Law Review 100 ( 1987 ) : 1938 -- 1948 . Jump up ^ A Justice for All , by Kim Isaac Eisler , page 11 ; ISBN 0 - 671 - 76787 - 9 Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court History : Expanding civil rights , biographies of the robes : Felix Frankfurter '' . pbs.org/wnet . Educational Broadcasting Corp. , PBS . Jump up ^ Remarks by the President at Grand Opening of the Brown v Board of Education National Historic Site , Topeka , Kansas ( May 17 , 2004 ) Jump up ^ Thomas Sowell ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Dunbar High School After 100 Years '' . townhall.com . Jump up ^ Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka , 349 U.S. 294 ( 1955 ) Jump up ^ Jim Chen , Poetic Justice , 29 Cardozo Law Review ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ The `` Brown II , '' `` All Deliberate Speed '' Decision ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Smith , Bob ( 1965 ) . They Closed Their Schools . University of North Carolina Press . Jump up ^ Brown v. Board of Education , 892 F. 2d 851 ( 10th Cir. 1989 ) . Jump up ^ Brown v. Unified School Dist . No. 501 , 56 F. Supp . 2d 1212 ( D. Kan . 1999 ) . Jump up ^ Topeka Public Schools Desegregation History : `` The Naming of Scott Computer Technology Magnet '' Archived October 1 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Brown v. Board of Education '' . PBS NewsHour. 2014 - 05 - 09 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Black / White and Brown : Brown versus the Board of Education of Topeka '' . KTWU Channel 11 . transcript of program produced by KTWU Channel 11 in Topeka , Kansas . Originally aired May 3 , 2004. : KTWU Video . 2005 - 09 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2005 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Vanessa Romo ( March 26 , 2018 ) . `` Linda Brown , Who Was At Center Of Brown v. Board Of Education , Dies '' . NPR . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Further reading Keppel , Ben . Brown v. Board and the Transformation of American Culture ( LSU Press , 2016 ) . xiv , 225 pp . Kluger , Richard ( 1975 ) . Simple Justice : The History of Brown v. Board of Education and Black America 's Struggle for Equality . New York : Knopf . ISBN 9780394472898 . External video Booknotes interview with Charles Ogletree on All Deliberate Speed , May 9 , 2004 , C - SPAN Ogletree , Charles J. , Jr. ( 2004 ) . All Deliberate Speed : Reflections on the First Half Century of Brown v. Board of Education . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 9780393058970 . Patterson , James T. , and William W. Freehling . Brown v. Board of Education : A civil rights milestone and its troubled legacy ( Oxford University Press , 2001 ) . Tushnet , Mark V. ( 2008 ) . `` '' Our decision does not end but begins the struggle over segregation '' Brown v. Board of Education , 1954 : Justice Robert H. Jackson `` . In Tushnet , Mark V. I dissent : Great Opposing Opinions in Landmark Supreme Court Cases . Boston : Beacon Press . pp. 133 -- 150 . ISBN 9780807000366 . Preview . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brown v. Board of Education . Works related to Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka ( 347 U.S. 483 ) at Wikisource Text of Brown v. Board of Education , 347 U.S. 483 ( 1954 ) is available from : Cornell CourtListener Google Scholar Justia Oyez Case Brief for Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka at Lawnix.com Case information and transcripts on The Curiae Project Brown v. Board of Education National Historic Site ( US Park Service ) A copy of Florida 's 1957 Interposition Resolution in Response to the Brown decision , with Gov. Collin 's handwritten rejection of it . Made available for public use by the State Archives of Florida . U.S. District Court of Kansas : Records of Brown v. Board of Education , Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library Online documents relating to Brown vs. Board of Education , Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library Documents from the district court , including the original complaint and trial transcript , at the Civil Rights Litigation Clearinghouse 60th Anniversary of Brown v. Board of Education curated by Michigan State University 's Diversity of Excellence through Artistic Expression Brown v. Board of Education , Civil Rights Digital Library . `` Supreme Court Landmark Case Brown v. Board of Education '' from C - SPAN 's Landmark Cases : Historic Supreme Court Decisions hide Civil rights movement Notable events ( timeline ) Prior to 1954 Lynching in the United States Murder of Harry and Harriette Moore 1954 -- 1959 Brown v. Board of Education Bolling v. Sharpe Briggs v. Elliott Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County Gebhart v. Belton White America , Inc . Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company Emmett Till Montgomery bus boycott Browder v. Gayle Tallahassee bus boycott Mansfield school desegregation 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom `` Give Us the Ballot '' Royal Ice Cream sit - in Little Rock Nine National Guard blockade Civil Rights Act of 1957 Kissing Case Biloxi wade - ins 1960 -- 1963 Greensboro sit - ins Nashville sit - ins Sit - in movement Civil Rights Act of 1960 Gomillion v. Lightfoot Boynton v. Virginia Rock Hill sit - ins Robert F. Kennedy 's Law Day Address Freedom Rides attacks Garner v. Louisiana Albany Movement University of Chicago sit - ins `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Meredith enrollment , Ole Miss riot `` Segregation now , segregation forever '' Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 1963 Birmingham campaign Letter from Birmingham Jail Children 's Crusade Birmingham riot 16th Street Baptist Church bombing John F. Kennedy 's Report to the American People on Civil Rights March on Washington `` I Have a Dream '' St. Augustine movement 1964 -- 1968 Twenty - fourth Amendment Bloody Tuesday Freedom Summer workers ' murders Civil Rights Act of 1964 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches `` How Long , Not Long '' Voting Rights Act of 1965 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections March Against Fear White House Conference on Civil Rights Chicago Freedom Movement / Chicago open housing movement Memphis sanitation strike King assassination funeral riots Poor People 's Campaign Civil Rights Act of 1968 Green v. County School Board of New Kent County Activist groups Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights Atlanta Student Movement Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters Congress of Racial Equality ( CORE ) Committee on Appeal for Human Rights Council for United Civil Rights Leadership Dallas County Voters League Deacons for Defense and Justice Georgia Council on Human Relations Highlander Folk School Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights Montgomery Improvement Association Nashville Student Movement NAACP Youth Council Northern Student Movement National Council of Negro Women National Urban League Operation Breadbasket Regional Council of Negro Leadership Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) Southern Regional Council Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee ( SNCC ) The Freedom Singers Wednesdays in Mississippi Women 's Political Council Activists Ralph Abernathy Victoria Gray Adams Zev Aelony Mathew Ahmann William G. Anderson Gwendolyn Armstrong Arnold Aronson Ella Baker Marion Barry Daisy Bates Harry Belafonte James Bevel Claude Black Gloria Blackwell Randolph Blackwell Unita Blackwell Ezell Blair Jr . Joanne Bland Julian Bond Joseph E. Boone William Holmes Borders Amelia Boynton Raylawni Branch Ruby Bridges Aurelia Browder H. Rap Brown Guy Carawan Stokely Carmichael Johnnie Carr James Chaney J.L. Chestnut Colia Lafayette Clark Ramsey Clark Septima Clark Xernona Clayton Eldridge Cleaver Kathleen Cleaver Charles E. Cobb Jr . Annie Lee Cooper Dorothy Cotton Claudette Colvin Vernon Dahmer Jonathan Daniels Joseph DeLaine Dave Dennis Annie Devine Patricia Stephens Due Joseph Ellwanger Charles Evers Medgar Evers Myrlie Evers - Williams Chuck Fager James Farmer Walter Fauntroy James Forman Marie Foster Golden Frinks Andrew Goodman Fred Gray Jack Greenberg Dick Gregory Lawrence Guyot Prathia Hall Fannie Lou Hamer William E. Harbour Vincent Harding Dorothy Height Lola Hendricks Aaron Henry Oliver Hill Donald L. Hollowell James Hood Myles Horton Zilphia Horton T.R.M. Howard Ruby Hurley Jesse Jackson Jimmie Lee Jackson Richie Jean Jackson T.J. Jemison Esau Jenkins Barbara Rose Johns Vernon Johns Frank Minis Johnson Clarence Jones J. Charles Jones Matthew Jones Vernon Jordan Tom Kahn Clyde Kennard A.D. King C.B. King Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King Jr . Martin Luther King Sr . Bernard Lafayette James Lawson Bernard Lee Sanford R. Leigh Jim Letherer Stanley Levison John Lewis Viola Liuzzo Z. Alexander Looby Joseph Lowery Clara Luper Malcolm X Mae Mallory Vivian Malone Thurgood Marshall Benjamin Mays Franklin McCain Charles McDew Ralph McGill Floyd McKissick Joseph McNeil James Meredith William Ming Jack Minnis Amzie Moore Douglas E. Moore Harriette Moore Harry T. Moore William Lewis Moore Irene Morgan Bob Moses William Moyer Elijah Muhammad Diane Nash Charles Neblett Edgar Nixon Jack O'Dell James Orange Rosa Parks James Peck Charles Person Homer Plessy Adam Clayton Powell Jr . Fay Bellamy Powell Al Raby Lincoln Ragsdale A. Philip Randolph George Raymond Jr . Bernice Johnson Reagon Cordell Reagon James Reeb Frederick D. Reese Gloria Richardson David Richmond Bernice Robinson Jo Ann Robinson Bayard Rustin Bernie Sanders Michael Schwerner Cleveland Sellers Charles Sherrod Alexander D. Shimkin Fred Shuttlesworth Modjeska Monteith Simkins Glenn E. Smiley A. Maceo Smith Kelly Miller Smith Mary Louise Smith Maxine Smith Ruby Doris Smith - Robinson Charles Kenzie Steele Hank Thomas Dorothy Tillman A.P. Tureaud Hartman Turnbow Albert Turner C.T. Vivian Wyatt Tee Walker Hollis Watkins Walter Francis White Roy Wilkins Hosea Williams Kale Williams Robert F. Williams Andrew Young Whitney Young Sammy Younge Jr . James Zwerg Influences Nonviolence Padayatra Sermon on the Mount Mahatma Gandhi Ahimsa Satyagraha The Kingdom of God Is Within You Frederick Douglass W.E.B. Du Bois Mary McLeod Bethune Related Jim Crow laws Plessy v. Ferguson Separate but equal Buchanan v. Warley Hocutt v. Wilson Sweatt v. Painter Heart of Atlanta Motel , Inc. v. United States Katzenbach v. McClung Loving v. Virginia Fifth Circuit Four Brown Chapel Holt Street Baptist Church Edmund Pettus Bridge March on Washington Movement African - American churches attacked Journey of Reconciliation Freedom Songs `` Kumbaya '' `` Keep Your Eyes on the Prize '' `` Oh , Freedom '' `` This Little Light of Mine '' `` We Shall Not Be Moved '' `` We Shall Overcome '' Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' Watts riots Voter Education Project 1960s counterculture In popular culture King Memorial Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument Freedom Riders National Monument Civil Rights Memorial The New Jim Crow ( 2010 ) Noted historians Taylor Branch Clayborne Carson John Dittmer Michael Eric Dyson Chuck Fager Adam Fairclough David Garrow David Halberstam Vincent Harding Steven F. Lawson Doug McAdam Diane McWhorter Charles M. Payne Timothy Tyson Akinyele Umoja Movement photographers hide United States Fourteenth Amendment case law Citizenship Clause Slaughter - House Cases ( 1873 ) Elk v. Wilkins ( 1884 ) United States v. Wong Kim Ark ( 1898 ) Perez v. Brownell ( 1958 ) Afroyim v. Rusk ( 1967 ) Rogers v. Bellei ( 1971 ) Saenz v. Roe ( 1999 ) Due Process Clause Economic substantive due process Mugler v. Kansas ( 1887 ) Allgeyer v. Louisiana ( 1897 ) Lochner v. New York ( 1905 ) Coppage v. Kansas ( 1915 ) Adams v. Tanner ( 1917 ) Adkins v. Children 's Hospital ( 1923 ) Right to privacy Meyer v. Nebraska ( 1923 ) Pierce v. Society of Sisters ( 1925 ) Griswold v. Connecticut ( 1965 ) Doe v. Bolton ( 1973 ) Roe v. Wade ( 1973 ) Bowers v. Hardwick ( 1986 ) Webster v. Reproductive Health Services ( 1989 ) Planned Parenthood v. Casey ( 1992 ) Lawrence v. Texas ( 2003 ) Whole Woman 's Health v. Hellerstedt ( 2016 ) Right to abortion United States v. Vuitch ( 1971 ) Doe v. Bolton ( 1973 ) Roe v. Wade ( 1973 ) H.L. v. Matheson ( 1981 ) City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health ( 1983 ) Webster v. Reproductive Health Services ( 1989 ) Hodgson v. Minnesota ( 1990 ) Planned Parenthood v. Casey ( 1992 ) Stenberg v. Carhart ( 2000 ) Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of New England ( 2006 ) Gonzales v. Carhart ( 2007 ) Whole Woman 's Health v. Hellerstedt ( 2016 ) Civil rights liability under Section 1983 Monroe v. Pape ( 1961 ) McNeese v. Board of Educ. ( 1963 ) Pierson v. Ray ( 1967 ) Jenkins v. McKeithen ( 1969 ) Scheuer v. Rhodes ( 1974 ) Wood v. Strickland ( 1975 ) O'Connor v. Donaldson ( 1975 ) Paul v. Davis ( 1976 ) Imbler v. Pachtman ( 1976 ) Monell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York ( 1978 ) Procunier v. Navarette ( 1978 ) Owen v. City of Independence ( 1980 ) Harlow v. Fitzgerald ( 1982 ) Felder v. Casey ( 1988 ) Will v. Michigan Department of State Police ( 1989 ) Gonzaga University v. Doe ( 2002 ) Inyo County v. Paiute - Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community ( 2003 ) City of Rancho Palos Verdes v. Abrams ( 2005 ) Fitzgerald v. Barnstable School Committee ( 2009 ) Ashcroft v. Iqbal ( 2009 ) Los Angeles County v. Humphries ( 2010 ) Connick v. Thompson ( 2011 ) Other Holden v. Hardy ( 1898 ) Muller v. Oregon ( 1908 ) Buck v. Bell ( 1927 ) Powell v. Alabama ( 1932 ) West Coast Hotel v. Parrish ( 1937 ) NAACP v. Alabama ( 1958 ) Griswold v. Connecticut ( 1965 ) Loving v. Virginia ( 1967 ) Epperson v. Arkansas ( 1968 ) In re Winship ( 1971 ) Kolender v. Lawson ( 1983 ) Edwards v. Aguillard ( 1987 ) Troxel v. Granville ( 2000 ) Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co. ( 2009 ) Obergefell v. Hodges ( 2015 ) Equal Protection Clause United States v. Cruikshank ( 1876 ) Pace v. Alabama ( 1883 ) Civil Rights Cases ( 1883 ) Yick Wo v. Hopkins ( 1886 ) Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 ) Buchanan v. Warley ( 1917 ) Lum v. Rice ( 1927 ) Skinner v. Oklahoma ( 1942 ) Perez v. Sharp ( 1948 ) Goesaert v. Cleary ( 1948 ) Shelley v. Kraemer ( 1948 ) Sipuel v. Board of Regents of Univ. of Okla . ( 1948 ) Sweatt v. Painter ( 1950 ) McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents ( 1950 ) Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka ( 1954 ) Hernandez v. Texas ( 1954 ) Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County ( 1964 ) Katzenbach v. Morgan ( 1966 ) Loving v. Virginia ( 1967 ) Swann v. Charlotte - Mecklenburg Board of Education ( 1971 ) Guey Heung Lee v. Johnson ( 1971 ) Reed v. Reed ( 1971 ) Frontiero v. Richardson ( 1973 ) Craig v. Boren ( 1976 ) Milliken v. Bradley ( 1974 ) Plyler v. Doe ( 1982 ) Romer v. Evans ( 1996 ) Grutter v. Bollinger ( 2003 ) Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 ( 2007 ) Obergefell v. Hodges ( 2015 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brown_v._Board_of_Education&oldid=851985087 '' Categories : United States Supreme Court decisions that overrule a prior Supreme Court decision 1954 in United States case law 20th century American trials Education in Kansas History of education in the United States History of the United States ( 1945 -- 64 ) Legal history of Kansas Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower United States equal protection case law United States school desegregation case law United States Supreme Court cases 1954 in Kansas American Civil Liberties Union litigation Civil rights movement African - American history of Kansas United States Supreme Court cases of the Warren Court 1954 in education Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template webcite links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from December 2012 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles with short description All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2015 Good articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Bosanski Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska 粵語中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 July 2018 , at 21 : 10 ( UTC ) . 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4334185561726968694	Courtney Matthews	Courtney Matthews - wikipedia Courtney Matthews Jump to : navigation , search Courtney Matthews General Hospital character Portrayed by Alicia Leigh Willis Duration 2001 -- 06 2015 First appearance December 20 , 2001 Last appearance May 5 , 2015 Created by Megan McTavish Introduced by Jill Farren Phelps ( 2001 ) Frank Valentini ( 2015 ) Classification Former , regular Profile Other names Courtney Quartermaine Courtney Morgan Courtney Jacks Occupation Founder of the Courtney Matthews Foundation CEO of Pride - Phillips Waitress Stripper at the Oasis ( show ) Family Family Corinthos Father Mike Corbin Mother Janine Matthews Half - brothers Sonny Corinthos Spouse A.J. Quartermaine ( 2002 -- 05 ) Jason Morgan ( 2003 -- 04 ) Jasper Jacks ( 2005 -- 06 ) Sons Spencer Cassadine Nephews Dante Falconeri Michael Corinthos ( adoptive ) Morgan Corinthos Nieces Kristina Davis Avery Corinthos Courtney Matthews is a fictional character from General Hospital , an American soap opera on the ABC network . She is the daughter of Mike Corbin and Janine Matthews , and the half sister of mobster , Sonny Corinthos . Courtney was portrayed by Alicia Leigh Willis from December 20 , 2001 until February 21 , 2006 . Willis received two consecutive Emmy nominations for `` Outstanding Younger Actress . '' Willis returned to the role of Courtney for a guest stint in May 2015 , as part of a fan - favorite vote . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting 2 Storylines 2.1 2001 -- 04 2.2 2005 -- 06 , 2015 3 References 4 External links Casting ( edit ) In September 2001 , General Hospital released a casting call for Courtney , described to be in her early 20s and `` sexy , vibrant and dynamic . '' The character was speculated to be the sister of Sonny Corinthos , played by Maurice Benard . Benard had hinted at a recent fan club event that Sonny 's sister would be brought on canvas . Alicia Leigh Willis was cast in the role of Courtney in December 2001 . Casting director Mark Teschner fought for her to be hired in the role , and coached her before her callback with the show 's executive producer at the time Jill Farren Phelps . Years later , Teschner spoke highly of his experience with Willis , `` She nailed it and she got the role and four years later , she was one of the most successful additions on the show . That 's also very gratifying when you fight for somebody and they do you right by doing a great job with the role . '' In 2006 , Willis chose not to renew her contract . She was written off the show , but at her goodbye party on set , Jill Farren Phelps asked if she would stay on and wrap up her character 's pregnancy storyline , to which Willis agreed . As the story played out , Willis voiced her opinion on Soap Talk on her character 's future , `` I love playing Courtney and to see someone else come in , it 's like , ' It 's my character ! ' I do n't want to see someone else come in , but if they do , I wish them all the luck . '' Although the network had initially announced recasting the role , it was later confirmed that the character would in fact be killed off . Willis last appeared on February 21 , 2006 . Storylines ( edit ) 2001 -- 04 ( edit ) Soon after her arrival in Port Charles , Courtney falls in love and marries A.J. Quartermaine . A.J. uses her to get to his biological son Michael Corinthos III , the illegally adopted child of Courtney 's half - brother Sonny Corinthos . When Courtney defends A.J. to his family , he realizes he truly loves her , and stops trying to trade Courtney for Michael . The Quartermaine family freezes A.J. 's bank account , leading him further into his alcoholism . After being blackmailed into stripping due to A.J. 's drunk driving accident , A.J. becomes verbally abusive and has Courtney purposely stalked by Coleman Ratcliffe , the strip club 's owner , so that he can finally feel like a hero and rescue her . Courtney finds out what A.J. is doing and asks for a divorce , which he presumably complies with . Meanwhile , Courtney had turned to Sonny 's enforcer Jason Morgan for help with the stalker , and develops feelings for him . Courtney falls in love with Jason , which causes tension between Jason and Sonny . After many trials , they finally marry in a private ceremony in France . However , Courtney miscarries their child , which causes strain on their relationship . She also feels that Jason 's lifestyle makes her act in ways she never had before , including shooting officer Brian Beck . Although Brian knows Courtney had shot him , he frames Zander Smith , because he has fallen in love with Courtney . During a fire at the Port Charles Hotel , Detective Capelli mortally wounds Brian , who dies in the hospital with Courtney at his side . Courtney eventually decides that due to the dangerous nature of Jason 's lifestyle , she would rather leave him than watch him die for the mob , and they divorce . 2005 -- 06 , 2015 ( edit ) Months later , Courtney declares her independence and begins a foundation for underprivileged children . Jasper `` Jax '' Jacks signs on to lend credibility to her new endeavor . Courtney also takes in a foster child , 17 - year - old Diego , who she finds out is the son of weapons dealer Lorenzo Alcazar . She tries to protect Diego from the truth but eventually tells him . Meanwhile , Jax and Courtney continue to bond . Jax bets Courtney $10 million that he can seduce her in three months . Courtney accepts , believing beating Jax at his own game will be a breeze . Jax proves more difficult to resist than she bargained for . The two slowly fall in love and Jax eventually proposes to Courtney . A.J. returns to town and announces his divorce with Courtney was never final , but is presumed dead shortly thereafter . Courtney and Jax marry on June 3 , 2005 in a ceremony in the park . The newlyweds decide to have a surrogate child , as Courtney was left barren from her miscarriage . When Jax begins bonding with their surrogate mother , Elizabeth Spencer , it marks the beginning of the demise of their relationship . During this time , Courtney finds friendship and solace in Nikolas Cassadine , who is married to Emily Quartermaine , which quickly turns into an adulterous affair . Courtney miraculously becomes pregnant . Jax changes the DNA results to say he is the father , but Courtney and Nikolas still choose to fight Jax for custody . However , Courtney sees Nikolas and his ex-wife Emily together , and breaks up with Nikolas , thinking that Nikolas and Emily belong together . In early January 2006 , Courtney leaves town to have her baby in peace . She returns in February 2006 , and contracts the Encephalitis virus plaguing Port Charles . She sees Nikolas , and the two renew their love and get engaged . Faced with the choice between her life or her baby 's , Courtney chooses her son 's life over her own . After the birth , Courtney suggests that Jax names the baby John , after his father . Jax finally admits to Courtney that Nikolas is the father . Though upset with him for lying , she forgives him , and asks to see Nikolas . However , Nikolas arrives too late , and Courtney dies before she can tell Nikolas he is the father . Jax hides the truth after her death and raises her baby as his own , naming him John Michael Jacks . The truth is eventually revealed to Nikolas a few months later by Robin Scorpio , and Nikolas subsequently changes John 's name to Spencer Cassadine . In May 2015 , Courtney appears to her son Spencer to help him realize that he is not disfigured from the fire he was injured months earlier , as well as helping him to become a better person . Before leaving , Courtney assures Spencer that she loves him and that she is always with him . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jill Farren Phelps ( Executive producer ) ; Robert Guza , Jr. and Charles Pratt , Jr . ( Head writers ) ( April 22 , 2005 ) . General Hospital . Season 42 . GH Transcript Friday 4 / 22 / 05 . American Broadcasting Company . Jax : Well , it 's all done . Your ties to A.J. are officially severed . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Dan J. ( September 30 , 2001 ) . `` Sonny 's family coming to town ? '' . Soapcentral . Retrieved March 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Five Minutes With ... Mark Teschner '' . Soap Opera Digest . soapoperadigest.com. 2009 - 05 - 06 . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2014 . Retrieved October 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : TV Guide News ( 2006 - 01 - 25 ) . `` Viewers of yesterday 's episode ... '' . TV Guide . tvguide.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J. ( 2005 - 11 - 04 ) . `` Alicia Leigh Willis Confirms She 's Leaving GH '' . Soap Central . Retrieved October 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ TV Guide News ( 2006 - 02 - 15 ) . `` Last month on SoapNet 's Soap Talk , ... '' . TV Guide . tvguide.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bhattacharjee , Mala ( 2005 - 06 - 17 ) . `` How GH 's Coleman Gets His Groove '' . Soap Opera Digest . soapoperadigest.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Di Lauro , Janet ( 2004 - 12 - 20 ) . `` Gunning For Dad '' . Soap Opera Digest . soapoperadigest.com . Retrieved October 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Deadwatch Page 2 '' . Soap Opera Digest . soapoperadigest.com. 2007 - 01 - 02 . Retrieved October 8 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Soapcentral.com biography for Courtney Matthews General Hospital General Hospital characters ( current contract cast only ) Curtis Ashford Jordan Ashford Hayden Barnes Nina Clay Carly Corinthos Jacks Corinthos Sonny Corinthos Alexis Davis Anna Devane Dante Falconeri Olivia Falconeri Hamilton Finn Franco Nelle Hayes Ava Jerome Julian Jerome Kiki Jerome Maxie Jones Andre Maddox Jason Morgan Sam Morgan Griffin Munro Dillon Quartermaine Michael Quartermaine Laura Spencer Lulu Spencer - Falconeri Elizabeth Webber Nathan West General Hospital characters ( recurring cast ) TJ Ashford Ned Ashton Scott Baldwin Spencer Cassadine Lucy Coe Darby Collette Kevin Collins Brad Cooper Kristina Davis Emma Drake Felix DuBois Leo Falconeri Rocco Falconeri Parker Forsyth Max Giambetti Milo Giambetti Alice Gunderson Josslyn Jacks Epiphany Johnson Lucas Jones Molly Lansing Ric Lansing Janice Lomax Rosalie Martinez Matthew Mayes Diane Miller Daniel Morgan Liesl Obrecht Monica Quartermaine Delia Ryan Mac Scorpio Robert Scorpio Felicia Scorpio - Jones Aiden Spencer Bobbie Spencer Cameron Spencer Jake Spencer Valerie Spencer Damian Spinelli Georgie Spinelli Ellie Trout David Walters Heather Webber General Hospital characters ( notable former characters ) Diego Alcazar Lorenzo Alcazar Ruby Anderson Larry Ashton Gail Baldwin Lee Baldwin Tom Baldwin Sr . Brenda Barrett Julia Barrett Amanda Barrington Katherine Bell Jessie Brewer Phil Brewer Shawn Butler Gia Campbell Helena Cassadine Mikkos Cassadine Stavros Cassadine Stefan Cassadine Victor Cassadine Jagger Cates Stone Cates Lois Cerullo Ryan Chamberlain Skye Chandler Mike Corbin Morgan Corinthos Rae Cummings Marco Dane Anna Donely Sean Donely Noah Drake Patrick Drake Bill Eckert Cesar Faison Connie Falconeri Audrey Hardy Tom Hardy Simone Hardy Steve Hardy Tom Hardy Tiffany Hill Paul Hornsby Matt Hunter Jasper Jacks Jerry Jacks Victor Jerome B.J. Jones Frisco Jones Georgie Jones Tania Jones Tony Jones Joe Kelly Duke Lavery Anne Logan Lucille March Courtney Matthews Susan Moore Lisa Niles Blackie Parrish A.J. Quartermaine Alan Quartermaine Edward Quartermaine Emily Quartermaine Lila Quartermaine Tracy Quartermaine Coleman Ratcliffe Madeline Reeves Lily Rivera Sabrina Santiago Robin Scorpio - Drake Kyle Sloane Frank Smith Zander Smith Filomena Soltini Lucky Spencer Luke Spencer Dominique Stanton Holly Sutton - Scorpio Marcus Taggert Diana Taylor Peter Taylor Amy Vining Justus Ward Mary Mae Ward Jeff Webber Lesley Webber Rick Webber Steven Webber Britt Westbourne Karen Wexler Anthony Zacchara Claudia Zacchara Johnny Zacchara Related topics Port Charles ( city ) Luke and Laura Sonny and Carly Patrick and Robin Frisco and Felicia Jason and Sam Lucky and Elizabeth Jason and Elizabeth List of cast members 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Children The Secret Life of Damian Spinelli History of General Hospital Fictional families Cassadine family Corinthos family Cramer family Hardy / Webber family Jerome family Lord family Quartermaine family Scorpio / Jones family Spencer family Spinoffs and specials Twist of Fate Port Charles Night Shift What If ... ( hide ) General Hospital characters Present and future characters Curtis Ashford Jordan Ashford TJ Ashford Ned Ashton Franco Baldwin Scott Baldwin Hayden Barnes Charlotte Cassadine Spencer Cassadine Valentin Cassadine Nina Clay Lucy Coe Brad Cooper Kevin Collins Avery Corinthos Carly Corinthos Michael Corinthos Sonny Corinthos Alexis Davis Kristina Davis Anna Devane Emma Drake Robin Scorpio - Drake Felix DuBois Dante Falconeri Leo Falconeri Olivia Falconeri Rocco Falconeri Hamilton Finn Max Giambetti Milo Giambetti Alice Gunderson Nora Hanen Buchanan Jasper Jacks Josslyn Jacks Ava Jerome Julian Jerome Kiki Jerome Epiphany Johnson Felicia Jones Lucas Jones Maxie Jones Molly Lansing Ric Lansing Andre Maddox Diane Miller Danny Morgan Emily Scout Morgan Jason Morgan Sam Morgan Griffin Munro Liesl Obrecht Dillon Quartermaine Monica Quartermaine Mac Scorpio Aiden Spencer Bobbie Spencer Cameron Spencer Jake Spencer Laura Spencer Lulu Spencer Valerie Spencer Damian Spinelli Georgie Spinelli Elizabeth Webber Heather Webber Nathan West Past characters Diego Alcazar Lorenzo Alcazar Lee Baldwin Brenda Barrett Jessie Brewer Phil Brewer Shawn Butler Helena Cassadine Nikolas Cassadine Stone Cates Claudia Zacchara Corinthos Morgan Corinthos Blair Cramer Rae Cummings Marco Dane Téa Delgado Noah Drake Patrick Drake Levi Dunkleman Audrey Hardy Steve Hardy Kate Howard Jerry Jacks Georgie Jones Duke Lavery Ethan Lovett Starr Manning Todd Manning Courtney Matthews John McBain Lisa Niles A.J. Quartermaine Alan Quartermaine Edward Quartermaine Emily Quartermaine Skye Chandler Quartermaine Tracy Quartermaine Madeline Reeves Sabrina Santiago Holly Sutton - Scorpio Jennifer Smith Lucky Spencer Luke Spencer Cole Thornhart Justus Ward Mary Mae Ward Lesley Webber Steven Webber Britt Westbourne Johnny Zacchara Character lists 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Children Hardy / Webber Scorpio / Jones Spencer Quartermaine Cassadine Jerome Corinthos Lord Cramer Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Courtney_Matthews&oldid=795537959 '' Categories : General Hospital characters Fictional characters introduced in 2001 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 August 2017 , at 21 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	on general hospital who is spencer cassadine mother	[ "In May 2015, Courtney appears to her son Spencer to help him realize that he is not disfigured from the fire he was injured months earlier, as well as helping him to become a better person. Before leaving, Courtney assures Spencer that she loves him and that she is always with him." ]	[ "Courtney" ]
8876225607790961719	Yama (Hinduism)	Yama ( Hinduism ) - wikipedia Yama ( Hinduism ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the deity Yama in the Hindu tradition . For the deity in the Buddhist tradition see Yama ( East Asia ) . For the deity Yama in other religious traditions or the deity overall generally , see Yama . For other uses , see Yama ( disambiguation ) . `` Dharma ( Hinduism ) '' redirects here . For the Hindu concept , see Dharma . Yama God of Death Devanagari यम Affiliation Raja , Shiva gana Abode Naraka , Yamaloka Planet Pluto Mantra Om Surya puthraya Vidhmahe MahaKalaya Dheemahi Thanno Yama Prachodayath Weapon Danda Mount water buffalo Personal Information Parents Surya and Saranyu Siblings Shani , Yami , Ashvins , Tapti , Bhadra , Manu In Hindu Religion , Yama ( Sanskrit : यम ) is the lord of death . In the Rigveda , he is mentioned as the one who helped humankind find a place to dwell , and gave every individual the power to tread any path to which he or she wants . In Vedic tradition , Yama was considered to be the first mortal who died and espied the way to the celestial abodes ; thus , as a result , he became the ruler of the departed . Yama 's name can be interpreted to mean `` twin '' , and in some myths he is paired with a twin sister Yami . He also has two twin brothers , Ashvini Kumaras Yama is associated with various roles in Hinduism that are not always consistent throughout the stories . Sometimes , he is the lord of justice and is associated with Dharma , such as in the Brahma Purana ; in other Puranas , Yama has no association with Dharma at all . Yama is also found in Buddhist texts . The Buddhist Yama , however , has developed different myths . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characteristics 1.1 In the Rigveda 2 Iconography 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Characteristics ( edit ) Yama holding a danda Yama is the deity of death in Hinduism . In Hindu Puranic scriptures , those who assist him in his work are Kala ( time ) , Jara ( old age ) , Vyadhi ( disease ) , Krodha ( anger ) and Asuya ( jealousy ) . He is one of the Lokapāla and represents the south cardinal direction . In different texts , Yama can be referred to as the god of justice , as the deity Dharma , or a completely different figure altogether . In the Katha Upanishad , Yama is portrayed as a teacher to Nachiketa , the legendary little boy , and their conversation evolves to a discussion of the nature of humans , knowledge , Atman ( soul , self ) and moksha ( liberation ) . In the Epic Mahabharata , he is the father of Yudhishthira ( also known as Dharmaraja ) , the oldest brother of the five Pandavas ( Karna was born prior to Kunti 's wedlock , so technically Karna is Yudhishthira 's older brother ) and is said to have incarnated as Vidura by some accounts in the Mahabharata period . In other texts , Yama is called Kāla ( `` Time '' ) , but so are other gods in Hindu pantheon , such as Shiva . the latter is also called Mahākāla ( `` Great Time '' ) in his form as the destroyer of the world . Among the Nuristanis , the deity is known as Imra . In the rigveda ( edit ) In the Rig Veda he is mentioned as the son of Vivasvat and of Saranya , the daughter of Tvastar , with a twin sister named Yami . Only three hymns ( 10.14 , 10.135 , and 10.154 ) in the Rig Veda are addressed to him . There is one other ( 10.10 ) consisting of a dialogue between Yama and his sister Yami . Yama 's name is mentioned roughly fifty times in the Rig Veda , but almost exclusively in the first and ( far more frequently ) in the tenth book . Agni , who is a conductor of the dead , has close relations with Yama . In RV 10.21. 5 Agni is said to be the friend ( kāmya ) of Yama , and in RV 10.52 Agni is Yama 's priest , serving as the burner of the dead . Agni , Yama , and Mātariśvan are mentioned together as the names of one being , along with other forms of the divine , in RV 1.164. 46 , which says that `` learned priests call one by many names . '' Iconography ( edit ) In art , some Sanskrit sources say that he should be of dark color , resembling the rain - cloud , with two arms , fire - colored eyes and sharp side - tusks . He is depicted with red clothes ( somewhere black cloths ) , and seated either on a lion throne or a he - buffalo . A different iconographic form described in the Viṣṇudharmottara depicts him with four arms and wearing golden yellow garments . He holds a noose ( pāśa ) of rope in one hand . He is also depicted holding a danda which is a Sanskrit word for `` stick '' . See also ( edit ) Agni Mātariśvan Alakshmi Chitragupta Dhumavati Kalantaka Kali / Tara Mahākāla Markandeya Nachiketa Naraka Vaitarna River Yama Yami Yudhishthira Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Yama mantra Jump up ^ The Rig Veda / Mandala 10 / Hymn 14 Ralph Griffith ( Translator ) , see also hymns 10.135 - 10.136 Jump up ^ Arthur Anthony Macdonell . Vedic Mythology . Motilal Banarsidass . p. 172 . ^ Jump up to : K Merh ( 1996 ) , Yama : the Glorious Lord of the Other World , DK Publishers , ISBN 978 - 8124600665 , pages 196 - 199 Jump up ^ Alice Getty ( 1988 ) , The Gods of Northern Buddhism , Dover , ISBN 978 - 0486255750 , pages 149 - 154 Jump up ^ Paul Deussen , Sixty Upanishads of the Veda , Volume 1 , Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 978 - 8120814684 , pages 269 - 273 Jump up ^ Chidbhavananda 1997 , p. 77 , name # 533 Jump up ^ Apte 1965 , For Mahākāla as an epithet of Shiva see p. 749 , middle column Jump up ^ Minahan , James B. ( 10 February 2014 ) . Ethnic Groups of North , East , and Central Asia : An Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 205 . ISBN 9781610690188 . Living in the high mountain valleys , the Nuristani retained their ancient culture and their religion , a form of ancient Hinduism with many customs and rituals developed locally . Certain deities were revered only by one tribe or community , but one deity was universally worshiped by all Nuristani as the Creator , the Hindu god Yama Raja , called imr'o or imra by the Nuristani tribes . Jump up ^ Rao 1914 , vol. 2 , p. 525 Jump up ^ Macdonell 1898 , p. 171 Jump up ^ Macdonell 1898 , p. 171 Jump up ^ Macdonell 1898 , p. 171 Jump up ^ The characterization of Agni as `` priest '' in RV 10.52 is from Macdonell ( 1898 , p. 171 ) . Arya & Joshi ( 2001 , vol. 4 , p. 319 ) note Wilson 's version `` ( the servant ) of Yama '' referring to Agni as the burner of the dead . Jump up ^ Arya & Joshhi , vol. 1 , p. 434 . Jump up ^ Rao 1914 , vol. 2 , p. 526 Jump up ^ Rao 1914 , vol. 2 , p. 526 References ( edit ) Apte , Vaman Shivram ( 1965 ) . The Practical Sanskrit - English Dictionary ( Fourth Revised and Enlarged 1975 ed . ) . Motilal Banarsidass . ISBN 81 - 208 - 0567 - 4 . Arya , Ravi Prakash ; Joshi , K.L. ( 2001 ) . Ṛgveda Saṁhita : Sanskrit Text , English translation according to H.H. Wilson and Bhāṣya of Sāyaṇācārya ( 4 volumes , Second Revised ed . ) . Parimal Publications . ISBN 81 - 7110 - 138 - 7 . Chidbhavananda , Swami ( 1997 ) . Siva Sahasranama Stotram ( Third ed . ) . Sri Ramakrishna Tapovanam . Macdonell , A.A. ( 1898 ) . Vedic Mythology ( Reprint Delhi 1974 ed . ) . Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Ltd . ISBN 81 - 208 - 1113 - 5 . Rao , T.A. Gopnatha ( 1914 ) . Elements of Hindu Iconography ( 2 volumes , 1999 reprint ed . ) . D.K. Publishers . ISBN 81 - 7536 - 169 - 7 . Further reading ( edit ) The Garuda Purana . Wood , Ernest and Subrahmanyam , S.V. ( trans . ) . BiblioBazaar , LLC. 2008 . ISBN 1 - 4375 - 3213 - 6 . Meid , W. 1992 . Die Germanische Religion im Zeugnis der Sprache . In Beck et al. , Germanische Religionsgeschichte -- Quellen und Quellenprobleme , pp. 486 -- 507 . New York , de Gruyter . External links ( edit ) Dying , Yamaraja and Yamadutas Yama 's subordinance to Vishnu Death in Hinduism Rituals Antyesti Ngaben Pind Sammelan Pitru Paksha Śrāddha Tehravin Vedic rituals after death Other Bhoot ( ghost ) Karma Loka Reincarnation Pinda ( riceball ) Yama ( deity ) Hindu deities and texts Gods Trimurti Brahma Vishnu Rama Krishna Shiva Ganesha Kartikeya Hanuman Indra Surya more Goddesses Tridevi Saraswati Lakshmi Sita Radha Parvati Sati Kali Adi Parashakti Mahavidya Durga Shakti Navadurga Matrikas more Texts Vedas Rig Sama Yajur Atharva Upanishads Puranas Ramayana Mahabharata Bhagavad Gita Yoga Sutras of Patanjali more Hinduism Hindu mythology LCCN : sh2004005620 BNF : cb165345046 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yama_(Hinduism)&oldid=821802624 '' Categories : Adityas Lokapala Death gods Hindu gods Death in Hinduism Hidden categories : Articles containing Sanskrit - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Pages with listed invalid ISBNs Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia ଓଡ଼ିଆ Português தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 18 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	yama the god of death in hinduism uses what animal as his transport	[]	[]
-240971878788961467	Ob River	Ob river - wikipedia Ob river Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Ob ( disambiguation ) . Ob ( Обь ) River Near Barnaul Country Russia Regions Altai Krai , Novosibirsk Oblast , Tomsk Oblast , Khanty -- Mansi Autonomous Okrug , Yamalia Tributaries - left Katun River , Anuy River , Charysh River , Aley River , Parabel River , Vasyugan River , Irtysh River , Northern Sosva River - right Biya River , Berd River , Inya River , Tom River , Chulym River , Ket River , Tym River , Vakh River , Pim River , Kazim River Cities Biysk , Barnaul , Novosibirsk , Nizhnevartovsk , Surgut Primary source Katun River - location Belukha Mountain , Altai Republic - elevation 2,300 m ( 7,546 ft ) - coordinates 49 ° 45 ′ 0 '' N 86 ° 34 ′ 0 '' E / 49.75000 ° N 86.56667 ° E / 49.75000 ; 86.56667 Secondary source Biya River - location Lake Teletskoye , Altai Republic - elevation 434 m ( 1,424 ft ) - coordinates 51 ° 47 ′ 11 '' N 87 ° 14 ′ 49 '' E / 51.78639 ° N 87.24694 ° E / 51.78639 ; 87.24694 Source confluence Near Biysk - elevation 195 m ( 640 ft ) - coordinates 52 ° 25 ′ 54 '' N 85 ° 01 ′ 26 '' E / 52.43167 ° N 85.02389 ° E / 52.43167 ; 85.02389 Mouth Gulf of Ob - location Ob Delta , Yamalia - elevation 0 m ( 0 ft ) - coordinates 66 ° 32 ′ 02 '' N 71 ° 23 ′ 41 '' E / 66.53389 ° N 71.39472 ° E / 66.53389 ; 71.39472 Coordinates : 66 ° 32 ′ 02 '' N 71 ° 23 ′ 41 '' E / 66.53389 ° N 71.39472 ° E / 66.53389 ; 71.39472 Length 3,650 km ( 2,268 mi ) Basin 2,972,497 km ( 1,147,688 sq mi ) Discharge for Salekhard - average 12,475 m / s ( 440,550 cu ft / s ) - max 40,200 m / s ( 1,419,650 cu ft / s ) - min 2,360 m / s ( 83,343 cu ft / s ) Map of the Ob River watershed The Ob River ( Russian : Обь ; IPA : ( opj ) ) , also Obi , is a major river in western Siberia , Russia , and is the world 's seventh - longest river . It forms at the confluence of the Biya and Katun Rivers which have their origins in the Altay Mountains . It is the westernmost of the three great Siberian rivers that flow into the Arctic Ocean ( the other two being the Yenisei River and the Lena River ) . The Gulf of Ob is the world 's longest estuary . Contents ( hide ) 1 Names 2 Geography 3 Human use 4 Pollution 5 Tributaries 6 Cities 7 Bridges 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Names ( edit ) The internationally known name of the river is based on the Russian name Обь ( Obʹ ) . Possibly from Proto - Indo - Iranian * ap - , `` river , water '' ( compare Persian āb , Tajik ob , and Pashto obə , `` water '' ) . Katz ( 1990 ) proposes Komi ob ' river ' as the immediate source of derivation for the Russian name . Katz ' proposal of a common Finno - Ugric root , loaned early on from a pre-Indo - Iranian source related to Sanskrit ambhas - ' water ' is deemed improbable by Rédei ( 1992 ) , who prefers to analyze this as a later loan from a descendant of the non-nasal root form * ap - . The Ob is known to the Khanty people as the As ( the source of the name `` Ostyak '' ) , Yag , Kolta and Yema ; to the Nenets people as the Kolta or Kuay ; and to the Siberian Tatars as the Umar or Omass . Geography ( edit ) The Ob forms 25 km ( 16 mi ) southwest of Biysk in Altai Krai at the confluence of the Biya and Katun rivers . Both these streams have their origin in the Altay Mountains , the Biya issuing from Lake Teletskoye , the Katun , 700 kilometres ( 430 mi ) long , bursting out of a glacier on Mount Byelukha . The Ob 's entire main course is within Russia , though its tributaries extend into Kazakhstan , China and Mongolia . The river splits into more than one arm , especially after joining the large Irtysh tributary at about 69 ° E. ( Originating in China , the Irtysh is actually longer than the Ob from source to the point of their confluence . ) From the source of the Irtysh to the mouth of the Ob , the river flow is the longest in Russia at 5,410 kilometres ( 3,360 mi ) . Other noteworthy tributaries are : from the east , the Tom , Chulym , Ket , Tym and Vakh rivers ; and , from the west and south , the Vasyugan , Irtysh ( with the Ishim and Tobol rivers ) , and Sosva Rivers . The Ob zigzags west and north until it reaches 55 ° N , where it curves round to the northwest , and again north , wheeling finally eastwards into the Gulf of Ob , a 100 - kilometre - long ( 62 - mile ) bay of the Kara Sea , separating the Yamal Peninsula from the Gydan Peninsula . The combined Ob - Irtysh system , the fourth - longest river system of Asia ( after Yenisei , and China 's Yangzi and Yellow rivers ) , is 5,410 kilometres ( 3,360 mi ) long , and the area of its basin 2,990,000 square kilometres ( 1,150,000 sq mi ) . The river basin of the Ob consists mostly of steppe , taiga , swamps , tundra , and semi-desert topography . The floodplains of the Ob are characterized by many tributaries and lakes . The Ob is ice - bound at southern Barnaul from early in November to near the end of April , and at northern Salekhard , 150 km ( 93 mi ) above its mouth , from the end of October to the beginning of June . The Ob River crosses several climatic zones . The upper Ob valley , in the south , grows grapes , melons and watermelons , whereas the lower reaches of the Ob are Arctic tundra . The most comfortable climate for the rest on the Ob are Biysk , Barnaul , and Novosibirsk . Yenisei and Ob ( right ) flow into Kara Sea Human Use ( edit ) The Ob River in Barnaul A section of the Ob River The Ob provides irrigation , drinking water , hydroelectric energy , and fishing ( the river hosts more than 50 species of fish ) . There are several hydroelectric power plants along the Ob river , the largest being Novosibirskaya GES rated at 460 MW . The navigable waters within the Ob basin reach a total length of 15,000 km ( 9,300 mi ) . The importance of navigation in the Ob basin for transportation was particularly great before the completion of the Trans - Siberian Railway , since , despite the general south - to - north direction of the flow of Ob and most of its tributaries , the width of the Ob basin provided for ( somewhat indirect ) transportation in the east - west direction as well . Until the early 20th century , a particularly important western river - port was Tyumen , located on the Tura River , a tributary of the Tobol . Reached by an extension of the Ekaterinburg - Perm railway in 1885 , and thus obtaining a rail link to the Kama and Volga rivers in the heart of Russia , Tyumen became an important railhead for some years until the railway extended further east . In the eastern reaches of the Ob basin , Tomsk on the Tom River functioned as an important terminus . Tyumen had its first steamboat in 1836 , and steamboats have navigated the middle reaches of the Ob since 1845 . The first steamboat on the Ob , Nikita Myasnikov 's Osnova , was launched in 1844 ; the early starts were difficult , and it was not until 1857 that steamboat shipping started developing in the Ob system in a serious way . Steamboats started operating on the Yenisei in 1863 , on the Lena and Amur in the 1870s . In 1916 there were 49 steamers on the Ob ; 10 on the Yenisei . In an attempt to extend the Ob navigable system even further , a system of canals , utilizing the Ket River , 900 km ( 560 mi ) long in all , was built in the late 19th - century to connect the Ob with the Yenisei , but soon abandoned as being uncompetitive with the railway . The Trans - Siberian Railway , once completed , provided for more direct , year - round transportation in the east - west direction . But the Ob river - system still remained important for connecting the huge expanses of Tyumen Oblast and Tomsk Oblast with the major cities along the Trans - Siberian route , such as Novosibirsk or Omsk . In the second half of the 20th century , construction of rail links to Labytnangi , Tobolsk , and the oil and gas cities of Surgut , and Nizhnevartovsk provided more railheads , but did not diminish the importance of the waterways for reaching places still not served by the rail . A dam built near Novosibirsk in 1956 created the then - largest artificial lake in Siberia , called Novosibirsk Reservoir . From the 1960s through 1980s Soviet engineers and administrators contemplated a gigantic project to divert some of the waters of Ob and Irtysh to Kazakhstan and the Soviet Central Asian republics , replenishing the Aral Sea as well . The project never left the drawing board , abandoned in 1986 for economic and environmental considerations . Pollution ( edit ) In its early years of operation , the Mayak plant released vast quantities of radioactively contaminated water into several small lakes near the plant . These lakes drain into the Techa River , whose waters ultimately flow into the Ob River near the end of its path . Tributaries ( edit ) The Irtysh is the major tributary of the Ob . The larger tributaries along its course are : from the West from the East Peschanaya Anuy River Charysh River Aley River Barnaulka Kasmala Shegarka Chaya River Parabel River Vasyugan River Yugan River Salym River Irtysh Sosva River Schuchya Synya River Chumysh River Berd River Inya River Tom River Chulym River Ket River Tym River Kievsky Egan Vakh River Vatinsky Egan Tromyogan River Pim River Lyamin River Kazim River Polui River In addition , the Nadym River and the Pur River flow into the Gulf of Ob and the Taz River into the Taz Estuary , a side arm of the Gulf of Ob . Cities ( edit ) Cities along the river include : Barnaul Kamen - na - Obi Novosibirsk ( Russia 's third largest city ) Kolpashevo Langepas Megion Nizhnevartovsk Surgut Khanty - Mansiysk Beryozovo Labytnangi Salekhard Bridges ( edit ) From a confluence to a source : Surgut Bridge Railway bridge in Surgut Shegarsky bridge The bridge of `` northern bypass '' of Novosibirsk Dimitrov bridge in Novosibirsk First railway bridge across the Ob ( Trans - Siberian Railway ) Communal ( October ) bridge in Novosibirsk Metro bridge in Novosibirsk - longest Metro Bridge in the world Olovozavodskoy Bridge Komsomol railway bridge in Novosibirsk The bridge above the lock of Novosibirskaya HPP Railway bridge in Kamen - na - Obi Communal bridge ( railway , automobile ) in Barnaul New bridge in Barnaul See also ( edit ) List of rivers of Russia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ob River at Salekhard '' . River Discharge Database . Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment. 2010 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Katz , Hartmut . Zum Flußnamen Ob . -- Specimena Sibirica III , pp. 93 -- 95 . Wien . Jump up ^ Rédei , Károly . Szófejtések . -- Nyelvtudományi Közlemenyek 93 , pp. 125 -- 135 . Jump up ^ `` Location of Novosibirskaya GES '' . Google Maps . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Douglas R. Weiner , `` A Little Corner of Freedom : Russian Nature Protection from Stalin to Gorbachev '' . University of California Press , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 23213 - 5 . On Google Books p. 415 ( in English ) Jump up ^ Michael H. Glantz , `` Creeping Environmental Problems and Sustainable Development in the Aral Sea ... '' . ISBN 0 - 521 - 62086 - 4 . On Google Books p. 174 Jump up ^ www-ns.iaea.org/downloads/rw/projects/emras-aquatic-techa.pdf This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Ob '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 19 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ob River . Information and a map of the Ob 's watershed River Basin Report : Ob River The Top Ten : Longest Rivers of the World VIAF : 245687245 GND : 4117965 - 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ob_River&oldid=799647043 '' Categories : Ob basin Rivers of Altai Krai Rivers of Khanty - Mansi Autonomous Okrug Rivers of Novosibirsk Oblast Rivers of Tomsk Oblast Rivers of Yamalo - Nenets Autonomous Okrug Geography of Siberia North Asia Drainage basins of the Kara Sea Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Geobox usage tracking for river type Articles containing Russian - language text Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2017 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Коми Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių La . lojban . Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Seeltersk Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 00 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the ob river begin and end	[]	[]
8356716353984822678	I'm a Little Teapot	I 'm a Little Teapot - wikipedia I 'm a Little Teapot Jump to : navigation , search `` I 'm a Little Teapot '' sheet music cover Song by George Harry Sanders and Clarence Kelley Released 1939 Format Sheet music Genre Children 's music Label Kelman Music Corporation Songwriter ( s ) George Harry Sanders and Clarence Kelley `` I 'm a Little Teapot '' is an American song describing the heating and pouring of a teapot or a whistling tea kettle . The song was originally written by George Harold Sanders and Clarence Z. Kelley and published in 1939 . By 1941 , a Newsweek article referred to the song as `` the next inane novelty song to sweep the country '' . Creation ( edit ) Clarence Kelley and his wife ran a dance school for children , which taught the `` Waltz Clog '' , a popular and easy - to - learn tap dance routine . This routine , however , proved too difficult for the younger students to master . To solve this problem , George Sanders wrote The Teapot Song , which required minimal skill and encouraged natural pantomime . Both the song and its accompanying dance , the `` Teapot Tip '' , became enormously popular in America and overseas . See also ( edit ) American tea culture Tea for Two ( song ) , an earlier North American song referring to tea , from 1925 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sanders , Ronald ( January 1972 ) . Reflections on a Teapot , the Personal History of a Time . Harper & Row , New York . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 013754 - 0 . Jump up ^ Newsweek ( 1941 ) , Vol. 18 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Clark , Garth ( October 2001 ) . The Artful Teapot . Watson - Guptill . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 0319 - 1 . Nursery rhymes ( list ) `` A-Tisket , A-Tasket '' `` Baa , Baa , Black Sheep '' `` Did You Ever See a Lassie ? '' `` Hey Diddle Diddle '' `` Hickory Dickory Dock '' `` Hot Cross Buns '' `` Humpty Dumpty '' `` I 'm a Little Teapot '' `` It 's Raining , It 's Pouring '' `` Jack and Jill '' `` Little Bo Peep '' `` Little Boy Blue '' `` Little Miss Muffet '' `` Mary Had a Little Lamb '' `` Mary , Mary , Quite Contrary '' `` Old King Cole '' `` Old MacDonald Had a Farm '' `` Old Mother Hubbard '' `` Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe '' `` Peter Piper '' `` Polly Put the Kettle On '' `` Poor Mary '' `` Pop Goes the Weasel '' `` Pussy Cat Pussy Cat '' `` Rain Rain Go Away '' `` Roses Are Red '' `` Rub - a-dub - dub '' `` Simple Simon '' `` Sticks and Stones '' `` The Grand Old Duke of York '' `` The Queen of Hearts '' `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star '' `` Two Little Dickie Birds '' Clapping `` A Sailor Went to Sea '' `` Down Down Baby '' `` Mary Mack '' `` Miss Susie '' `` Miss Lucy '' `` Pat - a-cake '' `` Pretty Little Dutch Girl '' `` Pease Porridge Hot '' Counting `` Duck , duck , goose '' `` Eeny , meeny , miny , moe '' `` One , Two , Buckle My Shoe '' `` One , Two , Three , Four , Five '' `` This Old Man '' `` Tinker , Tailor '' Finger - plays `` Five Little Monkeys '' `` Itsy Bitsy Spider '' `` Little Robin Redbreast '' `` Round and round the garden '' `` This Little Piggy '' Games `` London Bridge '' `` The Muffin Man '' `` Mulberry Bush '' `` Oranges and Lemons '' `` Ring a Ring o ' Roses '' `` The Farmer in the Dell '' Riddle `` As I was going to St Ives '' Lullabies `` Hush , Little Baby '' `` Rock - a-bye Baby '' Rounds `` Ding Dong Bell '' `` Frère Jacques '' `` Kookaburra '' `` Row , Row , Row Your Boat '' `` Scotland 's Burning '' `` Three Blind Mice '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27m_a_Little_Teapot&oldid=807356800 '' Categories : Children 's songs 1939 songs Teapots Talk About Wikipedia Dansk Español Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 13 : 02 . About Wikipedia	where is i'm a little teapot from	[]	[]
-7576948573996443837	List of highest-grossing films	List of highest - grossing films - wikipedia List of highest - grossing films Jump to : navigation , search Gone with the Wind held the record of highest - grossing film for twenty - five years and , adjusted for inflation , has earned more than any other film . Films generate income from several revenue streams , including theatrical exhibition , home video , television broadcast rights and merchandising . However , theatrical box office earnings are the primary metric for trade publications in assessing the success of a film , mostly because of the availability of the data compared to sales figures for home video and broadcast rights , but also because of historical practice . Included on the list are charts of the top box office earners ( ranked by both the nominal and real value of their revenue ) , a chart of high - grossing films by calendar year , a timeline showing the transition of the highest - grossing film record , and a chart of the highest - grossing film franchises and series . All charts are ranked by international theatrical box office performance where possible , excluding income derived from home video , broadcasting rights and merchandise . Traditionally , war films , musicals and historical dramas have been the most popular genres , but franchise films have been among the best performers in the 21st century . Seven Harry Potter films and five films from Peter Jackson 's Middle - earth series are included in the nominal earnings chart , while the Jurassic Park , Transformers and Pirates of the Caribbean franchises feature prominently . There is also continued interest in the superhero genre : Batman and Superman from DC Comics and films based on the Marvel Comics brand , such as Spider - Man , X-Men and films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , have generally done well . The only films in the top ten that are not adapted from a pre-existing property or a sequel are the top two , Avatar and Titanic , both directed by James Cameron . Animated family films have performed consistently well , with Disney films enjoying lucrative re-releases prior to the home - video era . Disney also enjoyed later success with films such as Frozen ( the highest - grossing animated film ) , Zootopia and The Lion King , as well as with its Pixar brand , of which the Toy Story and Finding Nemo films have been the best performers . Beyond Disney and Pixar animation , the Shrek , Ice Age and Despicable Me series have met with the most success . While inflation has eroded away the achievements of most films from the 1960s and 1970s , there are franchises originating from that period that are still active . Besides the Superman franchise , James Bond , Planet of the Apes , Star Wars and Star Trek films are still being released periodically ; all five are among the highest - grossing franchises . Some of the older films that held the record of highest - grossing film still have respectable grosses by today 's standards , but no longer compete numerically against today 's top - earners in an era of much higher individual ticket prices . When properly adjusted for inflation , however , on that comparative scale Gone with the Wind -- which was the highest - grossing film outright for twenty - five years -- is still the highest - grossing film of all time . All grosses on the list are expressed in U.S. dollars at their nominal value , except where stated otherwise . Contents ( hide ) 1 Highest - grossing films 2 Highest - grossing films adjusted for inflation 3 High - grossing films by year 4 Timeline of highest - grossing films 5 Highest - grossing franchises and film series 6 References 6.1 Box office sources 6.2 Franchise and series sources 6.3 Bibliography 7 External links Highest - grossing films The two highest - grossing films have both been directed and written by James Cameron . With a worldwide box - office gross of over $2.7 billion , Avatar is often proclaimed to be the `` highest - grossing '' film , but such claims usually refer to theatrical revenues only and do not take into account home video and television income , which can form a significant portion of a film 's earnings . Once revenue from home entertainment is factored in it is not immediately clear which film is the most successful . Titanic earned $1.2 billion from video and DVD sales and rentals , in addition to the $2.2 billion it grossed in theaters . While complete sales data are not available for Avatar , it earned $345 million from the sale of sixteen million DVD and Blu - ray units in North America , and ultimately sold a total of thirty million DVD and Blu - ray units worldwide . After home video income is accounted for , both films have earned over $3 billion . Television broadcast rights will also substantially add to a film 's earnings , with a film often earning as much as 20 -- 25 % of its theatrical box - office for a couple of television runs on top of pay - per - view revenues ; Titanic earned a further $55 million from the NBC and HBO broadcast rights , equating to about 9 % of its North American gross . When a film is highly exploitable as a commercial property , its ancillary revenues can dwarf its income from direct film sales . The Lion King earned over $2 billion in box - office and home video sales , but this pales in comparison to the $6 billion earned at box offices around the world by the stage adaptation . Merchandising can be extremely lucrative too : The Lion King also sold $3 billion of merchandise , while Pixar 's Cars -- which earned $462 million in theatrical revenues and was only a modest hit by comparison to other Pixar films -- generated global merchandise sales of over $8 billion in the five years after its 2006 release . Pixar also had another huge hit with Toy Story 3 , which generated almost $10 billion in merchandise retail sales in addition to the $1 billion it earned at the box office . On this chart , films are ranked by the revenues from theatrical exhibition at their nominal value , along with the highest positions they attained . Thirty - one films in total have grossed in excess of $1 billion worldwide , of which three have grossed over $2 billion , with Avatar ranked in the top position . All of the films have had a theatrical run ( including re-releases ) in the 21st century , and films that have not played during this period do not appear on the chart because of ticket - price inflation , population size and ticket purchasing trends not being considered . Background shading indicates films playing in the week commencing 15 September 2017 in theaters around the world . Highest - grossing films Rank Peak Title Worldwide gross Year Reference ( s ) Avatar $2,787,965,087 2009 Titanic $2,186,772,302 1997 Star Wars : The Force Awakens $2,068,223,624 2015 Jurassic World $1,671,713,208 2015 5 The Avengers $1,518,812,988 2012 6 Furious 7 $1,516,045,911 2015 7 5 Avengers : Age of Ultron $1,405,403,694 2015 8 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 $1,341,511,219 2011 9 5 Frozen $1,287,000,000 2013 10 10 Beauty and the Beast $1,262,886,337 2017 11 11 The Fate of the Furious $1,238,764,765 2017 12 5 Iron Man 3 $1,214,811,252 2013 13 10 Minions $1,159,398,397 2015 14 12 Captain America : Civil War $1,153,304,495 2016 15 Transformers : Dark of the Moon $1,123,794,079 2011 16 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King $1,120,237,002 2003 17 7 Skyfall $1,108,561,013 2012 18 10 Transformers : Age of Extinction $1,104,054,072 2014 19 7 The Dark Knight Rises $1,084,939,099 2012 20 Toy Story 3 $1,066,969,703 21 Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest $1,066,179,725 2006 22 20 Rogue One : A Star Wars Story $1,056,057,273 2016 23 6 Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides $1,045,713,802 2011 24 Jurassic Park $1,029,939,903 1993 25 22 Finding Dory $1,028,570,889 2016 26 Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace $1,027,044,677 1999 27 5 Alice in Wonderland $1,025,467,110 28 24 Zootopia $1,023,784,195 2016 29 14 The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey $1,021,103,568 2012 30 30 Despicable Me 3 $1,006,858,175 2017 31 The Dark Knight $1,004,558,444 2008 32 Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone $974,755,371 2001 33 19 Despicable Me 2 $970,761,885 2013 34 The Lion King $968,483,777 1994 35 30 The Jungle Book $966,550,600 2016 36 5 Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End $963,420,425 2007 37 10 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 $960,283,305 38 24 The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug $958,366,855 2013 39 26 The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies $956,019,788 2014 40 8 Finding Nemo $940,335,536 2003 41 6 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix $939,885,929 2007 42 8 Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince $934,416,487 2009 43 The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers $926,349,708 2002 44 6 Shrek 2 $919,838,758 45 8 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire $896,911,078 2005 46 10 Spider - Man 3 $890,871,626 2007 47 15 Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs $886,686,817 2009 48 40 Spectre $880,674,609 2015 49 6 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets $878,979,634 2002 50 29 Ice Age : Continental Drift $877,244,782 2012 Box Office Mojo stopped updating its main total for Frozen in August 2014 , while it was still in release . The total listed here incorporates subsequent earnings in Japan , Nigeria , Spain , the United Kingdom and Germany up to the end of 2015 but omits earnings in Turkey , Iceland , Brazil , and Australia ( 2016 ) which amount to a few hundred thousand dollars . The total is rounded to $1 million to compensate for the numerical inaccuracy . The gross for Toy Story 3 has been corrected to $1,066,969,703 , meaning that it finished one place higher at the end of its release . Disney issued an erratum to the gross for The Lion King , correcting its gross from $987.5 million to $968.5 million . This means that Despicable Me 2 finished its run ahead of it and would have ranked one place higher at the end of its release . Finding Nemo finished one place higher at the end of its original release , after taking corrections into account . Its total now stands at $940.3 million , which would put the first run at $871.0 million after deducting the 3D reissue gross of $69.3 million . Meanwhile , the total gross for The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring has been corrected to $871.5 million , which would rank below Finding Nemo 's first run once its 2011 reissue gross is deducted . Highest - grossing films adjusted for inflation Inflation rates around the world vary , complicating inflation adjustment . Because of the long - term effects of inflation , notably the significant increase of movie theater ticket prices , the list unadjusted for inflation gives far more weight to later films . The unadjusted list , while commonly found in the press , is therefore largely meaningless for comparing films widely separated in time , as many films from earlier eras will never appear on a modern unadjusted list , despite achieving higher commercial success when adjusted for price increases . To compensate for the devaluation of the currency , some charts make adjustments for inflation , but not even this practice fully addresses the issue since ticket prices and inflation do not necessarily parallel one another . For example , in 1970 , tickets cost $1.55 or about $6.68 in inflation - adjusted 2004 dollars ; by 1980 , prices had risen to about $2.69 , a drop to $5.50 in inflation - adjusted 2004 dollars . Ticket prices have also risen at different rates of inflation around the world , further complicating the process of adjusting worldwide grosses . Another complication is release in multiple formats for which different ticket prices are charged . One notable example of this phenomenon is Avatar , which was also released in 3D and IMAX : almost two - thirds of tickets for that film were for 3D showings with an average price of $10 , and about one - sixth were for IMAX showings with an average price over $14.50 , compared to a 2010 average price of $7.61 for 2D films . Social and economic factors such as population change and the growth of international markets also impact on the number of people purchasing theater tickets , along with audience demographics where some films sell a much higher proportion of discounted children 's tickets , or perform better in big cities where tickets cost more . The measuring system for gauging a film 's success is based on unadjusted grosses , mainly because historically this is the way it has always been done because of the practices of the film industry : the box office receipts are compiled by theaters and relayed to the distributor , which in turn releases them to the media . Converting to a more representative system that counts ticket sales rather than gross is also fraught with problems because the only data available for older films are the sale totals . As the motion picture industry is highly oriented towards marketing currently released films , unadjusted figures are always used in marketing campaigns so that new blockbuster films can much more easily achieve a high sales ranking , and thus be promoted as a `` top film of all time '' , so there is little incentive to switch to a more robust analysis from a marketing or even newsworthy point of view . Despite the inherent difficulties in accounting for inflation , several attempts have been made . Estimates depend on the price index used to adjust the grosses , and the exchange rates used to convert between currencies can also impact upon the calculations , both of which can have an effect on the ultimate rankings of an inflation adjusted list . Gone with the Wind -- first released in 1939 -- is generally considered to be the most successful film , with Guinness World Records in 2014 estimating its adjusted global gross at $3.4 billion . Estimates for Gone with the Wind 's adjusted gross have varied substantially : its owner , Turner Entertainment , estimated its adjusted earnings at $3.3 billion in 2007 , a few years earlier than the Guinness estimate ; other estimates fall either side of this amount , with one putting its gross just under $3 billion in 2010 , while another provided an alternative figure of $3.8 billion in 2006 . Which film is Gone with the Wind 's nearest rival depends on the set of figures used : Guinness had Avatar in second place with $3 billion , while other estimates saw Titanic in the runner - up spot with first - run worldwide earnings of almost $2.9 billion at 2010 prices . The only other film that all sources agreed grossed in excess of $2 billion at recent prices is Star Wars ; according to Guinness it has earned $2.8 billion at 2014 price levels , while other sources from 2010 / 2011 put its adjusted earnings at $2.2 -- 2.6 billion . Highest - grossing films adjusted for inflation as of 2014 Rank Title Worldwide gross ( 2014 $ ) Year Gone with the Wind $3,440,000,000 1939 Avatar $3,020,000,000 2009 Star Wars $2,825,000,000 1977 Titanic $2,516,000,000 1997 5 The Sound of Music $2,366,000,000 1965 6 E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial $2,310,000,000 1982 7 The Ten Commandments $2,187,000,000 1956 8 Doctor Zhivago $2,073,000,000 1965 9 Jaws $2,027,000,000 10 Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs $1,819,000,000 1937 Even though the nominal gross for Star Wars : The Force Awakens surpasses the inflation - adjusted gross for both Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Jaws , inflation has occurred in the interim so it is not possible to rank it until Guinness World Records provide an updated chart of adjusted grosses . The figure for Titanic is most likely based on the gross from its 1997 theatrical release , and does not incorporate earnings from the 2012 reissue . According to the 2012 edition of Guinness World Records , the adjusted total for Titanic as of 2011 stood at $2,413,800,000 , and a re-release in 2012 added a further $343,550,770 to the total . However , the 2015 edition put the adjusted total at $2,516,000,000 -- an increase of just $102,000,000 ; this is a rise of 4.2 % since 2011 , an increase shared by the other adjusted totals in the chart . The 2015 edition of Guinness World Records does not provide an explicit figure for Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs . However , it does state that it is one of only two pre-1955 films -- the other being Gone with the Wind -- that are among the adjusted top ten . It placed tenth in the 2012 edition , and the eleventh highest - grossing film according to the 2015 edition is The Exorcist , which has grossed $1.794 billion adjusted to 2014 prices . The adjusted grosses for the other films on the chart increased by 4.2 percent between 2011 and 2014 according to Guinness , and using this apparent rate of inflation would take the adjusted gross for Snow White from $1.746 billion at 2011 prices to $1.819 billion at 2014 prices . High - grossing films by year Glossary : Distributor rentals Box - office figures are reported in the form of gross or distributor rentals , the latter being especially true of older films . Commonly mistaken for home video revenue , the rentals are the distributor 's share of the film 's theatrical revenue i.e. the box office gross less the exhibitor 's cut . Historically , the rental price averaged at 35 -- 40 % when the distributors owned the theater chains , equating to just over a third of the gross being paid to the distributor of the film . In the modern marketplace , rental fees can vary greatly -- depending on a number of factors -- although the films from the major studios average out at 43 % . Audience tastes were fairly eclectic during the 20th century , but several trends did emerge . During the silent era , films with war themes were popular with audiences , with The Birth of a Nation ( American Civil War ) , The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse , The Big Parade and Wings ( all World War I ) becoming the most successful films in their respective years of release , with the trend coming to an end with All Quiet on the Western Front in 1930 . With the advent of sound in 1927 , the musical -- the genre best placed to showcase the new technology -- took over as the most popular type of film with audiences , with 1928 and 1929 both being topped by musical films . The genre continued to perform strongly in the 1930s , but the outbreak of World War II saw war themed films dominate again during this period , starting with Gone with the Wind ( American Civil War ) in 1939 , and finishing with The Best Years of Our Lives ( World War II ) in 1946 . Samson and Delilah ( 1949 ) saw the beginning of a trend of increasingly expensive historical dramas set during Ancient Rome / biblical times throughout the 1950s as cinema competed with television for audiences , with Quo Vadis , The Robe , The Ten Commandments , Ben - Hur and Spartacus all becoming the highest - grossing film of the year during initial release , before the genre started to wane after several high - profile failures . The success of White Christmas and South Pacific in the 1950s foreshadowed the comeback of the musical in the 1960s with West Side Story , Mary Poppins , My Fair Lady , The Sound of Music and Funny Girl all among the top films of the decade . The 1970s saw a shift in audience tastes to high concept films , with six such films made by either George Lucas or Steven Spielberg topping the chart during the 1980s . The 21st century has seen an increasing dependence on franchises and adaptations , with the box office dominance of films based on pre-existing intellectual property at record levels . Films directed by Steven Spielberg have been the highest - grossing film of the year on six occasions , and on three occasions have been the highest - grossing film of all time . Steven Spielberg is the most represented director on the chart with six films to his credit , occupying the top spot in 1975 , 1981 , 1982 , 1984 , 1989 and 1993 . Cecil B. DeMille ( 1932 , 1947 , 1949 , 1952 and 1956 ) and William Wyler ( 1942 , 1946 , 1959 and 1968 ) are in second and third place with five and four films respectively , while D.W. Griffith ( 1915 , 1916 and 1920 ) , George Roy Hill ( 1966 , 1969 and 1973 ) and James Cameron ( 1991 , 1997 and 2009 ) all feature heavily with three films apiece . George Lucas directed two chart - toppers in 1977 and 1999 , but also served in a strong creative capacity as a producer and writer in 1980 , 1981 , 1983 , 1984 and 1989 as well . The following directors have also all directed two films on the chart : Frank Lloyd , King Vidor , Frank Capra , Michael Curtiz , Leo McCarey , Alfred Hitchcock , David Lean , Stanley Kubrick , Guy Hamilton , Mike Nichols , William Friedkin , Peter Jackson , Gore Verbinski and Michael Bay ; Mervyn LeRoy , Ken Annakin and Robert Wise are each represented by one solo credit and one shared credit , and John Ford co-directed two films . Disney films are usually co-directed and some directors have served on several winning teams : Wilfred Jackson , Hamilton Luske , Clyde Geronimi , David Hand , Ben Sharpsteen , Wolfgang Reitherman and Bill Roberts have all co-directed at least two films on the list . Only five directors have topped the chart in consecutive years : McCarey ( 1944 and 1945 ) , Nichols ( 1966 and 1967 ) , Spielberg ( 1981 and 1982 ) , Jackson ( 2002 and 2003 ) and Verbinski ( 2006 and 2007 ) . Because of release schedules -- especially in the case of films released towards the end of the year -- and different release patterns across the world , many films can do business in two or more calendar years ; therefore the grosses documented here are not confined to just the year of release . Grosses are not limited to original theatrical runs either , with many older films often being re-released periodically so the figures represent all the business a film has done since its original release ; a film 's first - run gross is included in brackets after the total if known . Because of incomplete data it can not be known for sure how much money some films have made and when they made it , but generally the chart chronicles the films from each year that went on to earn the most . In the cases where estimates conflict both films are recorded , and in cases where a film has moved into first place because of being re-released the previous record - holder is also retained . At least one film every year has generated $100 million in gross revenue at the box office since 1967 , and from 2008 each year has succeeded in producing a billion dollar grossing film . indicates films still playing in theaters around the world in the week commencing 15 September 2017 . High - grossing films by year of release Year Title Worldwide gross Budget Reference ( s ) 1915 The Birth of a Nation 7007500000000000000 ♠ $50,000,000 -- 7008100000000000000 ♠ 100,000,000 7007200000000000000 ♠ $20,000,000 + ( 7006520000000000000 ♠ $5,200,000 ) 7005110000000000000 ♠ $110,000 1916 Intolerance 7006100000000000000 ♠ $1,000,000 7005489653000000000 ♠ $489,653 1917 Cleopatra 7005500000000000000 ♠ $500,000 7005300000000000000 ♠ $300,000 1918 Mickey 7006800000000000000 ♠ $8,000,000 7005250000000000000 ♠ $250,000 1919 The Miracle Man 7006300000000000000 ♠ $3,000,000 7005120000000000000 ♠ $120,000 1920 Way Down East 7006500000000000000 ♠ $5,000,000 ( 7006400000000000000 ♠ $4,000,000 ) 7005800000000000000 ♠ $800,000 1921 The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse 7006500000000000000 ♠ $5,000,000 ( 7006400000000000000 ♠ $4,000,000 ) 7005600000000000000 ♠ $600,000 -- 7005800000000000000 ♠ 800,000 1922 Robin Hood 7006250000000000000 ♠ $2,500,000 7005930042780000000 ♠ $930,042.78 1923 The Covered Wagon 7006500000000000000 ♠ $5,000,000 7005800000000000000 ♠ $800,000 1924 The Sea Hawk 7006300000000000000 ♠ $3,000,000 7005700000000000000 ♠ $700,000 1925 The Big Parade 7007180000000000000 ♠ $18,000,000 -- 7007220000000000000 ♠ 22,000,000 ( 7006613100000000000 ♠ $6,131,000 ) 7005382000000000000 ♠ $382,000 Ben - Hur 7006938600000000000 ♠ $9,386,000 7006396700000000000 ♠ $3,967,000 1926 For Heaven 's Sake 7006260000000000000 ♠ $2,600,000 7005150000000000000 ♠ $150,000 1927 Wings 7006360000000000000 ♠ $3,600,000 7006200000000000000 ♠ $2,000,000 1928 The Singing Fool 7006590000000000000 ♠ $5,900,000 7005388000000000000 ♠ $388,000 1929 The Broadway Melody 7006440000000000000 ♠ $4,400,000 -- 7006480000000000000 ♠ 4,800,000 7005379000000000000 ♠ $379,000 Sunny Side Up 7006350000000000000 ♠ $3,500,000 7005600000000000000 ♠ $600,000 1930 All Quiet on the Western Front 7006300000000000000 ♠ $3,000,000 7006125000000000000 ♠ $1,250,000 1931 Frankenstein 7007120000000000000 ♠ $12,000,000 ( 7006140000000000000 ♠ $1,400,000 ) 7005250000000000000 ♠ $250,000 City Lights 7006500000000000000 ♠ $5,000,000 7006160735100000000 ♠ $1,607,351 1932 The Sign of the Cross 7006273899300000000 ♠ $2,738,993 7005694065000000000 ♠ $694,065 1933 King Kong 7006534700000000000 ♠ $5,347,000 ( 7006185600000000000 ♠ $1,856,000 ) 7005672255750000000 ♠ $672,255.75 I 'm No Angel 7006325000000000000 ♠ $3,250,000 + 7005200000000000000 ♠ $200,000 Cavalcade 7006300000000000000 ♠ $3,000,000 -- 7006400000000000000 ♠ 4,000,000 7006111600000000000 ♠ $1,116,000 She Done Him Wrong 7006300000000000000 ♠ $3,000,000 + 7005274076000000000 ♠ $274,076 1934 The Merry Widow 7006260800000000000 ♠ $2,608,000 7006160500000000000 ♠ $1,605,000 It Happened One Night 7006100000000000000 ♠ $1,000,000 7005325000000000000 ♠ $325,000 1935 Mutiny on the Bounty 7006446000000000000 ♠ $4,460,000 7006190500000000000 ♠ $1,905,000 1936 San Francisco 7006604400000000000 ♠ $6,044,000 + ( 7006527300000000000 ♠ $5,273,000 ) 7006130000000000000 ♠ $1,300,000 1937 Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs 7008418000000000000 ♠ $418,000,000 + ( 7006850000000000000 ♠ $8,500,000 ) 7006148842300000000 ♠ $1,488,423 1938 You Ca n't Take It With You 7006500000000000000 ♠ $5,000,000 7006120000000000000 ♠ $1,200,000 1939 Gone with the Wind 7008390525192000000 ♠ $390,525,192 -- 7008401776459000000 ♠ 401,776,459 ( 7007320000000000000 ♠ $32,000,000 ) 7006390000000000000 ♠ $3,900,000 -- 7006425000000000000 ♠ 4,250,000 1940 Pinocchio 7007870008620000000 ♠ $87,000,862 ( 7006350000000000000 ♠ $3,500,000 ) 7006260000000000000 ♠ $2,600,000 Boom Town 7006460000000000000 ♠ $4,600,000 7006210000000000000 ♠ $2,100,000 1941 Sergeant York 7006780000000000000 ♠ $7,800,000 7006160000000000000 ♠ $1,600,000 1942 Bambi 7008267997843000000 ♠ $267,997,843 ( 7006344935300000000 ♠ $3,449,353 ) 7006170000000000000 ♠ $1,700,000 -- 7006200000000000000 ♠ 2,000,000 Mrs. Miniver 7006887800000000000 ♠ $8,878,000 7006134400000000000 ♠ $1,344,000 1943 For Whom the Bell Tolls 7007110000000000000 ♠ $11,000,000 7006268129800000000 ♠ $2,681,298 This Is the Army 7006955558644000000 ♠ $9,555,586.44 7006140000000000000 ♠ $1,400,000 1944 Going My Way 7006650000000000000 ♠ $6,500,000 7006100000000000000 ♠ $1,000,000 1945 Mom and Dad 7007800000000000000 ♠ $80,000,000 / 7007220000000000000 ♠ $22,000,000 7004650000000000000 ♠ $65,000 The Bells of St. Mary 's 7007112000000000000 ♠ $11,200,000 7006160000000000000 ♠ $1,600,000 1946 Song of the South 7007650000000000000 ♠ $65,000,000 ( 7006330000000000000 ♠ $3,300,000 ) 7006212500000000000 ♠ $2,125,000 The Best Years of Our Lives 7007147500000000000 ♠ $14,750,000 7006210000000000000 ♠ $2,100,000 Duel in the Sun 7007100000000000000 ♠ $10,000,000 7006525500000000000 ♠ $5,255,000 1947 Forever Amber 7006800000000000000 ♠ $8,000,000 7006637500000000000 ♠ $6,375,000 Unconquered 7006750000000000000 ♠ $7,500,000 7006420000000000000 ♠ $4,200,000 1948 Easter Parade 7006591813400000000 ♠ $5,918,134 7006250000000000000 ♠ $2,500,000 The Red Shoes 7006500000000000000 ♠ $5,000,000 7006200000000000000 ♠ 7005505581000000000 ♠ £ 505,581 ( 7006200000000000000 ♠ ~ $2,000,000 ) The Snake Pit 7006410000000000000 ♠ $4,100,000 7006380000000000000 ♠ $3,800,000 1949 Samson and Delilah 7007142092500000000 ♠ $14,209,250 7006309756300000000 ♠ $3,097,563 1950 Cinderella 7008263591415000000 ♠ $263,591,415 ( 7007200000000000000 ♠ $20,000,000 / 7006780000000000000 ♠ $7,800,000 ) 7006220000000000000 ♠ $2,200,000 King Solomon 's Mines 7007100500000000000 ♠ $10,050,000 7006225800000000000 ♠ $2,258,000 1951 Quo Vadis 7007210370000000000 ♠ $21,037,000 -- 7007267000000000000 ♠ 26,700,000 7006762300000000000 ♠ $7,623,000 1952 This Is Cinerama 7007500000000000000 ♠ $50,000,000 7006100000000000000 ♠ $1,000,000 The Greatest Show on Earth 7007183500000000000 ♠ $18,350,000 7006387394600000000 ♠ $3,873,946 1953 Peter Pan 7008145000000000000 ♠ $145,000,000 7006300000000000000 ♠ $3,000,000 -- 7006400000000000000 ♠ 4,000,000 The Robe 7007250000000000000 ♠ $25,000,000 -- 7007261000000000000 ♠ 26,100,000 7006410000000000000 ♠ $4,100,000 1954 Rear Window 7007245000000000000 ♠ $24,500,000 ( 7006530000000000000 ♠ $5,300,000 ) 7006100000000000000 ♠ $1,000,000 White Christmas 7007260000500000000 ♠ $26,000,050 ( 7007120000000000000 ♠ $12,000,000 ) 7006380000000000000 ♠ $3,800,000 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea 7007250001340000000 ♠ $25,000,134 ( 7006680000000000000 ♠ $6,800,000 -- 7006800000000000000 ♠ 8,000,000 ) 7006450000000000000 ♠ $4,500,000 -- 7006900000000000000 ♠ 9,000,000 1955 Lady and the Tramp 7007883002000000000 ♠ $88,300,200 ( 7006650000000000000 ♠ $6,500,000 ) 7006400000000000000 ♠ $4,000,000 Cinerama Holiday 7007210000000000000 ♠ $21,000,000 7006200000000000000 ♠ $2,000,000 Mister Roberts 7006990000000000000 ♠ $9,900,000 7006240000000000000 ♠ $2,400,000 1956 The Ten Commandments 7007900662300000000 ♠ $90,066,230 ( 7008122700000000000 ♠ $122,700,000 / 7007552000000000000 ♠ $55,200,000 ) 7007132700000000000 ♠ $13,270,000 1957 The Bridge on the River Kwai 7007306000000000000 ♠ $30,600,000 7006284000000000000 ♠ $2,840,000 1958 South Pacific 7007300000000000000 ♠ $30,000,000 7006561000000000000 ♠ $5,610,000 1959 Ben - Hur 7007900000000000000 ♠ $90,000,000 ( 7008146900000000000 ♠ $146,900,000 / 7007661000000000000 ♠ $66,100,000 ) 7007159000000000000 ♠ $15,900,000 1960 Swiss Family Robinson 7007300000000000000 ♠ $30,000,000 7006400000000000000 ♠ $4,000,000 Spartacus 7007600000000000000 ♠ $60,000,000 ( 7007221052250000000 ♠ $22,105,225 ) 7007102840140000000 ♠ $10,284,014 Psycho 7007500000000000000 ♠ $50,000,000 + ( 7007140000000000000 ♠ $14,000,000 ) 7005800000000000000 ♠ $800,000 1961 One Hundred and One Dalmatians 7008215880212000000 ♠ $215,880,212 7006360000000000000 ♠ $3,600,000 -- 7006400000000000000 ♠ 4,000,000 West Side Story 7008105000000000000 ♠ $105,000,000 ( 7007318000000000000 ♠ $31,800,000 ) 7006700000000000000 ♠ $7,000,000 1962 Lawrence of Arabia 7007773248520000000 ♠ $77,324,852 ( 7007699953850000000 ♠ $69,995,385 ) 7007138000000000000 ♠ $13,800,000 How the West Was Won 7007350000000000000 ♠ $35,000,000 7007144830000000000 ♠ $14,483,000 The Longest Day 7007332000000000000 ♠ $33,200,000 7006860000000000000 ♠ $8,600,000 1963 Cleopatra 7007403000000000000 ♠ $40,300,000 7007311150000000000 ♠ $31,115,000 From Russia with Love 7007789000000000000 ♠ $78,900,000 / 7007294000000000000 ♠ $29,400,000 ( 7007125000000000000 ♠ $12,500,000 ) 7006200000000000000 ♠ $2,000,000 1964 My Fair Lady 7007550000000000000 ♠ $55,000,000 7007170000000000000 ♠ $17,000,000 Goldfinger 7008124900000000000 ♠ $124,900,000 ( 7007460000000000000 ♠ $46,000,000 ) 7006300000000000000 ♠ $3,000,000 Mary Poppins 7007440000000000000 ♠ $44,000,000 -- 7007500000000000000 ♠ $50,000,000 7006520000000000000 ♠ $5,200,000 1965 The Sound of Music 7008286214076000000 ♠ $286,214,076 ( 7008114600000000000 ♠ $114,600,000 ) 7006800000000000000 ♠ $8,000,000 1966 The Bible : In the Beginning 7007253000000000000 ♠ $25,300,000 7007180000000000000 ♠ $18,000,000 Hawaii 7007345622220000000 ♠ $34,562,222 ( 7007156000000000000 ♠ $15,600,000 ) 7007150000000000000 ♠ $15,000,000 Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? 7007300000000000000 ♠ $30,000,000 ( 7007145000000000000 ♠ $14,500,000 ) 7006761300000000000 ♠ $7,613,000 1967 The Jungle Book 7008170800000000000 ♠ $170,800,000 -- 7008199475744000000 ♠ 199,475,744 7006390000000000000 ♠ $3,900,000 -- 7006400000000000000 ♠ 4,000,000 The Graduate 7007850000000000000 ♠ $85,000,000 7006310000000000000 ♠ $3,100,000 1968 2001 : A Space Odyssey 7008138000000000000 ♠ $138,000,000 -- 7008190000000000000 ♠ 190,000,000 ( 7007219000000000000 ♠ $21,900,000 ) 7007103000000000000 ♠ $10,300,000 Funny Girl 7007800000000000000 ♠ $80,000,000 -- 7008100000000000000 ♠ 100,000,000 7006880000000000000 ♠ $8,800,000 1969 Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid 7008152308525000000 ♠ $152,308,525 ( 7007371000000000000 ♠ $37,100,000 ) 7006660000000000000 ♠ $6,600,000 1970 Love Story 7007800000000000000 ♠ $80,000,000 7006226000000000000 ♠ $2,260,000 Airport 7007750000000000000 ♠ $75,000,000 7007100000000000000 ♠ $10,000,000 1971 The French Connection 7007750000000000000 ♠ $75,000,000 7006330000000000000 ♠ $3,300,000 Fiddler on the Roof 7007494000000000000 ♠ $49,400,000 ( 7008100000000000000 ♠ $100,000,000 / 7007451000000000000 ♠ $45,100,000 ) 7006900000000000000 ♠ $9,000,000 Diamonds Are Forever 7008116000000000000 ♠ $116,000,000 ( 7007457000000000000 ♠ $45,700,000 ) 7006720000000000000 ♠ $7,200,000 1972 The Godfather 7008245066044000000 ♠ $245,066,044 -- 7008286000000000000 ♠ 286,000,000 ( 7008127600000000000 ♠ $127,600,000 -- 7008142000000000000 ♠ 142,000,000 ) 7006620000000000000 ♠ $6,200,000 1973 The Exorcist 7008413071948000000 ♠ $413,071,948 ( 7008110000000000000 ♠ $110,000,000 ) 7007100000000000000 ♠ $10,000,000 The Sting 7008115000000000000 ♠ $115,000,000 7006550000000000000 ♠ $5,500,000 The Towering Inferno 7008139700000000000 ♠ $139,700,000 / 7007886500000000000 ♠ $88,650,000 7007140000000000000 ♠ $14,000,000 -- 7007150000000000000 ♠ 15,000,000 Blazing Saddles 7007800000000000000 ♠ $80,000,000 + 7006260000000000000 ♠ $2,600,000 Jaws 7008470653591000000 ♠ $470,653,591 ( 7008193700000000000 ♠ $193,700,000 ) 7006900000000000000 ♠ $9,000,000 1976 Rocky 7008225000000000000 ♠ $225,000,000 ( 7007771000000000000 ♠ $77,100,000 ) 7006107500000000000 ♠ $1,075,000 1977 Star Wars 7008775398007000000 ♠ $775,398,007 ( 7008530000000000000 ♠ $530,000,000 / 7008268500000000000 ♠ $268,500,000 ) 7007112931510000000 ♠ $11,293,151 1978 Grease 7008394954752000000 ♠ $394,954,752 ( 7008341000000000000 ♠ $341,000,000 ) 7006600000000000000 ♠ $6,000,000 1979 Moonraker 7008210300000000000 ♠ $210,300,000 7007310000000000000 ♠ $31,000,000 Rocky II 7008200182289000000 ♠ $200,182,289 7006700000000000000 ♠ $7,000,000 1980 The Empire Strikes Back 7008547969004000000 ♠ $547,969,004 ( 7008413562607000000 ♠ $413,562,607 ) 7007230000000000000 ♠ $23,000,000 -- 7007320000000000000 ♠ 32,000,000 1981 Raiders of the Lost Ark 7008389925971000000 ♠ $389,925,971 ( 7008321866000000000 ♠ $321,866,000 -- 7008353988025000000 ♠ 353,988,025 ) 7007180000000000000 ♠ $18,000,000 -- 7007228000000000000 ♠ 22,800,000 1982 E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial 7008792910554000000 ♠ $792,910,554 ( 7008619000000000000 ♠ $619,000,000 -- 7008664000000000000 ♠ 664,000,000 ) 7007105000000000000 ♠ $10,500,000 -- 7007122000000000000 ♠ 12,200,000 Return of the Jedi 7008475106177000000 ♠ $475,106,177 ( 7008385845197000000 ♠ $385,845,197 ) 7007325000000000000 ♠ $32,500,000 -- 7007427000000000000 ♠ 42,700,000 1984 Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom 7008333107271000000 ♠ $333,107,271 7007270000000000000 ♠ $27,000,000 -- 7007282000000000000 ♠ 28,200,000 1985 Back to the Future 7008389053797000000 ♠ $389,053,797 ( 7008381109762000000 ♠ $381,109,762 ) 7007190000000000000 ♠ $19,000,000 -- 7007220000000000000 ♠ 22,000,000 1986 Top Gun 7008356830601000000 ♠ $356,830,601 ( 7008345000000000000 ♠ $345,000,000 ) 7007140000000000000 ♠ $14,000,000 -- 7007190000000000000 ♠ 19,000,000 Fatal Attraction 7008320145905000000 ♠ $320,145,905 7007140000000000000 ♠ $14,000,000 1988 Rain Man 7008354825476000000 ♠ $354,825,476 7007300000000000000 ♠ $30,000,000 1989 Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade 7008474171806000000 ♠ $474,171,806 -- 7008494000000000000 ♠ 494,000,000 7007360000000000000 ♠ $36,000,000 -- 7007554000000000000 ♠ 55,400,000 1990 Ghost 7008505702423000000 ♠ $505,702,423 7007220000000000000 ♠ $22,000,000 1991 Terminator 2 : Judgment Day 7008520860454000000 ♠ $520,860,454 ( $519,843,345 ) 7007940000000000000 ♠ $94,000,000 1992 Aladdin 7008504050045000000 ♠ $504,050,045 7007280000000000000 ♠ $28,000,000 1993 Jurassic Park 7009102993990300000 ♠ $1,029,939,903 ( 7008914691118000000 ♠ $914,691,118 ) 7007630000000000000 ♠ $63,000,000 -- 7007700000000000000 ♠ 70,000,000 1994 The Lion King 7008968483777000000 ♠ $968,483,777 ( 7008763455561000000 ♠ $763,455,561 ) 7007450000000000000 ♠ $45,000,000 -- 7007793000000000000 ♠ 79,300,000 1995 Toy Story 7008373554033000000 ♠ $373,554,033 ( 7008364873776000000 ♠ $364,873,776 ) 7007300000000000000 ♠ $30,000,000 Die Hard with a Vengeance 7008366101666000000 ♠ $366,101,666 7007700000000000000 ♠ $70,000,000 Independence Day 7008817400891000000 ♠ $817,400,891 7007750000000000000 ♠ $75,000,000 1997 Titanic 7009218677230200000 ♠ $2,186,772,302 ( 7009184320126800000 ♠ $1,843,201,268 ) 7008200000000000000 ♠ $200,000,000 1998 Armageddon 7008553709626000000 ♠ $553,709,626 7008140000000000000 ♠ $140,000,000 1999 Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace 7009102704467700000 ♠ $1,027,044,677 ( 7008924317558000000 ♠ $924,317,558 ) 7008115000000000000 ♠ $115,000,000 -- 7008127500000000000 ♠ 127,500,000 2000 Mission : Impossible 2 7008546388105000000 ♠ $546,388,105 7008100000000000000 ♠ $100,000,000 -- 7008125000000000000 ♠ 125,000,000 2001 Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone 7008974755371000000 ♠ $974,755,371 7008125000000000000 ♠ $125,000,000 2002 The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers 7008926349708000000 ♠ $926,349,708 ( 7008921780457000000 ♠ $921,780,457 ) 7007940000000000000 ♠ $94,000,000 2003 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King 7009112023700200000 ♠ $1,120,237,002 ( 7009111911094100000 ♠ $1,119,110,941 ) 7007940000000000000 ♠ $94,000,000 Shrek 2 7008919838758000000 ♠ $919,838,758 7008150000000000000 ♠ $150,000,000 2005 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire 7008896911078000000 ♠ $896,911,078 7008150000000000000 ♠ $150,000,000 2006 Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest 7009106617972500000 ♠ $1,066,179,725 7008225000000000000 ♠ $225,000,000 2007 Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End 7008963420425000000 ♠ $963,420,425 7008300000000000000 ♠ $300,000,000 2008 The Dark Knight 7009100455844400000 ♠ $1,004,558,444 ( 7008997039412000000 ♠ $997,039,412 ) 7008185000000000000 ♠ $185,000,000 2009 Avatar 7009278796508700000 ♠ $2,787,965,087 ( 7009274906432800000 ♠ $2,749,064,328 ) 7008237000000000000 ♠ $237,000,000 Toy Story 3 7009106696970300000 ♠ $1,066,969,703 7008200000000000000 ♠ $200,000,000 2011 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 7009134151121900000 ♠ $1,341,511,219 7008250000000000000 ♠ $250,000,000 2012 The Avengers 7009151881298800000 ♠ $1,518,812,988 7008220000000000000 ♠ $220,000,000 2013 Frozen 7009128700000000000 ♠ $1,287,000,000 7008150000000000000 ♠ $150,000,000 2014 Transformers : Age of Extinction 7009110403907600000 ♠ $1,104,039,076 7008210000000000000 ♠ $210,000,000 2015 Star Wars : The Force Awakens 7009206822362400000 ♠ $2,068,223,624 7008245000000000000 ♠ $245,000,000 2016 Captain America : Civil War 7009115330449500000 ♠ $1,153,304,495 7008250000000000000 ♠ $250,000,000 2017 Beauty and the Beast 7009126288633700000 ♠ $1,262,886,337 7008160000000000000 ♠ $160,000,000 ( ... ) Since grosses are not limited to original theatrical runs , a film 's first - run gross is included in brackets after the total if known . Canada and U.S. gross only . Distributor rental . To be ascertained . No contemporary sources provide figures for 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea , although The Numbers provides a figure of $8,000,000 for the North American box office gross . However , it is possible this figure has been mistaken for the gross of the 1954 remake which also earned $8,000,000 in North American rentals . Some sources such as The Numbers state that Aloma of the South Seas is the highest grossing film of the year , earning $3 million . However , no contemporary sources provide figures for Aloma of the South Seas , so it is unclear what the $3 million figure relates to . If it were the rental gross then that would have made it not only the highest - grossing film of the year , but one of the highest - grossing films of the silent era , and if that is the case it would be unusual for both International Motion Picture Almanac and Variety to omit it from their lists . It is not clear if the figure for Sunny Side Up is for North America or worldwide . Other sources put its earnings at $2 million , which may suggest the higher figure is the worldwide rental , given the confusion over international figures during this period . The figure for It Happened One Night is not truly representative of its success : it was distributed as a package deal along with more than two dozen other Columbia films , and the total earnings were averaged out ; the true gross would have been much higher . Snow White 's $418 million global cume omits earnings outside of North America from 1987 onwards . It is not absolutely clear how much Gone with the Wind earned from its initial release . Contemporary accounts often list it as earning $32 million in North American rentals and retrospective charts have often duplicated this claim ; however , it is likely this was the worldwide rental figure . Trade journals would collate the data by either obtaining it from the distributors themselves , who were keen to promote a successful film , or by surveying theaters and constructing an estimate . Distributors would often report the worldwide rental since the higher figure made the film appear more successful , while estimates were limited to performance in North America ; therefore it was not unusual for worldwide and North American rentals to be mixed up . Following the outbreak of World War II , many of the foreign markets were unavailable to Hollywood so it became standard practice to just report on North American box - office performance . In keeping with this new approach , the North American rental for Gone with the Wind was revised to $21 million in 1947 ( $11 million lower than the previous figure ) , and as of 1953 -- following the 1947 re-release -- Variety was reporting earnings of $26 million . Through 1956 , MGM reported cumulative North American earnings of $30,015,000 and foreign earnings of $18,964,000 , from three releases . Worldwide rentals of $32 million from the initial release is consistent with the revised figures and later reported worldwide figures : they indicate that the film earned $21 million in North America and $11 million overseas from the initial release , and added a further $9 million in North America and $8 million overseas from subsequent re-releases up to 1956 . Mom and Dad does not generally feature in ' high - gross ' lists such as those published by Variety due to its independent distribution . Essentially belonging to the exploitation genre , it was marketed as an educational sex hygiene film in an effort to circumvent censorship laws . Falling foul of the Motion Picture Production Code , Mom and Dad was prevented from obtaining mainstream distribution and restricted to independent and drive - in theaters . It was the biggest hit of its kind , and remained in continual distribution until the 1970s when hardcore pornography eventually took over . At the end of 1947 it had earned $2 million , and by 1949 , $8 million ; by 1956 it had earned $22 million in rentals , representing a gross of $80 million , and would have easily placed in the top ten films in the late 1940s and early 1950s . Estimates of its total earnings are as high as $100 million . Chopra - Gant stipulates that the figure given for Unconquered is for North American box - office , but as was common at the time , the chart confuses worldwide and North American grosses . Other sources state that the takings for Forever Amber ( $8 million ) and Life with Father ( $6.5 million ) were in fact worldwide rental grosses , so it is possible this is also true of Unconquered . The Cinerama figures represent gross amounts . Since the Cinerama corporation owned the theaters there were no rental fees for the films , meaning the studio received 100 % of the box - office gross , unlike the case with most other films where the distributor typically receives less than half the gross . Since Variety at the time ranked films by their US rental , they constructed a hypothetical rental figure for the Cinerama films to provide a basis for comparison to other films in their chart : in the case of This Is Cinerama , the $50 million worldwide gross was reconfigured as a $12.5 million US rental gross ; this is exactly 25 % of the amount reported by Cinerama , so Variety 's formula seemingly halved the gross to obtain an estimate for the US share , and halved it again to simulate a rental fee . Variety 's ' rental ' amounts are often repeated , but have no basis in the reality of what the films actually earned -- they are hypothetical figures conceived for comparative analysis . All five Cinerama features collectively generated $120 million in worldwide box office receipts . Variety put the worldwide rental for The Greatest Show on Earth at around $18.35 million ( with $12.8 million coming from the United States ) a year after its release ; however , Birchard puts its earnings at just over $15 million up to 1962 . It is likely that Birchard 's figure is just the North American gross rental , and includes revenue from the 1954 and 1960 reissues . The `` first run '' Star Wars grosses do not include revenue from the 1997 special - edition releases ; however , the figure does include revenue from the re-releases prior to the special editions . Production costs were shared with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 . Timeline of highest - grossing films The Birth of a Nation pioneered many of the techniques used in filmmaking today , becoming the most successful film ever made at the time of its release . At least ten films have held the record of ' highest - grossing film ' since The Birth of a Nation assumed the top spot in 1915 . Both The Birth of a Nation and Gone with the Wind spent twenty - five consecutive years apiece as the highest - grosser , with films directed by Steven Spielberg holding the record on three occasions and James Cameron -- the current holder -- twice . Spielberg became the first director to break his own record when Jurassic Park overtook E.T. , and Cameron emulated the feat when Avatar broke the record set by Titanic . Some sources claim that The Big Parade superseded The Birth of a Nation as highest - grossing film , eventually being replaced by Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , which in turn was quickly usurped by Gone with the Wind . Exact figures are not known for The Birth of a Nation , but contemporary records put its worldwide earnings at $5.2 million as of 1919 . Its international release was delayed by World War I , and it was not released in many foreign territories until the 1920s ; coupled with further re-releases in the United States , its $10 million earnings as reported by Variety in 1932 are consistent with the earlier figure . At this time , Variety still had The Birth of a Nation ahead of The Big Parade ( $6,400,000 ) on distributor rentals and -- if its estimate is correct -- Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( $8,500,000 ) would not have earned enough on its first theatrical run to take the record ; although it would have been the highest - grossing ' talkie ' , displacing The Singing Fool ( $5,900,000 ) . Although received wisdom holds that it is unlikely The Birth of a Nation was ever overtaken by a silent - era film , the record would fall to 1925 's Ben - Hur ( $9,386,000 ) if The Birth of a Nation earned significantly less than its estimated gross . In addition to its gross rental earnings through public exhibition , The Birth of a Nation played at a large number of private , club and organizational engagements which figures are unavailable for . It was hugely popular with the Ku Klux Klan who used it to drive recruitment , and at one point Variety estimated its total earnings to stand at around $50 million . Despite later retracting the claim , the sum has been widely reported even though it has never been substantiated . While it is generally accepted that Gone with the Wind took over the record of highest - grossing film on its initial release -- which is true in terms of public exhibition -- it is likely it did not overtake The Birth of a Nation in total revenue until a much later date , with it still being reported as the highest earner up until the 1960s . Gone with the Wind itself may have been briefly overtaken by The Ten Commandments ( 1956 ) , which closed at the end of 1960 with worldwide rentals of $58 -- 60 million compared to Gone with the Wind 's $59 million ; if it did claim the top spot its tenure there was short - lived , since Gone with the Wind was re-released the following year and increased its earnings to $67 million . Depending on how accurate the estimates are , the 1959 remake of Ben - Hur may also have captured the record from Gone with the Wind : as of the end of 1961 it had earned $47 million worldwide , and by 1963 it was trailing Gone with the Wind by just $2 million with international takings of $65 million , ultimately earning $66 million from its initial release . The 1972 pornographic film Deep Throat reportedly earned as much as $600 million , a figure that may have been inflated by gangsters in money laundering schemes . Another film purported to have been the highest - grosser is the 1972 pornographic film , Deep Throat . In 1984 , Linda Lovelace testified to a United States Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on juvenile justice that the film had earned $600 million ; this figure has been the subject of much speculation , since if it is accurate then the film would have made more money than Star Wars , and finished the 1970s as the highest - grossing film . The main argument against this figure is that it simply did not have a wide enough release to sustain the sort of sums that would be required for it to ultimately gross this amount . Exact figures are not known , but testimony in a federal trial in 1976 -- about four years into the film 's release -- showed the film had grossed over $25 million . Roger Ebert has reasoned it possibly did earn as much as $600 million on paper , since mobsters owned most of the adult movie theaters during this period and would launder income from drugs and prostitution through them , so probably inflated the box office receipts for the film . The Birth of a Nation , Gone with the Wind , The Godfather , Jaws , Star Wars , E.T. and Avatar all increased their record grosses with re-releases . The grosses from their original theatrical runs are included here along with totals from re-releases up to the point that they lost the record ; therefore the total for The Birth of a Nation includes income from its reissues up to 1940 ; the total for Star Wars includes revenue from the late 1970s and early 1980s reissues but not from the 1997 Special Edition ; the total for E.T. incorporates its gross from the 1985 reissue but not from 2002 ; the total for Avatar -- as the current record - holder -- includes all its earnings at the present time . Gone with the Wind is represented twice on the chart : the 1940 entry includes earnings from its staggered 1939 -- 1942 release ( roadshow / general release / second - run ) along with all of its revenue up to the 1961 reissue prior to losing the record to The Sound of Music in 1966 ; its 1971 entry -- after it took back the record -- includes income from the 1967 and 1971 reissues but omitting later releases . The Godfather was re-released in 1973 after its success at the 45th Academy Awards , and Jaws was released again in 1976 , and their grosses here most likely include earnings from those releases . The Sound of Music , The Godfather , Jaws , Jurassic Park and Titanic increased their earnings with further releases in 1973 , 1997 , 1979 , 2013 and 2012 respectively , but they are not included in the totals here since they had already conceded the record prior to being re-released . Timeline of the highest - grossing film record Established Title Record setting gross Reference ( s ) 1915 The Birth of a Nation $5,200,000 1940 $15,000,000 1940 Gone with the Wind $32,000,000 1963 $67,000,000 1966 The Sound of Music $114,600,000 1971 Gone with the Wind $116,000,000 1972 The Godfather $127,600,000 -- 142,000,000 1976 Jaws $193,700,000 1978 Star Wars $410,000,000 / $268,500,000 1982 $530,000,000 E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial $619,000,000 -- 664,000,000 1993 $701,000,000 1993 Jurassic Park $914,691,118 1998 Titanic $1,843,201,268 Avatar $2,749,064,328 $2,787,965,087 Distributor rental . Includes revenue from re-releases . If a film increased its gross through re-releases while holding the record , the year in which it recorded its highest gross is also noted in italics . Highest - grossing franchises and film series See also : List of the highest - grossing media franchises The James Bond series was the first to gross over $1 billion . Prior to 2000 , only seven film series had grossed over $1 billion at the box office : James Bond , Star Wars , Indiana Jones , Rocky , Batman , Jurassic Park and Star Trek . Since the turn of the century that number has increased to over forty ( not including one - off hits such as Avatar , Titanic and Frozen ) . This is partly due to inflation and market growth , but also to Hollywood 's adoption of the franchise model : films that have built - in brand recognition , such as being based on a well known literary source or an established character . The methodology is based on the concept that films associated with things audiences are already familiar with can be more effectively marketed to them , and as such are known as `` pre-sold '' films within the industry . The films in the cross-franchise Marvel Cinematic Universe have collectively grossed the most , amassing over $12 billion at the box office , although the Eon James Bond films have earned over $14 billion in total when adjusted to current prices . The Harry Potter films are the highest - grossing series based on a single property , earning nearly $8 billion at the box office ; Harry Potter has also generated at least $3.5 billion in home video revenue , taking total consumer spending on the films to over $11 billion . If ancillary income from merchandise is included , then Star Wars is the most lucrative property ; it holds the Guinness world record for the `` most successful film merchandising franchise '' and was valued at £ 19.51 billion in 2012 ( approximately $30 billion ) . With four billion - dollar grossers , the Marvel Cinematic Universe is the only series where more than three films have grossed in excess of $1 billion ( Star Wars is the only franchise with three such films ) , and the two Avengers films comprise the only franchise where each installment has grossed over $1 billion . Avengers is also the only franchise to have a series average of over $1 billion per film , although the Star Wars , Pirates of the Caribbean , Jurassic Park and Finding Nemo franchises , Harry Potter films , and Peter Jackson 's Middle - earth adaptation also average over $1 billion adjusted for inflation . indicates that at least one film in the series is playing in the week commencing 15 September 2017 . Highest - grossing franchises and film series ( The films in each franchise can be viewed by selecting `` show '' . ) Rank Series Total worldwide gross No. of films Average of films Highest - grossing film ( show ) Marvel Cinematic Universe $12,600,303,196 16 $787,518,950 The Avengers ( $1,518,812,988 ) ( show ) Phase Two $5,271,691,209 6 $878,615,202 Avengers : Age of Ultron ( $1,405,403,694 ) Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) $1,405,403,694 Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) $1,214,811,252 Guardians of the Galaxy ( 2014 ) $773,328,629 Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) $714,264,267 5 Thor : The Dark World ( 2013 ) $644,571,402 6 Ant - Man ( 2015 ) $519,311,965 ( show ) Phase One $3,811,244,484 6 $635,207,414 The Avengers ( $1,518,812,988 ) The Avengers ( 2012 ) $1,518,812,988 Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) $623,933,331 Iron Man ( 2008 ) $585,174,222 Thor ( 2011 ) $449,326,618 5 Captain America : The First Avenger ( 2011 ) $370,569,774 6 The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) $263,427,551 ( show ) Phase Three $3,517,367,503 $879,341,876 Captain America : Civil War ( $1,153,304,495 ) Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) $1,153,304,495 Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 ( 2017 ) $863,341,819 Spider - Man : Homecoming ( 2017 ) $823,002,794 Doctor Strange ( 2016 ) $677,718,395 ( show ) J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World $8,539,253,704 9 $948,805,967 Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( $1,341,511,219 ) ( show ) Harry Potter series $7,725,216,129 8 $965,652,016 Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( $1,341,511,219 ) Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) $1,341,511,219 Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) $974,755,371 Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) $960,283,305 Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) $939,885,929 5 Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) $934,416,487 6 Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) $896,911,078 7 Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) $878,979,634 8 Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) $796,688,549 9 IMAX Marathon ( 2016 ) $1,784,557 ( show ) Fantastic Beasts series $814,037,575 $814,037,575 Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( $814,037,575 ) Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 ) $814,037,575 ( show ) Star Wars $7,516,234,702 9 $835,137,189 The Force Awakens ( $2,068,223,624 ) ( show ) Prequel trilogy $2,525,197,773 $841,732,591 The Phantom Menace ( $1,027,044,677 ) I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) $1,027,044,677 III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) $848,754,768 II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) $649,398,328 ( show ) Sequel trilogy $2,068,223,624 $2,068,223,624 The Force Awakens ( $2,068,223,624 ) VII -- The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) $2,068,223,624 ( show ) Original trilogy $1,798,473,188 $599,491,063 A New Hope ( $775,398,007 ) IV -- A New Hope ( 1977 ) $775,398,007 V -- The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) $547,969,004 VI -- Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) $475,106,177 ( show ) Anthology films $1,056,057,273 $1,056,057,273 Rogue One ( $1,056,057,273 ) Rogue One ( 2016 ) $1,056,057,273 The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) $68,282,844 ( show ) James Bond $7,040,275,645 26 $270,779,833 Skyfall ( $1,108,561,013 ) ( show ) Eon series $6,838,530,927 24 $284,938,789 Skyfall ( $1,108,561,013 ) ( show ) Daniel Craig 's Bond $3,174,372,309 $793,593,077 Skyfall ( $1,108,561,013 ) Skyfall ( 2012 ) $1,108,561,013 Spectre ( 2015 ) $880,674,609 Casino Royale ( 2006 ) $599,045,960 Quantum of Solace ( 2008 ) $586,090,727 ( show ) Pierce Brosnan 's Bond $1,479,008,618 $369,752,155 Die Another Day ( $431,971,116 ) Die Another Day ( 2002 ) $431,971,116 The World Is Not Enough ( 1999 ) $361,832,400 GoldenEye ( 1995 ) $352,194,034 Tomorrow Never Dies ( 1997 ) $333,011,068 ( show ) Roger Moore 's Bond $1,151,600,000 7 $164,514,286 Moonraker ( $210,300,000 ) Moonraker ( 1979 ) $210,300,000 For Your Eyes Only ( 1981 ) $194,900,000 The Spy Who Loved Me ( 1977 ) $185,400,000 Octopussy ( 1983 ) $183,700,000 5 A View to a Kill ( 1985 ) $152,400,000 6 Live and Let Die ( 1973 ) $126,400,000 7 The Man with the Golden Gun ( 1974 ) $98,500,000 ( show ) Sean Connery 's Bond $621,500,000 6 $103,583,333 Thunderball ( $141,200,000 ) Thunderball ( 1965 ) $141,200,000 Goldfinger ( 1964 ) $124,900,000 Diamonds Are Forever ( 1971 ) $116,000,000 You Only Live Twice ( 1967 ) $101,000,000 5 From Russia with Love ( 1963 ) $78,900,000 6 Dr. No ( 1962 ) $59,500,000 ( show ) Timothy Dalton 's Bond $347,400,000 $173,700,000 The Living Daylights ( $191,200,000 ) The Living Daylights ( 1987 ) $191,200,000 Licence to Kill ( 1989 ) $156,200,000 ( show ) George Lazenby 's Bond $64,600,000 $64,600,000 On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( $64,600,000 ) On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( 1969 ) $64,600,000 Never Say Never Again ( 1983 ) $160,000,000 Casino Royale ( 1967 ) $41,744,718 5 ( show ) J.R.R. Tolkien 's Middle - earth $5,884,488,087 7 $840,641,155 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( $1,120,237,002 ) ( show ) Jackson series $5,853,780,255 6 $975,630,043 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( $1,120,237,002 ) ( show ) The Hobbit $2,935,490,211 $978,496,737 An Unexpected Journey ( $1,021,103,568 ) An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) $1,021,103,568 The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) $958,366,855 The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) $956,019,788 ( show ) The Lord of the Rings $2,918,526,456 $972,842,152 The Return of the King ( $1,120,237,002 ) The Return of the King ( 2003 ) $1,120,237,002 The Two Towers ( 2002 ) $926,349,708 The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) $871,939,746 The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) $30,471,420 6 ( show ) The Fast and the Furious $5,134,895,344 8 $641,861,918 Furious 7 ( $1,516,045,911 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) $1,516,045,911 The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) $1,238,764,765 Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) $788,679,850 Fast Five ( 2011 ) $626,137,675 5 Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) $363,164,265 6 2 Fast 2 Furious ( 2003 ) $236,350,661 7 The Fast and the Furious ( 2001 ) $207,283,925 8 Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) $158,468,292 7 ( show ) X-Men $4,996,638,214 10 $499,663,821 Deadpool ( $783,112,979 ) ( show ) Main series $2,808,832,317 6 $468,138,720 Days of Future Past ( $747,862,775 ) Days of Future Past ( 2014 ) $747,862,775 Apocalypse ( 2016 ) $543,934,787 The Last Stand ( 2006 ) $459,359,555 X2 ( 2003 ) $407,711,549 5 First Class ( 2011 ) $353,624,124 6 X-Men ( 2000 ) $296,339,527 ( show ) Wolverine series $1,404,692,918 $468,230,973 Logan ( $616,801,808 ) Logan ( 2017 ) $616,801,808 The Wolverine ( 2013 ) $414,828,246 Origins : Wolverine ( 2009 ) $373,062,864 ( show ) Deadpool series $783,112,979 $783,112,979 Deadpool ( $783,112,979 ) Deadpool ( 2016 ) $783,112,979 8 ( show ) Batman $4,995,812,576 15 $333,054,172 The Dark Knight Rises ( $1,084,939,099 ) ( show ) Nolan series $2,463,716,216 $821,238,739 The Dark Knight Rises ( $1,084,939,099 ) The Dark Knight Rises ( 2012 ) $1,084,939,099 The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) $1,004,558,444 Batman Begins ( 2005 ) $374,218,673 ( show ) Burton / Schumacher series $1,335,009,923 5 $267,001,985 Batman ( $411,348,924 ) ( show ) Main series $1,252,907,544 $313,226,886 Batman ( $411,348,924 ) Batman ( 1989 ) $411,348,924 Batman Forever ( 1995 ) $336,529,144 Batman Returns ( 1992 ) $266,822,354 Batman & Robin ( 1997 ) $238,207,122 Catwoman ( 2004 ) $82,102,379 ( show ) DC Extended Universe $873,260,194 $873,260,194 Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( $873,260,194 ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) $873,260,194 The Lego Batman Movie ( 2017 ) $311,950,384 Mask of the Phantasm ( 1993 ) $5,617,391 ( show ) DC Universe Animated Original Movies $4,501,125 $2,250,563 The Killing Joke ( $4,462,034 ) The Killing Joke ( 2016 ) $4,462,034 Batman and Harley Quinn ( 2017 ) $39,091 ( show ) 1960s TV series $1,757,343 $878,672 Batman : The Movie ( $1,700,000 ) Batman : The Movie ( 1966 ) $1,700,000 Return of the Caped Crusaders ( 2016 ) $57,343 9 ( show ) Spider - Man $4,786,262,298 6 $797,710,383 Spider - Man 3 ( $890,871,626 ) ( show ) Raimi series $2,496,346,518 $832,115,506 Spider - Man 3 ( $890,871,626 ) Spider - Man 3 ( 2007 ) $890,871,626 Spider - Man ( 2002 ) $821,708,551 Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) $783,766,341 ( show ) Webb series $1,466,912,986 $733,456,493 The Amazing Spider - Man ( $757,930,663 ) The Amazing Spider - Man ( 2012 ) $757,930,663 The Amazing Spider - Man 2 ( 2014 ) $708,982,323 ( show ) Marvel Cinematic Universe $823,002,794 $823,002,794 Homecoming ( $823,002,794 ) Homecoming ( 2017 ) $823,002,794 10 ( show ) Pirates of the Caribbean $4,523,285,280 5 $904,657,056 Dead Man 's Chest ( $1,066,179,725 ) Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) $1,066,179,725 On Stranger Tides ( 2011 ) $1,045,713,802 At World 's End ( 2007 ) $963,420,425 Dead Men Tell No Tales ( 2017 ) $793,707,313 5 The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) $654,264,015 11 ( show ) Transformers $4,384,653,414 6 $730,775,569 Dark of the Moon ( $1,123,794,079 ) ( show ) Bay series $4,378,803,767 5 $875,760,753 Dark of the Moon ( $1,123,794,079 ) Dark of the Moon ( 2011 ) $1,123,794,079 Age of Extinction ( 2014 ) $1,104,054,072 Revenge of the Fallen ( 2009 ) $836,303,693 Transformers ( 2007 ) $709,709,780 5 The Last Knight ( 2017 ) $604,942,143 The Transformers : The Movie ( 1986 ) $5,849,647 12 ( show ) Jurassic Park $3,689,072,919 $922,268,230 Jurassic World ( $1,671,713,208 ) Jurassic World ( 2015 ) $1,671,713,208 Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) $1,029,939,903 The Lost World ( 1997 ) $618,638,999 Jurassic Park III ( 2001 ) $368,780,809 13 ( show ) Despicable Me $3,680,132,442 $920,033,111 Minions ( $1,159,398,397 ) ( show ) Main series $2,520,734,045 $840,244,682 Despicable Me 3 ( $1,006,858,175 ) Despicable Me 3 ( 2017 ) $1,006,858,175 Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) $970,761,885 Despicable Me ( 2010 ) $543,113,985 Minions ( 2015 ) $1,159,398,397 14 ( show ) Shrek $3,510,794,482 5 $702,158,896 Shrek 2 ( $919,838,758 ) ( show ) Main series $2,955,807,005 $738,951,751 Shrek 2 ( $919,838,758 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) $919,838,758 Shrek the Third ( 2007 ) $798,958,162 Shrek Forever After ( 2010 ) $752,600,867 Shrek ( 2001 ) $484,409,218 Puss in Boots ( 2011 ) $554,987,477 15 ( show ) The Twilight Saga $3,346,157,056 5 $669,231,411 Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( $829,746,820 ) Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) $829,746,820 Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2011 ) $712,205,856 New Moon ( 2009 ) $709,711,008 Eclipse ( 2010 ) $698,491,347 5 Twilight ( 2008 ) $393,616,788 6 Twilight / New Moon ( Combo ) $2,385,237 16 ( show ) Ice Age $3,217,251,681 5 $643,450,336 Dawn of the Dinosaurs ( $886,686,817 ) Dawn of the Dinosaurs ( 2009 ) $886,686,817 Continental Drift ( 2012 ) $877,244,782 The Meltdown ( 2006 ) $661,483,908 Collision Course ( 2016 ) $408,579,038 5 Ice Age ( 2002 ) $383,257,136 17 ( show ) DC Extended Universe $3,103,208,908 $775,802,227 Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( $873,260,194 ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) $873,260,194 Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) $816,303,142 Suicide Squad ( 2016 ) $745,600,054 Man of Steel ( 2013 ) $668,045,518 18 ( show ) The Hunger Games $2,968,191,442 $742,047,861 Catching Fire ( $865,011,746 ) Catching Fire ( 2013 ) $865,011,746 Mockingjay -- Part 1 ( 2014 ) $755,356,711 The Hunger Games ( 2012 ) $694,394,724 Mockingjay -- Part 2 ( 2015 ) $653,428,261 19 ( show ) Avengers $2,924,216,682 $1,462,108,341 The Avengers ( $1,518,812,988 ) The Avengers ( 2012 ) $1,518,812,988 Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) $1,405,403,694 20 ( show ) Mission : Impossible $2,778,977,995 5 $555,795,599 Ghost Protocol ( $694,713,380 ) Ghost Protocol ( 2011 ) $694,713,380 Rogue Nation ( 2015 ) $682,330,139 Mission : Impossible II ( 2000 ) $546,388,105 Mission : Impossible ( 1996 ) $457,696,359 5 Mission : Impossible III ( 2006 ) $397,850,012 21 ( show ) Superman $2,554,201,360 8 $319,275,170 Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( $873,260,194 ) ( show ) DC Extended Universe $1,541,305,712 $770,652,856 Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( $873,260,194 ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) $873,260,194 Man of Steel ( 2013 ) $668,045,518 ( show ) Original series $621,814,456 5 $124,362,891 Superman ( $300,218,018 ) ( show ) Christopher Reeve films $607,518,018 $151,879,505 Superman ( $300,218,018 ) Superman ( 1978 ) $300,218,018 Superman II ( 1980 ) $190,400,000 Superman III ( 1983 ) $80,200,000 Superman IV : The Quest for Peace ( 1987 ) $36,700,000 Supergirl ( 1984 ) $14,296,438 Superman Returns ( 2006 ) $391,081,192 22 ( show ) Iron Man $2,423,918,805 $807,972,935 Iron Man 3 ( $1,214,811,252 ) Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) $1,214,811,252 Iron Man 2 ( 2010 ) $623,933,331 Iron Man ( 2008 ) $585,174,222 23 ( show ) Star Trek $2,266,723,196 13 $174,363,323 Into Darkness ( $467,381,584 ) ( show ) Kelvin Timeline $1,189,710,370 $396,570,123 Into Darkness ( $467,381,584 ) Into Darkness ( 2013 ) $467,381,584 Star Trek ( 2009 ) $385,680,446 Beyond ( 2016 ) $336,648,340 ( show ) The Original Series $621,900,000 6 $103,650,000 The Motion Picture ( $139,000,000 ) The Motion Picture ( 1979 ) $139,000,000 IV : The Voyage Home ( 1986 ) $133,000,000 VI : The Undiscovered Country ( 1991 ) $96,900,000 II : The Wrath of Khan ( 1982 ) $95,800,000 5 III : The Search for Spock ( 1984 ) $87,000,000 6 V : The Final Frontier ( 1989 ) $70,200,000 ( show ) The Next Generation $455,112,826 $113,778,207 First Contact ( $150,000,000 ) First Contact ( 1996 ) $150,000,000 Generations ( 1994 ) $120,000,000 Insurrection ( 1998 ) $117,800,000 Nemesis ( 2002 ) $67,312,826 24 ( show ) Madagascar $2,256,517,920 $564,129,480 Europe 's Most Wanted ( $746,921,274 ) ( show ) Main series $1,883,502,299 $627,834,100 Europe 's Most Wanted ( $746,921,274 ) 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted ( 2012 ) $746,921,274 Escape 2 Africa ( 2008 ) $603,900,354 Madagascar ( 2005 ) $532,680,671 Penguins of Madagascar ( 2014 ) $373,015,621 25 ( show ) Captain America $2,238,138,536 $746,046,179 Civil War ( $1,153,304,495 ) Civil War ( 2016 ) $1,153,304,495 The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) $714,264,267 The First Avenger ( 2011 ) $370,569,774 Canada and U.S. gross only . 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Jump up ^ Kolesnikov - Jessop , Sonia ( May 22 , 2011 ) . `` Hollywood Presses Its Global Agenda '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hoad , Phil ( August 11 , 2011 ) . `` The rise of the international box office '' . The Guardian . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Frankel , Daniel ( May 1 , 2011 ) . `` Why the Foreign Box Office Leads : ' Fast Five , ' ' Thor ' Open Overseas First '' . The Wrap . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bialik , Carl ( December 17 , 2007 ) . `` Box - Office Records Are the Stuff of ' Legend ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Leonhardt , David ( March 1 , 2010 ) . `` Why ' Avatar ' Is Not the Top - Grossing Film '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Frank ; Stafford , Jeff ( January 5 , 2007 ) . `` Gone With the Wind ( 1939 ) -- Articles '' . Turner Classic Movies . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Shone , Tom ( February 3 , 2010 ) . `` Oscars 2010 : How James Cameron took on the world '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved March 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hill , George F. ( June 25 , 2006 ) . `` Gone With The Wind , Indeed '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : The Economist online ( July 11 , 2011 ) . `` Pottering on , and on '' . The Economist . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Guinness World Records . 60 ( 2015 ed . ) . 2014 . pp. 160 -- 161 . ISBN 9781908843708 . Jump up ^ Glenday , Craig , ed. ( 2011 ) . Гиннесс . Мировые рекорды ( Guinness World Records ) ( in Russian ) . Translated by Andrianov , P.I. ; Palova , I.V. ( 2012 ed . ) . Moscow : Astrel . p. 211 . ISBN 978 - 5 - 271 - 36423 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic 3D ( 2012 ) -- International Box Office results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . North America : $57,884,114 ; Overseas : $285,666,656 ^ Jump up to : Cones , John W. ( 1997 ) . The feature film distribution deal : a critical analysis of the single most important film industry agreement . Southern Illinois University Press . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8093 - 2082 - 0 . Distributor rentals : It is also important to know and recognize the difference between the distributor 's gross receipts and the gross rentals . The term `` rentals '' refers to the aggregate amount of the film distributor 's share of monies paid at theatre box offices computed on the basis of negotiated agreements between the distributor and the exhibitor . Note that gross receipts refers to amounts actually received and from all markets and media , whereas gross rentals refers to amounts earned from theatrical exhibition only , regardless of whether received by the distributor . Thus , gross receipts is the much broader term and includes distributor rentals . The issue of film rentals ( i.e. , what percentage of a film 's box office gross comes back to the distributor ) is of key importance ... More current numbers suggest that distributor rentals for the major studio / distributor released films average in the neighborhood of 43 % of box office gross . Again , however , such an average is based on widely divergent distributor rental ratios on individual films . Jump up ^ Marich , Robert ( 2009 ) ( 1st . pub . Focal Press : 2005 ) . Marketing to moviegoers : a handbook of strategies used by major studios and independents ( 2 ed . ) . Southern Illinois University Press . p. 252 . ISBN 9780809328840 . Rentals are the distributors ' share of the box office gross and typically set by a complex , two - part contract . Jump up ^ Balio , Tino ( 2005 ) . The American film industry . University of Wisconsin Press . p. 296 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 09874 - 2 . Film Rentals as Percent of Volume of Business ( 1939 ) : 36.4 Jump up ^ Balio , Tino ( 1987 ) . United Artists : the Company that Changed the Film Industry . University of Wisconsin Press . p. 124 -- 125 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 11440 - 4 . To rekindle interest in the movies , Hollywood not only had to compete with television but also with other leisure - time activities ... Movies made a comeback by 1955 , but audiences had changed . Moviegoing became a special event for most people , creating the phenomenon of the big picture . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 179 . `` Later epics proved far more disastrous for the backers . Samuel Bronston 's The Fall of the Roman Empire , filmed in Spain , cost $17,816,876 and grossed only $1.9 million in America . George Stevens 's long - gestating life of Christ , The Greatest Story Ever Told ( 1965 ) , which had been in planning since 1954 and in production since 1962 , earned domestic rentals of $6,962,715 on a $21,481,745 negative cost , the largest amount yet spent on a production made entirely within the United States . The Bible -- in the Beginning ... ( 1966 ) was financed by the Italian producer Dino De Laurentiis from private investors and Swiss banks . He then sold distribution rights outside Italy jointly to Fox and Seven Arts for $15 million ( 70 percent of which came from Fox ) , thereby recouping the bulk of his $18 million investment . Although The Bible returned a respectable world rental of $25.3 million , Fox was still left with a net loss of just over $1.5 million . It was the last biblical epic to be released by any major Hollywood studio for nearly twenty years . '' Jump up ^ Williams , Trey ( September 25 , 2015 ) . `` Ridley Scott 's latest ' Alien ' announcement drives Hollywood 's sequel problem '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yearly Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Index By Year '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . LLC . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dirks , Tim . `` All - Time Box - Office Hits By Decade and Year '' . Filmsite.org . American Movie Classics . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Towering Inferno ( 1974 ) '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . LLC . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Finler 2003 , p. 358 Jump up ^ Milwaukee Magazine . 32 . 2007 . The year 's top -- grossing movie , Aloma made $3 million in the first three months and brought Gray back to Milwaukee for its opening at the Wisconsin Theatre . ( Online copy at Google Books ) Jump up ^ Parkinson , David ( 2007 ) . The Rough Guide to Film Musicals . Dorling Kindersley . p. 28 . ISBN 9781843536505 . But they had previously succeeded in showing how musicals could centre on ordinary people with Sunny Side Up ( 1929 ) , which had grossed $2 million at the box office and demonstrated a new maturity and ingenuity in the staging of story and dance . ^ Jump up to : Hall & Neale 2010 , pp. 6 -- 7 . `` For similar reasons of accountability , Variety has typically used figures for domestic ( U.S. and Canadian ) rather than worldwide revenue . This became its standard policy in 1940 , when the advent of war in Europe persuaded the American film industry ( temporarily , as it turned out ) that it should be wholly reliant on the home market for profitability . Where specific rentals data are reported in Variety before this ( which tended to be only sporadically ) they were often for worldwide rather domestic performance . This was also the case with other trade sources , such as Quigley 's annual Motion Picture Almanac , which published its own all - time hits lists from the early 1930s onward . The subsequent confusion of domestic and worldwide figures , and of rental and box - office figures , has plagued many published accounts of Hollywood history ( sometimes including those in Variety itself ) , and we have attempted to be diligant in clarifying the differences between them . '' Jump up ^ Shearer , Lloyd ( October 26 , 1947 ) . `` GWTW : Supercolossal Saga of an Epic '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cinema : The Big Grossers '' . Time . February 2 , 1953 . Retrieved September 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 129 . `` Domestic Rentals : $30,015,000 ( 61 % ) ; Foreign Rentals : $18,964,000 ( 39 % ) ... Gone with the Wind includes initial release plus four rereleases ( 1941 , 1942 , 1947 and 1954 ) since foreign rental revenues were available only cumulative through 1956 . '' Jump up ^ McDermott , Christine ( 2010 ) , Life with Father , p. 307 , No matter what the billing , the movie became a worldwide hit with $6.5 million in worldwide rentals , from Pappa och vi in Sweden to Vita col padre in Italy , although it booked a net loss of $350,000 . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ Mulligan , Hugh A. ( September 23 , 1956 ) . `` Cinerama Pushing Ahead As Biggest Money - Maker '' . The Register - Guard . Eugene , Oregon . p. 7B . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 145 . `` The commercial success of the five Cinerama travelogues , which earned an aggregate worldwide box - office gross of $120 million by 1962 ( including $82 million in the United States and Canada ) , nevertheless demonstrated to the mainstream industry the market value of special screen formats . '' ^ Jump up to : Dirks , Tim . `` Top Films of All - Time : Part 1 -- Box - Office Blockbusters '' . Filmsite.org . Retrieved August 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Wasko , Janet ( 1986 ) . `` D.W. Griffiths and the banks : a case study in film financing '' . In Kerr , Paul . The Hollywood Film Industry : A Reader . Routledge . p. 34 . ISBN 9780710097309 . Various accounts have cited $15 to $18 million profits during the first few years of release , while in a letter to a potential investor in the proposed sound version , Aitken noted that a $15 to $18 million box - office gross was a ' conservative estimate ' . For years Variety has listed The Birth of a Nation 's total rental at $50 million . ( This reflects the total amount paid to the distributor , not box - office gross . ) This ' trade legend ' has finally been acknowledged by Variety as a ' whopper myth ' , and the amount has been revised to $5 million . That figure seems far more feasible , as reports of earnings in the Griffith collection list gross receipts for 1915 -- 1919 at slightly more than $5.2 million ( including foreign distribution ) and total earnings after deducting general office expenses , but not royalties , at about $2 million . Jump up ^ `` Biggest Money Pictures '' . Variety . June 21 , 1932 . p. 1 . Cited in `` Biggest Money Pictures '' . Cinemaweb . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2011 . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Peter Pan ' flies again '' . Daily Record . Ellensburg , Washington . United Press International . July 21 , 1989 . p. 16 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 237 . `` By the end of 1938 , it had grossed more than $8 million in worldwide rentals and was ranked at the time as the second - highest - grossing film after the 1925 epic Ben - Hur '' . Jump up ^ Finler 2003 , p. 47 . `` Walt Disney took a big risk when he decided to invest $1.5 million in his first feature - length animated film , Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs . It became the biggest hit of the sound era and the largest - grossing movie since The Birth of a Nation -- until the release of independent producer David O. Selznick 's Gone with the Wind just two years later . '' Jump up ^ Barrios , Richard ( 1995 ) . A Song in the Dark : The Birth of the Musical Film . Oxford University Press . p. 49 . ISBN 9780195088113 . Since it 's rarely seen today , The Singing Fool is frequently confused with The Jazz Singer ; although besides Jolson and a pervasively maudlin air the two have little in common . In the earlier film Jolson was inordinately attached to his mother and sang `` Mammy '' ; here the fixation was on his young son , and `` Sonny Boy '' became an enormous hit . So did the film , which amassed a stunning world - wide gross of $5.9 million ... Some sources give it as the highest gross of any film in its initial release prior to Gone with the Wind . This is probably overstating it -- MGM 's records show that Ben - Hur and The Big Parade grossed more , and no one knows just how much The Birth of a Nation brought in . Still , by the standards of the time it 's an amazing amount . Jump up ^ Everson , William K. ( 1998 ) ( First published 1978 ) . American silent film . Da Capo Press . p. 374 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80876 - 0 . Putting The Birth of a Nation in fifth place is open to question , since it is generally conceded to be the top - grossing film of all time . However , it has always been difficult to obtain reliable box - office figures for this film , and it may have been even more difficult in the mid-1930's . After listing it until the mid-1970's as the top - grosser , though finding it impossible to quote exact figures , Variety , the trade journal , suddenly repudiated the claim but without giving specific details or reasons . On the basis of the number of paid admissions , and continuous exhibition , its number one position seems justified . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 163 . `` MGM 's silent Ben - Hur , which opened at the end of 1925 , had out - grossed all the other pictures released by the company in 1926 combined . With worldwide rentals of $9,386,000 on first release it was , with the sole possible exception of The Birth of a Nation , the highest - earning film of the entire silent era . '' ^ Jump up to : du Brow , Rick ( September 22 , 1965 ) . `` Documentary On The Klan Made Quite An Impact On Du Brow '' . The Columbus Dispatch . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Hodgkinson , Will ( April 12 , 2004 ) . `` Culture quake : The Birth of a Nation '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob ( January 18 , 1963 ) . `` ' West Side Story ' Earned $19 Million Last Year '' . Reading Eagle . Associated Press . p. 20 . Jump up ^ Klopsch , Louis ; Sandison , George Henry ; Talmage , Thomas De Witt ( 1965 ) . `` Christian Herald '' . 88 : 68 . Yet `` The Ten Commandments '' has earned 58 million dollars in film rentals and is expected to bring in 10 to 15 million each year it is reissued . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , pp. 160 -- 161 . `` General release began at normal prices in 1959 and continued until the end of the following year , when the film was temporarily withdrawn ( the first of several reissues came in 1966 ) . The worldwide rental by this time was around $60 million . In the domestic market it dislodged Gone with the Wind from the number one position on Variety 's list of All - Time Rentals Champs . GWTW had hitherto maintained its lead through several reissues ( and was soon to regain it through another in 1961 ) . '' Jump up ^ Oviatt , Ray ( April 16 , 1961 ) . `` The Memory Is n't Gone With The Wind '' . Toledo Blade . p. 67 -- 68 . Jump up ^ `` Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved November 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob ( August 1 , 1963 ) . `` Movie Finances Are No Longer Hidden From Scrutiny '' . The Robesonian . Associated Press . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 324 . `` Worldwide rentals : $66.1 million ( initial release ) '' Jump up ^ Washington ( AP ) ( September 13 , 1984 ) . `` ' Deep Throat ' star against pornography '' . The Free Lance -- Star . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Hiltzik , Michael ( February 24 , 2005 ) . `` ' Deep Throat ' Numbers Just Do n't Add Up '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Memphis ( UPI ) ( May 1 , 1976 ) . `` ' Deep Throat ' Defendant Found Guilty of Conspiring '' . The Palm Beach Post . p . A2 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( February 11 , 2005 ) . `` Inside Deep Throat '' . rogerebert.com . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bartel , Pauline ( 1989 ) . The Complete Gone with the Wind Trivia Book : The Movie and More . Taylor Trade Publishing . p. 127 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87833 - 619 - 7 . At the end of the 1941 general release , MGM decided to withdraw GWTW again . The prints were battered , but the studio believed one final fling for GWTW was possible . The film returned to movie theaters for the third time in the spring of 1942 and stayed in release until late 1943 ... When MGM finally pulled the film from exhibition , all worn - out prints were destroyed , and GWTW was at last declared out of circulation . MGM , which by then had sole ownership of the film , announced that GWTW had grossed over $32 million . Jump up ^ Dick , Bernard F. ( 1997 ) . City of Dreams : The Making and Remaking of Universal Pictures . University Press of Kentucky . p. 168 . ISBN 9780813120164 . Jaws ( 1975 ) saved the day , grossing $104 million domestically and $132 million worldwide by January 1976 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( July 5 , 1977 ) . `` Director of ' Jaws II ' Abandons His ' Ship ' '' . The Victoria Advocate . p. 6B . Jump up ^ New York ( AP ) ( May 26 , 1978 ) . `` Scariness of Jaws 2 unknown quantity '' . The StarPhoenix . p. 21 . Jump up ^ Fenner , Pat C. ( January 16 , 1978 ) . `` Independent Action '' . Evening Independent . p. 11 - A . Jump up ^ Cook , David A. ( 2002 ) . Lost Illusions : American Cinema in the Shadow of Watergate and Vietnam , 1970 -- 1979 . Volume 9 of History of the American Cinema , Charles Harpole . University of California Press . p. 50 . ISBN 9780520232655 . The industry was stunned when Star Wars earned nearly $3 million in its first week and by the end of August had grossed $100 million ; it played continuously throughout 1977 -- 1978 , and was officially re-released in 1978 and 1979 , by the end of which it had earned $262 million in rentals worldwide to become the top - grossing film of all time -- a position it would maintain until surpassed by Universal 's E.T. : The Extra-Terrestrial in January 1983 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic sinks competitors without a trace '' . BBC News . BBC . February 25 , 1998 . Retrieved August 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cieply , Michael ( January 26 , 2010 ) . `` He Doth Surpass Himself : ' Avatar ' Outperforms ' Titanic ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Segers , Frank ( January 25 , 2010 ) . `` ' Avatar ' breaks ' Titanic ' worldwide record '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office History for James Bond Movies '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office History for Star Wars Movies '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Dave ( November 16 , 2003 ) . `` Bayonne Bleeder Throws a Punch at the Italian Stallion '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schneiderman , R.M. ( August 10 , 2006 ) . `` Stallone Settles With The ' Real ' Rocky '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Poller , Kenneth G. ( November 12 , 2003 ) . `` Charles Wepner v. Sylvester Stallone '' ( PDF ) . Mango & Iacoviello . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Batman -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) & Batman : Mask of the Phantasm '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic Park -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office History for Star Trek Movies '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Franchises '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved September 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Prior to the release of Skyfall in 2012 , the James Bond series had grossed approximately $12.5 billion at 2011 prices ; after factoring in earnings of almost $2 billion from Skyfall and Spectre , the series has earned at least $14 billion adjusted for inflation . Jump up ^ Nash , Bruce ( July 21 , 2011 ) . `` Analysis : Harry Potter and the Big Pile of Money '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harrod , Horatia ( May 17 , 2011 ) . `` Pixar 's $6 billion playthings '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Swatman , Rachel ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens second trailer sets YouTube world record '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Field Listings -- Exchange Rates '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Finding Dory vs. Finding Nemo '' ( North American `` domestic '' grosses adjusted to 2016 prices ) . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . Box Office sources ^ Jump up to : Avatar Total : `` Avatar ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . $2,787,965,087 Total as of 2013 : `` Avatar ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2013 . $2,782,275,172 Special edition : `` Avatar ( Special Edition ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . North America : $10,741,486 ; Overseas : $22,469,358 Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Titanic Total : `` Titanic ( 1997 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . $2,185,372,302 Original release : `` Titanic ( 1997 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2012 . $1,843,201,268 ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2001 . ^ Jump up to : `` Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic World ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Avengers ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Furious 7 ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 2 ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Frozen `` Frozen ( 2013 ) -- International Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2014 . Worldwide -- $1,274,219,009 ( total as of August 8 , 2014 ; including Japanese gross up to August 3 , Spain gross up to July 27 and omitting Nigerian gross ) `` Frozen ( 2013 ) -- International Box Office Results : Japan '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Total as of August 3 , 2014 : $247,650,477 Total as of August 31 , 2014 : $249,036,646 `` Frozen ( 2013 ) -- International Box Office Results : Nigeria '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . Total as of August 17 , 2014 : $167,333 `` Frozen ( 2013 ) -- International Box Office Results : Spain '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Total as of July 27 , 2014 : $21,668,593 Total as of November 2 , 2014 : $22,492,845 `` Frozen ( 2013 ) -- International Box Office Results : United Kingdom '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Total as of June 8 , 2014 : £ 39,090,985 Total as of November 30 , 2014 : £ 40,960,083 ( $1 = £ 0.63866 ) Total as of December 7 , 2014 : £ 41,087,765 ( $1 = £ 0.64136 ) Total as of December 14 , 2014 : £ 41,170,608 ( $1 = £ 0.636 ) `` Frozen ( 2013 ) -- International Box Office Results : Germany '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . Total as of March 30 , 2014 : € 35,098,170 Total as of October 18 , 2015 : € 42,526,744 nb . the exact euro to dollar conversion rate is unknown for earnings since April 2014 , but the euro never fell below parity with the dollar during 2014 and 2015 ( as can be verified by comparing the exchange rate on the individual date entries at the provided reference ) so an approximate conversion rate of € 1 : $1 is used here to give a lower - bound . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Minions ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Transformers : Dark of the Moon ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Total : `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . $1,119,929,521 Re-release ( 2011 ) : `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2011 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . North America : $818,580 Re-release ( 2017 ) : `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2017 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . South Korea : $307,481 ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Skyfall ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Transformers : Age of Extinction '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Dark Knight Rises ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Jurassic Park Total : `` Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Worldwide : $1,029,153,882 ; Production Budget : $63 million Original release : `` Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 5 , 2013 . $914,691,118 2011 re-release : `` Jurassic Park ( 2011 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . United Kingdom : $786,021 As of 2010 : Block & Wilson 2010 , pp. 756 -- 757 . `` Production Cost : $70.0 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) ... Jurassic Park was a smash at the box office , bringing in $920 million in worldwide box office and spawning two sequels . '' ^ Jump up to : Krämer , Peter ( 1999 ) . `` Women First : Titanic , Action - Aventure Films , and Hollywood 's Female Audience '' . In Sandler , Kevin S. ; Studlar , Gaylyn . Titanic : Anatomy of a Blockbuster . Rutgers University Press . pp. 108 -- 131 . ISBN 9780813526690 . p. 130 : The list has Jurassic Park at number one with $913 million , followed by The Lion King ... Jump up ^ `` Finding Dory ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Star Wars Episode I : The Phantom Menace Total : `` Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 2 , 2012 . $1,027,044,677 Original release : `` Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . $924,317,558 Jump up ^ `` Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Zootopia ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey ( 2012 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me 3 ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : The Dark Knight Total : `` The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . Total : $1,004,558,444 Original release ( excluding 2009 IMAX reissue ) : `` The Dark Knight '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . LLC . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2009 . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . North America : $531,039,412 ( as of January 22 , 2009 ) ; Overseas : $466,000,000 ; IMAX re-release : January 23 , 2009 2009 IMAX re-release : `` Warner Bros. Entertainment Wraps Record - Breaking Year '' . Warner Bros. January 8 , 2009 . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . With worldwide receipts of $997 million , `` The Dark Knight '' is currently fourth on the all - time box office gross list , and the film is being re-released theatrically on January 23 . First - run gross and IMAX reissue : Gray , Brandon ( February 20 , 2009 ) . `` Billion Dollar Batman '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . The Dark Knight had been hovering just shy of $1 billion for several months and reportedly sat at $997 million when Warner Bros. modestly relaunched it on Jan. 23 , timed to take advantage of the announcement of the Academy Awards nominations on Jan. 22 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bloomberg News ( February 19 , 2002 ) . `` ' Harry Potter ' Moves Into No. 2 Position '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Despicable Me 2 ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : The Lion King Total : `` The Lion King ( 1994 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Worldwide : $968,483,777 ; Production Budget : $45 million Lifetime grosses ( US & Canada ) : `` The Lion King ( 1994 ) -- Release Summary '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Initial : $312,855,561 ; IMAX : $15,686,215 ; 3D : $94,242,001 Lifetime grosses ( outside US & Canada ) : Brevert , Brad ( May 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' X-Men ' & ' Alice ' Lead Soft Memorial Day Weekend ; Disney Tops $4 Billion Worldwide '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 ... the original release of The Lion King made $450.6 million internationally , an additional $3.8 million with the 2002 IMAX reissue , and another $91.3 million from 2011 's 3D reissue for an international total of $545.7 million . As of 2010 : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 764 . `` Production Cost : $79.3 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ `` The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1 ( 2010 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers Total : `` The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . $926,047,111 Re-release ( 2003 ) : `` The Two Towers ( Re-issue ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . North America : $1,996,877 ; Overseas : $1,505,170 Re-release ( 2011 ) : `` The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2011 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . North America : $764,607 Re-release ( 2017 ) : `` The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2017 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . South Korea : $302,597 Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2003 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shrek 2 ( 2002 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2005 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man 3 ( 2007 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Spectre ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Ice Age : Continental Drift '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Monaco , James ( 2009 ) . How to Read a Film : Movies , Media , and Beyond . Oxford University Press . p. 262 . ISBN 9780199755790 . The Birth of a Nation , costing an unprecedented and , many believed , thoroughly foolhardy $110,000 , eventually returned $20 million and more . The actual figure is hard to calculate because the film was distributed on a `` states ' rights '' basis in which licenses to show the film were sold outright . The actual cash generated by The Birth of a Nation may have been as much as $50 million to $100 million , an almost inconceivable amount for such an early film . ^ Jump up to : Wasko , Janet ( 1986 ) . `` D.W. Griffiths and the banks : a case study in film financing '' . In Kerr , Paul . The Hollywood Film Industry : A Reader . Routledge . p. 34 . ISBN 9780710097309 . Various accounts have cited $15 to $18 million profits during the first few years of release , while in a letter to a potential investor in the proposed sound version , Aitken noted that a $15 to $18 million box - office gross was a ' conservative estimate ' . For years Variety has listed The Birth of a Nation 's total rental at $50 million . ( This reflects the total amount paid to the distributor , not box - office gross . ) This ' trade legend ' has finally been acknowledged by Variety as a ' whopper myth ' , and the amount has been revised to $5 million . That figure seems far more feasible , as reports of earnings in the Griffith collection list gross receipts for 1915 -- 1919 at slightly more than $5.2 million ( including foreign distribution ) and total earnings after deducting general office expenses , but not royalties , at about $2 million . Jump up ^ Lang , Robert , ed. ( 1994 ) . The Birth of a nation : D.W. Griffith , director . Rutgers University Press . p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 2027 - 8 . The film eventually cost $110,000 and was twelve reels long . ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 26 . Intolerance : `` Domestic Rentals : $1.0 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Cleopatra : `` Domestic Rentals : $0.5 ; Production Cost : $0.3 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ Birchard , Robert S. ( 2010 ) , Intolerance , p. 45 , Intolerance was the most expensive American film made up until that point , costing a total of $489,653 , and its performance at the box ... but it did recoup its cost and end with respectable overall numbers . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ Coons , Robin ( June 30 , 1939 ) . `` Hollywood Chatter '' . The Daytona Beach News - Journal . p. 6 . Jump up ^ Shipman , David ( 1970 ) . The great movie stars : the golden years . Crown Publishing Group . p. 98 . It was a low budgeter -- $120,000 -- but it grossed world - wide over $3 million and made stars of Chaney and his fellow - players , Betty Compson and Thomas Meighan . ^ Jump up to : `` Biggest Money Pictures '' . Variety . June 21 , 1932 . p. 1 . Cited in `` Biggest Money Pictures '' . Cinemaweb . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2011 . Retrieved July 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Solomon , Aubrey ( 2011 ) . The Fox Film Corporation , 1915 -- 1935 : A History and Filmography . McFarland & Company . ISBN 9780786462865 . Way Down East : p. 52 . `` D.W. Griffith 's Way Down East ( 1920 ) was projected to return rentals of $4,000,000 on an $800,000 negative . This figure was based on the amounts earned from its roadshow run , coupled with its playoff in the rest of the country 's theaters . Griffith had originally placed the potential film rental at $3,000,000 but , because of the success of the various roadshows that were running the $4,000,000 total was expected . The film showed a profit of $615,736 after just 23 weeks of release on a gross of $2,179,613 . '' What Price Glory ? : p. 112 . `` What Price Glory hit the jackpot with massive world rentals of $2,429,000 , the highest figure in the history of the company . Since it was also the most expensive production of the year at $817,000 the profit was still a healthy $796,000 ... '' Cavalcade : p. 170 . `` The actual cost of Cavalcade was $1,116,000 and it was most definitely not guaranteed a success . In fact , if its foreign grosses followed the usual 40 percent of domestic returns , the film would have lost money . In a turnaround , the foreign gross was almost double the $1,000,000 domestic take to reach total world rentals of $3,000,000 and Fox 's largest profit of the year at $664,000 . '' State Fair : p. 170 . `` State Fair did turn out to be a substantial hit with the help of Janet Gaynor boosting Will Rogers back to the level of money - making star . Its prestige engagements helped raked in a total $1,208,000 in domestic rentals . Surprisingly , in foreign countries unfamiliar with state fairs , it still earned a respectable $429,000 . With its total rentals , the film ended up showing a $398,000 profit . '' Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 53 . `` The Four Forsemen of the Apocalypse was to become Metro 's most expensive production and one of the decade 's biggest box - office hits . Its production costs have been estimated at `` something between $600,000 and $800,000 . '' Variety estimated its worldwide gross at $4 million in 1925 and at $5 million in 1944 ; in 1991 , it estimated its cumulative domestic rentals at $3,800,000 . '' Jump up ^ Brownlow , Kevin ( 1968 ) . The parade 's gone by ... University of California Press . p. 255 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 03068 - 8 . The negative cost was about $986,000 , which did not include Fairbanks ' own salary . Once the exploitation and release prints were taken into account , Robin Hood cost about $1,400,000 -- exceeding both Intolerance ( $700,000 ) and the celebrated `` million dollar movie '' Foolish Wives . But it earned $2,500,000 . Jump up ^ Vance , Jeffrey ( 2008 ) . Douglas Fairbanks . University of California Press . p. 146 . ISBN 9780520256675 . The film had a production cost of $930,042.78 -- more than the cost of D.W. Griffith 's Intolerance and nearly as much as Erich von Stroheim 's Foolish Wives ( 1922 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Business : Film Exports '' . Time . July 6 , 1925 . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2010 . Retrieved July 12 , 2011 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . ^ Jump up to : Birchard , Robert S. ( 2009 ) . Cecil B. DeMille 's Hollywood . University Press of Kentucky . ISBN 9780813138299 . ch. 45 . The Ten Commandments ( 1923 ) . `` Cost : $1,475,836.93 ; Gross : $4,169,798.38 '' ch. 56 . The Sign of the Cross . `` Cost : $694,064.67 ; Gross : $2,738,993.35 ( to 1937 ) '' ch. 68 . Samson and Delilah . `` Cost : $3,097,563.05 '' ch. 69 . The Greatest Show on Earth . `` Cost : $3,873,946.50 ; Gross receipts : $15,797,396.36 ( to December 29 , 1962 ) '' ch. 70 . The Ten Commandments ( 1956 ) . `` Cost : $13,272,381.87 ; Gross receipts : $90,066,230.00 ( to June 23 , 1979 ) '' Jump up ^ May , Richard P. ( Fall 2005 ) , `` Restoring The Big Parade '' , The Moving Image , 5 ( 2 ) : 140 -- 146 , ISSN 1532 - 3978 , doi : 10.1353 / mov. 2005.0033 , ... earning somewhere between $18 and $22 million , depending on the figures consulted Jump up ^ Robertson , Patrick ( 1991 ) . Guinness Book of Movie Facts and Feats ( 4 ed . ) . Abbeville Publishing Group . p. 30 . ISBN 9781558592360 . The top grossing silent film was King Vidor 's The Big Parade ( US 25 ) , with worldwide rentals of $22 million . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , pp. 58 -- 59 . `` Even then , at a time when the budget for a feature averaged at around $300,000 , no more than $382,000 was spent on production ... According to the Eddie Mannix Ledger at MGM , it grossed $4,990,000 domestically and $1,141,000 abroad . '' Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 163 . `` MGM 's silent Ben - Hur , which opened at the end of 1925 , had out - grossed all the other pictures released by the company in 1926 combined . With worldwide rentals of $9,386,000 on first release it was , with the sole possible exception of The Birth of a Nation , the highest - earning film of the entire silent era . ( At a negative cost of $3,967,000 , it was also the most expensive . ) '' Jump up ^ Miller , Frank . `` For Heaven 's Sake ( 1926 ) -- Articles '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Finler 2003 , p. 188 . `` At a cost of $2 million Wings was the studio 's most expensive movie of the decade , and though it did well it was not good enough to earn a profit . '' ^ Jump up to : The Jazz Singer and The Singing Fool Block , Hayley Taylor ( 2010 ) , The Jazz Singer , p. 113 , The film brought in $2.6 million in worldwide rentals and made a net profit of $1,196,750 . Jolson 's follow - up Warner Bros. film , The Singing Fool ( 1928 ) , brought in over two times as much , with $5.9 in worldwide rentals and a profit of $3,649,000 , making them two of the most profitable films in the 1920s . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ Crafton , Donald ( 1999 ) . The Talkies : American Cinema 's Transition to Sound , 1926 -- 1931 . University of California Press . pp. 549 -- 552 . ISBN 9780520221284 . The Singing Fool : Negative Cost ( $1000 s ) : 388 Jump up ^ Birchard , Robert S. ( 2010 ) , The Broadway Melody , p. 121 , It earned $4.4 million in worldwide rentals and was the first movie to spawn sequels ( there were several until 1940 ) . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Edwin M. ( 2004 ) ( 1st . pub. 1996 ) . The First Hollywood Musicals : A Critical Filmography of 171 Features , 1927 Through 1932 . McFarland & Company . ISBN 9780786420292 . The Singing Fool : p. 12 . `` Ego aside , Jolson was at the top of his powers in The Singing Fool . The $150,000 Warner Bros. paid him to make it , and the $388,000 it took to produce the film , were drops in the hat next to the film 's world gross of $5.9 million . Its $3.8 - million gross in this country set a box - office record that would not be surpassed until Walt Disney 's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) . '' The Broadway Melody : p. 24 . `` The Broadway Melody with a negative cost of $379,000 , grossed $2.8 million in the United States , $4.8 million worldwide , and made a recorded profit of $1.6 million for MGM . '' Gold Diggers of Broadway : p. 58 . `` It grossed an impressive $2.5 million domestically and nearly $4 million worldwide . '' ^ Jump up to : Solomon , Aubrey ( 2002 ) ( First published 1988 ) . Twentieth Century - Fox : a corporate and financial history . Filmmakers series . 20 . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 9780810842441 . Sunny Side Up : p. 10 . `` Sunny Side Up , a musical starring Janet Gaynor and Charles Farrell , showed domestic rentals of $3.5 million , a record for the company . '' Forever Amber : p. 66 . `` On the surface , with world rentals of $8 million , Forever Amber was considered a hit at distribution level . '' The French Connection p. 167 . `` The Planet of the Apes motion pictures were all moneymakers and Zanuck 's record would have immediately improved had he stayed through the release of The French Connection , which took in rentals of approximately $75 million worldwide . '' p. 256 . `` $3,300 , 00 '' . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 46 . `` Production Cost : $0.6 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ Cormack , Mike ( 1993 ) . Ideology and Cinematography in Hollywood , 1930 -- 1939 . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 28 . ISBN 9780312100674 . Although costing $1250000 -- a huge sum for any studio in 1929 -- the film was a financial success . Karl Thiede gives the domestic box - office at $1500000 , and the same figure for the foreign gross . ^ Jump up to : Balio , Tino ( 1996 ) . Grand Design : Hollywood as a Modern Business Enterprise , 1930 -- 1939 . Volume 5 of History of the American Cinema . University of California Press . ISBN 9780520203341 . Cavalcade : p. 182 . `` Produced by Winfield Sheehan at a cost of $1.25 million , Cavalcade won Academy Awards for best picture , director , art direction and grossed close to $4 million during its first release , much of which came from Great Britain and the Empire . '' Whoopee : p. 212 . `` Produced by Sam Goldwyn at a cost of $1 million , the picture was an adaptation of a smash musical comedy built around Eddie Cantor ... A personality - centered musical , Whoopee ! made little attempt to integrate the comedy routines , songs , and story . Nonetheless , Cantor 's feature - film debut grossed over $2.6 million worldwide and started a popular series that included Palmy Days ( 1931 ) , The Kid from Spain ( 1932 ) , and Roman Scandals ( 1933 ) . '' Jump up ^ Hell 's Angels Balio , Tino ( 1976 ) . United Artists : The Company Built by the Stars . University of Wisconsin Press . p. 110 . Hughes did not have the `` Midas touch '' the trade press so often attributed to him . Variety , for example , reported that Hell 's Angels cost $3.2 million to make , and by July , 1931 , eight months after its release , the production cost had nearly been paid off . Keats claimed the picture cost $4 million to make and that it earned twice that much within twenty years . The production cost estimate is probably correct . Hughes worked on the picture for over two years , shooting it first as a silent and then as a talkie . Lewis Milestone said that in between Hughes experimented with shooting it in color as well . But Variety 's earnings report must be the fabrication of a delirious publicity agent , and Keats ' the working of a myth maker . During the seven years it was in United Artists distribution , Hell 's Angels grossed $1.6 million in the domestic market , of which Hughes ' share was $1.2 million . Whatever the foreign gross was , it seems unlikely that it was great enough to earn a profit for the picture . Jump up ^ Feaster , Felicia . `` Frankenstein ( 1931 ) '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 163 . `` It drew $1.4 million in worldwide rentals in its first run versus $1.2 million for Dracula , which had opened in February 1931 . '' Jump up ^ Vance , Jeffrey ( 2003 ) . Chaplin : genius of the cinema . Abrams Books . p. 208 . Chaplin 's negative cost for City Lights was $1,607,351 . The film eventually earned him a worldwide profit of $5 million ( $2 million domestically and $3 million in foreign distribution ) , an enormous sum of money for the time . Jump up ^ Ramsaye , Terry , ed. ( 1937 ) . `` The All - Time Best Sellers -- Motion Pictures '' . International Motion Picture Almanac 1937 -- 38 . New York : The Quigley Publishing Company : 942 -- 943 . Kid from Spain : $2,621,000 ( data supplied by Eddie Cantor ) ^ Jump up to : Sedgwick , John ( 2000 ) . Popular Filmgoing In 1930s Britain : A Choice of Pleasures . University of Exeter Press . pp. 146 -- 148 . ISBN 9780859896603 . Sources : Eddie Mannix Ledger , made available to the author by Mark Glancy ... Grand Hotel : Production Cost $000 s : 700 ; Distribution Cost $000 s : 947 ; US box - office $000 s : 1,235 ; Foreign box - office $000 s : 1,359 ; Total box - office $000 s : 2,594 ; Profit $000 s : 947 . The Merry Widow : Production Cost $000 s : 1,605 ; Distribution Cost $000 s : 1,116 ; US box - office $000 s : 861 ; Foreign box - office $000 s : 1,747 ; Total box - office $000 s : 2,608 ; Profit $000 s : - 113 . Viva Villa : Production Cost $000 s : 1,022 ; Distribution Cost $000 s : 766 ; US box - office $000 s : 941 ; Foreign box - office $000 s : 934 ; Total box - office $000 s : 1,875 ; Profit $000 s : 87 . Mutiny on the Bounty : Production Cost $000 s : 1,905 ; Distribution Cost $000 s : 1,646 ; US box - office $000 s : 2,250 ; Foreign box - office $000 s : 2,210 ; Total box - office $000 s : 4,460 ; Profit $000 s : 909 . San Francisco : Production Cost $000 s : 1,300 ; Distribution Cost $000 s : 1,736 ; US box - office $000 s : 2,868 ; Foreign box - office $000 s : 2,405 ; Total box - office $000 s : 5,273 ; Profit $000 s : 2,237 . Jump up ^ Shanghai Express Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 165 . `` Shanghai Express was Dietrich 's biggest hit in America , bringing in $1.5 million in worldwide rentals . '' Jump up ^ King Kong Jewel , Richard ( 1994 ) . `` RKO Film Grosses : 1931 -- 1951 '' . Historical Journal of Film Radio and Television . 14 ( 1 ) : 39 . 1933 release : $1,856,000 ; 1938 release : $306,000 ; 1944 release : $685,000 `` King Kong ( 1933 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . 1952 release : $2,500,000 ; budget : $672,254.75 Jump up ^ `` I 'm No Angel ( 1933 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . According to a modern source , it had a gross earning of $2,250,000 on the North American continent , with over a million more earned internationally . Jump up ^ Finler 2003 , p. 188 . `` The studio released its most profitable pictures of the decade in 1933 , She Done Him Wrong and I 'm No Angel , written by and starring Mae West . Produced at a rock - bottom cost of $200,000 each , they undoubtedly helped Paramount through the worst patch in its history ... '' Jump up ^ Block , Alex Ben ( 2010 ) , She Done Him Wrong , p. 173 , The worldwide rentals of over $3 million keep the lights on at Paramount , which did not shy away from selling the movie 's sex appeal . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Kendall R. ( 2008 ) . Controversial Cinema : The Films That Outraged America . ABC - CLIO . p. 26 . ISBN 9781567207248 . The reaction to West 's first major film , however , was not exclusively negative . Made for a mere $200,000 , the film would rake in a healthy $2 million in the United States and an additional million in overseas markets . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 135 . `` Total production cost : $274,076 ( Unadjusted $ s ) . '' ^ Jump up to : Turk , Edward Baron ( 2000 ) ( 1st . pub. 1998 ) . Hollywood Diva : A Biography of Jeanette MacDonald . University of California Press . ISBN 9780520222533 . The Merry Widow : p. 361 Cost : $1,605,000 . Earnings : domestic $861,000 ; foreign $1,747,000 ; total $2,608,000 . Loss : $113,000 . San Francisco : p. 364 Cost : $1,300,000 . Earnings : domestic $2,868,000 ; foreign $2,405,000 ; total $5,273,000 . Profit : $2,237,000 . ( Reissues in 1938 -- 39 and 1948 -- 49 brought profits of $124,000 and $647,000 respectively . ) Jump up ^ McBride , Joseph ( 2011 ) . Frank Capra : The Catastrophe of Success . University Press of Mississippi . p. 309 . ISBN 9781604738384 . According to the studio 's books It Happened One Night brought in $1 million in film rentals during its initial release , but as Joe Walker pointed out , the figure would have been much larger if the film had not been sold to theaters on a block - booking basis in a package with more than two dozen lesser Columbia films , and the total rentals of the package spread among them all , as was customary in that era , since it minimized the risk and allowed the major studios to dominate the marketplace . Jump up ^ Dick , Bernard F. ( 2008 ) . Claudette Colbert : She Walked in Beauty . University Press of Mississippi . p. 79 . ISBN 9781604730876 . Although Columbia 's president , Harry Cohn , had strong reservations about It Happened One Night , he also knew that it would not bankrupt the studio ; the rights were only $5,000 , and the budget was set at $325,000 , including the performers ' salaries . Jump up ^ Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Monaco , Paul ( 2010 ) . A History of American Movies : A Film - By - Film Look at the Art , Craft , and Business of Cinema . Scarecrow Press . p. 54 . ISBN 9780810874343 . Considered a highly risky gamble when the movie was in production in the mid-1930s , by the fiftieth anniversary of its 1937 premiere Snow White 's earnings exceeded $330 million . Wilhelm , Henry Gilmer ; Brower , Carol ( 1993 ) . The Permanence and Care of Color Photographs : Traditional and Digital Color Prints , Color Negatives , Slides , and Motion Pictures . Preservation Pub . p. 359 . ISBN 978 - 0911515008 . In only 2 months after the 1987 re-release , the film grossed another $45 million -- giving it a total gross to date of about $375 million ! `` Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1987 Re-issue ) '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . North American box - office : $46,594,719 `` Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1993 Re-issue ) '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . North American box - office : $41,634,791 ^ Jump up to : Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Pinocchio Block & Wilson 2010 p. 207 . `` When the budget rose from $250,000 to $1,488,423 he even mortgaged his own home and automobile . Disney had bet more than his company on the success of Snow White . '' p. 237 . `` By the end of 1938 , it had grossed more than $8 million in worldwide rentals and was ranked at the time as the second - highest - grossing film after the 1925 epic Ben - Hur '' . p. 255 . `` On its initial release Pinocchio brought in only $1.6 million in domestic rentals ( compared with Snow White 's $4.2 million ) and $1.9 million in foreign rentals ( compared with Snow White 's $4.3 million ) . '' Jump up ^ 1938 You Ca n't Take It With You : `` You Ca n't Take It With You Premieres '' . Focus Features . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2012 . You Ca n't Take It With You received excellent reviews , won Best Picture and Best Director at the 1938 Academy Awards , and earned over $5 million worldwide . Boys Town : Block , Alex Ben ( 2010 ) , Boys Town , p. 215 , The film quickly became a smash nationwide , making a profit of over $2 million on worldwide rentals of $4 million . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . The Adventures of Robin Hood : Glancy , H. Mark ( 1995 ) . `` Warner Bros Film Grosses , 1921 -- 51 : the William Schaefer ledger '' . Historical Journal of Film , Radio and Television . 1 ( 15 ) : 55 -- 60 . doi : 10.1080 / 01439689500260031 . $3.981 million . Alexander 's Ragtime Band : Block , Hayley Taylor ( 2010 ) , Alexander 's Ragtime Band , p. 213 , Once the confusion cleared , however , the film blossomed into a commercial success , with a profit of $978,000 on worldwide rentals of $3.6 million . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ Chartier , Roy ( September 6 , 1938 ) . `` You Ca n't Take It With You '' . Variety . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gone with the Wind '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . LLC . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gone with the Wind '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Frank ; Stafford , Jeff ( January 5 , 2007 ) . `` Gone With the Wind ( 1939 ) -- Articles '' . Turner Classic Movies . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 283 . `` The final negative cost of Gone with the Wind ( GWTW ) has been variously reported between $3.9 million and $4.25 million . '' Jump up ^ `` Pinocchio ( 1940 ) '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barrier , Michael ( 2003 ) . Hollywood Cartoons : American Animation in Its Golden Age . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 266 . ISBN 9780199839223 . The film 's negative cost was $2.6 million , more than $1 million higher than Snow White 's . Jump up ^ Schatz , Thomas ( 1999 ) ( 1st . pub. 1997 ) . Boom and Bust : American Cinema in the 1940s . Volume 6 of History of the American Cinema . University of California Press . p. 466 . ISBN 9780520221307 . Boom Town ( $4.6 million ) . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , pp. 258 -- 259 . `` Production Cost : $2.1 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) ... Boom Town was the biggest moneymaker of 1940 and one of the top films of the decade . '' Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 267 . `` With worldwide rentals of $7.8 million in its initial release , the movie made a net profit of over $3 million . '' Jump up ^ Finler 2003 , p. 301 . `` The studio did particularly well with its war - related pictures , such as Sergeant York ( 1941 ) , which cost $1.6 million but was the studio 's biggest hit of the decade aside from This is the Army ( 1943 ) , the Irving Berlin musical for which the profits were donated to the Army Emergency Relief fund . '' Jump up ^ `` Bambi '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 281 . `` Worldwide rentals of $3,449,353 barely recouped the film 's nearly $2 million production cost . '' ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , pp. 712 -- 713 . Bambi : `` Worldwide Box Office : $266.8 ; Production Cost : $1.7 ( Millions of $ s ) '' 101 Dalmatians : `` Worldwide Box Office : $215.0 ; Production Cost : $3.6 ( Millions of $ s ) '' The Jungle Book : `` Worldwide Box Office : $170.8 '' ; Production Cost : $3.9 ( Millions of $ s ) '' Aladdin : `` Worldwide Box Office : $505.1 '' ; Production Cost : $28.0 ( Millions of $ s ) '' Jump up ^ Glancy , Mark ( 1999 ) . When Hollywood Loved Britain : The Hollywood ' British ' Film 1939 -- 1945 . Manchester University Press . pp. 94 -- 95 . ISBN 9780719048531 . Mrs Miniver was a phenomenon . It was the most popular film of the year ( from any studio ) in both North America and Britain , and its foreign earnings were three times higher than those of any other MGM film released in the 1941 -- 42 season . The production cost ( $1,344,000 ) was one of the highest of the season , indicating the studio never thought of the film as a potential loss - maker . When the film earned a worldwide gross of $8,878,000 , MGM had the highest profit ( $4,831,000 ) in its history . Random Harvest nearly matched the success of Mrs Miniver with worldwide earnings of $8,147,000 yielding the second - highest profit in MGM 's history ( $4,384,000 ) . Random Harvest was also the most popular film of the year in Britain , where it proved to be even more popular than Britain 's most acclaimed war film , In Which We Serve . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 Mrs. Miniver : Burns , Douglas ( 2010 ) , Mrs. Miniver , p. 279 , Mrs. Miniver 's galvanizing effect on Americans spawned a record - breaking ten - week run at Radio City Music Hall and garnered a $5.4 million take in domestic rentals ( making Mrs. Miniver 1942 's top grosser ) , with a $4.8 million profit on worldwide rentals of $8.9 million . Yankee Doodle Dandy : p. 275 . `` It became the second biggest box - office hit of 1942 ( after Mrs. Miniver ) and was praised by critics , making a profit of $3.4 million on worldwide rentals of $6.5 million . '' Jump up ^ McAdams , Frank ( 2010 ) , For Whom the Bell Tolls , p. 287 , Despite the early furor over the novel being `` pro-red and immoral , '' the film opened to strong and favorable reviews and brought in $11 million in worldwide rentals in its initial release . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ `` For Whom the Bell Tolls ( 1943 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Guy Named Joe ( 1944 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved August 29 , 2012 . According to M-G-M studio records at the AMPAS Library , the film had a negative cost of $2,627,000 and took in $5,363,000 at the box office . When the picture was re-issued for the 1955 -- 56 season , it took in an additional $150,000 . Jump up ^ Bergreen , Laurence ( Summer 1996 ) . `` Irving Berlin : This Is the Army '' . Prologue. 28 ( 2 ) . Part 3 . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` This Is the Army ( 1943 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Finler 2003 , pp. 356 -- 363 Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 420 . `` ( Unadjusted $ s ) in Millions of $ s -- Production Cost : $1.0 '' ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 232 . Mrs. Miniver : `` Domestic Rentals : $5,358,000 ; Foreign Rentals : $3,520,000 ( Unadjusted $ s ) '' Meet Me in St. Louis : `` Domestic Rentals : $5,016,000 ; Foreign Rentals : $1,623,630 ( Unadjusted $ s ) '' Easter Parade : `` Domestic Rentals : $4,144,000 ; Foreign Rentals : $1,774,134 ( Unadjusted $ s ) '' Jump up ^ Schaefer , Eric ( 1999 ) . `` Bold ! Daring ! Shocking ! True ! '' : A History of Exploitation Films , 1919 -- 1959 . Duke University Press . pp. 197 -- 199 . ISBN 9780822323747 . Leading the pack of postwar sex hygiene films was Mom and Dad ( 1944 ) , which would become not only the most successful sex hygiene film in history but the biggest pre-1960 exploitation film of any kind . At the end of 1947 , the Los Angeles Times reported that Mom and Dad had grossed $2 million . By 1949 Time had estimated that Mom and Dad had taken in $8 million from twenty million moviegoers . And publicity issuing from Mom and Dad 's production company indicated that by the end of 1956 it had grossed over $80 million worldwide . Net rentals of around $22 million by 1956 would easily place it in the top ten films of the late 1940s and early 1950s had it appeared on conventional lists . Some estimates have placed its total gross over the years at up to $100 million , and it was still playing drive - in dates into 1975 ... The film was made for around $65,000 with a crew of Hollywood veterans including director William `` One Shot '' Beaudine , cinematographer Marcel LePicard , and a cast that sported old stalwarts Hardie Albright , Francis Ford , and John Hamilton . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 p. 296 . `` Production Cost : $1.6 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) '' Wasson , Sam ( 2010 ) , The Bells of St. Mary 's , p. 297 , This was that rare sequel that did even better at the box office than the original , bringing in a $3.7 million profit on $11.2 million in worldwide rentals . Jump up ^ `` Song of the South '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . LLC . Retrieved July 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gabler , Neal ( 2007 ) . Walt Disney : the biography . Aurum Press . pp. 438 . Still , the film wound up grossing $3.3 million ... Jump up ^ `` Song of the South ( 1946 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 p. 132. `` Best Years was considerably cheaper , costing only $2.1 million , and therefore vastly more profitable . '' p. 286 ( note 6.70 ) . `` Worldwide rentals for The Best Years of Our Lives amounted to $14,750,000 . '' Jump up ^ Burns , Douglas ( 2010 ) , The Best years of Our Lives , p. 301 , The film made a $5 million profit on worldwide rentals of $14.8 million . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 285 ( note 6.56 ) . `` The cost of Duel in the Sun has been reported as both $5,255,000 ( Haver , David O'Selznick's Hollywood , 361 ) and $6,480,000 ( Thomson , Showman : The Life of David O'Selznick , 472 ) ; the latter figure may include distribution expenses . Forever Amber cost $6,375,000 ( Solomon , Twentieth Century - Fox : A Corporate and Financial History , 243 ) . '' Jump up ^ Chopra - Gant , Mike ( 2006 ) . Hollywood Genres and Post-war America : Masculinity , Family and Nation in Popular Movies and Film Noir . I.B. Tauris . p. 18 . ISBN 9781850438151 . Forever Amber : $8 million ; Unconquered : $7.5 million ; Life with Father : $6.25 million Jump up ^ `` Unconquered ( 1947 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Miller , Frank . `` Easter Parade ( 1948 ) -- Articles '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Street , Sarah ( 2002 ) . Transatlantic Crossings : British Feature Films in the United States . Continuum International Publishing Group . p. 110 . ISBN 9780826413956 . Although both films had higher than average budgets ( The Red Shoes cost £ 505,581 and Hamlet cost £ 572,530 , while the average cost of the other thirty films for which Rank supplied information was £ 233,000 ) , they resulted in high takings at home and abroad . Jump up ^ Officer , Lawrence H. ( 2011 ) . `` Dollar - Pound Exchange Rate From 1791 '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved November 18 , 2012 . 1947 -- 1948 : $4.03 ( per British pound ) Jump up ^ `` The Snake Pit '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . LLC . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Snake Pit ' Seen No Problem After All '' . Variety . January 19 , 1949 . p. 7 . ^ Jump up to : Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 136 -- 139 Samson and Delilah : `` ... the film became the highest grosser in the studio 's history to date , with domestic rentals of $7,976,730 by 1955 and a further $6,232,520 overseas ... For all their spectacle , Samson and David were quite economically produced , costing $3,097,563 and $2,170,000 respectively . '' Quo Vadis : `` Production costs totaled a record $7,623,000 ... Worldwide rentals totaled $21,037,000 , almost half of which came from the foreign market . '' Jump up ^ `` Cinderella ( 1950 ) '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eisner , Michael D. ; Schwartz , Tony ( 2009 ) . Work in Progress . Pennsylvania State University . p. 178 . ISBN 9780786885077 . Cinderella revived its fortunes . Re-released in February 1950 , it cost nearly $3 million to make but earned more than $20 million worldwide . Jump up ^ Barrier , Michael ( 2003 ) . Hollywood Cartoons : American Animation in Its Golden Age . Oxford University Press . p. 401 . ISBN 9780195167290 . It cost around $2.2 million , little more than each of the two package features , Melody Time and The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( as Tluo Fabulous Characters had ultimately been named ) , that just preceded it , but its gross rentals -- an amount shared by Disney and RKO -- were $7.8 million , almost twice as much as the two package features combined . Jump up ^ The E.J. Mannix ledger . Margaret Herrick Library , Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences : Howard Strickling Collection . 1962 . ^ Jump up to : Lev , Peter ( 2006 ) . Transforming the Screen , 1950 -- 1959 . Volume 7 of History of the American Cinema . University of California Press . ISBN 9780520249660 . Quo Vadis : p. 15 . `` MGM 's most expensive film of the period , Quo Vadis ( 1951 ) also did extremely well . The cost was $7,623,000 , earnings were an estimated $21.2 million ( with foreign earnings almost 50 percent of this total ) , and profit was estimated at $5,562,000 . '' Rear Window : pp. 203 -- 204 . `` Rear Window ( 1954 ) was an excellent commercial success , with a cost of $1 million and North American rentals of $5.3 million . '' ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 335 . The Robe : `` Domestic Rentals : $16.7 ; Foreign Rentals : $9.4 ; Production Cost : $4.1 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Quo Vadis : `` Domestic Rentals : $11.1 ; Foreign Rentals : $15.6 ; Production Cost : $7.5 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ Mulligan , Hugh A. ( September 23 , 1956 ) . `` Cinerama Pushing Ahead As Biggest Money - Maker '' . The Register - Guard . Eugene , Oregon . p. 7B . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Zone , Ray ( 2012 ) . 3 - D Revolution : The History of Modern Stereoscopic Cinema . University Press of Kentucky . p. 71 . ISBN 9780813136110 . Produced at a cost of $1 million , This is Cinerama ran 122 weeks , earning $4.7 million in its initial New York run alone and eventually grossed over $32 million . It was obvious to Hollywood that the public was ready for a new form of motion picture entertainment . The first five Cinerama feature - length travelogues , though they only played in twenty - two theaters , pulled in a combined gross of $82 million . Jump up ^ Burns , Douglas ( 2010 ) , The Greatest Show on Earth , pp. 354 -- 355 , By May 1953 , Variety was reporting that the Best Picture winner had amassed $18.35 million in worldwide rentals . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Pan ( 1953 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 147 -- 148 . `` To take full advantage of CinemaScope 's panoramic possibilities , shooting was delayed for the sets to be redesigned and rebuilt , adding $500,000 to the eventual $4.1 million budget ... It ultimately returned domestic rentals of $17.5 million and $25 million worldwide , placing it second only to Gone with the Wind in Variety 's annually updated chart . '' Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 367 . `` It brought in $16.7 million in domestic rentals , $9.4 million in foreign rentals , and made a net profit of $8.1 million . '' Jump up ^ `` Rear Window '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` White Christmas '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 420 . `` Domestic Box Office : $19.6 million ; Production Cost : $3.8 million . '' Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 149 . `` VistaVision was first used for the musical White Christmas ( 1954 ) , which Variety named the top grosser of its year with anticipated domestic rentals of $12 million . '' Jump up ^ `` 20000 Leagues Under The Sea '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , John M. `` 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea ( 1954 ) -- Articles '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Finler 2003 , p. 320 . `` It was up and running in time to handle Disney 's most elaborate expensive feature , 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea , based on the book by Jules Verne , starring James Mason and Kirk Douglas and directed by Richard Fleischer at a cost of $4.5 million . '' Jump up ^ `` Lady and the Tramp '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Minego , Pete ( May 21 , 1956 ) . `` Pete 's Pungent Patter '' . Portsmouth Daily Times . Portsmouth , Ohio . p. 19 . Jump up ^ `` Cinerama Holiday ( 1955 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 p. 382 . `` Production Cost : $2.4 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) '' Burns , Douglas ( 2010 ) , Mister Roberts , p. 383 , Mister Roberts sailed onto movie screens buoyed by enthusiastic reviews and receptive audiences . For pr , Fonda , Cagney , and lemmon reenacted several scenes on ed sullivan 's popular Toast of the Town television variety show . It returned a net profit of $4.5 million on worldwide rentals of $9.9 million , putting it in the top 5 domestic films of 1955 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 327 . `` Production cost : $13.3 million ; Domestic Film Rental : $31.3 ; Foreign Film Rental : $23.9 ; Worldwide Box office ( estimated ) : $122.7 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' ^ Jump up to : Hall & Neale 2010 , pp. 159 -- 161 The Ten Commandments : `` No film did more to entrench roadshow policy than The Ten Commandments . While the success of This Is Cinerama , The Robe , and even Eighty Days could be attributed , at least in part , to their respective photographic and projection formats , that of DeMille 's film ( which cost a record $13,266,491 ) could not ... General release began at normal prices in 1959 and continued until the end of the following year , when the film was temporarily withdrawn ( the first of several reissues came in 1966 ) . The worldwide rental by this time was around $60 million . In the domestic market it dislodged Gone with the Wind from the number one position on Variety 's list of All - Time Rentals Champs . GWTW had hitherto maintained its lead through several reissues ( and was soon to regain it through another in 1961 ) . '' The Bridge on the River Kwai : Columbia 's Anglo - American war film The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) opened on a roadshow basis in selected U.S. cities ( including New York , Chicago , Boston , and Los Angeles ) and in London . Costing only $2,840,000 to produce , it grossed $30.6 million worldwide on first release . '' Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 153 . `` South Pacific also became for a time the most successful film ever released in the United Kingdom , where it earned a box - office gross three times its negative cost of $5,610,000 . Anticipated global rentals after three years were $30 million . '' Jump up ^ Ross , Steven J. ( 2011 ) . Hollywood Left and Right : How Movie Stars Shaped American Politics . Oxford University Press . pp. 278 -- 279 . ISBN 9780199911431 . Costing $15 million to produce , the film earned $47 million by the end of 1961 and $90 million worldwide by January 1989 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 324 . `` Worldwide box office : $146.9 million ; Worldwide rentals : $66.1 million ; Production cost : $15.9 million . ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) '' Jump up ^ Reid , John Howard ( 2006 ) . America 's Best , Britain 's Finest : A Survey of Mixed Movies . Volume 14 of Hollywood classics . Lulu . p. 243 -- 245 . ISBN 9781411678774 . Negative cost : around $4 million ; Worldwide film rentals gross ( including 1968 American reissue ) to 1970 : $30 million . Jump up ^ Webster , Patrick ( 2010 ) . Love and Death in Kubrick : A Critical Study of the Films from Lolita Through Eyes Wide Shut . McFarland & Company . pp. 298 ( note 2.23 ) . ISBN 9780786459162 . Spartacus cost $12 million and grossed some $60 million at the box office , figures Kubrick rarely again matched . ^ Jump up to : Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 179 . Spartacus : `` In the case of Spartacus , overseas earnings to 1969 amounted to $12,462,044 , while U.S. and Canadian rentals ( even including a million - dollar TV sale ) were only $10,643,181 . But the film failed to show a profit on production costs of $10,284,014 because of the distribution charges and expenses amounting to an additional $15,308,083 . '' The Bible : `` The Bible -- In the Beginning ... ( 1966 ) was financed by the Italian producer Dino De Laurentiis from private investors and Swiss banks . He then sold distribution rights outside Italy jointly to Fox and Seven Arts for $15 million ( 70 percent of which came from Fox ) , thereby recouping the bulk of his $18 million investment . Although The Bible returned a respectable world rental of $25.3 million , Fox was still left with a net loss of just over $1.5 million . It was the last biblical epic to be released by any major Hollywood studio for nearly twenty years . '' Jump up ^ Nixon , Rob . `` Psycho ( 1960 ) -- Articles '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 101 Dalmatians ( 1961 ) '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` One Hundred and One Dalmatians '' . Variety . December 31 , 1960 . Retrieved August 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Block , Hayley Taylor ( 2010 ) , West Side Story , p. 449 , With its three rereleases , it took in over $105 million in worldwide box office ( $720 million in 2005 dollars ) . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 434 . The Sound of Music : `` Domestic Rentals : $68.4 ; Foreign Rentals : $46.2 ; Production Cost : $8.0 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' The Dirty Dozen : `` Domestic Rentals : $20.1 ; Foreign Rentals : $11.2 ; Production Cost : $5.4 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' 2001 : A Space Odyssey : `` Domestic Rentals : $16.4 ; Foreign Rentals : $5.5 ; Production Cost : $10.3 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Cleopatra : `` Domestic Rentals : $22.1 ; Foreign Rentals : $18.2 ; Production Cost : $44.0 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' West Side Story : `` Domestic Rentals : $16.2 ; Foreign Rentals : $15.6 ; Production Cost : $7.0 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' The Longest Day : `` Domestic Rentals : $13.9 ; Foreign Rentals : $19.3 ; Production Cost : $8.6 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid : `` Domestic Rentals : $29.2 ; Foreign Rentals : $7.9 ; Production Cost : $6.6 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ Lawrence of Arabia 1962 release : `` Lawrence of Arabia '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . LLC . Retrieved August 15 , 2011 . Worldwide Box Office : $69,995,385 ; International Box Office : $32,500,000 US total ( including reissues ) : `` Lawrence of Arabia '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . $44,824,852 ^ Jump up to : Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 165 -- 166 Lawrence of Arabia : Columbia released the $13.8 million Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) , filmed in Super Panavision 70 , exclusively on a hard - ticket basis , but opened Barabbas ( 1962 ) , The Cardinal ( 1963 ) , and the $12 million Joseph Conrad adaptation Lord Jim ( 1965 ) as 70mm roadshows in selected territories only . '' The Longest Day : `` Darryl 's most ambitious independent production was The Longest Day ( 1962 ) , a three - hour reconstruction of D - Day filmed in black - and - white CinemaScope at a cost of $8 million . It grossed over $30 million worldwide as a roadshow followed by general release , thereby helping the studio regain stability during its period of reorganization . '' Cleopatra : `` With top tickets set at an all - time high of $5.50 , Cleopatra had amassed as much as $20 million in such guarantees from exhibitors even before its premiere . Fox claimed the film had cost in total $44 million , of which $31,115,000 represented the direct negative cost and the rest distribution , print and advertising expenses . ( These figures excluded the more than $5 million spent on the production 's abortive British shoot in 1960 -- 61 , prior to its relocation to Italy . ) By 1966 worldwide rentals had reached $38,042,000 including $23.5 million from the United States . '' Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 164 . `` West cost $14,483,000 ; although it earned $35 million worldwide in just under three years , with ultimate domestic rentals totaling $20,932,883 , high distribution costs severely limited its profitability . '' ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , pp. 428 -- 429 From Russia With Love : `` Worldwide Box Office : 78.9 ; Production Cost : 2.0 ( in millions of $ s ) '' Goldfinger : `` Worldwide Box Office : 124.9 ; Production Cost : 3.0 ( in millions of $ s ) '' Diamonds Are Forever : `` Worldwide Box Office : 116 ; Production Cost : 7.2 ( in millions of $ s ) '' Moonraker : `` Worldwide Box Office : 210.3 ; Production Cost : 34.0 ( in millions of $ s ) '' ^ Jump up to : Chapman , James ( 2007 ) . Licence to thrill : a cultural history of the James Bond films . I.B. Tauris . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84511 - 515 - 9 . From Russia With Love : `` The American release of From Russia With Love again followed on some six months after it had been shown in Britain . North American rentals of $9.9 million were an improvement on its predecessor , helped by a slightly wider release , though they were still only half the $19.5 million of foreign rentals ... ( Online copy at Google Books ) '' Diamonds Are Forever : `` Diamonds Are Forever marked a return to the box - office heights of the Bond films of the mid-1960s . Its worldwide rentals were $45.7 million ... ( Online copy at Google Books ) '' Moonraker : `` These figures were surpassed by Moonraker , which earned total worldwide rentals of $87.7 million , of which $33 million came from North America . ( Online copy at Google Books ) '' ^ Jump up to : Balio , Tino ( 2009 ) . United Artists , Volume 2 , 1951 -- 1978 : the Company that Changed the Film Industry . University of Wisconsin Press . p. 261 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 23014 - 2 . From Russia With Love : `` The picture grossed twice as much as Dr. No , both domestic and foreign -- $12.5 million worldwide ( Online copy at Google Books ) '' Goldfinger : `` Produced on a budget of around $3 million , Goldfinger grossed a phenomenal $46 million worldwide the first time around . ( Online copy at Google Books ) '' ^ Jump up to : Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 184 My Fair Lady : `` My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) cost Warners $17 million to make , including a record $5.5 million just for the film rights to the Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe stage show and a million - dollar fee for star Audrey Hepburn . By 1967 it was reported to have grossed $55 million from roadshowing worldwide . '' Mary Poppins : `` Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) , which cost $5.2 million , was neither a stage adaptation nor a roadshow . But by the end of its first release , it had grossed nearly $50 million worldwide . '' Jump up ^ Burns , Douglas ( 2010 ) , Mary Poppins , p. 469 , In its initial run , Poppins garnered an astounding $44 million in worldwide rentals and became the company 's first Best Picture Oscar contender . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Sound of Music '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . LLC . Retrieved August 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 188 . `` The negative cost of Warners ' adaptation of Edward Albee 's play Who 's Afraid of Virginia Woolf ? ( 1966 ) -- filmed in widescreen and black - and - white , largely set in domestic interiors and with a cast of only four principal actors -- amounted to $7,613,000 , in part because stars Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton received up - front fees of $1 million and $750,000 respectively , against 10 percent of the gross apiece . ( Their participation was presumably added to the budget ) . '' Jump up ^ `` The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Jungle Book '' . Variety . December 31 , 1966 . Retrieved August 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Denisoff , R. Serge ; Romanowski , William D. ( 1991 ) . Risky Business : Rock in Film . Transaction Publishers . ISBN 9780887388439 . The Graduate : p. 167 . `` World net rental was estimated at more than $85 million by January 1971 . '' Grease : p. 236 . `` The film was produced for $6 million and Paramount reportedly spent another $3 million on promotion . '' ^ Jump up to : Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 191 -- 192 The Graduate : `` The Graduate eventually earned U.S. rentals of $44,090,729 on a production cost of $3.1 million to become the most lucrative non-roadshow picture ( and independent release ) to date . '' Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid : `` None of these films was roadshown in the United States ; most were set in contemporary America or had a contemporary `` take '' on the past ( the casting of genuine teenagers to play Romeo and Juliet , the urbane sophistication of the dialogue in Butch Cassidy , the antiauthoritarianism of Bonnie and Clyde and MASH ) ; most were produced on modest or medium - sized budgets ( as low as $450,000 for Easy Rider and no higher than $6,825,000 for Butch Cassidy ) ; and all grossed upward of $10 million domestically . '' Jump up ^ Palmer , R. Barton ( 2006 ) . `` 2001 : The Critical Reception and the Generation Gap '' . In Kolker , Robert Phillip . Stanley Kubrick 's 2001 : a Space Odyssey : New Essays . Oxford University Press . p. 16 . ISBN 9780195174526 . With its initial and subsequent releases , domestic and worldwide , Kubrick 's arty , intellectual film earned nearly $138 million , which was , at that time , an astounding figure . Jump up ^ Miller , Frank . `` 2001 : A Space Odyssey ( 1968 ) -- Articles '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved August 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Haber , Joyces ( March 27 , 1969 ) . `` ' Funny Girl ' a Box Office Winner '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2012 . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 ... `` Funny Girl '' will gross an estimated $80 to $100 million worldwide . Jump up ^ Welles , Chris ( September 7 , 1970 ) . `` Behind the Silence at Columbia Pictures -- No Moguls , No Minions , Just Profits '' . New York . 3 ( 36 ) . New York Media . pp. 42 -- 47 . While Columbia , battling Ray Stark over every dollar , did Funny Girl for around $8.8 million , a million or so over budget , Fox spent nearly $24 million on Hello , Dolly ! , more than twice the initial budget , and the film will thus have to gross three times as much to break even . Jump up ^ Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid United States and Canada : `` Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . $102,308,525 Outside North America : Vanity Fair . 2008 . p. 388 . Butch Cassidy went on to be a huge hit -- by the spring of 1970 it had taken in $46 million in North America and grossed another $50 million abroad . Jump up ^ `` ' Love Story ' II : Ryan Redux ? '' . New York . 9 . New York Media . 1976 . p. 389 . Bring those handkerchiefs out of retirement ... After all , the first movie made around $80 million worldwide . Jump up ^ Block , Hayley Taylor ( 2010 ) , Love Story , p. 545 , The final cost came in at $2,260,000 . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ Scott , Vernon ( June 30 , 1979 ) . `` '' Airports '' Flourish `` . The Bryan Times . United Press International . p. 10 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 541 . `` Screenwriter and director George Seaton was given a then - whopping production budget of $10 million to make what would be his last big movie after a long career as an actor in radio , a screenwriter , and a director . '' Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 549 . `` Fiddler had the highest domestic box office of 1971 ( it was second in worldwide box office after Diamonds Are Forever ) , with more than $100 million in unadjusted worldwide box office on its initial release . The soundtrack album was also a huge seller . The 1979 rerelease was not as successful , with the $3.8 million print and ad costs almost as high as the $4.3 million in worldwide rentals . '' ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 527 . Star Wars : `` Domestic Rentals : $127.0 ; Foreign Rentals : $141.5 ; Production Cost : $13.0 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' The Godfather : `` Domestic Rentals : $85.6 ; Foreign Rentals : $42.0 ; Production Cost : $7.2 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Fiddler on the Roof : `` Domestic Rentals : $34.0 ; Foreign Rentals : $11.1 ; Production Cost : $9.0 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Rocky : `` Domestic Rentals : $56.0 ; Foreign Rentals : $21.1 ; Production Cost : $1.6 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ The Godfather 1974 : Newsweek. 84 . 1974 . p. 74 . The original Godfather has grossed a mind - boggling $285 million ... 1991 : Von Gunden , Kenneth ( 1991 ) . Postmodern auteurs : Coppola , Lucas , De Palma , Spielberg , and Scorsese . McFarland & Company . p. 36 . ISBN 9780899506180 . Since The Godfather had earned over $85 million in U.S. - Canada rentals ( the worldwide box - office gross was $285 million ) , a sequel , according to the usual formula , could be expected to earn approximately two - thirds of the original 's box - office take ( ultimately Godfather II had rentals of $30 million ) . 1997 re-release : `` The Godfather ( Re-issue ) '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . North America : $1,267,249 As of 2010 : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 246 . `` Domestic Box Office : $135.0 ; Foreign Box Office : $110.1 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Total : `` The Godfather '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Worldwide Gross : $245,066,044 Jump up ^ Jacobs , Diane ( 1980 ) . Hollywood Renaissance . Dell Publishing . p. 115 . ISBN 9780440533825 . The Godfather catapulted Coppola to overnight celebrity , earning three Academy Awards and a then record - breaking $142 million in worldwide sales . Jump up ^ `` The Godfather ( 1972 ) -- Notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Exorcist '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Robert Henry ; Steinberg , Charles Side ( 1976 ) . The media environment : mass communications in American society . Hastings House . p. 76 . ISBN 9780803846814 ... further reflected by the phenomenal successes of The Sting , Chinatown and The Exorcist . The latter film , which cost about $10 million to produce , has grossed over $110 million worldwide . Jump up ^ New York , 8 , New York Media , 1975 , ... Jaws should outstrip another MCA hit , The Sting , which had world - wide revenues of $115 million . ( Online copy at Google Books ) Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 560 . `` Production Cost : $5.5 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , pp. 206 -- 208 . `` The most successful entry in the disaster cycle was the $15 million The Towering Inferno which earned over $48,650,000 in domestic rentals and about $40 million foreign . '' Jump up ^ Brooks , Mel ( 2004 ) . `` My Movies : The Collisions of Art and Money '' . In Squire , Jason E. The movie business book ( 3 ed . ) . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 1937 - 2 . To their credit , Blazing saddles , opened wide in June to tremendous business around the country . It 's done over $80 million in rentals worldwide in 1974 dollars . ( Online copy at Google Books ) Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 564 . `` Production Cost : $2.6 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ `` Jaws '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kilday , Gregg ( July 5 , 1977 ) . `` Director of ' Jaws II ' Abandons His ' Ship ' '' . The Victoria Advocate . p. 6B . Jump up ^ Priggé , Steven ( 2004 ) . Movie Moguls Speak : Interviews With Top Film Producers . McFarland & Company . p. 8 . ISBN 9780786419296 . The budget for the first Jaws was $4 million and the picture wound up costing $9 million . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 214 . `` Rocky was the `` sleeper of the decade '' . Produced by UA and costing just under $1 million , it went on to earn a box - office gross of $117,235,247 in the United States and $225 million worldwide . '' Jump up ^ Block , Alex Ben ( 2010 ) , Rocky , p. 583 , The budget was $1,075,000 plus producer 's fees of $100,000 . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars ( 1977 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Wuntch , Philip ( July 19 , 1985 ) . `` Return of E.T. '' . The Dallas Morning News . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2012 . Retrieved March 6 , 2012 . Its worldwide box - office gross was $619 million , toppling the record of $530 million set by Star Wars . Jump up ^ Hall & Neale 2010 , p. 218 . `` Eventually costing $11,293,151 , Star Wars was previewed at the Northpoint Theatre in San Francisco on May 1 , 1977 . '' Jump up ^ `` Grease '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hofler , Robert ( 2010 ) . Party Animals : A Hollywood Tale of Sex , Drugs , and Rock ' N ' Roll Starring the Fabulous Allan Carr . ReadHowYouWant.com . p. 145 . ISBN 9781459600072 . Despite the fact that Grease was well on its way to becoming the highest - grossing movie musical in the world , and eventually grossed over $341 million ... ^ Jump up to : Kramer vs. Kramer United & Babson Investment Report . 72 . Babson - United , Inc. 1980 . p. 262 . Columbia Pictures Industries is continuing to rake in the box office dollars from its Oscar - winning Kramer vs. Kramer , which has topped $100 million in domestic grosses and $70 million overseas . Kramer , which cost less than $8 million to make , is now the second ... Prince , Stephen ( 2002 ) . A New Pot of Gold : Hollywood Under the Electronic Rainbow , 1980 -- 1989 . University of California Press . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 23266 - 2 . Much of this was attributable to the performance of its hit film , Kramer vs. Kramer ( $94 million worldwide and the number two film in the domestic market ) . Jump up ^ `` Rocky II '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Greg ( May 22 , 1992 ) . `` Rules of the Game '' . Entertainment Weekly ( 119 ) . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Empire Strikes Back Total up to 2014 : `` The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . $538,375,067 Special edition : `` The Empire Strikes Back ( Special Edition ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . North America : $67,597,694 ; Overseas : $57,214,766 2015 re-release : `` The Empire Strikes Back '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . United Kingdom : $9,593,937 ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 519 . The Empire Strikes Back : `` Production Cost : $32.0 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Return of the Jedi : `` Production Cost : $42.7 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' The Phantom Menace : `` Production Cost : $127.5 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ Raiders of the Lost Ark `` Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 4 , 2012 . Total : $389,925,971 ; North America : $212,222,025 ( original run ) ; Overseas : $141,766,000 Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 625 . Domestic Box office : $180.1 ; `` Production Cost : $22.8 ( Initial Release -- Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ `` E.T. : The Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 609 . `` Steven Spielberg , by far the most successful director of the decade , had the highest - grossing movie with 1982 's E.T. : The Extra-Terrestrial , which grossed over $664 million in worldwide box office on initial release . '' Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 652 . `` Production Cost : $12.2 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ Return of the Jedi Total : `` Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . $475,106,177 Special edition : `` Return of the Jedi ( Special Edition ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . North America : $45,470,437 ; Overseas : $43,790,543 Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Finler 2003 , pp. 190 -- 191 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 664 . `` Production Cost : $28.2 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ Back to the Future Original release : `` Back to the Future ( 1985 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Worldwide : $381,109,762 ; Production Budget : $19 million 2010 reisue : `` Back to the Future ( 2010 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . Foreign Total : $2,315,159 2014 reisue : `` Back to the Future ( 2014 re-issue ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . United Kingdom : $5,628,876 Jump up ^ Finler 2003 , p. 268 . `` The studio had a record operating income of $212 million in 1982 , the year of Spielberg 's E.T. The Extra-Terrestrial ( which had cost only slightly over $10 million ) and $150 million in 1985 , mainly due to another Spielberg production , the $22 million Back to the Future , which became the top box office hit of the year . '' Jump up ^ `` Top Gun '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McAdams , Frank ( 2010 ) , Top Gun , pp. 678 -- 679 , Production Cost : $19.0 ( Millions of $ s ) ... Despite mixed reviews , it played in the top 10 for an extended period and was a huge hit , grossing almost $345 million in worldwide box office . In : Block & Wilson 2010 . Jump up ^ Fatal Attraction `` Fatal Attraction '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Scott , Vernon ( June 15 , 1990 ) . `` ' Three Men and Baby ' Sequel Adds Cazenove to Original Cast '' . The Daily Gazette . New York . Hollywood ( UPI ) . p. 9 ( TV Plus -- The Daily Gazette Supplement ) . That legacy is the $167,780,960 domestic box - office and $75 million foreign gross achieved by the original ... Jump up ^ `` Rain Man '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Finler 2003 , p. 244 . `` Rain Man : 30.0 ( cost in million $ s ) '' Jump up ^ `` Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , pp. 694 -- 695 . `` Production Cost : $55.4 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) ... The film went on to haul in over $494 million worldwide . '' Jump up ^ `` Ghost '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Terminator 2 Total : `` Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1991 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . $520,860,454 Original release : `` Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1991 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2017 . $519,843,345 Jump up ^ Ansen , David ( 8 July 1991 ) . `` Conan The Humanitarian '' . Newsweek . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aladdin '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Toy Story Total : `` Toy Story ( 1995 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Worldwide : $373,554,033 3D release : `` Toy Story in 3D ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . Foreign Total : $8,680,257 Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , pp. 776 . `` Production Cost : $30.0 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) '' Jump up ^ `` Die Hard : With A Vengeance '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Finler 2003 , p. 123 . Jump up ^ `` Independence Day ( 1996 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Armageddon '' . Boxoffice . Retrieved May 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 509 . `` Production Cost : $140.0 ( Unadjusted $ s in Millions of $ s ) . '' Jump up ^ `` Mission : Impossible II '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Patten , D. ( December 3 , 2009 ) . `` ' Avatar 's ' True Cost -- and Consequences '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Frankel , Daniel ( 17 November 2010 ) . `` Get Ready for the Biggest ' Potter ' Opening Yet '' . The Wrap . Retrieved August 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Show Business : Record Wind '' . Time . February 19 , 1940 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2010 . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob ( August 1 , 1963 ) . `` Movie Finances Are No Longer Hidden From Scrutiny '' . The Robesonian . Associated Press . p. 10 . Jump up ^ The Atlantic Monthly . 231 . 1973 . p. 2 . As of the end of 1971 , GWTW stood as the all - time money - drawing movie , with a take of $116 million , and , with this year 's reissues , it should continue to run ahead of the second place contender and all - time kaffee - mit - schlag spectacle . Jump up ^ New Times . 2 . 1974 . Coppola is King Midas , the most individually powerful U.S. filmmaker . '' His credits include directing the first Godfather ( worldwide earnings : $142 million , ahead of Gone with the Wind , The Sound of Music and The Exorcist ) ... ( Online copy at Google Books ) Jump up ^ Harmetz , Aljean ( May 18 , 1980 ) . `` The Saga Beyond ' Star Wars ' '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2012 . Retrieved January 30 , 2012 . `` Star Wars '' has brought 20th Century - Fox approximately $250 million in film rentals ... `` Star Wars '' grossed $410 million , and his share was enough to allow him to finance its sequel , `` The Empire Strikes Back , '' himself . Jump up ^ `` Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) -- Miscellaneous notes '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Franchise and series sources `` Franchise Index '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Avengers `` Avengers -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Batman `` Batman -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) & Batman : Mask of the Phantasm '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . `` Big Rental Pictures of 1966 '' . Variety . January 4 , 1967 . p. 8 . Batman : $1.7 million `` Catwoman ( 2004 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . `` Batman : Return of the Caped Crusaders '' . The Numbers . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . `` Batman and Harley Quinn ( 2017 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Captain America `` Captain America ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . DC Extended Universe `` DC Extended Universe -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Despicable Me `` Despicable Me ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . The Fast and the Furious `` The Fast and the Furious -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . The Hunger Games `` The Hunger Games -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . Ice Age `` Ice Age -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . `` Ice Age : The Meltdown 3D ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Foreign Total : $6,095,750 Iron Man `` Iron Man -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World `` J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . James Bond `` James Bond -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . ( Brosnan and Craig ) Block & Wilson 2010 , pp. 428 -- 429 . `` James Bond Franchise Films : All - Release Worldwide Box Office . '' ( Connery , Lazenby , Moore and Dalton ) `` Never Say Never Again ( 1983 ) '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . `` Casino Royale ( 1967 ) '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Jurassic Park `` Jurassic Park -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 28 , 2015 . `` Jurassic Park ( 2011 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . United Kingdom : $786,021 Madagascar `` Madagascar -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Marvel Cinematic Universe `` Marvel Cinematic Universe -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Middle - earth `` Middle Earth -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . `` The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2017 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . `` The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2017 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . `` The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2017 re-release ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . `` The Lord of the Rings -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) & The Lord of the Rings ( 1978 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . Mission : Impossible `` Mission : Impossible -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Pirates of the Caribbean `` Pirates of the Caribbean -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . Shrek `` Shrek -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 14 , 2012 . Spider - Man `` Spider - Man -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . Star Trek `` Box Office History for Star Trek Movies '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . Retrieved October 16 , 2016 . Star Wars `` A New Hope '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . `` The Empire Strikes Back '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . `` Return of the Jedi '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . `` The Phantom Menace '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . `` Attack of the Clones '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . `` Revenge of the Sith '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . `` The Clone Wars '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 6 , 2012 . `` The Force Awakens '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Superman Superman , Superman Returns , Man of Steel and Batman v Superman : `` Superman -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . Superman II , Superman III and Superman IV : Block & Wilson 2010 , p. 534 . `` Superman Franchise Films : All - Release Worldwide Box Office Revenues vs. Production Costs -- Equivalent 2005 $ s . '' Block & Wilson 2010 , p. xii . `` Notes on Adjusting Dollars and Making Estimates -- Adjusting Revenues . '' `` Adjusting for Ticket Price Inflation '' ( Source : MPAA ) . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . `` Supergirl ( 1984 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . Transformers `` Transformers -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . The Twilight Saga `` Twilight -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . `` Twilight / New Moon Combo ( one - night - only ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 25 , 2011 . X-Men `` X-Men -- Worldwide ( Unadjusted ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Bibliography Block , Alex Ben ; Wilson , Lucy Autrey , eds. ( 2010 ) . George Lucas 's Blockbusting : A Decade - by - Decade Survey of Timeless Movies Including Untold Secrets of Their Financial and Cultural Success . HarperCollins . ISBN 9780061778896 . Finler , Joel Waldo ( 2003 ) . The Hollywood Story . Wallflower Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 903364 - 66 - 6 . Hall , Sheldon ; Neale , Stephen ( 2010 ) . Epics , Spectacles , and Blockbusters : A Hollywood History . Wayne State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8143 - 3008 - 1 . 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4441155997863424831	List of songs in Glee (season 3)	List of songs in Glee ( Season 3 ) - wikipedia List of songs in Glee ( Season 3 ) Jump to : navigation , search Glee is an American musical comedy - drama television series produced by Fox . It focuses on the glee club New Directions , at the fictional William McKinley High School in Lima , Ohio . The show was created by Ryan Murphy , Brad Falchuk and Ian Brennan , and features many cover versions of songs sung on - screen by the characters . Murphy is responsible for selecting all of the songs used , and strives to maintain a balance between show tunes and chart hits , as he wants there to be `` something for everybody in every episode . '' Once Murphy selects a song , rights are cleared with its publishers by music supervisor P.J. Bloom , and music producer Adam Anders rearranges it for the Glee cast . Numbers are pre-recorded by the cast , while choreographer Zach Woodlee constructs the accompanying dance moves , which are then taught to the cast and filmed . Studio recordings of tracks are then made . The process begins six to eight weeks before each episode is filmed , and can end as late as the day before filming begins . For the first thirteen episodes of Glee 's first season , the show averaged five songs per episode , which increased to eight songs for the final nine episodes . In season two , Glee averaged six songs per episode . Murphy said in June 2011 that in season three , `` I think we 'll probably end up trying to do four '' songs per episode , but in actuality only one episode in the season was at or below that number , with the rest ranging from five to nine songs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Songs 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References Songs ( edit ) List of songs in Glee season three Title Version covered Performed by Episode Single Album Ref . `` We Got the Beat '' Go - Gos ! The Go - Gos Rachel Berry , Santana Lopez and Brittany Pierce with New Directions 01 ! 1 . `` The Purple Piano Project '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Big Spender '' Sweet Charity Motta , Sugar Sugar Motta 01 ! 1 . `` The Purple Piano Project '' No TBA `` Ding - Dong ! The Witch Is Dead '' Streisand , Barbra Barbra Streisand and Arlen , Harold Harold Arlen Berry , Rachel Rachel Berry and Hummel , Kurt Kurt Hummel 01 ! 1 . `` The Purple Piano Project '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` It 's Not Unusual '' Jones , Tom Tom Jones Anderson , Blaine Blaine Anderson with the McKinley High Cheerios 01 ! 1 . `` The Purple Piano Project '' Yes Volume 7 `` Anything Goes '' / `` Anything You Can Do '' Anything Goes / Annie Get Your Gun Harmony and prospective NYADA applicants 01 ! 1 . `` The Purple Piano Project '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` You Ca n't Stop the Beat '' Hairspray Berry , Rachel Rachel Berry , Hudson , Finn Finn Hudson , Hummel , Kurt Kurt Hummel , Abrams , Artie Artie Abrams , Jones , Mercedes Mercedes Jones and Cohen - Chang , Tina Tina Cohen - Chang with New Directions 01 ! 1 . `` The Purple Piano Project '' Yes Volume 7 `` Somewhere '' West Side Story Berry , Rachel Rachel Berry and Corcoran , Shelby Shelby Corcoran 02 ! 2 . `` I Am Unicorn '' Yes Volume 7 `` I 'm the Greatest Star '' Funny Girl Hummel , Kurt Kurt Hummel 02 ! 2 . `` I Am Unicorn '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Something 's Coming ( song ) '' West Side Story Anderson , Blaine Blaine Anderson 02 ! 2 . `` I Am Unicorn '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Spotlight '' Hudson , Jennifer Jennifer Hudson Jones , Mercedes Mercedes Jones with Cohen - Chang , Tina Tina Cohen - Chang and Pierce , Brittany Brittany Pierce 03 ! 3 . `` Asian F '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Run the World ( Girls ) '' Beyoncé Pierce , Brittany Brittany Pierce and Lopez , Santana Santana Lopez with McKinley High females 03 ! 3 . `` Asian F '' Yes Volume 7 `` Cool '' West Side Story Chang , Mike Mike Chang with the McKinley High Titans 03 ! 3 . `` Asian F '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` It 's All Over '' Dreamgirls Jones , Mercedes Mercedes Jones with New Directions Booty Camp and Schuester , Will Will Schuester 03 ! 3 . `` Asian F '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Out Here on My Own '' Fame Berry , Rachel Rachel Berry and Jones , Mercedes Mercedes Jones 03 ! 3 . `` Asian F '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Fix You '' Coldplay Schuester , Will Will Schuester with Abrams , Artie Artie Abrams and New Directions 03 ! 3 . `` Asian F '' Yes Volume 7 `` Bein ' Green '' The Muppets Flanagan , Rory Rory Flanagan 04 ! 4 . `` Pot o ' Gold '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Last Friday Night ( T.G.I.F. ) '' Perry , Katy Katy Perry Anderson , Blaine Blaine Anderson and New Directions except Lopez , Santana Santana Lopez 04 ! 4 . `` Pot o ' Gold '' Yes Volume 7 `` Waiting for a Girl Like You '' Foreigner Puckerman , Noah Noah Puckerman 04 ! 4 . `` Pot o ' Gold '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Candyman '' Aguilera , Christina Christina Aguilera Jones , Mercedes Mercedes Jones , Lopez , Santana Santana Lopez and Pierce , Brittany Brittany Pierce with the Troubletones 04 ! 4 . `` Pot o ' Gold '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Take Care of Yourself '' Thompson , Teddy Teddy Thompson Flanagan , Rory Rory Flanagan 04 ! 4 . `` Pot o ' Gold '' Yes Volume 7 `` Tonight '' West Side Story Berry , Rachel Rachel Berry and Anderson , Blaine Blaine Anderson 05 ! 5 . `` The First Time '' Yes Volume 7 `` Uptown Girl '' Joel , Billy Billy Joel Dalton Academy Warblers 05 ! 5 . `` The First Time '' Yes Volume 7 `` Boy Like That ! A Boy Like That '' West Side Story Lopez , Santana Santana Lopez and Berry , Rachel Rachel Berry 05 ! 5 . `` The First Time '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` I Have a Love '' West Side Story Berry , Rachel Rachel Berry and Lopez , Santana Santana Lopez 05 ! 5 . `` The First Time '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` America '' West Side Story Lopez , Santana Santana Lopez and Puckerman , Noah Noah Puckerman with Cohen - Chang , Tina Tina Cohen - Chang , Chang , Mike Mike Chang , Sharks and Jets 05 ! 5 . `` The First Time '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` One Hand , One Heart '' West Side Story Anderson , Blaine Blaine Anderson and Berry , Rachel Rachel Berry 05 ! 5 . `` The First Time '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Hot for Teacher '' Van Halen Puckerman , Noah Noah Puckerman with Hudson , Finn Finn Hudson , Anderson , Blaine Blaine Anderson and Chang , Mike Mike Chang 06 ! 6 . `` Mash Off '' Yes Volume 7 `` Yoü and I '' / `` You and I '' Lady Gaga / Eddie Rabbitt and Crystal Gayle Corcoran , Shelby Shelby Corcoran and Schuester , Will Will Schuester 06 ! 6 . `` Mash Off '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Hit Me with Your Best Shot '' / `` One Way or Another '' Benatar , Pat Pat Benatar / Blondie Lopez , Santana Santana Lopez and Hudson , Finn Finn Hudson with New Directions and the Troubletones 06 ! 6 . `` Mash Off '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` I Ca n't Go for That ( No Can Do ) '' / `` You Make My Dreams '' Hall & Oates Hudson , Finn Finn Hudson , Fabray , Quinn Quinn Fabray , Flanagan , Rory Rory Flanagan and Cohen - Chang , Tina Tina Cohen - Chang with New Directions 06 ! 6 . `` Mash Off '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Rumour Has It '' / `` Someone Like You '' Adele Jones , Mercedes Mercedes Jones , Lopez , Santana Santana Lopez and Brittany Pierce with the Troubletones 06 ! 6 . `` Mash Off '' Yes Volume 7 `` Perfect '' Pink Hummel , Kurt Kurt Hummel and Anderson , Blaine Blaine Anderson 07 ! 7 . `` I Kissed a Girl '' Yes Volume 7 `` I 'm the Only One '' Etheridge , Melissa Melissa Etheridge Puckerman , Noah Noah Puckerman 07 ! 7 . `` I Kissed a Girl '' Yes Volume 7 `` Girls Just Want to Have Fun '' Lauper , Cyndi Cyndi Lauper Hudson , Finn Finn Hudson with New Directions males 07 ! 7 . `` I Kissed a Girl '' Yes Volume 7 `` Jolene '' Parton , Dolly Dolly Parton Beiste , Shannon Shannon Beiste 07 ! 7 . `` I Kissed a Girl '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` I Kissed a Girl '' Perry , Katy Katy Perry Lopez , Santana Santana Lopez and Berry , Rachel Rachel Berry with Cohen - Chang , Tina Tina Cohen - Chang , Fabray , Quinn Quinn Fabray , Jones , Mercedes Mercedes Jones , Motta , Sugar Sugar Motta and Pierce , Brittany Brittany Pierce 07 ! 7 . `` I Kissed a Girl '' Yes Volume 7 `` Constant Craving '' lang , k.d. k.d. lang Lopez , Santana Santana Lopez and Corcoran , Shelby Shelby Corcoran with Hummel , Kurt Kurt Hummel 07 ! 7 . `` I Kissed a Girl '' Yes Volume 7 `` Red Solo Cup '' Keith , Toby Toby Keith Evans , Sam Sam Evans with Fabray , Quinn Quinn Fabray , Chang , Mike Mike Chang , Puckerman , Noah Noah Puckerman , Cohen - Chang , Tina Tina Cohen - Chang and New Directions 08 ! 8 . `` Hold on to Sixteen '' Yes Volume 7 `` Buenos Aires '' Evita Harmony and the Unitards 08 ! 8 . `` Hold on to Sixteen '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Survivor '' / `` I Will Survive '' Destiny 's Child / Gaynor , Gloria Gloria Gaynor Lopez , Santana Santana Lopez , Jones , Mercedes Mercedes Jones and Brittany Pierce with the Troubletones 08 ! 8 . `` Hold on to Sixteen '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` ABC '' Jackson 5 ! The Jackson 5 Cohen - Chang , Tina Tina Cohen - Chang , Chang , Mike Mike Chang , Hummel , Kurt Kurt Hummel and Fabray , Quinn Quinn Fabray with New Directions 08 ! 8 . `` Hold on to Sixteen '' No Volume 7 `` Control '' Jackson , Janet Janet Jackson Fabray , Quinn Quinn Fabray , Anderson , Blaine Blaine Anderson and Abrams , Artie Artie Abrams with New Directions 08 ! 8 . `` Hold on to Sixteen '' No Volume 7 `` Man in the Mirror '' Jackson , Michael Michael Jackson Hudson , Finn Finn Hudson , Abrams , Artie Artie Abrams , Puckerman , Noah Noah Puckerman , Anderson , Blaine Blaine Anderson , Evans , Sam Sam Evans and Chang , Mike Mike Chang with New Directions 08 ! 8 . `` Hold on to Sixteen '' No Volume 7 `` We Are Young '' fun . feat . Monáe , Janelle Janelle Monáe Berry , Rachel Rachel Berry , Hudson , Finn Finn Hudson , Evans , Sam Sam Evans , Lopez , Santana Santana Lopez , Jones , Mercedes Mercedes Jones and Fabray , Quinn Quinn Fabray with New Directions 08 ! 8 . `` Hold on to Sixteen '' Yes The Graduation Album `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' Carey , Mariah Mariah Carey Jones , Mercedes Mercedes Jones with New Directions Girls 09 ! 9 . `` Extraordinary Merry Christmas '' Yes The Christmas Album Volume 2 `` Blue Christmas '' Presley , Elvis Elvis Presley Flanagan , Rory Rory Flanagan 09 ! 9 . `` Extraordinary Merry Christmas '' Yes The Christmas Album Volume 2 `` River '' Mitchell , Joni Joni Mitchell Berry , Rachel Rachel Berry 09 ! 9 . `` Extraordinary Merry Christmas '' Yes The Christmas Album Volume 2 `` Extraordinary Merry Christmas '' Original composition Anderson , Blaine Blaine Anderson and Berry , Rachel Rachel Berry with New Directions 09 ! 9 . `` Extraordinary Merry Christmas '' Yes The Christmas Album Volume 2 `` Let It Snow '' Fitzgerald , Ella Ella Fitzgerald Anderson , Blaine Blaine Anderson and Hummel , Kurt Kurt Hummel 09 ! 9 . `` Extraordinary Merry Christmas '' Yes The Christmas Album Volume 2 `` My Favorite Things '' Sound of Music ! The Sound of Music Berry , Rachel Rachel Berry , Jones , Mercedes Mercedes Jones , Hummel , Kurt Kurt Hummel and Anderson , Blaine Blaine Anderson 09 ! 9 . `` Extraordinary Merry Christmas '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' Springsteen , Bruce Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band Hudson , Finn Finn Hudson and Puckerman , Noah Noah Puckerman with Berry , Rachel Rachel Berry , Jones , Mercedes Mercedes Jones , Hummel , Kurt Kurt Hummel and Anderson , Blaine Blaine Anderson 09 ! 9 . `` Extraordinary Merry Christmas '' Yes The Christmas Album Volume 2 `` Christmas Wrapping '' Waitresses , The The Waitresses Pierce , Brittany Brittany Pierce with Lopez , Santana Santana Lopez , Cohen - Chang , Tina Tina Cohen - Chang , Chang , Mike Mike Chang and the McKinley High Cheerios 09 ! 9 . `` Extraordinary Merry Christmas '' Yes The Christmas Album Volume 2 `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' Band Aid New Directions 09 ! 9 . `` Extraordinary Merry Christmas '' Yes The Christmas Album Volume 2 `` Summer Nights '' Grease Evans , Sam Sam Evans and Jones , Mercedes Mercedes Jones with New Directions 10 ! 10 . `` Yes / No '' Yes Presents Glease `` Wedding Bell Blues '' 5th Dimension ! The 5th Dimension Pillsbury , Emma Emma Pillsbury with Beiste , Shannon Shannon Beiste and Sylvester , Sue Sue Sylvester 10 ! 10 . `` Yes / No '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Moves Like Jagger '' / `` Jumpin ' Jack Flash '' Maroon 5 feat . Christina Aguilera / The Rolling Stones Abrams , Artie Artie Abrams with Chang , Mike Mike Chang , Schuester , Will Will Schuester , Anderson , Blaine Blaine Anderson , Hudson , Finn Finn Hudson and Puckerman , Noah Noah Puckerman 10 ! 10 . `` Yes / No '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` First Time Ever I Saw Your Face ! The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' Flack , Roberta Roberta Flack Berry , Rachel Rachel Berry , Cohen - Chang , Tina Tina Cohen - Chang , Lopez , Santana Santana Lopez and Jones , Mercedes Mercedes Jones 10 ! 10 . `` Yes / No '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Without You '' Guetta , David David Guetta feat . Usher Berry , Rachel Rachel Berry 10 ! 10 . `` Yes / No '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` We Found Love '' Rihanna feat . Harris , Calvin Calvin Harris Berry , Rachel Rachel Berry and Lopez , Santana Santana Lopez with New Directions 10 ! 10 . `` Yes / No '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' Jackson , Michael Michael Jackson Anderson , Blaine Blaine Anderson with New Directions 11 ! 11 . `` Michael '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Bad '' Jackson , Michael Michael Jackson Abrams , Artie Artie Abrams , Anderson , Blaine Blaine Anderson and Lopez , Santana Santana Lopez with New Directions and Dalton Academy Warblers 11 ! 11 . `` Michael '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Scream '' Jackson , Michael Michael Jackson and Jackson , Janet Janet Jackson Abrams , Artie Artie Abrams and Chang , Mike Mike Chang 11 ! 11 . `` Michael '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Never Can Say Goodbye '' Jackson 5 ! The Jackson 5 Fabray , Quinn Quinn Fabray 11 ! 11 . `` Michael '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Human Nature '' Jackson , Michael Michael Jackson Jones , Mercedes Mercedes Jones and Evans , Sam Sam Evans 11 ! 11 . `` Michael '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Ben '' Jackson , Michael Michael Jackson Hummel , Kurt Kurt Hummel , Berry , Rachel Rachel Berry and Hudson , Finn Finn Hudson 11 ! 11 . `` Michael '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Smooth Criminal '' Jackson , Michael Michael Jackson Smythe , Sebastian Sebastian Smythe and Lopez , Santana Santana Lopez with the Dalton Cellists 11 ! 11 . `` Michael '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` I Just Ca n't Stop Loving You '' Jackson , Michael Michael Jackson feat . Garrett , Siedah Siedah Garrett Hudson , Finn Finn Hudson and Berry , Rachel Rachel Berry 11 ! 11 . `` Michael '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Black or White '' Jackson , Michael Michael Jackson Abrams , Artie Artie Abrams , Berry , Rachel Rachel Berry , Lopez , Santana Santana Lopez , Hummel , Kurt Kurt Hummel and Jones , Mercedes Mercedes Jones with New Directions and Dalton Academy Warblers 11 ! 11 . `` Michael '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` La Cucaracha '' Traditional Schuester , Will Will Schuester with Abrams , Artie Artie Abrams , Hudson , Finn Finn Hudson and Puckerman , Noah Noah Puckerman 12 ! 12 . `` The Spanish Teacher '' No TBA `` Sexy and I Know It '' LMFAO Martinez , David David Martinez and Abrams , Artie Artie Abrams with New Directions 12 ! 12 . `` The Spanish Teacher '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Do n't Wanna Lose You '' Estefan , Gloria Gloria Estefan Jones , Mercedes Mercedes Jones 12 ! 12 . `` The Spanish Teacher '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Bamboleo '' / `` Hero '' Gipsy Kings / Enrique Iglesias Evans , Sam Sam Evans and New Directions males 12 ! 12 . `` The Spanish Teacher '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` La Isla Bonita '' Madonna Martinez , David David Martinez and Lopez , Santana Santana Lopez 12 ! 12 . `` The Spanish Teacher '' Yes The Complete Season Three < `` Little Less Conversation ! A Little Less Conversation '' Presley , Elvis Elvis Presley Schuester , Will Will Schuester with Pierce , Brittany Brittany Pierce and Chang , Mike Mike Chang 12 ! 12 . `` The Spanish Teacher '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Chapel of Love '' Dixie Cups ! The Dixie Cups Berry , Hiram Hiram Berry and Berry , LeRoy LeRoy Berry 13 ! 13 . `` Heart '' No TBA `` L-O-V-E '' Cole ! Nat King Cole Chang , Mike Mike Chang and Cohen - Chang , Tina Tina Cohen - Chang 13 ! 13 . `` Heart '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Let Me Love You '' Mario Abrams , Artie Artie Abrams with Chang , Mike Mike Chang , Evans , Sam Sam Evans , Hummel , Kurt Kurt Hummel and Puckerman , Noah Noah Puckerman 13 ! 13 . `` Heart '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Stereo Hearts '' Gym Class Heroes feat . Adam Levine Hart , Joe Joe Hart , Evans , Sam Sam Evans and Jones , Mercedes Mercedes Jones with Fabray , Quinn Quinn Fabray and Mercedes ' church choir 13 ! 13 . `` Heart '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Home '' Bublé , Michael Michael Bublé Flanagan , Rory Rory Flanagan 13 ! 13 . `` Heart '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` I Will Always Love You '' Houston , Whitney Whitney Houston Jones , Mercedes Mercedes Jones 13 ! 13 . `` Heart '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` You 're the Top '' Anything Goes Berry , Hiram Hiram Berry , Berry , LeRoy LeRoy Berry and Berry , Rachel Rachel Berry 13 ! 13 . `` Heart '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Cherish '' / `` Cherish '' Association , The The Association / Madonna Fabray , Quinn Quinn Fabray , Evans , Sam Sam Evans , Hart , Joe Joe Hart and Jones , Mercedes Mercedes Jones 13 ! 13 . `` Heart '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Love Shack '' B - 52 's , The The B - 52 's Anderson , Blaine Blaine Anderson , Jones , Mercedes Mercedes Jones and Hummel , Kurt Kurt Hummel with Berry , Rachel Rachel Berry , Pierce , Brittany Brittany Pierce and the Sugar Shack patrons 13 ! 13 . `` Heart '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Cough Syrup '' Young the Giant Anderson , Blaine Blaine Anderson 14 ! 14 . `` On My Way '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Stand '' Kravitz , Lenny Lenny Kravitz Dalton Academy Warblers 14 ! 14 . `` On My Way '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Glad You Came '' Wanted , The The Wanted Dalton Academy Warblers 14 ! 14 . `` On My Way '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` She Walks in Beauty '' Barnum , Eric Eric Barnum Golden Goblets , The The Golden Goblets 14 ! 14 . `` On My Way '' No TBA `` Fly '' / `` I Believe I Can Fly '' Minaj , Nicki Nicki Minaj feat . Rihanna / R. Kelly Berry , Rachel Rachel Berry , Abrams , Artie Artie Abrams , Lopez , Santana Santana Lopez , Anderson , Blaine Blaine Anderson , Hudson , Finn Finn Hudson and Jones , Mercedes Mercedes Jones with New Directions 14 ! 14 . `` On My Way '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Stronger ( What Does n't Kill You ) '' Clarkson , Kelly Kelly Clarkson Lopez , Santana Santana Lopez , Pierce , Brittany Brittany Pierce and Jones , Mercedes Mercedes Jones with the Troubletones as New Directions 14 ! 14 . `` On My Way '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Here 's to Us '' Halestorm Berry , Rachel Rachel Berry with New Directions 14 ! 14 . `` On My Way '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` I 'm Still Standing '' John , Elton Elton John Fabray , Quinn Quinn Fabray and Abrams , Artie Artie Abrams 15 ! 15 . `` Big Brother '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Hungry Like the Wolf '' / `` Rio '' Duran Duran Anderson , Blaine Blaine Anderson and Anderson , Cooper Cooper Anderson with New Directions 15 ! 15 . `` Big Brother '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Fighter '' Aguilera , Christina Christina Aguilera Anderson , Blaine Blaine Anderson 15 ! 15 . `` Big Brother '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Up Up Up '' Givers Abrams , Artie Artie Abrams and Fabray , Quinn Quinn Fabray 15 ! 15 . `` Big Brother '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' Gotye feat . Kimbra Anderson , Blaine Blaine Anderson and Anderson , Cooper Cooper Anderson 15 ! 15 . `` Big Brother '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` You Should Be Dancing '' Bee Gees Anderson , Blaine Blaine Anderson , Chang , Mike Mike Chang and Pierce , Brittany Brittany Pierce 16 ! 16 . `` Saturday Night Glee - ver '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` That 's the Way ( I Like It ) '' KC and the Sunshine Band 1993 McKinley High Glee Club 16 ! 16 . `` Saturday Night Glee - ver '' No TBA `` Night Fever '' Bee Gees Schuester , Will Will Schuester , Hart , Joe Joe Hart and Anderson , Blaine Blaine Anderson with New Directions and Sylvester , Sue Sue Sylvester 16 ! 16 . `` Saturday Night Glee - ver '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Disco Inferno '' Trammps ! The Trammps Jones , Mercedes Mercedes Jones with Lopez , Santana Santana Lopez and Pierce , Brittany Brittany Pierce 16 ! 16 . `` Saturday Night Glee - ver '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` If I Ca n't Have You '' Elliman , Yvonne Yvonne Elliman Lopez , Santana Santana Lopez with New Directions 16 ! 16 . `` Saturday Night Glee - ver '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` How Deep Is Your Love '' Bee Gees Berry , Rachel Rachel Berry with the New Directions band 16 ! 16 . `` Saturday Night Glee - ver '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Boogie Shoes '' KC and the Sunshine Band Adams , Wade `` Unique '' Wade `` Unique '' Adams and Vocal Adrenaline 16 ! 16 . `` Saturday Night Glee - ver '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` More Than a Woman '' Bee Gees Hudson , Finn Finn Hudson with Berry , Rachel Rachel Berry , Anderson , Blaine Blaine Anderson , Hummel , Kurt Kurt Hummel , Lopez , Santana Santana Lopez , Pierce , Brittany Brittany Pierce , Chang , Mike Mike Chang , Cohen - Chang , Tina Tina Cohen - Chang and New Directions 16 ! 16 . `` Saturday Night Glee - ver '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Stayin ' Alive '' Bee Gees Hudson , Finn Finn Hudson , Jones , Mercedes Mercedes Jones and Lopez , Santana Santana Lopez with New Directions and Sylvester , Sue Sue Sylvester 16 ! 16 . `` Saturday Night Glee - ver '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` How Will I Know '' Houston , Whitney Whitney Houston Jones , Mercedes Mercedes Jones , Lopez , Santana Santana Lopez , Hummel , Kurt Kurt Hummel and Berry , Rachel Rachel Berry 17 ! 17 . `` Dance with Somebody '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` I Wanna Dance with Somebody ( Who Loves Me ) '' Houston , Whitney Whitney Houston Pierce , Brittany Brittany Pierce and Lopez , Santana Santana Lopez with the McKinley High Cheerios 17 ! 17 . `` Dance with Somebody '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Saving All My Love for You '' Houston , Whitney Whitney Houston Hart , Joe Joe Hart and Fabray , Quinn Quinn Fabray 17 ! 17 . `` Dance with Somebody '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` So Emotional '' Houston , Whitney Whitney Houston Lopez , Santana Santana Lopez and Berry , Rachel Rachel Berry 17 ! 17 . `` Dance with Somebody '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` It 's Not Right but It 's Okay '' Houston , Whitney Whitney Houston Anderson , Blaine Blaine Anderson with New Directions except Hummel , Kurt Kurt Hummel 17 ! 17 . `` Dance with Somebody '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` I Have Nothing '' Houston , Whitney Whitney Houston Hummel , Kurt Kurt Hummel 17 ! 17 . `` Dance with Somebody '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` My Love Is Your Love '' Houston , Whitney Whitney Houston Abrams , Artie Artie Abrams , Jones , Mercedes Mercedes Jones , Anderson , Blaine Blaine Anderson and Hummel , Kurt Kurt Hummel with New Directions 17 ! 17 . `` Dance with Somebody '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Music of the Night ! The Music of the Night '' Phantom of the Opera ! The Phantom of the Opera Hummel , Kurt Kurt Hummel with Cohen - Chang , Tina Tina Cohen - Chang 18 ! 18 . `` Choke '' No TBA `` School 's Out '' Cooper , Alice Alice Cooper Puckerman , Noah Noah Puckerman 18 ! 18 . `` Choke '' Yes The Graduation Album < `` Cell Block Tango '' Chicago Jones , Mercedes Mercedes Jones , Cohen - Chang , Tina Tina Cohen - Chang , Lopez , Santana Santana Lopez , Motta , Sugar Sugar Motta and Pierce , Brittany Brittany Pierce with Chang , Mike Mike Chang 18 ! 18 . `` Choke '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Not the Boy Next Door '' Boy from Oz ! The Boy from Oz Hummel , Kurt Kurt Hummel with Cohen - Chang , Tina Tina Cohen - Chang , Jones , Mercedes Mercedes Jones and Pierce , Brittany Brittany Pierce 18 ! 18 . `` Choke '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Do n't Rain on My Parade '' Funny Girl Berry , Rachel Rachel Berry 18 ! 18 . `` Choke '' No TBA `` Rain in Spain ! The Rain in Spain '' My Fair Lady Puckerman , Noah Noah Puckerman , Hudson , Finn Finn Hudson , Anderson , Blaine Blaine Anderson and Chang , Mike Mike Chang with Evans , Sam Sam Evans , Flanagan , Rory Rory Flanagan and Hart , Joe Joe Hart 18 ! 18 . `` Choke '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Shake It Out '' Florence + the Machine Lopez , Santana Santana Lopez , Cohen - Chang , Tina Tina Cohen - Chang and Jones , Mercedes Mercedes Jones 18 ! 18 . `` Choke '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Cry '' Clarkson , Kelly Kelly Clarkson Berry , Rachel Rachel Berry 18 ! 18 . `` Choke '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Big Girls Do n't Cry '' Fergie Berry , Rachel Rachel Berry , Hummel , Kurt Kurt Hummel and Anderson , Blaine Blaine Anderson 19 ! 19 . `` Prom - asaurus '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Dinosaur '' Ke $ ha Pierce , Brittany Brittany Pierce with the McKinley High Cheerios 19 ! 19 . `` Prom - asaurus '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Love You Like a Love Song '' Selena Gomez & the Scene Lopez , Santana Santana Lopez with Cohen - Chang , Tina Tina Cohen - Chang and Pierce , Brittany Brittany Pierce 19 ! 19 . `` Prom - asaurus '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` What Makes You Beautiful '' One Direction Hart , Joe Joe Hart , Flanagan , Rory Rory Flanagan , Abrams , Artie Artie Abrams , Evans , Sam Sam Evans and Chang , Mike Mike Chang 19 ! 19 . `` Prom - asaurus '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Take My Breath Away '' Berlin Fabray , Quinn Quinn Fabray and Lopez , Santana Santana Lopez 19 ! 19 . `` Prom - asaurus '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` I Wo n't Give Up '' Mraz , Jason Jason Mraz Berry , Rachel Rachel Berry 20 ! 20 . `` Props '' Yes The Graduation Album `` Because You Loved Me '' Dion , Celine Celine Dion Cohen - Chang , Tina Tina Cohen - Chang as Berry , Rachel Rachel Berry 20 ! 20 . `` Props '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Always True to You in My Fashion '' Kiss Me , Kate Tibideaux , Carmen Carmen Tibideaux 's pupil 20 ! 20 . `` Props '' No TBA `` Mean '' Swift , Taylor Taylor Swift Puckerman , Noah Noah Puckerman and Beiste , Shannon Shannon Beiste 20 ! 20 . `` Props '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' Cara , Irene Irene Cara Berry , Rachel Rachel Berry and Cohen - Chang , Tina Tina Cohen - Chang 20 ! 20 . `` Props '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Edge of Glory ! The Edge of Glory '' Lady Gaga Lopez , Santana Santana Lopez , Jones , Mercedes Mercedes Jones , Fabray , Quinn Quinn Fabray , Cohen - Chang , Tina Tina Cohen - Chang and the Troubletones as New Directions 21 ! 21 . `` Nationals '' Yes The Graduation Album `` It 's All Coming Back to Me Now '' Dion , Celine Celine Dion Berry , Rachel Rachel Berry with Anderson , Blaine Blaine Anderson , Chang , Mike Mike Chang , Cohen - Chang , Tina Tina Cohen - Chang , Fabray , Quinn Quinn Fabray , Flanagan , Rory Rory Flanagan and Motta , Sugar Sugar Motta 21 ! 21 . `` Nationals '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Paradise by the Dashboard Light '' Meat Loaf New Directions 21 ! 21 . `` Nationals '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Starships '' Minaj , Nicki Nicki Minaj Adams , Wade `` Unique '' Wade `` Unique '' Adams and Vocal Adrenaline 21 ! 21 . `` Nationals '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Pinball Wizard '' Who , The The Who Adams , Wade `` Unique '' Wade `` Unique '' Adams and Vocal Adrenaline 21 ! 21 . `` Nationals '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Starlight Express '' Starlight Express Portland Scale Blazers , The The Portland Scale Blazers 21 ! 21 . `` Nationals '' No TBA `` Tongue Tied '' Grouplove Abrams , Artie Artie Abrams , Lopez , Santana Santana Lopez , Berry , Rachel Rachel Berry and Hudson , Finn Finn Hudson with New Directions 21 ! 21 . `` Nationals '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` We Are the Champions '' Queen Hudson , Finn Finn Hudson , Puckerman , Noah Noah Puckerman , Lopez , Santana Santana Lopez , Berry , Rachel Rachel Berry , Hummel , Kurt Kurt Hummel , Fabray , Quinn Quinn Fabray , Chang , Mike Mike Chang , and Jones , Mercedes Mercedes Jones with New Directions 21 ! 21 . `` Nationals '' Yes The Graduation Album `` Sit Down , You 're Rockin ' the Boat '' Guys and Dolls Abrams , Artie Artie Abrams , Berry , Rachel Rachel Berry , Cohen - Chang , Tina Tina Cohen - Chang , Hummel , Kurt Kurt Hummel and Jones , Mercedes Mercedes Jones 22 ! 22 . `` Goodbye '' No TBA `` Forever Young '' Stewart , Rod Rod Stewart Schuester , Will Will Schuester 22 ! 22 . `` Goodbye '' No The Graduation Album `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' Beyoncé Hummel , Kurt Kurt Hummel with Cohen - Chang , Tina Tina Cohen - Chang and Pierce , Brittany Brittany Pierce 22 ! 22 . `` Goodbye '' No TBA `` I 'll Remember '' Madonna Hummel , Kurt Kurt Hummel and New Directions 22 ! 22 . `` Goodbye '' No The Graduation Album `` You Get What You Give '' New Radicals Graduating members of New Directions 22 ! 22 . `` Goodbye '' No The Graduation Album `` In My Life '' Beatles , The The Beatles New Directions underclassmen and Schuester , Will Will Schuester 22 ! 22 . `` Goodbye '' Yes The Complete Season Three `` Glory Days '' Springsteen , Bruce Bruce Springsteen Hudson , Finn Finn Hudson and Puckerman , Noah Noah Puckerman 22 ! 22 . `` Goodbye '' No The Graduation Album `` Roots Before Branches '' Room for Two Berry , Rachel Rachel Berry with Hudson , Finn Finn Hudson 22 ! 22 . `` Goodbye '' Yes The Graduation Album See also ( edit ) List of songs in Glee ( season 1 ) List of songs in Glee ( season 2 ) List of songs in Glee ( season 4 ) List of songs in Glee ( season 5 ) List of songs in Glee ( season 6 ) Glee discography Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Glee : The Music , Volume 7 bonus tracks . Jump up ^ Released on the same single as `` A Boy Like That '' . Jump up ^ Originally a deleted scene from the pilot Jump up ^ A complete version of this song was performed by Rachel in the season 1 episode `` Sectionals '' ; that version was released as a single and is included on Glee : The Music , Volume 2 . ^ Jump up to : Shown with audio - visual flashbacks to earlier episodes . Jump up ^ Dance performance . References ( edit ) General Specific Jump up ^ Kelly , Mike ( May 17 , 2009 ) . `` ' Glee ' series set in a Lima high school has Toledo connection too '' . The Blade . The Toledo Times . Retrieved May 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Keveney , Bill ( May 18 , 2009 ) . `` After ' Idol ' there 's ' Glee , ' a comedy with cool music '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved June 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Fernandez , Maria Elena ( April 26 , 2009 ) . `` Will TV audiences watch with ' Glee ' ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved June 1 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Herrera , Monica ( October 23 , 2009 ) . `` Glee Rewrites the Script on TV Music '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Guthrie , Marisa ( June 22 , 2011 ) . `` ' Glee ' Exec Producer Ryan Murphy Reveals Season 3 Secrets : There Will Be Only One Tribute Episode ( Q&A ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved September 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( September 16 , 2011 ) . `` ' Glee ' : New Directions perform a cafeteria - set version of The Go - Go 's ' We Got the Beat ' -- Exclusive Video '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved September 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Wightman , Catriona ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` ' Glee ' : Season three premiere ' The Purple Piano Project ' recap '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved September 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Futterman , Erica ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` ' Glee ' Recap : Season Three Off to a Strong Start '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media LLC . Retrieved September 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Glee Music '' . Global Television Network . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bentley , Jean ( September 16 , 2011 ) . `` ' Glee ' Season 3 : Listen to Songs from the Premiere ! '' . AOL . Retrieved September 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Premiere Exclusive : Glee Takes On West Side Story 's ' Something 's Coming ' With Darren Criss '' . BroadwayWorld.com . September 23 , 2011 . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AUIDIO : Glee Takes on ' Somewhere ' and ' I 'm the Greatest Star ' Next Week '' . BroadwayWorld.com . September 23 , 2011 . Retrieved September 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kubicek , John ( October 4 , 2011 ) . `` ' Glee ' Recap : Mercedes Becomes Beyonce '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved October 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Gallo , Phil ( October 28 , 2011 ) . `` ' Glee ' Exclusive : Damian McGinty 's Solo Debut , ' Bein ' Green ' '' . Billboard . Billboard.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Votta , Rae ( October 12 , 2011 ) . `` Kevin McHale On Glee 's Direction & His Future Music Plans '' . Billboard . Billboard.com . Retrieved October 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ West , Lindy ( November 2 , 2011 ) . `` Glee Recap : Lucky Charms '' . New York . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Glee Volume 7 - Only at Target '' . Target.com . November 22 , 2011 . Retrieved December 6 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bentley , Jean ( October 26 , 2011 ) . `` Glee spoilers : Jesse St. James , Adele , and more scoop from the set of the 300th Musical Number '' . Zap2it . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved October 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( November 3 , 2011 ) . `` ' Glee ' : Why next week 's sex - themed episode , ' The First Time , ' is a game - changer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time , Inc . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 3 , 2011 ) . `` Glee Spoiler Alert : 8 Things You Must Know About Next Week 's Sex - cellent Episode , ' The First Time ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Votta , Rae ( October 26 , 2011 ) . `` Jenna Ushkowitz on ' Glee ' Rumors , Ratings & Future : ' Tina 's Time Will Come ' '' . Billboard . Billboard.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bentley , Jean ( November 11 , 2011 ) . `` ' Glee ' mashup mania : Listen to ' Mash - Off ' songs here '' . Zap2it . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved November 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Stream : ' F -- - in ' Perfect ' from ' Glee ' '' . Rolling Stone . November 28 , 2011 . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Season 3 , Episode 7 : I Kissed A Girl '' . GleeTheMusic.com . Sony Music Entertainment . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ GleeOnFox ( November 22 , 2011 ) . `` GLEE - Sneak Peek : `` I Kissed A Girl '' `` . Retrieved November 25 , 2011 . 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Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 17 , 2011 ) . `` Glee Enjoys Adele - Fueled Music Resurgence , Plans Cover of Rihanna , Destiny 's Child Covers '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 17 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Glee : The Music , The Graduation Album Available May 15 '' . The Official Music for Glee Site . Columbia Records . April 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Glee : The Music , Volume 7 Available Tuesday 12 / 6 '' . GleeTheMusic.com . Sony Music Entertainment . November 22 , 2011 . Retrieved November 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wightman , Catriona ( December 14 , 2011 ) . `` ' Glee ' : ' Extraordinary Merry Christmas ' recap '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Extraordinary Merry Christmas '' . Fox.com . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2012 . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Glee Cast - Do They Know It 's Christmas ? ( Glee Cast Version ) '' . YouTube . VEVO . December 9 , 2011 . Retrieved December 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Dodge , Jeff ( December 30 , 2011 ) . `` ' Glee ' : Listen to Songs from ' Yes / No ' and Michael Jackson Tribute '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved January 4 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( January 12 , 2012 ) . `` ' Glee ' scoop : Spoilers from next week 's proposal episode ' Yes / No ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved January 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Dos Santos , Kristin ( December 19 , 2011 ) . `` Spoiler Chat : Scoop on Glee , American Horror Story , Vampire Diaries and More ! '' . Watch with Kristin . E ! Online . Retrieved December 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Michele , Lea ( January 10 , 2012 ) . `` Twitter / @ msleamichele : I got to sing one of my favorite songs `` with out you '' sung by Usher ... @ AdamAnders & @ alxanders came up with a fantastic new arrangement ! `` . 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Jump up ^ Keck , William ( January 17 , 2012 ) . `` Twitter / @ KecksExclusives : # chriscolfer tells me his # Glee character Kurt will have a crush on # rickymartin Spanish teacher whose name is David Martinez '' . Retrieved January 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( February 3 , 2012 ) . `` ' Glee ' scoop : Details from next week 's Ricky Martin episode , ' The Spanish Teacher ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE FIRST LISTEN : Ricky Martin and Naya Rivera Sing Madonna 's `` La Isla Bonita '' on ' Glee ! ' `` . Latina . Latina Media Ventures . February 3 , 2012 . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Matthew Morrison Reveals Song Ricky Martin 's Covering On ' Glee ' '' . Access Hollywood . January 9 , 2012 . Retrieved February 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Keck , William ( February 2 , 2012 ) . `` Keck 's Exclusives : Glee 's Valentine To Fans '' . TV Guide . Retrieved February 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` On My Way - The Official Music for Glee Site '' . GleeTheMusic.com . Columbia Records . Retrieved February 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Kristina ( February 20 , 2012 ) . `` TV show Glee features Redlands ' singers '' . Contra Costa Times . Bay Area News Group . Retrieved February 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( March 28 , 2012 ) . `` Glee Guest Matt Bomer on Living Out His Duran Duran Fantasy , Kissing Jane Lynch and More ! '' . TVLine . Mail.com Media . Retrieved March 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=705qiTrR5iE&feature=relmfu Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 12 , 2012 ) . `` Glee Exclusive Video : Watch Blaine , Brittany and Mike 's Far - Out Disco ' Dancing ' Threesome '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( April 13 , 2012 ) . `` ' Glee ' First Listen : Vocal Adrenaline Returns and the Cast Performs ' Saturday Night Fever ' ( Audio ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hilton , Perez ( April 12 , 2012 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE ! Amber Riley 's Burnin ' Up With Saturday Night Glee - ver ! '' . PerezHilton.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.facebook.com/Glee/posts/312747128798600 ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( April 27 , 2012 ) . `` Glee : 8 Spoilery Tidbits From ' Choke ' '' . TV Line . Mail.com Media . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Glee ' Rebels With ' School 's Out ' -- Access Exclusive ! '' . Access Hollywood . NBC Universal , Inc . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` First Listen Friday : `` Choke '' `` . Glee : The Music . Columbia Records . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( April 27 , 2012 ) . `` ' Glee ' scoop : Details on next week 's emotional , pivotal episode ' Choke ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( April 30 , 2012 ) . `` ' Glee ' Preview : 10 Things to Know About ' Choke ' ( Video ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Online Premiere - Glee Covers Kelly 's Cry '' . KellyClarkson.com . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved April 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://insidetv.ew.com/2012/05/04/glee-scoop-brittany-kesha-exclusive-video/ Jump up ^ Baker , Ken ; Bricker , Tierney ( April 8 , 2012 ) . `` Selena Gomez Getting the Glee Treatment ! '' . E ! Online . NBCUniversal . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 3 , 2012 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on Castle , Grey 's Anatomy , Gossip Girl , Glee , Thrones , True Blood and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New Directions , One Direction '' . Sky1 . News Corporation . May 4 , 2012 . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . 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Jump up ^ `` Listen to Roots Before Branches - Song , Artist , and Music Info and Reviews '' . allrovi . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Glee Awards and nominations Merchandise Episodes Season : 1 5 6 Characters Artie Abrams Blaine Anderson Coach Beiste Rachel Berry Mike Chang Tina Cohen - Chang Shelby Corcoran Dani Sam Evans Quinn Fabray Rory Flanagan Elliott Gilbert Holly Holliday Finn Hudson Burt Hummel Kurt Hummel Mercedes Jones Dave Karofsky Santana Lopez Ryder Lynn Brittany Pierce Emma Pillsbury Noah Puckerman Terri Schuester Will Schuester Sue Sylvester Kitty Wilde Lauren Zizes Songs Season : 1 5 6 Related `` Do n't Stop Believin ' '' Do n't Stop Believing ( TV series ) `` Elementary School Musical '' ( The Simpsons ) Glee Live ! In Concert ! The Glee Project Glee : The 3D Concert Movie `` How Do You Solve a Problem Like Roberta ? '' ( The Cleveland Show ) `` Regional Holiday Music '' ( Community ) `` See the USA in Your Chevrolet '' This Ai n't Glee XXX `` Viewing Party '' ( The Office ) Glee albums discography Glee songs discography Glee cast Albums Songs Awards and nominations Soundtrack albums Volume 1 Volume 2 Volume 3 Showstoppers The Christmas Album Volume 4 Volume 5 Presents the Warblers Volume 6 The 3D Concert Movie The Christmas Album Volume 2 Volume 7 The Graduation Album Season 4 , Volume 1 The Christmas Album Volume 3 Sings the Beatles Extended plays The Power of Madonna Journey to Regionals The Rocky Horror Glee Show Britney 2.0 Presents Glease The Quarterback The Christmas Album Volume 4 Songs Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Original songs `` Get It Right '' `` Loser like Me '' `` Pretending '' `` Light Up the World '' `` This Time '' Concert tours Glee Live ! In Concert ! Related articles Merchandise Adam Anders Peer Åström Brad Falchuk Ryan Murphy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_songs_in_Glee_(season_3)&oldid=798807099 '' Categories : Glee ( TV series ) songs Lists of songs Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский Suomi Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 23 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	song at the end of new girl season 3 episode 19	[]	[]
7968830993261318975	The Outsiders (novel)	The Outsiders ( novel ) - wikipedia The Outsiders ( novel ) Jump to : navigation , search The Outsiders First hardcover edition , 1967 Author S.E. Hinton Cover artist Robert Hunt Country United States Language English Genre Young adult fiction Publisher Viking Press , Dell Publishing Publication date April 24 , 1967 Media type Print ( hardcover , paperback ) , Audiobook Pages 192 ISBN 0 - 670 - 53257 - 6 OCLC 64396432 Followed by That Was Then , This Is Now The Outsiders is a coming - of - age novel by S.E. Hinton , first published in 1967 by Viking Press . Hinton was 15 when she started writing the novel , but did most of the work when she was 16 and a junior in high school . Hinton was 18 when the book was published . The book follows two rival groups , the Greasers and the Socs ( pronounced by the author as / ˈsoʊʃɪz / , short for Socials ) , who are divided by their socioeconomic status . The story is told in first - person narrative by protagonist Ponyboy Curtis . The story in the book takes place in Tulsa , Oklahoma , in 1965 , but this is never stated in the book . A film adaptation was produced in 1983 , and a little - known short - lived television series appeared in 1990 , picking up where the movie left off . A stage adaptation was written by Christopher Sergel and published in 1990 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Major characters 2.1 Greasers 2.2 Socs 2.3 Other characters 3 Controversy 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External links Plot summary Ponyboy Curtis , a member of a gang called the `` Greasers '' , is leaving a movie theater when groups of `` Socs '' ( short for `` Socials '' , pronounced / ˈsoʊʃɪz / SOH - shiz ) , the Greasers ' rival gang , jump him . His two older brothers -- Darry and Sodapop -- and several members of their gang rescue him . The next night , Ponyboy and his Greaser friends Dallas `` Dally '' Winston and Johnny meet Socs , Cherry Valance and Marcia , at a drive - in movie theatre . Ponyboy realizes that Cherry is nothing like the Socs he has met before . Afterward , Two - Bit Matthews , another gang member , Ponyboy , and Johnny walk Cherry and Marcia home . Socs , Bob Sheldon and Randy Adderson see them and think the boys are trying to pick up their girlfriends . Cherry prevents a fight and the girls leave with Bob and Randy willingly . When Ponyboy comes home at two in the morning , Darry becomes angry and in a fit of rage starts to yell at both Soda and Pony . Ponyboy runs away after Darry slaps him , and meets up with Johnny to run away . Ponyboy calms down and wonders if running away would be a good idea . The boys wander into a park in the neighborhood . Bob , Randy , and three other Socs confront them . After exchanges of derogatory remarks , Ponyboy spits at them , prompting the Socs to attempt to drown Ponyboy in a fountain . However , Johnny , anxious and terrified ( and having been brutally jumped by Bob on a previous occasion ) stabs Bob , killing him . Ponyboy and Johnny , frightened and unaware of what to do because both know those who murder in Oklahoma will be executed on the electric chair , seek Dally 's help . Dally gives them money and a loaded gun and tells them to hide in an abandoned church in Windrixville . During their stay , Pony cuts and dyes his hair as a disguise and reads Gone with the Wind to Johnny . He also recites the poem `` Nothing Gold Can Stay '' by Robert Frost . Dally comes to check on them and he reveals that the tensions between the Greasers and Socs have increased since Bob 's death . Johnny decides to turn himself in and Dally agrees to take the boys back home . As they attempt to leave , they notice the church has caught fire and several children are trapped inside . The boys run inside the burning church to save them , but Ponyboy is rendered unconscious by the fumes . At the hospital he discovers that he and Dally are not badly injured , but a piece of the church roof fell on Johnny and broke his back . Sodapop and Darry come to the hospital ; Darry breaks down and cries . Ponyboy then realizes that Darry cares about him , and is only hard on Ponyboy because he wants him to have a good future . The following morning the newspapers declare Pony and Johnny heroes , but Johnny would be charged with manslaughter for Bob 's death . Two - Bit tells them that the consistent rivalry between the adversaries is to be settled in a rumble . Ponyboy and Two - Bit run into Randy who tells them he will not participate in the fight . Later , they visit Johnny at the hospital when he is in critical condition . On their way home , Pony spots Cherry and they talk . Cherry says she is unwilling to visit Johnny in the hospital because he killed her boyfriend . Pony calls her a traitor , but after explaining herself , they come to good terms . After escaping the hospital , Dally shows up just in time for the rumble . The Greasers win the fight . Afterward , Pony and Dally hurry back to see Johnny . He dies while they are in the hospital and a maniacal Dally runs out of the room . Pony returns home that night feeling confused and disoriented . Dally calls the house to say that he has robbed a store and is running from the police . The Greasers find him , but see that Dally is pointing an unloaded gun at the police . They shoot Dally and he dies instantly . Ponyboy becomes overwhelmed and faints . He regains consciousness and is sick in bed for several days due to a concussion . When the hearing finally approaches , the judge is generous and Pony is free from responsibility for Bob 's death . Pony will be allowed to remain at home with Darry and Soda . When Ponyboy goes back to school , his grades drop . Although he is failing English , his teacher , Mr. Syme , says he will pass him if he writes a decent theme . In the copy of Gone with the Wind that Johnny gave him before dying , Ponyboy finds a note from Johnny describing how he will die proudly after saving the kids from the fire . Johnny also urges Ponyboy to `` stay gold '' . Ponyboy decides to write his English assignment about the recent events , and begins his essay with the opening line of the novel : `` When I stepped out into the bright sunlight from the darkness of the movie house , I had only two things on my mind : Paul Newman and a ride home ... '' Major characters Greasers Ponyboy Curtis : Narrator and the youngest Curtis brother , 14 years old , who gets good grades and runs track . Sodapop Curtis : The middle Curtis brother , 16 years old , a high school dropout who works at a gas station . Darrel `` Darry '' Curtis : The oldest of the Curtis brothers , 20 years old , who has been caring for his brothers since their parents died in a car crash . He is the unofficial leader of the gang . Johnny Cade : Ponyboy 's best friend . He 's 16 years old and lives with his alcoholic and abusive mother and father . Dallas `` Dally '' Winston : The roughest of the Greasers , who lived on the streets of New York City for three years . Keith `` Two - Bit '' Mathews : A wise - cracking kleptomaniac . Steve Randle : Sodapop 's best friend since grade school . Tim Shepherd : Leader of another Greaser gang and Dally 's best friend . Sandy : Sodapop 's ex-girlfriend . Socs Sherri `` Cherry '' Valance : Bob 's girlfriend , attends the same high school as Ponyboy . Robert `` Bob '' Sheldon : Cherry 's boyfriend who is stabbed and killed by Johnny . Randy Adderson : A friend of Bob 's and Marcia 's boyfriend . Marcia : Cherry 's best friend and Randy 's girlfriend . David : A member of Bob and Randy 's gang who attempted to drown Ponyboy in the fountain . Paul Holden : A former friend of Darry 's . Other characters Jerry Wood : The schoolteacher responsible for the children who were in the seemingly abandoned church . Mr. Syme : Ponyboy 's English teacher who assigns him a theme to write . Controversy The Outsiders was a controversial book at the time of its publication ; it is still currently challenged and debated . It was ranked # 38 on the American Library Association 's Top 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990 -- 1999 . This book has been banned from some schools and libraries because of the portrayal of gang violence , underage smoking and drinking , strong language / slang , and family dysfunction . However , in many schools today , the book is part of the curriculum for middle and / or high school grades . See also The Outsiders ( movie ) The Outsiders House Museum References Jump up ^ Hinton , S.E. ( 2005 ) ( 1977 ) . `` speaking with S.E. Hinton '' . The Outsiders . Speak / Penguin Putnam . p. 162 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 038572 - X . ^ Jump up to : Frequently Asked Questions at sehinton.com Jump up ^ Hinton 1967 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ `` 100 most frequently challenged books : 1990 -- 1999 American Library Association '' . Ala.org . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Banned Books Awareness : The Outsiders Banned Books Awareness '' . World.edu. 2011 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 24 . Bibliography Hinton , S.E. ( 1997 ) . The Outsiders . New York : SPEAK . ISBN 9780140385724 . External links S.E. Hinton 's Website `` ' The Outsiders ' : 40 Years Later '' By Dale Peck The New York Times September 23 , 2007 S.E. Hinton Books The Outsiders Rumble Fish That Was Then , This Is Now Tex Taming the Star Runner Hawkes Harbor Some of Tim 's Stories Big David , Little David The Puppy Sister Books I Love Best Yearly : Older Readers Award The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole , Aged 133⁄4 by Sue Townsend ( 1990 ) The Outsiders by S.E. Hinton ( 1991 ) Where 's Wally ? by Martin Handford ( 1992 ) Flowers in the Attic by V.C. Andrews ( 1993 ) Looking for Alibrandi by Melina Marchetta ( 1995 ) Jurassic Park by Michael Crichton ( 1996 ) The Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkien ( 1997 ) Tomorrow , When the War Began by John Marsden ( 1998 ) Bumface by Morris Gleitzman ( 1999 ) Looking for Alibrandi by Melina Marchetta ( 2000 ) Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien ( 2002 ) Two of a Kind series by various authors ( 2003 ) Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix by J.K. Rowling ( 2004 ) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban by J.K. Rowling ( 2005 ) Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince by J.K. Rowling ( 2006 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Outsiders_(novel)&oldid=816403041 '' Categories : 1967 American novels American young adult novels American novels adapted into films American novels adapted into plays Coming - of - age fiction Debut novels 1965 in fiction American bildungsromans Culture of Tulsa , Oklahoma BILBY Award - winning works Viking Press books Novels set in Tulsa , Oklahoma Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Italiano עברית Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 21 December 2017 , at 03 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how old was ponyboy in the outsiders in real life	[]	[]
3018184002183005741	Lake District	Lake District - wikipedia Lake District Jump to : navigation , search This article is about England . For other uses , see Lake District ( disambiguation ) . Lake District `` The Lakes '' or `` Lakeland '' National Park of England UNESCO World Heritage Site The Skiddaw massif , town of Keswick and Derwent Water seen from Walla Crag Constituent country England County Cumbria Districts South Lakeland , Eden , Allerdale , Copeland Highest point Scafell Pike - elevation 3,209 ft ( 978 m ) Lowest point Sea level Area 2,362 km ( 912 sq mi ) Biomes Coniferous forest , Deciduous forest , Lake , Moorland Plants Drosera , Pinguicula Animals Red deer , Red squirrel , Fell pony , Herdwick , Red kite , Arctic char , Schelly National Park of England 9 May 1951 Management Lake District National Park Authority Visitation Annual visitors : 15.8 million Annual day visits : 23.1 million UNESCO World Heritage Site Criteria Cultural : ii , v , vi Reference 422 Inscription 2017 ( 41st Session ) The Lake District , also known as the Lakes or Lakeland , is a mountainous region in North West England . A popular holiday destination , it is famous for its lakes , forests and mountains ( or fells ) , and its associations with William Wordsworth and the other Lake Poets and with Beatrix Potter and John Ruskin . A National Park established in 1951 covers an area of 2,362 square kilometres . It was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2017 . The Lake District is located entirely within the county of Cumbria . All the land in England higher than 3,000 feet ( 914 m ) above sea level lies within the National Park , including Scafell Pike , the highest mountain in England . It also contains the deepest and longest bodies of water in England , Wast Water and Windermere . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lake District National Park 2 Human geography 2.1 General 2.2 Settlement 2.3 Communications 2.3. 1 Roads 2.3. 2 Railways and ferries 2.3. 3 Footpaths and bridleways 3 Physical geography 3.1 Valleys 3.2 Woodlands 3.3 Fells ( hills ) 3.3. 1 Northern Fells 3.3. 2 North Western Fells 3.3. 3 Western Fells 3.3. 4 Central Fells 3.3. 5 Eastern Fells 3.3. 6 Far Eastern Fells 3.3. 7 Southern Fells 3.3. 8 Southeastern area 3.4 Lakes 4 Geology 5 Climate 6 Wildlife 7 Economy 7.1 Agriculture and forestry 7.2 Industry 7.3 Development of tourism 7.4 Gastronomy 8 Literature and art 9 Nomenclature 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Lake District National Park ( edit ) Lake District National Park ( shown as number 2 ) in a map of national parks in England and Wales . The Lake District National Park includes all of the central Lake District , though the town of Kendal , some coastal areas , and the Lakeland Peninsulas are outside the park boundary . The area was designated a national park on 9 May 1951 ( less than a month after the first UK national park designation -- the Peak District ) . It retained its original boundaries until 2016 when it was extended by 3 % in the direction of the Yorkshire Dales National Park to incorporate areas such as land of high landscape value in the Lune Valley . It is the most visited national park in the United Kingdom with 15.8 million annual visitors and more than 23 million annual day visits , the largest of the thirteen national parks in England and Wales , and the second largest in the UK after the Cairngorms . Its aim is to protect the landscape by restricting unwelcome change by industry or commerce . Most of the land in the park is in private ownership , with about 55 % registered as agricultural land . Landowners include : Individual farmers and other private landowners , with more than half of the agricultural land farmed by the owners . The National Trust owns about a quarter of the total area ( including some lakes and land of significant landscape value ) . The Forestry Commission and other investors in forests and woodland . United Utilities owns 8 % Lake District National Park Authority ( 3.9 % ) The National Park Authority is based at offices in Kendal . It runs a visitor centre on Windermere at a former country house called Brockhole , Coniston Boating Centre , and Information Centres . It is reducing its landholding . In common with all other national parks in England , there is no restriction on entry to , or movement within the park along public routes , but access to cultivated land is usually restricted to public footpaths , bridleways and byways . Much of the uncultivated land has statutory open access rights , which cover around 50 % of the park . The lakes and mountains combine to form impressive scenery . Farmland and settlement have altered the natural scenery , and the ecology has been modified by human influence for millennia and includes important wildlife habitats . Having failed in a previous attempt to gain World Heritage status as a natural World Heritage Site , because of human activities , it was eventually successful in the category of cultural landscape and was awarded the status in 2017 . Human geography ( edit ) General ( edit ) The location of the Lake District , shown in white , within Northern England The precise extent of the Lake District was not defined traditionally , but is slightly larger than that of the National Park , the total area of which is about 912 square miles ( 2,362 km ) . The park extends just over 32 miles ( 51 km ) from east to west and nearly 40 miles ( 64 km ) from north to south , with areas such as the Lake District Peninsulas to the south lying outside the National Park . Settlement ( edit ) The Lake District is one of the most highly populated national parks . There are , however , only a handful of major settlements within this mountainous area , the towns of Keswick , Windermere , Ambleside , and Bowness - on - Windermere being the four largest . Significant towns immediately outside the boundary of the national park include Millom , Barrow - in - Furness , Kendal , Ulverston , Cockermouth , Penrith , and Grange - over-Sands ; each of these has important economic links with the area . Villages such as Coniston , Threlkeld , Glenridding , Pooley Bridge , Broughton - in - Furness , Grasmere , Newby Bridge , Staveley , Lindale , Gosforth and Hawkshead are more local centres . The economies of almost all are intimately linked with tourism . Beyond these are a scattering of hamlets and many isolated farmsteads , some of which are still tied to agriculture ; others now function as part of the tourist economy . Communications ( edit ) Roads ( edit ) The A591 road as it passes through the countryside between Ambleside and Grasmere The Lake District National Park is almost contained within a box of trunk routes . It is flanked to the east by the A6 road which runs from Kendal to Penrith ( though the extension approved in 2015 is east of the A6 ) . The A590 which connects the M6 to Barrow - in - Furness , and the A5092 trunk roads cut across its southern fringes and the A66 trunk road between Penrith and Workington cuts across its northern edge . Finally the A595 trunk road runs through the coastal plains to the west of the area , linking the A66 with the A5092 . Besides these , a few A roads penetrate the area itself , notably the A591 which runs north - westwards from Kendal to Windermere and then on to Keswick . It continues up the east side of Bassenthwaite Lake . `` The A591 , Grasmere , Lake District '' was short - listed in the 2011 Google Street View awards in the Most Romantic Street category . The A593 and A5084 link the Ambleside and Coniston areas with the A590 to the south whilst the A592 and A5074 similarly link Windermere with the A590 . The A592 also continues northwards from Windermere to Ullswater and Penrith by way of the Kirkstone Pass . Some valleys which are not penetrated by A roads are served by B roads . The B5289 serves Lorton Vale and Buttermere and links via the Honister Pass with Borrowdale . The B5292 ascends the Whinlatter Pass from Lorton Vale before dropping down to Braithwaite near Keswick . The B5322 serves the valley of St John 's in the Vale whilst Great Langdale is served by the B5343 . Other valleys such as Little Langdale , Eskdale and Dunnerdale are served by minor roads . The last of these is connected with the first two by the Wrynose and Hardknott passes respectively ; both of these passes are known for their steep gradients and are together one of the most popular climbs in the United Kingdom for cycling enthusiasts . A minor road through the Newlands Valley connects via Newlands Hause with the B5289 at Buttermere . Wasdale is served by a cul - de-sac minor road , as are Longsleddale and the valleys at Haweswater and Kentmere . There are networks of minor roads in the lower - lying southern part of the area , connecting numerous communities between Kendal , Windermere and Coniston . Railways and ferries ( edit ) The West Coast Main Line skirts the eastern edge of the Lake District and the Cumbrian Coast Line passes through the southern and western fringes of the area . A single railway line , the Windermere Branch Line , penetrates from Kendal to Windermere via Staveley . Railways once served Broughton - in - Furness and Coniston ( closed to passengers in 1958 ) and another ran from Penrith to Cockermouth via Keswick ( closed west of Keswick in 1966 and completely in 1972 ) . Part of the track of the latter is used by the improved A66 trunk road . The Cumbrian Coast line has three stations within the boundaries of the national park ( and additionally Drigg , within sight of the park boundary ) . The line gives railway enthusiasts and others a flavour of a pre-Beeching railway line , with features like manually operated level crossing gates , as well as giving a good connection to the steam railway into Eskdale and providing access for cyclists and serious walkers to the Western Fells . The narrow gauge Ravenglass and Eskdale Railway runs from Ravenglass on the west coast up Eskdale as far as Dalegarth Station near the hamlet of Boot , catering for tourists . Another heritage railway , the Lakeside and Haverthwaite Railway , runs between Lake Windermere and Haverthwaite , and tourists can connect at Lakeside with the boats up the lake to Bowness . A vehicle - carrying cable ferry , the Windermere Ferry , runs frequent services across Windermere . There are also seasonal passenger boats on Coniston Water , Derwent Water and Ullswater . Footpaths and bridleways ( edit ) There are many paths over which the public has a right of way , all of which should be signposted . Within the area of the National Park in 2012 there were 2,159 km ( 1,342 mi ) of public footpaths , 875 km ( 544 mi ) of public bridleways , 15 km ( 9 mi ) of restricted byways and 30 km ( 19 mi ) of byways open to all traffic . There is also a general `` right to roam '' in open country . Many of these tracks arose centuries ago and were used either as ridge highways ( such as along High Street ) or as passes for travelling across the ridges between settlements in the valleys . Historically these paths were not planned for reaching summits , but more recently they are used by fell walkers for that purpose . Cycling and horse riding are allowed on bridleways , but cyclists must give way to all other users . Motor vehicles are only allowed on `` byways open to all traffic '' ( green lanes ) but in practice Traffic Regulation Orders have been brought in on several prohibiting motor traffic , although a system of permits operates on Gatesgarth Pass . Physical geography ( edit ) A panorama from the summit of Scafell Pike , August 2007 As the highest ground in England , Scafell Pike naturally has a very extensive view on a clear day , ranging from the Mourne Mountains in Northern Ireland to Snowdonia in Wales . The Lake District takes the form of a roughly circular upland massif deeply dissected by a broadly radial pattern of major valleys whose character is largely the product of repeated glaciations over the last 2 million years . Most of these valleys display the U-shaped cross-section characteristic of glacial origin , and often contain elongate lakes occupying sizeable bedrock hollows , often with tracts of relatively flat ground at their heads . Smaller lakes known as tarns occupy glacial cirques at higher elevations . It is the abundance of both which has led to the area becoming known as the Lake District . The mountains of the Lake District are also known as the `` Cumbrian Mountains '' , although this name is less frequently used than terms like `` the Lake District '' or `` the Lakeland Fells '' . Many of the higher fells are rocky , while moorland predominates at lower altitudes . Vegetation cover across better drained areas includes bracken and heather , though much of the land is boggy , due to the high rainfall . Deciduous native woodland occurs on many steeper slopes below the tree line , but with native oak supplemented by extensive conifer plantations in many areas , particularly Grizedale Forest in the generally lower southern part of the area . Panorama of the Wasdale screes descending into Wastwater , the deepest lake in England . Valleys ( edit ) The Tongue Valley ( looking from Dollywaggon Pike ) The principal radial valleys are ( clockwise from the south ) Dunnerdale , Eskdale , Wasdale , Ennerdale , Lorton Vale and the Buttermere valley , the Derwent Valley and Borrowdale , the valleys containing Ullswater and Haweswater , Longsleddale , the Kentmere valley and those radiating from the head of Windermere including Great Langdale . The valleys break the mountains up into separate blocks , which have been described by various authors in different ways . The most frequently encountered approach is that made popular by Alfred Wainwright who published seven separate area guides to the Lakeland Fells . Woodlands ( edit ) Below the tree line are wooded areas , including British and European native oak woodlands and introduced softwood plantations . The woodlands provide habitats for native English wildlife . The native red squirrel is found in the Lake District and in a few other parts of England . In parts of the Lake District the rainfall is higher than in any other part of England . This gives Atlantic mosses , ferns , lichen , and liverworts the chance to grow . There is some ancient woodland in the National Park . Management of the woodlands varies : some are coppiced , some pollarded , some left to grow naturally , and some provide grazing and shelter . Fells ( hills ) ( edit ) The impressive bulk of the Scafell massif , the highest ground in England , seen over Wasdale . Scafell Pike Scafell Scafell Helvellyn Skiddaw High Street Grasmoor Coniston Old Man Great Gable Kendal Penrith Keswick Ambleside Cockermouth Windermere Grasmere Some major fells and towns See also : list of fells in the Lake District and list of hills in the Lake District The four highest mountains in the Lake District exceed 3,000 feet ( 914 m ) . These are : Scafell Pike , 978 m ( 3,209 ft ) Scafell , 965 m ( 3,166 ft ) Helvellyn , 951 m ( 3,120 ft ) Skiddaw , 931 m ( 3,054 ft ) Northern Fells ( edit ) The Northern Fells are a clearly defined range of hills contained within a 13 km ( 8 mi ) diameter circle between Keswick in the south west and Caldbeck in the north east . They culminate in the 931 m ( 3,054 ft ) peak of Skiddaw . Other notable peaks are Blencathra ( also known as Saddleback ) ( 868 m ( 2,848 ft ) ) and Carrock Fell . Bassenthwaite Lake occupies the valley between this massif and the North Western Fells . North western Fells ( edit ) The North Western Fells lie between Borrowdale and Bassenthwaite Lake to the east and Buttermere and Lorton Vale to the west . Their southernmost point is at Honister Pass . This area includes the Derwent Fells above the Newlands Valley and hills to the north amongst which are Dale Head , Robinson . To the north stand Grasmoor , highest in the range at 852 m ( 2,795 ft ) , Grisedale Pike and the hills around the valley of Coledale , and in the far north west is Thornthwaite Forest and Lord 's Seat . The fells in this area are rounded Skiddaw slate , with few tarns and relatively few rock faces . Western Fells ( edit ) The view from the cairn built by the Westmorland brothers in 1876 to the SW of the summit of Great Gable , which they considered the finest view in the district . The Western Fells lie between Buttermere and Wasdale , with Sty Head forming the apex of a large triangle . Ennerdale bisects the area , which consists of the High Stile ridge north of Ennerdale , the Loweswater Fells in the far north west , the Pillar group in the south west , and Great Gable ( 899 m ( 2,949 ft ) ) near Sty Head . Other tops include Seatallan , Haystacks and Kirk Fell . This area is craggy and steep , with the impressive pinnacle of Pillar Rock its showpiece . Wastwater , located in this part , is England 's deepest lake . Central Fells ( edit ) The Central Fells are lower in elevation than surrounding areas of fell , peaking at 762 m ( 2,500 ft ) at High Raise . They take the form of a ridge running between Derwent Water in the west and Thirlmere in the east , from Keswick in the north to Langdale Pikes in the south . A spur extends south east to Loughrigg Fell above Ambleside . The central ridge running north over High Seat is exceptionally boggy . Eastern Fells ( edit ) The village of Glenridding and Ullswater lake The Eastern Fells consist of a long north - to - south ridge , the Helvellyn range , running from Clough Head to Seat Sandal with the 950 m ( 3,118 ft ) Helvellyn at its highest point . The western slopes of these summits tend to be grassy , with rocky corries and crags on the eastern side . The Fairfield group lies to the south of the range , and forms a similar pattern with towering rock faces and hidden valleys spilling into the Patterdale valley . It culminates in the height of Red Screes overlooking the Kirkstone Pass . Far eastern Fells ( edit ) Haweswater Reservoir from Harter Fell The Far Eastern Fells refer to all of the Lakeland fells to the east of Ullswater and the A592 road running south to Windermere . At 828 m ( 2,717 ft ) , the peak known as High Street is the highest point on a complex ridge which runs broadly north -- south and overlooks the hidden valley of Haweswater to its east . In the north of this region are the lower fells of Martindale Common and Bampton Common whilst in the south are the fells overlooking the Kentmere valley . Further to the east , beyond Mardale and Longsleddale is Shap Fell , an extensive area consisting of high moorland , more rolling and Pennine in nature than the mountains to the west . Southern Fells ( edit ) Coniston Water from Holme Fell The Southern Fells occupy the southwestern quarter of the Lake District . They can be regarded as comprising a northern grouping between Wasdale , Eskdale and the two Langdale valleys , a southeastern group east of Dunnerdale and south of Little Langdale and a southwestern group bounded by Eskdale to the north and Dunnerdale to the east . The first group includes England 's highest mountains : Scafell Pike in the centre , at 978 m ( 3,209 ft ) and Scafell one mile ( 1.6 km ) to the southwest . Though it is slightly lower it has a 700 ft ( 210 m ) rockface , Scafell Crag , on its northern side . It also includes the Wastwater Screes overlooking Wasdale , the Glaramara ridge overlooking Borrowdale , the three tops of Crinkle Crags , Bowfell and Esk Pike . The core of the area is drained by the infant River Esk . Collectively these are some of the Lake District 's most rugged hillsides . The second group , otherwise known as the Furness Fells or Coniston Fells , have as their northern boundary the steep and narrow Hardknott and Wrynose passes . The highest are Old Man of Coniston and Swirl How which slightly exceed 800 m ( 2,600 ft ) . The third group to the west of the Duddon includes Harter Fell and the long ridge leading over Whitfell to Black Combe and the sea . The south of this region consists of lower forests and knolls , with Kirkby Moor on the southern boundary . The southwestern Lake District ends near the Furness peninsula and Barrow - in - Furness , a town which many Lake District residents rely on for basic amenities . Southeastern area ( edit ) The southeastern area is the territory between Coniston Water and Windermere and east of Windermere towards Kendal and south to Lindale . There are no high summits in this area which is mainly low hills , knolls and limestone cuestas such as Gummer 's How and Whitbarrow . Indeed , it rises only as high as 333 m ( 1,093 ft ) at Top o ' Selside east of Coniston Water ; the wide expanse of Grizedale Forest stands between the two lakes . Kendal and Morecambe Bay stand at the eastern and southern edges of the area . Lakes ( edit ) Derwent Water , one of 21 large water bodies in the Lake District See also : List of lakes in the Lake District Bassenthwaite Brotherswater Butter - mere Coniston Crummock Derwent Water Elterwater Ennerdale Esthwaite Grasmere Hawes - water Loweswater Rydal Water Thirlmere Ullswater Wastwater Windermere Major lakes Only one of the lakes in the Lake District is called by that name , Bassenthwaite Lake . All the others such as Windermere , Coniston Water , Ullswater and Buttermere are meres , tarns and waters , with mere being the least common and water being the most common . The major lakes and reservoirs in the National Park are given below . Bassenthwaite Lake Brotherswater Buttermere Coniston Water Crummock Water Derwent Water Devoke Water Elter Water Ennerdale Water Esthwaite Water Grasmere Haweswater Reservoir Hayeswater Loweswater Rydal Water Thirlmere Ullswater Wast Water Windermere Geology ( edit ) Geological map of Cumberland , by William Smith ( 1824 ) Skiddaw seen from Derwentwater The Lake District 's geology is very complex but well - studied . A granite batholith beneath the area is responsible for this upland massif , its relatively low density causing the area to be `` buoyed up '' . The granite can be seen at the surface as the Ennerdale , Skiddaw , Carrock Fell , Eskdale and Shap granites . Broadly speaking the area can be divided into three bands , the divisions between which run south west to north east . Generally speaking the rocks become younger from north west to south east . The north western band is composed of early to mid-Ordovician sedimentary rocks , largely mudstones and siltstones of marine origin . Together they comprise the Skiddaw Group and include the rocks traditionally known as the Skiddaw Slates . Their friability generally leads to mountains with relatively smooth slopes such as Skiddaw itself . The central band is a mix of volcanic and sedimentary rocks of mid-to - late Ordovician age comprising the lavas and tuffs of the Borrowdale Volcanic Group , erupted as the former Iapetus Ocean was subducted beneath what is now the Scottish border during the Caledonian orogeny . The northern central peaks , such as Great Rigg , were produced by considerable lava flows . These lava eruptions were followed by a series of pyroclastic eruptions which produced a series of calderas , one of which includes present - day Scafell Pike . These pyroclastic rocks give rise to the craggy landscapes typical of the central fells . The south eastern band comprises the mudstones and wackes of the Windermere Supergroup and which includes ( successively ) the rocks of the Dent , Stockdale , Tranearth , Coniston and Kendal groups . These are generally a little less resistant to erosion than the rocks sequence to the north and underlie much of the lower landscapes around Coniston and Windermere . Later intrusions have formed individual outcrops of igneous rock in each of these groups . Around the edges of these Ordovician and Silurian rocks on the northern , eastern and southern fringes of the area is a semi-continuous outcrop of Carboniferous Limestone seen most spectacularly at places like Whitbarrow Scar and Scout Scar . Climate ( edit ) The Lake District 's location on the northwest coast of England , coupled with its mountainous geography , makes it the wettest part of England . The UK Met Office reports average annual precipitation of more than 2,000 mm ( 80 in ) , but with very large local variation . Although the entire region receives above average rainfall , there is a wide disparity between the amount of rainfall in the western and eastern lakes , as the Lake District experiences relief rainfall . Seathwaite , Borrowdale is the wettest inhabited place in England with an average of 3,300 mm ( 130 in ) of rain a year , while nearby Sprinkling Tarn is even wetter , recording over 5,000 mm ( 200 in ) per year ; by contrast , Keswick , at the end of Borrowdale receives 1,470 mm ( 58 in ) every year , and Penrith ( just outside the Lake District ) only 870 mm ( 34 in ) . March to June tend to be the driest months , with October to January the wettest , but at low levels there is relatively little difference between months . Although sheltered valleys experience gales on an average of only five days a year , the Lake District is generally very windy with the coastal areas having 20 days of gales , and the fell tops around 100 days of gales per year . The maritime climate means that the Lake District experiences relatively moderate temperature variations through the year . Mean temperature in the valleys ranges from about 3 ° C ( 37 ° F ) in January to around 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) in July . ( By comparison , Moscow , at the same latitude , ranges from − 10 to 19 ° C ( 14 to 66 ° F ) . ) The relatively low height of most of the fells means that , while snow is expected during the winter , they can be free of snow at any time of the year . Normally , significant snow fall only occurs between November and April . On average , snow falls on Helvellyn 67 days per year . During the year , valleys typically experience 20 days with snow falling , a further 200 wet days , and 145 dry days . Hill fog is common at any time of year , and the fells average only around 2.5 hours of sunshine per day , increasing to around 4.1 hours per day on the coastal plains . ( hide ) Climate data for Keswick , Lake District Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C 7.2 7.4 9.4 11.9 15.6 17.9 19.7 19.1 16.7 13.3 9.7 7.5 13.0 Average low ° C 1.6 1.4 2.8 4.2 6.4 9.3 11.5 11.1 9.0 6.7 3.9 1.5 5.8 Average rainfall mm 169.1 119.9 127.8 81.7 79.4 84.3 88.1 104.1 126.6 189.3 177.9 173.0 1,521 Average high ° F 45 45.3 48.9 53.4 60.1 64.2 67.5 66.4 62.1 55.9 49.5 45.5 55.4 Average low ° F 34.9 34.5 37 39.6 43.5 48.7 52.7 52 48.2 44.1 39 34.7 42.4 Average rainfall inches 6.657 4.72 5.031 3.217 3.126 3.319 3.469 4.098 4.984 7.453 7.004 6.811 59.882 Average rainy days 16.8 13.1 15.8 12.5 12.0 12.2 12.9 14.4 13.9 17.8 17.7 17.0 176.1 Source : Wildlife ( edit ) Road warning signals for red squirrels ; the Lake District is one of the few places in England where red squirrels have a sizeable population . A wild Fell pony on the fells , native to North West England The Lake District is home to a great variety of wildlife , due to its range of varied topography , lakes and forests . It provides a home for the red squirrel and colonies of sundew and butterwort , two of the few carnivorous plants native to Britain . The Lake District is a major sanctuary for the red squirrel and has the largest population in England ( out of the estimated 140,000 red squirrels in the United Kingdom , compared with about 2.5 million grey squirrels ) . The Lake District is home to a range of bird species , and the RSPB maintain a reserve in Haweswater . England 's only nesting pair of golden eagles can be found in the Lake District . The female golden eagle has not been seen since 2004 although the male still remains . Conservationists believe he is now the only resident golden eagle in England . Following recolonisation attempts , a pair of ospreys nested in the Lake District for the first time in over 150 years near Bassenthwaite Lake during 2001 . Ospreys now frequently migrate north from Africa in the spring to nest in the Lake District , and a total of 23 chicks have fledged in The Lakes since 2001 . Another bird species which has had recolonisation attempts is the red kite which , as of 2012 , have a population of approximately 90 in the dense forest areas near Grizedale . Conservationists hope the reintroduction will create a large red kite population in the Lake District and in North West England where the red kite population is low . Other bird species resident to the Lake District include the buzzard , dipper , peregrine and raven . Seasonal birds include the ring ouzel and the redstart . The lakes of the Lake District support three rare and endangered species of fish : the vendace , which can be found only in Derwent Water and until 2008 in Bassenthwaite Lake . Vendace have struggled in recent years with naturally occurring algae becoming a threat and the lakes gradually getting warmer . Vendace have been moved to higher lakes on a number of occasions to preserve the species , notably in 2005 and 2011 . The Lakes are also home to two other rare species : the schelly , which lives in Brothers Water , Haweswater , Red Tarn and Ullswater , and the Arctic charr , which can be found in Buttermere , Coniston Water , Crummock Water , Ennerdale Water , Haweswater , Loweswater , Thirlmere , Wast Water , and Windermere . The vendace ( Coregonus vandesius ) is England 's rarest species of fish , and is found only in the Lake District . In recent years , some important changes have been made to fisheries byelaws covering the north west region of England , to help protect some of the rarest fish species . In 2002 , the Environment Agency introduced a new fisheries byelaw , banning the use of all freshwater fish as live or dead bait in 14 of the lakes in the Lake District . Anglers not complying with the new byelaw can face fines of up to £ 2,500 . There are 14 lakes in the Lake District which are affected . These are : Bassenthwaite Lake , Brothers Water , Buttermere , Coniston Water , Crummock Water , Derwent Water , Ennerdale Water , Haweswater , Loweswater , Red Tarn , Thirlmere , Ullswater , Wast Water and Windermere . The lakes and waters of the Lake District do not naturally support as many species of fish as other similar habitats in the south of the country and elsewhere in Europe . Some fish that do thrive there are particularly at risk from introduction of new species . The introduction of non-native fish can lead to the predation of the native fish fauna or competition for food . There is also the risk of disease being introduced , which can further threaten native populations . In some cases , the introduced species can disturb the environment so much that it becomes unsuitable for particular fish . For example , a major problem has been found with ruffe . This non-native fish has now been introduced into a number of lakes in recent years . It is known that ruffe eat the eggs of vendace , which are particularly vulnerable because of their long incubation period . This means that they are susceptible to predators for up to 120 days . The eggs of other fish , for example roach , are only at risk for as little as three days . Economy ( edit ) Agriculture and Forestry ( edit ) Forestry operations on Harter Fell Farming , and in particular sheep farming , has been the major industry in the region since Roman times . The breed most closely associated with the area is the tough Herdwick , with Rough Fell and Swaledale sheep also common . Sheep farming remains important both for the economy of the region and for preserving the landscape which visitors want to see . Features such as dry stone walls , for example , are there as a result of sheep farming . Some land is also used for silage and dairy farming . The area was badly affected by the outbreak of foot - and - mouth disease across the United Kingdom in 2001 . The outbreak started in Surrey in February , but had spread to Cumbria by end of March . Thousands of sheep , include the native Herdwicks which graze on the fellsides across the district , were destroyed . In replacing the sheep , one problem to overcome was that many of the lost sheep were heafed , that is , they knew their part of the unfenced fell and did not stray , with this knowledge being passed between generations . With all the sheep lost at once , this knowledge has to be relearnt and some of the fells have had discreet electric fences strung across them for a period of five years , to allow the sheep to `` re-heaf '' . At the time of the outbreak , worries existed about the future of certain species of sheep such as Ryeland and Herdwick in the district , however these fears have been allayed and sheep now occupy the district in abundance . A Herdwick grazing above Thirlmere . Forestry has also assumed greater importance over the course of the last century with the establishment of extensive conifer plantations around Whinlatter Pass , in Ennerdale and at Grizedale Forest amongst other places . There are extensive plantations of non-native pine trees . Industry ( edit ) With its wealth of rock types and their abundance in the landscape , mining and quarrying have long been significant activities in the Lake District economy . In Neolithic times , the Lake District was a major source of stone axes , examples of which have been found all over Britain . The primary site , on the slopes of the Langdale Pikes , is sometimes described as a `` stone axe factory '' of the Langdale axe industry . Some of the earliest stone circles in Britain are connected with this industry . Mining , particularly of copper , lead ( often associated with quantities of silver ) , baryte , graphite and slate , was historically a major Lakeland industry , mainly from the 16th to 19th centuries . Coppiced woodland was used extensively to provide charcoal for smelting . Some mining still takes place today ; for example , slate mining continues at the Honister Mines , at the top of Honister Pass . Abandoned mine workings can be found on fellsides throughout the district . The locally mined graphite led to the development of the pencil industry , especially around Keswick . A typical Lake District scene In the middle of the 19th century , half the world textile industry 's bobbin supply came from the Lake District area . Over the past century , however , tourism has grown rapidly to become the area 's primary source of income . Development of tourism ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Early visitors to the Lake District , who travelled for the education and pleasure of the journey , include Celia Fiennes who in 1698 undertook a journey the length of England , including riding through Kendal and over Kirkstone Pass into Patterdale . Her experiences and impressions were published in her book Great Journey to Newcastle and Cornwall : As I walked down at this place I was walled on both sides by those inaccessible high rocky barren hills which hang over one 's head in some places and appear very terrible ; and from them springs many little currents of water from the sides and clefts which trickle down to some lower part where it runs swiftly over the stones and shelves in the way , which makes a pleasant rush and murmuring noise and like a snowball is increased by each spring trickling down on either side of those hills , and so descends into the bottoms which are a Moorish ground in which in many places the waters stand , and so form some of those Lakes as it did here . In 1724 , Daniel Defoe published the first volume of A Tour Thro ' the Whole Island of Great Britain . He commented on Westmorland that it was : the wildest , most barren and frightful of any that I have passed over in England , or even Wales itself ; the west side , which borders on Cumberland , is indeed bounded by a chain of almost unpassable mountains which , in the language of the country , are called fells . Towards the end of the 18th century , the area was becoming more popular with travellers . This was partly a result of wars in Continental Europe , restricting the possibility of travel there . In 1778 Thomas West produced A Guide to the Lakes , which began the era of modern tourism . Claife Station on the western shore of Windermere West listed `` stations '' , viewpoints where tourists could enjoy the best views of the landscape , being encouraged to appreciated the formal qualities of the landscape and to apply aesthetic values . At some of these stations , buildings were erected to help this process . The remains of Claife Station ( on the western shore Windermere below Claife Heights ) can be visited today . William Wordsworth published his Guide to the Lakes in 1810 , and by 1835 it had reached its fifth edition , now called A Guide Through the District of the Lakes in the North of England . This book was particularly influential in popularising the region . Wordsworth 's favourite valley was Dunnerdale or the Duddon Valley nestling in the south west of the Lake District . The railways led to another expansion in tourism . The Kendal and Windermere Railway was the first to penetrate the Lake District , reaching Kendal in 1846 and Windermere in 1847 . The line to Coniston opened in 1848 ( although until 1857 this was only linked to the national network with ferries between Fleetwood and Barrow - in - Furness ) ; the line from Penrith through Keswick to Cockermouth in 1865 ; and the line to Lakeside at the foot of Windermere in 1869 . The railways , built with traditional industry in mind , brought with them a huge increase in the number of visitors , thus contributing to the growth of the tourism industry . Railway services were supplemented by steamer boats on the major lakes of Ullswater , Windermere , Coniston Water , and Derwent Water . A steamer on Ullswater The growth in tourist numbers continued into the age of the motor car , when railways began to be closed or run down . The formation of the Lake District National Park in 1951 recognised the need to protect the Lake District environment from excessive commercial or industrial exploitation , preserving that which visitors come to see , without any restriction on the movement of people into and around the district . The M6 Motorway helped bring traffic to the Lake District , passing up its eastern flank . The narrow roads present a challenge for traffic flow and , from the 1960s , certain areas have been very congested . Whilst the roads and railways provided easier access to the area , many people were drawn to Lakeland by the publication of the Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells by Alfred Wainwright . First published between 1955 and 1966 , these books provided detailed information on 214 fells across the region , with carefully hand - drawn maps and panoramas , and also stories and asides which add to the colour of the area . They are still used by many visitors to the area as guides for walking excursions , with the ultimate goal of bagging the complete list of Wainwrights . The famous guides were revised by Chris Jesty between 2005 and 2009 to reflect changes , mainly in valley access and paths , and are currently being revised by Clive Hutchby , the author of The Wainwright Companion . The first of the revised volumes , Book One : The Eastern Fells , was published in March 2015 . Since the early 1960s , the National Park Authority has employed rangers to help cope with increasing tourism and development , the first being John Wyatt , who has since written a number of guide books . He was joined two years later by a second , and since then the number of rangers has been rising . The area has also become associated with writer Beatrix Potter . A number of tourists visit to see her family home , with particularly large numbers coming from Japan . Tourism has now become the park 's major industry , with about 12 million visitors each year , mainly from the UK 's larger settlements , China , Japan , Spain , Germany and the US . Windermere Lake Steamers are Cumbria 's most popular charging tourist attraction with about 1.35 million paying customers each year , and the local economy is dependent upon tourists . The negative impact of tourism has been seen , however . Soil erosion , caused by walking , is now a significant problem , with millions of pounds being spent to protect overused paths . In 2006 , two tourist information centres in the National Park were closed . Cultural tourism is becoming an increasingly important part of the wider tourist industry . The Lake District 's links with a wealth of artists and writers and its strong history of providing summer theatre performances in the old Blue Box of Century Theatre are strong attractions for visiting tourists . The tradition of theatre is carried on by venues such as Theatre by the Lake in Keswick with its summer season of six plays in repertoire , Christmas and Easter productions , and the many literature , film , mountaineering , jazz and creative arts festivals , such as the Kendal Mountain Festival and the Keswick Mountain Festival . Gastronomy ( edit ) The Lake District has been regarded as one of the best places to eat in Britain . The region has four Michelin Star restaurants : L'Enclume , The Samling in Ambleside , The Forest Side and Gilpin Hotel . In addition , Cumbria has more microbreweries than any other county in Britain and together with Jennings Brewery supply a variety of ales to pubs and restaurants throughout the region . Literature and Art ( edit ) Ullswater painted by John Parker 1825 The Lake District is intimately associated with English literature of the 18th and 19th centuries . Thomas Gray was the first to bring the region to attention , when he wrote a journal of his Grand Tour in 1769 , but it was William Wordsworth whose poems were most famous and influential . Wordsworth 's poem `` I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud '' , inspired by the sight of daffodils on the shores of Ullswater , remains one of the most famous in the English language . Out of his long life of eighty years , sixty were spent amid its lakes and mountains , first as a schoolboy at Hawkshead , and afterwards living in Grasmere ( 1799 -- 1813 ) and Rydal Mount ( 1813 -- 50 ) . Wordsworth , Coleridge and Southey became known as the Lake Poets . The poet and his wife lie buried in the churchyard of Grasmere and very near to them are the remains of Hartley Coleridge ( son of the poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge ) , who himself lived for many years in Keswick , Ambleside and Grasmere . Robert Southey , the Poet Laureate and friend of Wordsworth ( who would succeed Southey as Laureate in 1843 ) , was a resident of Keswick for forty years ( 1803 -- 43 ) , and was buried in Crosthwaite churchyard . Samuel Taylor Coleridge lived for some time in Keswick , and also with the Wordsworths at Grasmere . From 1807 to 1815 John Wilson lived at Windermere . Thomas de Quincey spent the greater part of the years 1809 to 1828 at Grasmere , in the first cottage which Wordsworth had inhabited . Ambleside , or its environs , was also the place of residence both of Thomas Arnold , who spent there the vacations of the last ten years of his life and of Harriet Martineau , who built herself a house there in 1845 . At Keswick , Mrs Lynn Linton ( wife of William James Linton ) was born , in 1822 . Brantwood , a house beside Coniston Water , was the home of John Ruskin during the last years of his life . His assistant W.G. Collingwood the author , artist and antiquarian lived nearby , and wrote Thorstein of the Mere , set in the Norse period . In addition to these residents or natives of the Lake District , a variety of other poets and writers made visits to the Lake District or were bound by ties of friendship with those already mentioned above . These include Percy Bysshe Shelley , Sir Walter Scott , Nathaniel Hawthorne , Arthur Hugh Clough , Henry Crabb Robinson , `` Conversation '' Sharp , Thomas Carlyle , John Keats , Lord Tennyson , Matthew Arnold , Felicia Hemans and Gerald Massey . Although it is unlikely she ever went there , Letitia Elizabeth Landon produced no less than sixteen poems on subjects within the Lake District and its surroundings , all associated with engravings within Fisher 's Drawing Room Scrap Books , from 1832 to 1838 . Also included there ( 1834 ) is Grasmere Lake ( A Sketch by a Cockney ) , a skit on becoming a ' lakes poet ' . During the early 20th century , the children 's author Beatrix Potter was in residence at Hill Top Farm , setting many of her famous Peter Rabbit books in the Lake District . Her life was made into a biopic film , starring Renée Zellweger and Ewan McGregor . Arthur Ransome lived in several areas of the Lake District , and set five of his Swallows and Amazons series of books , published between 1930 and 1947 , in a fictionalised Lake District setting . So did Geoffrey Trease with his five Black Banner school stories ( 1949 -- 56 ) , starting with No Boats on Bannermere . The novelist Sir Hugh Walpole lived at `` Brackenburn '' on the lower slopes of Catbells overlooking Derwent Water from 1924 until his death in 1941 . Whilst living at `` Brackenburn '' he wrote The Herries Chronicle detailing the history of a fictional Cumbrian family over two centuries . The noted author and poet Norman Nicholson came from the south west lakes , living and writing about Millom in the 20th century -- he was known as the last of the Lake Poets and came close to becoming the Poet Laureate . The Lakes has been an inspirations for many notable artists . Some of the most famous artists to depict the region in their work have been Alfred Heaton Cooper and William Heaton Cooper . Writer and author Melvyn Bragg was brought up in the region and has used it as the setting for some of his work , such as his novel A Time to Dance , later turned into a television drama . The Lake District has been the setting for crime novels by Reginald Hill , Val McDermid and Martin Edwards . The region is also a recurring theme in Ernest Hemingway 's 1926 novella The Torrents of Spring and features prominently in Ian McEwan 's Amsterdam , which won the 1998 Booker Prize . The 1996 Eisner Award winning graphic novel The Tale of One Bad Rat by Bryan Talbot featured a young girl 's journey to and subsequent stay in the Lake District . The Lake District is mentioned in Jane Austen 's Pride and Prejudice ; Elizabeth Bennet looks forward to a holiday there with her aunt and uncle and is `` excessively disappointed '' upon learning they can not travel that far . The opening of Charlotte Turner Smith 's novel Ethelinde with its atmospheric description of Grasmere ( complete with a Gothic Abbey ! ) is supposed to have induced Wordsworth into looking to it as a possible place of residence . Film director Ken Russell lived in the Keswick / Borrowdale area until 2007 and used it in films such as Tommy and Mahler . The Lake District is the setting for the 1977 Richard Adams novel The Plague Dogs . Adams ' knowledge of the area offers the reader a precise view of the natural beauty of the Lake District . Some students of Arthurian lore identify the Lake District with the Grail kingdom of Listeneise . The former Keswick School of Industrial Art at Keswick was started by Canon Rawnsley , a friend of John Ruskin . Also set in the Lake District is Sophie Jackson 's mystery novel The Woman Died Thrice . It was published in 2016 under Jackson 's pen name Evelyn James . Nomenclature ( edit ) A number of words and phrases are local to the Lake District and are part of the Cumbrian dialect , though many are shared by other northern dialects . These include : Fell -- from Old Norse fjallr , brought to England by Viking invaders and close to modern Norwegian fjell and Swedish fjäll meaning mountain Howe -- place name from the Old Norse haugr meaning hill , knoll , or mound Tarn -- a word that has been taken to mean a small lake situated in a corrie ( the local name for which is cove ) , a local phrase for any small pool of water . The word is derived from the Old Norse , Norwegian and Swedish word tjern / tjärn , meaning small lake . Yan tan tethera -- the name for a system of sheep counting which was traditionally used in the Lake District . Though now rare , it is still used by some and taught in local schools . Heaf ( a variant of heft ) -- the `` home territory '' of a flock of sheep See also ( edit ) North West England portal Cumbria portal Geology of England Geology of the United Kingdom References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` National Park facts and figures '' . nationalparks.gov.uk . Retrieved 1 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lake District National Park '' . Lake District National Park Authority website . Lake District National Park Authority . Retrieved 15 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` English Lake District welcomed into UK UNESCO family as 31st UK World Heritage Site '' . unesco.org.uk. 9 July 2017 . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yorkshire Dales and Lake District national parks extend '' . 1 August 2016 . Retrieved 14 March 2017 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Lake District National Park -- Home page '' . Lakedistrict.gov.uk. 6 April 2005 . Retrieved 21 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The state of farming and land management in the Lake District '' ( PDF ) . lakedistrict.gov.uk . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Forestry Commission Cumbria '' ( PDF ) . forestry.gov.uk . Jump up ^ `` Brockhole '' . Retrieved 22 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Coniston Boating Centre '' . Lake District National Park . Jump up ^ `` Lake District woods and valleys up for sale for as little as £ 8,000 '' . Mail Online . 12 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lake District National Park -- Facts and Figures '' . Retrieved 5 October 2016 . Jump up ^ OS 1 : 50,000 scale mapping Jump up ^ South Lakeland District Council website . Archived 25 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Ordnance Survey 1 : 50,000 scale Landranger map sheets 89 , 90 , 96 & 97 Jump up ^ Warren , Simon ( 20 July 2012 ) . `` Britain 's top 10 toughest cycle climbs '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 6 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Visit Cumbria https://www.visitcumbria.com/the-cumbrian-coast-railway/ . Retrieved 25 November 2017 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Frequently asked questions : Rights of Way '' ( PDF ) . Lake District National Park . Archived from the original on 18 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Roads '' . Industrial History of Cumbria . Cumbria Industrial History Society . Archived from the original on 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Green Road driving '' . Lake District National Park . Archived from the original on 18 May 2016 . `` Hierarchy of Trails Routes '' . www.cumbria.gov.uk . Chief Executives Office , Cumbria County Council , . Archived from the original on 18 May 2016 . `` Gatescarth Pass '' . Lake District National Park . Lake District National Park . Archived from the original on 10 May 2016 . `` Motorised vehicle ban for Lake District 's Walna Scar '' . BBC News . 6 February 2012 . Retrieved 10 May 2016 . `` Walna Scar Road -- Restricted Byway Confirmed '' . GLEAM . Green Lanes Environmental Action Movement . January 2012 . Archived from the original on 18 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gannon , Rock Trails Lakeland Jump up ^ British Geological Survey Regional memoir Northern England 5th edn 2010 Jump up ^ `` Geology Factsheet '' ( PDF ) . Lake District National Park Authority Web . May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UK regional climates '' . Met Office . Archived from the original on 5 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Keswick Climate Period 1981 -- 2010 '' . Met Office . Retrieved 4 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Red squirrels '' . Forestry Commission . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Prince launches innovative new drive to protect red squirrels '' . The Telegraph . 17 February 2011 . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cumbria Bird Club '' . Cumbria Bird Club . Retrieved 3 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Reserves -- Haweswater '' . RSPB . Retrieved 3 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Eagle -- Population Trends '' . RSPB . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Bignell , Paul ( 29 April 2007 ) . `` Golden Boy : England 's last golden eagle '' . The Independent . Retrieved 26 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Osprey spotted in Cumbria at start of nesting season '' . BBC News . 2 April 2012 . Retrieved 3 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Red kites returned to Cumbria forest after 160 years '' . BBC News . 3 August 2010 . Retrieved 3 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grizedale Forest sees reintroduction of red kites '' . BBC News . 15 May 2012 . Retrieved 3 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Haweswater -- Star species '' . RSPB . Retrieved 3 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Haweswater -- Seasonal highlights '' . RSPB . Retrieved 3 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ancient vendace fish saved from edge of extinction '' . The Telegraph . 9 July 2009 . Retrieved 3 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Algae threatens rare fish '' . BBC News . 27 November 2002 . Retrieved 3 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Endangered fish take to the air '' . BBC News . 30 November 2005 . Retrieved 3 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Llamas move fish to cooler waters in Lake District '' . BBC News . 12 April 2011 . Retrieved 3 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Cadwalladr , Carole ( 26 March 2001 ) . `` Lake District ' nightmare ' as fell farm is infected '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Griffin , Harry ( 11 April 2001 ) . `` ' If they go , it is the end of Lakeland ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . Jump up ^ MacClean , Matt ( 21 March 2001 ) . `` Rare breeds ' could be lost ' '' . BBC News . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Tom ( 9 February 2011 ) . `` Sheep breed resurrected decade on from foot and mouth '' . Channel 4 News . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . Jump up ^ An Anthology of Women 's Travel Writing -- Google Books . Books.google.com . Retrieved on 2014 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ Wainwright , Martin ( 13 June 2005 ) . `` Famed fells guides join the 21st century '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Desintations : Lake District '' . BBC \. 27 January 2005 . Archived from the original on 27 January 2005 . Jump up ^ Harry Wallop ( 15 January 2010 ) . `` Michelin Guide 2010 : UK has more starred restaurants than ever before '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 8 January 2017 . the Lake District is becoming one of the best places to eat in Britain Jump up ^ `` Coombe Cottage '' . Thelakedistrict.info. 11 July 2006 . Archived from the original on 18 February 2009 . Retrieved 21 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Clara Fitzgerald Mysteries '' . Sophie Jackson 's website . Retrieved 19 May 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Gannon , P. Rock Trails Lakeland : A Hillwalker 's Guide to the Geology and Scenery , 2008 , Pesda Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 906095 - 15 - 4 Hollingsworth , S . The Geology of the Lake District : a review , Proc. Geologists Assoc. , 65 ( Part 4 ) 1954 Moseley , F. Geology of the Lake District , Yorkshire Geologic Lake District Tours , A Collection of Travel Writings and Guide Books in the Romantic Era in 6 vols. , edited by Tomoya Oda , Eureka Press , 2008 . Chilton , Steve ( 2013 ) . It 's a hill , get over it : fell running 's history and characters . Dingwall : Sandstone Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 908737 - 57 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Lake District Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Lake District National Park . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Hikes in the Lake District . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lake District . Lake District National Park Authority Lake District at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) National parks of the United Kingdom England Peak District ( 1951 ) Lake District ( 1951 ) Dartmoor ( 1951 ) North York Moors ( 1952 ) Yorkshire Dales ( 1954 ) Exmoor ( 1954 ) Northumberland ( 1956 ) The Broads ‡ ( 1988 ) New Forest ( 2005 ) South Downs ( 2010 ) Wales Snowdonia ( 1951 ) Pembrokeshire Coast ( 1952 ) Brecon Beacons ( 1957 ) Scotland Loch Lomond and The Trossachs ( 2002 ) Cairngorms ( 2003 ) Northern Ireland Mourne Mountains † Parentheses denote year of establishment as a National Park . An area with ‡ has similar status to a UK National Park . Areas marked † are proposed . World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom England Bath Blenheim Palace Canterbury Cathedral , St. Augustine 's Abbey and St. Martin 's Church Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape Derwent Valley Mills Durham Castle and Cathedral Frontiers of the Roman Empire Hadrian 's Wall Ironbridge Gorge Jurassic Coast Kew Royal Botanic Gardens Lake District Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City Maritime Greenwich Saltaire Stonehenge , Avebury and Associated Sites Studley Royal Park and Fountains Abbey Tower of London Westminster Palace , Westminster Abbey and St. Margaret 's Church Scotland Edinburgh Old Town and New Town Forth Bridge Frontiers of the Roman Empire Antonine Wall Heart of Neolithic Orkney New Lanark St. Kilda Wales Blaenavon Industrial Landscape Castles and Town Walls of King Edward I in Gwynedd Pontcysyllte Aqueduct Northern Ireland Giant 's Causeway British Overseas Territories Gorham 's Cave Complex Gough Island Inaccessible Island Henderson Island Town of St. George and Related Fortifications Coordinates : 54 ° 30 ′ N 3 ° 10 ′ W / 54.500 ° N 3.167 ° W / 54.500 ; - 3.167 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_District&oldid=837290773 '' Categories : Lake District Lake groups Protected areas established in 1951 World Heritage Sites in England Mountains and hills of England Mountain ranges of the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use British English from August 2011 Use dmy dates from August 2011 Geobox usage tracking for protected area type All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Articles needing additional references from September 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with Curlie links Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikivoyage Azərbaycanca Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 22 : 23 . 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-2442159774066417609	A Girl Who Sees Smells	A Girl Who Sees Smells - wikipedia A Girl Who Sees Smells Jump to : navigation , search A Girl Who Sees Smells Promotional poster Also known as Sensory Couple Genre Romance Suspense Fantasy Based on A Girl Who Sees Smells by Seo Soo - kyung a / k / a Man Chwi Written by Lee Hee - myung Directed by Baek Soo - chan Oh Choong - hwan Starring Park Yoo - chun Shin Se - kyung Namgoong Min Yoon Jin - seo Country of origin South Korea Original language ( s ) Korean No. of episodes 16 Production Executive producer ( s ) Kim Yong - jin Producer ( s ) Lee Yong - seok Min Yeon - hong Jang Sung - wook Cinematography Lee Gil - bok Jung Min - gyun Editor ( s ) Jang Si - yeon Running time 65 minutes Production company ( s ) SBS Plus Distributor Seoul Broadcasting System Release Original network Seoul Broadcasting System Original release April 1 ( 2015 - 04 - 01 ) -- May 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 21 ) External links Website A Girl Who Sees Smells ( Hangul : 냄새 를 보는 소녀 ; RR : Naemsaereul Boneun Sonyeo ; MR : Naemsaerŭl Bonŭn Sonyŏ ) is a 2015 South Korean television series adapted from the webtoon of the same title by Seo Soo - kyung a / k / a Man Chwi . Starring Park Yoo - chun , Shin Se - kyung , Namgoong Min and Yoon Jin - seo , it aired on SBS on Wednesdays and Thursdays at 21 : 55 for 16 episodes from April 1 to May 21 , 2015 . Its early working title was Sensory Couple ( Hangul : 감각 남녀 ; RR : Gamgangnamnyeo ) , before reverting to the name of the original webtoon . Despite low ratings , the drama managed to top the Contents Power Index ( CPI ) rankings for the most influential dramas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Supporting 2.3 Special appearances 3 Ratings 4 Awards and nominations 5 International broadcast 6 References 7 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Choi Eun - seol ( Shin Se - kyung ) arrives home to find her parents murdered . When the murderer is distracted , she escapes but is hit by a car . Eun - seol 's parents are later found with a barcode carved into their skin , the work of the `` Barcode '' serial killer . The lead detective on the case , Oh Jae - pyo ( Jung In - gi ) realizes that the now - comatose daughter Eun - seol is the sole surviving witness . On that same night , Choi Moo - gak ( Park Yoo - chun ) is at the hospital visiting his younger sister ( Kim So - hyun ) , also named Choi Eun - seol , who 's being treated for mild injuries after a bus accident . But when he returns to her bed , he finds her dead with her throat slit . Six months later , Eun - seol comes out of her coma . But she has no memories at all of her life before waking up at the hospital , and her left eye has turned green with no scientific explanation . She has also gained the unique ability to `` see '' smells as visible colors and shapes , and can even trace where people have been because their lingering scents are like a trail . To protect her , Jae - pyo adopts her and invents a new life for her , telling her that he 's her real father and that her name is Oh Cho - rim . Three years and six months pass , and Cho - rim is a cheerful girl who 's adjusted to her ability . She dreams of a becoming a comedian , and works as a gofer for a small , struggling theater company called Frog Troupe . On the other hand , Moo - gak had been so traumatized by his sister 's death that after two months of no sleep and constant pain , he 'd fainted and was clinically dead for ten days . When he woke up , he 'd lost the sense of smell and taste , and is unable to feel pain . And unlike his previous warm personality , Moo - gak is now stoic , emotionless , and speaks in a monotone . He leaves his job at the aquarium to become a police officer , vowing to reopen the case and catch the killer . But to do so , he must first get promoted to detective , and has to prove himself to the head of the homicide unit Detective Kang Hyuk ( Lee Won - jong ) in ten days or to never ask for a promotion again . Cho - rim also needs a skit partner for her upcoming audition in ten days , and when she offers to help him with his cases in exchange , they decide to team up . After a model ( Park Han - byul ) turns up dead , seemingly another victim of the Barcode serial killer , Moo - gak joins the investigation headed by Lieutenant Yeom Mi ( Yoon Jin - seo ) , and he hones in on two possible suspects : the model 's boyfriend , chef Kwon Jae - hee ( Namgoong Min ) and her doctor ( Song Jong - ho ) . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Park Yoo - chun as Detective Choi Moo - gak After the murder of his sister , Moo - gak is determined to become a police inspector and take revenge for his sister 's death . He is desensitised and is unable to smell or taste his food . Shin Se - kyung as Oh Cho - rim / Choi Eun - seol Cho - rim witnessed the murder of her parents and lived on as the sole witness of the barcode serial murders . She has a strange ability - being able to see smells as patterns in the air . She forms a team with Moo - gak , and together , they work to solve the series of barcode murders . Namkoong Min as Chef Kwon Jae - hee / Jay Kwon Ford Yoon Jin - seo as Yeom Mi Supporting ( edit ) Jung In - gi as Oh Jae - pyo Nam Chang - hee as Jo In - bae Oh Cho - hee as Eo Woo - ya Jung Chan - woo as Wang Ji - bang Park Jin - joo as Ma Ae - ri Lee Won - jong as Kang Hyuk Choi Tae - joon as Ye Sang - gil Jo Hee - bong as Ki Choong - do Kim Byung - ok as Chief of Police Choi Jae - hwan as Tak Ji - seok Jung Hyun - suk as Detective Kim Kim Gi - cheon as Kim Joong - in Song Jong - ho as Dr. Chun Baek - kyung Heo Jung - eun as Ji - eun Special appearances ( edit ) Kim So - hyun as Choi Eun - seol ( ep 1 -- 2 , 5 ) Kim Dong - kyun as Park Hyung - jin ( ep 1 ) Bang Eun - hee as Yang Mi - yeon ( ep 1 ) Heo Joon - suk as Kang Sang - moon ( ep 1 ) Kim Bo - mi as Convenience store clerk ( ep 1 ) Kim Il - joong , Jang Ye - won as Themselves , TV Entertainment Tonight hosts ( ep 1 ) Running Man cast as Themselves ( ep 1 ) Park Han - byul as Joo Ma - ri ( ep 2 ) Oh Jung - tae as Autoclub employee ( ep 2 ) Park Young - soo as Arrested man at the police station ( ep 2 ) Dan - woo as Driver that hit a car in the mountain ( ep 2 -- 3 ) Son Se - bin as Driver 's girlfriend ( ep 2 -- 3 ) Ha Soo - ho as Hwang Ki - soo ( ep 4 ) Kim Ho - chang as Tak Min - seok ( ep 4 ) -- - as Chef Hong ( ep 5 ) Oh Tae - kyung as Yang Seok - jin ( ep 5 ) Lee Jung - shin as Himself ( ep 6 ) Julian Quintart ( ep 10 ) Ratings ( edit ) Episode # Original broadcast date Average audience share TNmS Ratings AGB Nielsen Nationwide Seoul National Capital Area Nationwide Seoul National Capital Area April 1 , 2015 5.6 % 7.1 % 5.6 % 6.1 % April 2 , 2015 6.0 % 6.6 % 6.1 % 6.8 % April 8 , 2015 6.6 % 7.1 % 7.0 % 7.9 % April 9 , 2015 7.8 % 8.8 % 7.8 % 8.0 % 5 April 15 , 2015 7.4 % 8.4 % 7.1 % 7.5 % 6 April 16 , 2015 8.5 % 9.8 % 7.5 % 7.7 % 7 April 22 , 2015 7.3 % 8.0 % 8.1 % 8.4 % 8 April 23 , 2015 9.2 % 10.5 % 8.3 % 8.5 % 9 April 29 , 2015 7.9 % 8.5 % 6.8 % 7.0 % 10 April 30 , 2015 9.3 % 10.7 % 8.0 % 8.4 % 11 May 6 , 2015 8.0 % 9.4 % 7.5 % 8.1 % 12 May 7 , 2015 8.6 % 9.8 % 6.9 % 6.7 % 13 May 13 , 2015 9.1 % 10.6 % 8.7 % 9.2 % 14 May 14 , 2015 10.1 % 11.4 % 9.5 % 9.7 % 15 May 20 , 2015 10.9 % 13.5 % 9.6 % 9.5 % 16 May 21 , 2015 11.9 % 14.4 % 10.8 % 11.4 % Average 8.4 % 9.7 % 7.8 % 8.2 % Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Awards Recipient Result 2015 8th Korea Drama Awards Top Excellence Award , Actor Park Yoo - chun Nominated 4th APAN Star Awards Excellence Award , Actress in a Miniseries Shin Se - kyung Nominated 23rd SBS Drama Awards Top Excellence Award , Actor in a Miniseries Park Yoo - chun Won Excellence Award , Actress in a Miniseries Shin Se - kyung Nominated Special Award , Actor in a Miniseries Namkoong Min Won Special Award , Actress in a Miniseries Yoon Jin - seo Won Best Couple Award Park Yoo - chun and Shin Se - kyung Nominated Melon Music Awards Best OST `` Spring Is Gone by Chance '' by Yuju & Loco Won International broadcast ( edit ) Philippines -- Cine Mo ! -- 12 March 2017 Indonesia -- Rajawali Televisi -- 1 April 2015 , repeat on 10 Januari 2018 at 9 : 00am Singapore -- Mediacorp Channel U -- 22 December 2016 Malaysia -- NTV7 -- 5 March 2018 at 4 : 00pm References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : E. Kim ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` '' The Girl Who Sees Smells '' Writer Calls Shin Se Kyung 's Casting `` the Work of God '' `` . Soompi . Viki Inc . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( English ) A Girl Who Sees Smells '' . SBS International . Seoul Broadcasting System . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sung , So - young ( February 28 , 2015 ) . `` New drama from a webtoon '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kwon , Ji - youn ( April 6 , 2015 ) . `` Convincing plot key to supernatural drama '' . The Korea Times . Retrieved April 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hong , Grace Danbi ( March 6 , 2015 ) . `` Park Yoo Chun , Shin Se Kyung , Nam Goong Min and More Read Scripts Together for The Girl Who Sees Smells '' . enewsWorld . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hong , Grace Danbi ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` JYJ ′ s Park Yoo Chun and Shin Se Kyung Unveil Opening Scene Filming for The Girl Who Sees Smells '' . enewsWorld . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kim , Jae - heun ( May 10 , 2015 ) . `` Park Yoo - chun and Namkoong Min want to swap roles '' . The Korea Times . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jones , Julie ( February 27 , 2015 ) . `` Park Yoochun To Romance Shin Se Kyung in Sensory Couple '' . KDramaStars . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://beatuscorner.com/the-girl-who-sees-smell-ranks-first-in-contents-power-index/ Jump up ^ `` TNmS Daily Ratings : this links to current day - select the date from drop down menu '' . TNmS Ratings ( in Korean ) . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2013 . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AGB Daily Ratings : this links to current day - select the date from drop down menu '' . AGB Nielsen Media Research ( in Korean ) . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2013 . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . 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2643221004823408663	The Count of Monte Cristo	The Count of Monte Cristo - wikipedia The Count of Monte Cristo For other uses , see The Count of Monte Cristo ( disambiguation ) . The Count of Monte Cristo Author Alexandre Dumas in collaboration with Auguste Maquet Original title Le Comte de Monte - Cristo Country France Language French Genre Historical novel Adventure Publication date 1844 -- 1845 ( serialised ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( French : Le Comte de Monte - Cristo ) is an adventure novel by French author Alexandre Dumas ( père ) completed in 1844 . It is one of the author 's most popular works , along with The Three Musketeers . Like many of his novels , it was expanded from plot outlines suggested by his collaborating ghostwriter Auguste Maquet . Another important work by Dumas , written prior to his work with Maquet , was the short novel `` Georges '' ; this novel is of particular interest to scholars because Dumas reused many of the ideas and plot devices later in The Count of Monte Cristo . The story takes place in France , Italy , and islands in the Mediterranean during the historical events of 1815 -- 1839 : the era of the Bourbon Restoration through the reign of Louis - Philippe of France . It begins just before the Hundred Days period ( when Napoleon returned to power after his exile ) . The historical setting is a fundamental element of the book , an adventure story primarily concerned with themes of hope , justice , vengeance , mercy , and forgiveness . It centres on a man who is wrongfully imprisoned , escapes from jail , acquires a fortune , and sets about exacting revenge on those responsible for his imprisonment . His plans have devastating consequences for both the innocent and the guilty . The book is considered a literary classic today . According to Luc Sante , `` The Count of Monte Cristo has become a fixture of Western civilization 's literature , as inescapable and immediately identifiable as Mickey Mouse , Noah 's flood , and the story of Little Red Riding Hood . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Background to the plot 2 Plot 2.1 Summary 2.2 Edmond Dantès 2.3 The Count of Monte Cristo 3 Characters 3.1 Edmond Dantès and his aliases 3.2 Dantès ' allies 3.3 Morcerf family 3.4 Danglars family 3.5 Villefort family 3.6 Morrel family 3.7 Other characters 4 Publication 4.1 English translations 4.2 In Japan 5 Reception and legacy 6 Historical background 6.1 A chronology of The Count of Monte Cristo and Bonapartism 7 Selected notable adaptations 7.1 Film and television 7.2 Literary adaptations 7.3 Sequels ( books ) 7.4 Plays and musicals scripts 7.5 Audio adaptations 7.6 Video games 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Background to the plot ( edit ) Dumas wrote that the idea of revenge in The Count of Monte Cristo came from a story in a book compiled by Jacques Peuchet , a French police archivist , published in 1838 after the death of the author . Dumas included this essay in one of the editions from 1846 . Peuchet told of a shoemaker , Pierre Picaud , living in Nîmes in 1807 , who was engaged to marry a rich woman when three jealous friends falsely accused him of being a spy for England . Picaud was placed under a form of house arrest in the Fenestrelle Fort , where he served as a servant to a rich Italian cleric . When the man died , he left his fortune to Picaud , whom he had begun to treat as a son . Picaud then spent years plotting his revenge on the three men who were responsible for his misfortune . He stabbed the first with a dagger on which were printed the words `` Number One '' , and then he poisoned the second . The third man 's son he lured into crime and his daughter into prostitution , finally stabbing the man himself . This third man , named Loupian , had married Picaud 's fiancée while Picaud was under arrest . In another of the `` True Stories '' , Peuchet describes a poisoning in a family . This story , also quoted in the Pleiade edition , has obviously served as model for the chapter of the murders inside the Villefort family . The introduction to the Pleiade edition mentions other sources from real life : Abbé Faria existed and died in 1819 after a life with much resemblance to that of the Faria in the novel . As for Dantès , his fate is quite different from his model in Peuchet 's book , since the latter is murdered by the `` Caderousse '' of the plot . But Dantès has `` alter egos '' in two other Dumas works ; in `` Pauline '' from 1838 , and more significantly in `` Georges '' from 1843 , where a young man with black ancestry is preparing a revenge against white people who had humiliated him . Plot ( edit ) Summary ( edit ) On the day of his wedding to Mercédès , Edmond Dantès , first mate of the Pharaon , is falsely accused of treason , arrested , and imprisoned without trial in the Château d'If , a grim island fortress off Marseilles . A fellow prisoner , Abbé Faria , correctly deduces that his jealous rival Fernand Mondego , envious crewmate Danglars , and double - dealing Magistrate De Villefort framed him . Faria inspires his escape and guides him to a fortune in treasure . As the powerful and mysterious Count of Monte Cristo , he arrives from the Orient to enter the fashionable Parisian world of the 1830s and avenge himself on the men who conspired to destroy him . Edmond Dantès ( edit ) The main character Edmond Dantès was a merchant sailor prior to his imprisonment . ( Illustration by Pierre - Gustave Staal ) In 1815 , Edmond Dantès , a young merchant sailor who has recently been granted the succession of his captain Leclère , returns to Marseille to marry his Catalan fiancée Mercédès . Leclère , a supporter of the exiled Napoléon I , found himself dying at sea and charged Dantès to deliver two objects : a package to General Bertrand ( exiled with Napoleon Bonaparte on Elba ) , and a letter from Elba to an unknown man in Paris . On the eve of Dantès ' wedding to Mercédès , Fernand Mondego ( Mercédès ' cousin and a rival for her affections ) is given advice by Dantès ' colleague Danglars ( who is jealous of Dantès ' rapid rise to captain ) to send an anonymous note accusing Dantès of being a Bonapartist traitor . Caderousse ( Dantès ' cowardly and selfish neighbor ) is drunk while the two conspirators set the trap for Dantès and stays quiet as Dantès is arrested , then sentenced . Villefort , the deputy crown prosecutor in Marseille , destroys the letter from Elba when he discovers that it is addressed to his own father , Noirtier ( who is a Bonapartist ) , since if this letter came into official hands , it would destroy his ambitions and reputation as a staunch Royalist . To silence Dantès , he condemns him without trial to life imprisonment . After six years of imprisonment in the Château d'If , Dantès is on the verge of suicide when he befriends the Abbé Faria ( `` The Mad Priest '' ) , an Italian fellow prisoner who had dug an escape tunnel that ended up in Dantès ' cell . Over the next eight years , Faria gives Dantès an extensive education in language , culture , and science . Knowing himself to be close to death , Faria tells Dantès the location of a treasure on the island of Monte Cristo . When Faria dies , Dantès takes his place in the burial sack . When the guards throw the sack into the sea , Dantès breaks through and swims to a nearby island . He is rescued by a smuggling ship that stops at Monte Cristo . After recovering the treasure , Dantès returns to Marseille . He later purchases the island of Monte Cristo and the title of Count from the Tuscan government . Actor James O'Neill as the Abbé Busoni Traveling as the Abbé Busoni , Dantès meets Caderousse , now living in poverty , who regrets not intervening and possibly saving Dantès from prison . He gives Caderousse a diamond that can be either a chance to redeem himself or a trap that will lead to his ruin . Learning that his old employer Morrel is on the verge of bankruptcy , Dantès buys Morrel 's debts and gives Morrel three months to fulfill his obligations . At the end of the three months and with no way to repay his debts , Morrel is about to commit suicide when he learns that his debts have been mysteriously paid and that one of his lost ships has returned with a full cargo , secretly rebuilt and laden by Dantès . The Count of Monte Cristo ( edit ) The coat of arms of the count are described in the original novel as `` une montagne d'or , posant sur une mer d'azur , avec une croix de gueules au chef '' . The motto : Attendre et espérer ( `` Wait and hope '' ) Reappearing as the rich Count of Monte Cristo , Dantès begins his revenge on the three men responsible for his unjust imprisonment : Fernand , now Count de Morcerf and Mercédès ' husband ; Danglars , now a baron and a wealthy banker ; and Villefort , now procureur du roi . The Count appears first in Rome , where he becomes acquainted with the Baron Franz d'Épinay , and Viscount Albert de Morcerf , the son of Mercédès and Fernand . Dantès arranges for the young Morcerf to be captured by the bandit Luigi Vampa and then seemingly rescues him from Vampa 's gang . The Count then moves to Paris and dazzles Danglars with his wealth , persuading him to extend him a credit of six million francs . The Count manipulates the bond market and quickly destroys a large portion of Danglars ' fortune . The rest of it begins to rapidly disappear through mysterious bankruptcies , suspensions of payment , and more bad luck in the Stock Exchange . Villefort had once conducted an affair with Madame Danglars . She became pregnant and delivered the child in the house that the Count has now purchased . To cover up the affair , Villefort told Madame Danglars that the infant was stillborn , smothered the child , and thinking him to be dead , buried him in the garden . While Villefort was burying the child , he was stabbed by the smuggler Bertuccio , who unearthed the child and resuscitated him . Bertuccio 's sister - in - law brought the child up , giving him the name `` Benedetto '' . Benedetto takes up a life of crime as he grows into adolescence . He robs his adoptive mother ( Bertuccio 's sister - in - law ) and ends up killing her , then runs away . Bertuccio later becomes the Count 's servant and informs him of this history . Benedetto is sentenced to the galleys with Caderousse , who had sold the diamond but killed both his wife and the buyer out of greed . After Benedetto and Caderousse are freed by Dantès , using the alias `` Lord Wilmore , '' the Count induces Benedetto to take the identity of `` Viscount Andrea Cavalcanti '' and introduces him into Parisian society . Andrea ingratiates himself to Danglars , who betroths his daughter Eugénie to Andrea ( not knowing they are half - siblings ) after cancelling her engagement to Albert . Meanwhile , Caderousse blackmails Andrea , threatening to reveal his past if he does n't share his new - found wealth . Cornered by `` Abbé Busoni '' while attempting to rob the Count 's house , Caderousse begs to be given another chance . Dantès forces him to write a letter to Danglars exposing Cavalcanti as an impostor and allows Caderousse to leave the house . The moment Caderousse leaves the estate , he is stabbed by Andrea . Caderousse dictates a deathbed statement identifying his killer , and the Count reveals his true identity to Caderousse moments before he dies . Years before , Ali Pasha of Janina had been betrayed to the Turks by Fernand . After Ali 's death , Fernand sold Ali 's wife Vasiliki and his daughter Haydée into slavery . While Vasiliki died shortly thereafter , Dantès purchased Haydée . The Count manipulates Danglars into researching the event , which is published in a newspaper . As a result , Fernand is investigated by his peers and disgraced . When Albert blames the Count for his father 's downfall and challenges him to a duel , Mercédès , having already recognized Monte Cristo as Dantès , goes to the Count and begs him to spare her son . During this interview , she learns the truth of his arrest and imprisonment but still convinces the Count not to kill her son . Realizing that Edmond now intends to let Albert kill him , she reveals the truth to Albert , which causes Albert to make a public apology to the Count . Albert and Mercédès disown Fernand , who is confronted with Dantès ' true identity and commits suicide . Albert and Mercédès renounce their titles and wealth and depart to begin new lives . Valentine , Villefort 's daughter by his late first wife , stands to inherit the fortune of her grandfather ( Noirtier ) and of her mother 's parents ( the Saint - Mérans ) , while Villefort 's second wife Héloïse seeks the fortune for her son Édouard . The Count is aware of Héloïse 's intentions and introduces her to the technique of poison . Héloïse fatally poisons the Saint - Mérans , so that Valentine inherits their fortune . Valentine is disinherited by Noirtier in an attempt to prevent Valentine 's impending marriage with Franz d'Épinay , whom she does not love . The marriage is cancelled when d'Épinay learns that his father ( believed assassinated by Bonapartists ) was actually killed by Noirtier in a fair duel . Afterwards , Valentine is reinstated in Noirtier 's will . After a failed attempt on Noirtier 's life , Héloïse targets Valentine so that Édouard will get the fortune . However , Valentine is the prime suspect in her father 's eyes in the deaths of the Saint - Mérans and Noirtier 's servant , Barrois . On learning that Morrel 's son Maximilien is in love with Valentine , the Count saves her by making it appear as though Héloïse 's plan to poison Valentine has succeeded and that Valentine is dead . Villefort learns from Noirtier that Héloïse is the real murderer and confronts her , giving her the choice of a public execution or committing suicide . Fleeing after Caderousse 's letter exposes him , Andrea is arrested and returned to Paris , where Villefort prosecutes him . While in prison awaiting trial , Andrea is visited by Bertuccio , who tells him the truth about his father . At his trial , Andrea reveals that he is Villefort 's son and was rescued after Villefort buried him alive . Villefort admits his guilt and flees the court . He rushes home to stop his wife 's suicide but is too late ; she has poisoned her son as well . Dantès confronts Villefort , revealing his true identity , but this drives Villefort insane . Dantès tries but fails to resuscitate Édouard , causing him to question if he has gone too far . After the Count 's manipulation of the bond market , Danglars is left with a destroyed reputation and 5,000,000 francs he has been holding in deposit for hospitals . The Count demands this sum to fulfil their credit agreement , and Danglars embezzles the hospital fund . Abandoning his wife , Danglars flees to Italy with the Count 's receipt and 50,000 francs . While leaving Rome , he is kidnapped by the Count 's agent Luigi Vampa and is imprisoned . Forced to pay exorbitant prices for food and nearly starved to death , Danglars signs away his ill - gotten gains . Dantès anonymously returns the stolen money to the hospitals . Danglars finally repents his crimes , and a softened Dantès forgives him and allows him to leave with his freedom and 50,000 francs . Maximilien Morrel , believing Valentine to be dead , contemplates suicide after her funeral . Dantès reveals his true identity and explains that he rescued Morrel 's father from bankruptcy years earlier ; he then tells Maximilien to reconsider his suicide . On the island of Monte Cristo , Dantès presents Valentine to Maximilien and reveals the true sequence of events . Having found peace , Dantès leaves the newly reunited couple part of his fortune and departs for an unknown destination to find comfort and a new life with Haydée , who has declared her love for him . The reader is left with a final thought : `` all human wisdom is contained in these two words , ' Wait and Hope ' '' . Character relationships in The Count of Monte Cristo ( click to enlarge ) Characters ( edit ) Edmond Dantès and his aliases ( edit ) Edmond Dantès ( born 1796 ) : A sailor with good prospects , engaged to Mercédès . After his transformation into the Count of Monte Cristo , he reveals his true name to his enemies as each revenge is completed . During the course of the novel , he falls in love with Haydée . The Count of Monte Cristo : The identity Dantès assumes when he emerges from prison and inherits his vast fortune . As a result , the Count of Monte Cristo is usually associated with a coldness and bitterness that comes from an existence based solely on revenge . Chief Clerk of the banking firm Thomson & French , an Englishman Lord Wilmore : An Englishman , and the persona in which Dantès performs random acts of generosity . Sinbad the Sailor : The persona that Dantès assumes when he saves the Morrel family and assumes while mixing with smugglers and brigands . Abbé Busoni : The persona of an Italian priest with religious authority . Monsieur Zaccone : Dantès , in the guise of the Abbé Busoni , and again as Lord Wilmore , tells an investigator that this is the Count of Monte Cristo 's true name . Number 34 : The name given to him by the new governor of Château d'If . Finding it too tedious to learn Dantès ' real name , he was called by the number of his cell . The Maltese Sailor : The name he was known by after his rescue by smugglers from the island of Tiboulen . Dantès ' allies ( edit ) Abbé Faria : Italian priest and sage . Imprisoned in the Château d'If . Edmond 's dearest friend while in prison . Giovanni Bertuccio : The Count of Monte Cristo 's steward and very loyal servant ; foster father of Benedetto . Luigi Vampa : celebrated Italian bandit and fugitive . Peppino : Formerly a shepherd , he is later a bandit and full member of Vampa 's gang . Ali : Monte Cristo 's mute Nubian slave . Baptistin : Monte Cristo 's valet - de-chambre . Jacopo Manfredi : A poor smuggler who helps Dantès survive after he escapes prison . When Jacopo proves his selfless loyalty , Dantès rewards him with his own ship and crew . Haydée ( sometimes spelled as Haidee ) : Monte Cristo 's young , beautiful slave . She is the daughter of Ali Tebelen . She is a major part of Dantès ' plan to get revenge on Fernand . At the end , she and Monte Cristo become lovers . Morcerf family ( edit ) Mercédès Mondego ( née Herrera ) : Edmond Dantès ' lover and fiancée at the beginning of the story . She later marries Fernand and they have a son named Albert . Despite being Fernand 's wife , she remains in love with Edmond . Fernand Mondego : Count de Morcerf , Dantès 's rival and cousin of Mercédès , whom he eventually marries . Fernand helped frame Edmond in order to get Mercédès and would later become a general in the army , which leads to his betrayal of Haydée 's father and sells Haydée and her mother to gain the title `` Count '' . Albert de Morcerf : Son of Mercédès and the Viscount de Morcerf , later becomes fond of Monte Cristo and sees him as a friend . Danglars family ( edit ) Baron Danglars : Dantès ' jealous junior officer and mastermind behind his imprisonment , later a wealthy banker . Madame Hermine Danglars ( formerly Baroness Hermine de Nargonne née de Servieux ) : She had an affair with Gérard de Villefort . They had an illegitimate son , Benedetto . Eugénie Danglars : Daughter of Baron Danglars and Hermine Danglars . She is free - spirited and aspires to become an independent artist . Villefort family ( edit ) Gérard de Villefort : chief deputy prosecutor who imprisons Dantès , later becoming acquaintances as Dantès enacts his revenge . Renée de Villefort , Renée de Saint - Méran : Gérard de Villefort 's first wife , mother of Valentine . The Marquis and Marquise de Saint - Méran : Renée 's parents . Valentine de Villefort : The daughter of Gérard de Villefort and his first wife , Renée . In love with Maximilien Morrel . Engaged to Baron Franz d'Épinay . She is 19 years old with chestnut hair , dark blue eyes , and `` long white hands '' . Monsieur Noirtier de Villefort : The father of Gérard de Villefort and grandfather of Valentine , Édouard ( and , without knowing it , Benedetto ) . A committed anti-royalist . He is paralysed and only able to communicate with his eyes , but retains his mental faculties and acts as protector to Valentine . Héloïse de Villefort : The murderous second wife of Gérard de Villefort , mother of Edouard . Édouard de Villefort ( Edward ) . The only legitimate son of Villefort . Benedetto : The illegitimate son of de Villefort and Baroness Hermine Danglars ( Hermine de Nargonne ) , raised by Bertuccio and his sister - in - law , Assunta , in Rogliano . Becomes `` Andrea Cavalcanti '' in Paris . Morrel family ( edit ) Pierre Morrel : Dantès 's employer , owner of Morrel & Son . Maximilien Morrel : Son of Pierre Morrel , an army captain who becomes a friend of Dantès . In love with Valentine de Villefort . Julie Herbault : Daughter of Pierre Morrel , wife of Emmanuel Herbault . Emmanuel Herbault : an employee of Morrel & Son , who marries Julie Morrel and succeeds to the business . Other characters ( edit ) Gaspard Caderousse : Originally a tailor and later the owner of an inn , he was a neighbour and friend of Dantès who fails to protect him at the beginning of the story and then turns to crime . Louis Dantès : Edmond Dantès ' father , who dies from starvation during his son 's imprisonment . Baron Franz d'Épinay : A friend of Albert de Morcerf , first fiancé of Valentine de Villefort . Lucien Debray : Secretary to the Minister of the Interior , a friend of Albert de Morcerf , and a lover of Madame Danglars , whom he provides with inside investment information , which she then passes on to her husband . Beauchamp : Journalist and friend of Albert de Morcerf . Raoul , Baron de Château - Renaud : Member of a noble family and friend of Albert de Morcerf . Louise d'Armilly : Eugénie Danglars ' music instructor and her intimate friend . Monsieur de Boville : Originally an inspector of prisons , later a detective in the Paris force . Barrois : Old , trusted servant of Monsieur de Noirtier . Monsieur d'Avrigny : Family doctor treating the Villefort family . Major ( also Marquis ) Bartolomeo Cavalcanti : Old man who plays the role of Prince Andrea Cavalcanti 's father . Ali Tebelen ( Ali Tepelini in some versions ) : An Albanian nationalist leader , Pasha of Yanina , whom Fernand Mondego betrays , leading to Ali Pasha 's murder at the hands of the Turks and the seizure of his kingdom . His wife and daughter Haydée are sold into slavery by Fernand . Countess Teresa Guiccioli Publication ( edit ) The Count of Monte Cristo was originally published in the Journal des Débats in eighteen parts . Serialization ran from August 28 , 1844 to January 15 , 1846 . The first edition in book form was published in Paris by Pétion in 18 volumes with the first two issued in 1844 and the remaining sixteen in 1845 . Most of the Belgian pirated editions , the first Paris edition and many others up to the Lécrivain et Toubon illustrated edition of 1860 feature a misspelling of the title with `` Christo '' used instead of `` Cristo '' . The first edition to feature the correct spelling was the L'Écho des Feuilletons illustrated edition , Paris 1846 . This edition featured plates by Paul Gavarni and Tony Johannot and was said to be `` revised '' and `` corrected '' , although only the chapter structure appears to have been altered with an additional chapter entitled La Maison des Allées de Meilhan having been created by splitting Le Départ into two . English translations ( edit ) The first appearance of The Count of Monte Cristo in English was the first part of a serialization by W. Francis Ainsworth in volume VII of Ainsworth 's Magazine published in 1845 , although this was an abridged summary of the first part of the novel only and was entitled The Prisoner of If . Ainsworth translated the remaining chapters of the novel , again in abridged form , and issued these in volumes VIII and IX of the magazine in 1845 and 1846 respectively . Another abridged serialisation appeared in The London Journal between 1846 and 1847 . The first single volume translation in English was an abridged edition with woodcuts published by Geo Pierce in January 1846 entitled The Prisoner of If or The Revenge of Monte Christo . In April 1846 , volume three of the Parlour Novelist , Belfast , Ireland : Simms and M'Intyre , London : WS Orr and Company , featured the first part of an unabridged translation of the novel by Emma Hardy . The remaining two parts would be issued as the Count of Monte Christo volumes I and II in volumes 8 and 9 of the Parlour Novelist respectively . The most common English translation is an anonymous one originally published in 1846 by Chapman and Hall . This was originally released in ten weekly installments from March 1846 with six pages of letterpress and two illustrations by M Valentin . The translation was released in book form with all twenty illustrations in two volumes in May 1846 , a month after the release of the first part of the above - mentioned translation by Emma Hardy . The translation follows the revised French edition of 1846 , with the correct spelling of `` Cristo '' and the extra chapter The House on the Allées de Meilhan . Most English editions of the novel follow the anonymous translation . In 1889 two of the major American publishers Little Brown and T.Y Crowell updated the translation , correcting mistakes and revising the text to reflect the original serialised version . This resulted in the removal of the chapter The House on the Allées de Meilhan , with the text restored to the end of the chapter called The Departure . In 1955 Collins published an updated version of the anonymous translation which cut several passages including a whole chapter entitled The Past and renamed others . This abridgement was republished by many Collins imprints and other publishers including the Modern Library , Vintage , the 1998 Oxford World 's Classics edition ( later editions restored the text ) and the 2009 Everyman 's Library edition . In 1996 Penguin Classics published a new translation by Robin Buss . Buss 's translation updated the language , making the text more accessible to modern readers , and restored content that was modified in the 1846 translation because of Victorian English social restrictions ( for example , references to Eugénie 's lesbian traits and behaviour ) to reflect Dumas ' original version . In addition to the above there have also been many abridged translations such as an 1892 edition published by F.M Lupton , translated by Henry L. Williams ( this translation was also released by M.J Ivers in 1892 with Williams using the pseudonym of Professor William Thiese ) . A more recent abridgement is the translation by Lowell Blair for Bantam Classics in 1956 . In Japan ( edit ) The first Japanese translation by Kuroiwa Shūroku was entitled `` Shigai Shiden Gankutsu - ou '' ( 史外史伝巌窟王 , `` a historical story from outside history , the King of the Cavern '' ) , and serialized from 1901 -- 1902 in the Yorozu Chouhou newspaper , and released in book form in four volumes by publisher Aoki Suusandou in 1905 . Though later translations use the title `` Monte Cristo - haku '' ( モンテ・クリスト伯 , the Count of Monte Cristo ) , the `` Gankutsu - ou '' title remains highly associated with the novel and is often used as an alternative . As of March 2016 , all movie adaptations of the novel brought to Japan used the title `` Gankutsu - ou '' , with the exception of the 2002 film , which has it as a subtitle ( with the title itself simply being `` Monte Cristo '' ) . The novel is popular in Japan , and has spawned numerous adaptations , the most notable of which are the novels Meiji Gankutsu - ou by Taijirou Murasame and Shin Gankutsu - ou by Kaitarō Hasegawa . Its influence can also be seen in how one of the first prominent cases of miscarriage of justice in Japan , in which an innocent man was charged with murder and imprisoned for half a century , is known in Japanese as the `` Yoshida Gankutsu - ou incident '' ( 吉田岩窟王事件 ) . Reception and legacy ( edit ) The original work was published in serial form in the Journal des Débats in 1844 . Carlos Javier Villafane Mercado described the effect in Europe : The effect of the serials , which held vast audiences enthralled ... is unlike any experience of reading we are likely to have known ourselves , maybe something like that of a particularly gripping television series . Day after day , at breakfast or at work or on the street , people talked of little else . George Saintsbury stated : `` Monte Cristo is said to have been at its first appearance , and for some time subsequently , the most popular book in Europe . Perhaps no novel within a given number of years had so many readers and penetrated into so many different countries . '' This popularity has extended into modern times as well . The book was `` translated into virtually all modern languages and has never been out of print in most of them . There have been at least twenty - nine motion pictures based on it ... as well as several television series , and many movies ( have ) worked the name ' Monte Cristo ' into their titles . '' The title Monte Cristo lives on in a `` famous gold mine , a line of luxury Cuban cigars , a sandwich , and any number of bars and casinos -- it even lurks in the name of the street - corner hustle three - card monte . '' Modern Russian writer and philologist Vadim Nikolayev determined The Count of Monte - Cristo as a megapolyphonic novel . The novel has been the inspiration for many other works , from Lew Wallace 's Ben - Hur ( 1880 ) , a science fiction retelling in Alfred Bester 's The Stars My Destination , to Stephen Fry 's contemporary The Stars ' Tennis Balls . Historical background ( edit ) The success of Monte Cristo coincides with France 's Second Empire . In the book , Dumas tells of the 1815 return of Napoleon I , and alludes to contemporary events when the governor at the Château d'If is promoted to a position at the castle of Ham . The attitude of Dumas towards `` bonapartisme '' was conflicted . His father , Thomas - Alexandre Dumas , a Haitian of mixed descent , became a successful general during the French Revolution . New racial - discrimination laws were applied in 1802 , and the general was dismissed from the army and became profoundly bitter toward Napoleon . In 1840 , the ashes of Napoleon I were brought to France and became an object of veneration in the church of Les Invalides , renewing popular patriotic support for the Bonaparte family . In `` Causeries '' ( 1860 ) , Dumas published a short paper , `` État civil du Comte de Monte - Cristo '' , on the genesis of the Count of Monte - Cristo . It appears that Dumas had close contacts with members of the Bonaparte family while living in Florence in 1841 . In a small boat he sailed around the island of Monte - Cristo accompanied by a young prince , a cousin to Louis Bonaparte , who was to become Emperor of the French ten years later . During this trip he promised the prince that he would write a novel with the island 's name in the title . At that time the future emperor was imprisoned at the citadel of Ham -- a name that is mentioned in the novel . Dumas did visit him there , although he does not mention it in `` Etat civil '' . A chronology of the Count of Monte Cristo and bonapartism ( edit ) During the life of Thomas - Alexandre Dumas : 1793 : Thomas - Alexandre Dumas is promoted to the rank of general in the army of the First French Republic . 1794 : He disapproves of the revolutionary terror in Western France . 1795 -- 97 : He becomes famous and fights under Napoleon . 1802 : Black officers are dismissed from the army . The Empire re-establishes slavery . 1802 : Birth of his son , Alexandre Dumas père . 1806 : Thomas - Alexandre Dumas dies , still bitter about the injustice of the Empire . During the life of Alexandre Dumas : 1832 : The only son of Napoleon I dies . 1836 : Alexandre Dumas is famous as a writer by this time ( age 34 ) . 1836 : First putsch by Louis Napoleon , aged 28 , fails . 1840 : A law is passed to bring the ashes of Napoleon I to France . 1840 : Second putsch of Louis Napoleon . He is imprisoned for life and becomes known as the candidate for the imperial succession . 1841 : Dumas lives in Florence and becomes acquainted with King Jérôme and his son , Napoléon . 1841 -- 44 : The story is conceived and written . 1844 -- 46 : The story is published in parts in a Parisian magazine . 1846 : The novel is published in full and becomes a European bestseller . 1846 : Louis Napoleon escapes from his prison . 1848 : French Second Republic . Louis Napoleon is elected its first president but Dumas does not vote for him . 1857 : Dumas publishes État civil du Comte de Monte - Cristo Selected notable adaptations ( edit ) Further information : The Count of Monte Cristo ( disambiguation ) Classic Comics , The Count of Monte Cristo , Issue # 3 , published 1942 . Film and television ( edit ) Hobart Bosworth ( right ) in The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1908 ) Edmond Dantès ( James O'Neill ) loosens a stone before making his escape from the Château d'If in The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1913 ) 1908 : The Count of Monte Cristo , a silent film starring Hobart Bosworth 1913 : The Count of Monte Cristo , a silent film starring James O'Neill 1918 : The Count of Monte Cristo , a silent - film serial starring Léon Mathot 1922 : Monte Cristo , directed by Emmett J. Flynn 1929 : Monte Cristo , restored silent epic directed by Henri Fescourt 1934 : The Count of Monte Cristo , directed by Rowland V. Lee 1940 : The Son of Monte Cristo , directed by Rowland V. Lee 1942 The Count of Monte Cristo ( Spanish : El Conde de Montecristo ) , a Mexican version directed by Chano Urueta and starred by Arturo de Córdova 1946 : The Return of Monte Cristo , directed by Henry Levin 1950 : The Prince of Revenge , Egyptian movie , directed by Henry Barkat 1953 : The Count of Monte Cristo ( Spanish : El Conde de Montecristo ) , directed by León Klimovsky and starred by Jorge Mistral 1954 : The Count of Monte Cristo , starring Jean Marais 1956 : The Count of Monte Cristo , TV series based on further adventures of Edmond Dantès after the end of the novel 1958 : Vanjikottai Valiban ( வஞ்சிக்கோட்டை வாலிபன் ) , Tamil film adaptation and its Hindi remake Raaj Tilak . 1961 : Le comte de Monte Cristo , starring Louis Jourdan , directed by Claude Autant - Lara 1964 : The Count of Monte Cristo , BBC television serial starring Alan Badel and Natasha Parry 1964 : The Prince of Astuteness ( ar ) ( أمير الدهاء ) , Egyptian Movie directed by Henry Barkat , Starring Farid Shawky 1966 : Il conte di Montecristo , RAI Italian television serial directed by Edmo Fenoglio. starring Andrea Giordana 1968 : Sous le signe de Monte Cristo , French movie starring Paul Barge , Claude Jade and Anny Duperey , directed by André Hunebelle , and set in 1947 1973 : The Count of Monte Cristo , animated short produced by Hanna - Barbera 1975 : The Count of Monte Cristo , starring Richard Chamberlain , directed by David Greene 1977 : The Great Vendetta ( zh ) ( 大報復 ) , Hong Kong television serial starring Adam Cheng , in which the background of the story is changed to Southern China during the Republican Era . 1979 : Nihon Gankutsuou ( ja ) ( 日本巌窟王 ) , Japanese television serial set in Edo period , starring Masao Kusakari . 1979 : Le Comte de Monte - Cristo ( 1979 miniseries ) , French TV series starring Jacques Weber . 1982 : Padayottam , a Malayalam Film adaption set in Kerala context , directed by Jijo Punnoose starring Prem Nazir , Mammootty and Mohanlal 1984 : La Dueña a 1984 Venezuelan telenovela with a female version of Edmond Dantès . 1986 : Veta , Telugu film adaptation . 1988 : Uznik Zamka If ( ru ) ( litt . The Prisoner of Castle If ) , Soviet miniseries starring Viktor Avilov ( Count of Monte Cristo ) and Aleksei Petrenko ( Abbé Faria ) , with music and songs of Alexander Gradsky Garfield and Friends episode `` The Discount of Monte Cristo '' , a retelling of the story using the characters from U.S. Acres as the cast . Aloysius Pig , voiced by comedian Kevin Meaney , tries to cut the cost of the story , even though the characters are using their imaginations . 1998 : The Count of Monte Cristo , television miniseries starring Gérard Depardieu 1999 : Forever Mine , film starring Joseph Fiennes , Ray Liotta and Gretchen Mol , loosely but clearly based upon The Count of Monte Cristo , directed / written by Paul Schrader 2002 : The Count of Monte Cristo , directed by Kevin Reynolds and starring Jim Caviezel , Dagmara Domińczyk , Richard Harris and Guy Pearce 2004 : Gankutsuou : The Count of Monte Cristo ( 巌窟王 Gankutsuoo , literally The King of the Cave ) , Japanese animation adaptation . Produced by Gonzo , directed by Mahiro Maeda 2006 : Vingança , telenovela directed by Rodrigo Riccó and Paulo Rosa , SIC Portugal 2006 : Montecristo , Argentine telenovela starring Pablo Echarri and Paola Krum 2010 : Ezel , a Turkish television series billed as an adaptation of The Count of Monte Cristo . 2011 : Un amore e una vendetta ( English : Love and Vendetta ) an Italian television series loosely based on the book . 2011 : Revenge , a television series billed as an adaptation of The Count of Monte Cristo . 2016 : Goodbye Mr. Black , a TV series loosely based on The Count of Monte Cristo '' 2016 : Once Upon a Time 's sixth season features the Count as a character , portrayed by Craig Horner . Several characters and plot elements from the story are also alluded to . 2018 : Le Comte de Monte - Cristo ( 2018 TV series ) , Japanese TV series starring Dean Fujioka . TBA : David S. Goyer will direct a film adaptation of The Count of Monte Cristo . Literary adaptations ( edit ) 1956 : The Stars My Destination , Alfred Bester 2000 : The Stars ' Tennis Balls , Stephen Fry 2008 : A Prisoner of Birth , Jeffrey Archer 2008 : Master , an erotic version , Colette Gale 2008 : Airman , Eoin Colfer 2010 : Getting Revenge on Lauren Wood , A YA novel by Eileen Cook , which deals with popularity and bullying . Sequels ( books ) ( edit ) 1853 : A Mão do finado , Alfredo Hogan 1881 : The Son of Monte Cristo , Jules Lermina ( 1839 -- 1915 ) . This novel was divided in the English translation into two books : The Wife of Monte Cristo and The Son of Monte Cristo ) . Both were published in English in New York , 1884 , translated by Jacob Arbabanell ( 1852 -- 1922 ) . Lermina also penned Le Trésor de Monte - Cristo ( The Treasure of Monte - Cristo ) ( 1885 ) 1884 : Edmond Dantès : The Sequel to Alexander Dumas ' Celebrated Novel The Count of Monte Cristo , Edmund Flagg ( 1815 -- 1890 ) . Published in English by T.B. Peterson and Bros. in 1886 ( no translator credited ) . 1884 : Monte - Cristo 's Daughter sequel to Alexander Dumas ' great novel , the `` Count of Monte - Cristo , '' and Conclusion of `` Edmond Dantès '' , Edmund Flagg . Published in English by T.B. Peterson and Bros. in 1886 ( no translator credited ) . 1869 : The Countess of Monte Cristo , Jean Charles Du Boys ( 1836 - 1873 ) . Published in English by T.B. Peterson and Bros. in 1871 ( no translator credited ) . 1887 : Monte Cristo and his wife , presumably by Jacob Ralph Abarbanell 1902 : Countess of Monte Cristo , by Abarbanell Plays and musicals scripts ( edit ) Alexandre Dumas and Auguste Maquet wrote a set of four plays that collectively told the story of The Count of Monte Cristo : Monte Cristo Part I ( 1848 ) ; Monte Cristo Part II ( 1848 ) ; Le Comte de Morcerf ( 1851 ) and Villefort ( 1851 ) . The first two plays were first performed at Dumas ' own Théâtre Historique in February 1848 , with the performance spread over two nights , each with a long duration ( the first evening ran from 18 : 00 until 00 : 00 ) . The play was also unsuccessfully performed at Drury Lane in London later that year where rioting erupted in protest at French companies performing in England . The adaptation differs from the novel in many respects : several characters , such as Luigi Vampa , are excluded ; Whereas the novel includes many different plot threads that are brought together at the conclusion , the third and fourth plays deal only with the fate of Mondego and Villefort respectively ( Danglars fate is not featured at all ) ; the play is the first to feature Dantès shouting `` the world is mine ! '' , an iconic line that would be used in many future adaptations . Two English adaptations of the novel were published in 1868 . The first , by Hailes Lacy , differs only slightly from Dumas ' version with the main change being that Fernand Mondego is killed in a duel with the Count rather than committing suicide . Much more radical was the version by Charles Fechter , a notable French - Anglo actor . The play faithfully follows the first part of the novel , omits the Rome section and makes several sweeping changes to the third part , among the most significant being that Albert is actually the son of Dantès . The fates of the three main antagonists are also altered : Villefort , whose fate is dealt with quite early on in the play , kills himself after being foiled by The Count trying to kill Noirtier ( Villefort 's half brother in this version ) ; Mondego kills himself after being confronted by Mercedes ; Danglars is killed by The Count in a duel . The ending sees Dantès and Mercedes reunited and the character of Haydee is not featured at all . The play was first performed at the Adelphi in London in October 1868 . The original duration was five hours , resulting in Fechter abridging the play , which , despite negative reviews , had a respectable sixteen - week run . Fechter moved to the United States in 1869 and Monte Cristo was chosen for the inaugural play at the opening of the Globe Theatre , Boston in 1870 . Fechter last performed the role in 1878 . In 1883 John Stetson , manager of the Booth Theatre and The Globe Theatre , wanted to revive the play and asked James O'Neill to perform the lead role . O'Neill , who had never seen Fechter perform , made the role his own and the play became a commercial , if not an artistic success . O'Neill made several abridgements to the play and eventually bought it from Stetson . A motion picture based on Fechter 's play , with O'Neill in the title role , was released in 1913 but was not a huge success . O'Neill died in 1920 , two years before a more successful motion picture , produced by Fox and partially based on Fechter 's version , was released . The Count of Monte Cristo is a musical based on the novel , with influences from the 2002 film adaptation of the book . The music is written by Frank Wildhorn and the lyrics and book are by Jack Murphy . It debuted in Switzerland in 2009 . Audio adaptations ( edit ) Newspaper advertisement for The Campbell Playhouse presentation of `` The Count of Monte Cristo '' ( October 1 , 1939 ) 1938 : The Mercury Theatre on the Air with Orson Welles ( Dantés ) , Ray Collins ( Abbé Faria ) , George Coulouris ( Monsieur Morrel ) , Edgar Barrier ( de Villefort ) , Eustace Wyatt ( Caderousse ) , Paul Stewart ( Paul Dantés ) Sidney Smith ( Mondego ) , Richard Wilson ( the Officer ) , Virginia Welles ( Mercédès ) ; radio broadcast August 29 , 1938 . 1939 : The Campbell Playhouse with Orson Welles ( Dantés ) , Ray Collins ( Caderousse ) , Everett Sloane ( Abbé Faria ) , Frank Readick ( Villefort ) , George Coulouris ( Danglars ) , Edgar Barrier ( Mondego ) , Richard Wilson ( a Jailer ) , Agnes Moorehead ( Mercédès ) ; radio broadcast October 1 , 1939 . 1939 : Robert Montgomery on the Lux Radio Theater ( radio ) 1947 -- 52 : The Count of Monte Cristo radio program starring Carleton Young 1960s : Paul Daneman for Tale Spinners For Children series ( LP ) UAC 11044 1961 : Louis Jourdan for Caedmon Records ( LP ) 1964 : Per Edström director ( radio series in Sweden ) 1987 : Andrew Sachs on BBC Radio 4 ( later BBC Radio 7 and BBC Radio 4 Extra ) 1989 : Richard Matthews for Penguin Random House ( ISBN 978 - 141 - 591 - 221 - 8 ) 2005 : John Lee for Blackstone Audio 2010 : Bill Homewood for Naxos Audiobooks ( ISBN 978 - 962 - 634 - 134 - 6 ) 2012 : Iain Glen on BBC Radio 4 written by Sebastian Baczkiewicz and directed by Jeremy Mortimer and Sasha Yevtushenko , with Richard Johnson as Faria , Jane Lapotaire as the aged Haydee , Toby Jones as Danglars , Zubin Varla as Fernand , Paul Rhys as Villefort and Josette Simon as Mercedes . 2017 : The Count of Monte Cristo musical adaption by Berry & Butler Video games ( edit ) 1996 : Jīdū Shān En Chóu Jì -- Le Comte de Monte - Cristo ( 基督山恩仇記 ) , a Chinese - language Nintendo Famicom game produced by Waixing Computer Science & Technology 2014 : Count of Monte - Cristo phone app ( in English and Romanian ) . A puzzle game that comes with a level editor . 2016 : In Fate / Grand Order , Edmond Dantès was available for summoning as an Avenger - class servant . Type - Moon also produced an accompanying drama CD about Monte Cristo and various people from his past including Haydée and Abbe Faria . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ On p. 140 of the Pléiade edition the governor at the Château d'If is promoted to a position at the castle of Ham , which is the castle where Louis Napoleon was imprisoned 1840 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Thomas Alexandre Dumas was also known as Alexandre Davy de la Pailleterie . Jump up ^ `` État civil du Comte de Monte - Cristo '' is included in the Pléiade edition ( Paris , 1981 ) as an `` annexe '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schopp , Claude , Genius of Life , p. 325 Jump up ^ `` The Alexandre Dumas père Web Site '' . Georges. Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 06 Jump up ^ Alexandre Dumas , The Count of Monte Cristo 2004 , Barnes & Noble Books , New York . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59308 - 333 - 5 . p. xxv ( TCMC ) Jump up ^ Etat civil du Comte de Monte - Cristo in Causeries , chapter IX ( 1857 ) . See also the introduction of the Pléiade edition of Le comte de Monte - Cristo ( 1981 ) Jump up ^ Le Diamant et la Vengeance in Mémoires tirés des Archives de la Police de Paris , vol. 5 , chapter LXXIV , p. 197 Jump up ^ True Stories of Immortal Crimes , H. Ashton - Wolfe , 1931 , E.P. Dutton & Co. , pp. 16 -- 17 Jump up ^ David Coward ( ed ) , Oxford 's World Classics , Dumas , Alexandre , The Count of Monte Cristo , p. xxv ^ Jump up to : Munro , Douglas ( 1978 ) . Alexandre Dumas Père : a bibliography of works translated into English to 1910 . Garland Pub . pp. 91 -- 92 . Jump up ^ `` The Morning Post Front Page '' . The Morning Post . February 26 , 1846 . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Dumas , Alexandre ( 1889 ) . The Count of Monte Cristo. Little Brown and Company . Jump up ^ Dumas , Alexandre ( 1889 ) . The Count of Monte Cristo : or , The Adventures of Edmond Dantès . T.Y Crowell . Jump up ^ Dumas , Alexandre ( 1955 ) . The Count of Monte Cristo with an introduction by Richard Church . Collins . ^ Jump up to : TCMC p. xxiv Jump up ^ TCMC p. 601 Jump up ^ TCMC pp. xxiv -- xxv Jump up ^ ( in Russian ) Shakespeare and Le Comte de Monte - Cristo The electronic encyclopedia World of Shakespeare Jump up ^ Lew Wallace ( 1906 ) , Lew Wallace ; an Autobiography p. 936 ISBN 1 - 142 - 04820 - 9 Jump up ^ ( in French ) The Stars My Destination , Pastiche Dumas site Jump up ^ Fry says The Stars ' Tennis Balls ( 2000 ) ( entitled Revenge in the US , is `` a straight steal , virtually identical in all but period and style to Alexandre Dumas ' The Count of Monte Cristo '' ; most character names are anagrams or cryptic references from Dumas ' work . See Fry , Stephen ( 2003 ) Revenge ( Introduction ) Random House Trade Paperbacks . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 6819 - 0 Jump up ^ Pierre Milza ( 2004 ) Napoléon III . Perrin . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time books Legend of the Seeker star -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . 20 July 2016 . Retrieved 2 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` David Goyer to Direct ' Count of Monte Cristo ' Remake ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 18 March 2013 . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew. Borchert to Star in World Premiere of Wildhorn 's Count of Monte Cristo `` , playbill.com , February 18 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : Welles , Orson ; Bogdanovich , Peter ; Rosenbaum , Jonathan ( 1992 ) . This is Orson Welles . New York : HarperCollins Publishers . ISBN 0 - 06 - 016616 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 4 -- Classic Serial , The Count of Monte Cristo , Episode 1 '' . BBC . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . The Count Of Monte Cristo . Further reading ( edit ) Maurois , André ( 1957 ) . The Titans , a three - generation biography of the Dumas . trans . by Gerard Hopkins . New York : Harper & Brothers Publishers . OCLC 260126 . Schopp , Claude ( 1988 ) . Alexandre Dumas , Genius of Life . trans . by A.J. Koch . New York , Toronto : Franklin Watts . ISBN 0 - 531 - 15093 - 3 . Salien , Jean - Marie . La subversion de l'orientalisme dans Le comte de Monte - Cristo d'Alexandre Dumas , Études françaises , vol. 36 , n ° 1 , 2000 , pp. 179 -- 190 Toesca , Catherine ( 2002 ) . Les sept Monte - Cristo d'Alexandre Dumas . Paris : Maisonneuve & Larose . ISBN 2 - 7068 - 1613 - 9 . Lenotre , G. La conquête et le règne in Revue des Deux Mondes , Jan / Feb 1919 Blaze de Bury , H. ( 1885 ) . Alexandre Dumas : sa vie , son temps , son oeuvre Maccinelli , Clara ; Animato , Carlo ( 1991 ) . `` Il Conte di Montecristo '' : Favola alchemica e massonica vendetta , Edizioni Mediterranee . ISBN 88 - 272 - 0791 - 0 Cécile Raynal , Promenade médico - pharmaceutique à travers l'œuvre d'Alexandre Dumas , in Revue d'histoire de la pharmacie , 2002 , Volume 90 , N. 333 , pp. 111 -- 146 Reiss , Tom , ( 2013 ) , The Black Count : Glory , Revolution , Betrayal , and the Real Count of Monte Cristo , ISBN 0307382478 External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Count of Monte Cristo Reis , Tom , The Black Count : Glory , Revolution , Betrayal , and the Real Count of Monte Cristo French Wikisource has original text related to this article : Le Comte de Monte - Cristo Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Count of Monte Cristo . Critical approach on The Count of Monte Cristo by Enrique Javier González Camacho in Gibralfaro , the journal of creative writing and humanities at the University of Malaga ( in Spanish ) The Count of Monte Cristo public domain audiobook at LibriVox Tale Spinners for Children : The Count of Monte Cristo MP3 download Pierre Picaud : The `` Real '' Count `` Count of Monte Cristo Paris Walking Tour '' identifies locations from the novel in Paris mapped on Google Maps The Count of Monte Cristo on Open Library at the Internet Archive The Count of Monte Cristo on BBC Radio 7 The Count of Monte Cristo on Shmoop.com The Count of Monte Cristo on Project Gutenberg hide Alexandre Dumas , père Novels The Count of Monte Cristo The Three Musketeers The Corsican Brothers The Black Tulip Captain Pamphile Le Chevalier de Maison - Rouge La Dame de Monsoreau Georges The Knight of Sainte - Hermine The Queen 's Necklace La Reine Margot The New Troy Twenty Years After The Two Dianas The Vicomte de Bragelonne The Wolf Leader La Sanfelice The Women 's War Characters Edmond Dantès Aramis Athos Anne of Austria d'Artagnan Abbé Faria Milady de Winter Porthos Cardinal Richelieu Comte de Rochefort M. de Tréville Films The Brigand ( 1952 ) The Corsican Brothers ( 1941 ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1934 ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1975 ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1998 ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( 2002 ) D'Artagnan and Three Musketeers The Fifth Musketeer The Four Musketeers ( 1936 ) The Four Musketeers ( 1974 ) The Iron Mask The Man in the Iron Mask ( 1939 ) The Man in the Iron Mask ( 1977 ) The Man in the Iron Mask ( 1998 ) The Man in the Iron Mask Mickey , Donald , Goofy : The Three Musketeers The Musketeer La Reine Margot ( 1954 ) La Reine Margot ( 1994 ) soundtrack The Return of the Musketeers Les Trois Mousquetaires The Three Musketeers ( 1921 ) The Three Musketeers ( 1933 ) The Three Musketeers ( 1948 ) The Three Musketeers ( 1969 ) The Three Musketeers ( 1973 ) The Three Musketeers ( 1992 animated ) The Three Musketeers ( 1993 ) The Three Musketeers ( 2011 ) TV programmes Gankutsuou Albert the Fifth Musketeer The Count of Monte Cristo Dogtanian and the Three Muskehounds Young Blades The Three Musketeers The Musketeers Related Alexandre Dumas , fils ( son ) Thomas - Alexandre Dumas ( father ) Marie - Cessette Dumas ( grandmother ) Auguste Maquet ( collaborator ) Théâtre Historique Château de Monte - Cristo L'Autre Dumas ( 2010 film ) Orson Welles and People ( lost documentary ) hide The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexandre Dumas Characters Edmond Dantès Abbé Faria Films The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1913 ) Monte Cristo ( 1922 ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1929 ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1934 ) The Son of Monte Cristo ( 1940 ) El Conde de Monte Cristo ( 1942 ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1943 ) The Return of Monte Cristo ( 1946 ) The Wife of Monte Cristo ( 1946 ) Mask of the Avenger ( 1951 ) The Sword of Monte Cristo ( 1951 ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1953 ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1954 ) Vanjikottai Valiban ( 1958 ) Raj Tilak ( 1958 ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1961 ) The Treasure of Monte Cristo ( 1961 ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1975 ) Padayottam Veta The Count of Monte Cristo ( 2002 ) Television The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1956 ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1964 ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1998 miniseries ) Gankutsuou : The Count of Monte Cristo Montecristo Ezel Revenge Yago Literature The Stars My Destination The Stars ' Tennis Balls A Prisoner of Birth Other The Black Count : Glory , Revolution , Betrayal , and the Real Count of Monte Cristo ( biography ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( Wildhorn - Murphy musical ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( Behr musical ) Christ 0 ( album ) Related Auguste Maquet ( collaborator ) Pierre Picaud L'Autre Dumas ( 2010 film ) `` Revenge Is a Dish Best Served Three Times '' Gankutsuou characters BNF : cb119526826 ( data ) GND : 4362352 - 9 SUDOC : 027500861 VIAF : 177357373 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Count_of_Monte_Cristo&oldid=844344799 '' Categories : The Count of Monte Cristo 1844 French novels Novels by Alexandre Dumas French adventure novels Novels set in France Novels set in Italy Napoleonic War novels Pirate books Novels about revenge Novels first published in serial form Works originally published in Journal des débats Novels adapted into comics French novels adapted into films French novels adapted into plays Novels adapted into radio programs Novels adapted into television programs Novels adapted into video games Treasure troves Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles with Russian - 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3263445232849948003	Flag of Wales	Flag of Wales - wikipedia Flag of Wales Jump to : navigation , search Wales Use National flag Proportion 3 : 5 Adopted 1959 ( current version ) Design Per fess Argent and Vert , a dragon passant Gules The flag of Wales ( Welsh : Baner Cymru or Y Ddraig Goch , meaning the red dragon ) consists of a red dragon passant on a green and white field . As with many heraldic charges , the exact representation of the dragon is not standardised and many renderings exist . The flag incorporates the red dragon of Cadwaladr , King of Gwynedd , along with the Tudor colours of green and white . It was used by Henry VII at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485 , after which it was carried in state to St Paul 's Cathedral . The red dragon was then included as a supporter of the Tudor royal arms to signify their Welsh descent . It was officially recognised as the Welsh national flag in 1959 . Several cities include a dragon in their flag design , including Cardiff , the Welsh capital , and the Welsh - founded city of Puerto Madryn in Argentina . Contents ( hide ) 1 Red dragon of Wales 1.1 Historic use 1.2 Modern use 2 Flag of Saint David 3 In popular culture 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External links Red dragon of Wales ( edit ) Historic use ( edit ) 15th - century image illustrating the story of Vortigern and the red and white dragons . The flag was granted official status in 1959 , but the red dragon itself has been associated with Wales for centuries , though the origin of the adoption of the dragon symbol is now lost in history and myth . A possible theory is that the Romans brought the emblem to what is now Wales during their occupation of Britain in the form of the Draco standards borne by the Roman cavalry , itself inspired by the symbols of the Dacians or Parthians . The Olm ( Proteus anguinus ) of Slovenia bear a similarity in miniature to the Draco standard and they are referred to as baby cave dragons by the locals . The green and white stripes of the flag were additions by the House of Tudor , the Welsh dynasty that held the English throne from 1485 to 1603 . Green and white are also the colours of the leek , another national emblem of Wales . The oldest known use of the dragon to represent Wales is from the Historia Brittonum , written around 830 ; the text describes a struggle between two serpents deep underground , which prevents King Vortigern from building a stronghold . This story was later adapted into a prophecy made by the wizard Myrddin ( or Merlin ) of a long fight between a red dragon and a white dragon . According to the prophecy , the white dragon , representing the Saxons , would at first dominate but eventually the red dragon , symbolising the Britons , would be victorious and recapture Lloegr . According to the legend , this victory would be brought about by Y Mab Darogan . This is believed to represent the conflict in the 5th and 6th centuries between the Britons and the invading Saxons . A version of the tale also appears as part of the poem ' Cyfranc Lludd a Llefelys ' in the Mabinogion . One twelfth - century account of this is Geoffrey of Monmouth 's Historia Regum Britanniae , where he states Merlin 's prophecies . The red dragon is popularly believed to have been the battle standard of Arthur and other ancient Celtic / Romano - British leaders . There is considerable evidence to suggest that during this period the dragon was a symbol of the Romano - British monarchy and possibly Romano - British society more broadly , including some from Anglo - Saxon poetry . The dragon is particularly associated in Welsh poetry with Cadwaladr king of Gwynedd from c. 655 to 682 . The Dragons of Arthur and Cadwaladr were possibly based on the draco standards carried by Roman cavalry units stationed in Britain . The Draco originated with the Sarmatians , a unit of whom were stationed in Ribchester from the 2nd to 4th centuries . Despite the close link throughout early Welsh history , the dragon was not used exclusively as a symbol for Wales during this period , and it was used throughout Britain as a symbol of authority . In 1138 , it was adopted by the Scottish as a royal standard , and Richard I took a dragon standard to the Third Crusade in 1191 . Henry III fought under the dragon at the Battle of Lewes and it was used later by Edward III at the Battle of Crécy . c. 1400 -- c. 1416 Y Ddraig Aur , royal standard of Owain Glyndŵr In 1400 , Owain Glyndŵr raised the dragon standard during his revolts against the occupation of Wales by the English crown . Owain 's banner known as Y Ddraig Aur or `` The Golden Dragon '' was raised over Caernarfon during the Battle of Tuthill in 1401 against the English . The flag has ancient origins , Glyndŵr chose to fly the standard of a Golden dragon on a white background , the traditional standard . Fifteen years later the English crown , under the rule of Henry V , used the red dragon standard itself during the Battle of Agincourt . The English forces during the battle utilised Welsh longbowmen , along with their own archers . In 1485 , the most significant link between the symbol of the red dragon and Wales occurred when Henry Tudor flew the red dragon of Cadwaladr during his invasion of England . Henry was of Welsh descent and after leaving France with an army of 2000 , landed at Milford Haven on 7 August . He made capital of his Welsh ancestry in gathering support and gaining safe passage through Wales . Henry met and fought Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth , and in victory took the English throne . After the battle , Henry carried the red dragon standard in state to St Paul 's Cathedral , and later the Tudor livery of green and white was added to the flag . Modern use ( edit ) The 1953 Royal Badge of Wales In 1807 , the red dragon on a green mount was adopted as the Royal Badge of Wales , and on 11 March 1953 the motto Y Ddraig goch ddyry cychwyn ( ' The red dragon gives impetus ' or ' The red dragon leads the way ' ) was added , a line from the poem by Deio ab Ieuan Du . The badge was the basis of a flag of Wales in which it was placed on a horizontal white and green bicolour . However , the flag was the subject of derision , both because the tail pointed downwards and because the motto was a potential double entendre , used in the original poem to allude to the penis of a copulating bull . In 1959 , government use of this flag was dropped in favour of the current flag at the urging of the Gorsedd of Bards . Today the flag can be seen flying from the Senedd in Cardiff , and from the Wales Office in Whitehall , London each day . Flag of 1807 -- 1953 . Flag of 1953 -- 59 , depicting the Royal Badge of Wales after its augmentation of honour . Flag of Puerto Madryn and Y Wladfa . The red dragon on the tailfin of an Air Wales ATR 42 aircraft . Flag of Saint David ( edit ) Flag of Saint David The flag of Saint David , a yellow cross on a black field , is used in the emblem of the Diocese of St David 's and is flown on St David 's Day . In recent times the flag has been adopted as a symbol of Welsh nationalism . Some organisations , such as the Christian Party use this flag instead of Y Ddraig Goch , citing their dissatisfaction with the current flag . However , traditionally , in both Protestant and Catholic traditions , crossed emblems have only been allocated to those martyred in the name of Christianity . Examples are saints such as St Andrew ( Scotland ) , St George ( England ) , St Denis ( France ) , and St Alban ( England / Hertfordshire ) . In popular culture ( edit ) The flag of Wales has been used by those in the arts , sport and business to show a sense of patriotism or recognition with Wales . During the 1999 Rugby World Cup , which was hosted in Wales , the opening ceremony used the motif of the dragon several times , though most memorably , the flag was worn on a dress by Welsh singer Shirley Bassey . Other musicians to have used the flag , include Nicky Wire of Manic Street Preachers , who will often drape the Welsh flag over amps when playing live , and Cerys Matthews who has worn the image on her clothes , while classical singer Katherine Jenkins has taken the flag on stage during live performances . Roger Waters ' album Radio K.A.O.S. follows the story of a disabled Welsh man , grounded in California , who regularly expresses nostalgia and a hope for return to his home country . The chorus of `` Sunset Strip '' , the album 's fifth track , uses the imagery of the Welsh flag to further emphasise this : And I sit in the canyon with my back to the sea There 's a blood - red dragon on a field of green Calling me back , back to the Black Hills again See also ( edit ) wales portal List of flags of the United Kingdom List of Welsh flags National symbols of Wales Flags of Europe Olm References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Weston , John . `` Data Wales : The Welsh Flag and other Welsh symbols '' . ^ Jump up to : Davies ( 2008 ) , pg 732 . Jump up ^ Davis , Dai . The Origin and Meaning of the Welsh Dragon . Welsh Flag . Retrieved 8 August 2012 Jump up ^ Hackett , Martin ( 30 July 2014 ) . `` Lost Battlefields of Wales '' . Amberley Publishing Limited -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Davies , John ( 25 January 2007 ) . `` A History of Wales '' . Penguin Adult -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Breverton , Terry ( 15 May 2009 ) . `` Owain Glyndwr : The Story of the Last Prince of Wales '' . Amberley Publishing Limited -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ The dragon and war BBC Wales history Jump up ^ Perrin , W.G. ( 1922 ) . British Flags . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Origin of Y Ddraig Goch Archived 11 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Flags of the World Jump up ^ `` Wales : History of Welsh Flags '' . Jump up ^ Eriksen , Thomas ; Jenkins , Richard ( 2007 ) . Flag , nation and symbolism in Europe and America ( 1 . publ . ed . ) . London : Routledge . p. 80 . ISBN 9780415444040 . Jump up ^ Black , Ronald ( 1992 ) . `` Studies in honour of James Carney ( 1914 -- 89 ) '' . Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies ( 23 ) : 109 . Jump up ^ Barraclough , EMC . Flags of the World , 1965 . Jump up ^ `` WELSH FLAG ( Hansard , 23 February 1959 ) '' . Jump up ^ Lofmark , C. A History of the Red Dragon Archived 7 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Christian group wants ' evil ' Welsh flag changed '' . Walesonline.co.uk. 3 March 2007 . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ World Cup kicks off in style BBC News , 1 October 1999 Jump up ^ Manic Street Preachers - Nicky Wire BBC , Wales Music Jump up ^ Pop music : The changing face of Brit guitar rock The Independent , 27 March 1998 Jump up ^ Katherine Jenkins threatens to spill out of dress on stage as boyfriend Gethin Jones looks on Archived 5 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine . London Evening Standard , 25 August 2008 Jump up ^ Katherine shines at last night of the Proms Daily Express , 14 September 2009 Bibliography ( edit ) Davies , John ; Jenkins , Nigel ( 2008 ) . The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales . Cardiff : University of Wales Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7083 - 1953 - 6 . Eriksen , Thomas ; Jenkins , Richard ( 2007 ) . Flag , nation and symbolism in Europe and America ( 1 . publ . ed . ) . London : Routledge . p. 80 . ISBN 9780415444040 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of Wales . HiJack , an article addressing the question of why Wales has no explicit symbolic representation on the Union Flag . Wales at Flags of the World Links to related articles Wales articles History Prehistory Roman Era Anglo - Welsh Wars Early Middle Ages Kingdom of Gwynedd Kingdom of Powys Deheubarth Medieval Welsh law Norman invasion Edwardian conquest Late Middle Ages Statute of Rhuddlan Glyndŵr Rising Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 Geography Geology Islands Lakes Mountains and hills Protected areas Rivers Politics Assembly Elections First Minister Political parties Welsh nationalism Welsh Office Secretary of State Modern Welsh law Women 's suffrage Economy Agriculture ( Sheep farming ) Companies Power stations Tourism Transport Society Demographics Education Languages Welsh history Welsh English Welsh people Culture Art Eisteddfod Gorsedd Literature in Welsh / in English Media Museums Castles Scheduled Monuments Music Theatre Sport Athletics Bando Boxing Cnapan Cricket Football national team Golf Horse racing Pêl - Law Rugby league national team Rugby union Men 's team Men 's 7s team Women 's team Women 's 7s team Religion 1904 -- 1905 Welsh Revival Bahá'ís Buddhism Christianity Church in Wales Saint David Hinduism Islam in Wales Judaism Presbyterian Church of Wales Welsh Methodist revival Mormonism Neo-Druidism Sikhism Symbols Anthem Flags national Prince of Wales 's feathers Royal Badge Welsh Dragon Outline Portal Flags of the United Kingdom United Kingdom Flag of the United Kingdom ( 1801 -- present ) Countries of the United Kingdom England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland Banners Royal Standard of the United Kingdom ( 1801 -- present ) Royal Standard of the United Kingdom in Scotland ( 1801 -- present ) Royal Banner of Scotland ( 1222 -- present ) Historic Flag of Great Britain ( 1707 -- 1801 ) Royal Standard of Great Britain ( 1707 -- 1801 ) Royal Banner of England ( 1198 -- 1707 ) Flags used during the Interregnum ( 1649 -- 1660 ) Royal Standard of Ireland ( 1541 -- 1800 ) Ireland within the UK ( 1801 -- 1922 ) Northern Ireland ( 1953 -- 1972 ) Ensigns Blue Ensign Red Ensign White Ensign Green Ensign Royal Air Force Ensign Civil Air Ensign Subnational flags of the United Kingdom England ( list ) Bedfordshire Berkshire Birmingham Black Country Buckinghamshire Cambridgeshire Cheshire Cornwall Cumberland Derbyshire Devon Dorset County Durham East Anglia Essex Gloucestershire Greater Manchester Herefordshire Hertfordshire Huntingdonshire Isles of Scilly Isle of Wight Kent Lancashire Lincolnshire City of London Mercia Middlesex Norfolk Northamptonshire Northumberland Northumbria Nottinghamshire Oxfordshire Plymouth Rutland Shropshire Somerset Staffordshire Suffolk Surrey Sussex Warwickshire Wessex Westmorland Wiltshire Worcestershire Yorkshire ( East , North & West Ridings ) Northern Ireland ( list ) Belfast Ulster Scotland ( list ) Caithness Kirkcudbrightshire Orkney Shetland Sutherland Wales ( list ) Anglesey Caernarfonshire Flintshire Glamorgan Merionethshire Monmouthshire Montgomeryshire Pembrokeshire Flags of Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union Sovereign Military Order of Malta National flags and coats of arms National flags Sovereign states Dependent territories Timeline National coats of arms Sovereign states Dependent territories Heraldry portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Wales&oldid=832520173 '' Categories : National symbols of Wales Flags of Wales Welsh heraldry Flags of the United Kingdom Welsh mythology Flags introduced in 1959 National flags Dragons in art Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use British English from January 2014 Articles containing Welsh - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Use dmy dates from November 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Tok Pisin Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Yorùbá 中文 35 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 March 2018 , at 14 : 15 . 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6907424646125833374	ILOVEYOU	ILOVEYOU - wikipedia ILOVEYOU Not to be confused with Lloviu virus . This article is about the computer virus . For other uses , see I Love You , Love Bug , and Love letter . ILOVEYOU Common name Love Letter Type Computer worm Point of origin Philippines Author ( s ) Reonel Ramones , Onel De Guzman Operating system ( s ) affected Windows 9x , Windows 2000 Written in VBScript ILOVEYOU , sometimes referred to as Love Bug or Love Letter , was a computer worm that attacked tens of millions of Windows personal computers on and after 5 May 2000 local time in the Philippines when it started spreading as an email message with the subject line `` ILOVEYOU '' and the attachment `` LOVE - LETTER - FOR - YOU. txt. vbs '' . The latter file extension ( ' vbs ' , a type of interpreted file ) was most often hidden by default on Windows computers of the time ( as it is an extension for a file type that is known by Windows ) , leading unwitting users to think it was a normal text file . Opening the attachment activated the Visual Basic script . The worm did damage on the local machine , overwriting random types of files ( including Office files , image files , and audio files ; however after overwriting MP3 files the virus would hide the file ) , and sent a copy of itself to all addresses in the Windows Address Book used by Microsoft Outlook . In contrast , the Melissa virus only sent copies to the first 50 contacts . This made it spread much faster than any other previous email worm . Contents 1 Key to success 2 Spread 3 Impact 4 Architecture 5 Developments 6 Legislative aftermath 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Key to success ( edit ) On the machine system level , ILOVEYOU relied on the scripting engine system setting ( which runs scripting language files such as . vbs files ) being enabled , and took advantage of a feature in Windows that hid file extensions by default , which malware authors would use as an exploit . Windows would parse file names from right to left , stopping at the first period character , showing only those elements to the left of this . The attachment , which had two periods , could thus display the inner fake `` txt '' file extension . Text files are considered to be innocuous , as they are normally incapable of running executable code . The worm used social engineering to entice users to open the attachment ( out of actual desire to connect or simple curiosity ) to ensure continued propagation . Systemic weaknesses in the design of Microsoft Outlook and Microsoft Windows were exploited that allowed malicious code capable of complete access to the operating system , secondary storage , and system and user data simply by unwitting users clicking on an icon . Spread ( edit ) Messages generated in the Philippines began to spread westwards through corporate email systems . Because the worm used mailing lists as its source of targets , the messages often appeared to come from acquaintances and were therefore often regarded as `` safe '' by their victims , providing further incentive to open them . Only a few users at each site had to access the attachment to generate millions more messages that crippled mail systems and overwrote millions of files on computers in each successive network . Impact ( edit ) The malware originated in the Pandacan neighborhood of Manila in the Philippines on May 5 , 2000 , thereafter following daybreak westward across the world as employees began their workday that Friday morning , moving first to Hong Kong , then to Europe , and finally the United States . The outbreak was later estimated to have caused US $5.5 -- 8.7 billion in damages worldwide , and estimated to cost US $15 billion to remove the worm . Within ten days , over fifty million infections had been reported , and it is estimated that 10 % of internet - connected computers in the world had been affected . Damage cited was mostly the time and effort spent getting rid of the infection and recovering files from backups . To protect themselves , The Pentagon , CIA , the British Parliament and most large corporations decided to completely shut down their mail systems . The ILOVEYOU virus infected computers all over the world . At the time it was one of the world 's most destructive computer related disasters ever . The events inspired the song `` E-mail '' on the Pet Shop Boys ' UK top - ten album of 2002 , Release , the lyrics of which play thematically on the human desires which enabled the mass destruction of this computer infection . Architecture ( edit ) The ILOVEYOU Script ( the attachment ) was written in Microsoft Visual Basic Scripting ( VBS ) which runs in Microsoft Outlook and was enabled by default . The script added Windows Registry data for automatic startup on system boot . The worm then searched connected drives and replaced files with extensions JPG , JPEG , VBS , VBE , JS , JSE , CSS , WSH , SCT , DOC , HTA , MP2 , and MP3 with copies of itself , while appending the additional file extension VBS , making the user 's computer unbootable . However , MP3s and other sound related files were hidden rather than overwritten . The worm propagated itself by sending out one copy of the payload to each entry in the Microsoft Outlook address book ( Windows Address Book ) . It also downloaded the Barok trojan renamed for the occasion as `` WIN - BUGSFIX. EXE '' . The fact that the virus was written in VBS provided users a way to modify the virus . A user could easily modify the virus to replace important files in the system , and destroy it . This allowed more than twenty five variations of ILOVEYOU to spread across the internet , each one doing different kinds of damage . Most of the variations had to do with what file extensions were affected by the virus . Others simply modified the email subject in order to make it targeted towards a specific audience , like variant `` Catolina '' in Italian , or variant `` BabyPic '' for adults . Some others only modified the credits to the author , which were originally included in the standard version of the virus , removing them completely or referencing false authors . Some mail messages sent by ILOVEYOU : VIRUS ALERT ! ! Important ! Read Carefully ! ! Developments ( edit ) On 5 May 2000 , two young Filipino computer programmers named Reonel Ramones and Onel de Guzman became targets of a criminal investigation by agents of the Philippines ' National Bureau of Investigation ( NBI ) . Local Internet service provider Sky Internet had reported receiving numerous contacts from European computer users alleging that malware ( in the form of the `` ILOVEYOU '' worm ) had been sent via the ISP 's servers . After surveillance and investigation by Darwin Bawasanta of Sky Internet , the NBI traced a frequently appearing telephone number to Ramones ' apartment in Manila . His residence was searched and Ramones was arrested and placed under investigation by the Department of Justice ( DOJ ) . Onel de Guzman was also charged in absentia . At that point , the NBI were unsure what felony or crime would apply . It was suggested they be charged with violating Republic Act 8484 ( the Access Device Regulation Act ) , a law designed mainly to penalise credit card fraud , since both used pre-paid ( if not stolen ) Internet cards to purchase access to ISPs . Another idea was that they be charged with malicious mischief , a felony ( under the Philippines Revised Penal Code of 1932 ) involving damage to property . The drawback here was that one of its elements , aside from damage to property , was intent to damage , and de Guzman had claimed during custodial investigations that he may have unwittingly released the worm . To show intent , the NBI investigated AMA Computer College , where de Guzman had dropped out at the very end of his final year . They found that , for his undergraduate thesis , de Guzman had proposed the implementation of a trojan to steal Internet login passwords . This way , he proposed , users would finally be able to afford an Internet connection . The proposal was rejected by the College of Computer Studies board , prompting de Guzman to cancel his studies the day before graduation . Legislative aftermath ( edit ) Since there were no laws in the Philippines against writing malware at the time , both Ramones and de Guzman were released with all charges dropped by state prosecutors . To address this legislative deficiency , the Philippine Congress enacted Republic Act No. 8792 , otherwise known as the E-Commerce Law , in July 2000 , just two months after the worm outbreak . In 2002 , the ILOVEYOU virus obtained a world record for being the most virulent computer virus at the time . See also ( edit ) Michael Buen Christmas Tree EXEC Code Red worm Computer virus Nimda ( computer worm ) Timeline of notable computer viruses and worms References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` VBS. LoveLetter. Var '' . Symantec . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Memories of the Melissa virus '' . Naked Security . 2009 - 03 - 26 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top Ten Most - Destructive Computer Viruses '' . The Smithsonian. 2012 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` ' Love bug ' hacker is Pandacan man , 23 '' . Jump up ^ `` ' ILOVEYOU ' e-mail worm invades PCs '' . 5 May 2000 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` ILOVEYOU '' . WHoWhatWhereWhenWhy.com . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : http://bi.gazeta.pl/im/7/5140/m5140197.pdf Jump up ^ `` MSN.com - Hotmail , Outlook , Skype , Bing , Latest News , Photos & Videos '' . tech.ca.msn.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Gary Barker ( 14 May 2000 ) . `` Microsoft May Have Been Target of Lovebug '' . The Age . Jump up ^ British parliament shut down their mail systems to prevent damage Archived September 23 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` I LOVE YOU Virus Help '' . Computer Hope . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Symantec detects all known new variants of VBS. LoveLetter. A worm '' . Symantec . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` PROSECUTION OF CYBER CRIMES THROUGH APPROPRIATE CYBER LEGISLATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Landler , Mark ( 2000 - 10 - 21 ) . `` A Filipino Linked to ' Love Bug ' Talks About His License to Hack '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Computerbytesman.com '' . Computerbytesman.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 26 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Wayne ( 2000 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Technology ; Philippines to Drop Charges on E-Mail Virus '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Joselito Guianan Chan , Managing Partner , Chan Robles & Associates Law Firm ( 2001 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Chanrobles.com '' . Chanrobles.com . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 05 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) External links ( edit ) The Love Bug - A Retrospect ILOVEYOU Virus Lessons Learned Report , Army Forces Command Radsoft : The ILOVEYOU Roundup `` No ' sorry ' from Love Bug author '' at The Register CERT Advisory CA - 2000 - 04 Love Letter Worm Hacking in the 2000s ← 1990s Timeline 2010s → Major incidents Cyberattacks on Estonia ( 2007 ) Operation : Bot Roast ( 2007 ) Project Chanology ( 2008 ) WebcamGate ( 2008 - 2010 ) Groups Anonymous associated events GNAA Individuals Cameron Lacroix Dmitry Sklyarov Jeanson James Ancheta Rafael Núñez Samy Kamkar Vulnerabilities discovered Shatter attack ( 2002 ) sslstrip ( 2009 ) Malware ILOVEYOU ( 2000 ) Anna Kournikova ( 2001 ) Code Red ( 2001 ) Welchia ( 2003 ) Blaster ( 2003 ) Samy ( 2005 ) Conficker ( 2008 - 2009 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ILOVEYOU&oldid=864110649 '' Categories : Computer worms Email worms Windows viruses Communications in the Philippines Philippine law 2000 in the Philippines Hacking in the 2000s Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2011 Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית Lietuvių Lumbaart മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2018 , at 04 : 46 ( UTC ) . 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-1529211803152923214	French Indochina	French Indochina - wikipedia French Indochina Indochinese Federation Fédération indochinoise ( French ) 1887 -- 1945 1945 -- 1954 Flag Emblem Anthem : `` La Marseillaise '' Green : French Indochina Dark grey : Other French possessions Darkest grey : France Status Federation of French colonial possessions Capital Saigon ( 1887 -- 1902 ) Hanoi ( 1902 -- 1945 ) Saigon ( 1945 -- 1954 ) Common languages French ( official ) Vietnamese Khmer Lao Chinese Tây Bồi Religion Buddhism Taoism Confucianism Vietnamese folk religion Roman Catholicism Government French federation Governor - General Historical era New Imperialism First establishment 17 October 1887 Addition of Laos 3 October 1893 Addition of Guangzhouwan 5 January 1900 Japanese invasion of French Indochina 22 September 1940 -- 26 September 1940 Franco - Thai War October 1940 -- 9 May 1941 Operation Bright Moon 9 March 1945 -- 15 May 1945 First disestablishment 15 May 1945 Second disestablishment 21 July 1954 Area 1935 737,000 km ( 285,000 sq mi ) Population 1935 21,599,582 Currency French Indochinese piastre Preceded by Succeeded by Japanese occupation of Cambodia Empire of Vietnam Lao Issara French Cochinchina Nguyễn dynasty French Protectorate of Cambodia Kingdom of Luang Phrabang Kingdom of Champasak Rattanakosin Kingdom Qing dynasty Thailand Japanese occupation of Cambodia Empire of Vietnam Lao Issara North Vietnam Provisional Central Government of Vietnam Kingdom of Cambodia Kingdom of Laos Republic of China Thailand Today part of Cambodia China Laos Vietnam This article contains Khmer text . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols instead of Khmer script . This article contains Lao text . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols instead of Lao script . Indochina in 1891 ( from Le Monde illustré ) . 1 . Panorama of Lac - Kaï . 2 . Yun - nan , in the quay of Hanoi . 3 . Flooded street of Hanoi . 4 . Landing stage of Hanoi French Indochina ( previously spelled as French Indo - China ) ( French : Indochine française ; Lao : ສະຫະພັນອິນດູຈີນ ; Khmer : សហភាព ឥណ្ឌូចិន ; Vietnamese : Đông Dương thuộc Pháp / 東洋屬法 , IPA : ( ɗə̄wŋm jɨ̄əŋ thûək fǎp ) , frequently abbreviated to Đông Pháp ; Chinese : 法属印度支那 ) , officially known as the Indochinese Union ( French : Union indochinoise ) after 1887 and the Indochinese Federation ( French : Fédération indochinoise ) after 1947 , was a grouping of French colonial territories in Southeast Asia . A grouping of the three Vietnamese regions of Tonkin ( north ) , Annam ( centre ) , and Cochinchina ( south ) with Cambodia was formed in 1887 . Laos was added in 1893 and the leased Chinese territory of Guangzhouwan in 1898 . The capital was moved from Saigon ( in Cochinchina ) to Hanoi ( Tonkin ) in 1902 and again to Da Lat ( Annam ) in 1939 . In 1945 it was moved back to Hanoi . After the Fall of France during World War II , the colony was administered by the Vichy government and was under Japanese occupation until March 1945 , when the Japanese overthrew the colonial regime . After the Japanese surrender , the Viet Minh , a communist organization led by Hồ Chí Minh , declared Vietnamese independence , but France subsequently took back control of French Indochina . An all - out independence war , known as the First Indochina War , broke out in late 1946 between French and Viet Minh forces . In order to create a political alternative to the Viet Minh , the State of Vietnam , led by former Emperor Bảo Đại , was proclaimed in 1949 . On 9 November 1953 the Kingdom of Cambodia proclaimed its independence . Following the Geneva Accord of 1954 , the French evacuated Vietnam and French Indochina came to an end . Contents 1 History 1.1 First French interventions 1.2 19th century 1.3 Establishment 1.4 Vietnamese rebellions 1.5 Franco - Siamese war ( 1893 ) 1.6 Further encroachments on Siam ( 1904 -- 07 ) 1.7 Yên Bái mutiny ( 1930 ) 1.8 French - Thai War ( 1940 -- 41 ) 1.9 World War II 1.10 First Indochina War 1.11 Geneva Agreements 2 Population 3 Economy 3.1 Infrastructure 4 Architectural legacy 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) First French interventions ( edit ) Main articles : France -- Vietnam relations and French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh French -- Vietnamese relations started in early 17th century with the mission of the Jesuit missionary Alexandre de Rhodes . At this time , Vietnam was only just beginning to occupy the Mekong Delta , former territory of the Indianised kingdom of Champa which they had defeated in 1471 . European involvement in Vietnam was confined to trade during the 18th century . In 1787 , Pierre Pigneau de Behaine , a French Catholic priest , petitioned the French government and organised French military volunteers to aid Nguyễn Ánh in retaking lands his family lost to the Tây Sơn . Pigneau died in Vietnam but his troops fought on until 1802 in the French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh . 19th century ( edit ) Main article : Cochinchina Campaign See also : French Cochinchina and French protectorate of Cambodia France was heavily involved in Vietnam in the 19th century ; often French intervention was undertaken in order to protect the work of the Paris Foreign Missions Society in the country . For its part , the Nguyễn dynasty increasingly saw Catholic missionaries as a political threat ; courtesans , for example , an influential faction in the dynastic system , feared for their status in a society influenced by an insistence on monogamy . Saigon Governor 's Palace about 1875 , later renamed Norodom Palace after Norodom of Cambodia In 1858 , the brief period of unification under the Nguyễn dynasty ended with a successful attack on Da Nang by French Admiral Charles Rigault de Genouilly under the orders of Napoleon III . Diplomat Charles de Montigny 's mission having failed , Genouilly 's mission was to stop attempts to expel Catholic missionaries . His orders were to stop the persecution of missionaries and assure the unimpeded propagation of the faith . In September 1858 , fourteen French gunships , 3,000 men and 300 Filipino troops provided by the Spanish attacked the port of Tourane ( present day Da Nang ) , causing significant damage and occupying the city . After a few months , Rigault had to leave the city due to supply issues and illnesses . Sailing south , de Genouilly then captured the poorly defended city of Saigon on 18 February 1859 . On 13 April 1862 , the Vietnamese government was forced to cede the three provinces of Biên Hòa , Gia Định and Định Tường to France . De Genouilly was criticised for his actions and was replaced by Admiral Page in November 1859 , with instructions to obtain a treaty protecting the Catholic faith in Vietnam , but refrain from territorial gains . French policy four years later saw a reversal , with the French continuing to accumulate territory . In 1862 , France obtained concessions from Emperor Tự Đức , ceding three treaty ports in Annam and Tonkin , and all of Cochinchina , the latter being formally declared a French territory in 1864 . In 1867 the provinces of Châu Đốc , Hà Tiên and Vĩnh Long were added to French - controlled territory . In 1863 , the Cambodian king Norodom had requested the establishment of a French protectorate over his country . In 1867 , Siam ( modern Thailand ) renounced suzerainty over Cambodia and officially recognised the 1863 French protectorate on Cambodia , in exchange for the control of Battambang and Siem Reap provinces which officially became part of Thailand . ( These provinces would be ceded back to Cambodia by a border treaty between France and Siam in 1906 ) . Establishment ( edit ) Main article : Tonkin campaign See also : Annam ( French protectorate ) , Tonkin ( French protectorate ) , French protectorate of Laos , and Guangzhouwan The Presidential Palace , in Hanoi , built between 1900 and 1906 to house the Governor - General of Indochina French marine infantrymen in Tonkin , 1884 France obtained control over northern Vietnam following its victory over China in the Sino - French War ( 1884 -- 85 ) . French Indochina was formed on 17 October 1887 from Annam , Tonkin , Cochinchina ( which together form modern Vietnam ) and the Kingdom of Cambodia ; Laos was added after the Franco - Siamese War in 1893 . The federation lasted until 21 July 1954 . In the four protectorates , the French formally left the local rulers in power , who were the Emperors of Vietnam , Kings of Cambodia , and Kings of Luang Prabang , but in fact gathered all powers in their hands , the local rulers acting only as figureheads . Vietnamese rebellions ( edit ) The expansion of French Indochina ( blue ) French troops landed in Vietnam in 1858 and by the mid-1880s they had established a firm grip over the northern region . From 1885 to 1895 , Phan Đình Phùng led a rebellion against France . Nationalist sentiments intensified in Vietnam , especially during and after World War I , but all the uprisings and tentative efforts failed to obtain sufficient concessions from the French . Franco - Siamese War ( 1893 ) ( edit ) Main article : Franco - Siamese War Siamese army in the disputed territory of Laos in 1893 . Territorial conflict in the Indochinese peninsula for the expansion of French Indochina led to the Franco - Siamese War of 1893 . In 1893 the French authorities in Indochina used border disputes , followed by the Paknam naval incident , to provoke a crisis . French gunboats appeared at Bangkok , and demanded the cession of Lao territories east of the Mekong River . King Chulalongkorn appealed to the British , but the British minister told the King to settle on whatever terms he could get , and he had no choice but to comply . Britain 's only gesture was an agreement with France guaranteeing the integrity of the rest of Siam . In exchange , Siam had to give up its claim to the Thai - speaking Shan region of north - eastern Burma to the British , and cede Laos to France . Further encroachments on Siam ( 1904 -- 07 ) ( edit ) Occupation of Trat by French troops in 1904 . The French continued to pressure Siam , and in 1902 they manufactured another crisis . This time Siam had to concede French control of territory on the west bank of the Mekong opposite Luang Prabang and around Champasak in southern Laos , as well as western Cambodia . France also occupied the western part of Chantaburi . In 1904 , to get back Chantaburi , Siam had to give Trat and Koh Kong to French Indochina . Trat became part of Thailand again on 23 March 1907 in exchange for many areas east of the Mekong like Battambang , Siam Nakhon and Sisophon . In the 1930s , Siam engaged France in a series of talks concerning the repatriation of Siamese provinces held by the French . In 1938 , under the Front Populaire administration in Paris , France had agreed to repatriate Angkor Wat , Angkor Thom , Siem Reap , Siem Pang and the associated provinces ( approximately 13 ) to Siam . Meanwhile , Siam took over control of those areas , in anticipation of the upcoming treaty . Signatories from each country were dispatched to Tokyo to sign the treaty repatriating the lost provinces . Yên Bái mutiny ( 1930 ) ( edit ) Further information : Yên Bái mutiny French Indochina in 1930 On 10 February 1930 , there was an uprising by Vietnamese soldiers in the French colonial army 's Yên Bái garrison . The Yên Bái mutiny was sponsored by the Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng ( VNQDĐ ) . The VNQDĐ was the Vietnamese Nationalist Party . The attack was the largest disturbance brewed up by the Cần Vương monarchist restoration movement of the late 19th century . The aim of the revolt was to inspire a wider uprising among the general populace in an attempt to overthrow the colonial authority . The VNQDĐ had previously attempted to engage in clandestine activities to undermine French rule , but increasing French scrutiny of their activities led to their leadership group taking the risk of staging a large scale military attack in the Red River Delta in northern Vietnam . French - Thai War ( 1940 -- 41 ) ( edit ) Main article : Franco - Thai War During World War II , Thailand took the opportunity of French weaknesses to reclaim previously lost territories , resulting in the Franco - Thai War between October 1940 and 9 May 1941 . The Thai forces generally did well on the ground , but Thai objectives in the war were limited . In January , Vichy French naval forces decisively defeated Thai naval forces in the Battle of Ko Chang . The war ended in May at the instigation of the Japanese , with the French forced to concede territorial gains for Thailand . World War II ( edit ) Main articles : French Indochina in World War II and 1940 -- 46 in the Vietnam War A propaganda painting in Hanoi , 1942 . In September 1940 , during World War II , the newly created regime of Vichy France granted Japan 's demands for military access to Tonkin following the Japanese occupation of French Indochina , which lasted until the end of the Pacific War . This allowed Japan better access to China in the Second Sino - Japanese War against the forces of Chiang Kai - shek , but it was also part of Japan 's strategy for dominion over the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere . Thailand took this opportunity of weakness to reclaim previously lost territories , resulting in the Franco - Thai War between October 1940 and 9 May 1941 . On 9 March 1945 , with France liberated , Germany in retreat , and the United States ascendant in the Pacific , Japan decided to take complete control of Indochina and destroyed the French colonial administration . Vietnam , Cambodia and Laos were proclaimed as independent states , members of Japan 's Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere . The Japanese kept power in Indochina until the news of their government 's surrender came through in August . The general disorganization of French Indochina , coupled with several natural disasters , caused a dreadful famine in Northern and Central Vietnam . Several hundred thousands people -- possibly over one million -- are believed to have starved to death in 1944 -- 45 . First Indochina War ( edit ) Main article : First Indochina War After the World War , France petitioned for the nullification of the 1938 Franco - Siamese Treaty and reasserted itself in the region , but came into conflict with the Viet Minh , a coalition of Communist and Vietnamese nationalists led by Hồ Chí Minh , founder of the Indochinese Communist Party . During World War II , the United States had supported the Viet Minh in resistance against the Japanese ; the group had been in control of the countryside since the French gave way in March 1945 . American President Roosevelt and General Stilwell privately made it adamantly clear that the French were not to reacquire French Indochina after the war was over . He told Secretary of State Cordell Hull the Indochinese were worse off under the French rule of nearly 100 years than they were at the beginning . Roosevelt asked Chiang Kai - shek if he wanted Indochina , to which Chiang Kai - shek replied : `` Under no circumstances ! '' Members of the 1st Foreign Parachute Heavy Mortar Company during the Indochina War After the war , 200,000 Chinese troops under General Lu Han sent by Chiang Kai - shek invaded northern Indochina north of the 16th parallel to accept the surrender of Japanese occupying forces , and remained there until 1946 . The Chinese used the VNQDĐ , the Vietnamese branch of the Chinese Kuomintang , to increase their influence in Indochina and put pressure on their opponents . Chiang Kai - shek threatened the French with war in response to manoeuvering by the French and Ho Chi Minh against each other , forcing them to come to a peace agreement , and in February 1946 he also forced the French to surrender all of their concessions in China and renounce their extraterritorial privileges in exchange for withdrawing from northern Indochina and allowing French troops to reoccupy the region starting in March 1946 . After persuading Emperor Bảo Đại to abdicate in his favour , on 2 September 1945 President Ho Chi Minh declared independence for the Democratic Republic of Vietnam . But before September 's end , a force of British and Free French soldiers , along with captured Japanese troops , restored French control . Ho Chi Minh agreed to negotiate with the French in order to gain autonomy , but the Fontainebleau Agreements of 1946 failed to produce a satisfactory solution . Bitter fighting ensued in the First Indochina War as Ho and his government took to the hills . In 1949 , in order to provide a political alternative to Ho Chi Minh , the French favored the creation of a unified State of Vietnam , and former Emperor Bảo Đại was put back in power . Vietnam , Laos and Cambodia became associated states of the French Union and were granted more autonomy . However , 1950 was the turning point of the war . Ho 's government was recognised by the fellow Communist governments of China and the Soviet Union , and Mao 's government subsequently gave a fallback position to Ho 's forces , as well as abundant supplies of weapons . In October 1950 , the French army suffered its first major defeat with the battle of Route Coloniale 4 . Subsequent efforts by the French military managed to improve their situation only in the short term . Bảo Đại 's State of Vietnam proved a weak and unstable government , and Norodom Sihanouk 's Cambodia proclaimed its independence in November 1953 . Fighting lasted until May 1954 , when the Viet Minh won the decisive victory against French forces at the gruelling battle of Điện Biên Phủ . Geneva Agreements ( edit ) Indochina in 1954 On 20 July 1954 , the Geneva Conference produced the Geneva Agreements between North Vietnam and France . Provisions included supporting the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Indochina , granting it independence from France , declaring the cessation of hostilities and foreign involvement in internal Indochina affairs , and delineating northern and southern zones into which opposing troops were to withdraw . The Agreements mandated unification on the basis of internationally supervised free elections to be held in July 1956 . It was at this conference that France relinquished any claim to territory in the Indochinese peninsula . The United States and South Vietnam rejected the Geneva Accords and never signed . South Vietnamese leader Diem rejected the idea of nationwide election as proposed in the agreement , saying that a free election was impossible in the communist North and that his government was not bound by the Geneva Accords . France did withdraw , turning the north over to the Communists while the Bảo Đại regime , with American support , kept control of the South . The events of 1954 marked the beginnings of serious United States involvement in Vietnam and the ensuing Vietnam War . Laos and Cambodia also became independent in 1954 , but were both drawn into the Vietnam War . Population ( edit ) The Vietnamese , Lao and Khmer ethnic groups formed the majority of their respective colony 's populations . Minority groups such as the Muong , Tay , Chams , and Jarai , were collectively known as Montagnards and resided principally in the mountain regions of Indochina . Ethnic Han Chinese were largely concentrated in major cities , especially in Southern Vietnam and Cambodia , where they became heavily involved in trade and commerce . Around 95 % of French Indochina 's population was rural in a 1913 estimate , although urbanisation did slowly grow over the course of French rule . The principal religion in French Indochina was Buddhism , with Mahayana Buddhism influenced by Confucianism more dominant in Vietnam , while Theravāda Buddhism was more widespread in Laos and Cambodia . In addition , active Catholic missionaries were widespread throughout Indochina and roughly 10 % of Tonkin 's population identified as Catholic by the end of French rule . Cao Đài 's origins began during this period as well . The subdivisions of French Indochina . Unlike Algeria , French settlement in Indochina did not occur at a grand scale . By 1940 , only about 34,000 French civilians lived in French Indochina , along with a smaller number of French military personnel and government workers . The principal reasons why French settlement did not grow in a manner similar to that in French North Africa ( which had a population of over 1 million French civilians ) were because French Indochina was seen as a colonie d'exploitation économique ( economic colony ) rather than a colonie de peuplement ( settlement colony helping Metropolitan France from being overpopulated ) , and because Indochina was distant from France itself . During French colonial rule , the French language was the principal language of education , government , trade , and media and French was widely introduced to the general population . French became widespread among urban and semi-urban populations and became the principal language of the elite and educated . This was most notable in the colonies of Tonkin and Cochinchina ( Northern and Southern Vietnam respectively ) , where French influence was most heavy , while Annam , Laos and Cambodia were less influenced by French education . Despite the dominance of the French language , local populations still largely spoke their native languages . After French rule ended , the French language was still largely used among the new governments ( with the exception of North Vietnam ) but since then English , increasingly taught in schools across the country , has massively replaced French as the second language . Today , less than 0.5 % of the population of Vietnam can speak French . Economy ( edit ) French Indochina was designated as a colonie d'exploitation ( colony of economic exploitation ) by the French government . Funding for the colonial government came by means of taxes on locals and the French government established a near monopoly on the trade of opium , salt and rice alcohol . The French administration established quotas of consumption for each Vietnamese village , thereby compelling villagers to purchase and consume set amounts of these monopolised goods . The trade of those three products formed about 44 % of the colonial government 's budget in 1920 but declined to 20 % by 1930 as the colony began to economically diversify . The colony 's principal bank was the Banque de l'Indochine , established in 1875 and was responsible for minting the colony 's currency , the Indochinese piastre . Indochina was the second most invested - in French colony by 1940 after Algeria , with investments totalling up to 6.7 million francs . Beginning in the 1930s , France began to exploit the region for its natural resources and to economically diversify the colony . Cochinchina , Annam and Tonkin ( encompassing modern - day Vietnam ) became a source of tea , rice , coffee , pepper , coal , zinc and tin , while Cambodia became a centre for rice and pepper crops . Only Laos was seen initially as an economically unviable colony , although timber was harvested at a small scale from there . At the turn of the 20th century , the growing automobile industry in France resulted in the growth of the rubber industry in French Indochina , and plantations were built throughout the colony , especially in Annam and Cochinchina . France soon became a leading producer of rubber through its Indochina colony and Indochinese rubber became prized in the industrialised world . The success of rubber plantations in French Indochina resulted in an increase in investment in the colony by various firms such as Michelin . With the growing number of investments in the colony 's mines and rubber , tea and coffee plantations , French Indochina began to industrialise as factories opened in the colony . These new factories produced textiles , cigarettes , beer and cement which were then exported throughout the French Empire . Infrastructure ( edit ) Paul Doumer Bridge , now Long Biên Bridge Musée Louis Finot in Hanoi , built by Ernest Hébrard in 1932 , now National Museum of Vietnamese History When French Indochina was viewed as an economically important colony for France , the French government set a goal to improve the transport and communications networks in the colony . Saigon became a principal port in Southeast Asia and rivalled the British port of Singapore as the region 's busiest commercial centre . By 1937 Saigon was the sixth busiest port in the entire French Empire . In 1936 , the Trans - Indochinois railway linking Hanoi and Saigon opened . Further improvements in the colony 's transport infrastructures led to easier travel between France and Indochina . By 1939 , it took no more than a month by ship to travel from Marseille to Saigon and around five days by aeroplane from Paris to Saigon . Underwater telegraph cables were installed in 1921 . French settlers further added their influence on the colony by constructing buildings in the form of Beaux - Arts and added French - influenced landmarks such as the Hanoi Opera House ( modeled on the Palais Garnier ) , the Hanoi St. Joseph 's Cathedral ( resembling the Notre Dame de Paris ) and the Saigon Notre - Dame Basilica . The French colonists also built a number of cities and towns in Indochina which served various purposes from trading outposts to resort towns . The most notable examples include Đà Lạt in southern Vietnam and Pakse in Laos . Architectural legacy ( edit ) Main article : French colonial The governments of Vietnam , Laos and Cambodia have previously been reluctant to promote their colonial architecture as an asset for tourism ; however , in recent times , the new generation of local authorities has somewhat ' embraced ' the architecture and advertise it . See also ( edit ) East Indies French Union List of Governors - General of French Indochina Political administration of French Indochina List of French possessions and colonies Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ While both ' Indo - China ' and ' Indochina ' can be found in contemporary English - language sources , ' Indo - China ' is the most commonly used spelling ( even though Indochine , instead of Indo - Chine ' , was commonly used in French ) ; contemporary official publications also adopt the spelling of ' Indo - China ' . Jump up ^ Decree of 17 October 1887 . ^ Jump up to : Kahin , George McTurnin ; Lewis , John W. ( 1967 ) . The United States in Vietnam : An analysis in depth of the history of America 's involvement in Vietnam . Delta Books . ^ Jump up to : Tucker , Spencer C. ( 1999 ) . Vietnam ( Google Books ) . University Press of Kentucky . p. 29 . ISBN 0 - 8131 - 0966 - 3 . Jump up ^ Chapuis , Oscar ( 1995 ) . A History of Vietnam : From Hong Bang to Tu Duc ( Google Books ) . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 195 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 29622 - 7 . Jump up ^ Barbara Wertheim Tuchman ( 1985 ) . The march of folly : from Troy to Vietnam . Random House . p. 235 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 30823 - 9 . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Larry H. Addington ( 2000 ) . America 's war in Vietnam : a short narrative history . Indiana University Press . p. 30 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 21360 - 6 . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Peter Neville ( 2007 ) . Britain in Vietnam : prelude to disaster , 1945 -- 6 . Psychology Press . p. 119 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 35848 - 5 . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Van Nguyen Duong ( 2008 ) . The tragedy of the Vietnam War : a South Vietnamese officer 's analysis . McFarland . p. 21 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 3285 - 3 . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Stein Tønnesson ( 2010 ) . Vietnam 1946 : how the war began . University of California Press . p. 41 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 25602 - 6 . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Jane Errington ( 1990 ) . The Vietnam War as history : edited by Elizabeth Jane Errington and B.J.C. McKercher . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 63 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 93560 - 4 . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Vietnam War Seeds of Conflict 1945 -- 1960 '' . The History Place . 1999 . Retrieved 28 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Le Vietnam compte à lui seul cinquante quatre ethnies , présentées au Musée Ethnographique de Hanoi . ^ Jump up to : Approximately 100,000 people . `` Vietnam '' . L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde ( in French ) . Jump up ^ Peters , Erica ( 2012 ) . Appetites and Aspirations in Vietnam . AltaMira Press . Jump up ^ http://www.eng.hochiminhcity.gov.vn/abouthcmcity/Lists/Posts/Post.aspx?CategoryId=10&ItemID=5440&PublishedDate=2005-03-13T11:19:09Z/ References ( edit ) Brocheux , Pierre , and Daniel Hemery . Indochina : An Ambiguous Colonization , 1858 -- 1954 ( University of California Press ; 2010 ) 490 pages ; a history of French Indochina . Chandler , David ( 2007 ) . A History of Cambodia ( 4th ed . ) . Boulder , Colorado : : Westview Press . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 4363 - 1 . Duiker , William ( 1976 ) . The Rise of Nationalism in Vietnam , 1900 - 1941 . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 0951 - 9 . Edwards , Penny ( 2007 ) . Cambodge : The Cultivation of a Nation , 1860 -- 1945 . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 0 - 8248 - 2923 - 9 . Evans , Grant ( 2002 ) . A Short History of Laos . Crow 's Nest , Australia : Allen and Unwin . ASIN B000MBU21O . Forbes , Andrew ; Henley , David ( 2012 ) . Vietnam Past and Present : The North ( History of French colonialism in Tonkin ) . Chiang Mai : Cognoscenti Books . ASIN B006DCCM9Q . Marr , David ( 1971 ) . Vietnamese Anticolonialism , 1885 -- 1925 . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 01813 - 3 . Marr , David ( 1982 ) . Vietnamese Tradition on Trial , 1920 -- 1945 . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 04180 - 1 . Marr , David ( 1995 ) . Vietnam 1945 : The Quest for Power . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 07833 - 0 . McLeod , Mark ( 1991 ) . The Vietnamese Response to French Intervention , 1862 -- 1874 . New York : Praeger . ISBN 0 - 275 - 93562 - 0 . Murray , Martin J. ( 1980 ) . The Development of Capitalism in Colonial Indochina ( 1870 -- 1940 ) . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 04000 - 7 . Osborne , Milton ( 1969 ) . The French Presence in Cochinchina and Cambodia : Rule and Response ( 1859 -- 1905 ) . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press . ASIN B000K13QGO . Perkins , Mandaley ( 2006 ) . Hanoi , Adieu : A bittersweet memoir of French Indochina . Sydney : Harper Perennial . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7322 - 8197 - 7 . Stuart - Fox , Martin ( 1997 ) . A History of Laos . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 59235 - 6 . Tarling , Nicholas ( 2001 ) . Imperialism in Southeast Asia : `` A Fleeting , Passing Phase '' . London and New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 23289 - 9 . Tully , John ( 2003 ) . France on the Mekong : A History of the Protectorate in Cambodia , 1863 -- 1953 . Lanham , Maryland : University Press of America . ISBN 0 - 7618 - 2431 - 6 . Woodside , Alexander ( 1976 ) . Community and Revolution in Modern Vietnam . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 395 - 20367 - 8 . Zinoman , Peter ( 2001 ) . The Colonial Bastille : A History of Imprisonment in Vietnam , 1862 -- 1940 . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 22412 - 4 . On the bank of river called Touiys External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to French Indochina . Wikisource has the text of a 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica article about French Indochina . ( in English ) ( in French ) The Colonization of Indochina , from around 1892 ( in English ) ( in French ) Indochina , a tourism book published in 1910 French Indochina Background France -- Asia relations French colonial empire France -- Vietnam relations France -- Thailand relations France -- China relations Constituent territories Cochinchina Tonkin Annam Cambodia Laos Guangzhouwan Provisional Central Government of Vietnam State of Vietnam Events French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh ( 1777 -- 1820 ) Lê Văn Khôi revolt ( 1833 -- 35 ) Bombardment of Tourane ( 1847 ) Siege of Tourane ( 1858 ) Cochinchina campaign ( 1858 -- 62 ) Tonkin Campaign ( 1883 -- 1886 ) Sino - French War ( 1884 -- 1885 ) Pacification of Tonkin Franco - Siamese War ( 1893 ) Holy Man 's Rebellion ( 1901 - 1936 ) World War I 1916 Cochinchina uprising Thái Nguyên uprising War of the Insane Bazin assassination Yên Bái mutiny World War II French -- Thai War ( 1940 -- 1941 ) Japanese invasion of French Indochina Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina August Revolution Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam First Indochina War Battle of Dien Bien Phu Partition of Vietnam Treaties Treaty of Versailles ( 1787 ) Treaty of Saigon ( 1862 ) Treaty of Huế ( 1863 ) Second Treaty of Saigon ( 1874 ) Treaty of Huế ( 1883 ) Treaty of Huế ( 1884 ) Treaty of Tientsin ( 1885 ) Geneva Conference ( 1954 ) French personalities Alexandre de Rhodes Pierre Pigneau de Behaine Jean - Baptiste Chaigneau Jean - Baptiste Cécille Charles de Montigny Charles Rigault de Genouilly Amédée Courbet Henri Rivière Francis Garnier Ernest Doudart de Lagrée Auguste Pavie Albert Sarraut Organisations Paris Foreign Missions Society Tirailleurs indochinois Tonkin Expeditionary Corps Tonkinese Rifles Governor - General of French Indochina French overseas empire Former Former French colonies in Africa and the Indian Ocean French North Africa Algeria Morocco Tunisia French West Africa Côte d'Ivoire Dahomey French Sudan Guinea Mauritania Arguin Island Niger Senegal Upper Volta French Togoland James Island Albreda French Equatorial Africa Chad Gabon Middle Congo Ubangi - Shari French Cameroons French Comoros Anjouan Grande Comore Mohéli French Somaliland ( Djibouti ) Madagascar Isle de France Former French colonies in the Americas New France Acadia Louisiana Canada Terre Neuve French Caribbean Dominica Grenada The Grenadines Saint - Domingue Haïti , Dominican Republic Saint Kitts & Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent Tobago Virgin Islands Equinoctial France Berbice France Antarctique Inini French colonization of the Americas French West India Company Former French colonies in Asia and Oceania French India Chandernagor Coromandel Coast Madras Mahé Pondichéry Karaikal Yanaon Indochinese Union Cambodia Laos Vietnam Cochinchina Annam Tonkin Kouang - Tchéou - Wan , China French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon State of Syria Aleppo Damascus Alawite State Greater Lebanon Jabal al - Druze Sanjak of Alexandretta Oceania New Hebrides Vanuatu Port Louis - Philippe ( Akaroa ) France -- Asia relations French East India Company Present Overseas France Inhabited areas Overseas departments French Guiana Guadeloupe Martinique Mayotte Réunion Overseas collectivities French Polynesia St. Barthélemy St. Martin St. Pierre and Miquelon Wallis and Futuna Sui generis collectivity New Caledonia Uninhabited areas Pacific Ocean Clipperton Island Overseas territory ( French Southern and Antarctic Lands ) Île Amsterdam Île Saint - Paul Crozet Islands Kerguelen Islands Adélie Land Scattered islands in the Indian Ocean Bassas da India Europa Island Glorioso Islands Juan de Nova Island Tromelin Island Also known as overseas regions Claimed by Comoros Claimed by Madagascar Claimed by Mauritius Vietnamese independence movement Events Bombardment of Tourane Siege of Saigon Capture of the Citadel of Saigon Cochinchina Campaign Ba Dinh uprising / Cần Vương Pacification of Tonkin Hanoi Poison Plot World War I 1916 Cochinchina uprising Thái Nguyên uprising Bazin assassination Yên Bái mutiny Nghệ - Tĩnh Soviets World War II 1940 Cochinchina uprising Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina August Revolution Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam First Indochina War Battle of Dien Bien Phu Geneva Conference Organisations Cần Vương Đông Du Duy Tân hội Empire of Vietnam Nguyễn dynasty Tonkin Free School Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng Việt Minh Communist Party of Vietnam Revolutionaries Cường Để Đinh Công Tráng Ho Chi Minh Huỳnh Thúc Kháng Lương Văn Can Ngô Đức Kế Nguyễn An Ninh Nguyễn Quang Bích Nguyễn Quyền Nguyễn Thái Học Nguyễn Thần Hiến Nguyễn Thành Nguyễn Thiện Thuật Nguyễn Thượng Hiền Nguyễn Trung Trực Nguyen Xuan On Phạm Bành Phan Bội Châu Phan Chu Trinh Phan Đình Phùng Phan Thanh Giản Phan Xích Long Tạ Thu Thâu Tôn Thất Thuyết Trần Cao Vân Trương Định Vũ Hồng Khanh Emperors Tự Đức Hàm Nghi Thành Thái Duy Tân Bảo Đại French rulers Albert Sarraut Jean Decoux French Indochina Governor - General Collaborators Hoàng Cao Khải Trần Bá Lộc States and territories in the sphere of influence of the Empire of Japan during World War II State of Burma Kingdom of Cambodia ( 1945 ) Provisional Government of China Reformed Government of China Occupied Hong Kong Shanghai Great Way Government East Hebei Autonomous Council Provisional Government of Free India Karafuto Prefecture Korea under Japanese rule South Pacific Mandate Kingdom of Laos ( 1945 ) Manchukuo Mengjiang Second Philippine Republic Taiwan under Japanese rule Kingdom of Thailand Empire of Vietnam Reorganized National Government of China Occupied Guam French Indochina ( 1941 -- 1945 ) Occupied Dutch East Indies Occupied Malaya Occupied Nauru Occupied Sarawak , Brunei , Labuan and British North Borneo Occupied Singapore Portuguese Timor Greater East Asia Conference Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere Pacific War WorldCat Identities BNF : cb12086315d ( data ) GND : 115041 - 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-5932432109712155991	Bethany (biblical village)	Bethany ( biblical village ) - wikipedia Bethany ( biblical village ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the New Testament village . For the medieval ( and present - day ) town , see al - Eizariya . For other uses , see Bethany ( disambiguation ) . Reputed Tomb of Lazarus in Bethany ( Arab name : al - Eizariya ) Lazarus Catholic Church mosaics of Maria , Lazarus and Martha Lazarus Greek Orthodox Church church in Bethany . General view of Bethany ( c. 1865 ) Bethany ( Aramaic : בית עניא , Beth anya , or בית היני / ביתייני Greek : Βηθανία Greek pronunciation : ( vi. θa. ˈɲa ) , Arabic : العيزرية Arabic pronunciation : ( ʔæl. ʕæj. zɑ. ri. jæ ) ) is recorded in the New Testament as the home of the siblings Mary , Martha , and Lazarus , as well as that of Simon the Leper . Jesus is reported to have lodged there after his entry into Jerusalem , and it could be from Bethany that he parted from his disciples at the Ascension . Contents ( hide ) 1 Location 2 Etymology 3 Bethany and care of the poor and sick 4 New Testament references to Bethany 5 Bethany beyond the Jordan 6 See also 7 Notes 8 Bibliography 9 External links Location ( edit ) Bethany has traditionally been identified with the present - day West Bank city of al - Eizariya ( Arabic ( العيزرية ) , meaning `` Place of Lazarus '' ) , site of the reputed Tomb of Lazarus , located about 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km ) to the east of Jerusalem on the south - eastern slope of the Mount of Olives . The oldest house in present - day al - Eizariya , a 2,000 - year - old dwelling reputed to have been ( or which at least serves as a reminder of ) the House of Martha and Mary , is also a popular pilgrimage site . The tomb in al - Eizariya has been identified as the tomb of the gospel account since at least the 4th century AD . Both the historian Eusebius of Caesarea ( c. 330 ) and the Bordeaux pilgrim in the Itinerarium Burdigalense ( c. 333 ) mention the Tomb of Lazarus in this location . Zanecchia ( 1899 ) , however , argued that ancient Bethany may actually have been located higher up the Mount of Olives from al - Eizariya , closer to Bethphage . The Catholic Encyclopedia refers to Zanecchia ( though the Encyclopedia article 's author himself discounts his conclusion ) : Some believe that the present village of Bethany does not occupy the site of the ancient village ; but that it grew up around the traditional cave which they suppose to have been at some distance from the house of Martha and Mary in the village ; Zanecchia places the site of the ancient village of Bethany higher up on the southeastern slope of the Mount of Olives , not far from the accepted site of Bethphage , and near that of the Ascension . It is quite certain that the present village formed about the traditional tomb of Lazarus , which is in a cave in the village . The identification of this cave as the tomb of Lazarus is merely possible ; it has no strong intrinsic or extrinsic authority . The site of the ancient village may not precisely coincide with the present one , but there is every reason to believe that it was in this general location , mostly by the local villagers who have become dependent on hearsay than on fact , to both the local council which leases this Christian site for an annual higher bid reached in 2007 to about 40,000 Jordanian Dinars per year , and those who lease the site , charging tourists a ONE US dollar fee per head , an income otherwise non-existent Etymology ( edit ) The root meaning and origin of the name Bethany has been the subject of much scholarship and debate . William Hepworth Dixon devotes a multi-page footnote to it in his The Holy Land ( 1866 ) , largely devoted to debunking the meaning `` house of dates '' , which is attributed to Joseph Barber Lightfoot by way of a series of careless interpretative mistakes . Dixon quotes at length a refutation of Lightfoot 's thesis in the form of a letter by Emanuel Deutsch of the British Museum , who notes that neither the name Bethany , nor any of the roots suggested by Lightfoot , appear anywhere in the Talmud . Deutsch suggests a non-Hebrew root , a word transcribed in Syriac script whose meaning he gives as `` House of Misery '' or `` Poor - house '' . This theory as to Bethany 's etymology , which was eventually also adopted by Gustaf Dalman in 1905 , is not without challengers . For example , E. Nestle 's Philologica Sacra ( 1896 ) suggests that Bethany is derived from the personal name Anaiah , while others have suggested it is a shortened version of Ananiah , a village of Bethel mentioned in the Book of Nehemiah ( 11 : 32 ) . Since Greek can neither reproduce an / h / sound nor the harsh / ħ / sound ( Hebrew Ḥet ) in the middle of a word , a derivation from the personal name Chananya ( `` Yah has been gracious '' ) is also possible . Another suggestion , arising from the presence of nearby Bethphage ( `` house of unripe figs '' ) , is that its name comes from beit hini , meaning `` house of figs '' . In the Talmud , there is mention of a village called Beit Hino located near the Mount of Olives . Some translations suggest it as Bethany . Deutsch 's thesis , however , seems to also be attested to by Jerome . In his version of Eusebius ' Onomasticon , the meaning of Bethany is defined as domus adflictionis or `` house of affliction '' . Brian J. Capper writes that this is a Latin derivation from the Hebrew beth ' ani or more likely the Aramaic beth ' anya , both of which mean `` house of the poor '' or `` house of affliction / poverty '' , also semantically speaking `` poor - house '' . Capper concludes , from historical sources as well as this linguistic evidence , that Bethany may have been the site of an almshouse . According to Capper and Deutsch before him , there are also linguistic difficulties that arise when the Anaiah / Ananiah , `` house of figs '' or `` house of dates '' theses are compared against the bethania form used in Greek versions of the New Testament . Additionally , the Aramaic beit ' anya is the form used for Bethany in Christian Palestinian and Syriac versions of the New Testament . Given this , and Jerome 's familiarity with Semitic philology and the immediate region , Capper concludes that the `` house of affliction '' / `` poor - house '' meaning as documented by Jerome and in the Syriac New Testament usage is correct , and that this meaning relates to the use of the village as a centre for caring for the sick and aiding the destitute and pilgrims to Jerusalem . It may be possible to combine the Ananiah ( as a personal name ) and `` house of the poor '' derivations , since the shortening of Ananiah ( `` Yah has intervened '' ) to Anya is conceivable though unattested ( cf . the common shortening of Yochanan ( and perhaps also Chananyah ? ) to Choni ) , whence a typical semitic wordplay might arise between Anya as a shortening of the personal name within the name of the village and as Aramaic for `` poor '' . Such a wordplay may have served the choice of the village as the location for an almshouse . Bethany and care of the poor and sick ( edit ) Capper and others have concluded that ancient Bethany was the site of an almshouse for the poor and a place of care for the sick . There is a hint of association between Bethany and care for the unwell in the Gospels : Mark tells of Simon the Leper 's house there ( Mark 14 : 3 -- 10 ) ; Jesus receives urgent word of Lazarus ' illness from Bethany ( John 11 : 1 -- 12 : 11 ) . According to the Temple Scroll from Qumran , three places for the care of the sick , including one for lepers , are to be located to the east of Jerusalem . The passage also defines a ( minimum ) radius of three thousand cubits ( circa 1,800 yards ) around the city within which nothing unclean shall be seen ( XLVI : 13 -- 18 ) . Since Bethany was , according to John , fifteen stadia ( about 1.72 miles ) from the holy city , care for the sick there corresponded with the requirements of the Temple Scroll ( the stadion being ideally 600 feet ( 180 m ) or 400 cubits ) . Whereas Bethphage is probably to be identified with At - Tur , located on the peak of the Mount of Olives with a magnificent view of Jerusalem , Bethany lay below to the southeast , out of view of the Temple Mount , which may have made its location suitable as a place for care of the sick , `` out of view '' of the Temple . From this it is possible to deduce that the mention of Simon the Leper at Bethany in Mark 's Gospel suggests that the Essenes , or pious patrons from Jerusalem who held to a closely similar view of ideal arrangements , settled lepers at Bethany . Such influence on the planning of Jerusalem and its environs ( and even its Temple ) may have been possible especially during the reign of Herod the Great ( 36 -- 4 BC ) , whose favour towards the Essenes was noted by Josephus ( Antiquities 15.10. 5 ( 373 -- 78 ) ) . Reta Halteman Finger approves Capper 's judgment that only in the context of an almshouse at Bethany , where the poor were received and assisted , could Jesus remark that `` The poor you will always have with you '' ( Mark 14 : 7 ; Matthew 26 : 11 ) without sounding callous . Ling follows Capper 's thesis concerning the connection between then place - name Bethany and the location there of an almshouse . Capper and Ling note that it is only in Bethany we find mention of the poor on the lips of the disciples , who object that the expensive perfumed oil poured over Jesus there might have been sold and the proceeds given to the poor ( Mark 14 : 5 ; Matthew 26 : 8 -- 9 ; John 12 : 4 -- 6 ( where the objection is made by Judas ) ) ; this objection may have been made in embarrassment and may also suggest a special connection between Bethany and care for the poor . It has also been suggested , based on the names found carved on thousands of ossuaries at the site , that Bethany in the time of Jesus was settled by people from Galilee who had come to live by Jerusalem . This would explain why Jesus and the disciples , as Galileans , would find it convenient to stay here when visiting Jerusalem . As Capper writes , Galilean pilgrims avoided potential conflict with Samaritans by travelling south on the eastern side of the Jordan . Bethany was the last station on their route to Jerusalem after crossing the river and taking the road through Jericho up into the highlands . A respectful distance from the city and Temple , and on the pilgrim route , Bethany was a most suitable location for a charitable institution . It is not surprising that an Essene hospice had been established at Bethany to intercept and care for pilgrims at the end of the long and potentially arduous journey from Galilee . The house combined this work with care for the sick and destitute of the Jerusalem area . Thus Bethany received its name because it was the Essene poorhouse par excellence , the poorhouse which alleviated poverty closest to the holy city . New Testament references to Bethany ( edit ) See also : New Testament places associated with Jesus The village of Bethany is referenced in relation to five incidents in the New Testament , in which the word Bethany appears 11 times : The raising of Lazarus from the dead -- John 11 : 1 -- 46 The entry of Jesus into Jerusalem on Palm Sunday , which Jesus begins near Bethany -- Mark 11 : 1 and Luke 19 : 29 The lodging of Jesus in Bethany during the following week -- Matthew 21 : 17 and Mark 11 : 11 -- 12 The dinner in the house of Simon the Leper , at which Mary anoints Jesus -- Matthew 26 : 6 -- 13 , Mark 14 : 3 -- 9 , and John 12 : 1 -- 8 Before the Ascension of Jesus into heaven -- Luke 24 : 50 In Luke 10 : 38 -- 42 , a visit of Jesus to the home of Mary and Martha is described , but the village of Bethany is not named ( nor whether Jesus is even in the vicinity of Jerusalem ) . Bethany beyond the Jordan ( edit ) A second place named Bethany is mentioned in the Gospel of John 1 : 28 as being located on the east bank of the Jordan River . Its exact location is unclear ; in fact , the only mention of this `` Bethany '' is to be found in that one verse . In the King James Version ( following the Textus Receptus of the New Testament ) the place where John the Baptist was baptizing in John 1 : 28 was not called Bethany , but Bethabara . The second place may also refer to the more northerly territory of Batanaea . The King James Version is the only English version of the New Testament that refers to `` Bethany on the east bank of the Jordan River '' , as `` Bethabara '' . Most other English versions ( including the Douay - Rheims , NIV , NASB , NLT , RSV , IBS , and Darby ) call it `` Bethany '' . See also ( edit ) al - Eizariya Tomb of Lazarus ( al - Eizariya ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Neubauer 's Geography '' ( Adolphe Neubauer , La Géographie du Talmud , Paris 1868 , pp. 149 -- 50 ) , where he writes : `` The Talmud reports that Beth Hini shops were destroyed three years before Jerusalem . These shops were probably on the Mount of Olives , and Beth Hini would be identical with Bethany of the Gospel . The Talmud adds that the figs of Beth Hini ripened earlier than elsewhere and that fig trees disappeared as a result of the siege of Jerusalem . These fruits have given the name to the place Beth - Phagi , a place according to the Gospels near Bethany . We would identify Bethany with the present village of el - Azarieh , inhabited by Muslims and Christians . '' Jump up ^ Klein , Samuel ( 1910 ) . `` Remarks about the geography of ancient Palestine ( German ) '' . Monatsschrift für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judentums. 54 ( 1 / 2 ) : 18 -- 19 . JSTOR 23081701 . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Shahin , 2005 , p. 332 . Jump up ^ The Onomastikon of Eusebius and the Madaba Map , By Leah Di Segni . First published in : The Madaba Map Centenary , Jerusalem , 1999 , pp. 115 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Itinerary of the Pilgrim of Bordeaux , translated by Arnold vander Nat , 2001 . Jump up ^ D. Zanecchia La Palestine d'aujourd'hui , ses sanctuaires , ses localités bibliques et historiiques ( Paris , 1899 ) , Vol . I , 445 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Breen , A.E. `` Bethany '' . The Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 2 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1907 . Jump up ^ Dixon , 1866 , pp. 214 -- 19 . Jump up ^ The Schottenstein Daf Yomi Edition Tractate Bava Kamma 88a2 ^ Jump up to : Capper , in Charlesworth , 2006 , pp. 497 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Cf . Capper , `` John , Qumran and Virtuoso Religion '' in Paul Anderson , Mary Coloe , and Tom Thatcher ( eds . ) , John and Qumran ( Leuven : Peeters , 2009 ) Jump up ^ John 11 : 18 . Jump up ^ Cf . Dieter Lelgemann , ' Recovery of the Ancient System of Foot / Cubit / Stadion Length Units ' Jump up ^ Matthias Delcor suggested that Essenes familiar with the Temple Scroll influenced the design of Herod 's Temple , `` Is the Temple Scroll a Source of the Herodian Temple ? '' in G.J. Brooke , Temple Scroll Studies ( Sheffield : Sheffield Academic Press , 1989 ) , pp. 67 -- 89 Jump up ^ Reta Halteman Finger , Of Widows and Meals : Communal Meals in the Book of Acts ( Grand Rapids : Eerdmans , 2008 ) p. 164 , cf . Brian J. Capper , `` The Church as the New Covenant of Effective Economics '' , International Journal for the Study of the Christian Church 2 , 1 ( January 2002 ) pp. 83 -- 102 , see p. 95 . Jump up ^ Timothy J.M. Ling , The Judaean Poor and the Fourth Gospel ( Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press , 2007 ) , pp. 143 -- 45 , 170 -- 71 , 176 -- 77 . Jump up ^ With Jesus in the City of Bethany Archived December 19 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , Rev. the Hon . Dr. Gordon Moyes AC MLC . Jump up ^ Brian J. Capper , `` The Church as the New Covenant of Effective Economics '' , International Journal for the Study of the Christian Church 2 , 1 ( January 2002 ) pp. 83 -- 102 . For further information , see also `` The New Covenant Network in Southern Palestine at the Arrest of Jesus '' , in James R. Davila , The Dead Sea Scrolls as Background to Postbiblical Judaism and Early Christianity ( Leiden : Brill , 2003 ) , pp. 90 -- 116 , especially pp. 108 -- 16 on Bethany and pp. 98 -- 108 on the social work of the Essene poorcare houses of Judaea in general . Jump up ^ Strong 's Concordance Jump up ^ Sloyan , Gerard Stephen ( 1987 ) . John . ISBN 0 - 8042 - 3125 - 7 . p. 11 . Jump up ^ Carson , D.A. ( 1991 ) . Gospel According to John . ISBN 978 - 0851117492 . pp. 146 -- 47 . Bibliography ( edit ) Aburish , Said K. : Children of Bethany : The Story of a Palestinian Family , Indiana University Press 1988 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 30676 - 0 Capper , Brian J. , `` Essene Community Houses and Jesus ' Early Community '' ( 2006 ) , in James H. Charlesworth , ed. , Jesus and Archaeology , Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing , pp. 474 -- 502 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 4880 - 2 Dixon , William Hepworth ( 1866 ) , The Holy Land , Chapman and Hall Shahin , Mariam ( 2005 ) , Palestine : A Guide , Interlink Books , p. 332 , ISBN 1 - 56656 - 557 - X External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bethany ( biblical village ) . Catholic Encyclopedia : Bethany Jewish Encyclopedia : Bethany Pictures of Lazarus ' reputed tomb at Bethany ( hide ) New Testament places associated with Jesus Galilee Ænon Bethsaida Cana Capernaum Chorazin Gennesaret Mount of Transfiguration Nain Nazareth Sea of Galilee Judea Bethany Bethesda Bethlehem Bethphage Calvary Emmaus Gabbatha Gethsemane Jericho Jerusalem Temple Mount of Olives Other Al - Maghtas Bethabara Caesarea Maritima Caesarea Philippi Egypt Gerasa Road to Damascus Sychar Umm Qais Christianity Portal Coordinates : 31 ° 46 ′ 17.08 '' N 35 ° 15 ′ 40.77 '' E / 31.7714111 ° N 35.2613250 ° E / 31.7714111 ; 35.2613250 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bethany_(biblical_village)&oldid=800545199 '' Categories : New Testament places New Testament Aramaic words and phrases Biblical places Hidden categories : Pages with login required references or sources Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Greek - language text Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська اردو Wolof 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 05 : 47 . 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-354559040343527341	List of guest stars in 3rd Rock from the Sun	List of guest stars in 3rd Rock from the Sun - wikipedia List of guest stars in 3rd Rock from the Sun Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of notable guest stars who appeared in the American television sitcom 3rd Rock from the Sun throughout its six season run . Contents ( hide ) 1 Guest stars 1.1 Season 1 1.2 Season 2 1.3 Season 3 1.4 Season 4 1.5 Season 5 1.6 Season 6 2 References 3 See also Guest stars ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) Harry Morgan - ( 3 episodes , seasons 1 & 2 ) playing Professor Suter , an elderly colleague of Dick and Mary Martha Stewart - playing herself Phil Hartman - ( seasons 1 & 3 ) playing a camp cosmetics store worker and Randy , Vicki Dubcek 's ex-lover Jane Lynch - playing Tommy 's science teacher , Ms. Koppel John Mahoney - playing Leonard Hamlin , a rude , sexist professor Lauren Graham - playing Laurie Ives John Raitt - playing Singing Truck Driver Marla Sokoloff - playing Dina , Tommy 's lab partner and love interest Season 2 ( edit ) Dennis Rodman - playing himself ; it is revealed that he is actually another alien George Takei - playing himself at a sci - fi convention Al Franken - playing Harry 's opponent in the City Council election Mike Ditka - playing Coach Mafferty ; coach for Pendelton Badgers Mark Hamill - playing himself Christine Baranski - playing Sonja Umdahl Randy Newman - playing himself Dick Martin - playing sociology professor Dr. Ben Littmeyer Greg Proops Season 3 ( edit ) Roseanne Barr - playing Dick 's forced - wife Janet Leigh McCloskey - playing Matthew , a yoga instructor Elaine Stritch - ( seasons 3 & 6 ) playing Martha Albright , Mary 's mother George Grizzard - ( seasons 3 & 4 ) playing George Albright , Mary 's Father Cindy Crawford - playing Mascha , a Venusian woman Angie Everhart - playing Chloe , A Venusian woman dating Tommy Dom DeLuise - playing the father of Dick 's student Bug Peter DeLuise - playing Franky John Cleese - ( seasons 3 & 6 ) playing Professor Liam Neesam , a hostile alien Sam Lloyd - playing Eddie , a man Dick helps . Season 4 ( edit ) Laurie Metcalf - playing Jennifer Ravelli , a teacher of comparative literature Kathy Bates - playing Charlotte Everley , an alien hunter Gil Christner - playing Carl , a Nobel Laureate William Shatner - ( seasons 4 & 5 ) playing The Big Giant Head ( a.k.a. Stone Phillips ) Aaron Paul - ( Season 4 ) Playing the Junior Prom King & Queen announcer Kurtwood Smith ( Season 4 ) Playing Dick 's `` cousin '' Jacob when they attend a Solomon family reunion Bryan Cranston - Plays a Neil Diamond Impersonator ( whom Sally kisses ) Season 4 Episode 14 Season 5 ( edit ) Billy Connolly - playing an actor who is playing the part of Inspector McAffrey David Hasselhoff - playing a plastic surgeon Jonathan Frakes - playing Larry McMichael , the husband of Mary 's friend Gwen Genie Francis - playing Gwen McMichael , the wife of Larry McMichael Chyna - playing Janice , a police officer Miguel Ferrer - playing Jack McMannus , a government agent Alan Cumming - playing Angus ' The Hole ' McDuff , a hole expert Enrico Colantoni - playing Frank , an ex-student of Mary 's Bob Odenkirk - plays as Gary Parkinson an insurance salesman in `` The Fifth Solomon '' ( episode 3 season 5 ) Season 6 ( edit ) Megan Mullally - playing Renata Albright , Mary 's sister Elvis Costello - playing himself Mark McKinney - Playing a new alien that stumbled through the Solomon 's closet door . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Post-Nasal Dick '' . 3rd Rock from the Sun . Season 1 . Episode 2 . 1996 - 01 - 16 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Lonely Dick '' . 3rd Rock from the Sun . Season 1 . Episode 7 . 1996 - 02 - 20 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Eat , Drink , Dick , Mary '' . 3rd Rock from the Sun . Season 3 . Episode 27 . 1998 - 05 - 20 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Body and Soul and Dick '' . 3rd Rock from the Sun . Season 1 . Episode 8 . 1996 - 02 - 27 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` See Dick Continue to Run - Part I '' . 3rd Rock from the Sun . Season 2 . Episode 1 . 1996 - 09 - 22 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` See Dick Continue to Run - Part II '' . 3rd Rock from the Sun . Season 2 . Episode 2 . 1996 - 09 - 22 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Hotel Dick '' . 3rd Rock from the Sun . Season 2 . Episode 3 . 1996 - 09 - 29 . NBC . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` HD '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` Fourth and Dick '' . 3rd Rock from the Sun . Season 2 . Episode 7 . 1996 - 11 - 03 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Romeo and Juliet and Dick '' . 3rd Rock from the Sun . Season 2 . Episode 14 . 1997 - 01 - 12 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Fifteen Minutes of Dick '' . 3rd Rock from the Sun . Season 2 . Episode 23 . 1997 - 05 - 11 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` A Nightmare on Dick Street '' . 3rd Rock from the Sun . Season 2 . Episode 26 . 1997 - 05 - 18 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Dick Jokes '' . 3rd Rock from the Sun . Season 2 . Episode 11 . 1996 - 06 - 12 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Fun with Dick and Janet - Part I '' . 3rd Rock from the Sun . Season 3 . Episode 1 . 1997 - 09 - 24 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Fun with Dick and Janet - Part II '' . 3rd Rock from the Sun . Season 3 . Episode 2 . 1997 - 09 - 24 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Dick - In - Law '' . 3rd Rock from the Sun . Season 3 . Episode 4 . 1997 - 10 - 15 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` My Mother , My Dick '' . 3rd Rock from the Sun . Season 6 . Episode 14 . 2001 - 02 - 20 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` 36 ! 24 ! 36 ! Dick - Part I '' . 3rd Rock from the Sun . Season 3 . Episode 14 . 1998 - 01 - 25 . NBC . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` 362426D '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` Auto Eurodicka '' . 3rd Rock from the Sun . Season 3 . Episode 17 . 1998 - 02 - 04 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Just Your Average Dick '' . 3rd Rock from the Sun . Season 3 . Episode 22 . 1998 - 04 - 28 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Dick and the Other Guy '' . 3rd Rock from the Sun . Season 3 . Episode 23 . 1998 - 04 - 28 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Mary Loves Scoochie - Part I '' . 3rd Rock from the Sun . Season 6 . Episode 17 . 2001 - 05 - 08 . NBC . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` MLS '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` What 's Love Got to Do , Got to Do with Dick ? '' . 3rd Rock from the Sun . Season 4 . Episode 5 . 1998 - 10 - 28 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` I Am Dick Pentameter ! '' . 3rd Rock from the Sun . Season 4 . Episode 6 . 1998 - 11 - 04 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` DIII : Judgement Day '' . 3rd Rock from the Sun . Season 4 . Episode 7 . 1998 - 11 - 11 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Alien Hunter '' . 3rd Rock from the Sun . Season 4 . Episode 20 . 1999 - 05 - 04 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Dick vs. Strudwick '' . 3rd Rock from the Sun . Season 4 . Episode 21 . 1999 - 05 - 11 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Dick 's Big Giant Headache - Part I '' . 3rd Rock from the Sun . Season 4 . Episode 23 . 1999 - 05 - 25 . NBC . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` DBGH '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` DBGH '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : `` The Big Giant Head Returns '' . 3rd Rock from the Sun . Season 5 . Episode 12 . 2000 - 02 - 22 . NBC . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` TBGHR '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` TBGHR '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : `` The Big Giant Head Returns Again - Part I '' . 3rd Rock from the Sun . Season 5 . Episode 21 . 2000 - 05 - 23 . NBC . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` TBGHRA '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0502700/ Jump up ^ `` Dial M For Dick '' . 3rd Rock from the Sun . Season 5 . Episode 4 . 1999 - 11 - 09 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Dick and Tuck '' . 3rd Rock from the Sun . Season 5 . Episode 5 . 1999 - 11 - 16 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : `` Gwen , Larry , Dick and Mary '' . 3rd Rock from the Sun . Season 5 . Episode 10 . 2000 - 01 - 05 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` This Little Dick went to Market '' . 3rd Rock from the Sun . Season 5 . Episode 14 . 2000 - 03 - 14 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Youth is Wasted on the Dick '' . 3rd Rock from the Sun . Season 5 . Episode 15 . 2000 - 03 - 21 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Dick and Harry Fall in a Hole '' . 3rd Rock from the Sun . Season 5 . Episode 18 . 2000 - 05 - 02 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` Frankie Goes to Rutherford '' . 3rd Rock from the Sun . Season 5 . Episode 19 . 2000 - 05 - 09 . NBC . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0502729/ Jump up ^ `` Les Liaisons Dickereuses '' . 3rd Rock from the Sun . Season 6 . Episode 1 . 2000 - 10 - 24 . NBC . Jump up ^ `` The Thing That Would n't Die - Part II '' . 3rd Rock from the Sun . Season 6 . Episode 20 . 2001 - 05 - 22 . NBC . See also ( edit ) 3rd Rock from the Sun episodes 3rd Rock from the Sun ( hide ) 3rd Rock from the Sun Characters Dick Solomon Sally Solomon Harry Solomon Tommy Solomon Nina Campbell Mamie Dubcek Don Orville Mary Albright Big Giant Head Seasons `` Brains and Eggs '' `` The Loud Solomon Family : A Dickumentary '' 6 `` The Thing That Would n't Die '' Other Awards and nominations Guest stars Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_guest_stars_in_3rd_Rock_from_the_Sun&oldid=769462228 '' Categories : 3rd Rock from the Sun characters Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with duplicate reference names Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 March 2017 , at 18 : 23 . About Wikipedia	who stars in 3rd rock from the sun	[]	[]
1690610898450017940	Antacid	Antacid - wikipedia Antacid Jump to : navigation , search Antacid tablets An antacid is a substance which neutralizes stomach acidity , used to relieve heartburn , indigestion or an upset stomach . Contents ( hide ) 1 Medical uses 2 Side effects 3 Mechanism of action 4 Formulations and brands 4.1 Effervescents 4.2 Algeldrate 5 References Medical uses ( edit ) Antacids are available over the counter and are taken by mouth to quickly relieve occasional heartburn , the major symptom of gastroesophageal reflux disease and also indigestion . Treatment with antacids alone is symptomatic and only justified for minor symptoms . Antacids are distinct from acid - reducing drugs like H - receptor antagonists or proton pump inhibitors and they do not kill the bacteria Helicobacter pylori , which causes most ulcers . Side effects ( edit ) Versions with magnesium may cause diarrhea , and brands with calcium or aluminium may cause constipation and rarely , long - term use may cause kidney stones . Long - term use of versions with aluminium may increase the risk for getting osteoporosis . Mechanism of action ( edit ) When excessive amounts of acids are produced in the stomach the natural mucous barrier that protects the lining of the stomach can damage the esophagus in people with acid reflux . Antacids contain alkaline ions that chemically neutralize stomach gastric acid , reducing damage and relieving pain . Formulations and brands ( edit ) Antacids may be formulated with other active ingredients such as simethicone to control gas or alginic acid to act as a physical barrier to acid . Effervescents ( edit ) Effervescent tablets are tablets which are designed to dissolve in water , and release carbon dioxide . The common ingredients are citric acid and sodium bicarbonate , which react when in contact with water to produce carbon dioxide . Effervescent antacids may also contain aspirin , sodium carbonate , or tartaric acid Well known brands are Alka - Seltzer in the United States , and Eno in the United Kingdom . Algeldrate ( edit ) Wyeth amphojel tablets of aluminum hydroxide . Under the generic name algeldrate , aluminium hydroxide is used as an antacid . Aluminium hydroxide is preferred over other alternatives such as sodium bicarbonate because Al ( OH ) , being insoluble , does not increase the pH of stomach above 7 and hence , does not trigger secretion of excess stomach acid . Brand names include Alu - Cap , Aludrox , Gaviscon , and Pepsamar . In 2016 Gaviscon was one of the biggest selling branded over-the - counter medications sold in Great Britain , with sales of £ 62 million . It reacts with excess acid in the stomach , reducing the acidity of the stomach content , which may relieve the symptoms of ulcers , heartburn or dyspepsia . Such products can cause constipation , because the aluminum ions inhibit the contractions of smooth muscle cells in the gastrointestinal tract , slowing peristalsis and lengthening the time needed for stool to pass through the colon . Some such products ( such as Maalox ) are formulated to minimize such effects through the inclusion of equal concentrations of magnesium hydroxide or magnesium carbonate , which have counterbalancing laxative effects . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Internal Clinical Guidelines Team ( UK ) . Dyspepsia and Gastro - Oesophageal Reflux Disease : Investigation and Management of Dyspepsia , Symptoms Suggestive of Gastro - Oesophageal Reflux Disease , or Both . London : National Institute for Health and Care Excellence ( UK ) ; 2014 Sep . PMID 25340236 . Free full text ^ Jump up to : U.S. Department of Health & Human Services . Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality 23 September 2011 Consumer Summary -- Treatment Options for GERD or Acid Reflux Disease : A Review of the Research for Adults Archived 2014 - 10 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services , National Institutes of Health , U.S. National Library of Medicine . Page last updated : 07 November 2014 Medline Plus : Taking Antacids Jump up ^ IFFGD . Antacids Adapted from IFFGD Publication # 520 by W. Grant Thompson . Last modified on September 12 , 2014 Jump up ^ Dubogrey , Ilya ( 2013 ) . `` Putting the Fizz into Formulation '' . European Pharmaceutical Contractor ( Autumn ) . Jump up ^ British Pharmacopeia 2003 Jump up ^ International Pharmacopoeia 2006 . World Health Organization . 2006 . p. 966 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 4 - 156301 - 7 . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Alka Seltzer Directions of use , Sodium & Aspirin content - Alka Seltzer relief from Headaches , Migraine & Upset stomach '' . alkaseltzer.ie . Jump up ^ Blair , G.T. ; DeFraties , J.J. ( 2000 ) . `` Hydroxy Dicarboxylic Acids '' . Kirk - Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology . Kirk Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology . pp. 1 -- 19 . ISBN 0471238961 . doi : 10.1002 / 0471238961.0825041802120109. a01 . Jump up ^ `` A breakdown of the over-the - counter medicines market in Britain in 2016 '' . Pharmaceutical Journal . 28 April 2017 . Retrieved 29 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Galbraith , A ; Bullock , S ; Manias , E ; Hunt , B. ; Richards , A. ( 1999 ) . Fundamentals of pharmacology : a text for nurses and health professionals . Harlow : Pearson . p. 482 . Jump up ^ Washington , Neena ( 2 August 1991 ) . Antacids and Anti Reflux Agents . Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press . p. 10 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 5444 - 7 . Look up antacid in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Pharmacology : major drug groups Gastrointestinal tract / metabolism ( A ) stomach acid Antacids H antagonists Proton pump inhibitors Antiemetics Laxatives Antidiarrhoeals / Antipropulsives Anti-obesity drugs Anti-diabetics Vitamins Dietary minerals Blood and blood forming organs ( B ) Antithrombotics Antiplatelets Anticoagulants Thrombolytics / fibrinolytics Antihemorrhagics Platelets Coagulants Antifibrinolytics Cardiovascular system ( C ) cardiac therapy / antianginals Cardiac glycosides Antiarrhythmics Cardiac stimulants Antihypertensives Diuretics Vasodilators Beta blockers Calcium channel blockers renin - angiotensin system ACE inhibitors Angiotensin II receptor antagonists Renin inhibitors Antihyperlipidemics Statins Fibrates Bile acid sequestrants Skin ( D ) Emollients Cicatrizants Antipruritics Antipsoriatics Medicated dressings Genitourinary system ( G ) Hormonal contraception Fertility agents SERMs Sex hormones Endocrine system ( H ) Hypothalamic - pituitary hormones Corticosteroids Glucocorticoids Mineralocorticoids Sex hormones Thyroid hormones / Antithyroid agents Infections and infestations ( J , P , QI ) Antimicrobials : Antibacterials ( Antimycobacterials ) Antifungals Antivirals Antiparasitics Antiprotozoals Anthelmintics Ectoparasiticides IVIG Vaccines Malignant disease ( L01 - L02 ) Anticancer agents Antimetabolites Alkylating Spindle poisons Antineoplastic Topoisomerase inhibitors Immune disease ( L03 - L04 ) Immunomodulators Immunostimulants Immunosuppressants Muscles , bones , and joints ( M ) Anabolic steroids Anti-inflammatories NSAIDs Antirheumatics Corticosteroids Muscle relaxants Bisphosphonates Brain and nervous system ( N ) Analgesics Anesthetics General Local Anorectics Anti-ADHD Agents Antiaddictives Anticonvulsants Antidementia Agents Antidepressants Antimigraine Agents Antiparkinson 's Agents Antipsychotics Anxiolytics Depressants Entactogens Entheogens Euphoriants Hallucinogens Psychedelics Dissociatives Deliriants Hypnotics / Sedatives Mood Stabilizers Neuroprotectives Nootropics Neurotoxins Orexigenics Serenics Stimulants Wakefulness - Promoting Agents Respiratory system ( R ) Decongestants Bronchodilators Cough medicines H antagonists Sensory organs ( S ) Ophthalmologicals Otologicals Other ATC ( V ) Antidotes Contrast media Radiopharmaceuticals Dressings Senotherapeutics Drugs for acid related disorders : Antacids ( A02A ) Magnesium ( increases motility ) Magnesium carbonate Magnesium oxide Magnesium peroxide Magnesium hydroxide Magnesium silicate Aluminium ( decreases motility ) Aceglutamide aluminum Algeldrate Aluminium phosphate Aluminium acetoacetate Aloglutamol Aluminium glycinate Carbaldrate Calcium Calcium carbonate Calcium silicate Sodium Sodium bicarbonate Combinations and complexes of aluminium , calcium and magnesium Almagate Almasilate Hydrotalcite Magaldrate Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antacid&oldid=806916510 '' Categories : Antacids Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara Français हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 吴语中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 22 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what are antacids name two compounds which are used as antacid	[]	[]
-5283450236644364115	List of backward compatible games for Xbox One	List of backward compatible games for Xbox One - wikipedia List of backward compatible games for Xbox One Jump to : navigation , search The Xbox One gaming console has received updates from Microsoft since its launch in 2013 that enable it to play select games from its two predecessor consoles , Xbox and Xbox 360 . On June 15 , 2015 , backward compatibility with supported Xbox 360 games became available to eligible Xbox Preview program users with a beta update to the Xbox One system software . The dashboard update containing backward compatibility was released publicly on November 12 , 2015 . On October 24 , 2017 , another such update added games from the original Xbox library . The following is a list of all backward compatible games on Xbox One under this functionality . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Xbox 360 1.2 Xbox 2 Xbox One X enhancements 3 List of compatible titles 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) At its launch in November 2013 , the Xbox One did not have native backward compatibility with original Xbox or Xbox 360 games . Xbox Live director of programming Larry `` Major Nelson '' Hryb suggested users could use the HDMI - in port on the console to pass an Xbox 360 or any other device with HDMI output through Xbox One . Senior project management and planning director Albert Penello explained that Microsoft was considering a cloud gaming platform to enable backward compatibility , but he felt it would be `` problematic '' due to varying internet connection qualities . Xbox 360 ( edit ) During Microsoft 's E3 2015 press conference on June 15 , 2015 , Microsoft announced plans to introduce Xbox 360 backward compatibility on the Xbox One at no additional cost . Supported Xbox 360 games will run within an emulator and have access to certain Xbox One features , such as recording and broadcasting gameplay . Games do not run directly from discs . A ported form of the game is downloaded automatically when a supported game is inserted , while digitally - purchased games will automatically appear for download in the user 's library once available . As with Xbox One titles , if the game is installed using physical media , the disc is still required for validation purposes . Not all Xbox 360 games will be supported ; 104 Xbox 360 games were available for the feature 's public launch on November 12 , 2015 with Xbox One preview program members getting early access . Microsoft stated that publishers will only need to provide permission to the company to allow the repackaging , and they expect the list to grow significantly over time . Unlike the emulation of original Xbox games on the Xbox 360 , the Xbox One does not require game modification , since it emulates an exact replica of its predecessor 's environment -- both hardware and software operating systems . The downloaded game is a repackaged version of the original that identifies itself as an Xbox One title to the console . At Gamescom , Microsoft revealed it has plans to ensure `` all future Xbox 360 Games with Gold titles will be playable on Xbox One . '' On December 17 , 2015 Microsoft made another sixteen Xbox 360 games compatible with Xbox One , including titles such as Halo : Reach , Fable III and Deus Ex : Human Revolution . On January 21 , 2016 , Microsoft made another ten Xbox 360 games compatible , including The Witcher 2 : Assassins of Kings and Counter-Strike : Global Offensive . On May 13 , 2016 , Microsoft made Xbox 360 titles with multiple discs compatible , starting with Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut . In January 2016 , Microsoft announced that future titles would be added as they became available , instead of waiting until a specific day each month . Xbox ( edit ) During Microsoft 's E3 2017 press conference on June 11 , 2017 , Microsoft announced that roughly 50 % of Xbox One users had played an Xbox 360 game on Xbox One through the system 's backward - compatibility feature . Based on popular demand , Phil Spencer , Microsoft 's Head of Xbox , announced that Xbox One consoles would be able to play select games made for the original Xbox console , first released in 2001 . The compatibility will work on all consoles in the Xbox One family , including the Xbox One X , and will be available as a free update planned for the fall of 2017 . The functionality will be similar to that for back - compatibility with Xbox 360 games . Users insert the Xbox game disc into their Xbox One console to install the compatible version of the game . While players will not be able to access any old game saves or connect to Xbox Live on these titles , system link functions will remain available . Xbox games will not receive achievement support , although when asked about this component , Spencer responded that they had nothing to announce at the current time . Realizing that game discs for original Xbox consoles could be scarce , Spencer said that plans were in place to make compatible Xbox games available digitally . Spencer also said that such games may also be incorporated into the Xbox Game Pass subscription service . In a later interview , Spencer indicated that the potential library of Xbox titles being playable on Xbox One will be smaller than that currently available from the Xbox 360 library . Spencer noted two reasons for the more limited library were the availability of content rights for the games and the technical difficulties related to the conversion . Xbox One X enhancements ( edit ) Backwards compatible Xbox 360 titles will benefit from becoming Xbox One X enhanced with the following : Improved framerate stability Games utilizing a dynamic resolution will hit their max resolution more often / all the time 16xAF texture filtering will be automatically applied . Forced v - sync Variable refresh rate ( VRR ) compatibility ( when used with a compatible display ) List of compatible titles ( edit ) Title Publisher ( s ) Format Date added Notes / References 0 Day Attack on Earth Gulti XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 3D Ultra Minigolf Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 A Kingdom for Keflings Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 A World of Keflings Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Aegis Wing Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 North America only Age of Booty Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Alan Wake Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2016 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Quantum Break . Alan Wake 's American Nightmare Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 Also included as a pre-order bonus with Quantum Break . Alice : Madness Returns Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 2017 Alien Hominid Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Altered Beast Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Anomaly : Warzone Earth Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 2016 Aqua Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 2016 ARKANOID Live ! Taito Corporation XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Army of Two Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2017 Assassin 's Creed Ubisoft 000000002016 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2016 Game will receive additional enhancements when played on Xbox One X . Assassin 's Creed II Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available in Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection which includes remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed III Ubisoft 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood Ubisoft 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Also available in Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection which includes remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed : Revelations Ubisoft 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2017 Also available in Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection which includes remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed Rogue Ubisoft 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Assault Heroes 2 Sierra Entertainment XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 2017 Asteroids & Deluxe Atari XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Astropop PopCap Games XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Babel Rising Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Band of Bugs Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Banjo - Kazooie Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games Banjo - Kazooie : Nuts & Bolts Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games Banjo - Tooie Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games Batman : Arkham Origins WB Games Disc Only 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 BattleBlock Theater Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Battlefield 3 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access Battlefield : Bad Company 2 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access Battlefield : Bad Company Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 08 - 17 - 0000 August 17 , 2017 Battlestations : Midway Square Enix 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 Bayonetta Sega 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Beat'n Groovy Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2017 Bejeweled 2 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access Bejeweled 3 PopCap Games XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access Bellator : MMA Onslaught 345 Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Beyond Good & Evil HD Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Bionic Commando Rearmed 2 Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 BioShock 2K Games 000000002016 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2016 Also available in BioShock : The Collection , featuring remastered versions of all 3 BioShock titles on Xbox One . BioShock 2 2K Games 000000002016 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2016 Also available in BioShock : The Collection , featuring remastered versions of all 3 BioShock titles on Xbox One . BioShock Infinite 2K Games 000000002016 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2016 Also available in BioShock : The Collection , featuring remastered versions of all 3 BioShock titles on Xbox One . Black Electronic Arts XBOX 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Blazing Angels : Squadrons of WWII Ubisoft 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Blood Knights Kalypso Media XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Blood of the Werewolf Midnight City XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Bloodforge Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 BloodRayne : Betrayal Majesco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 BloodRayne 2 Majesco Entertainment XBOX 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Blue Dragon Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 , 2016 Bolt Disney Interactive 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 Bomberman Live : Battlefest Hudson Soft XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 18 - 0000 August 18 , 2016 Boom Boom Rocket Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 2016 Bound by Flame Focus Home Interactive 000000002016 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2016 Borderlands 2K Games 000000002015 - 09 - 03 - 0000 September 3 , 2015 All versions of the game , including physical and digital copies , receive all DLC as a free download ( on Xbox One only ) . Borderlands 2 2K Games 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Also available in Borderlands : The Handsome Collection which includes remastered versions of Borderlands 2 and Borderlands : The Pre-Sequel for Xbox One Braid Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Brain Challenge Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Bullet Soul 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Bullet Soul - Infinite Burst - 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Bully : Scholarship Edition Rockstar Games 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Burnout Paradise Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2016 Cabela 's Alaskan Adventures Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Cabela 's Dangerous Hunts 2013 Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Cabela 's Hunting Expeditions Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Cabela 's Survival : Shadows of Katmai Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Call of Duty : Advanced Warfare Activision 000000002017 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2017 Call of Duty : Black Ops Activision 000000002016 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 2016 Call of Duty : Black Ops II Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 2017 Call of Duty : Ghosts Activision 000000002017 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 2017 Call of Duty : World at War Activision 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 Call of Duty 2 Activision 000000002016 - 08 - 23 - 0000 August 23 , 2016 Call of Duty 3 Activision 000000002016 - 09 - 22 - 0000 September 22 , 2016 Call of Juarez : Gunslinger Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Capcom Arcade Cabinet Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Carcassonne Sierra Online XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 2016 Cars : Mater - National Championship Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2017 Cars 2 : The Video Game Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Castlevania : Symphony of the Night Konami XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2016 Castle Crashers Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 2016 CastleStorm Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Catherine Atlus 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Cave , The The Cave Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Centipede & Millipede Atari XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Child of Eden Ubisoft 000000002017 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2017 CLANNAD Prototype 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Japan Only Commanders : Attack of the Genos Sierra Entertainment XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 2017 Comic Jumper Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Comix Zone Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Condemned : Criminal Origins Sega 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Contra Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Costume Quest 2 Midnight City XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 Counter-Strike : Global Offensive Valve Corporation XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Crazy Taxi Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Crimson Skies : High Road to Revenge Microsoft Studios XBOX 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Crystal Defenders Square Enix XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Crystal Quest Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Cyber Troopers Virtual - On Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Japan Only Cyber Troopers Virtual - On Oratorio Tangram Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Dark Souls Bandai Namco Entertainment 000000002016 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2016 Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Dark Souls 3 on the Xbox store . Dark Void Capcom 000000002016 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2016 Darksiders THQ 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2017 Remastered as Darksiders : Warmastered Edition for Xbox One . Darksiders 2 THQ 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2017 Remastered as Darksiders II : Deathinitive Edition for Xbox One . Daytona USA Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2017 de Blob 2 THQ 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Dead to Rights Namco XBOX 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Deadly Premonition Marvelous Entertainment 000000002017 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 2017 Dead Rising 2 : Case Zero Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Dead Rising 2 : Case West Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Dead Space Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access Dead Space 2 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access Dead Space 3 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Dead Space Ignition Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access Deadfall Adventures Nordic Games 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 Deadliest Warrior Spike Games XBLA 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 Deadliest Warrior : Legends 345 Games Spike Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 DeathSpank : Thongs of Virtue Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2016 Defense Grid : The Awakening Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Deus Ex : Human Revolution Square Enix 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut Square Enix Disc Only 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 First Multi-Disc game made available Dig Dug Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 DiRT 3 Codemasters 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 DiRT Showdown Codemasters 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Discs of Tron Disney Interactive Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Domino Master Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Doom Bethesda Softworks XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Doom on the Xbox store Doom II : Hell on Earth Bethesda Softworks XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Doom on the Xbox store Doom 3 BFG Edition Bethesda Softworks Disc Only 000000002016 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 2016 Doritos Crash Course Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Double Dragon Neon Majesco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Dragon Age : Origins Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access Dragon 's Lair Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 DuckTales Remastered Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Duke Nukem : Manhattan Project Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2016 Dungeons and Dragons : Chronicles of Mystara Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Dungeon Siege III Square Enix 000000002015 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2015 Earth Defense Force : Insect Armageddon D3 Publisher 000000002017 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2017 Earthworm Jim HD Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Eat Lead : The Return of Matt Hazard D3 Publisher 000000002016 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2016 Elder Scrolls IV , The The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion Bethesda 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Game will receive additional enhancements when played on Xbox One X . Encleverment Experiment Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 Epic Mickey 2 : The Power of Two Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2017 Escape Dead Island Deep Silver 000000002016 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2016 Every Extend Extra Extreme Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 F1 2014 Codemasters 000000002017 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2017 Fable Anniversary Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2017 Fable II Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Including the ' Game of the Year ' edition Fable II Pub Games Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2017 Fable III Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Faery : Legends of Avalon Focus Home Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Fallout 3 Bethesda Softworks 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Fallout 4 . Also , owners of the Xbox 360 Game of the Year Edition can run the game with all the DLC using disc 2 . Game will receive additional enhancements when played on Xbox One X . Fallout : New Vegas Bethesda Softworks 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Owners of the Xbox 360 Ultimate Edition can run the game with all the DLC using disc 2 . Far Cry 3 Ubisoft 000000002017 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2017 Far Cry 3 : Blood Dragon Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 , 2016 Feeding Frenzy PopCap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access Feeding Frenzy 2 : Shipwreck Showdown PopCap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access Fighting Vipers Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 Final Fight : Double Impact Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Flashback Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Flock ! Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2016 Forza Horizon Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 2016 Foul Play Mastertronic Group XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Fret Nice Koei Tecmo XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Frogger Konami XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 2016 Frogger 2 Konami XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Frontlines : Fuel of War THQ 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 FunTown Mahjong Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 Fuzion Frenzy Microsoft Studios XBOX 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Galaga Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 2016 Galaga Legions Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2016 Galaga Legions DX Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 2016 Garou : Mark of the Wolves SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2016 Gatling Gears Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2016 Gears of War Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Gears of War 2 Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Gears of War 3 Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition. . Game will receive additional enhancements when played on Xbox One X . Gears of War : Judgment Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Geometry Wars : Retro Evolved Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 2016 Geometry Wars : Retro Evolved 2 Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2017 Geometry Wars 3 : Dimensions Sierra Entertainment XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2017 Ghostbusters : Sanctum of Slime Atari XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Ghostbusters : The Video Game Atari 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Gin Rummy Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Girl Fight Kung Fu Factory XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 Go ! Go ! Break Steady Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 Goat Simulator Coffee Stain Studios 000000002017 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2017 Golden Axe Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Golf : Tee It Up ! Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Grabbed by the Ghoulies Microsoft Studios XBOX 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games Grand Theft Auto IV Rockstar Games 000000002017 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 2017 Including `` Episodes From Liberty City '' DLC . Grid 2 Codemasters 000000002016 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2016 Gripshift Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 Guardian Heroes Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 2016 Gunstar Heroes Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 2016 Guwange CAVE XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2016 Gyromancer Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Gyruss Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2017 Half - Minute Hero : Super Mega Neo Climax Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2016 Halo 3 Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Game will receive additional enhancements when played on Xbox One X . Halo 3 : ODST Campaign Edition Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Halo 4 Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Halo : Combat Evolved Anniversary Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Halo : Reach Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Halo : Spartan Assault Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Halo Wars Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2016 Hard Corps : Uprising Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Hardwood Backgammon Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Hardwood Hearts Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Hardwood Spades Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Harm 's Way Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Haunted House Atari XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2016 Heavy Weapon Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access Hexic HD Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 This originally bundled Xbox 360 game can now be downloaded for free in certain regions from the Xbox store at xbox.com here Hexic 2 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Hitman : Absolution Square Enix 000000002017 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 2017 Hitman : Sniper Challenge pre-order bonus is also compatible Hydro Thunder Hurricane Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 I Am Alive Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Ikaruga Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 ilomilo Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Injustice : Gods Among Us Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002016 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2016 Insanely Twisted Shadow Planet Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 , 2017 Interpol : The Trail of Dr. Chaos Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 2016 Iron Brigade Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Jeremy McGrath 's Offroad D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Jet Set Radio Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2016 Jetpac Refuelled Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games Jewel Quest Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2017 Joe Danger : Special Edition Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Joe Danger 2 : The Movie Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2016 Joust WB Games XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 25 - 0000 August 25 , 2016 Joy Ride Turbo Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Juju Flying Wild Hog XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2017 Jurassic Park : The Game Telltale Games 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 Just Cause 2 Square Enix 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Just Cause 3 . Kameo : Elements of Power Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games Kane & Lynch 2 : Dog Days Square Enix 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Killer Is Dead XSEED Games 000000002016 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2016 King of Fighters Neowave , The The King of Fighters Neowave SNK Playmore XBOX 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 King of Fighters ' 98 Ultimate Match , The The King of Fighters ' 98 Ultimate Match SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2016 King of Fighters 2002 Unlimited Match , The The King of Fighters 2002 Unlimited Match SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 KOF Sky Stage SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2017 Lazy Raiders Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 2016 Left 4 Dead Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Left 4 Dead 2 Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2016 LEGO Batman : The Videogame WB Games 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 Lego Indiana Jones : The Original Adventures LucasArts 000000002017 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2017 LEGO Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game Disney Interactive Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 LEGO Star Wars : The Complete Saga Disney Interactive Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Limbo Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 2016 Lode Runner Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Lost Odyssey Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2016 Lumines LIVE ! Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Luxor 2 MumboJumbo XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2017 Madballs in Babo : Invasion Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2017 Mad Tracks D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2017 Magic : The Gathering -- Duels of the Planeswalkers 2012 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Mars : War Logs Focus Home Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 Mass Effect Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access Mass Effect 2 Electronic Arts Disc Only 000000002016 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access Mass Effect 3 Electronic Arts Disc Only 000000002016 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access Matt Hazard : Blood Bath and Beyond D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Maw , The The Maw Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2016 Medal of Honor : Airborne Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Meet the Robinsons Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Mega Man 9 Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2017 Mega Man 10 Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2017 Metal Gear Rising : Revengeance Konami Digital Entertainment 000000002017 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 2017 Metal Slug 3 SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Metal Slug XX SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Midway Arcade Origins Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002017 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2017 Might & Magic : Clash of Heroes Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Military Madness : Nectaris Hudson Soft XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2016 Mirror 's Edge Electronic Arts 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Game will receive additional enhancements when played on Xbox One X . Missile Command Atari XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Monaco : What 's Yours Is Mine Majesco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 2016 Monday Night Combat Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Monopoly Deal Ubisoft XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Monopoly Plus Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Moon Diver Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Motocross Madness Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Mr. Driller Online Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 2016 Ms. Pac - Man Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Ms. Splosion Man Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Mutant Storm Empire Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2017 Mutant Storm Reloaded PomPom Games XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 MX vs. ATV Reflex Nordic Games 000000002016 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2016 N+ Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2015 NBA Jam : On Fire Edition Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 NeoGeo Battle Coliseum SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 New Rally - X Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 2016 NiGHTS into Dreams ... Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Ninja Gaiden Black Tecmo XBOX 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 NIN2 - JUMP CAVE XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 2016 Of Orcs and Men Focus Home Interactive 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Omega Five Hudson Soft XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2016 Operation Flashpoint : Dragon Rising Codemasters 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Operation Flashpoint : Red River Codemasters Disc Only 000000002016 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 2016 Orange Box , The The Orange Box Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2016 Outland Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 2016 Pac - Man Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2016 Pac - Man Championship Edition Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pac - Man Championship Edition DX Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pac - Man Museum Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Peggle Popcap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Perfect Dark Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games Perfect Dark Zero Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games Persona 4 Arena Atlus 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2017 Phantasy Star II Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Phantom Breaker : Battle Grounds Mages . XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pinball FX Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Plants vs. Zombies PopCap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access Planets Under Attack Topware Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Portal : Still Alive Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Portal 2 Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Prince of Persia Classic Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time Ubisoft XBOX 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Psychonauts Double Fine Productions XBOX 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Pure Disney Interactive Studios Disc Only 000000002016 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2016 Putty Squad System 3 Software Limited XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Puzzle Quest 1Puzzle Quest : Challenge of the Warlords D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2016 Puzzle Quest Galactrix D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2016 Puzzle Quest 2 D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2016 Puzzlegeddon Tecmo XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Qix++ Taito Corporation XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Quantum Conundrum Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 R - Type Dimensions Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Radiant Silvergun Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 RAGE Bethesda Softworks 000000002016 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2016 Raiden IV UFO Interactive Games XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2017 North America only Raskulls Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Rayman 3 HD Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Rayman Legends Ubisoft 000000002016 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2016 Rayman Origins Ubisoft 000000002016 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 2016 Red Dead Redemption Rockstar Games 000000002016 - 07 - 08 - 0000 July 8 , 2016 Standard , `` Game of the Year '' and `` Undead Nightmare '' editions are all compatible . Red Faction : Armageddon THQ 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2017 Red Faction : Battlegrounds THQ XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Red Faction II THQ XBOX 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 RoboBlitz Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Rocket Knight Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2017 Runner2 Aksys Games XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Sacred 3 Deep Silver 000000002015 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 2015 Sacred Citadel Deep Silver XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Saints Row : The Third THQ 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Saints Row IV Deep Silver 000000002016 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 , 2016 Sam & Max Beyond Time and Space Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 Sam & Max Save the World Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Samurai Shodown II SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Scarygirl Square Enix XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2016 Scrap Metal Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Screamride Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 2017 Secret of Monkey Island , The The Secret of Monkey Island : Special Edition Disney Interactive Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Secret of Monkey Island 2 , The Monkey Island 2 : LeChuck 's Revenge : Special Edition Disney Interactive Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Bass Fishing Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Sega Vintage Collection : Alex Kidd & Co . ( Alex Kidd in Miracle World , Super Hang - On , The Revenge of Shinobi ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Vintage Collection : Golden Axe ( Golden Axe , II , III ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Vintage Collection : Monster World ( Wonder Boy in Monster Land , Wonder Boy in Monster World , Monster World IV ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Vintage Collection : Streets of Rage ( Streets of Rage , 2 , 3 ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2015 Includes all three Streets of Rage games . Sega Vintage Collection : ToeJam & Earl ( ToeJam & Earl ) Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2017 Shadowrun Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2016 Shadow Assault : Tenchu From Software XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Shadow Complex Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2015 Shadows of the Damned Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2017 Shank 2 Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 , 2016 Shinobi Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Shotest Shogi Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2016 Shred Nebula Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2016 Sid Meier 's Civilization Revolution 2K Games 000000002017 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 , 2017 Sid Meier 's Pirates ! 2K Games XBOX 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Silent Hill : Downpour Konami 000000002016 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2016 Skate 3 Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Game will receive additional enhancements when played on Xbox One X . Skullgirls : Encore MarvelousAQL XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Skydive : Proximity Flight Gaijin Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Slender : The Arrival Midnight City 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Small Arms Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Soltrio Solitaire Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2017 Sonic Adventure Sega 000000002017 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2017 Sonic & Knuckles Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Supports Sonic 3 & Knuckles for those that also own Sonic 3 Sonic & All - Stars Racing Transformed Sega 000000002016 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2016 Sonic CD Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sonic the Fighters Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2016 Sonic the Hedgehog Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sonic the Hedgehog 2 Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sonic the Hedgehog 3 Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Supports Sonic 3 & Knuckles for those that also own Sonic & Knuckles Sonic the Hedgehog 4 : Episode I Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Sonic the Hedgehog 4 : Episode II Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Soulcalibur Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Soulcalibur II HD Online Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2016 South Park : The Stick of Truth Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Space Ark Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2016 Space Giraffe Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Space Invaders Infinity Gene Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Spelunky Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Splatters , The The Splatters Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 ' Splosion Man Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 SSX EA Sports 000000002016 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access Stacking THQ XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2017 Star Wars : Knights of the Old Republic LucasArts XBOX 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Star Wars : The Force Unleashed Disney Interactive Studios 000000002016 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2016 Ultimate Sith Edition DLC not available . Star Wars : The Force Unleashed II Disney Interactive Studios 000000002016 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2016 Steins ; Gate 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2017 Japan Only Steins ; Gate : Hiyoku Renri no Darling 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2017 Japan Only Steins ; Gate Senkei Kōsoku no Phenogram 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2017 Japan Only Strania Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Street Fighter IV Capcom 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2017 Stuntman : Ignition Nordic Games 000000002017 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2017 Super Contra Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Super Meat Boy Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Super Street Fighter IV : Arcade Edition Capcom 000000002017 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 , 2017 Supreme Commander 2 Square Enix 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Syberia Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 2016 Tales from Space : Mutant Blobs Attack Midnight City XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Tecmo Bowl Throwback Tecmo Koei XBLA 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2017 Tekken 6 Bandai Namco Entertainment 000000002017 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2017 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tekken 7 . Tekken Tag Tournament 2 Bandai Namco Entertainment 000000002016 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2016 Texas Hold ' em Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2016 Ticket to Ride Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 TimeShift Sierra Entertainment 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 2017 Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Vegas Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege . Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Vegas 2 Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege . Tomb Raider : Underworld Eidos Interactive 000000002017 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 2017 Torchlight Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Tour de France 2009 : The Official Game Focus Home Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2016 Tour de France 2011 Focus Home Interactive 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 Tower Bloxx Deluxe Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2017 Toy Soldiers Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Toy Soldiers : Cold War Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Toy Story 3 Disney Interactive Studios 000000002016 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2016 Trials HD Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 Triggerheart Exelica Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 , 2016 Trine 2 Atlus XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Tron : Evolution Disney Interactive Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Ugly Americans : Apocalypsegeddon 345 Games Comedy Central XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Unbound Saga Activision XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Undertow Chair Entertainment XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Virtua Fighter 2 Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 Virtua Fighter 5 : Final Showdown Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2016 Viva Piñata Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games Viva Piñata : Trouble in Paradise Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games Walking Dead , The The Walking Dead Telltale Games 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2017 Walking Dead : Michonne , The The Walking Dead : Michonne Telltale Games 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2017 Walking Dead : Season Two , The The Walking Dead : Season Two Telltale Games 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2017 Witcher 2 , The The Witcher 2 : Assassins of Kings CD Projekt RED 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Wolf of the Battlefield : Commando 3 Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Wolfenstein 3D Bethesda Softworks XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Word Puzzle Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 2016 XCOM : Enemy Unknown 2K Games 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 XCOM : Enemy Within 2K Games 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Yosumin ! Live Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 Zuma Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access Zuma 's Revenge ! Popcap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 See also ( edit ) Xbox One system software List of Xbox games compatible with Xbox 360 List of Xbox games compatible with Xbox One References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pitcher , Jenna ( 2015 - 10 - 26 ) . `` New Xbox One Experience and Backward Compatibility Launch Date Revealed '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Hollister , Sean ( 2013 - 05 - 21 ) . `` Xbox One will not be backwards compatible with Xbox 360 games '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Audrey , Drake ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Xbox One not backwards compatible '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brunner , Grant ( 8 November 2013 ) . `` Microsoft confirms that PS4 , Wii U will work with Xbox One HDMI passthrough '' . ExtremeTech . Ziff Davis . Retrieved 3 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Purchese , Robert ( 17 June 2013 ) . `` You can plug an Xbox 360 into the Xbox One , says Major Nelson '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hicks , Jon . `` The Xbox One 33 things you need to know '' . Official Xbox Magazine . Future plc . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mannion , Gavin ( June 18 , 2013 ) . `` The Xbox One can play Xbox 360 games ... sort of '' . Lazy Gamer . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( 2013 - 09 - 03 ) . `` Microsoft Talks Digital - Only Future , Kinect , and Why Xbox One is Worth $100 More Than PlayStation 4 , Page 2 '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Xbox One Backwards Compatibility Through Cloud ' Problematic ' '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . ^ Jump up to : Machkovech , Sam ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Xbox 360 backward compatibility coming to Xbox One '' . Ars Technica . Los Angeles , California : Condé Nast . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . If users already purchased the games digitally through Xbox Live , they can simply log in and re-download the game on Xbox One without paying any additional cost . If they own the game as a disc , they 'll have to download the game to their Xbox One hard drive , and the system will then check for the disc before launching the game . ^ Jump up to : Warren , Tom ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Microsoft built an Xbox 360 emulator to make games run on the Xbox One '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Crecente , Brian ( 2013 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Xbox One loses some disc - free play , family game - sharing with revised policies '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Richard ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Xbox One will play Xbox 360 games , preview members can try it today '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Available games '' . Xbox.com . Microsoft . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Microsoft is bringing Xbox 360 games to the Xbox One '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Skrebels , Joe ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Xbox One 's backwards compatibility works because it 's tricking your 360 games '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sayed , Rashid ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Microsoft Compares Sony 's Exclusive Line - up With Theirs , Comments On Backwards Compatability ( sic ) & More '' . GamingBolt . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stead , Chris ( 2015 - 08 - 07 ) . `` Complete list of Xbox 360 titles with Xbox One backwards compatibility '' . Finder.com.au . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Hyrb ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` New Xbox One Backward Compatibility Titles Are Now Available '' . MajorNelson.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Chris Kohler ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` Xbox One Will Get Compatibility With Original Xbox Games ( Update ) '' . kotaku.com . Gizmodo Media Group . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Play three generations of games on Xbox One '' . Xbox.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Alex Osborn ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` E3 2017 : Xbox One Original Xbox Backwards Compatibility Details Revealed '' . ign.com . Ziff Davis , LLC . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eddie Makuch ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` Microsoft E3 2017 : Xbox One Backwards Compatibility For OG Xbox Games Wo n't Be As Extensive '' . gamespot.com . CBS Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leadbetter , Richard ( 2017 - 04 - 06 ) . `` Five ways your Xbox One and 360 games will be better on Scorpio '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Larry Hyrb ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Xbox One Backward Compatibility List ( Last Update : 20 October 2016 ) '' . majornelson.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Xbox One Backward Compatible Availability Games '' ( PDF ) . Xbox.com . Microsoft . 15 June 2015 . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Hyrb ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` The Xbox One Quantum Break Bundle Available Next Month '' . majornelson.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan McCaffrey ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` 4 Xbox 360 Games Getting Xbox One X Enhancements '' . ign.com . Ziff Davis , LLC . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan McCaffrey ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` First 13 Original Xbox Games Announced for Xbox One Compatibility '' . ign.com . Ziff Davis , LLC . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ blog.thebehemoth.com/2015/09/04/ccrreleasedate/ ? linkId = 16823597 Jump up ^ Passalacqua , By Michael . `` Dark Souls Being Added to Xbox One Backwards Compatibility '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Dark Souls Xbox One Backwards Compatibility Officially Confirmed '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dark Souls And Tekken Tag Tournament 2 Playable On Xbox One Via Backward Compatibility '' . www.GameInformer.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Three More Games Added To Xbox One Backward Compatibility List '' . www.GameInformer.com . March 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Copeland , By Wesley . `` Get Doom and Doom 2 for Free When You Pre-Order Doom on Xbox One '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Klepek , Patrick . `` Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut , Frogger 2 , Final Fight : Double Impact , Faery : Legends of A '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McWhertor , Michael ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` Every Gears of War now part of Xbox One remaster thanks to backward compatibility '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2015 . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Three more Xbox 360 classics will be enhanced for Xbox One X '' . Xbox Live 's Major Nelson . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Stillwell , Bill ( @ wcstillwell ) ( 14 February 2017 ) . `` Also released Sniper Challenge today . Needed that to be available for those that had the unlock in the main game . pic.twitter.com/xcKyIvUIrd '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 27 March 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` XCOM : Enemy Within and Three More Now Backward Compatible on Xbox One '' . 9 June 2016 . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Red Dead Redemption on Xbox One Backward Compatibility Coming Friday , July 8th '' . rockstargames.com . Rockstar Games . July 5 , 2016 . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Next Xbox One Backwards - Compatible Game Arrives '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Stephany Nunneley ( May 4 , 2016 ) . `` Star Wars : The Force Unleashed 1 and 2 now backwards compatible on Xbox One '' . vg247.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Hryb ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Three titles from Steins ; Gate series ( only published in Japan ) are coming to Xbox One Backward Compatibility today '' . twitter.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Xbox One backward compatibility ( Xbox.com ) Xbox One backward compatibility game list ( MajorNelson.com ) ( hide ) Video game products by Microsoft Microsoft Studios Xbox series Xbox Controller Games With HD support Xbox 360 Launch Technical problems System software Applications Controller Accessories HD DVD Player Wireless Headset Wireless Racing Wheel Xbox Live Vision Games With 3D support Kinect Backward - compatible Downloadable Arcade Arcade Kinect Xbox Originals Kinect Fun Labs Xbox One System software Applications Controller Games Best - selling Kinect Xbox One X Enhanced Backward - compatible Xbox Xbox 360 Others Kinect Xbox app Platinum Hits Windows Games for Windows DirectX Games for Windows -- Live Games Games for Windows Windows Games on Demand Xbox on Windows Microsoft SideWinder Other platforms Xbox on Windows Phone Zune games Online services Xbox Live Avatars Games Store Arcade Indie Games Xbox Game Pass Live Anywhere Mixer MSN Games Game Room Games Xbox Play Anywhere games Games with Gold Developer tools Xbox Development Kit XNA XNA Game Studio PartnerNet ID@Xbox Promotions OurColony Official Xbox Magazine Xbox Exhibition `` X '' Show Xbox Rewards Summer of Arcade Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_backward_compatible_games_for_Xbox_One&oldid=810540956 '' Categories : Backward compatibility Video game lists by platform Xbox 360 games Xbox One games Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Français Edit links This page was last edited on 15 November 2017 , at 22 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	is xbox one x backwards compatible with 360 games	[]	[]
-4232196541488325065	Tempo	Tempo - wikipedia Tempo For other uses , see Tempo ( disambiguation ) . `` Beats per minute '' redirects here . For the rate of heartbeating , see Heart rate . For the online publication , see Beats Per Minute ( website ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In musical terminology , tempo ( `` time '' in Italian ) is the speed or pace of a given piece . In classical music , tempo is typically indicated with an instruction at the start of a piece ( often using conventional Italian terms ) and is usually measured in beats per minute ( or bpm ) . In modern classical compositions , a `` metronome mark '' in beats per minute may supplement or replace the normal tempo marking , while in modern genres like electronic dance music , tempo will typically simply be stated in bpm . Tempo may be separated from articulation and meter , or these aspects may be indicated along with tempo , all contributing to the overall texture . While the ability to hold a steady tempo is a vital skill for a musical performer , tempo is changeable . Depending on the genre of a piece of music and the performers ' interpretation , a piece may be played with slight tempo rubato or drastic accelerando . In ensembles , the tempo is often indicated by a conductor or by one of the instrumentalists , for instance the drummer . Contents 1 Measurement 2 Choosing speed 3 Musical vocabulary 3.1 Basic tempo markings 3.1. 1 Additional terms 3.1. 2 French tempo markings 3.1. 3 German tempo markings 3.1. 4 English tempo markings 4 Variation through a piece 4.1 Terms for change in tempo 5 Modern classical music 6 Electronic music 6.1 Extreme tempo 6.2 Beatmatching 7 See also 8 References 9 Sources 10 External links Measurement ( edit ) Electronic metronome , Wittner model A 120 BPM click track Problems playing this file ? See media help . While tempo is described or indicated in many different ways , including with a range of words ( e.g. , `` Slowly '' , `` Adagio '' and so on ) , it is typically measured in beats per minute ( bpm or BPM ) . For example , a tempo of 60 beats per minute signifies one beat per second , while a tempo of 120 beats per minute is twice as rapid , signifying one beat every 0.5 seconds . The note value of a beat will typically be that indicated by the meter signature . For instance , in the beat will be a crotchet , or quarter note . This measurement and indication of tempo became increasingly popular during the first half of the 19th century , after Johann Nepomuk Maelzel invented the metronome . Beethoven was one of the first composers to use the metronome ; in the 1810s he published metronomic indications for the eight symphonies he had composed up to that time . With the advent of modern electronics , bpm became an extremely precise measure . Music sequencers use the bpm system to denote tempo . Instead of beats per minute , some 20th - century composers ( e.g. , Béla Bartók , Alberto Ginastera , and John Cage ) specify the total playing time for a piece , from which the performer can derive tempo . Tempo is as crucial in contemporary music as it is in classical . In popular music genres such as electronic dance music , accurate knowledge of a tune 's bpm is important to DJs for the purposes of beatmatching . The speed of a piece of music can also be gauged according to measures per minute ( mpm ) or bars per minute , the number of measures of the piece performed in one minute . This measure is commonly used in ballroom dance music . Choosing speed ( edit ) In different musical contexts , different instrumental musicians , singers , conductors , bandleaders , music directors or other individuals will select the tempo of a song or piece . In a popular music or traditional music group or band , the bandleader or lead singer may select the tempo . In popular and traditional music , whoever is setting the tempo often counts out one or two bars in tempo . In some songs or pieces in which a singer or solo instrumentalist begins the work with a solo introduction ( prior to the start of the full group ) , the tempo they set will provide the tempo for the group . In an orchestra or concert band , the conductor normally sets the tempo . In a marching band , the drum major may set the tempo . In a sound recording , in some cases a record producer may set the tempo for a song ( although this would be less likely with an experienced bandleader ) . Musical vocabulary ( edit ) See also : Glossary of musical terminology In classical music it is customary to describe the tempo of a piece by one or more words , most commonly in Italian , in addition to or instead of a metronome mark in beats per minute . Italian is typically used because it was the language of most composers during the time these descriptions became commonplace . Some well - known Italian tempo indications include `` Allegro '' , `` Andante '' and `` Presto ''. This practice developed during the 17th and 18th centuries , the baroque and classical periods . In the earlier Renaissance music , performers understood most music to flow at a tempo defined by the tactus ( roughly the rate of the human heartbeat ) . The mensural time signature indicated which note value corresponded to the tactus . In the Baroque period , pieces would typically be given an indication , which might be a tempo marking ( e.g. Allegro ) , or the name of a dance ( e.g. Allemande or Sarabande ) , the latter being an indication both of tempo and of metre . Any musician of the time was expected to know how to interpret these markings based on custom and experience . In some cases , however , these markings were simply omitted . For example , the first movement of Bach 's Brandenburg Concerto No. 3 has no tempo or mood indication whatsoever . Despite the increasing number of explicit tempo markings , musicians still observe conventions , expecting a minuet to be at a fairly stately tempo , slower than a Viennese waltz ; a perpetuum mobile quite fast , and so on . Genres imply tempos . Thus , Ludwig van Beethoven wrote `` In tempo d'un Menuetto '' over the first movement of his Piano Sonata Op. 54 , though that movement is not a minuet . Many tempo markings also indicate mood and expression . For example , presto and allegro both indicate a speedy execution ( presto being faster ) , but allegro also connotes joy ( from its original meaning in Italian ) . Presto , on the other hand , simply indicates speed . Additional Italian words also indicate tempo and mood . For example , the `` agitato '' in the Allegro agitato of the last movement of George Gershwin 's piano concerto in F has both a tempo indication ( undoubtedly faster than a usual Allegro ) and a mood indication ( `` agitated '' ) . Often , composers ( or music publishers ) name movements of compositions after their tempo ( or mood ) marking . For instance , the second movement of Samuel Barber 's first String Quartet is an Adagio . Often a particular musical form or genre implies its own tempo , so composers need place no further explanation in the score . Popular music charts use terms such as bossa nova , ballad , and Latin rock in much the same way . Lead sheets and fake book music for jazz or popular music may use several terms , and may include a tempo term and a genre term , such as `` slow blues '' , `` medium shuffle '' or `` fast rock '' . Basic tempo markings ( edit ) Here follows a list of common tempo markings . The beats per minute ( bpm ) values are very rough approximations for time . These terms have also been used inconsistently through time and in different geographical areas . One striking example is that Allegretto hastened as a tempo from the 18th to the 19th century : originally it was just above Andante , instead of just below Allegro as it is now . As another example , a modern largo is slower than an adagio , but in the Baroque period it was faster . From slowest to fastest : Larghissimo -- very , very slow ( 24 bpm and under ) Adagissimo -- very slowly Grave -- very slow ( 25 -- 45 bpm ) Largo -- broadly ( 40 -- 60 bpm ) Lento -- slowly ( 45 -- 60 bpm ) Larghetto -- rather broadly ( 60 -- 66 bpm ) Adagio -- slowly with great expression ( 66 -- 76 bpm ) Adagietto -- slower than andante ( 72 -- 76 bpm ) or slightly faster than adagio ( 70 -- 80 bpm ) Andante -- at a walking pace ( 76 -- 108 bpm ) Andantino -- slightly faster than andante ( although , in some cases , it can be taken to mean slightly slower than andante ) ( 80 -- 108 bpm ) Marcia moderato -- moderately , in the manner of a march ( 83 -- 85 bpm ) Andante moderato -- between andante and moderato ( thus the name ) ( 92 -- 112 bpm ) Moderato -- at a moderate speed ( 108 -- 120 bpm ) Allegretto -- by the mid 19th century , moderately fast ( 112 -- 120 bpm ) ; see paragraph above for earlier usage Allegro moderato -- close to , but not quite allegro ( 116 -- 120 bpm ) Allegro -- fast , quickly , and bright ( 120 -- 156 bpm ) ( molto allegro is slightly faster than allegro , but always in its range ) Vivace -- lively and fast ( 156 -- 176 bpm ) Vivacissimo -- very fast and lively ( 172 -- 176 bpm ) Allegrissimo or Allegro vivace -- very fast ( 172 -- 176 bpm ) Presto -- very , very fast ( 168 -- 200 bpm ) Prestissimo -- even faster than presto ( 200 bpm and over ) Additional terms ( edit ) A piacere -- the performer may use his or her own discretion with regard to tempo and rhythm ; literally `` at pleasure '' Con moto -- Italian for `` with movement '' ; can be combined with a tempo indication , e.g. , Allegro con moto Assai -- ( very ) much A tempo -- resume previous tempo L'istesso , L'istesso tempo , or Lo stesso tempo -- at the same speed ; L'istesso is used when the actual speed of the music has not changed , despite apparent signals to the contrary , such as changes in time signature or note length ( half notes in could change to whole notes in , and they would all have the same duration ) Ma non tanto - but not so much ; used in the same way and has the same effect as Ma non troppo ( see immediately below ) but to a lesser degree Ma non troppo - but not too much ; used to modify a basic tempo to indicate that the basic tempo should be reined in to a degree , for example Adagio ma non troppo to mean Slow but not too slow , Allegro ma non troppo to mean Fast but not too fast Molto -- very Poco -- a little Subito -- suddenly Tempo comodo -- at a comfortable ( normal ) speed Tempo di ... -- the speed of a ... ( such as Tempo di valzer ( speed of a waltz , . ≈ 60 bpm ) , Tempo di marcia ( speed of a march , ≈ 120 bpm ) ) Tempo giusto -- at a consistent speed , at the ' right ' speed , in strict tempo Tempo semplice -- simple , regular speed , plainly Tempo primo -- resume the original ( first ) tempo French tempo markings ( edit ) Several composers have written markings in French , among them baroque composers François Couperin and Jean - Philippe Rameau as well as Claude Debussy , Olivier Messiaen , Maurice Ravel and Alexander Scriabin . Common tempo markings in French are : Au mouvement -- play the ( first or main ) tempo . Grave -- slowly and solemnly Lent -- slowly Modéré -- at a moderate tempo Moins -- less , as in Moins vite ( less fast ) Rapide -- fast Très -- very , as in Très vif ( very lively ) Vif -- lively Vite -- fast Erik Satie was known to write extensive tempo ( and character ) markings by defining them in a poetical and literal way , as in his Gnossiennes . German tempo markings ( edit ) Many composers have used German tempo markings . Typical German tempo markings are : Kräftig -- vigorous or powerful Langsam -- slowly Lebhaft -- lively ( mood ) Mäßig -- moderately Rasch -- quickly Schnell -- fast Bewegt -- animated , with motion One of the first German composers to use tempo markings in his native language was Ludwig van Beethoven . The one using the most elaborate combined tempo and mood markings was probably Gustav Mahler . For example , the second movement of his Symphony No. 9 is marked Im Tempo eines gemächlichen Ländlers , etwas täppisch und sehr derb , indicating a slowish folk - dance - like movement , with some awkwardness and much vulgarity in the execution . Mahler would also sometimes combine German tempo markings with traditional Italian markings , as in the first movement of his sixth symphony , marked Allegro energico , ma non troppo . Heftig , aber markig ( Energetically quick , but not too much . Violent , but vigorous ) . English tempo markings ( edit ) English indications , for example quickly , have also been used , by Benjamin Britten and Percy Grainger , among many others . In jazz and popular music lead sheets and fake book charts , terms like `` fast '' , `` laid back '' , `` steady rock '' , `` medium '' , `` medium - up '' , `` ballad '' , `` brisk '' , `` up '' , `` slowly '' , and similar style indications may appear . In some lead sheets and fake books , both tempo and genre are indicated , e.g. , `` slow blues '' , `` fast swing '' , or `` medium Latin '' . The genre indications help rhythm section instrumentalists to use the correct style of playing . For example , if a song indicates `` medium shuffle '' , the drummer will know to play a shuffle drum pattern . Similarly , if another song is labeled `` fast boogie - woogie '' , then the piano player will know to play a boogie - woogie bassline . Tom Lehrer 's anthology Too Many Songs by Tom Lehrer , uses fake English tempo markings to humorous effect . For example , Lehrer specifies that the song `` National Brotherhood Week '' should be played `` fraternally '' or `` We Will All Go Together '' be played `` eschatologically '' ( and `` Masochism Tango '' be played `` painstakingly '' ) . Variation through a piece ( edit ) Tempo is not necessarily fixed . Within a piece ( or within a movement of a longer work ) , a composer may indicate a complete change of tempo , often by using a double bar and introducing a new tempo indication , often with a new time signature and / or key signature . It is also possible to indicate a more or less gradual change in tempo , for instance with an accelerando ( speeding up ) or ritardando ( rit. , slowing down ) marking . Indeed some compositions chiefly comprise accelerando passages , for instance Monti 's Csárdás , or the Russian Civil War song Echelon Song . On the smaller scale , tempo rubato refers to changes in tempo within a musical phrase , often described as some notes ' borrowing ' time from others . Terms for change in tempo ( edit ) Composers may use expressive marks to adjust the tempo : Accelerando -- speeding up ( abbreviation : accel . ) Allargando -- growing broader ; decreasing tempo , usually near the end of a piece Calando -- going slower ( and usually also softer ) Doppio movimento / doppio più mosso -- double - speed Doppio più lento -- half - speed Lentando -- gradually slowing , and softer Meno mosso -- less movement ; slower Meno moto -- less motion Più mosso -- more movement ; faster Mosso -- movement , more lively ; quicker , much like più mosso , but not as extreme Precipitando -- hurrying ; going faster / forward Rallentando -- a gradual slowing down ( abbreviation : rall . ) Ritardando -- slowing down gradually ; also see rallentando and ritenuto ( abbreviations : rit. , ritard . ) sometimes replaces allargando . Ritenuto -- slightly slower , but achieved more immediately than rallentando or ritardando ; a sudden decrease in tempo ; temporarily holding back . ( Note that the abbreviation for ritenuto can also be rit . Thus a more specific abbreviation is riten . Also , sometimes ritenuto does not reflect a tempo change but rather a ' character ' change . ) Rubato -- free adjustment of tempo for expressive purposes , literally `` theft '' -- so more strictly , to take time from one beat to slow another Stretto -- in a faster tempo , often used near the conclusion of a section . ( Note that in fugal compositions , the term stretto refers to the imitation of the subject in close succession , before the subject is completed , and as such , suitable for the close of the fugue . Used in this context , the term is not necessarily related to tempo . ) Stringendo -- pressing on faster , literally `` tightening '' Tardando -- slowing down gradually ( same as ritardando ) While the base tempo indication ( such as Allegro ) typically appears in large type above the staff , adjustments typically appear below the staff or , in the case of keyboard instruments , in the middle of the grand staff . They generally designate a gradual change in tempo ; for immediate tempo shifts , composers normally just provide the designation for the new tempo . ( Note , however , that when Più mosso or Meno mosso appears in large type above the staff , it functions as a new tempo , and thus implies an immediate change . ) Several terms , e.g. , assai , molto , poco , subito , control how large and how gradual a change should be ( see common qualifiers ) . After a tempo change , a composer may return to a previous tempo in two ways : a tempo -- returns to the base tempo after an adjustment ( e.g. ritardando ... a tempo undoes the effect of the ritardando ) . Tempo primo or Tempo I -- denotes an immediate return to the piece 's original base tempo after a section in a different tempo ( e.g. Allegro ... Lento ... Moderato ... Tempo I indicates a return to the Allegro ) . This indication often functions as a structural marker in pieces in binary form . These terms also indicate an immediate , not a gradual , tempo change . Although they are Italian , composers tend to employ them even if they have written their initial tempo marking in another language . Modern classical music ( edit ) 20th - century classical music introduced a wide range of approaches to tempo , particularly thanks to the influence of modernism and later postmodernism . While many composers have retained traditional tempo markings , sometimes requiring greater precision than in any preceding period , others have begun to question basic assumptions of the classical tradition like the idea of a consistent , unified , repeatable tempo . Graphic scores shows tempo and rhythm in a variety of ways . Polytemporal compositions deliberately utilise performers playing at marginally different speeds . John Cage 's compositions approach tempo in diverse ways . For instance 4 ′ 33 '' has a defined duration , but no actual notes , while As Slow as Possible has defined proportions but no defined duration , with one performance intended to last 639 years . Electronic music ( edit ) Extreme tempo ( edit ) More extreme tempos are achievable at the same underlying tempo with very fast drum patterns , often expressed as drum rolls . Such compositions often exhibit a much slower underlying tempo , but may increase the tempo by adding additional percussive beats . Extreme music subgenres such as speedcore and grindcore often strive to reach unusually fast tempo . The use of extreme tempo was very common in the fast bebop jazz from the 1940s and 1950s . A common jazz tune such as `` Cherokee '' was often performed at quarter note equal to or sometimes exceeding 368 bpm . Some of Charlie Parker 's famous tunes ( `` Bebop '' , `` Shaw Nuff '' ) have been performed at 380 bpm plus . Beatmatching ( edit ) Main article : Beatmatching In popular music genres such as disco , house music and electronic dance music , beatmatching is a technique that DJs use that involves speeding up or slowing down a record ( or CDJ player , a speed - adjustable CD player for DJ use ) to match the tempo of a previous or subsequent track , so both can be seamlessly mixed . Having beatmatched two songs , the DJ can either seamlessly cross fade from one song to another , or play both tracks simultaneously , creating a layered effect . DJs often beatmatch the underlying tempos of recordings , rather than their strict bpm value suggested by the kick drum , particularly when dealing with high tempo tracks . A 240 bpm track , for example , matches the beat of a 120 bpm track without slowing down or speeding up , because both have an underlying tempo of 120 quarter notes per minute . Thus , some soul music ( around 75 -- 90 bpm ) mixes well with a drum and bass beat ( from 150 -- 185 bpm ) . When speeding up or slowing down a record on a turntable , the pitch and tempo of a track are linked : spinning a disc 10 % faster makes both pitch and tempo 10 % higher . Software processing to change the pitch without changing the tempo , or vice versa , is called time - stretching or pitch - shifting . While it works fairly well for small adjustments ( ± 20 % ) , the result can be noisy and unmusical for larger changes . See also ( edit ) A capriccio Alla breve As Slow as Possible Bell pattern Half - time ( music ) Multitemporal music Stop - time References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Some of these markings are today contentious , such as those on his `` Hammerklavier '' Sonata and Ninth Symphony , seeming to many to be almost impossibly fast , as is also the case for many of the works of Schumann . See `` metronome '' entry in Apel ( 1969 ) , p. 523 . Jump up ^ `` E. Rules for Competitions ( Couples ) . Rule E. 3 ( Music ) '' , WDSF Competition Rules ( PDF ) ( WDSF Rules & Regulations ) , World DanceSport Federation , 2018 - 01 - 01 , p. 19 , retrieved 2018 - 01 - 20 , 3.2 The tempi for each dance shall be : Waltz 28 ‒ 30 bars / min , Tango 31 ‒ 33 bars / min , Viennese Waltz 58 ‒ 60 bars / min , Slow Foxtrot 28 ‒ 30 bars / min , Quickstep 50 ‒ 52 bars / min ; Samba 50 ‒ 52 bars / min , Cha - Cha - Cha 30 ‒ 32 bars / min , Rumba 25 ‒ 27 bars / min , Paso Doble 60 ‒ 62 bars / min , Jive 42 ‒ 44 bars / min . Jump up ^ Randel , D. , ed. , The New Harvard Dictionary of Music , Harvard University Press , 1986 , Tempo Jump up ^ Haar , James . The Science and Art of Renaissance Music . Princeton University Press . p. 408 . ISBN 1 - 40 - 086471 - 2 . Jump up ^ Heyman , Barbara B. ( 1994 - 05 - 12 ) . Samuel Barber : the composer and his music . Oxford University Press . p. 158 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509058 - 6 . Jump up ^ For extensive discussion of this point see Rosen ( 2002 : 48 - 95 ) . Rosen suggests that many works marked `` Allegretto '' are nowadays played too quickly as a result of this confusion . Rosen , Charles ( 2002 ) Beethoven 's Piano Sonatas : A Short Companion . New Haven : Yale University Press . Excerpts on line at Google Books : ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ music theory online : tempo , Dolmetsch.com Jump up ^ Elson , Louis Charles ( 1909 ) . Elson 's Pocket Music Dictionary : The Important Terms Used in Music with Pronunciation and Concise Definition , Together with the Elements of Notation and a Biographical List of Over Five Hundred Noted Names in Music . Oliver Ditson . Jump up ^ American Symphony Orchestra League ( 1998 ) . Journal of the Conductors ' Guild , Vols. 18 -- 19 . Viena : The League . p. 27 . ISSN 0734 - 1032 . Jump up ^ William E. Caplin ; James Hepokoski ; James Webster ( 2010 ) . Musical Form , Forms & Formenlehre : Three Methodological Reflections . Leuven University Press . p. 80 . ISBN 905 - 867 - 822 - 9 . Jump up ^ Apel ( 1969 ) , p. 42 ; for the literal translation see the online Italian -- English dictionary at WordReference.com . Jump up ^ `` Istesso tempo '' entry in Sadie ( 2001 ) . Jump up ^ For a modern example of L'istesso , see measures 4 and 130 of Star Wars : Main Title , Williams ( 1997 ) , pp. 3 and 30 . Jump up ^ Gnossiennes music sheet , IMSLP Music Library Jump up ^ Apel ( 1969 ) , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Italian translation , WordReference.com ; German , Apel ( 1969 ) . Jump up ^ `` Ritenuto '' entry in Sadie ( 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Apel ( 1969 ) , p. 809 . Jump up ^ David Fallows . `` Ritardando '' . In Deane L. Root . Grove Music Online . Oxford Music Online . Oxford University Press . ( subscription required ) Sources ( edit ) Books on tempo in music : Epstein , David ( 1995 ) . Shaping Time : Music , the Brain , and Performance . New York : Schirmer Books . ISBN 0 - 02 - 873320 - 7 . Marty , Jean - Pierre ( 1988 ) . The tempo indications of Mozart . New Haven : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 03852 - 6 . Sachs , Curt ( 1953 ) . Rhythm and Tempo : A Study in Music History . New York : Norton . OCLC 391538 . Snoman , Rick ( 2009 ) . The Dance Music Manual : Tools , Toys , and Techniques -- Second Edition . Oxford , UK : Elsevier Press . ISBN 0 - 9748438 - 4 - 9 . Music dictionaries : Apel , Willi , ed. , Harvard Dictionary of Music , Second Edition , Revised and Enlarged . The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press , Cambridge , Massachusetts , 1969 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 37501 - 7 Sadie , Stanley ; John Tyrrell , eds. ( 2001 ) . The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians , 2nd edition . NewYork : Grove 's Dictionaries . ISBN 1 - 56159 - 239 - 0 . Examples of musical scores : Williams , John ( 1997 ) . Star Wars : Suite for Orchestra . Milwaukee : Hal Leonard Corp . ISBN 978 - 0 - 793 - 58208 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Research group specializing in rhythm , timing , and tempo , University of Amsterdam Tempo Terminology , Virginia Tech department of music Tempo indications for social dances Tempo variation among and within 300 + recorded performances of Beethoven 's ' Eroica ' Symphony Dolmetsch article on tempo Understanding Musical Tempo Musical notation Staff 8 15 Abbreviation Bar / barline / measure Clef Da capo Dal segno Key signature Ledger line Mode Ossia Scale Rehearsal letter Repeat sign Tempo Time signature Transposition Transposing instrument Musical notes Accidental ( flat natural sharp ) Cue note Dotted note Grace note Note value ( beam notehead stem ) Pitch Rest Tacet Tuplet Tremolo Interval Helmholtz pitch notation Letter notation Scientific pitch notation Articulation Accent Sforzando ( musical direction ) Caesura Damping Dynamics Fermata Fingering Legato Marcato Ornament ( appoggiatura glissando grace note mordent slide trill ) Portato Slur Staccato Tenuto Tie Tonguing Sheet music History of music publishing Music engraving Popular - music publisher Sheet - music publisher Scorewriter Alternative Braille music Chord chart Fake book Figured bass Graphic notation Lead sheet Eye music Nashville number system Numbered musical notation Klavarskribo Tablature ( `` Tab '' ) Parsons Percussion notation Simplified Non-Western and ancient Chinese Kepatihan Kunkunshi Neume Swaralipi Shakuhachi Znamenny Related Mensural notation Music stand Sight - reading Sight singing Transcription List of musical symbols Category : Musical notation Musical terminology Glossary of musical terminology Intervals List of pitch intervals Musical prefix Tempo Rhythm and meter Additive and divisive Bar Beat Canter rhythm Colotomy Composite rhythm Counting Count off Cross-beat Duration Note value Gatra Groove Half - time Harmonic rhythm Hemiola Homorhythm Iqa ' Isorhythm Metric modulation Non-retrogradable rhythm Notes inégales Note values Pickup Polyrhythm Prosody Pulse Rhythmic gesture Rhythmic mode Rhythmic unit Stop - time Swing Syncopation Tala Tempo Time point Time scale Time signature Tuplet BNF : cb11978569k ( data ) NDL : 00575377 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tempo&oldid=862813832 '' Categories : Musical terminology Rhythm and meter Temporal rates Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles needing additional references from March 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from January 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Magyar မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 44 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2018 , at 21 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which of the following is the slowest tempo indication adagio andante allegro vivace	[ "Larghissimo – very, very slow (24 bpm and under)\nAdagissimo – very slowly\nGrave – very slow (25–45 bpm)\nLargo – broadly (40–60 bpm)\nLento – slowly (45–60 bpm)\nLarghetto – rather broadly (60–66 bpm)\nAdagio – slowly with great expression[8] (66–76 bpm)\nAdagietto – slower than andante (72–76 bpm) or slightly faster than adagio (70–80 bpm)\nAndante – at a walking pace (76–108 bpm)\nAndantino – slightly faster than andante (although, in some cases, it can be taken to mean slightly slower than andante) (80–108 bpm)\nMarcia moderato – moderately, in the manner of a march[9][10] (83–85 bpm)\nAndante moderato – between andante and moderato (thus the name) (92–112 bpm)\nModerato – at a moderate speed (108–120 bpm)\nAllegretto – by the mid 19th century, moderately fast (112–120 bpm); see paragraph above for earlier usage\nAllegro moderato – close to, but not quite allegro (116–120 bpm)\nAllegro – fast, quickly, and bright (120–156 bpm) (molto allegro is slightly faster than allegro, but always in its range)\nVivace – lively and fast (156–176 bpm)\nVivacissimo – very fast and lively (172–176 bpm)\nAllegrissimo or Allegro vivace – very fast (172–176 bpm)\nPresto – very, very fast (168–200 bpm)\nPrestissimo – even faster than presto (200 bpm and over)" ]	[ "Adagio" ]
4102035852769160650	Dominion Day	Dominion Day - wikipedia Dominion Day Dominion Day was a day commemorating the granting of dominion status in certain countries . It was an official public holiday in Canada from 1879 to 1982 , where it was celebrated on 1 July . That date is now known as Canada Day . There was also a Dominion Day public holiday in the Dominion of Newfoundland from 1907 to 1949 , celebrated on 26 September . Contents 1 Canada 2 Newfoundland 3 New Zealand 4 References 5 Notes Canada ( edit ) See also : Canada Day Crowds on Parliament Hill , Ottawa celebrate Dominion Day , 1927 , the 60th jubilee of Canadian confederation Dominion Day was the name of the holiday commemorating the formation of Canada as a Dominion on 1 July 1867 . It became an official public holiday in 1879 . The holiday was renamed to Canada Day by Act of Parliament on 27 October 1982 . Newfoundland ( edit ) See also : Canada Day Dominion Day was the name of the holiday commemorating the formation of Newfoundland as a Dominion on 26 September 1907 ( same day as New Zealand ) and was celebrated until it entered into confederation with Canada in 1949 . New Zealand ( edit ) See also : Independence of New Zealand and Dominion of New Zealand Dominion Day was occasionally celebrated in New Zealand to commemorate the anniversary of the granting of dominion status ( 26 September 1907 ) . It was never a public holiday , although the first Dominion Day was a day off for public servants . Dominion Day soon `` faded away as a public event '' -- there were occasional celebrations in the first few years after 1907 , but they were mainly formal events that did not capture the attention of the public . There has been support in some quarters for the day to be revived as an alternative New Zealand Day , instead of renaming Waitangi Day , New Zealand 's current national day . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Why We Should Bring Back Dominion Day , HuffPost Canada , 1 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Dominion status : Page 3 -- The first Dominion Day , NZ History . Jump up ^ Dominion status : Page 4 -- Demise of Dominion Day , NZ History . Jump up ^ `` Editorial : Dominion Day debate needless - National - NZ Herald News '' . The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . Notes ( edit ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dominion_Day&oldid=824088938 '' Categories : Public holidays in Canada July observances September observances Types of national holidays Summer holidays ( Northern Hemisphere ) Spring holidays ( Southern Hemisphere ) Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands සිංහල Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 5 February 2018 , at 06 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did dominion day changed to canada day	[ "Dominion Day was the name of the holiday commemorating the formation of Canada as a Dominion on 1 July 1867. It became an official public holiday in 1879.[1] The holiday was renamed to Canada Day by Act of Parliament on 27 October 1982.\n" ]	[ "27 October 1982" ]
-1591053913921393761	Fruit of the Holy Spirit	Fruit of the Holy Spirit - wikipedia Fruit of the Holy Spirit Not to be confused with Seven gifts of the Holy Spirit . Stained glass window at Christ Church Cathedral in Dublin , depicting the Fruit of the Holy Spirit along with role models representing them , i.e. the Good Shepherd representing love , an angel holding a scroll of Gloria in excelsis Deo representing joy and Jesus Christ , Job representing longsuffering , Jonathan faith , Ruth gentleness and goodness , Moses meekness , and John the Baptist temperance . Executed by Hardman & Co. in the 1870s . The Fruit of the Holy Spirit is a biblical term that sums up nine attributes of a person or community living in accord with the Holy Spirit , according to chapter 5 of the Epistle to the Galatians : `` But the fruit of the Spirit is love , joy , peace , patience , kindness , goodness , faithfulness , gentleness , and self - control . '' The fruit is contrasted with the works of the flesh which immediately precede it in this chapter . Catholic tradition follows the Vulgate version of Galatians in listing 12 fruits : charity , joy , peace , patience , benignity ( kindness ) , goodness , longanimity ( generosity ) , mildness ( gentleness ) , faith , modesty , continency ( self - control ) , and chastity . This tradition was defended by Thomas Aquinas in his work Summa Theologica . Contents 1 Early Commentary 2 Love ( Greek : agape , Latin : caritas ) 3 Joy ( Greek : chara , Latin : gaudium ) 4 Peace ( Greek : eirene , Latin : pax ) 5 Patience ( Greek : makrothumia , Latin : longanimitas ) 6 Kindness ( Greek : chrestotes , Latin : benignitas ) 7 Goodness ( Greek : agathosune , Latin : bonitas ) 8 Faithfulness ( Greek : pistis , Latin : fides ) 9 Gentleness ( Greek : prautes , Latin : modestia ) 10 Self - control ( Greek : egkrateia , Latin : continentia ) 11 See also 12 Bibliography 12.1 Citations 12.2 Sources Early commentary ( edit ) Aquinas pointed that numbered among the fruits of the Holy Spirit are certain virtues , such as charity , meekness , faith , and chastity . Augustine defined virtue as `` a good habit consonant with our nature . '' Though traditionally discussed as nine attributes of the Fruit of the Spirit , the original Greek term translated as `` fruit '' is singular . Aquinas explained , `` Consequently fruit is mentioned there in the singular , on account of its being generically one , though divided into many species which are spoken of as so many fruits . '' Augustine 's commentary on Galatians 5 : 25 - 26 , says , `` the Apostle had no intention of teaching us how many ( either works of the flesh , or fruits of the Spirit ) there are ; but to show how the former should be avoided , and the latter sought after . '' Love ( Greek : agapē , latin : caritas ) ( edit ) Main article : Agape Agape ( love ) denotes an undefeatable benevolence and unconquerable goodwill that always seeks the highest in others , no matter their behavior . It is a love that gives freely without asking anything in return , and does not consider the worth of its object . Agape is more a love by choice than philos , which is love by chance ; and it refers to the will rather than the emotion . Agape describes the unconditional love God has for the world . Paul describes love in 1 Corinthians 13 : 4 -- 8 : Love is patient , love is kind . It does not envy , it does not boast , it is not proud . 5 It does not dishonor others , it is not self - seeking , it is not easily angered , it keeps no record of wrongs . Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth . It always protects , always trusts , always hopes , always perseveres . Love never fails . But where there are prophecies , they will cease ; where there are tongues , they will be stilled ; where there is knowledge , it will pass away . According to Strong 's Greek Lexicon , the word ἀγάπη ( G26 ) ( Transliteration : agapē ) means love , i.e. affection or benevolence ; specially ( plural ) a love - feast : -- ( feast of ) charity ( - ably ) , dear , love . Pronunciation : ag - ah ' - pay Part of Speech : feminine noun Root Word ( Etymology ) : From ἀγαπάω ( G25 ) Outline of Biblical Usage : affection , good will , love , benevolence , brotherly love love feasts The Greek word ἀγάπη ( agapē ) occurs 117 times in 106 verses in the Greek concordance of the NASB . Joy ( Greek : chara , latin : gaudium ) ( edit ) The joy referred to here is deeper than mere happiness , is rooted in God and comes from Him . Since it comes from God , it is more serene and stable than worldly happiness , which is merely emotional and lasts only for a time . According to Strong 's Greek Lexicon , the Greek word listed in the verse is χαρά ( G5479 ) , meaning ' joy ' , ' gladness ' , or ' a source of joy ' . The Greek χαρά ( chara ) occurs 59 times in 57 verses in the Greek concordance of the NASB . Original Word : χαρά , ᾶς , ἡ From χαίρω ( G5463 ) Part of Speech : Noun , Feminine Transliteration : chara Phonetic Spelling : ( khar - ah ' ) Joy ( Noun and Verb ) , Joyfulness , Joyfully , Joyous : `` joy , delight '' ( akin to chairo , `` to rejoice '' ) , is found frequently in Matthew and Luke , and especially in John , once in Mark ( Mar 4 : 16 , RV , `` joy , '' AV , `` gladness '' ) ; it is absent from 1 Cor . ( though the verb is used three times ) , but is frequent in 2 Cor. , where the noun is used five times ( for 2Cr 7 : 4 , RV , see Note below ) , and the verb eight times , suggestive of the Apostle 's relief in comparison with the circumstances of the 1st Epistle ; in Col 1 : 11 , AV , `` joyfulness , '' RV , `` joy . '' The word is sometimes used , by metonymy , of the occasion or cause of `` joy , '' Luk 2 : 10 ( lit. , `` I announce to you a great joy '' ) ; in 2Cr 1 : 15 , in some mss. , for charis , `` benefit ; '' Phl 4 : 1 , where the readers are called the Apostle 's `` joy ; '' so 1Th 2 : 19 , 20 ; Hbr 12 : 2 , of the object of Christ 's `` joy ; '' Jam 1 : 2 , where it is connected with falling into trials ; perhaps also in Mat 25 : 21 , 23 , where some regard it as signifying , concretely , the circumstances attending cooperation in the authority of the Lord . Note : In Hbr 12 : 11 , `` joyous '' represents the phrase meta , `` with , '' followed by chara , lit. , `` with joy . '' So in Hbr 10 : 34 , `` joyfully ; '' in 2Cr 7 : 4 the noun is used with the Middle Voice of huperperisseuo , `` to abound more exceedingly , '' and translated `` ( I overflow ) with joy , '' RV ( AV , `` I am exceeding joyful '' ) . Peace ( Greek : eirene , latin : pax ) ( edit ) The Greek word εἰρήνη ( Strong 's G1515 ) ( eirēnē ) ( transliteration : i - ray ' - nay ) , probably derived from a primary verb εἴρω eírō ( to join ) , means peace ( literally or figuratively ) ; by implication , prosperity : -- one , peace , quietness , rest , + set at one again . The word `` peace '' comes from the Greek word eirene , the Greek equivalent for the Hebrew word shalom , which expresses the idea of wholeness , completeness , or tranquility in the soul that is unaffected by the outward circumstances or pressures . The word eirene strongly suggests the rule of order in place of chaos . The Greek εἰρήνη ( eirēnē ) occurs 92 times in 86 verses in the Greek concordance of the KJV . The KJV translates Strong 's G1515 in the following manner : peace ( 89x ) , one ( 1x ) , rest ( 1x ) , quietness ( 1x ) . The outline of Biblical usage is as follows : a state of national tranquillity exemption from the rage and havoc of war peace between individuals , i.e. harmony , concord security , safety , prosperity , felicity , ( because peace and harmony make and keep things safe and prosperous ) of the Messiah 's peace the way that leads to peace ( salvation ) of Christianity , the tranquil state of a soul assured of its salvation through Christ , and so fearing nothing from God and content with its earthly lot , of whatsoever sort that is the blessed state of devout and upright men after death Jesus is described as the Prince of Peace , who brings peace to the hearts of those who desire it . He says in John 14 : 27 : `` Peace I leave with you , My peace I give to you ; not as the world gives do I give to you . Let not your heart be troubled , neither let it be afraid '' . In Matthew 5 : 9 he says , `` Blessed are the peacemakers , for they will be called sons of God . '' Patience ( Greek : makrothumia , latin : longanimitas ) ( edit ) Generally the Greek world applied this word to a man who could avenge himself but did not . This word is often used in the Greek Scriptures in reference to God and his attitude to man . Exodus 34 : 6 describes the Lord as `` slow to anger and rich in kindness and fidelity . '' Patience , which in some translations is `` longsuffering '' or `` endurance '' , is defined in Strong 's by two Greek words , makrothumia and hupomone . The first , pronounced ( mak - roth - oo - mee - ah ) comes from makros , `` long '' , and thumos , `` temper '' . The word denotes lenience , forbearance , fortitude , patient endurance , longsuffering . Also included in makrothumia is the ability to endure persecution and ill - treatment . It describes a person who has the power to exercise revenge but instead exercises restraint . ( Strong 's # 3115 ) The latter , hupomone , ( hoop - om - on - ay ) is translated `` endurance '' : Constancy , perseverance , continuance , bearing up , steadfastness , holding out , patient endurance . The word combines hupo , `` under '' , and mone , `` to remain '' . It describes the capacity to continue to bear up under difficult circumstances , not with a passive complacency , but with a hopeful fortitude that actively resists weariness and defeat , ( Strong 's # 5281 ) with hupomone ( Greek ὑπομονή ) being further understood as that which would be `` as opposed to cowardice or despondency '' `` With lowliness and meekness , with longsuffering , forbearing one another in love '' . Kindness ( Greek : chrestotes , latin : benignitas ) ( edit ) In Greek , old wine was called `` chrestos '' which meant that it was mellow or smooth . Christ used this word in Matthew 11 : 30 , `` For my yoke is easy , and my burden light . '' In contrast , kindness is acting for the good of people regardless of what they do , properly , `` useable , i.e. well - fit for use ( for what is really needed ) ; kindness that is also serviceable '' . Strong 's # 5544 : Kindness is goodness in action , sweetness of disposition , gentleness in dealing with others , benevolence , kindness , affability . The word describes the ability to act for the welfare of those taxing your patience . The Holy Spirit removes abrasive qualities from the character of one under His control . ( emphasis added ) The word kindness comes from the Greek word chrestotes ( khray - stot - ace ) , which meant to show kindness or to be friendly to others and often depicted rulers , governors , or people who were kind , mild , and benevolent to their subjects . Anyone who demonstrated this quality of chrestotes was considered to be compassionate , considerate , sympathetic , humane , kind , or gentle . The apostle Paul uses this word to depict God 's incomprehensible kindness for people who are unsaved ( see Romans 11 : 22 ; Ephesians 2 : 7 ; Titus 3 : 4 ) . One scholar has noted that when the word chrestotes is applied to interpersonal relationships , it conveys the idea of being adaptable to others . Rather than harshly require everyone else to adapt to his own needs and desires , when chrestotes is working in a believer , he seeks to become adaptable to the needs of those who are around him . ( Sparkling Gems from the Greek , Rick Renner ) Kindness is doing something and not expecting anything in return . Kindness is respect and helping others without waiting for someone to help one back . It implies kindness no matter what . We should live `` in purity , understanding , patience and kindness ; in the Holy Spirit and in sincere love ; in truthful speech and in the power of God ; with weapons of righteousness in the right hand and in the left '' . Goodness ( Greek : agathosune , latin : bonitas ) ( edit ) The state or quality of being good Moral excellence ; virtue ; Kindly feeling , kindness , generosity , joy in being good The best part of anything ; Essence ; Strength ; General character recognized in quality or conduct . Popular English Bibles ( e.g. NIV , NASB , NLT ) translate the single Greek word chrestotes into two English words : kindness and goodness . `` Wherefore also we pray always for you , that our God would count you worthy of this calling , and fulfill all the good pleasure of his goodness , and the work of faith with power '' . `` For the fruit of the Spirit is in all goodness and righteousness and truth '' , with agathosune being `` found only in Biblical and ecclesiastical writings , uprightness of heart and life '' Faithfulness ( Greek : pistis , latin : fides ) ( edit ) The root of pistis ( `` faith '' ) is peithô that is to persuade or be persuaded which supplies the core - meaning of faith as being `` divine persuasion '' , received from God , and never generated by man . It is defined as the following : objectively , trustworthy ; subjectively , trustful : -- believe ( - ing , - r ) , faithful ( - ly ) , sure , true . Greek : πιστός Transliteration : pistos Pronunciation : pē - sto 's Part of Speech : adjective Root Word ( Etymology ) : From πείθω The Greek πιστός ( pistos ) occurs 67 times in 62 verses in the Greek concordance of the KJV : faithful ( 53x ) , believe ( 6x ) , believing ( 2x ) , true ( 2x ) , faithfully ( 1x ) , believer ( 1x ) , sure ( 1x ) . Outline of Biblical Usage trusty , faithful of persons who show themselves faithful in the transaction of business , the execution of commands , or the discharge of official duties one who kept his plighted faith , worthy of trust that can be relied on easily persuaded believing , confiding , trusting in the NT one who trusts in God 's promises one who is convinced that Jesus has been raised from the dead one who has become convinced that Jesus is the Messiah and author of salvation Examples : `` O Lord , thou art my God ; I will exalt thee , I will praise thy name ; for thou hast done wonderful things ; thy counsels of old are faithfulness and truth '' . `` I pray that out of his glorious riches he may strengthen you with power through his Spirit in your inner being , so that Christ may dwell in your hearts through faith '' . The writer of the Letter to the Hebrews describes it this way : `` Let us fix our eyes on Jesus , the author and perfecter of our faith , who for the joy set before him endured the cross , scorning its shame , and sat down at the right hand of the throne of God '' . Gentleness ( Greek : prautes , latin : modestia ) ( edit ) Gentleness , in the Greek , prautes , commonly known as meekness , which is `` a divinely - balanced virtue that can only operate through faith ( cf . ; ) . . The New Spirit Filled Life Bible defines gentleness as `` a disposition that is even - tempered , tranquil , balanced in spirit , unpretentious , and that has the passions under control . The word is best translated ' meekness , ' not as an indication of weakness , but of power and strength under control . The person who possesses this quality pardons injuries , corrects faults , and rules his own spirit well '' . `` Brothers and sisters , if someone is caught in a sin , you who live by the Spirit should restore that person gently . But watch yourselves , or you also may be tempted '' . `` Be completely humble and gentle ; be patient , bearing with one another in love '' . Self - control ( Greek : egkrateia , latin : continentia ) ( edit ) The Greek word used in Galatians 5 : 23 is `` egkrateia '' , meaning `` strong , having mastery , able to control one 's thoughts and actions . '' `` ... make every effort to add to your faith goodness ; and to goodness , knowledge ; and to knowledge , self - control ; and to self - control , perseverance ; and to perseverance , godliness ; and to godliness , mutual affection ; and to mutual affection , love '' . See also ( edit ) Gifts of the Holy Spirit seven virtues Related Bible parts : Galatians 5 , Philippians 4 Bibliography ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CO . DUBLIN , DUBLIN , CHRISTCHURCH PLACE , CHRIST CHURCH CATHEDRAL ( CI ) '' . Dictionary of Irish Architects 1720 -- 1940 . Irish Architectural Archive . Retrieved 13 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Galatians 5 : 22 - 23 Jump up ^ Galatians 5 : 22 - 23 : Fructus autem Spiritus est caritas , gaudium , pax , patientia , benignitas , bonitas , longanimitas , mansuetudo , fides , modestia , continentia , castitas . Adversus hujusmodi non est lex . Jump up ^ Cross , F.L. ; Livingstone , E.A. , eds. ( 1998 ) . The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . p. 644 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 211655 - X . ^ Jump up to : Thomas Aquinas . Summa Theologica , Second and Revised Edition , Fathers of the English Dominican Province , 1920 Jump up ^ Waldron , Martin Augustine . `` Virtue . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 15 . New York : Robert Appleton Company , 1912 . 5 May 2015 Jump up ^ Quoted from the New International Version : 1 Corinthians 13 : 4 -- 8 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( Strong G1515 ) Jump up ^ Renner , Rick . Sparkling Gems from the Greek. , Teach All Nations , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9725454 - 7 - 1 Jump up ^ John 14 : 27 Jump up ^ Matthew 5 : 7 ^ Jump up to : Pope , Charles . `` A Brief Treatise on the Fruits of the Holy Spirit '' , Archdiocese of Washington , January 27 , 2013 Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Thayer 's Greek Lexicon - STRONGS NT 3115 : μακροθυμία Jump up ^ Eph4 : 2 Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Strong 's Greek Concordance 5544 . chréstotés Jump up ^ Romans 11 : 22 Jump up ^ Ephesians 2 : 7 Jump up ^ Titus 3 : 4 Jump up ^ 2Cor 6 : 6 - 7 Jump up ^ 2 Thessalonians 1 : 11 Jump up ^ Ephesians 5 : 9 Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Strong 's Greek Concordance 19 . agathosune Jump up ^ ( 6 ) Strong 's Greek Concordance 4102 . pistis Jump up ^ ( 7 ) Strong 's Greek Concordance 3982 . peithó ^ Jump up to : ( 8 ) Jump up ^ Isaiah 25 : 1 Jump up ^ Heb 12 : 2 Jump up ^ ( 9 ) Strong 's Greek Concordance 4240 . prautés : gentleness Jump up ^ Graham , Billy . `` The Holy Spirit : Activating God 's Power in Your Life '' , Thomas Nelson Inc , 2011 ISBN 9781418515690 Sources ( edit ) George A. Kennedy , New Testament Interpretation Through Rhetorical Criticism , George A. Kennedy ( University of North Carolina Press : 1984 ) Longman , Robert Jr . `` Self - Control '' . Web : 19 Oct 2010 . Spirit Home Classic Sermons on the Fruit of the Spirit , ( Warren Wiersbe ed . ) , Kregel Academic , 2002 . ISBN 9780825496387 Epistle to the Galatians Bible Galatians 1 5 6 Bible portal Places Antioch Arabia Cilicia Damascus Galatia Jerusalem Judea Syria Persons Abraham Barnabas Hagar Isaac James Jesus Christ Paul Peter / Cephas Sarah Titus Phrases Fruit of the Holy Spirit Incident at Antioch Sources Greek Text Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Second Epistle to the Corinthians ( chapter 13 ) Epistle to the Ephesians ( chapter 1 ) → Portals Access related topics Christianity portal Bible portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fruit_of_the_Holy_Spirit&oldid=864686082 '' Categories : Spiritual gifts Christian ethics in the Bible Holy Spirit Christian terminology Pauline Christianity Fruit of the Holy Spirit Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands Polski Português Русский Svenska Українська 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2018 , at 20 : 07 ( UTC ) . 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5449161375747244079	Orange Is the New Black (season 5)	Orange is the New Black ( season 5 ) - wikipedia Orange is the New Black ( season 5 ) Orange Is the New Black ( season 5 ) Promotional poster Starring Taylor Schilling Natasha Lyonne Uzo Aduba Danielle Brooks Jackie Cruz Lea DeLaria Michael Harney Selenis Leyva Taryn Manning Adrienne C. Moore Jessica Pimentel Dascha Polanco Elizabeth Rodriguez Nick Sandow Yael Stone Kate Mulgrew Laura Prepon Country of origin United States No. of episodes 13 Release Original network Netflix Original release June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 4 Next → Season 6 List of Orange Is the New Black episodes The fifth season of the American comedy - drama television series Orange Is the New Black premiered on Netflix on June 9 , 2017 , at 12 : 00 am PST in multiple countries . It consists of thirteen episodes , each between 51 -- 60 minutes . The series is based on Piper Kerman 's memoir , Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison ( 2010 ) , about her experiences at FCI Danbury , a minimum - security federal prison . The series is created and adapted for television by Jenji Kohan . Contents 1 Episodes 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Special guest stars 2.3 Recurring cast 2.3. 1 Inmates 2.3. 2 Staff 2.3. 3 Others 3 Production 3.1 Cyberhack 4 Reception 4.1 Critical reception 5 References 6 External links Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Orange Is the New Black episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Featured character ( s ) Original release date 53 `` Riot FOMO '' Andrew McCarthy Jenji Kohan none June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) Litchfield Prison erupts into a riot when the inmates are not satisfied with Caputo 's handling of Poussey 's death . Daya shoots CO Thomas Humphrey in the thigh after he begins begging for his life in Spanish , a language she does not speak . His life is eventually saved by Sophia , who has paramedic training from her days as a firefighter . Piper and Alex try to take Linda hostage , but then feel bad for her and help her disguise herself as an inmate . Taystee , Black Cindy , Janae and Alison force Caputo to read a statement about Poussey 's death , which Taystee records on an iPad . Josh , a PR representative from MCC who was visiting Caputo , helps her upload it to Twitter , since he thinks the story of a renegade CO reflects better on the company than out - of - control inmates . Daya attempts to contact Aleida , but an unseen person knocks her unconscious and steals the gun from her . 54 `` Fuck , Marry , Frieda '' Constantine Makris Jordan Harrison Frieda June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) The prison stays under control of the inmates , who are holding several corrections officers hostage . The Hispanics force the COs to strip down to their underwear in front of a packed chapel . The video of Caputo , meant to spark outrage , instead gets mocked with memes featuring the hashtag # BlackLattesMatter because Cindy is shown drinking a latte . Humphrey , who suffered major blood loss , has a stroke in the prison infirmary , which is staffed by only a nurse . Daya , nearing an emotional breakdown worrying over her future , claims she lost the gun , while CO Artesian McCullough suspects the gun is gone . Taystee uploads a photo of all the COs , plus Caputo , in their underwear . It is revealed that Frieda has a secret `` bunker '' built out of an unused pool that was never filled in , also stocked with food she has hoarded . Flashback : Frieda 's life as a child during the Cuban Missile Crisis reveals her father was paranoid about the Soviet Union and a nuclear war , and had an underground bunker in the woods , also stocked with food and weapons . 55 `` Pissters ! '' Phil Abraham Rebecca Angelo & Lauren Schuker Blum Linda June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) Worried over the public backlash -- and celebrity chef Judy King -- MCC decides to give in to the inmates and meet their demands . Linda tries to fit in with the inmates , but is shocked at the substandard conditions of the prison . Piper and Alex , looking at Linda 's phone , are shocked to find photos of her kissing Caputo . The inmates work together to compile a list of demands , which includes reinstating the GED program , better healthcare , amnesty for the inmates involved in the riot , the arrest of CO Bayley for Poussey 's death , and Flaming Hot Cheetos . Bayley , meanwhile , goes to the police station and tries to confess murder , but the police dismiss him as a drunk veteran back from the Iraq War with PTSD and put him in the drunk tank . A frightened Judy King , a victim of a random pantsing by meth heads Angie and Leanne , attempts to escape but is attacked by the white supremacists . The COs , locked in a room , plot to regain control of the prison after Artesian 's tip that the inmates do not have the gun anymore . As they prepare to attack the inmates , Caputo sees Linda among them . Flashback : Linda 's college days in a sorority in the 1990s show that while at a party , she left her drunk friend outside in the snow and she ended up freezing to death . 56 `` Litchfield 's Got Talent '' Nick Sandow Josh Koenigsberg , Jenji Kohan & Tara Herrmann Alison June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) The COs , who are preparing to attack once they are brought food , abort the mission on Caputo 's command . Meth heads Angie and Leanne try to pants Gloria , and the gun falls to the crowd , which they recover . High , they want the COs to perform a talent show for their enjoyment . The `` talents '' include singing from CO Dixon ; a Mormon - themed magic show from CO Blake ; an Italian monologue from Josh ; and a strip show from CO Stratman . Leanne declares Josh the winner merely because he is the prettiest . Suzanne , who believes Poussey 's spirit is still where she died , sets up a shrine on the spot of her death and organizes a séance . Blanca and Red , high on amphetamines that Blanca claimed were vitamins , raid the administrative files looking for dirt on the COs . They discover that Piscatella was transferred to Litchfield from a male prison after the death of an inmate , who was discovered in the shower with burns on 80 % of his body . Judy King is tied to a board , crucifixion - style , by the white supremacists , who think she has a stash of food . She lies to them and says she is expecting a drop of supplies on the roof of the prison from a helicopter . They go up to the roof and realizing she lied , they try to throw her off , and she faints . Then , a helicopter arrives , but it is a news helicopter carrying cameramen , who take photos and record Judy tied up and unconscious . Flashback : Alison persuades her husband to accept a polygamous lifestyle because she feels overwhelmed by the time constraints of the housework and raising their daughter , Farah . Then , another woman , Sahar , moves in , but Alison gets jealous . 57 5 `` Sing It , White Effie '' Phil Abraham Molly Smith Metzler Watson June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) Video of Judy King is widely misreported as a terrorist attack against Christians , as the white supremacists had their heads covered and are mistaken for Muslims . The governor is livid about MCC 's passive stance and sends his own team to Litchfield . On the outside , Aleida struggles to find employment . Gloria calls her but is unable to tell her about Daya . Janae , Alison , Black Cindy and Taystee free Judy in order to stop the disinformation about the situation . They clean her up and have Josh give her talking points , before all four go outside to face the press . Judy begins to give her statement but Taystee interrupts her with an emotional speech about how Judy was kept separately from them because of her wealth and status . She says their fight is not with Judy but with the system that punishes poor and black people . Meanwhile , Angie and Leanne find Charlie Coates in the laundry room after he had been with Pennsatucky . They plan to take him hostage but Pennsatucky grabs the gun from Angie 's waistband . She throws the gun to Charlie and it accidentally fires , shooting Leanne in the finger . Charlie uses the weapon to escape the prison and goes outside , where the CERT greets him with guns drawn ; then , he faints . Flashback : A teenaged Watson tours an elite prep school and is mesmerized by the wealth and depth of education . She witnesses a rehearsal for the school 's ( all - white ) production of Dreamgirls and is shocked by a white girl in an Afro wig performing `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going . '' Returning to her school , she is discouraged by her poor conditions and develops a negative attitude . 58 6 `` Flaming Hot Cheetos , Literally '' Andrew McCarthy Lauren Morelli Taystee June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) The inmates organize a mock trial for Pennsatucky , with Big Boo acting as her representative . Using Saved by the Bell episodes , Big Boo casts doubt on Angie 's credibility , and Pennsatucky is given community service as a sentence . Aleida appears on the local news to talk about Litchfield , but it is a disaster . Morello has sex with Nicky and realizes she is pregnant . The inmates receive boxes of Flaming Hot Cheetos and tampons from the governor , who wants them to release the hostages . They refuse to do so until the rest of their demands are met . Then , they have a bonfire of Cheetos in front of the press . Flashback : Taystee celebrates her 18th birthday in a group home . She meets her birth mother , who was 15 when she first got pregnant . Her mother now has a husband and a young daughter and does not want to tell them about Taystee . Then , Taystee , who mistakenly believed she was going to go live with her mother , runs away from the group home . 59 7 `` Full Bush , Half Snickers '' Uta Briesewitz Anthony Natoli none June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) Morello 's husband leaves her after she announces her pregnancy . The imprisoned guards are forced to clean bunks . Poussey 's friends try to think of the best way to honor her memory ; Soso wants it to be something Poussey herself would have wanted , and they reinvigorate the library by putting books all over the prison . Red , with help from Blanca , tries to entice Piscatella into the prison . Linda has sex with Big Boo . Red tries to guess Humphrey 's smartphone password , and cuts off his fingertip to access it using his thumbprint . Another riot breaks out , but this time it is because the inmates are out of coffee . 60 8 `` Tied to the Tracks '' Michael Trim Carolina Paiz Daya June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) Red and Blanca send text messages from Humphrey 's phone to Piscatella claiming the inmates are not armed anymore and encouraging him to break into the prison via a window at night . He takes the information to the CERT , who blow him off . Aleida does a live TV interview with Meredith Vieira and Judy King , who breaks the news about Humphrey being shot . She does not remember the shooter 's name but describes Daya , leaving Aleida in shock . The news reaches Piscatella , who is mocked by the CERT members . Figueroa returns to the prison , this time as a negotiator for MCC . She claims they can not afford to meet the inmates ' demands , but Taystee -- who has done her research via the Internet and Caputo 's files -- shuts her down . However , once Figueroa receives a phone call about Humphrey , she says amnesty for all the inmates is off the table . After a discussion with Piper and others , Taystee agrees to hand over Daya , who first calls Mendez 's mother to ask her to adopt her daughter out of foster care and asks her to give the child some space due to Aleida 's control she received when she was younger . Gloria learns that her son is in the ICU after being severely beaten . Piscatella , after texting `` Humphrey '' that he was going to stand down , enters the prison after dark instead . Flashback : A 14 - year - old Daya pursues a boy based on her mother 's insistence , despite her best friend 's feelings for him . Daya ends up rejected by the boy and dumped by her friend . 61 9 `` The Tightening '' Erin Feeley Jordan Harrison Red June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) Red , coming down from her drug high , is nursed by Nicky , who thinks her warnings about Piscatella being in the prison are hallucinations . Piscatella , in full riot gear , attacks Blanca in a utility room , where she had gone to set a boobytrap in case he showed up anyway . Inmates begin disappearing one by one , including Nicky and Boo , but nobody believes Red . Gloria begs Caputo -- locked in a Porta - Potty -- to let her out on furlough to see her son , but Caputo says he can not help her until she lets the hostages go . After Boo disappears , Linda desperately seeks out Caputo , who was let out to back up the inmates ' claim of slave labor to Figueroa . Zirconia , who had turned Linda 's high heels into shivs after Piper and Alex first found her , recognizes her as a hostage , but Linda runs away with one of the shoe shivs . Morello , hurt by Nicky 's comments that her pregnancy is all in her head , convinces Suzanne to stop taking her psych medicine . Red finds Frieda 's map to the `` bunker '' in her cooking book and discovers Piscatella prisoners on her way there by accident . However , while trying to free them , Piscatella arrives . Flashback : In the late 1970s , Red is a young woman in the Soviet Union working a menial factory job . Her rebellious friend Nadezhda introduces her to the world of underground discos and black - market Levi 's jeans , but Nadezhda soon vanishes . Red 's ex-boyfriend , Dmitri -- whom she had dumped for being too dull -- proposes they lie about being Jewish in order to escape to the United States , as Jews were being allowed to immigrate to countries other than Israel . 62 10 `` The Reverse Midas Touch '' Laura Prepon Rebecca Angelo & Lauren Schuker Blum Piscatella June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) Piscatella has Red , Piper , Alex and other inmates tied up in a room , where he uses a knife to cut off Red 's hair . Piper gets the duct tape off her mouth and yells for help , which is heard by Gina , who is holed up playing cards in Frieda 's basement `` bunker '' with Yoga Jones , Anita and other inmates . The entrance to the room they are in leads to where Piscatella is . Gloria tries to free the prison guards but is interrupted . Maureen , who has still not recovered from the beating , is found delirious in the bathroom by Suzanne , who takes her to the infirmary . Suzanne , by now in a psychotic state , finds Humphrey dead . Gina lures Piscatella into the basement , where Frieda knocks him out with a homemade poison dart . Flashback : At his earlier job as CO in a male prison , Piscatella , then soft at heart , and inmate Driscoll are having an affair . Driscoll is supportive and loving of Piscatella , whose mother had hoped to `` fix '' him . Another inmate , Resado , spies on them together in the kitchen , and later , he and other inmates beat and rape Driscoll in a bathroom . Piscatella handcuffs Resado to the shower and leaves him under scalding hot water to die . 63 11 `` Breaking the Fiberboard Ceiling '' Wendey Stanzler Lauren Morelli none June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) The inmates drag the unconscious Piscatella into Frieda 's `` bunker '' , where they argue about what should be done . Once Red says she wants revenge , they end up tying her up too , which makes her despair that Piscatella will never see justice . Gina reveals she recorded a video of Piscatella brutally breaking Alex 's arm , and they post it on the Internet . Gloria , desperate to see her son in the hospital , tries sneaking each of the hostage guards outside one at a time while the other inmates , including Ouija , get high on drugs . Claiming she is going to teach them a lesson , she drags them out and locks them in the Porta - Pottys . Taystee , after 12 hours of trying to get Figueroa to see the benefits of improving prison conditions , discovers she truly has a knack for advocacy . Boo continues her romance with Linda , but is crushed when she sees a photo of her with Caputo on her phone and discovers her whole story is a lie . Suzanne goes into a psychotic break , but Morello , in the dispensary , refuses to say what medicine Suzanne takes ; she is overpowered by Cindy , who takes a bottle of lithium that she believes to help calm people down . Morello finds a pregnancy test and takes it , confirming her suspicion that she is pregnant . As her unconscious son is taken to have a brain surgery , Gloria confesses her plan to Maria , who gives her full support ; Maria says she always thinks of her little girl and understands that parents would do anything for their children . Gloria sneaks Luschek , the final guard , outside , but discovers that her plan of delivering the guards to Caputo has been dashed when she sees that there is a hole in the fence and the guards have escaped . Gloria breaks down and tries to escape through the hole , crying about her son , which makes the other inmates realize what she had been planning . 64 12 `` Tattoo You '' Mark A. Burley Tara Herrmann & Carolina Paiz Piper & Alex June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) The guards -- except Luschek -- are led to the MCC management , but are led by Maria , who wants to get out to see her little girl . Maria explains the `` deal '' to shorten her sentence if she lets the guards go , but is told by a state employee that that is not possible . The MCC learns that it was not Taystee who sent out the guards as part of an acceptance of the negotiation , and decide to send the CERT in to end the riot . Morello shows half a dozen positive pregnancy tests to a stunned Nicky , who calls her husband and convinces him to take responsibility . Linda makes excuses to Big Boo , telling her that she now understands the inmates are not living in a decent environment , but Big Boo is unmoved and demands Linda send her US $5,000 via PayPal to keep the secret of her affair with Caputo . A distraught Bayley travels by bus to meet Poussey 's father and confess that her death was his fault . Her father angrily tells him that he is not going to give Bayley the peace he seeks by forgiving him , nor punish him by beating him , and that his punishment will be having to live the rest of his life with what he has done -- which is a better fate , he says , than the fate Poussey got . Pennsatucky escapes from the prison via the hole in the fence and breaks into Charlie 's cabin . In Frieda 's `` bunker '' , Piper proposes to Alex , who says yes . Taystee discovers the guards escaped and tries to go to the prison doors to talk to the CERT officers , but it is too late as they immediately swarm Litchfield . Flashback : Piper and her then - boyfriend , Larry Bloom , get tattoos . She later drunk dials Alex , saying that she is still on her mind and misses her . 65 13 `` Storm - y Weather '' Jesse Peretz Lauren Morelli none June 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 09 ) Dozens of CERT members in riot gear break down the prison doors , with smoke bombs , stun guns and batons in hand , causing pandemonium as they handcuff all the inmates . The CERT members discover the dead Humphrey , and escalate their tactics to `` by any means necessary . '' Black Cindy and Taystee panic as Suzanne is unconscious from the lithium . They eventually get help from Nicky , who takes them down to Frieda 's hiding place , where they inject her with the only thing they can find , an epi - pen , which finally revives Suzanne . Angie and Leanne burn all the prison records to erase their history of infractions . Deciding not to go down without a fight , Ouija , Pidge and the white supremacists barricade themselves inside a dorm and manage to injure some of the CERT members with booby traps before being restrained . The inmates are led outside in handcuffs in front of a crowd of families and the press . Maritza and Flaca are thrilled to see rabid fans of their beauty tutorials on the Internet cheering for them . Linda tries to tell an officer she is from MCC , but she is ignored after Big Boo and other inmates mock her by also claiming the same thing . The count of the inmates leaves them 10 short , and Caputo tells them about the old pool that Figueroa never got filled . The CERT chief assumes the fact that the remaining inmates are hiding `` strategically '' means they are planning an offensive against the officers , and says that the governor has already approved any casualties necessary . Pennsatucky and Charlie watch TV together inside his cabin . Nicky brings Taystee , Black Cindy and Suzanne to Frieda 's `` bunker '' , where Taystee is shocked to see Piscatella tied up . She takes Frieda 's gun and points it at him , telling him he is to blame for Poussey 's death . Instead of killing him , she breaks down crying . Red , surprisingly , releases Piscatella and tells him to leave without touching anyone . Piscatella slowly walks out into one of the prison halls , only to be shot and killed by an inexperienced CERT officer , who did not recognize him through the smokebombs . As night falls , the inmates outside are loaded onto buses and figure they are headed to new prisons ; Flaca and Maritza are separated . In the `` bunker '' , the remaining inmates -- Alex , Piper , Taystee , Nicky , Red , Black Cindy , Frieda , Suzanne , Blanca , and Gloria -- link arms as the CERT blows the doors off . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Orange Is the New Black characters Main cast ( edit ) Taylor Schilling as Piper Chapman , inmate Natasha Lyonne as Nicky Nichols , inmate Uzo Aduba as Suzanne `` Crazy Eyes '' Warren , inmate Danielle Brooks as Tasha `` Taystee '' Jefferson , inmate Jackie Cruz as Marisol `` Flaca '' Gonzales , inmate Lea DeLaria as Carrie `` Big Boo '' Black , inmate Michael Harney as Sam Healy , correctional officer Selenis Leyva as Gloria Mendoza , inmate Taryn Manning as Tiffany `` Pennsatucky '' Doggett , inmate Adrienne C. Moore as Cindy `` Black Cindy '' Hayes , inmate Jessica Pimentel as Maria Ruiz , inmate Dascha Polanco as Dayanara `` Daya '' Diaz , inmate Elizabeth Rodriguez as Aleida Diaz , former inmate Nick Sandow as Joe Caputo , warden Yael Stone as Lorna Morello , inmate Kate Mulgrew as Galina `` Red '' Reznikov , inmate Laura Prepon as Alex Vause , inmate Jump up ^ Michael J. Harney was credited as main cast for season 5 but did not make a single appearance . Special guest stars ( edit ) Jason Biggs as Larry Bloom Samira Wiley as Poussey Washington Recurring cast ( edit ) Main article : List of recurring Orange Is the New Black characters Inmates ( edit ) Laverne Cox as Sophia Burset Annie Golden as Norma Romano Laura Gómez as Blanca Flores Diane Guerrero as Maritza Ramos Vicky Jeudy as Janae Watson Julie Lake as Angie Rice Emma Myles as Leanne Taylor Abigail Savage as Gina Murphy Constance Shulman as Erica `` Yoga '' Jones Lori Tan Chinn as Mei Chang Tamara Torres as Gerrman `` Weeping Woman '' Lin Tucci as Anita DeMarco Kimiko Glenn as Brook Soso Dale Soules as Frieda Berlin Emily Althaus as Maureen Kukudio Blair Brown as Judy King Rosal Colon as Carmen `` Ouija '' Aziza Francesca Curran as Helen `` Skinhead Helen '' Van Maele Daniella De Jesus as Irene `` Zirconia '' Cabrera Asia Kate Dillon as Brandy Epps Shannon Esper as Alana Dwight Arianda Fernandez as Michelle Carreras Kelly Karbacz as Kasey Sankey Miriam Morales as Ramona `` Pidge '' Contreras Jolene Purdy as Stephanie Hapakuka Amanda Stephen as Alison Abdullah Staff Catherine Curtin as Wanda Bell Joel Marsh Garland as Scott O'Neill Matt Peters as Joel Luschek Alysia Reiner as Natalie `` Fig '' Figueroa Alan Aisenberg as Baxter `` Gerber '' Bayley Beth Dover as Linda Ferguson / `` Amelia Von Barlow '' Jimmy Gary Jr. as Felix Rikerson James McMenamin as Charlie `` Donuts '' Coates Nick Dillenburg as Ryder Blake Evan Arthur Hall as Stratman Mike Houston as Lee Dixon Brad William Henke as Desi Piscatella John Palladino as Josh Emily Tarver as Artesian McCullough Michael Torpey as Thomas `` Humps '' Humphrey Others Berto Colon as Cesar Deborah Rush as Carol Chapman Ian Paola as Yadriel John Magaro as Vince Muccio Mary Steenburgen as Delia Powell - Mendez ( guest ) Production ( edit ) In February 2016 , the series was renewed for a fifth , sixth , and seventh season . The fifth season was released on June 9 , 2017 . Cyberhack ( edit ) In April 2017 , it was reported that a cybercriminal had stolen the first ten episodes of the fifth season in a security breach of a post-production company . Netflix failed to respond to ransom demands , and the cybercriminal leaked the episodes online . Netflix confirmed the security breach and an ongoing investigation by federal law enforcement . Multichannel News reported that demand for the series significantly increased over the seven - day period following the leak of the episodes . It was also said that the leak would likely cause a decrease in demand for the fifth season when Netflix releases it in June . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) The fifth season has received `` generally favorable reviews '' . On Metacritic , it has a score of 67 out of 100 based on 20 reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a 76 % rating with an average score of 7.47 out of 10 based on 33 reviews . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Renewed For 3 Seasons By Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Orange Is the New Black Season 5 Set for June Release at Netflix '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hacker Releases New Episodes of ' Orange Is the New Black '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Associated Press . April 28 , 2017 . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perlroth , Nicole ; Haag , Matthew ( April 29 , 2017 ) . `` Hacker Leaks Episodes From Netflix Show and Threatens Other Networks '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baumgartner , Jeff ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Demand for ' Orange Is the New Black ' Spiked Following Hack '' . Multichannel News . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 5 '' . Metacritic. 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Is the New Black : Season 5 '' . Rotten Tomatoes. 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Orange Is the New Black on IMDb Orange Is the New Black Characters Piper Chapman Alex Vause Crazy Eyes Nicky Nichols Tiffany Doggett Lorna Morello Miss Rosa recurring characters Seasons 5 6 Episodes `` Lesbian Request Denied '' Related articles Piper Kerman Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison `` You 've Got Time '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orange_Is_the_New_Black_(season_5)&oldid=862339789 '' Categories : Orange Is the New Black 2017 American television seasons Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2018 , at 19 : 11 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	what happens orange is the new black season 5	[]	[]
-5281785200548023893	Bless the Broken Road	Bless the Broken Road - wikipedia Bless the Broken Road `` Bless the Broken Road '' Song by Nitty Gritty Dirt Band from the album Acoustic Released Genre Country , Pop Length 3 : 50 Label Liberty Songwriter ( s ) Marcus Hummon Bobby Boyd Jeff Hanna Producer ( s ) Nitty Gritty Dirt Band `` Bless the Broken Road '' Song by Marcus Hummon from the album All in Good Time Released 1995 Genre Country Length 4 : 09 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Marcus Hummon Bobby Boyd Jeff Hanna Producer ( s ) Monroe Jones `` Bless the Broken Road '' is a song that has been recorded by several American country music artists . It was co-written by Marcus Hummon , Bobby Boyd and Jeff Hanna in 1994 . It was first recorded by the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band in 1994 , followed by Hummon on his 1995 album All in Good Time . Since then , many artists have recorded the song with Rascal Flatts 's version being the highest - charting , becoming a number 1 hit on the Billboard country music charts in 2005 and earning the songwriters a Grammy Award for Best Country Song . Contents 1 History 2 Melodie Crittenden version 2.1 Critical reception 2.2 Chart positions 3 Rascal Flatts version 3.1 Song information 3.2 Charts 3.2. 1 Year - end charts 3.3 Certifications and sales 4 Selah version 4.1 Charts 4.2 Accolades 5 Film version 6 References History ( edit ) Singer - songwriter Marcus Hummon co-wrote the song with Jeff Hanna ( of Nitty Gritty Dirt Band ) and Bobby Boyd . Nitty Gritty Dirt Band recorded it for the 1994 album Acoustic . One year later , Hummon covered the song for his debut album All in Good Time for Columbia Records . His rendition includes backing vocals from Hanna and Matraca Berg . Michael McCall of New Country magazine thought that Hummon 's rendition was the best track on the album . Sons of the Desert recorded its own version of the song , for a planned second album on Epic Records that would have been released in 1998 . This album was not released , due to a dispute between the band and its label . Since then , many artists have recorded the song including Melodie Crittenden , Geoff Moore , Selah , Jamie Slocum , Carrie Underwood , Buddy Greene , and Rascal Flatts . Melodie Crittenden version ( edit ) `` Broken Road '' Single by Melodie Crittenden from the album Melodie Crittenden Released January 1998 Format CD Single Genre Country Length 3 : 52 Label Asylum # 9945 Songwriter ( s ) Marcus Hummon Bobby Boyd Jeff Hanna Producer ( s ) Byron Gallimore Stephony Smith Melodie Crittenden singles chronology `` Broken Road '' ( 1998 ) `` I Should 've Known '' ( 1998 ) `` Broken Road '' ( 1998 ) `` I Should 've Known '' ( 1998 ) Also in 1998 , Melodie Crittenden recorded the song under the title `` Broken Road , '' and included it on her self - titled debut album for Asylum Records . Released as the first of two singles from it , this version was a number 42 single on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks ( now Hot Country Songs ) charts . This version was featured on an episode of Dawson 's Creek . Critical reception ( edit ) Billboard gave Crittenden 's version a positive review in the January 17 , 1998 , issue , calling it `` sheer poetry with a moving message . '' Chart positions ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 48 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 42 Rascal Flatts version ( edit ) `` Bless the Broken Road '' Single by Rascal Flatts from the album Feels Like Today Released November 1 , 2004 Format CD single , music download Genre Country , Christian country Length 3 : 46 ( Album Version ) 3 : 38 ( Single Version ) Label Lyric Street Songwriter ( s ) Marcus Hummon Bobby Boyd Jeff Hanna Producer ( s ) Mark Bright Marty Williams Rascal Flatts singles chronology `` Feels Like Today '' ( 2004 ) `` Bless the Broken Road '' ( 2004 ) `` Fast Cars and Freedom '' ( 2005 ) `` Feels Like Today '' ( 2004 ) `` Bless the Broken Road '' ( 2004 ) `` Fast Cars and Freedom '' ( 2005 ) The highest - charting rendition is by the country music group Rascal Flatts , who cut the song for the Feels Like Today album . Released in November 2004 , this version spent five weeks at number one on the Hot Country Singles & Tracks charts . It also won a Grammy Award for Best Country Song and earned a platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America . The song topped the 2 million mark in paid downloads on September 18 , 2010 . It 's Rascal Flatts ' third song to reach that mark , following `` Life Is a Highway '' and `` What Hurts the Most '' . As of May 2017 , the song has sold 3,563,000 copies in the US . On May 25 , 2005 , during a live performance on American Idol by Carrie Underwood and Rascal Flatts , an additional version was recorded . While not in wide release , and never included on an album , the version received enough radio airplay to enter the country music charts at number 50 . In 2009 , an acoustic version recorded by Rascal Flatts was included in the soundtrack of Hannah Montana : The Movie . On May 19 , 2012 , `` Bless the Broken Road '' debuted at number 76 and went to number 41 next week on the UK Singles chart ( The Official Charts Company ) , the band 's first and only appearance on the chart . Song information ( edit ) Rascal Flatts ' version of the song is set in the key of C major , with a vocal range from C4 ( Middle C ) to A5 . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2004 -- 05 ) Peak position UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) 41 Ireland ( IRMA ) 35 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 58 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 29 US Billboard Pop 100 40 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 20 Chart ( 2005 ) Peak position US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Carrie Underwood and Rascal Flatts version 50 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2005 ) Position US Country Songs ( Billboard ) Certifications and sales ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 3,563,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Selah version ( edit ) `` Bless the Broken Road '' Single by Selah with Melodie Crittenden from the album Bless the Broken Road : The Duets Album Released 2006 Format CD Single Genre Contemporary Christian music Length 4 : 10 Label Curb Songwriter ( s ) Marcus Hummon Bobby Boyd Jeff Hanna Producer ( s ) Allan Hall , Jason Kyle , Todd D. Smith Selah singles chronology `` Bless the Broken Road '' ( 2006 ) `` Hosanna '' ( 2009 ) `` Bless the Broken Road '' ( 2006 ) `` Hosanna '' ( 2009 ) Selah , a contemporary Christian music band , covered the song in 2006 on the album Bless the Broken Road : The Duets Album featuring a duet vocal from Crittenden . Also released as a single , Selah 's version peaked at number five on the Hot Christian Songs charts . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot Christian Songs 5 Accolades ( edit ) In 2007 , this version of the song was nominated for a Dove Award for Song of the Year at the 38th GMA Dove Awards . Film version ( edit ) A feature film based on the song , titled God Bless the Broken Road , has been produced . While originally announced for a 2016 release , as of June 2018 it has yet to find a distributor and has not been released . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Morris , Edward ( 10 March 2005 ) . `` Rascal Flatts Takes Bow for `` Broken Road '' `` . CMT . Retrieved 24 September 2010 . Jump up ^ All in Good Time ( CD booklet ) . Marcus Hummon . Columbia Records . 1995 . 66124 . Jump up ^ McCall , New Country ( November 1995 ) . `` Album reviews '' . New Country . 2 ( 14 ) : 57 -- 58 . ISSN 1074 - 536X . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt . `` Matt 's Songwriter Spotlight - Marcus Hummon '' . About.com . Retrieved 24 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Singles '' . Billboard : 66 . 17 January 1998 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2008 ) . Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008 . Record Research , Inc. p. 107 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 177 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 3501 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . March 30 , 1998 . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Melodie Crittenden Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , p. 339 Jump up ^ `` Week Ending Sept. 5 , 2010 : Rihanna Leads The Pack '' . Chart Watch . Archived from the original on 25 September 2013 . Retrieved 6 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bjorke , Matt ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Singles Sales Report : May 3 , 2017 '' . Roughstock . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ USA Today Underwood Wins Idol Jump up ^ `` '' Bless the Broken Road '' sheet music `` . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved 18 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Singles Top 40 from the Official UK Charts Company '' . UK Singles Chart . The Official Charts Company . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2011 . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 20 , 2012 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Rascal Flatts -- Bless The Broken Road '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Rascal Flatts Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Rascal Flatts Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Rascal Flatts Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Carrie Underwood Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2005 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 2005 . Retrieved June 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Rascal Flatts -- Bless the Broken Road '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Bless the Broken Road : The Duets Album '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 24 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chart history for Selah '' . Billboard . Retrieved 24 September 2010 . Jump up ^ 38th Annual GMA Awards on About.com Jump up ^ Bond , Paul ( 2017 - 01 - 03 ) . `` NFL Great LaDainian Tomlinson to Star in Movie Based on Country Song '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( 2016 - 05 - 16 ) . `` Kim Delaney , Jordin Sparks Join ' God Bless The Broken Road ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 19 . Rascal Flatts singles Rascal Flatts `` Prayin ' for Daylight '' `` This Everyday Love '' `` While You Loved Me '' `` I 'm Movin ' On '' Melt `` These Days '' `` Love You Out Loud '' `` I Melt '' `` Mayberry '' Feels Like Today `` Feels Like Today '' `` Bless the Broken Road '' `` Fast Cars and Freedom '' `` Skin ( Sarabeth ) '' Me and My Gang `` What Hurts the Most '' `` Me and My Gang '' `` My Wish '' `` Stand '' Still Feels Good `` Take Me There '' `` Winner at a Losing Game '' `` Every Day '' `` Bob That Head '' `` Here '' Unstoppable `` Here Comes Goodbye '' `` Summer Nights '' `` Why '' `` Unstoppable '' Nothing Like This `` Why Wait '' `` I Wo n't Let Go '' `` Easy '' ( with Natasha Bedingfield ) Changed `` Banjo '' `` Come Wake Me Up '' `` Changed '' Rewind `` Rewind '' `` Payback '' `` Riot '' `` I Like the Sound of That '' Back to Us `` Yours If You Want It '' `` Back to Us '' Other songs `` Life Is a Highway '' `` That Should Be Me '' ( with Justin Bieber ) `` Words I Could n't Say '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bless_the_Broken_Road&oldid=847138506 '' Categories : 1994 songs 1998 singles 2004 singles 2006 singles Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Melodie Crittenden songs Nitty Gritty Dirt Band songs Rascal Flatts songs Carrie Underwood songs Sons of the Desert ( band ) songs Selah ( band ) songs Songs written by Marcus Hummon Lyric Street Records singles Asylum Records singles Curb Records singles Country ballads Song recordings produced by Mark Bright ( record producer ) Songs written by Jeff Hanna Songs written by Bobby Boyd ( songwriter ) Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 23 June 2018 , at 06 : 03 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	what is the song god bless the broken road about	[]	[]
3792947412433603846	List of Back to the Future characters	List of Back to the Future characters - wikipedia List of Back to the Future characters This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Franchise logo The Back to the Future film trilogy and subsequent animated series feature characters created by Robert Zemeckis and Bob Gale . The lead character of the series is Marty McFly . During the course of the trilogy , he travels through time using a DeLorean time machine invented by his friend Emmett Brown and encounters the villain , Biff Tannen , in several different time periods and visits his family ancestors and descendants . Contents 1 Main characters 1.1 Marty McFly 1.2 Emmett `` Doc '' Brown 1.3 Biff Tannen 2 McFly family 2.1 George McFly 2.2 Lorraine Baines - McFly 2.3 Dave McFly 2.4 Linda McFly 2.5 Seamus and Maggie McFly 2.6 Marty Jr. and Marlene McFly 3 Brown family 3.1 Clara Clayton 3.2 Jules and Verne Brown 3.3 Copernicus 3.4 Einstein 4 Tannen family 4.1 Irving `` Kid '' Tannen 4.2 Buford `` Mad Dog '' Tannen 4.3 Griff 4.4 Biff Tannen , Jr . 5 Strickland family 5.1 Gerald Strickland 5.2 James Strickland 5.3 Edna Strickland 6 Other characters 6.1 Jennifer Parker 6.2 Douglas J. Needles 6.3 Goldie Wilson 6.4 Match , Skinhead , and 3 - D 7 See also 8 References Main characters ( edit ) Marty McFly ( edit ) Main article : Marty McFly Martin Seamus `` Marty '' McFly ( portrayed by Michael J. Fox in the films and voiced by David Kaufman in the animated series and AJ LoCascio in Back to the Future : The Game ) is the son of George McFly and Lorraine Baines McFly . Marty travels between the past and the future , encountering his ancestors and descendants . Marty and his friend Doc Brown help restore the space - time continuum while encountering Biff Tannen ( or members of the Tannen clan ) at various points in time . Emmett `` Doc '' Brown ( edit ) Main article : Emmett Brown Doctor Emmett Lathrop `` Doc '' Brown ( portrayed by Christopher Lloyd in the films and Back to the Future : The Game , and voiced by Dan Castellaneta in the animated series ) is the inventor of the DeLorean time machine . At various points in time , Doc helps Marty restore the space - time continuum and reverse the changes that were caused by time travel . In 2008 , the character was selected by film magazine Empire as one of The 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time , ranking at # 20 . Biff Tannen ( edit ) Main article : Biff Tannen Biff Howard Tannen ( portrayed by Thomas F. Wilson in the films and animated series and voiced by Kid Beyond in Back to the Future : The Game ) is the main antagonist of the first 2 films and a local bully who harassed George McFly and has once altered history in the second film . He comes from a long line of bullies in Hill Valley , most of whom harassed members of the McFly family . Biff is also a descendant of Buford Tannen ( also portrayed by Wilson ) , who is one of Hill Valley 's outlaws during the 1880s . McFly family ( edit ) George McFly ( edit ) George Douglas McFly ( portrayed by Crispin Glover in Back to the Future and by Jeffrey Weissman in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III and voiced by Michael X . Sommers in Back to the Future : The Game ) is the father of Marty , Linda and Dave from the union with his wife Lorraine Baines McFly . Although he is one of the main characters in the first movie , George only makes cameos in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III . In the first film , George is portrayed as weak and the main target of Biff Tannen 's bullying . The novelization of the film expounds on George 's history of weakness , describing two incidents in which he is unable to stand up for himself . In 1955 , in contrast with Marty , George did not have any friends for support and was targeted not only by Biff and his gang but also other kids in school . He has a penchant for science fiction , and writes some of his own but never allows himself to share them with anyone due to his fear of rejection . In 1955 , with Marty 's help , he gets the courage to stand up to Biff , knocking him unconscious . As a result , he and Lorraine fall in love and George becomes popular in school for defeating Biff in a fight . In the new future , they are both happily married with George working as a college professor and being a successful writer who orders Biff around . In the alternate timeline in Part II , George was murdered by Biff in 1973 . George 's character was greatly reduced in the sequels , and the role was recast to Jeffrey Weissman . Weissman wore prosthetics to resemble Glover and imitated Glover 's rendering of McFly , and his scenes were spliced with shots of Glover from Back to the Future . The result was so convincing that many people were fooled by it . Glover did not appreciate this , and sued . The lawsuit resulted in the adoption of stricter rules by the Screen Actors Guild to prevent this situation from occurring again . Lorraine Baines - McFly ( edit ) Lorraine Baines - McFly ( portrayed by Lea Thompson and voiced by Aimee Miles in Back to the Future : The Game ) is the wife of George McFly and the mother of Marty , Linda and Dave . She is the eldest daughter of Sam ( George DiCenzo ) and Stella ( Frances Lee McCain ) Baines , and sister of Milton ( Jason Hervey ) , Sally ( Maia Brewton ) , Toby , and Joey . In Back to the Future , Lorraine is initially portrayed in 1985 as middle - aged and unhappy . After Marty changes the timeline , she is shown to be fit and happily married to George in 1985 . In Part II , she is still happily married to George in 2015 , but in the dystopian alternate 1985 timeline she is widowed and married to Biff . Dave McFly ( edit ) David `` Dave '' McFly ( portrayed by Marc McClure ) is the eldest child of George and Lorraine McFly . In 1985 before Marty went to 1955 , Dave works at Burger King , but in the post-time travel 1985 he wears a suit as a nondescript white - collar worker for an accounting firm . In a deleted scene from Part II , the alternate 1985 timeline shows that Dave is an alcoholic and a gambling addict following George 's death and Lorraine 's second marriage to Biff . Linda McFly ( edit ) Linda McFly ( portrayed by Wendie Jo Sperber ) is the middle child and only daughter of George and Lorraine McFly . In 1985 before Marty went to 1955 , Linda is having boy trouble and it is unknown if she is in college or has a job . In 1985 after Marty went to 1955 , Linda works in a boutique and has gained the attention of many boys . Seamus and Maggie McFly ( edit ) Seamus and Maggie McFly ( portrayed by Michael J. Fox and Lea Thompson ) are Irish immigrants and the paternal great - great - grandparents of Marty McFly . In Part III , Marty is befriended by Seamus and Maggie . While Maggie does not trust the `` strange young man '' , Seamus has a familiar feeling about him and believes that helping him is the right thing to do . They have a son named William ( Marty 's great - grandfather ) . Much like his descendants , Seamus is harassed by a member of the Tannen family , Buford Tannen . Maggie McFly is played by Lea Thompson , who also plays Marty 's mother Lorraine , even though Maggie is not an ancestor of Lorraine ; in a DVD commentary track for Part III , Bob Gale states that the creative team considered it important to include Thompson in the film , and he imagines that McFly men are simply `` genetically predisposed '' to be attracted to women who look like her . Marty Jr. and Marlene McFly ( edit ) Marty Jr. and Marlene McFly ( both portrayed by Michael J. Fox ) are Marty McFly and Jennifer Parker 's future fraternal twin son and daughter in Part II . Originally Marty Jr. was to be arrested and sentenced to fifteen years in prison for joining a robbery initiated by Griff and his gang . Marlene attempted to help Marty Jr. break out of jail but failed and was sentenced to twenty years in a woman 's prison . Doc and Marty prevented the event from ever happening . Brown family ( edit ) Clara Clayton ( edit ) Clara Clayton ( portrayed by Mary Steenburgen in both Back to the Future Part III and the animated series ) is the wife of Doc Brown and mother of Jules and Verne Brown . Clara moved to Hill Valley and originally died in an accident when her wagon plummeted into Shonash Ravine , which was renamed Clayton Ravine in her memory . The animated series reveals that Clara , along with the rest of the family , moves to the early 1990s and lives in a farmhouse outside of Hill Valley . She then becomes a teacher at Hill Valley Elementary School . Jules and Verne Brown ( edit ) Jules Eratosthenes Brown and Verne Newton Brown ( portrayed by Todd Cameron Brown and Daniel Evans in Back to the Future Part III and voiced by Josh Keaton and Troy Davidson in the animated series ) are the two children of Doc Brown and his wife , Clara , who named them after their favorite author Jules Verne . The characters had minor , non-speaking roles in Back to the Future Part III but were further developed in the animated series . Jules , an introvert , mostly imitates his father 's interests and mannerisms while Verne appears to be more outgoing and extroverted . Several plot points of the animated series revolve around either Jules or Verne altering history and the steps necessary to correct the damage . Copernicus ( edit ) Copernicus is Doc 's dog from 1955 . Like his other dogs , Copernicus was used in many of Doc 's experiments . When Copernicus died , he was replaced by Einstein . Einstein ( edit ) Einstein ( portrayed by Tiger in the first film and Freddie in the other two and voiced by Danny Mann in the animated series ) is Doc Brown 's pet Catalan sheepdog . He later becomes one of the main characters in the animated series as the Brown family 's dog . In the first film , Doc successfully tests his time machine by placing Einstein in it and sending him one minute into the future . In the animated series , Einstein becomes anthropomorphic and smarter , helping Doc with his inventions for traveling to the past and the future . Tannen family ( edit ) Irving `` Kid '' Tannen ( edit ) Kid Tannen is Biff 's father who only appears in the Back to the Future game . Kid is a gangster who runs a local speakeasy in the 1930s Hill Valley . He , like the rest of the Tannen family , bullies the McFly family forcing Marty 's grandfather Arthur to do his accounting . Kid is brought down with the help of Marty , a young version of Doc , and Arthur McFly . He later marries Edna Strickland and reforms from his criminal ways with her help . Buford `` Mad dog '' Tannen ( edit ) Buford Tannen ( portrayed by Thomas F. Wilson in Back to the Future Part III ) is the main antagonist of the third film . He is the great - grandfather of Biff Tannen and the local town outlaw in 1885 Hill Valley . He was nicknamed `` Mad Dog '' by a newspaper reporter , due to his violent temper and propensity for drooling , a nickname Tannen greatly despises . Buford is cruel , homicidal , rude , and emotionally unstable . He displays a need for control and is brought down to childlike tantrums when he is humiliated or makes mistakes , whether it be something that happens to him or something he says or does . He is often accompanied by his gang ( played by Christopher Wynne , Sean Sullivan and Mike Watson ) , and developed a feud with Marshal James Strickland and his deputies . Griff ( edit ) Griff ( portrayed by Thomas F. Wilson in both Back to the Future Part II and in the animated series ) is a grandson of Biff . He is part of a gang that also consists of `` Data '' , `` Spike '' , and `` Whitey '' ( portrayed by Ricky Dean Logan , Darlene Vogel , and Jason Scott Lee ) . In the animated series , Griff makes a brief cameo appearance in the episode `` Solar Sailors '' where his grandson , Ziff ( also voiced by Wilson ) , is detained after he attempts to sabotage Marta McFly 's space cruiser due to his hatred towards her family . Griff 's last name is never mentioned in the movies , which means he could either be the son of Biff 's son Biff Jr , or the son of Biff 's daughter , Tiffaney . However , in the animated series , Ziff refers that both he and Griff are Tannens . Biff Tannen , Jr. ( edit ) In the animated series , Biff Jr. is the son of Biff Tannen . Like his father and paternal relatives , he likes to bully and steal from children around him including Jules and Verne Brown with whom he developed a feud with . In addition , Biff Jr. delights vandalizing other people 's properties . Biff Jr. lives with his father with whom he has an abusive relationship . He is voiced by Benji Gregory . Strickland family ( edit ) Gerald Strickland ( edit ) Gerald Strickland ( portrayed by James Tolkan ) is the strict principal of Hill Valley High School . He is the grandson of Chief Marshal James Strickland of Hill Valley 1885 . There is a reference from Verne Brown that there is another Strickland who works at Hill Valley Elementary School as its vice principal . James Strickland ( edit ) James Strickland ( portrayed by James Tolkan in Back to the Future Part III ) is the chief marshal of Hill Valley in 1885 and the grandfather of Mr. Strickland . He also has an unnamed son ( portrayed by Kaleb Henley ) , who will become Gerald Strickland 's father . Edna Strickland ( edit ) Edna Strickland , in Back to the Future : The Game , is the sister of Gerald Strickland . She is somewhat nicer than her brother , but still set in her ways towards upholding strong morals and abolishing crime and laziness . After Marty alters her original timeline , Edna marries Kid Tannen who becomes the father of Biff Tannen . Other characters ( edit ) Jennifer Parker ( edit ) Jennifer Jane Parker is the girlfriend ( and , in 2015 in Back to the Future Part II , the wife ) of Marty McFly . The character was played by Claudia Wells in Back to the Future . However , Wells was not available to film the sequels for personal reasons , and the role was recast to Elisabeth Shue although Wells reprised her role as Jennifer in Back to the Future : The Game as a punk rock version of her character . Consequently , the opening scene of Back to the Future Part II was re-shot with Shue taking Wells ' place , rather than using the ending of Back to the Future . In the spin - off Back to the Future : the Animated Series , Jennifer was voiced by Cathy Cavadini . In 1985 , Jennifer attends Hill Valley High School , along with her boyfriend Marty . In the animated series , Jennifer is enrolled to Hill Valley College with Marty after graduating high school and working part - time as a tutor . She lives with her family on a ranch , the deed to which was owned by Biff Tannen , after one of his ancestors forced Jennifer 's great - great - grandfather to sign it over by holding Jennifer 's great - great - grandmother hostage . In the episode `` A Friend in Deed '' , Marty travels back in time to 1875 and sabotages the deal with help from Jules and Verne . In the future witnessed in Back to the Future Part II , Jennifer and Marty had two children , Marlene and Marty Jr. ( both played by Michael J. Fox ) Douglas J. Needles ( edit ) Douglas J. Needles ( portrayed by Flea in Back to the Future Part II and Back to the Future Part III ) is an acquaintance of Marty McFly and Jennifer Parker from Hill Valley High School . Like his school 's alumnus , Biff Tannen , Needles also has his own gang ( portrayed by Christopher Wynne , J.J. Cohen , and Ricky Dean Logan ) and develops a rivalry with Marty . Needles often goads Marty into doing reckless things such as a street race that leads Marty to crash into a Rolls Royce and an illegal transaction which results in his firing in 2015 . Goldie Wilson ( edit ) Goldie Wilson ( played by Donald Fullilove in part 1 ) is a young man working at Lou 's Cafe in 1955 who goes on to become the first black Mayor of Hill Valley in the 1980s . A campaign poster shows the name Goldie in quotation marks , suggesting Goldie is a nickname , presumably in reference to his gold tooth . He would also have a grandson , Goldie Wilson III ( also played by Fullilove ) in Part II , who works as a car salesman . Match , Skinhead , and 3 - D ( edit ) Match ( portrayed by Billy Zane ) , Skinhead ( portrayed by Jeffrey Jay Cohen ) , and 3 - D ( portrayed by Casey Siemaszko ) are the three high school boys who make up Biff Tannen 's gang in 1955 . Their nicknames are only given in the films ' novels , screenplays , and credits . Only one of their real names is mentioned in the movies -- Biff refers to Skinhead as Joey in one of the 1955 scenes in Back to the Future Part II , while outside of the `` Enchantment Under the Sea '' dance . In the alternate 1985 , the three work in Biff 's casino as his bodyguards . Each gets his nickname from a distinctive character trait . Match often has a match sticking out of his mouth ; Skinhead has very short , close - cropped hair ; 3 - D is always wearing a pair of anaglyphic 3 - D glasses ( a reference to the 3 - D movies that were popular in the 1950s ) . See also ( edit ) Film in the United States portal Science fiction portal Fictional characters portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Empire 's The 100 Greatest Movie Characters '' . Empire Magazine . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey Weissman on IMDb ^ Jump up to : Glover Clarifies `` Back to the Future '' Squabble at BTTF.com . Jump up ^ Telltale , Incorporated ( December 22 , 2010 ) . Back to the Future : The Game - Episode 1 : It 's About Time . Level / area : May 14 , 1986 , 6 : 42 pm - Edna 's apartment - `` Pictures '' . Marty McFly : Is that ... Vice Principal Strickland ? Edna Strickland : Mother never could keep little Gerald out of her clothes ... Jump up ^ A Friend in Deed episode recap at TV.com . Back to the Future Films Back to the Future Back to the Future Part II Back to the Future Part III Characters Marty McFly Emmett Brown Biff Tannen Music Back to the Future `` The Power of Love '' `` Back in Time '' Back to the Future Part III `` Doubleback '' The Back to the Future Trilogy ( soundtrack ) Video games Back to the Future ( 1985 video game ) Back to the Future ( 1989 video game ) Back to the Future Part III Back to the Future Part II & III Universal Studios Theme Parks Adventure Back to the Future : The Game Other media Back to the Future : The Ride Back to the Future : The Animated Series Back to the Future ( musical ) Back to the Future : The Pinball Back in Time Universe DeLorean time machine Hill Valley Hoverboard Nike Mag Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Back_to_the_Future_characters&oldid=856598929 '' Categories : Back to the Future Lists of animated science fiction television characters Lists of characters in American television animation Lists of children 's television characters Lists of film characters Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles needing additional references from July 2010 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 10 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played the sister in back to the future	[ "Lorraine Baines-McFly (portrayed by Lea Thompson and voiced by Aimee Miles in Back to the Future: The Game) is the wife of George McFly and the mother of Marty, Linda and Dave. She is the eldest daughter of Sam (George DiCenzo) and Stella (Frances Lee McCain) Baines, and sister of Milton (Jason Hervey), Sally (Maia Brewton), Toby, and Joey.\n", "Lorraine Baines-McFly (portrayed by Lea Thompson and voiced by Aimee Miles in Back to the Future: The Game) is the wife of George McFly and the mother of Marty, Linda and Dave. She is the eldest daughter of Sam (George DiCenzo) and Stella (Frances Lee McCain) Baines, and sister of Milton (Jason Hervey), Sally (Maia Brewton), Toby, and Joey.\n" ]	[ "Lea Thompson", "Aimee Miles" ]
-3883236791329309824	Axis powers	Axis powers - wikipedia Axis powers `` The Axis '' redirects here . For other uses , see Axis ( disambiguation ) . `` Rome - Berlin Axis '' redirects here . For the book , see The Rome - Berlin Axis . Not to be confused with Central Powers . The Axis Powers Die Achsenmächte ( German ) Le Potenze dell'Asse ( Italian ) 枢軸国 ( Japanese ) 1940 -- 1945 Allies ( and their colonies ) Allies entering after the attack on Pearl Harbor Axis powers ( and their colonies ) Neutral powers Tripartite Pact powers : Nazi Germany Empire of Japan Kingdom of Italy ( after 1943 , Italian Social Republic ) States that adhered to the Tripartite Pact : Kingdom of Romania Kingdom of Hungary Slovak Republic Kingdom of Bulgaria Kingdom of Yugoslavia ( never ratified ) Independent State of Croatia Co-belligerent states : Soviet Union ( see Invasion of Poland ) Republic of Finland ( see Continuation War ) Kingdom of Iraq ( see Anglo - Iraqi War ) Kingdom of Thailand ( see Pacific War ) Puppet governments : Albanian Kingdom State of Burma Reorganized National Government of China Hellenic State Provisional Government of Free India Empire of Manchuria Governorate of Montenegro Quisling regime in Norway Second Philippine Republic Government of National Salvation of Serbia Vichy France Status Military alliance Historical era World War II Anti-Comintern Pact 25 November 1936 Pact of Steel 22 May 1939 Tripartite Pact 27 September 1940 Dissolved 2 September 1945 Flags of Germany , Japan , and Italy draping the facade of the Embassy of Japan on the Tiergartenstraße in Berlin ( September 1940 ) Germany 's Führer Adolf Hitler ( right ) beside Italy 's Duce Benito Mussolini ( left ) Japan 's Prime Minister Hideki Tojo ( center ) with fellow government representatives of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere . To the left of Tojo , from left to right : Ba Maw from Burma , Zhang Jinghui , Wang Jingwei from China . To the right of Tojo , from left to right , Wan Waithayakon from Thailand , José P. Laurel from the Philippines , and Subhas Chandra Bose from India The signing of the Tripartite Pact by Germany , Japan , and Italy on 27 September 1940 in Berlin . Seated from left to right are the Japanese ambassador to Germany Saburō Kurusu , Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs Galeazzo Ciano , and Adolf Hitler . The Axis powers ( German : Achsenmächte ; Italian : Potenze dell'Asse ; Japanese : 枢軸国 Sūjikukoku ) , also known as the Rome -- Berlin -- Tokyo Axis , were the nations that fought in World War II against the Allies . The Axis powers agreed on their opposition to the Allies , but did not completely coordinate their activity . The Axis grew out of the diplomatic efforts of Germany , Italy , and Japan to secure their own specific expansionist interests in the mid-1930s . The first step was the treaty signed by Germany and Italy in October 1936 . Benito Mussolini declared on 1 November that all other European countries would from then on rotate on the Rome -- Berlin axis , thus creating the term `` Axis '' . The almost simultaneous second step was the signing in November 1936 of the Anti-Comintern Pact , an anti-communist treaty between Germany and Japan . Italy joined the Pact in 1937 . The `` Rome -- Berlin Axis '' became a military alliance in 1939 under the so - called `` Pact of Steel '' , with the Tripartite Pact of 1940 leading to the integration of the military aims of Germany , Italy and Japan . At its zenith during World War II , the Axis presided over territories that occupied large parts of Europe , North Africa , and East Asia . There were no three - way summit meetings and cooperation and coordination was minimal , with slightly more between Germany and Italy . The war ended in 1945 with the defeat of the Axis powers and the dissolution of their alliance . As in the case of the Allies , membership of the Axis was fluid , with some nations switching sides or changing their degree of military involvement over the course of the war . Contents 1 Origins and creation 1.1 Initial proposals of a German -- Italian alliance 1.2 Danube alliance , dispute over Austria 1.3 Development of German -- Italian -- Japanese alliance 2 Ideology 3 Economic resources 4 Founding members of the Axis 4.1 Germany 4.1. 1 War justifications 4.1. 2 History 4.1. 3 Colonies and dependencies 4.2 Italy 4.2. 1 War justifications 4.2. 2 History 4.2. 3 Colonies and dependencies 4.2. 3.1 In Europe 4.2. 3.2 In Africa and Asia 4.3 Japan 4.3. 1 War justifications 4.3. 2 History 4.3. 3 Colonies and dependencies 5 Subsequent signatories of the Tripartite Pact 5.1 Bulgaria 5.2 Hungary 5.3 Romania 5.4 Yugoslavia ( two day membership ) 6 Co-belligerent state combatants 6.1 Finland 6.2 Free City of Danzig 6.3 Iraq 6.4 Thailand 7 Client states 7.1 German 7.1. 1 Albania ( under German control ) 7.1. 2 Serbia ( Nedic Regime Puppet Government under German control ) 7.1. 3 Italy ( Italian Social Republic ) 7.1. 4 Slovakia ( Tiso regime ) 7.2 Italian 7.2. 1 Monaco 7.3 Joint German - Italian client states 7.3. 1 Croatia ( Independent State of Croatia ) 7.3. 2 Greece ( Hellenic State ) 7.4 Japanese 7.4. 1 Burma ( Ba Maw regime ) 7.4. 2 Cambodia 7.4. 3 China ( Reorganized National Government of China ) 7.4. 4 India ( Provisional Government of Free India ) 7.4. 5 Inner Mongolia ( Mengjiang ) 7.4. 6 Laos 7.4. 7 Manchuria ( Manchukuo ) 7.4. 8 Philippines ( Second Republic ) 7.4. 9 Vietnam ( Empire of Vietnam ) 8 Controversial cases 8.1 Denmark 8.2 Soviet Union 8.3 Spain 8.4 Vichy France 9 German , Italian and Japanese World War II cooperation 9.1 German - Japanese Axis - cooperation 9.2 Germany 's and Italy 's declaration of war against the United States 10 See also 11 Notes 12 Citations 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Origins and creation ( edit ) Part of a series on Fascism Core tenets ( show ) Nationalism Totalitarianism Anti-democratic thought One - party state Personality cult Dictatorship Militarism Direct action Mixed economy Class collaboration Third Position New Man Imperialism Social order Topics ( show ) Definitions Economics Fascism and ideology Fascism worldwide Symbolism Ideas ( show ) Autarky Class collaboration Corporatism Totalitarianism People ( show ) Benito Mussolini Adolf Hitler Francisco Franco José Antonio Primo de Rivera Corneliu Zelea Codreanu Ante Pavelić Ikki Kita Wang Jingwei Ferenc Szálasi Vidkun Quisling Plínio Salgado Konstantin Rodzaevsky Oswald Mosley William Dudley Pelley Aleksandr Dugin Julius Evola Abba Achimeir Literature ( show ) The Doctrine of Fascism Fascist Manifesto La Conquista del Estado Mein Kampf My Autobiography The Myth of the Twentieth Century The Last Will of a Russian Fascist Organizations ( show ) Axis powers 1934 Montreux Fascist conference History ( show ) World War I March on Rome Beer Hall Putsch Aventine Secession Pacification of Libya German election of 1932 Enabling Act Second Sino - Japanese War Second Italo - Ethiopian War Spanish Civil War Anti-Comintern Pact Italian invasion of Albania World War II The Holocaust Downfall in Italy Lists ( show ) Fascists by country Variants ( show ) Austrofascism Brazilian Integralism British Fascism Christofascism Clerical fascism Crypto - fascism Ecofascism Falangism Fascist mysticism Feudal fascism Francoism French fascism Hindu fascism Islamofascism Italian Fascism Japanese fascism Left - wing fascism Legionarism Metaxism Nazism Neo-fascism Proto - fascism Red fascism Revisionist Maximalism Rexism Social fascism Strasserism Tropical fascism Related topics ( show ) Alt - right Anti-fascism Conservatism Fascist ( epithet ) Glossary of Fascist Italy Iron law of oligarchy Palingenetic ultranationalism Racism Syndicalism Fascism portal Politics portal Main article : Tripartite Pact The term `` axis '' was first applied to the Italo - German relationship by the Italian prime minister Benito Mussolini in September 1923 , when he wrote in the preface to Roberto Suster 's Germania Repubblica that `` there is no doubt that in this moment the axis of European history passes through Berlin '' ( non v'ha dubbio che in questo momento l'asse della storia europea passa per Berlino ) . At the time he was seeking an alliance with the Weimar Republic against Yugoslavia and France in the dispute over the Free State of Fiume . The term was used by Hungary 's prime minister Gyula Gömbös when advocating an alliance of Hungary with Germany and Italy in the early 1930s . Gömbös ' efforts did affect the Italo - Hungarian Rome Protocols , but his sudden death in 1936 while negotiating with Germany in Munich and the arrival of Kálmán Darányi , his successor , ended Hungary 's involvement in pursuing a trilateral axis . Contentious negotiations between the Italian foreign minister , Galeazzo Ciano , and the German ambassador , Ulrich von Hassell , resulted in a Nineteen - Point Protocol , signed by Ciano and his German counterpart , Konstantin von Neurath , in 1936 . When Mussolini publicly announced the signing on 1 November , he proclaimed the creation of a Rome -- Berlin axis . Initial proposals of a German -- Italian alliance ( edit ) Italy under Duce Benito Mussolini had pursued a strategic alliance of Italy with Germany against France since the early 1920s . Prior to becoming head of government in Italy as leader of the Italian Fascist movement , Mussolini had advocated alliance with defeated Germany after the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 settled World War I. He believed that Italy could expand its influence in Europe by allying with Germany against France . In early 1923 , as a goodwill gesture to Germany , Italy secretly delivered weapons for the German Army , which had faced major disarmament under the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles . Gustav Stresemann , Reich Chancellor of the German People , 1923 , foreign minister of Germany , 1923 -- 1929 In September 1923 , Mussolini offered German Chancellor Gustav Stresemann a `` common policy '' : he sought German military support against potential French military intervention over Italy 's diplomatic dispute with Yugoslavia over Fiume , should an Italian seizure of Fiume result in war between Italy and Yugoslavia . The German ambassador to Italy in 1924 reported that Mussolini saw a nationalist Germany as an essential ally for Italy against France , and hoped to tap into the desire within the German army and the German political right for a war of revenge against France . During the Weimar Republic , the German government did not respect the Treaty of Versailles that it had been pressured to sign , and various government figures at the time rejected Germany 's post-Versailles borders . General Hans von Seeckt ( head of the Reichswehr command from 1920 to 1926 ) supported an alliance between Germany and the Soviet Union to invade and partition Poland between them and restore the German - Russian border of 1914 . Gustav Streseman as German foreign minister in 1925 declared that the reincorporation of territories lost to Poland and Danzig in the Treaty of Versailles was a major task of German foreign policy . The Reichswehr Ministry memorandum of 1926 declared its intention to seek the reincorporation of German territory lost to Poland as its first priority , to be followed by the return of the Saar territory , the annexation of Austria , and remilitarization of the Rhineland . Since the 1920s Italy had identified the year 1935 as a crucial date for preparing for a war against France , as 1935 was the year when Germany 's obligations under the Treaty of Versailles were scheduled to expire . Meetings took place in Berlin in 1924 between Italian General Luigi Capello and prominent figures in the German military , such as von Seeckt and Erich Ludendorff , over military collaboration between Germany and Italy . The discussions concluded that Germans still wanted a war of revenge against France but were short on weapons and hoped that Italy could assist Germany . However at this time Mussolini stressed one important condition that Italy must pursue in an alliance with Germany : that Italy `` must ... tow them , not be towed by them '' . Italian foreign minister Dino Grandi in the early 1930s stressed the importance of `` decisive weight '' , involving Italy 's relations between France and Germany , in which he recognized that Italy was not yet a major power , but perceived that Italy did have strong enough influence to alter the political situation in Europe by placing the weight of its support onto one side or another . However Grandi stressed that Italy must seek to avoid becoming a `` slave of the rule of three '' in order to pursue its interests , arguing that although substantial Italo - French tensions existed , Italy would not unconditionally commit itself to an alliance with Germany , just as it would neither unconditionally commit itself to an alliance with France over conceivable Italo - German tensions . Grandi 's attempts to maintain a diplomatic balance between France and Germany were challenged in 1932 by pressure from the French , who had begun to prepare an alliance with Britain and the United States against the threat of a revanchist Germany . The French government warned Italy that it had to choose whether to be on the side of the pro-Versailles powers or that of the anti-Versailles revanchists . Grandi responded that Italy would be willing to offer France support against Germany if France gave Italy its mandate over Cameroon and allowed Italy a free hand in Ethiopia . France refused Italy 's proposed exchange for support , as it believed Italy 's demands were unacceptable and the threat from Germany was not yet immediate . On 23 October 1932 , Mussolini declared support for a Four Power Directorate that included Britain , France , Germany , and Italy , to bring about an orderly treaty revision outside of what he considered the outmoded League of Nations . The proposed Directorate was pragmatically designed to reduce French hegemony in continental Europe , in order to reduce tensions between the great powers in the short term to buy Italy relief from being pressured into a specific war alliance while at the same time allowing them to benefit from diplomatic deals on treaty revisions . Danube alliance , dispute over Austria ( edit ) Gyula Gömbös , Prime Minister of Hungary , 1932 -- 1936 In 1932 , Gyula Gömbös and the Party of National Unity rose to power in Hungary , and immediately sought an alliance with Italy . Gömbös sought to alter Hungary 's post -- Treaty of Trianon borders , but knew that Hungary alone was not capable of challenging the Little Entente powers by forming an alliance with Austria and Italy . Mussolini was elated by Gömbös ' offer of alliance with Italy , and they cooperated in seeking to persuade Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss to join a tripartite economic agreement with Italy and Hungary . At the meeting between Gömbös and Mussolini in Rome on 10 November 1932 , the question came up of the sovereignty of Austria in relation to the predicted rise to power in Germany of the Nazi Party . Mussolini was worried about Nazi ambitions towards Austria , and indicated that at least in the short term he was committed to maintaining Austria as a sovereign state . Italy had concerns over a Germany which included Austria laying land claims to German - populated territories of the South Tyrol ( also known as Alto - Adige ) within Italy , which bordered Austria on the Brenner Pass . Gömbös responded to Mussolini that as the Austrians primarily identified as Germans , the Anschluss of Austria to Germany was inevitable , and advised that it would be better for Italy to have a friendly Germany across the Brenner Pass than a hostile Germany bent on entering the Adriatic . Mussolini said he hoped the Anschluss could be postponed as long as possible until the breakout of a European war that he estimated would begin in 1938 . Adolf Hitler , Führer and Reich Chancellor of the German People , 1933 -- 1945 In 1933 , Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party came to power in Germany . His first diplomatic visitor was Gömbös . In a letter to Hitler within a day of his being appointed Chancellor , Gömbös told the Hungarian ambassador to Germany to remind Hitler `` that ten years ago , on the basis of our common principles and ideology , we were in contact via Dr. Scheubner - Richter '' . Gömbös told the Hungarian ambassador to inform Hitler of Hungary 's intentions `` for the two countries to cooperate in foreign and economic policy '' . Hitler had advocated an alliance between Germany and Italy since the 1920s . Shortly after being appointed Chancellor , Hitler sent a personal message to Mussolini , declaring `` admiration and homage '' and declaring his anticipation of the prospects of German - Italian friendship and even alliance . Hitler was aware that Italy held concerns over potential German land claims on South Tyrol , and assured Mussolini that Germany was not interested in South Tyrol . Hitler in Mein Kampf had declared that South Tyrol was a non-issue considering the advantages that would be gained from a German -- Italian alliance . After Hitler 's rise to power , the Four Power Directorate proposal by Italy had been looked at with interest by Britain , but Hitler was not committed to it , resulting in Mussolini urging Hitler to consider the diplomatic advantages Germany would gain by breaking out of isolation by entering the Directorate and avoiding an immediate armed conflict . The Four Power Directorate proposal stipulated that Germany would no longer be required to have limited arms and would be granted the right to re-armament under foreign supervision in stages . Hitler completely rejected the idea of controlled rearmament under foreign supervision . Mussolini did not trust Hitler 's intentions regarding Anschluss nor Hitler 's promise of no territorial claims on South Tyrol . Mussolini informed Hitler that he was satisfied with the presence of the anti-Marxist government of Dollfuss in Austria , and warned Hitler that he was adamantly opposed to Anschluss . Hitler responded in contempt to Mussolini that he intended `` to throw Dollfuss into the sea '' . With this disagreement over Austria , relations between Hitler and Mussolini steadily became more distant . Hitler attempted to break the impasse with Italy over Austria by sending Hermann Göring to negotiate with Mussolini in 1933 to convince Mussolini to press the Austrian government to appoint members of Austria 's Nazis to the government . Göring claimed that Nazi domination of Austria was inevitable and that Italy should accept this , as well as repeating to Mussolini of Hitler 's promise to `` regard the question of the South Tyrol frontier as finally liquidated by the peace treaties '' . In response to Göring 's visit with Mussolini , Dollfuss immediately went to Italy to counter any German diplomatic headway . Dollfuss claimed that his government was actively challenging Marxists in Austria and claimed that once the Marxists were defeated in Austria , that support for Austria 's Nazis would decline . In 1934 , Hitler and Mussolini met for the first time , in Venice . The meeting did not proceed amicably . Hitler demanded that Mussolini compromise on Austria by pressuring Dollfuss to appoint Austrian Nazis to his cabinet , to which Mussolini flatly refused the demand . In response , Hitler promised that he would accept Austria 's independence for the time being , saying that due to the internal tensions in Germany ( referring to sections of the Nazi SA that Hitler would soon kill in the Night of the Long Knives ) that Germany could not afford to provoke Italy . Galeazzo Ciano told the press that the two leaders had made a `` gentleman 's agreement '' to avoid interfering in Austria . Engelbert Dollfuss , Chancellor of Austria , 1932 -- 1934 Several weeks after the Venice meeting , on 25 July 1934 , Austrian Nazis assassinated Dollfuss . Mussolini was outraged as he held Hitler directly responsible for the assassination that violated Hitler 's promise made only weeks ago to respect Austrian independence . Mussolini rapidly deployed several army divisions and air squadrons to the Brenner Pass , and warned that a German move against Austria would result in war between Germany and Italy . Hitler responded by both denying Nazi responsibility for the assassination and issuing orders to dissolve all ties between the German Nazi Party and its Austrian branch , which Germany claimed was responsible for the political crisis . Italy effectively abandoned diplomatic relations with Germany while turning to France in order to challenge Germany 's intransigence by signing a Franco - Italian accord to protect Austrian independence . French and Italian military staff discussed possible military cooperation involving a war with Germany should Hitler dare to attack Austria . As late as May 1935 , Mussolini spoke of his desire to destroy Hitler . Relations between Germany and Italy recovered due to Hitler 's support of Italy 's invasion of Ethiopia in 1935 , while other countries condemned the invasion and advocated sanctions against Italy . Development of German -- Italian -- Japanese alliance ( edit ) Fumimaro Konoe , prime minister of Japan , 1937 -- 1940 Interest in Germany and Japan in forming an alliance began when Japanese diplomat Oshima Hiroshi visited Joachim von Ribbentrop in Berlin in 1935 . Oshima informed von Ribbentrop of Japan 's interest in forming a German -- Japanese alliance against the Soviet Union . Von Ribbentrop expanded on Oshima 's proposal by advocating that the alliance be based in a political context of a pact to oppose the Comintern . The proposed pact was met with mixed reviews in Japan , with a faction of ultra-nationalists within the government supporting the pact while the Japanese Navy and the Japanese Foreign Ministry were staunchly opposed to the pact . There was great concern in the Japanese government that such a pact with Germany could disrupt Japan 's relations with Britain , endangering years of a beneficial Anglo - Japanese accord , that had allowed Japan to ascend in the international community in the first place . The response to the pact was met with similar division in Germany ; while the proposed pact was popular amongst the upper echelons of the Nazi Party , it was opposed by many in the Foreign Ministry , the Army , and the business community who held financial interests in China to which Japan was hostile . Karl Haushofer and Rudolf Hess , c. 1920 . Haushofer 's ideas influenced the development of Adolf Hitler 's expansionist strategies . He was instrumental in linking Japan to the Axis powers . On learning of German -- Japanese negotiations , Italy also began to take an interest in forming an alliance with Japan . Italy had hoped that due to Japan 's long - term close relations with Britain , that an Italo - Japanese alliance could pressure Britain into adopting a more accommodating stance towards Italy in the Mediterranean . In the summer of 1936 , Italian Foreign Minister Ciano informed Japanese Ambassador to Italy , Sugimura Yotaro , `` I have heard that a Japanese -- German agreement concerning the Soviet Union has been reached , and I think it would be natural for a similar agreement to be made between Italy and Japan '' . Initially Japan 's attitude towards Italy 's proposal was generally dismissive , viewing a German -- Japanese alliance against the Soviet Union as imperative while regarding an Italo - Japanese alliance as secondary , as Japan anticipated that an Italo - Japanese alliance would antagonize Britain that had condemned Italy 's invasion of Ethiopia . This attitude by Japan towards Italy altered in 1937 after the League of Nations condemned Japan for aggression in China and faced international isolation , while Italy remained favourable to Japan . As a result of Italy 's support for Japan against international condemnation , Japan took a more positive attitude towards Italy and offered proposals for a non-aggression or neutrality pact with Italy . The `` Axis powers '' formally took the name after the Tripartite Pact was signed by Germany , Italy , and Japan on 27 September 1940 , in Berlin . The pact was subsequently joined by Hungary ( 20 November 1940 ) , Romania ( 23 November 1940 ) , Slovakia ( 24 November 1940 ) , and Bulgaria ( 1 March 1941 ) . Ideology ( edit ) The Axis powers ' primary goal was territorial expansion at the expense of their neighbors . In ideological terms , the Axis described their goals as breaking the hegemony of the plutocratic Western powers and defending civilization from communism . The Axis championed a number of variants on fascism , militarism , and autarky . Economic resources ( edit ) The Axis population in 1938 was 258.9 million , while the Allied population ( excluding the Soviet Union and the United States , which later joined the Allies ) was 689.7 million . Thus the Allied powers outnumbered the Axis powers by 2.7 to 1 . The leading Axis states had the following domestic populations : Germany 75.5 million ( including 6.8 million from recently annexed Austria ) , Japan 71.9 million ( excluding its colonies ) , and Italy 43.4 million ( excluding its colonies ) . The United Kingdom ( excluding its colonies ) had a population of 47.5 million and France ( excluding its colonies ) 42 million . The wartime gross domestic product ( GDP ) of the Axis was $911 billion at its highest in 1941 in international dollars by 1990 prices . The GDP of the Allied powers was $1,798 billion . The United States stood at $1,094 billion , more than the Axis combined . The burden of the war upon participating countries has been measured through the percentage of gross national product ( GNP ) devoted to military expenditures . Nearly one - quarter of Germany 's GNP was committed to the war effort in 1939 , and this rose to three - quarters of GNP in 1944 , prior to the collapse of the economy . In 1939 , Japan committed 22 percent of its GNP to its war effort in China ; this rose to three - quarters of GNP in 1944 . Italy did not mobilize its economy ; its GNP committed to the war effort remained at prewar levels . Italy and Japan lacked industrial capacity ; their economies were small , dependent on international trade , external sources of fuel and other industrial resources . As a result , Italian and Japanese mobilization remained low , even by 1943 . Among the three major Axis powers , Japan had the lowest per capita income , while Germany and Italy had an income level comparable to the United Kingdom . Founding members of the Axis ( edit ) Germany ( edit ) Main articles : Nazi Germany , Greater Germanic Reich , and Flensburg Government German Führer Adolf Hitler along with General Walther von Brauchitsch , during the victory parade in Warsaw after the defeat of Poland , September 1939 German Heinkel He 111 bomber aircraft during the Battle of Britain German vehicles advancing during the Second Battle of El Alamein in the North African campaign German soldiers during the Battle of Stalingrad in the Eastern Front campaign German submarine U-118 under air attack in June 1943 War justifications ( edit ) Hitler in 1941 described the outbreak of World War II as the fault of the intervention of Western powers against Germany during its war with Poland , describing it as the result of `` the European and American warmongers '' . Hitler denied accusations by the Allies that he wanted a World War , and invoked anti-Semitic claims that the war was wanted and provoked by politicians of Jewish origin or associated with Jewish interests . However Hitler clearly had designs for Germany to become the dominant and leading state in the world , such as his intention for Germany 's capital of Berlin to become the Welthauptstadt ( `` World Capital '' ) , renamed Germania . The German government also justified its actions by claiming that Germany inevitably needed to territorially expand because it was facing an overpopulation crisis that Hitler described : `` We are overpopulated and can not feed ourselves from our own resources '' . Thus expansion was justified as an inevitable necessity to provide lebensraum ( `` living space '' ) for the German nation and end the country 's overpopulation within existing confined territory , and provide resources necessary to its people 's well - being . Since the 1920s , the Nazi Party publicly promoted the expansion of Germany into territories held by the Soviet Union . However , from 1939 to 1941 , the Nazi regime claimed to have discarded those plans in light of improved relations with the Soviet Union via the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact , and claimed that central Africa was where Germany sought to achieve lebensraum . Hitler publicly claimed that Germany wanted to settle the lebensraum issue peacefully through diplomatic negotiations that would require other powers to make concessions to Germany . At the same time however Germany did prepare for war in the cause of lebensraum , and in the late 1930s Hitler emphasized the need for a military build - up to prepare for a potential clash between the peoples of Germany and the Soviet Union . Germany justified its war against Poland on the issues of German minority within Poland and Polish opposition to the incorporation of the ethnically German - majority Free City of Danzig into Germany . While Hitler and the Nazi party before taking power openly talked about destroying Poland and were hostile to Poles , after gaining power until February 1939 Hitler tried to conceal his true intentions towards Poland , and signed a 10 - year Non-Aggression Pact in 1934 , revealing his plans to only to his closest associates . Relations between Germany and Poland altered from the early to the late 1930s , as Germany sought rapprochement with Poland to avoid the risk of Poland entering the Soviet sphere of influence , and appealed to anti-Soviet sentiment in Poland . The Soviet Union in turn at this time competed with Germany for influence in Poland . At the same time Germany was preparing for a war with Poland and was secretly preparing the German minority in Poland for a war . And since 1935 weapons were being smuggled and gathered in frontier Polish regions by German intelligence . In November 1938 , Germany organized German paramilitary units in the Polish region of Pomerania that were trained to engage in diversion , sabotage as well as murder and ethnic cleansing upon a German invasion of Poland . At the end of 1938 one of the first editions of Sonderfahndungsbuch Polen was printed by the Nazis , containing several thousand names of Poles targeted for execution and imprisonment after an invasion of Poland From late 1938 to early 1939 , Germany in talks with Poland suggested that as reward for Poland transferring territories in Pomerania to Germany that Poland could annex Ukrainian territories from the Soviet Union after a war with Soviet Union . In January 1939 , Ribbentrop held negotiations with Józef Beck , the Polish minister of foreign affairs ; and Edward Rydz - Śmigły , the commander - in - chief of the Polish Army ; in which Ribbentrop urged them to have Poland enter the Anti-Comintern Pact and work together with Germany for a mutual war in the East , whereby Poland would take Slovakia and Ukraine . Ribbentrop in private discussion with German officials stated that he hoped that by offering Poland large new territories in the Soviet Union , that Germany would gain not only from Polish cooperation in a war with the Soviet Union , but also that Poland would cooperate by transferring the Polish Corridor to Germany in exchange for these gains , because though it would lose access to the Baltic Sea , it would gain access to the Black Sea via Ukraine . However Beck refused to discuss German demands for the Corridor and was recalcitrant to the idea of a war with the Soviet Union . The Polish government distrusted Hitler and saw the plan as a threat to Polish sovereignty , practically subordinating Poland to the Axis and the Anti-Comintern Bloc while reducing the country to a state of near - servitude as its entire trade with Western Europe through the Baltic Sea would become dependent on Germany . A diplomatic crisis erupted following Hitler demanding that the Free City of Danzig be annexed to Germany , as it was led by a Nazi government seeking annexation to Germany . Germany used legal precedents to justify its intervention against Poland and annexation of the Free City of Danzig ( led by a local Nazi government that sought incorporation into Germany ) in 1939 . Germany noted one such violation as being in 1933 when Poland sent additional troops into the city in violation of the limit of Polish troops admissible to Danzig as agreed to by treaty . Hitler believed that Poland could be pressured to cede claimed territory through diplomatic means combined with the threat of military force , and believed that Germany could gain such concessions from Poland without provoking a war with Britain or France . Hitler believed that Britain 's guarantee of military support to Poland was a bluff , and with a German - Soviet agreement on both countries recognizing their mutual interests involving Poland . The Soviet Union had diplomatic grievances with Poland since the Soviet - Polish War of 1919 -- 1921 in which the Soviets agreed that North - eastern Poland , Western Belarus and Western Ukraine will become part of restored Polish state after intense fighting in those years over the territories , and the Soviet Union sought to regain those territories . Poland rejected Germany 's demands and Germany in response prepared a general mobilization on the morning of 30 August 1939 . Hitler believed that one of two outcomes would occur . The first was that the British would accept Germany 's demands and pressure Poland to agree to them . The second was that a conflict with Poland would be an isolated conflict , as Britain would not engage in a war with both Germany and the Soviet Union . At midnight 30 August 1939 , German foreign minister Joachim Ribbentrop was expecting the arrival of the British ambassador Nevile Henderson as well as a Polish plenipotentiary to negotiate terms with Germany . Only Henderson arrived , and Henderson informed Ribbentrop that no Polish plenipotentiary was arriving . Ribbentrop became extremely upset and demanded the immediate arrival of a Polish diplomat , informing Henderson that the situation was `` damned serious ! '' , and read out to Henderson Germany 's demands that Poland accept Germany annexing Danzig as well as Poland granting Germany the right to increase the connection of the infrastructure of East Prussia to mainland Germany by building an extraterritorial highway and railway that passed through the Polish Gdansk Pomerania , and a plebiscite to determine whether the Polish Corridor , that had a mixed composition of ethnic Poles and ethnic Germans , should remain within Poland or be transferred to Germany . Germany justified its invasion of the Low Countries of Belgium , Luxembourg , and the Netherlands in May 1940 by claiming that it suspected that Britain and France were preparing to use the Low Countries to launch an invasion of the industrial Ruhr region of Germany . When war between Germany versus Britain and France appeared likely in May 1939 , Hitler declared that the Netherlands and Belgium would need to be occupied , saying : `` Dutch and Belgian air bases must be occupied ... Declarations of neutrality must be ignored '' . In a conference with Germany 's military leaders on 23 November 1939 , Hitler declared to the military leaders that `` We have an Achilles heel , the Ruhr '' , and said that `` If England and France push through Belgium and Holland into the Ruhr , we shall be in the greatest danger '' , and thus claimed that Belgium and the Netherlands had to be occupied by Germany to protect Germany from a British - French offensive against the Ruhr , irrespective of their claims to neutrality . In April 1941 , shortly after Germany and Yugoslavia completed negotiations for Yugoslavia to join the Axis , a coup d'état occurred in Yugoslavia that led to the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia . Germany needed access to the territory held by Yugoslavia to allow German forces to have a direct route to travel through , to reach and rescue Italian military forces that were faltering in their campaign in Greece . There was substantial animosity towards the alliance amongst Serbs , Yugoslavia 's largest ethnic group , who had fought German Austrians and Germany on the side of the Allies in World War I , and three Serb cabinet ministers resigned their positions in protest after the alliance was signed . Hitler initially attempted to be conciliatory to the Serbs who held animosity to the agreement , saying that he `` understood the feelings '' of those Serbs who opposed the alliance . Amidst the negotiations , Hitler expressed concern to Italian foreign minister Ciano that he sensed trouble coming in Belgrade . A coup d'état occurred in Yugoslavia in which a government rose to power and abandoned its association with the Axis . Hitler accused the coup of being engineered by the British . The coup was at least partly supported by the British though there was substantial patriotic enthusiasm against the Pact with rallies in Belgrade . At the rallies in Belgrade immediately after the coup , people were heard to be shouting `` Better war than pact ! '' and waving British , American , and French flags . Days after the coup d'état , Hitler ordered the German General Staff to plan for an invasion of Yugoslavia . Germany 's invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 involved issues of lebensraum , anti-communism , and Soviet foreign policy . Hitler in his early years as Nazi leader had claimed that he would be willing to accept friendly relations with Russia on the tactical condition that Russia agree to return to the borders established by the German -- Russian peace agreement of the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk signed by Vladimir Lenin of the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic in 1918 which gave large territories held by Russia to German control in exchange for peace . Hitler in 1921 had commended the Treaty of Brest Litovsk as opening the possibility for restoration of relations between Germany and Russia , saying : Through the peace with Russia the sustenance of Germany as well as the provision of work were to have been secured by the acquisition of land and soil , by access to raw materials , and by friendly relations between the two lands . -- Adolf Hitler , 1921 From 1921 to 1922 Hitler evoked rhetoric of both the achievement of lebensraum involving the acceptance of a territorially reduced Russia as well as supporting Russian nationals in overthrowing the Bolshevik government and establishing a new Russian government . However Hitler 's attitudes changed by the end of 1922 , in which he then supported an alliance of Germany with Britain to destroy Russia . Later Hitler declared how far into Russia he intended to expand Germany to : Asia , what a disquieting reservoir of men ! The safety of Europe will not be assured until we have driven Asia back behind the Urals . No organized Russian state must be allowed to exist west of that line . -- Adolf Hitler . Policy for lebensraum planned mass expansion of Germany 's borders as far eastwards as the Ural Mountains . Hitler planned for the `` surplus '' Russian population living west of the Urals to be deported to the east of the Urals . After Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941 , the Nazi regime 's stance towards an independent , territorially - reduced Russia was affected by pressure beginning in 1942 from the German Army on Hitler to endorse a Russian national liberation army led by Andrey Vlasov that officially sought to overthrow Joseph Stalin and the communist regime and establish a new Russian state . Initially the proposal to support an anti-communist Russian army was met with outright rejection by Hitler , however by 1944 as Germany faced mounting losses on the Eastern Front , Vlasov 's forces were recognized by Germany as an ally , particularly by Reichsführer - SS Heinrich Himmler . After the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact was signed , in 1940 when Molotov arrived in Berlin on a diplomatic visit during which Ribbentrop stated that Germany was directing its lebensraum southward . Ribbentrop described to Molotov that further extension of Germany 's lebensraum was now going to be founded in Central Africa , and suggested that Germany would accept the Soviet Union taking part in the partitioning of the British Empire upon a British defeat in the war . Germany and the Soviet Union in 1940 were in dispute over their respective influences in the Balkans , Bulgaria , the Danube and the Turkish Straits . The Soviet seizure of Bessarabia from Romania in June 1940 placed the Soviet -- Romanian frontier dangerously close to Romania 's oil fields in Ploiești that Germany needed oil trade from to support its war effort . When negotiations with Molotov led to no resolution , Hitler determined that Britain was only continuing to fight in hope of Soviet intervention and therefore the defeat of the Soviet Union would result in the defeat of Britain and in July 1940 began planning for a possible invasion of the Soviet Union . After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the outbreak of war between Japan and the United States , Germany supported Japan by declaring war on the US . During the war Germany denounced the Atlantic Charter and the Lend - Lease Act that the US adopted to support the Allied powers prior to entry into the alliance , as imperialism directed at dominating and exploit countries outside of the continental Americas . Hitler denounced American President Roosevelt 's invoking of the term `` freedom '' to describe US actions in the war , and accused the American meaning of `` freedom '' to be the freedom for democracy to exploit the world and the freedom for plutocrats within such democracy to exploit the masses . History ( edit ) At the end of World War I , German citizens felt that their country had been humiliated as a result of the Treaty of Versailles , which included a war guilt clause and forced Germany to pay enormous reparations payments and forfeit territories formerly controlled by German Empire and all its colonies . The pressure of the reparations on the German economy led to hyperinflation during the early 1920s . In 1923 the French occupied the Ruhr region when Germany defaulted on its reparations payments . Although Germany began to improve economically in the mid-1920s , the Great Depression created more economic hardship and a rise in political forces that advocated radical solutions to Germany 's woes . The Nazis , under Hitler , promoted the nationalist stab - in - the - back legend stating that Germany had been betrayed by Jews and Communists . The party promised to rebuild Germany as a major power and create a Greater Germany that would include Alsace - Lorraine , Austria , Sudetenland , and other German - populated territories in Europe . The Nazis also aimed to occupy and colonize non-German territories in Poland , the Baltic states , and the Soviet Union , as part of the Nazi policy of seeking Lebensraum ( `` living space '' ) in eastern Europe . Germany renounced the Versailles treaty and remilitarized the Rhineland in March 1936 . Germany had already resumed conscription and announced the existence of a German air force , the Luftwaffe , and naval force , the Kriegsmarine in 1935 . Germany annexed Austria in 1938 , the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia , and the Memel territory from Lithuania in 1939 . Germany then invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia in 1939 , creating the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and the country of Slovakia . On 23 August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union signed the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact , which contained a secret protocol dividing eastern Europe into spheres of influence . Germany 's invasion of its part of Poland under the Pact eight days later triggered the beginning of World War II . By the end of 1941 , Germany occupied a large part of Europe and its military forces were fighting the Soviet Union , nearly capturing Moscow . However , crushing defeats at the Battle of Stalingrad and the Battle of Kursk devastated the German armed forces . This , combined with Western Allied landings in France and Italy , led to a three - front war that depleted Germany 's armed forces and resulted in Germany 's defeat in 1945 . There was substantial internal opposition within the German military to the Nazi regime 's aggressive strategy of rearmament and foreign policy in the 1930s . From 1936 to 1938 , Germany 's top four military leaders , Ludwig Beck , Werner von Blomberg , Werner von Fritsch , Walther von Reichenau , were all in opposition to the rearmament strategy and foreign policy . They criticized the hurried nature of rearmament , the lack of planning , Germany 's insufficient resources to carry out a war , the dangerous implications of Hitler 's foreign policy , and the increasing subordination of the army to the Nazi Party 's rules . These four military leaders were outspoken and public in their opposition to these tendencies . The Nazi regime responded with contempt to the four military leaders ' opposition , and Nazi members brewed a false crass scandal that alleged that the two top army leaders von Blomberg and von Fritsch were homosexual lovers , in order to pressure them to resign . Though started by lower - ranking Nazi members , Hitler took advantage of the scandal by forcing von Blomberg and von Fritsch to resign and replaced them with opportunists who were subservient to him . Shortly afterwards Hitler announced on 4 February 1938 that he was taking personal command over Germany 's military with the new High Command of the Armed Forces with the Führer as its head . The opposition to the Nazi regime 's aggressive foreign policy in the military became so strong from 1936 to 1938 , that considerations of overthrowing the Nazi regime were discussed within the upper echelons of the military and remaining non-Nazi members of the German government . Minister of Economics , Hjalmar Schacht met with Beck in 1936 in which Schacht declared to Beck that he was considering an overthrow of the Nazi regime and was inquiring what the stance was by the German military on support of an overthrow of the Nazi regime . Beck was lukewarm to the idea , and responded that if a coup against the Nazi regime began with support at the civilian level , the military would not oppose it . Schacht considered this promise by Beck to be inadequate because he knew that without the support of the army , any coup attempt would be crushed by the Gestapo and the SS . However , by 1938 , Beck became a firm opponent of the Nazi regime out of his opposition to Hitler 's military plans of 1937 -- 38 that told the military to prepare for the possibility of a world war as a result of German annexation plans for Austria and Czechoslovakia . Colonies and dependencies ( edit ) Further information : Areas annexed by Nazi Germany and German - occupied Europe The Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was created from the dismemberment of Czechoslovakia . Shortly after Germany annexed the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia , Slovakia declared its independence . The new Slovak State allied itself with Germany . The remainder of the country was occupied by German military forces and organized into the Protectorate . Czech civil institutions were preserved but the Protectorate was considered within the sovereign territory of Germany . The General Government was the name given to the territories of occupied Poland that were not directly annexed into German provinces , but like Bohemia and Moravia was considered within the sovereign territory of Germany . Belgium quickly surrendered to Germany , and the Belgian King remained in the country during the German military occupation from 1940 to 1944 . The Belgian King cooperated closely with Germany and repeatedly sought assurances that Belgian rights would be retained once Germany achieved total victory . However , Hitler intended to annex Belgium and its Germanic population into the Greater Germanic Reich , initiated by the creation of Reichskommissariat Belgien , an authority run directly by the German government that sought the incorporation of the territory into the planned Germanic Reich . However Belgium was soon occupied by Allied forces in 1944 . Reichskommissariat Niederlande was an occupation authority and territory established in the Netherlands in 1940 designated as a colony to be incorporated into the planned Greater Germanic Reich . Reichskommissariat Norwegen was established in Norway in 1940 . Like the Reichskommissariats in Belgium and the Netherlands , its Germanic peoples were to be incorporated into the Greater Germanic Reich . In Norway , the Quisling regime , headed by Vidkun Quisling , was installed by the Germans as a client regime during the occupation , while king Haakon VII and the legal government were in exile . Quisling encouraged Norwegians to serve as volunteers in the Waffen - SS , collaborated in the deportation of Jews , and was responsible for the executions of members of the Norwegian resistance movement . About 45,000 Norwegian collaborators joined the pro-Nazi party Nasjonal Samling ( National Union ) , and some police units helped arrest many Jews . However , Norway was one of the first countries where resistance during World War II was widespread before the turning point of the war in 1943 . After the war , Quisling and other collaborators were executed . Quisling 's name has become an international eponym for traitor . Reichskommissariat Ostland was established in the Baltic region in 1941 . Unlike the western Reichskommissariats that sought the incorporation of their majority Germanic peoples , Ostland were designed for settlement by Germans who would displace the non-Germanic majority living there , as part of lebensraum . Reichskommissariat Ukraine was established in Ukraine in 1941 . Like Ostland it was slated for settlement by Germans . The Military Administration in Serbia was established on occupied Yugoslav territory in April 1941 , following the invasion of the country . On 30 April a pro-German Serbian administration was formed under Milan Aćimović to serve as a civil administration in the military occupation zone . A joint Partisan and Chetnik uprising in late 1941 became a serious concern for the Germans , as most of their forces were deployed to Russia ; only three divisions were in the country . On 13 August 546 Serbs , including some of the country 's prominent and influential leaders , issued an appeal to the Serbian nation that condemned the Partisan and royalist resistance as unpatriotic . Two weeks after the appeal , with the Partisan and royalist insurgency beginning to gain momentum , 75 prominent Serbs convened a meeting in Belgrade and formed a Government of National Salvation under Serbian General Milan Nedić to replace the existing Serbian administration . The Germans were short of police and military forces in Serbia , and came to rely on poorly armed Serbian formations , the Serbian State Guard and Serbian Volunteer Corps , to maintain order . These forces , however , were not able to contain the resistance , and for the most of the war large parts of Serbia were under control of the Partisans or Chetniks ( the two resistance movements soon became mutually - hostile ) . The Government of National Salvation , imbued with few powers upon formation , saw its functions further decreased and taken over by the Wehrmacht occupation authorities as the war progressed . After the initial mass revolts , the German authorities instituted an extreme regime of reprisals , proclaiming that 100 civilians would be executed for every German soldier killed , and 50 for each one wounded . These measures were actually implemented on more than one occasion : large - scale shootings took place in the Serbian towns of Kraljevo and Kragujevac during October 1941 . Italy ( edit ) Main articles : Kingdom of Italy , Italian Empire , Imperial Italy ( fascist ) , Latin Bloc ( proposed alliance ) , and Military history of Italy during World War II Italian soldiers in the North African Campaign in 1941 Italian Fiat M13 / 40 tanks in the North African Campaign in 1941 Italian battleship Vittorio Veneto firing at Allied warships during the Battle of Cape Matapan Italian Bersaglieri in the Balkans Campaign Italian Macchi C. 200 fighter aircraft during the war War justifications ( edit ) Duce Benito Mussolini described Italy 's declaration of war against the Western Allies of Britain and France in June 1940 as the following : `` We are going to war against the plutocratic and reactionary democracies of the West who have invariably hindered the progress and often threatened the very existence of the Italian people '' . Italy condemned the Western powers for enacting sanctions on Italy in 1935 for its actions in the Second Italo - Ethiopian War that Italy claimed was a response to an act of Ethiopian aggression against tribesmen in Italian Eritrea in the Walwal incident of 1934 . Italy , like Germany , also justified its actions by claiming that Italy needed to territorially expand to provide spazio vitale ( `` vital space '' ) for the Italian nation . In October 1938 in the aftermath of the Munich Agreement , Italy demanded concessions from France to yield to Italy : a free port at Djibouti , control of the Addis Ababa - Djibouti railroad , Italian participation in the management of Suez Canal Company , some form of French - Italian condominium over Tunisia , and the preservation of Italian culture in French - held Corsica with no French assimilation of the people . Italy opposed the French monopoly over the Suez Canal because under the French - dominated Suez Canal Company all Italian merchant traffic to its colony of Italian East Africa was forced to pay tolls upon entering the canal . Mussolini hoped that in light of Italy 's role in settling the Munich Agreement that prevented the outbreak of war , that Britain would react by putting pressure on France to yield to Italy 's demands to preserve the peace . France refused to accept Italy 's demands as it was widely suspected that Italy 's true intentions were territorial acquisition of Nice , Corsica , Tunisia , and Djibouti and not the milder official demands put forth . Relations between Italy and France deteriorated with France 's refusal to accept Italy 's demands . France responded to Italy 's demands with threatening naval maneuvers as a warning to Italy . As tensions between Italy and France grew , Hitler made a major speech on 30 January 1939 in which he promised German military support in the case of an unprovoked war against Italy . Italy justified its intervention against Greece in October 1940 on the allegation that Greece was being used by Britain against Italy , Mussolini informed this to Hitler , saying : `` Greece is one of the main points of English maritime strategy in the Mediterranean '' . Italy justified its intervention against Yugoslavia in April 1941 by appealing to both Italian irredentist claims and the fact of Albanian , Croatian , and Macedonian separatists not wishing to be part of Yugoslavia . Croatian separatism soared after the assassination of Croatian political leaders in the Yugoslav parliament in 1928 including the death of Stjepan Radić , and Italy endorsed Croatian separatist Ante Pavelić and his fascist Ustaše movement that was based and trained in Italy with the Fascist regime 's support prior to intervention against Yugoslavia . History ( edit ) In the late 19th century , after Italian unification , a nationalist movement had grown around the concept of Italia irredenta , which advocated the incorporation into Italy of Italian - populated areas still under foreign rule . There was a desire to annex Dalmatian territories , which had formerly been ruled by the Venetians , and which consequently had Italian - speaking elites . The intention of the Fascist regime was to create a `` New Roman Empire '' in which Italy would dominate the Mediterranean . In 1935 -- 1936 Italy invaded and annexed Ethiopia and the Fascist government proclaimed the creation of the `` Italian Empire '' . Protests by the League of Nations , especially the British , who had interests in that area , led to no serious action , although The League did try to enforce economic sanctions upon Italy , but to no avail . The incident highlighted French and British weakness , exemplified by their reluctance to alienate Italy and lose her as their ally . The limited actions taken by the Western powers pushed Mussolini 's Italy towards alliance with Hitler 's Germany anyway . In 1937 Italy left the League of Nations and joined the Anti-Comintern Pact , which had been signed by Germany and Japan the preceding year . In March / April 1939 Italian troops invaded and annexed Albania . Germany and Italy signed the Pact of Steel on May 22 . Italy entered World War II on 10 June 1940 . In September 1940 Germany , Italy , and Japan signed the Tripartite Pact . Italy was ill - prepared for war , in spite of the fact that it had continuously been involved in conflict since 1935 , first with Ethiopia in 1935 -- 1936 and then in the Spanish Civil War on the side of Francisco Franco 's Nationalists . Mussolini refused to heed warnings from his minister of exchange and currency , Felice Guarneri , who said that Italy 's actions in Ethiopia and Spain meant that Italy was on the verge of bankruptcy . By 1939 military expenditures by Britain and France far exceeded what Italy could afford . As a result of Italy 's economic difficulties its soldiers were poorly paid , often being poorly equipped and poorly supplied , and animosity arose between soldiers and class - conscious officers ; these contributed to low morale amongst Italian soldiers . Military planning was deficient , as the Italian government had not decided on which theatre would be the most important . Power over the military was overcentralized to Mussolini 's direct control ; he personally undertook to direct the ministry of war , the navy , and the air force . The navy did not have any aircraft carriers to provide air cover for amphibious assaults in the Mediterranean , as the Fascist regime believed that the air bases on the Italian Peninsula would be able to do this task . Italy 's army had outmoded artillery and the armoured units used outdated formations not suited to modern warfare . Diversion of funds to the air force and navy to prepare for overseas operations meant less money was available for the army ; the standard rifle was a design that dated back to 1891 . The Fascist government failed to learn from mistakes made in Ethiopia and Spain ; it ignored the implications of the Italian Fascist volunteer soldiers being routed at the Battle of Guadalajara in the Spanish Civil War . Military exercises by the army in the Po Valley in August 1939 disappointed onlookers , including King Victor Emmanuel III . Mussolini who was angered by Italy 's military unpreparedness , dismissed Alberto Pariani as Chief of Staff of the Italian military in 1939 . Italy 's only strategic natural resource was an abundance of aluminum . Petroleum , iron , copper , nickel , chrome , and rubber all had to be imported . The Fascist government 's economic policy of autarky and a recourse to synthetic materials was not able to meet the demand . Prior to entering the war , the Fascist government sought to gain control over resources in the Balkans , particularly oil from Romania . The agreement between Germany and the Soviet Union to invade and partition Poland between them resulted in Hungary that bordered the Soviet Union after Poland 's partition , and Romania viewing Soviet invasion as an immediate threat , resulting in both countries appealing to Italy for support , beginning in September 1939 . Italy - then still officially neutral - responded to appeals by the Hungarian and Romanian governments for protection from the Soviet Union , by proposing a Danube - Balkan neutrals bloc . The proposed bloc was designed to increase Italian influence in the Balkans : it met resistance from France , Germany , and the Soviet Union that did not want to lose their influence in the Balkans ; however Britain , who believed that Italy would not enter the war on Germany 's side , supported the neutral bloc . The efforts to form the bloc failed by November 1939 after Turkey made an agreement that it would protect Allied Mediterranean territory , along with Greece and Romania . Initially upon the outbreak of war between Germany and the Allies , Mussolini pursued a non-belligerent role for Italy out of concerns that Germany may not win its war with the Allies . However Mussolini in private grew anxious that Italy not intervening in support of Germany in September 1939 upon Britain and France waging war on Germany , would eventually result in retribution by Germany if Italy did not get involved in the war on Germany 's side . By early 1940 , Italy was still a non-belligerent , and Mussolini communicated to Hitler that Italy was not prepared to intervene soon . By March 1940 , Mussolini decided that Italy would intervene , but the date was not yet chosen . His senior military leadership unanimously opposed the action because Italy was unprepared . No raw materials had been stockpiled and the reserves it did have would soon be exhausted , Italy 's industrial base was only one - tenth of Germany 's , and even with supplies the Italian military was not organized to provide the equipment needed to fight a modern war of a long duration . An ambitious rearmament program was impossible because of Italy 's limited reserves in gold and foreign currencies and lack of raw materials . Mussolini ignored the negative advice . An April 1938 report by German Naval High Command ( OKM ) warned that Italy as a combatant ally would be a serious `` burden '' to Germany if a war between Germany and Britain occurred , and recommended that it would be preferable for Germany to seek for Italy to be a `` benevolent neutral '' during the war . On 18 March 1940 , Hitler told Mussolini in person that the war would be over by the summer and that Italy 's military involvement was not required . Mussolini on 29 May 1940 discussed the situation of the Italian Army in which he acknowledged that it was not ideal but believed that it was satisfactory , and discussed the timeline for a declaration of war on Britain and France . He said : `` a delay of two weeks or a month would not be an improvement , and Germany could think we entered the war when the risk was very small ... And this could be a burden on us when peace comes . '' After entering the war in 1940 , Italy had been slated to be granted a series of territorial concessions from France that Hitler had agreed to with Italian foreign minister Ciano , that included Italian annexation of claimed territories in southeastern France , a military occupation of southeastern France up to the river Rhone , and receiving the French colonies of Tunisia and Djibouti . However , on 22 June 1940 , Mussolini suddenly informed Hitler that Italy was abandoning its claims `` in the Rhone , Corsica , Tunisia , and Djibouti '' , instead requesting a demilitarized zone along the French border , and on 24 June Italy agreed to an armistice with the Vichy regime to that effect . Later on 7 July 1940 , the Italian government changed its decision , and Ciano attempted to make an agreement with Hitler to have Nice , Corsica , Tunisia , and Djibouti be transferred to Italy ; Hitler adamantly rejected any new settlement or separate French - Italian peace agreement for the time being prior to the defeat of Britain in the war . However Italy continued to press Germany for the incorporation of Nice , Corsica , and Tunisia into Italy , with Mussolini sending a letter to Hitler in October 1940 , informing him that as the 850,000 Italians living under France 's current borders formed the largest minority community , that ceding these territories to Italy would be beneficial to both Germany and Italy as it would reduce France 's population from 35 million to 34 and forestall any possibility of resumed French ambitions for expansion or hegemony in Europe . Germany had considered the possibility of invading and occupying the non-occupied territories of Vichy France including occupying Corsica ; Germany capturing the Vichy French fleet for use by Germany , in December 1940 with the proposed Operation Attila . An invasion of Vichy France by Germany and Italy took place with Case Anton in November 1942 . In mid-1940 , in response to an agreement by Romanian Conducător Ion Antonescu to accept German `` training troops '' to be sent to Romania , both Mussolini and Stalin in the Soviet Union were angered by Germany 's expanding sphere of influence into Romania , and especially because neither was informed in advance of the action in spite of German agreements with Italy and the Soviet Union at that time . Mussolini in a conversation with Ciano responded to Hitler 's deployment of troops into Romania , saying : `` Hitler always faces me with accomplished facts . Now I 'll pay him back by his same currency . He 'll learn from the papers that I have occupied Greece . So the balance will be re-established . '' . However Mussolini later decided to inform Hitler in advance of Italy 's designs on Greece . Upon hearing of Italy 's intervention against Greece , Hitler was deeply concerned as he said that the Greeks were not bad soldiers that Italy might not win in its war with Greece , as he did not want Germany to become embroiled in a Balkan conflict . By 1941 , Italy 's attempts to run an autonomous campaign from Germany 's , collapsed as a result of military setbacks in Greece , North Africa , and Eastern Africa ; and the country became dependent and effectively subordinate to Germany . After the German - led invasion and occupation of Yugoslavia and Greece , that had both been targets of Italy 's war aims , Italy was forced to accept German dominance in the two occupied countries . Furthermore , by 1941 , German forces in North Africa under Erwin Rommel effectively took charge of the military effort ousting Allied forces from the Italian colony of Libya , and German forces were stationed in Sicily in that year . Germany 's insolence towards Italy as an ally was demonstrated that year when Italy was pressured to send 350,000 `` guest workers '' to Germany who were used as forced labour . While Hitler was disappointed with the Italian military 's performance , he maintained overall favorable relations with Italy because of his personal friendship with Mussolini . Mussolini by mid-1941 recognized that Italy 's war objectives had failed . Mussolini henceforth believed that Italy was left with no choice in such a subordinate status other than to follow Germany in its war and hope for a German victory . However Germany supported Italian propaganda of the creation of a `` Latin Bloc '' of Italy , Vichy France , Spain , and Portugal to ally with Germany against the threat of communism , and after the German invasion of the Soviet Union , the prospect of a Latin Bloc seemed plausible . From 1940 to 1941 , Francisco Franco of Spain had endorsed a Latin Bloc of Italy , Vichy France , Spain and Portugal , in order to balance the countries ' powers to that of Germany ; however , the discussions failed to yield an agreement . After the invasion and occupation of Yugoslavia , Italy annexed numerous Adriatic islands and a portion of Dalmatia that was formed into the Italian Governorship of Dalmatia including territory from the provinces of Spalato , Zara , and Cattaro . Though Italy had initially larger territorial aims that extended from the Velebit mountains to the Albanian Alps , Mussolini decided against annexing further territories due to a number of factors , including that Italy held the economically valuable portion of that territory within its possession while the northern Adriatic coast had no important railways or roads and because a larger annexation would have included hundreds of thousands of Slavs who were hostile to Italy , within its national borders . Mussolini and foreign minister Ciano demanded that the Yugoslav region of Slovenia to be directly annexed into Italy , however in negotiations with German foreign minister Ribbentrop in April 1941 , Ribbentrop insisted on Hitler 's demands that Germany be allocated the eastern Slovenia while Italy would be allocated western Slovenia , Italy conceded to this German demand and Slovenia was partitioned between Germany and Italy . With the commencing of the Allies ' Operation Torch against Vichy French - held Morocco and Algeria , Germany and Italy intervened in Vichy France and in Vichy French - held Tunisia . Italy seized military control over a significant portion of southern France and Corsica , while a joint German - Italian force seized control over most of Tunisia . When the issue of sovereign control over Tunisia arose from seizure of control by the German - Italian force from Vichy French control , Ribbentrop proclaimed Italian predominance in Tunisia . However , in spite of Germany 's claim to respect Italian predominance , Germans supervised public services and local government in Tunisia , and the German presence was more popular in Tunisia with both the local Arab population and Vichy French collaborators since Germany had no imperial aspirations in Tunisia while Italy did . Internal opposition by Italians to the war and the Fascist regime accelerated by 1942 , though significant opposition to the war had existed at the outset in 1940 , as police reports indicated that many Italians were secretly listening to the BBC rather than Italian media in 1940 . Underground Catholic , Communist , and socialist newspapers began to become prominent by 1942 . In spring 1941 , Victor Emmanuel III visited Italian soldiers on the front in Yugoslavia and Albania , he was dismayed by the Fascist regime 's brutal imperialism in Dalmatia , Slovenia , and Montenegro because he suspected it would impose impossible burdens on Italy by creating new enemies among the occupied peoples that Italy would be forced to fight . Victor Emmanuel was disappointed with the Italian military 's performance in the war , as he noted the army , navy , and air force could not drop their mutual jealousies and competition to work together . Furthermore , he feared that overly ambitious generals attempting to win promotion were attempting to persuade Mussolini to divert military resources in an ever - widening field of action . In June 1941 , Mussolini 's decision to follow Germany by waging war on the Soviet Union in which Victor Emmanuel was informed at the last moment giving him time only to advise to Mussolini against sending anything more than a token force to fight against the Soviet Union ; his advice was not taken . A few weeks after Italy 's declaration of war against the Soviet Union , a senior general of the Carabinieri informed the royal palace that the military police were awaiting a royal order to act against the Fascist regime . In September 1941 , Victor Emmanuel held a private discussion with Ciano , in which Ciano said to the King that Fascism was doomed . In 1942 , opposition to Italy 's involvement in the war expanded among the Fascist regime 's senior officials , with Giuseppe Bottai in private stating that he and other Fascist officials should have resigned from office when Mussolini declared war on Britain and France in June 1940 , while Dino Grandi approached the King urging him to dismantle Mussolini 's dictatorship in order to withdraw Italy from the war as he saw Italy facing ruin . By January 1943 , King Victor Emmanuel III was persuaded by the Minister of the Royal Household , the Duke of Acquarone that Mussolini had to be removed from office . In March 1943 , the first sign of serious rebellion by Italians against the Fascist regime and the war began with a strike by factory workers who were joined by soldiers singing communist songs and even rank - in - file Fascist party members . The Fascist regime also faced passive resistance by civil servants who had begun to refuse to obey orders or pretend to obey orders . On 25 July 1943 , following the Allied invasion of Sicily , King Victor Emmanuel III dismissed Mussolini , placed him under arrest , and began secret negotiations with the Western Allies . An armistice was signed on 8 September 1943 , and Italy joined the Allies as a co-belligerent . On 12 September 1943 , Mussolini was rescued by the Germans in Operation Oak and placed in charge of a puppet state called the Italian Social Republic ( Repubblica Sociale Italiana / RSI , or Repubblica di Salò ) in northern Italy . The war went on for months as the Allies , the Italian Co-Belligerent Army and the partisans contended the Social Republic 's forces and its German allies . Some areas in Northern Italy were liberated from the Germans as late as May , 1945 . Mussolini was killed by Communist partisans on 28 April 1945 while trying to escape to Switzerland . Colonies and dependencies ( edit ) Every territory ever controlled by the Italian Empire at some point in time during World War II In Europe ( edit ) The Dodecanese Islands were an Italian dependency from 1912 to 1943 . Montenegro was an Italian dependency from 1941 to 1943 known as the Governorate of Montenegro that was under the control of an Italian military governor . Initially , the Italians intended that Montenegro would become an `` independent '' state closely allied with Italy , reinforced through the strong dynastic links between Italy and Montenegro , as Queen Elena of Italy was a daughter of the last Montenegrin king Nicholas I . The Italian - backed Montenegrin nationalist Sekula Drljević and his followers attempted to create a Montenegrin state . On 12 July 1941 , they proclaimed the `` Kingdom of Montenegro '' under the protection of Italy . In less than 24 hours , that triggered a general uprising against the Italians . Within three weeks , the insurgents managed to capture almost all the territory of Montenegro . Over 70,000 Italian troops and 20,000 of Albanian and Muslim irregulars were deployed to suppress the rebellion . Drljevic was expelled from Montenegro in October 1941 . Montenegro then came under full direct Italian control . With the Italian capitulation of 1943 , Montenegro came directly under the control of Germany . Albania was an Italian protectorate and dependency from 1939 to 1943 . In spite of Albania 's long - standing protection and alliance with Italy , on 7 April 1939 Italian troops invaded Albania , five months before the start of the Second World War . Following the invasion , Albania became a protectorate under Italy , with King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy being awarded the crown of Albania . An Italian governor controlled Albania . Albanian troops under Italian control were sent to participate in the Italian invasion of Greece and the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia . Following Yugoslavia 's defeat , Kosovo was annexed to Albania by the Italians . Politically and economically dominated by Italy from its creation in 1913 , Albania was occupied by Italian military forces in 1939 as the Albanian king Zog l fled the country with his family . The Albanian parliament voted to offer the Albanian throne to the King of Italy , resulting in a personal union between the two countries . The Albanian army , having been trained by Italian advisors , was reinforced by 100,000 Italian troops . A Fascist militia was organized , drawing its strength principally from Albanians of Italian descent . Albania served as the staging area for the Italian invasions of Greece and Yugoslavia . Albania annexed Kosovo in 1941 when Yugoslavia was dissolved , creating a Greater Albania . Albanian troops were dispatched to the Eastern Front to fight the Soviets as part of the Italian Eighth Army . Albania declared war on the United States in 1941 . When the Fascist regime of Italy fell , in September 1943 Albania fell under German occupation . In Africa and Asia ( edit ) Italian East Africa was an Italian colony existing from 1936 to 1943 . Prior to the invasion and annexation of Ethiopia into this united colony in 1936 , Italy had two colonies , Eritrea and Somalia since the 1880s . Libya was an Italian colony existing from 1912 to 1943 . The northern portion of Libya was incorporated directly into Italy in 1939 , however the region remained united as a colony under a colonial governor . There was also a minor Italian concession territory in Tientsin , Republic of China . Japan ( edit ) Main article : Empire of Japan Japanese Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighter aircraft and other aircraft preparing for takeoff on the aircraft carrier Shōkaku on 7 December 1941 , for the attack on Pearl Harbor Japanese soldiers crossing the border from China into the British colony of Hong Kong during the Battle of Hong Kong in 1941 Japanese soldiers march along the shore of Guadalcanal in September 1942 during the Guadalcanal Campaign Japanese battleship Yamato under attack by American aircraft during the Battle of Leyte Gulf War justifications ( edit ) The Japanese government justified its actions by claiming that it was seeking to unite East Asia under Japanese leadership in a Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere that would free East Asians from domination and rule by clients of Western powers . Japan invoked themes of Pan-Asianism and said that the Asian people needed to be free from Western influence . The United States opposed the Japanese war in China , and recognized Chiang Kai - Shek 's Nationalist Government as the legitimate government of China . As a result , the United States sought to bring the Japanese war effort to a halt by imposing an embargo on all trade between the United States and Japan . Japan was dependent on the United States for 80 percent of its petroleum , and as a consequence the embargo resulted in an economic and military crisis for Japan , as Japan could not continue its war effort against China without access to petroleum . In order to maintain its military campaign in China with the major loss of petroleum trade with the United States , Japan saw the best means to secure an alternative source of petroleum in the petroleum - rich and natural - resources - rich Southeast Asia . This threat of retaliation by Japan to the total trade embargo by the United States was known by the American government , including American Secretary of State Cordell Hull who was negotiating with the Japanese to avoid a war , fearing that the total embargo would pre-empt a Japanese attack on the Dutch East Indies . Japan identified the American Pacific fleet based in Pearl Harbor as the principal threat to its designs to invade and capture Southeast Asia . Thus Japan initiated the attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 as a means to inhibit an American response to the invasion of Southeast Asia , and buy time to allow Japan to consolidate itself with these resources to engage in a total war against the United States , and force the United States to accept Japan 's acquisitions . On 7 December 1941 Japan declared war on the United States and the British Empire . History ( edit ) The Empire of Japan , a constitutional monarchy ruled by Hirohito , was the principal Axis power in Asia and the Pacific . Under the emperor were a political cabinet and the Imperial General Headquarters , with two chiefs of staff . By 1945 the Emperor of Japan was more than a symbolic leader ; he played a major role in devising a strategy to keep himself on the throne . At its peak , Japan 's Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere included Manchuria , Inner Mongolia , large parts of China , Malaysia , French Indochina , Dutch East Indies , The Philippines , Burma , a small part of India , and various Pacific Islands in the central Pacific . As a result of the internal discord and economic downturn of the 1920s , militaristic elements set Japan on a path of expansionism . As the Japanese home islands lacked natural resources needed for growth , Japan planned to establish hegemony in Asia and become self - sufficient by acquiring territories with abundant natural resources . Japan 's expansionist policies alienated it from other countries in the League of Nations and by the mid-1930s brought it closer to Germany and Italy , who had both pursued similar expansionist policies . Cooperation between Japan and Germany began with the Anti-Comintern Pact , in which the two countries agreed to ally to challenge any attack by the Soviet Union . Japan entered into conflict against the Chinese in 1937 . The Japanese invasion and occupation of parts of China resulted in numerous atrocities against civilians , such as the Nanking massacre and the Three Alls Policy . The Japanese also fought skirmishes with Soviet -- Mongolian forces in Manchukuo in 1938 and 1939 . Japan sought to avoid war with the Soviet Union by signing a non-aggression pact with it in 1941 . The Empire of Japan ( darker red ) and territories controlled by Japanese puppet states during the war ( lighter red ) . Thailand ( darkest red ) cooperated with Japan . All are members of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere . Japan 's military leaders were divided on diplomatic relationships with Germany and Italy and the attitude towards the United States . The Imperial Japanese Army was in favour of war with the United States , but the Imperial Japanese Navy was generally strongly opposed . When Prime Minister of Japan General Hideki Tojo refused American demands that Japan withdraw its military forces from China , a confrontation became more likely . War with the United States was being discussed within the Japanese government by 1940 . Commander of the Combined Fleet Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto was outspoken in his opposition , especially after the signing of the Tripartite Pact , saying on 14 October 1940 : `` To fight the United States is like fighting the whole world . But it has been decided . So I will fight the best I can . Doubtless I shall die on board Nagato ( his flagship ) . Meanwhile Tokyo will be burnt to the ground three times . Konoe and others will be torn to pieces by the revengeful people , I ( should n't ) wonder . '' In October and November 1940 , Yamamoto communicated with Navy Minister Oikawa , and stated , `` Unlike the pre-Tripartite days , great determination is required to make certain that we avoid the danger of going to war . '' With the European powers focused on the war in Europe , Japan sought to acquire their colonies . In 1940 Japan responded to the German invasion of France by occupying French Indochina . The Vichy France regime , a de facto ally of Germany , accepted the takeover . The allied forces did not respond with war . However , the United States instituted an embargo against Japan in 1941 because of the continuing war in China . This cut off Japan 's supply of scrap metal and oil needed for industry , trade , and the war effort . To isolate the US forces stationed in the Philippines and to reduce US naval power , the Imperial General Headquarters ordered an attack on the US naval base at Pearl Harbor , Hawaii , on 7 December 1941 . They also invaded Malaya and Hong Kong . Initially achieving a series of victories , by 1943 the Japanese forces were driven back towards the home islands . The Pacific War lasted until the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 . The Soviets formally declared war in August 1945 and engaged Japanese forces in Manchuria and northeast China . Colonies and dependencies ( edit ) Japanese officers training Indonesian recruits Taiwan , then known as Formosa , was a Japanese dependency established in 1895 . Korea was a Japanese protectorate and dependency formally established by the Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1910 . The South Pacific Mandate were territories granted to Japan in 1919 in the peace agreements of World War I , that designated to Japan the German South Pacific islands . Japan received these as a reward by the Allies of World War I , when Japan was then allied against Germany . Japan occupied the Dutch East Indies during the war . Japan planned to transform these territories into a client state of Indonesia and sought alliance with Indonesian nationalists including future Indonesian President Sukarno , however these efforts did not deliver the creation of an Indonesian state until after Japan 's surrender . Subsequent signatories of the Tripartite Pact ( edit ) In addition to the 3 major Axis powers , 4 more countries and 2 puppet regimes signed the Tri-Partite Pact as its member states . Of the 4 countries , Romania , Hungary and Bulgaria participated in various Axis military operations with their national armed forces , while the 4th , Yugoslavia , saw its pro-Nazi government overthrown in a coup merely days after it signed the Pact , and the membership was reversed . The 2 puppet regimes that signed the Tri-Partite Pact , Tiso - led Slovakia and the Independent State of Croatia are listed among the client states section below . Bulgaria ( edit ) Main article : Military history of Bulgaria during World War II Bulgarian soldiers in Vardar Macedonia during the Balkans campaign The Kingdom of Bulgaria was ruled by Тsar Boris III when it signed the Tripartite Pact on 1 March 1941 . Bulgaria had been on the losing side in the First World War and sought a return of lost ethnically and historically Bulgarian territories , specifically in Macedonia and Thrace ( all within Kingdom of Yugoslavia , Kingdom of Greece and Turkey ) . During the 1930s , because of traditional right - wing elements , Bulgaria drew closer to Nazi Germany . In 1940 Germany pressured Romania to sign the Treaty of Craiova , returning to Bulgaria the region of Southern Dobrudja , which it had lost in 1913 . The Germans also promised Bulgaria -- if it joined the Axis -- an enlargement of its territory to the borders specified in the Treaty of San Stefano . Bulgaria participated in the Axis invasion of Yugoslavia and Greece by letting German troops attack from its territory and sent troops to Greece on April 20 . As a reward , the Axis powers allowed Bulgaria to occupy parts of both countries -- southern and south - eastern Yugoslavia ( Vardar Banovina ) and north - eastern Greece ( parts of Greek Macedonia and Greek Thrace ) . The Bulgarian forces in these areas spent the following years fighting various nationalist groups and resistance movements . Despite German pressure , Bulgaria did not take part in the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union and actually never declared war on the Soviet Union . The Bulgarian Navy was nonetheless involved in a number of skirmishes with the Soviet Black Sea Fleet , which attacked Bulgarian shipping . Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 , the Bulgarian government declared war on the Western Allies . This action remained largely symbolic ( at least from the Bulgarian perspective ) , until August 1943 , when Bulgarian air defense and air force attacked Allied bombers , returning ( heavily damaged ) from a mission over the Romanian oil refineries . This turned into a disaster for the citizens of Sofia and other major Bulgarian cities , which were heavily bombed by the Allies in the winter of 1943 -- 1944 . On 2 September 1944 , as the Red Army approached the Bulgarian border , a new Bulgarian government came to power and sought peace with the Allies , expelled the few remaining German troops , and declared neutrality . These measures however did not prevent the Soviet Union from declaring war on Bulgaria on 5 September , and on 8 September the Red Army marched into the country , meeting no resistance . This was followed by the coup d'état of 9 September 1944 , which brought a government of the pro-Soviet Fatherland Front to power . After this , the Bulgarian army ( as part of the Red Army 's 3rd Ukrainian Front ) fought the Germans in Yugoslavia and Hungary , sustaining numerous casualties . Despite this , the Paris Peace Treaty treated Bulgaria as one of the defeated countries . Bulgaria was allowed to keep Southern Dobruja , but had to give up all claims to Greek and Yugoslav territory . Hungary ( edit ) Main articles : Hungary during World War II and Government of National Unity ( Hungary ) Hungarian Toldi I tank as used during the 1941 Axis invasion of the Soviet Union Hungary , ruled by Regent Admiral Miklós Horthy , was the first country apart from Germany , Italy , and Japan to adhere to the Tripartite Pact , signing the agreement on 20 November 1940 . Slovakia had been a client state of Germany since 1939 . Political instability plagued the country until Miklós Horthy , a Hungarian nobleman and Austro - Hungarian naval officer , became regent in 1920 . The vast majority of the Hungarians desired to recover territories lost through the Trianon Treaty . The country drew closer to Germany and Italy largely because of a shared desire to revise the peace settlements made after World War I . Many people sympathized with the anti-Semitic policy of the Nazi regime . Due to its supportive stance towards Germany and the new efforts in the international policy , Hungary gained favourable territorial settlements by the First Vienna Award , after the breakup of Czechoslovakia occupied and annexed the remainder of Carpathian Ruthenia and in 1940 received Northern Transylvania from Romania via the Second Vienna Award . Hungarians permitted German troops to transit through their territory during the invasion of Yugoslavia , and Hungarian forces took part in the invasion . Parts of Yugoslavia were annexed to Hungary ; the United Kingdom immediately broke off diplomatic relations in response . Although Hungary did not initially participate in the German invasion of the Soviet Union , Hungary and the Soviet Union became belligerents on 27 June 1941 . Over 500,000 soldiers served on the Eastern Front . All five of Hungary 's field armies ultimately participated in the war against the Soviet Union ; a significant contribution was made by the Hungarian Second Army . Hungarian soldiers in the Carpathian mountains in 1944 On 25 November 1941 , Hungary was one of thirteen signatories to the revived Anti-Comintern Pact . Hungarian troops , like their Axis counterparts , were involved in numerous actions against the Soviets . By the end of 1943 , the Soviets had gained the upper hand and the Germans were retreating . The Hungarian Second Army was destroyed in fighting on the Voronezh Front , on the banks of the Don River . In 1944 , with Soviet troops advancing toward Hungary , Horthy attempted to reach an armistice with the Allies . However , the Germans replaced the existing regime with a new one . After fierce fighting , Budapest was taken by the Soviets . A number of pro-German Hungarians retreated to Italy and Germany , where they fought until the end of the war . MÁVAG Héja fighter aircraft , derived from the Reggiane Re. 2000 , an Italian fighter design Relations between Germany and the regency of Miklós Horthy collapsed in 1944 when Horthy attempted to negotiate a peace agreement with the Soviets and jump out of the war without German approval . Horthy was forced to abdicate after German commandos , led by Colonel Otto Skorzeny , held his son hostage as part of Operation Panzerfaust . Hungary was reorganized following Horthy 's abdication in December 1944 into a totalitarian fascist regime called the Government of National Unity , led by Ferenc Szálasi . He had been Prime Minister of Hungary since October 1944 and was leader of the anti-Semitic fascist Arrow Cross Party . In power , his government was a puppet regime with little authority , and the country was effectively under German control . Days after the Szálasi government took power , the capital of Budapest was surrounded by the Soviet Red Army . German and Hungarian fascist forces tried to hold off the Soviet advance but failed . In March 1945 , Szálasi fled to Germany as the leader of a government in exile , until the surrender of Germany in May 1945 . Romania ( edit ) Main articles : Romania in World War II and Romanian Navy during World War II Ion Antonescu and Adolf Hitler at the Führerbau in Munich ( June 1941 ) Romanian soldiers on the outskirts of Stalingrad during the Battle of Stalingrad in 1942 A formation of Romanian IAR80 fighter aircraft When war erupted in Europe in 1939 , the Kingdom of Romania was pro-British and allied to the Poles . Following the invasion of Poland by Germany and the Soviet Union , and the German conquest of France and the Low Countries , Romania found itself increasingly isolated ; meanwhile , pro-German and pro-Fascist elements began to grow . The August 1939 Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact between Germany and the Soviet Union contained a secret protocol ceding Bessarabia , and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union . On June 28 , 1940 , the Soviet Union occupied and annexed Bessarabia , as well as part of northern Romania and the Hertza region . On 30 August 1940 , as a result of the German - Italian arbitrated Second Vienna Award Romania had to cede Northern Transylvania to Hungary . Southern Dobruja was ceded to Bulgaria in September 1940 . In an effort to appease the Fascist elements within the country and obtain German protection , King Carol II appointed the General Ion Antonescu as Prime Minister on September 6 , 1940 . Two days later , Antonescu forced the king to abdicate and installed the king 's young son Michael ( Mihai ) on the throne , then declared himself Conducător ( `` Leader '' ) with dictatorial powers . The National Legionary State was proclaimed on 14 September , with the Iron Guard ruling together with Antonescu as the sole legal political movement in Romania . Under King Michael I and the military government of Antonescu , Romania signed the Tripartite Pact on November 23 , 1940 . German troops entered the country on 10 October 1941 , officially to train the Romanian Army . Hitler 's directive to the troops on 10 October had stated that `` it is necessary to avoid even the slightest semblance of military occupation of Romania '' . The entrance of German troops in Romania determined Italian dictator Benito Mussolini to launch an invasion of Greece , starting the Greco - Italian War . Having secured Hitler 's approval in January 1941 , Antonescu ousted the Iron Guard from power . Romania was subsequently used as a platform for invasions of Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union . Despite not being involved militarily in the Invasion of Yugoslavia , Romania requested that Hungarian troops not operate in the Banat . Paulus thus modified the Hungarian plan and kept their troops west of the Tisza . Romania 's military industry was small but versatile , able to copy and produce thousands of French and Soviet mortars , hundreds of German 37 mm anti-aircraft guns , 200 British Vickers Model 1931 75 mm anti-aircraft guns , hundreds of French 47 mm anti-tank guns , thousands of Czechoslovak machine guns and 126 French Renault UE armored tractors . Original products include the Orița M1941 sub-machinegun , the 75 mm Reșița Model 1943 anti-tank gun with a muzzle velocity of over 1 km / second of which up to 400 were made and about a hundred tank destroyers , the most notable being the Mareșal tank destroyer , which is credited with being the inspiration for the German Hetzer . Romania also built sizable warships , such as the minelayer Amiral Murgescu and the submarines Rechinul and Marsuinul . Hundreds of originally - designed aircraft were also produced , such as the fighter IAR - 80 and the light bomber IAR - 37 . Romania had also been a major power in the oil industry since the 1800s . It was one of the largest producers in Europe and the Ploiești oil refineries provided about 30 % of all Axis oil production . Romania joined the German - led invasion of the Soviet Union on June 22 , 1941 . Antonescu was the only foreign leader Hitler consulted on military matters and the two would meet no less than ten times throughout the war . Romania re-captured Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina during Operation Munchen before conquering further Soviet territory and establishing the Transnistria Governorate . After the Siege of Odessa , the city became the capital of the Governorate . Romanian troops fought their way into the Crimea alongside German troops and contributed significantly to the Siege of Sevastopol . Later , Romanian mountain troops joined the German campaign in the Caucasus , reaching as far as Nalchik . After suffering devastating losses at Stalingrad , Romanian officials began secretly negotiating peace conditions with the Allies . By 1943 , the tide began to turn . The Soviets pushed further west , retaking Ukraine and eventually launching an unsuccessful invasion of eastern Romania in the spring of 1944 . Romanian troops in the Crimea helped repulse initial Soviet landings , but eventually all of the peninsula was re-conquered by Soviet forces and the Romanian Navy evacuated over 100,000 German and Romanian troops , an achievement which earned Romanian Admiral Horia Macellariu the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross . During the Jassy - Kishinev Offensive of August 1944 , Romania switched sides on August 23 , 1944 . Romanian troops then fought alongside the Soviet Army until the end of the war , reaching as far as Czechoslovakia and Austria . The British historian Dennis Deletant has asserted that , Romania 's crucial contributions to the Axis war effort , including having the third largest Axis army in Europe and sustaining the German war effort through oil and other materiel , meant that it was `` on a par with Italy as a principal ally of Germany and not in the category of a minor Axis satellite '' . Yugoslavia ( two day membership ) ( edit ) Main articles : Yugoslav accession to the Tripartite Pact , Yugoslav coup d'état , and Invasion of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia was largely surrounded by members of the pact and now bordered the German Reich . From late 1940 Hitler sought a non-aggression pact with Yugoslavia . In February 1941 , Hitler called for Yugoslavia 's accession to the Tripartite Pact , the Yugoslav delayed . In March , divisions of the German army arrived at the Bulgarian - Yugoslav border and permission was sought for them to pass through to attack Greece . On 25 March 1941 , fearing that Yugoslavia would be invaded otherwise , the Yugoslav government signed the Tripartite Pact with significant reservations . Unlike other Axis powers , Yugoslavia was not obliged to provide military assistance , nor to provide its territory for Axis to move military forces during the war . Less than two days later , after demonstrations in the streets of Belgrade , Prince Paul and the government were removed from office by a coup d'état . Seventeen - year - old King Peter was declared to be of age . The new Yugoslav government under General Dušan Simović , refused to ratify Yugoslavia 's signing of the Tripartite Pact , and started negotiations with Great Britain and Soviet Union . Winston Churchill commented that `` Yugoslavia has found its soul '' ; however , Hitler invaded and quickly took control . Co-belligerent state combatants ( edit ) Various countries fought side by side with the Axis powers for a common cause . These countries were not signatories of the Tripartite Pact and thus not formal members of the Axis . Finland ( edit ) Main article : Military history of Finland during World War II Although Finland never signed the Tripartite Pact and legally ( de jure ) was not a part of the Axis , it was Axis - aligned in its fight against the Soviet Union . Finland signed the revived Anti-Comintern Pact of November 1941 . The August 1939 Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact between Germany and the Soviet Union contained a secret protocol dividing much of eastern Europe and assigning Finland to the Soviet sphere of influence . After unsuccessfully attempting to force territorial and other concessions on the Finns , the Soviet Union tried to invade Finland in November 1939 during the Winter War , intending to establish a communist puppet government in Finland . The conflict threatened Germany 's iron - ore supplies and offered the prospect of Allied interference in the region . Despite Finnish resistance , a peace treaty was signed in March 1940 , wherein Finland ceded some key territory to the Soviet Union , including the Karelian Isthmus , containing Finland 's second - largest city , Viipuri , and the critical defensive structure of the Mannerheim Line . After this war , Finland sought protection and support from the United Kingdom and non-aligned Sweden , but was thwarted by Soviet and German actions . This resulted in Finland being drawn closer to Germany , first with the intent of enlisting German support as a counterweight to thwart continuing Soviet pressure , and later to help regain lost territories . In the opening days of Operation Barbarossa , Germany 's invasion of the Soviet Union , Finland permitted German planes returning from mine dropping runs over Kronstadt and Neva River to refuel at Finnish airfields before returning to bases in East Prussia . In retaliation , the Soviet Union launched a major air offensive against Finnish airfields and towns , which resulted in a Finnish declaration of war against the Soviet Union on 25 June 1941 . The Finnish conflict with the Soviet Union is generally referred to as the Continuation War . Mannerheim with Hitler Finland 's main objective was to regain territory lost to the Soviet Union in the Winter War . However , on 10 July 1941 , Field Marshal Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim issued an Order of the Day that contained a formulation understood internationally as a Finnish territorial interest in Russian Karelia . Diplomatic relations between the United Kingdom and Finland were severed on 1 August 1941 , after the British bombed German forces in the Finnish village and port of Petsamo . The United Kingdom repeatedly called on Finland to cease its offensive against the Soviet Union , and declared war on Finland on 6 December 1941 , although no other military operations followed . War was never declared between Finland and the United States , though relations were severed between the two countries in 1944 as a result of the Ryti - Ribbentrop Agreement . Finnish troops passing by the remains of a destroyed Soviet T - 34 at the battle of Tali - Ihantala Finland maintained command of its armed forces and pursued war objectives independently of Germany . Germans and Finns did work closely together during Operation Silverfox , a joint offensive against Murmansk . Finland refused German requests to participate actively in the Siege of Leningrad , and also granted asylum to Jews , while Jewish soldiers continued to serve in its army . The relationship between Finland and Germany more closely resembled an alliance during the six weeks of the Ryti - Ribbentrop Agreement , which was presented as a German condition for help with munitions and air support , as the Soviet offensive coordinated with D - Day threatened Finland with complete occupation . The agreement , signed by President Risto Ryti but never ratified by the Finnish Parliament , bound Finland not to seek a separate peace . After Soviet offensives were fought to a standstill , Ryti 's successor as president , Marshall Mannerheim , dismissed the agreement and opened secret negotiations with the Soviets , which resulted in a ceasefire on 4 September and the Moscow Armistice on 19 September 1944 . Under the terms of the armistice , Finland was obliged to expel German troops from Finnish territory , which resulted in the Lapland War . Finland signed a peace treaty with the Allied powers in 1947 . Free city of Danzig ( edit ) Main article : Free City of Danzig The Free City of Danzig , a semi-autonomous city - state under League of Nations protection , briefly aided the Nazis at the beginning of the invasion of Poland , attacking Polish territories bordering the city . The Free City of Danzig Police and militia fought with German soldiers during the Battle of Westerplatte and the attack on the Polish post office in Danzig . After the end of the Polish campaign , Danzig was annexed into Germany . Iraq ( edit ) Main article : Anglo - Iraqi War An RAF officer investigates wrecked Iraqi artillery near Habbaniya . The Kingdom of Iraq was briefly an ally of the Axis , fighting the United Kingdom in the Anglo - Iraqi War of May 1941 . Anti-British sentiments were widespread in Iraq prior to 1941 . Seizing power on 1 April 1941 , the nationalist government of Prime Minister Rashid Ali repudiated the Anglo - Iraqi Treaty of 1930 and demanded that the British abandon their military bases and withdraw from the country . Ali sought support from Germany and Italy in expelling British forces from Iraq . On 9 May 1941 , Mohammad Amin al - Husayni , the Mufti of Jerusalem and associate of Ali , declared holy war against the British and called on Arabs throughout the Middle East to rise up against British rule . On 25 May 1941 , the Germans stepped up offensive operations in the Middle East . Hitler issued Order 30 : `` The Arab Freedom Movement in the Middle East is our natural ally against England . In this connection special importance is attached to the liberation of Iraq ... I have therefore decided to move forward in the Middle East by supporting Iraq . '' Hostilities between the Iraqi and British forces began on 2 May 1941 , with heavy fighting at the RAF air base in Habbaniyah . The Germans and Italians dispatched aircraft and aircrew to Iraq utilizing Vichy French bases in Syria , which would later invoke fighting between Allied and Vichy French forces in Syria . The Germans planned to coordinate a combined German - Italian offensive against the British in Egypt , Palestine , and Iraq . Iraqi military resistance ended by 31 May 1941 . Rashid Ali and the Mufti of Jerusalem fled to Iran , then Turkey , Italy , and finally Germany , where Ali was welcomed by Hitler as head of the Iraqi government - in - exile in Berlin . In propaganda broadcasts from Berlin , the Mufti continued to call on Arabs to rise up against the British and aid German and Italian forces . He also helped recruit Muslim volunteers in the Balkans for the Waffen - SS . Thailand ( edit ) See also : Thailand in World War II Plaek Phibunsongkhram gave ultranationalist speech to the crowds at the Grand Palace in 1940 . Thailand waged the Franco - Thai War in October 1940 to May 1941 to reclaim territory from French Indochina . It became a formal ally of Japan from 25 January 1942 . Japanese forces invaded Thailand 's territory an hour and a half before the attack on Pearl Harbor , ( because of the International Dateline , the local time was on the morning of 8 December 1941 ) . Only hours after the invasion , Prime Minister Field Marshal Phibunsongkhram ordered the cessation of resistance against the Japanese . On 21 December 1941 , a military alliance with Japan was signed and on 25 January 1942 , Sang Phathanothai read over the radio Thailand 's formal declaration of war on the United Kingdom and the United States . The Thai ambassador to the United States , Mom Rajawongse Seni Pramoj , did not deliver his copy of the declaration of war . Therefore , although the British reciprocated by declaring war on Thailand and considered it a hostile country , the United States did not . The Thais and Japanese agreed that Shan State and Kayah State were to be under Thai control . The rest of Burma was to be under Japanese control . On 10 May 1942 , the Thai Phayap Army entered Burma 's eastern Shan State , which had been claimed by Siamese kingdoms . Three Thai infantry and one cavalry division , spearheaded by armoured reconnaissance groups and supported by the air force , engaged the retreating Chinese 93rd Division . Kengtung , the main objective , was captured on 27 May . Renewed offensives in June and November saw the Chinese retreat into Yunnan . The area containing the Shan States and Kayah State was annexed by Thailand in 1942 . The areas were ceded back to Burma in 1945 . The Free Thai Movement ( `` Seri Thai '' ) was established during these first few months . Parallel Free Thai organizations were also established in the United Kingdom . Queen Rambai Barni was the nominal head of the British - based organization , and Pridi Banomyong , the regent , headed its largest contingent , which was operating within Thailand . Aided by elements of the military , secret airfields and training camps were established , while Office of Strategic Services and Force 136 agents slipped in and out of the country . As the war dragged on , the Thai population came to resent the Japanese presence . In June 1944 , Phibun was overthrown in a coup d'état . The new civilian government under Khuang Aphaiwong attempted to aid the resistance while maintaining cordial relations with the Japanese . After the war , U.S. influence prevented Thailand from being treated as an Axis country , but the British demanded three million tons of rice as reparations and the return of areas annexed from Malaya during the war . Thailand also returned the portions of British Burma and French Indochina that had been annexed . Phibun and a number of his associates were put on trial on charges of having committed war crimes and of collaborating with the Axis powers . However , the charges were dropped due to intense public pressure . Public opinion was favorable to Phibun , as he was thought to have done his best to protect Thai interests . Client States ( edit ) German ( edit ) The collaborationist administrations of German - occupied countries in Europe had varying degrees of autonomy , and not all of them qualified as fully recognized sovereign states . The General Government in occupied Poland was a German administration , not a Polish government . In occupied Norway , the National Government headed by Vidkun Quisling -- whose name came to symbolize pro-Axis collaboration in several languages -- was subordinate to the Reichskommissariat Norwegen . It was never allowed to have any armed forces , be a recognized military partner , or have autonomy of any kind . In the occupied Netherlands , Anton Mussert was given the symbolic title of `` Führer of the Netherlands ' people '' . His National Socialist Movement formed a cabinet assisting the German administration , but was never recognized as a real Dutch government . The following list of German client states includes only those entities that were officially considered to be independent countries allied with Germany . They were under varying degrees of German influence and control , but were not ruled directly by Germans . Albania ( under German control ) ( edit ) Main article : Albanian Kingdom ( 1943 -- 1944 ) After the Italian armistice , a vacuum of power opened up in Albania . The Italian occupying forces were rendered largely powerless , as the National Liberation Movement took control of the south and the National Front ( Balli Kombëtar ) took control of the north . Albanians in the Italian army joined the guerrilla forces . In September 1943 the guerrillas moved to take the capital of Tirana , but German paratroopers dropped into the city . Soon after the battle , the German High Command announced that they would recognize the independence of a greater Albania . They organized an Albanian government , police , and military in collaboration with the Balli Kombëtar . The Germans did not exert heavy control over Albania 's administration , but instead attempted to gain popular appeal by giving their political partners what they wanted . Several Balli Kombëtar leaders held positions in the regime . The joint forces incorporated Kosovo , western Macedonia , southern Montenegro , and Presevo into the Albanian state . A High Council of Regency was created to carry out the functions of a head of state , while the government was headed mainly by Albanian conservative politicians . Albania was the only European country occupied by the Axis powers that ended World War II with a larger Jewish population than before the war . The Albanian government had refused to hand over their Jewish population . They provided Jewish families with forged documents and helped them disperse in the Albanian population . Albania was completely liberated on November 29 , 1944 . Serbia ( Nedić regime puppet government under German control ) ( edit ) Main articles : Axis occupation of Serbia and Government of National Salvation The Government of National Salvation , also referred to as the Nedić regime , was the second Serbian puppet government , after the Commissioner Government , established on the Territory of the ( German ) Military Commander in Serbia during World War II . It was appointed by the German Military Commander in Serbia and operated from 29 August 1941 to October 1944 . The Serbian puppet state enjoyed significant support . The Prime Minister throughout was General Milan Nedić . The Government of National Salvation was evacuated from Belgrade to Kitzbühel , Germany in the first week of October 1944 before the German withdrawal from Serbia was complete . Racial laws were introduced in all occupied territories with immediate effects on Jews and Roma people , as well as causing the imprisonment of those opposed to Nazism . Several concentration camps were formed in Serbia and at the 1942 Anti-Freemason Exhibition in Belgrade the city was pronounced to be free of Jews ( Judenfrei ) . On 1 April 1942 , a Serbian Gestapo was formed . An estimated 120,000 people were interned in German - run concentration camps in Nedić 's Serbia between 1941 and 1944 . 50,000 to 80,000 were killed during this period . Serbia became the second country in Europe , following Estonia , to be proclaimed Judenfrei ( free of Jews ) . Approximately 14,500 Serbian Jews -- 90 percent of Serbia 's Jewish population of 16,000 -- were murdered in World War II . Collaborationist armed formations forces were involved , either directly or indirectly , in the mass killings of Jews , Roma and those Serbs who sided with any anti-German resistance or were suspects of being a member of such . These forces were also responsible for the killings of many Croats and Muslims ; however , some Croats who took refuge in Nedić 's Serbia were not discriminated against . After the war , the Serbian involvement in many of these events and the issue of Serbian collaboration were subject to historical revisionism by later public figures . Nedić himself was captured by the Americans when they occupied the former territory of Austria , and was subsequently handed over to the Yugoslav communist authorities to act as a witness against war criminals , on the understanding he would be returned to American custody to face trial by the Allies . The Yugoslav authorities refused to return Nedić to United States custody . He died on 4 February 1946 after either jumping or falling out of the window of a Belgrade hospital , under circumstances which remain unclear . Italy ( Italian Social Republic ) ( edit ) Main article : Italian Social Republic Italian Social Republic RSI ( Repubblica Sociale Italiana ) soldiers , March 1944 Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini formed the Italian Social Republic ( Repubblica Sociale Italiana in Italian ) on 23 September 1943 , succeeding the Kingdom of Italy as a member of the Axis . Mussolini had been removed from office and arrested by King Victor Emmanuel III on 25 July 1943 . After the Italian armistice , in a raid led by German paratrooper Otto Skorzeny , Mussolini was rescued from arrest . Once restored to power , Mussolini declared that Italy was a republic and that he was the new head of state . He was subject to German control for the duration of the war . Slovakia ( Tiso regime ) ( edit ) Main articles : Slovak Republic ( 1939 -- 1945 ) and Slovak invasion of Poland Slovakia in 1941 The Slovak Republic under President Josef Tiso signed the Tripartite Pact on 24 November 1940 . Slovakia had been closely aligned with Germany almost immediately from its declaration of independence from Czechoslovakia on 14 March 1939 . Slovakia entered into a treaty of protection with Germany on 23 March 1939 . Slovak troops joined the German invasion of Poland , having interest in Spiš and Orava . Those two regions , along with Cieszyn Silesia , had been disputed between Poland and Czechoslovakia since 1918 . The Poles fully annexed them following the Munich Agreement . After the invasion of Poland , Slovakia reclaimed control of those territories . Slovak troops led by General Ferdinand Čatloš ( center ) pose with a statue of Tadeusz Kościuszko in Sanok during the Invasion of Poland . Slovakia invaded Poland alongside German forces , contributing 50,000 men at this stage of the war . Slovakia declared war on the Soviet Union in 1941 and signed the revived Anti-Comintern Pact in 1941 . Slovak troops fought on Germany 's Eastern Front , furnishing Germany with two divisions totaling 80,000 men . Slovakia declared war on the United Kingdom and the United States in 1942 . Slovakia was spared German military occupation until the Slovak National Uprising , which began on 29 August 1944 , and was almost immediately crushed by the Waffen SS and Slovak troops loyal to Josef Tiso . After the war , Tiso was executed and Slovakia once again became part of Czechoslovakia . The border with Poland was shifted back to the pre-war state . Slovakia and the Czech Republic finally separated into independent states in 1993 . Italian ( edit ) Italy occupied several nations and set up clients in those regions to carry out administrative tasks and maintain order . Monaco ( edit ) The Principality of Monaco was officially neutral during the war . The population of the country was largely of Italian descent and sympathized with Italy . Its prince was a close friend of the Vichy French leader , Marshal Philippe Pétain , an Axis collaborator . A fascist regime was established under the nominal rule of the prince when the Italian Fourth Army occupied the country on November 10 , 1942 as a part of Case Anton . Monaco 's military forces , consisting primarily of police and palace guards , collaborated with the Italians during the occupation . German troops occupied Monaco in 1943 , and Monaco was liberated by Allied forces in 1944 . Joint German - Italian client States ( edit ) Croatia ( independent state of Croatia ) ( edit ) Main article : Independent State of Croatia Adolf Hitler meeting with NDH leader Ante Pavelić . On 10 April 1941 , the Independent State of Croatia ( Nezavisna Država Hrvatska , or NDH ) declared itself a member of the Axis , co-signing the Tripartite Pact . The NDH remained a member of the Axis until the end of Second World War , its forces fighting for Germany even after its territory had been overrun by Yugoslav Partisans . On 16 April 1941 , Ante Pavelić , a Croatian nationalist and one of the founders of the Ustaše ( `` Croatian Liberation Movement '' ) , was proclaimed Poglavnik ( leader ) of the new regime . Initially the Ustaše had been heavily influenced by Italy . They were actively supported by Mussolini 's Fascist regime in Italy , which gave the movement training grounds to prepare for war against Yugoslavia , as well as accepting Pavelić as an exile and allowing him to reside in Rome . Italy intended to use the movement to destroy Yugoslavia , which would allow Italy to expand its power through the Adriatic . Hitler did not want to engage in a war in the Balkans until the Soviet Union was defeated . The Italian occupation of Greece was not going well ; Mussolini wanted Germany to invade Yugoslavia to save the Italian forces in Greece . Hitler reluctantly agreed ; Yugoslavia was invaded and the Independent State of Croatia was created . Pavelić led a delegation to Rome and offered the crown of Croatia to an Italian prince of the House of Savoy , who was crowned Tomislav II , King of Croatia , Prince of Bosnia and Herzegovina , Voivode of Dalmatia , Tuzla and Knin , Prince of Cisterna and of Belriguardo , Marquess of Voghera , and Count of Ponderano . The next day , Pavelić signed the Contracts of Rome with Mussolini , ceding Dalmatia to Italy and fixing the permanent borders between the NDH and Italy . Italian armed forces were allowed to control all of the coastline of the NDH , effectively giving Italy total control of the Adriatic coastline . However , strong German influence began to be asserted soon after the NDH was founded . When the King of Italy ousted Mussolini from power and Italy capitulated , the NDH became completely under German influence . The platform of the Ustaše movement proclaimed that Croatians had been oppressed by the Serb - dominated Kingdom of Yugoslavia , and that Croatians deserved to have an independent nation after years of domination by foreign empires . The Ustaše perceived Serbs to be racially inferior to Croats and saw them as infiltrators who were occupying Croatian lands . They saw the extermination of Serbs as necessary to racially purify Croatia . While part of Yugoslavia , many Croatian nationalists violently opposed the Serb - dominated Yugoslav monarchy , and assassinated Alexander I of Yugoslavia , together with the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization . The regime enjoyed support amongst radical Croatian nationalists . Ustashe forces fought against communist Yugoslav Partisan guerrilla throughout the war . Upon coming to power , Pavelić formed the Croatian Home Guard ( Hrvatsko domobranstvo ) as the official military force of the NDH . Originally authorized at 16,000 men , it grew to a peak fighting force of 130,000 . The Croatian Home Guard included an air force and navy , although its navy was restricted in size by the Contracts of Rome . In addition to the Croatian Home Guard , Pavelić was also the supreme commander of the Ustaše militia , although all NDH military units were generally under the command of the German or Italian formations in their area of operations . The Ustaše government declared war on the Soviet Union , signed the Anti-Comintern Pact of 1941 , and sent troops to Germany 's Eastern Front . Ustaše militia were garrisoned in the Balkans , battling the communist partisans . The Ustaše government applied racial laws on Serbs , Jews , Romani people , as well as targeting those opposed to the fascist regime , and after June 1941 deported them to the Jasenovac concentration camp or to German camps in Poland . The racial laws were enforced by the Ustaše militia . The exact number of victims of the Ustaše regime is uncertain due to the destruction of documents and varying numbers given by historians . According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington , DC , between 320,000 and 340,000 Serbs were killed in the NDH . Greece ( Hellenic state ) ( edit ) Main articles : Axis occupation of Greece and Hellenic State Greece , 1941 -- 1944 Following the German invasion of Greece and the flight of the Greek government to Crete and then Egypt , the Hellenic State was formed in May 1941 as a puppet state of both Italy and Germany . Initially , Italy had wished to annex Greece , but was pressured by Germany to avoid civil unrest such as had occurred in Bulgarian - annexed areas . The result was Italy accepting the creation of a puppet regime with the support of Germany . Italy had been assured by Hitler of a primary role in Greece . Most of the country was held by Italian forces , but strategic locations ( Central Macedonia , the islands of the northeastern Aegean , most of Crete , and parts of Attica ) were held by the Germans , who seized most of the country 's economic assets and effectively controlled the collaborationist government . The puppet regime never commanded any real authority , and did not gain the allegiance of the people . It was somewhat successful in preventing secessionist movements like the Vlach `` Roman Legion '' from establishing themselves . By mid-1943 , the Greek Resistance had liberated large parts of the mountainous interior ( `` Free Greece '' ) , setting up a separate administration there . After the Italian armistice , the Italian occupation zone was taken over by the German armed forces , who remained in charge of the country until their withdrawal in autumn 1944 . In some Aegean islands , German garrisons were left behind , and surrendered only after the end of the war . Japanese ( edit ) Further information : Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere The Empire of Japan created a number of client states in the areas occupied by its military , beginning with the creation of Manchukuo in 1932 . These puppet states achieved varying degrees of international recognition . Burma ( Ba Maw regime ) ( edit ) Main articles : Japanese occupation of Burma , State of Burma , and Burma National Army The Japanese Army and Burma nationalists , led by Aung San , seized control of Burma from the United Kingdom during 1942 . A State of Burma was formed on 1 August under the Burmese nationalist leader Ba Maw . The Ba Maw regime established the Burma Defence Army ( later renamed the Burma National Army ) , which was commanded by Aung San . Cambodia ( edit ) Main article : Japanese occupation of Cambodia The Kingdom of Cambodia was a short - lived Japanese puppet state that lasted from 9 March 1945 to 15 August 1945 . The Japanese entered Cambodia in mid-1941 , but allowed Vichy French officials to remain in administrative posts . The Japanese calls for an `` Asia for the Asiatics '' won over many Cambodian nationalists . This policy changed during the last months of the war . The Japanese wanted to gain local support , so they dissolved French colonial rule and pressured Cambodia to declare its independence within the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere . Four days later , King Sihanouk declared Kampuchea ( the original Khmer pronunciation of Cambodia ) independent . Co-editor of the Nagaravatta , Son Ngoc Thanh , returned from Tokyo in May and was appointed foreign minister . On the date of Japanese surrender , a new government was proclaimed with Son Ngoc Thanh as prime minister . When the Allies occupied Phnom Penh in October , Son Ngoc Thanh was arrested for collaborating with the Japanese and was exiled to France . Some of his supporters went to northwestern Cambodia , which had been under Thai control since the French - Thai War of 1940 , where they banded together as one faction in the Khmer Issarak movement , originally formed with Thai encouragement in the 1940s . China ( reorganized National government of China ) ( edit ) Main article : Wang Jingwei regime During the Second Sino - Japanese War , Japan advanced from its bases in Manchuria to occupy much of East and Central China . Several Japanese puppet states were organized in areas occupied by the Japanese Army , including the Provisional Government of the Republic of China at Beijing , which was formed in 1937 , and the Reformed Government of the Republic of China at Nanjing , which was formed in 1938 . These governments were merged into the Reorganized National Government of China at Nanjing on 29 March 1940 . Wang Jingwei became head of state . The government was to be run along the same lines as the Nationalist regime and adopted its symbols . The Nanjing Government had no real power ; its main role was to act as a propaganda tool for the Japanese . The Nanjing Government concluded agreements with Japan and Manchukuo , authorising Japanese occupation of China and recognising the independence of Manchukuo under Japanese protection . The Nanjing Government signed the Anti-Comintern Pact of 1941 and declared war on the United States and the United Kingdom on 9 January 1943 . The government had a strained relationship with the Japanese from the beginning . Wang 's insistence on his regime being the true Nationalist government of China and in replicating all the symbols of the Kuomintang led to frequent conflicts with the Japanese , the most prominent being the issue of the regime 's flag , which was identical to that of the Republic of China . The worsening situation for Japan from 1943 onwards meant that the Nanking Army was given a more substantial role in the defence of occupied China than the Japanese had initially envisaged . The army was almost continuously employed against the communist New Fourth Army . Wang Jingwei died on 10 November 1944 , and was succeeded by his deputy , Chen Gongbo . Chen had little influence ; the real power behind the regime was Zhou Fohai , the mayor of Shanghai . Wang 's death dispelled what little legitimacy the regime had . The state stuttered on for another year and continued the display and show of a fascist regime . On 9 September 1945 , following the defeat of Japan , the area was surrendered to General He Yingqin , a nationalist general loyal to Chiang Kai - shek . The Nanking Army generals quickly declared their alliance to the Generalissimo , and were subsequently ordered to resist Communist attempts to fill the vacuum left by the Japanese surrender . Chen Gongbo was tried and executed in 1946 . India ( provisional government of Free India ) ( edit ) Main articles : Azad Hind Fauj and Arzi Hukumat - e-Azad Hind The Arzi Hukumat - e-Azad Hind , the Provisional Government of Free India was a state that was recognized by nine Axis governments . It was led by Subhas Chandra Bose , an Indian nationalist who rejected Mohandas K. Gandhi 's nonviolent methods for achieving independence . The First INA faltered after its leadership objected to being a propaganda tool for Japanese war aims , and the role of I Kikan . It was revived by the Indian Independence League with Japanese support in 1942 after the ex-PoWs and Indian civilians in South - east Asia agreed to participate in the INA venture on the condition it was led by Subhash Chandra Bose . Bose declared India 's independence on October 21 , 1943 . The Indian National Army was committed as a part of the U Go Offensive . It played a largely marginal role in the battle , and suffered serious casualties and had to withdraw with the rest of Japanese forces after the siege of Imphal was broken . It was later committed to the defence of Burma against the Allied offensive . It suffered a large number of desertions in this latter part . The remaining troops of the INA maintained order in Rangoon after the withdrawal of Ba Maw 's government . although The provisional government was given nominal control of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands from November 1943 to August 1945 . Inner Mongolia ( Mengjiang ) ( edit ) Main article : Mengjiang Mengjiang was a Japanese puppet state in Inner Mongolia . It was nominally ruled by Prince Demchugdongrub , a Mongol nobleman descended from Genghis Khan , but was in fact controlled by the Japanese military . Mengjiang 's independence was proclaimed on 18 February 1936 , following the Japanese occupation of the region . The Inner Mongolians had several grievances against the central Chinese government in Nanking , including their policy of allowing unlimited migration of Han Chinese to the region . Several of the young princes of Inner Mongolia began to agitate for greater freedom from the central government , and it was through these men that Japanese saw their best chance of exploiting Pan-Mongol nationalism and eventually seizing control of Outer Mongolia from the Soviet Union . Japan created Mengjiang to exploit tensions between ethnic Mongolians and the central government of China , which in theory ruled Inner Mongolia . When the various puppet governments of China were unified under the Wang Jingwei government in March 1940 , Mengjiang retained its separate identity as an autonomous federation . Although under the firm control of the Japanese Imperial Army , which occupied its territory , Prince Demchugdongrub had his own independent army . Mengjiang vanished in 1945 following Japan 's defeat in World War II . As Soviet forces advanced into Inner Mongolia , they met limited resistance from small detachments of Mongolian cavalry , which , like the rest of the army , were quickly overwhelmed . Laos ( edit ) Main article : French Protectorate of Laos § Japanese occupation of Laos Fears of Thai irredentism led to the formation of the first Lao nationalist organization , the Movement for National Renovation , in January 1941 . The group was led by Prince Phetxarāt and supported by local French officials , though not by the Vichy authorities in Hanoi . This group wrote the current Lao national anthem and designed the current Lao flag , while paradoxically pledging support for France . The country declared its independence in 1945 . The liberation of France in 1944 , bringing Charles de Gaulle to power , meant the end of the alliance between Japan and the Vichy French administration in Indochina . The Japanese had no intention of allowing the Gaullists to take over , and in March 1945 they staged a military coup in Hanoi . Some French units fled over the mountains to Laos , pursued by the Japanese , who occupied Viang Chan in March 1945 and Luang Phrabāng in April . King Sīsavāngvong was detained by the Japanese , but his son Crown Prince Savāngvatthanā called on all Lao to assist the French , and many Lao died fighting against the Japanese occupiers . Prince Phetxarāt opposed this position . He thought that Lao independence could be gained by siding with the Japanese , who made him Prime Minister of Luang Phrabāng , though not of Laos as a whole . The country was in chaos , and Phetxarāt 's government had no real authority . Another Lao group , the Lao Sēri ( Free Lao ) , received unofficial support from the Free Thai movement in the Isan region . Manchuria ( Manchukuo ) ( edit ) Main article : Manchukuo Manchurian soldiers training in a military exercise Manchurian pilots of the Manchukuo Air Force Manchukuo , in the northeast region of China , had been a Japanese puppet state in Manchuria since the 1930s . It was nominally ruled by Puyi , the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty , but was in fact controlled by the Japanese military , in particular the Kwantung Army . While Manchukuo ostensibly was a state for ethnic Manchus , the region had a Han Chinese majority . Following the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931 , the independence of Manchukuo was proclaimed on 18 February 1932 , with Puyi as head of state . He was proclaimed the Emperor of Manchukuo a year later . The new Manchu nation was recognized by 23 of the League of Nations ' 80 members . Germany , Italy , and the Soviet Union were among the major powers who recognised Manchukuo . Other countries who recognized the State were the Dominican Republic , Costa Rica , El Salvador , and Vatican City . Manchukuo was also recognised by the other Japanese allies and puppet states , including Mengjiang , the Burmese government of Ba Maw , Thailand , the Wang Jingwei regime , and the Indian government of Subhas Chandra Bose . The League of Nations later declared in 1934 that Manchuria lawfully remained a part of China . This precipitated Japanese withdrawal from the League . The Manchukuoan state ceased to exist after the Soviet invasion of Manchuria in 1945 . Philippines ( Second Republic ) ( edit ) Main articles : Japanese occupation of the Philippines and Second Philippine Republic After the surrender of the Filipino and American forces in Bataan Peninsula and Corregidor Island , the Japanese established a puppet state in the Philippines in 1942 . The following year , the Philippine National Assembly declared the Philippines an independent Republic and elected José Laurel as its President . There was never widespread civilian support for the state , largely because of the general anti-Japanese sentiment stemming from atrocities committed by the Imperial Japanese Army . The Second Philippine Republic ended with Japanese surrender in 1945 , and Laurel was arrested and charged with treason by the US government . He was granted amnesty by President Manuel Roxas , and remained active in politics , ultimately winning a seat in the post-war Senate . Vietnam ( Empire of Vietnam ) ( edit ) Main article : Empire of Vietnam The Empire of Vietnam was a short - lived Japanese puppet state that lasted from 11 March to 23 August 1945 . When the Japanese seized control of French Indochina , they allowed Vichy French administrators to remain in nominal control . This French rule ended on 9 March 1945 , when the Japanese officially took control of the government . Soon after , Emperor Bảo Đại voided the 1884 treaty with France and Trần Trọng Kim , a historian , became prime minister . The country suffered through the Vietnamese Famine of 1945 . Controversial Cases ( edit ) See also : Foreign relations of the Axis powers States listed in this section were not officially members of the Axis , but at some point during the war engaged in cooperation with one or more Axis members on level that makes their neutrality disputable . Denmark ( edit ) Main article : Occupation of Denmark Kingdom of Denmark Denmark was occupied by Germany after April 1940 but never joined the Axis . On 31 May 1939 , Denmark and Germany signed a treaty of non-aggression , which did not contain any military obligations for either party . On April 9 , Germany attacked Scandinavia , and the speed of the German invasion of Denmark prevented King Christian X and the Danish government from going into exile . They had to accept `` protection by the Reich '' and the stationing of German forces in exchange for nominal independence . Denmark coordinated its foreign policy with Germany , extending diplomatic recognition to Axis collaborator and puppet regimes , and breaking diplomatic relations with the Allied governments - in - exile . Denmark broke diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union and signed the Anti-Comintern Pact in 1941 . However the United States and Britain ignored Denmark and worked with Denmark 's ambassadors when it came to dealings about using Iceland , Greenland , and the Danish merchant fleet against Germany . In 1941 Danish Nazis set up the Frikorps Danmark . Thousands of volunteers fought and many died as part of the German Army on the Eastern Front . Denmark sold agricultural and industrial products to Germany and made loans for armaments and fortifications . The German presence in Denmark , including the construction of the Danish paid for part of the Atlantic Wall fortifications and was never reimbursed . The Danish protectorate government lasted until 29 August 1943 , when the cabinet resigned after the regularly scheduled and largely free election concluding the Folketing 's current term . The Germans imposed martial law , and Danish collaboration continued on an administrative level , with the Danish bureaucracy functioning under German command . The Danish navy scuttled 32 of its larger ships ; Germany seized 64 ships and later raised and refitted 15 of the sunken vessels . 13 warships escaped to Sweden and formed a Danish naval flotilla in exile . Sweden allowed formation of a Danish military brigade in exile ; it did not see combat . The resistance movement was active in sabotage and issuing underground newspapers and blacklists of collaborators . Soviet Union ( edit ) See also : Germany -- Soviet Union relations before 1941 , German -- Soviet Axis talks , Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact , and Soviet invasion of Poland German and Soviet soldiers during the official transfer of Brest to Soviet control in front of picture of Stalin , in the aftermath of the invasion and partition of Poland by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union in 1939 . Relations between the Soviet Union and the major Axis powers were generally hostile before 1938 . In the Spanish Civil War , the Soviet Union gave military aid to the Second Spanish Republic , against Spanish Nationalist forces , which were assisted by Germany and Italy . However , the Nationalist forces were victorious . The Soviets suffered another political defeat when their ally Czechoslovakia was partitioned and taken over by Germany in 1938 -- 39 . In 1938 and 1939 , the USSR fought and defeated Japan in two separate border conflicts , at Lake Khasan and Khalkhin Gol . The latter was a major Soviet victory that led the Japanese Army to avoid war with the Soviets and instead call for expansion south . In 1939 the Soviet Union considered forming an alliance with either Britain and France or with Germany . When negotiations with Britain and France failed , they turned to Germany and signed the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact in August 1939 . Germany was now freed from the risk of war with the Soviets , and was assured a supply of oil . This included a secret protocol whereby the independent countries of Poland , Finland , Estonia , Romania , Latvia and Lithuania were divided into spheres of interest of the parties . The Soviet Union had been forced to cede the Kresy ( Western Belarus and Western Ukraine ) to Poland after losing the Soviet - Polish War of 1919 -- 1921 , and the Soviet Union sought to re-annex those territories . On 1 September , barely a week after the pact had been signed , Germany invaded Poland . The Soviet Union invaded Poland from the east on 17 September and on 28 September signed a secret treaty with Nazi Germany to arrange coordination of fighting against Polish resistance . The Soviets targeted intelligence , entrepreneurs , and officers , committing a string of atrocities that culminated in the Katyn massacre and mass relocation to the Gulag in Siberia . Soon thereafter , the Soviet Union occupied the Baltic countries of Estonia , Latvia , and Lithuania , and annexed Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina from Romania . The Soviet Union attacked Finland on 30 November 1939 , which started the Winter War . Finnish defences prevented an all - out invasion , resulting in an interim peace , but Finland was forced to cede strategically important border areas near Leningrad . The Soviet Union provided material support to Germany in the war effort against Western Europe through a pair of commercial agreements , the first in 1939 and the second in 1940 , which involved exports of raw materials ( phosphates , chromium and iron ore , mineral oil , grain , cotton , and rubber ) . These and other export goods transported through Soviet and occupied Polish territories allowed Germany to circumvent the British naval blockade . In October and November 1940 , German - Soviet talks about the potential of joining the Axis took place in Berlin . Joseph Stalin later personally countered with a separate proposal in a letter on 25 November that contained several secret protocols , including that `` the area south of Batum and Baku in the general direction of the Persian Gulf is recognized as the center of aspirations of the Soviet Union '' , referring to an area approximating present day Iraq and Iran , and a Soviet claim to Bulgaria . Hitler never responded to Stalin 's letter . Shortly thereafter , Hitler issued a secret directive on the invasion of the Soviet Union . Germany ended the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact by invading the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa on 22 June 1941 . That resulted in the Soviet Union becoming one of the main members of the Allies . Germany then revived its Anti-Comintern Pact , enlisting many European and Asian countries in opposition to the Soviet Union . The Soviet Union and Japan remained neutral towards each other for most of the war by the Soviet - Japanese Neutrality Pact . The Soviet Union ended the Soviet - Japanese Neutrality Pact by invading Manchukuo on 9 August 1945 , due to agreements reached at the Yalta Conference with Roosevelt and Churchill . Spain ( edit ) Main article : Spain in World War II Front row in order from left to right : Karl Wolff , Heinrich Himmler , Francisco Franco and Spain 's Foreign Minister Serrano Súñer in Madrid , October 1940 . Francisco Franco ( centre ) and Serrano Súñer ( left ) meeting with Mussolini ( right ) in Bordighera , Italy in 1941 . At Bordighera , Franco and Mussolini discussed the creation of a Latin Bloc . Caudillo Francisco Franco 's Spanish State gave moral , economic , and military assistance to the Axis powers , while nominally maintaining neutrality . Franco described Spain as a member of the Axis and signed the Anti-Comintern Pact in 1941 with Hitler and Mussolini . Members of the ruling Falange party in Spain held irredentist designs on Gibraltar . Falangists also supported Spanish colonial acquisition of Tangier , French Morocco and northwestern French Algeria . In addition , Spain held ambitions on former Spanish colonies in Latin America . In June 1940 the Spanish government approached Germany to propose an alliance in exchange for Germany recognizing Spain 's territorial aims : the annexation of the Oran province of Algeria , the incorporation of all Morocco , the extension of Spanish Sahara southward to the twentieth parallel , and the incorporation of French Cameroons into Spanish Guinea . Spain invaded and occupied the Tangier International Zone , maintaining its occupation until 1945 . The occupation caused a dispute between Britain and Spain in November 1940 ; Spain conceded to protect British rights in the area and promised not to fortify the area . The Spanish government secretly held expansionist plans towards Portugal that it made known to the German government . In a communiqué with Germany on 26 May 1942 , Franco declared that Portugal should be annexed into Spain . Franco had previously won the Spanish Civil War with the help of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy . Both were eager to establish another fascist state in Europe . Spain owed Germany over $212 million for supplies of matériel during the Spanish Civil War , and Italian combat troops had actually fought in Spain on the side of Franco 's Nationalists . From 1940 to 1941 , Franco endorsed a Latin Bloc of Italy , Vichy France , Spain , and Portugal , with support from the Vatican in order to balance the countries ' powers to that of Germany . Franco discussed the Latin Bloc alliance with Pétain of Vichy France in Montpellier , France in 1940 , and with Mussolini in Bordighera , Italy . When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941 , Franco immediately offered to form a unit of military volunteers to join the invasion . This was accepted by Hitler and , within two weeks , there were more than enough volunteers to form a division -- the Blue Division ( División Azul ) under General Agustín Muñoz Grandes . The possibility of Spanish intervention in World War II was of concern to the United States , which investigated the activities of Spain 's ruling Falange party in Latin America , especially Puerto Rico , where pro-Falange and pro-Franco sentiment was high , even amongst the ruling upper classes . The Falangists promoted the idea of supporting Spain 's former colonies in fighting against American domination . Prior to the outbreak of war , support for Franco and the Falange was high in the Philippines . The Falange Exterior , the international department of the Falange , collaborated with Japanese forces against U.S. and Filipino forces in the Philippines through the Philippine Falange . Vichy France ( edit ) Main article : Vichy France France during the war ; Occupied and annexed zones by Germany in shades of red , Italian occupation zones in shades of green , `` Free zone '' in blue . Although officially neutral , Marshal Philippe Pétain 's `` Vichy regime '' collaborated with the Axis from its creation on 10 July 1940 . It retained full control of the non-occupied part of France until November 1942 -- when the whole of France was occupied by Germany -- and of a large part of France 's colonial empire , until the colonies gradually fell under Free French control . The German invasion army entered Paris on 14 June 1940 , following the battle of France . Pétain became the last Prime Minister of the French Third Republic on 16 June 1940 . He sued for peace with Germany and on 22 June 1940 , the French government concluded an armistice with Hitler . Under the terms of the agreement , Germany occupied two - thirds of France , including Paris . Pétain was permitted to keep an `` armistice army '' of 100,000 men within the unoccupied southern zone . This number included neither the army based in the French colonial empire nor the French fleet . In Africa the Vichy regime was permitted to maintain 127,000 . The French also maintained substantial garrisons at the French - mandated territory of Syria and Greater Lebanon , the French colony of Madagascar , and in French Somaliland . Some members of the Vichy government pushed for closer cooperation , but they were rebuffed by Pétain . Neither did Hitler accept that France could ever become a full military partner , and constantly prevented the buildup of Vichy 's military strength . After the armistice , relations between the Vichy French and the British quickly worsened . Although the French had told Churchill they would not allow their fleet to be taken by the Germans , the British launched several naval attacks , the most notable of which was against the Algerian harbour of Mers el - Kebir on 3 July 1940 . Though Churchill defended his controversial decision to attack the French fleet , the action deteriorated greatly the relations between France and Britain . German propaganda trumpeted these attacks as an absolute betrayal of the French people by their former allies . Philippe Pétain ( left ) meeting with Hitler in October 1940 . Personal flag of Philippe Pétain , Chief of State of Vichy France . On 10 July 1940 , Pétain was given emergency `` full powers '' by a majority vote of the French National Assembly . The following day approval of the new constitution by the Assembly effectively created the French State ( l'État Français ) , replacing the French Republic with the government unofficially called `` Vichy France , '' after the resort town of Vichy , where Pétain maintained his seat of government . This continued to be recognised as the lawful government of France by the neutral United States until 1942 , while the United Kingdom had recognised de Gaulle 's government - in - exile in London . Racial laws were introduced in France and its colonies and many French Jews were deported to Germany . Albert Lebrun , last President of the Republic , did not resign from the presidential office when he moved to Vizille on 10 July 1940 . By 25 April 1945 , during Pétain 's trial , Lebrun argued that he thought he would be able to return to power after the fall of Germany , since he had not resigned . In September 1940 , Vichy France was forced to allow Japan to occupy French Indochina , a federation of French colonial possessions and protectorates encompassing modern day Vietnam , Laos , and Cambodia . The Vichy regime continued to administer them under Japanese military occupation . French Indochina was the base for the Japanese invasions of Thailand , Malaya , and the Dutch East Indies . In 1945 , under Japanese sponsorship , the Empire of Vietnam and the Kingdom of Kampuchea were proclaimed as Japanese puppet states . On 26 September 1940 , de Gaulle led an attack by Allied forces on the Vichy port of Dakar in French West Africa . Forces loyal to Pétain fired on de Gaulle and repulsed the attack after two days of heavy fighting , drawing Vichy France closer to Germany . During the Anglo -- Iraqi War of May 1941 , Vichy France allowed Germany and Italy to use air bases in the French mandate of Syria to support the Iraqi revolt . British and Free French forces attacked later Syria and Lebanon in June -- July 1941 , and in 1942 Allied forces took over French Madagascar . More and more colonies abandoned Vichy , joining the Free French territories of French Equatorial Africa , Polynesia , New Caledonia and others who had sided with de Gaulle from the start . In November 1942 Vichy French troops briefly resisted the landing of Allied troops in French North Africa for a couple of days , until Admiral François Darlan negotiated a local ceasefire with the Allies . In response to the landings , Axis troops invaded the non-occupied zone in southern France and ended Vichy France as an entity with any kind of autonomy ; it then became a puppet government for the occupied territories . In June 1943 , the formerly Vichy - loyal colonial authorities in French North Africa led by Henri Giraud came to an agreement with the Free French to merge with their own interim regime with the French National Committee ( Comité Français National , CFN ) to form a provisional government in Algiers , known as the French Committee of National Liberation ( Comité Français de Libération Nationale , CFLN ) initially led by Darlan . After his assassination De Gaulle emerged as the uncontested French leader . The CFLN raised more troops and re-organised , re-trained and re-equipped the Free French military , in cooperation with Allied forces in preparation of future operations against Italy and the German Atlantic wall . In 1943 the Milice , a paramilitary force which had been founded by Vichy , was subordinated to the Germans and assisted them in rounding up opponents and Jews , as well as fighting the French Resistance . The Germans recruited volunteers in units independent of Vichy . Partly as a result of the great animosity of many right - wingers against the pre-war Front Populaire , volunteers joined the German forces in their anti-communist crusade against the USSR . Almost 7,000 joined Légion des Volontaires Français ( LVF ) from 1941 to 1944 . The LVF then formed the cadre of the Waffen - SS Division Charlemagne in 1944 -- 1945 , with a maximum strength of some 7,500 . Both the LVF and the Division Charlemagne fought on the eastern front . Deprived of any military assets , territory or resources , the members of the Vichy government continued to fulfil their role as German puppets , being quasi-prisoners in the so - called `` Sigmaringen enclave '' in a castle in Baden - Württemberg at the end of the war in May 1945 . German , Italian and Japanese World war II cooperation ( edit ) German - Japanese Axis - cooperation ( edit ) Main article : Germany -- Japan relations § Rapprochement , Axis and World War II ( 1920 -- 1945 ) See also : Germany -- Japan industrial co-operation before World War II Germany 's and Italy 's declaration of war against the United States ( edit ) On 7 December 1941 , Japan attacked the US naval bases in Pearl Harbor , Hawaii . According to the stipulation of the Tripartite Pact , Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy were required to come to the defense of their allies only if they were attacked . Since Japan had made the first move , Germany and Italy were not obliged to aid her until the United States counterattacked . Nevertheless , expecting the US to declare war on Germany in any event , Hitler ordered the Reichstag to formally declare war on the United States . Italy also declared war on the U.S. . Historian Ian Kershaw suggests that this declaration of war against the United States was a serious blunder made by Germany and Italy , as it allowed the United States to join the war in Europe and North Africa without any limitation . On the other hand , American destroyers escorting convoys had been effectively intervening in the Battle of the Atlantic with German and Italian ships and submarines , and the immediate war declaration made the Second Happy Time possible for U-boats . The US had effectively abandoned its strictly neutral stance in March 1941 with the beginning of Lend - Lease . The US destroyer Reuben James was torpedoed and sunk by the submarine U-552 on 31 October 1941 . Franklin D. Roosevelt had said in his Fireside Chat on 9 December 1941 that Germany and Italy considered themselves to be in a state of war with the United States . Plans for Rainbow Five had been published by the press early in December 1941 , and Hitler could no longer ignore the amount of economic and military aid the US was giving Britain and the USSR . Americans played key roles in financing and supplying the Allies , in the strategic bombardment of Germany , and in the final invasion of the European continent . Hitler declaring war on the United States on 11 December 1941 Italian pilots of a Savoia - Marchetti SM. 75 long - range cargo aircraft meeting with Japanese officials upon arriving in East Asia in 1942 . German and Japanese direct spheres of influence at their greatest extents in Autumn 1942 . Arrows show planned movements to an agreed demarcation line at 70 ° E , which was , however , never approximated . See also ( edit ) Germany portal Italy portal Japan portal World War II portal Fascism portal Axis leaders of World War II Axis power negotiations on the division of Asia during World War II Hypothetical Axis victory in World War II Central Powers Expansion operations and planning of the Axis powers Foreign relations of the Axis powers Greater Japanese Empire Greater Germanic Reich Imperial Italy Hakkō ichiu List of pro-Axis leaders and governments or direct control in occupied territories New Order ( Nazism ) Participants in World War II Zweites Buch Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Official name of the occupied territory translated from German : Gebiet des Militärbefehlshaber Serbiens . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cornelia Schmitz - Berning ( 2007 ) . Vokabular des Nationalsozialismus . Berlin : De Gruyter . p. 745 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 019549 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Axis '' . GlobalSecurity.org . Retrieved 26 March 2015 . 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Cambridge University Press , 2007 . P11 . Jump up ^ Gerhard Schreiber , Bern Stegemann , Detlef Vogel . Germany and the Second World War . Oxford University Press , 1995 . Pp. 113 . Jump up ^ Gerhard Schreiber , Bern Stegemann , Detlef Vogel . Germany and the Second World War . Oxford University Press , 1995 . P. 113 . ^ Jump up to : H. James Burgwyn . Italian foreign policy in the interwar period , 1918 -- 1940 . Wesport , Connecticut , USA : Greenwood Publishing Group , 1997 . P. 68 . Jump up ^ Iván T. Berend , Tibor Iván Berend . Decades of Crisis : Central and Eastern Europe Before World War 2 . First paperback edition . Berkeley and Los Angeles , California , USA : University of California Press , 2001 . P. 310 . Jump up ^ Christian Leitz . Nazi Foreign Policy , 1933 -- 1941 : The Road to Global War . Pp. 10 . Jump up ^ H. James Burgwyn . Italian foreign policy in the interwar period , 1918 -- 1940 . Wesport , Connecticut , USA : Greenwood Publishing Group , 1997 . P. 75 . 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German Diplomatic Relations 1871 -- 1945 : The Wilhelmstrasse and the Formulation of Foreign Policy . iUniverse , 2006 . P. 271 . ^ Jump up to : Gabrielle Kirk McDonald . Documents and Cases , Volumes 1 - 2 . The Hague , Netherlands : Kluwer Law International , 2000 . P. 649 . Jump up ^ John Lukacs . The Last European War : September 1939 - December 1941 . Yale University Press , 2001 . pp. 126 -- 127 . ^ Jump up to : André Mineau . Operation Barbarossa : Ideology and Ethics Against Human Dignity . Rodopi , 2004 . P. 36 Jump up ^ Rolf Dieter Müller , Gerd R. Ueberschär . Hitler 's War in the East , 1941 -- 1945 : A Critical Assessment . Berghahn Books , 2009 . P. 89 . Jump up ^ Bradl Lightbody . The Second World War : Ambitions to Nemesis . London , England ; New York , New York , USA : Routledge , 2004 . P. 97 . Jump up ^ Geoffrey A. Hosking . Rulers And Victims : The Russians in the Soviet Union . Harvard University Press , 2006 P. 213 . Jump up ^ Catherine Andreyev . Vlasov and the Russian Liberation Movement : Soviet Reality and Emigré Theories . First paperback edition . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press , 1989 . Pp. 53 , 61 . Jump up ^ Robyn Lim . The Geopolitics of East Asia . Routledge , 2003 . Pp. 73 . ^ Jump up to : David R. Stone . A Military History of Russia : From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya . P195 . ^ Jump up to : Randall Bennett Woods . A Changing of the Guard : Anglo - American Relations , 1941 -- 1946 . University of North Carolina Press , 1990 . P. 200 . ^ Jump up to : Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact 1939 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2006 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Command Magagzine . Hitler 's Army : The Evolution and Structure of German Forces 1933 -- 1945 . P. 175 . ^ Jump up to : Command Magagzine . Hitler 's Army : The Evolution and Structure of German Forces 1933 -- 1945 . Da Capo Press , 1996 . P. 175 . ^ Jump up to : Michael C. Thomsett . The German Opposition to Hitler : The Resistance , The Underground , And Assassination Plots , 1938 -- 1945 . McFarland , 2007 . P. 40 . ^ Jump up to : Michael C. Thomsett . The German Opposition to Hitler : The Resistance , The Underground , And Assassination Plots , 1938 -- 1945 . McFarland , 2007 . P. 41 . Jump up ^ John Whittam . Fascist Italy . Manchester , England ; New York , New York , USA : Manchester University Press . P. 165 . Jump up ^ Michael Brecher , Jonathan Wilkenfeld . Study of Crisis . University of Michigan Press , 1997 . P. 109 . Jump up ^ * Rodogno , Davide ( 2006 ) . Fascism 's European Empire : Italian Occupation During the Second World War . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . pp. 46 -- 48 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 84515 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : H. James Burgwyn . Italian Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period , 1918 - 1940 . Westport , Connecticut , USA : Praeger Publishers , 1997 . p182 - 183 . 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Fascism 's European Empire : Italian Occupation during the Second World War . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press , 2006 . P. 31 . ^ Jump up to : Mussolini Warlord : Failed Dreams of Empire , 1940 - 1943 Jump up ^ Peter Neville . Mussolini . Pp. 171 . Jump up ^ Peter Neville . Mussolini . P. 171 . ^ Jump up to : Denis Mack Smith . Italy and Its Monarchy . P295 . ^ Jump up to : Denis Mack Smith . Italy and Its Monarchy . P296 . Jump up ^ Peter Neville . Mussolini . P. 172 . Jump up ^ Shirer 1960 , p. 1131 . ^ Jump up to : Albania : A Country Study : Italian Occupation , Library of Congress . Last accessed 14 Februari 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Albania - Italian Penetration '' . countrystudies.us . Jump up ^ Timeline Data ; World at War online ; retrieved 14 February 2015 Jump up ^ Barak Kushner . The Thought War : Japanese Imperial Propaganda . University of Hawaii Press , P. 119 . Jump up ^ Hilary Conroy , Harry Wray . Pearl Harbor Reexamined : Prologue to the Pacific War . 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The Brandenburger Commandos : Germany 's Elite Warrior Spies in World War II . Mechanicsburg , Pennsylvania : Stackpole Book . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8117 - 3250 - 5 , 10 : 0 - 8117 - 3250 - 9 . p. 141 Jump up ^ `` Thailand and the Second World War '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Sarner 1997 , p. . Jump up ^ `` Shoah Research Center -- Albania '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Hehn ( 1971 ) , pp. 344 - 73 Jump up ^ MacDonald , David Bruce ( 2002 ) . Balkan holocausts ? : Serbian and Croatian victim - centred propaganda and the war in Yugoslavia . Manchester : Manchester University Press . p. 142 . ISBN 0719064678 . Jump up ^ Jasenovac United States Holocaust Memorial Museum web site Jump up ^ Guillermo , Artemio R. ( 2012 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Philippines . Scarecrow Press . pp. 211 , 621 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 7246 - 2 . Retrieved 22 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Abinales , Patricio N ; Amoroso , Donna J. ( 2005 ) . State And Society In The Philippines . State and Society in East Asia Series . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 160 , 353 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 1024 - 1 . Retrieved 22 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Cullinane , Michael ; Borlaza , Gregorio C. ; Hernandez , Carolina G. `` Philippines '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Den Dansk - Tyske Ikke - Angrebstraktat af 1939 '' . Flådens Historie. ( in Danish ) Jump up ^ Trommer , Aage . `` '' Denmark `` . The Occupation 1940 -- 45 '' . Foreign Ministry of Denmark . Archived from the original on 2006 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ William L. Langer and S. Everett Gleason , The Undeclared War , 1940 - 1941 ( 1953 ) , pp 172 - 73 , 424 - 31 , 575 - 78 Jump up ^ Richard Petrow , The Bitter Years : The Invasion and Occupation of Denmark and Norway , April 1940 - May 1945 ( 1974 ) p 165 Jump up ^ `` Jasenovac '' . 11 July 2003 . Archived from the original on 11 July 2003 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Flåden efter 29 August 1943 '' . Archived from the original on 16 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Den Danske Brigade DANFORCE - Den Danske Brigade `` DANFORCE '' Sverige 1943 - 45 `` . 12 August 2002 . Archived from the original on 12 August 2002 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Petrow , The Bitter Years ( 1974 ) pp 185 - 95 Jump up ^ Nekrich , Ulam & Freeze 1997 , pp. 112 -- 120 . Jump up ^ Shirer 1960 , pp. 495 -- 496 . Jump up ^ `` Avalon Project - Nazi - Soviet Relations 1939 - 1941 '' . avalon.law.yale.edu . Jump up ^ Wettig 2008 , pp. 20 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 58 . ^ Jump up to : Brackman 2001 , p. 341 -- 343 . ^ Jump up to : Nekrich , Ulam & Freeze 1997 , pp. 202 -- 205 . Jump up ^ Donaldson & Nogee 2005 , pp. 65 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Churchill 1953 , pp. 520 -- 521 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Wylie 2002 , p. 275 . Jump up ^ Rohr 2007 , p. 99 . ^ Jump up to : Bowen 2000 , p. 59 . ^ Jump up to : Payne 1987 , p. 269 . Jump up ^ Preston 1994 , p. 857 . Jump up ^ Reginbogin , Herbert ( 2009 ) . Faces of Neutrality : A Comparative Analysis of the Neutrality of Switzerland and other Neutral Nations during WW II ( First ed . ) . LIT Verlag . p. 120 . Jump up ^ Leonard & Bratzel 2007 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Steinberg 2000 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Payne 1999 , p. 538 . Jump up ^ Bachelier 2000 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Paxton 1993 . Jump up ^ Albert Lebrun 's biography , French Republic Presidential official website Archived April 14 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Kershaw , Ian . Fateful Choices : Ten Decisions the Changed the World , 1940 - 1941 New York : Penguin , 2007 . pp. 444 - 46 ISBN 978 - 1 - 59420 - 123 - 3 Jump up ^ Kershaw 2007 , p. 385 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2007 , Chapter 10 . Jump up ^ Duncan Redford ; Philip D. Grove ( 2014 ) . The Royal Navy : A History Since 1900 . I.B. Tauris . p. 182 . ISBN 9780857735072 . Jump up ^ `` Franklin D. Roosevelt : Fireside Chat '' . www.presidency.ucsb.edu . Jump up ^ `` Historian : FDR probably engineered famous WWII plans leak '' . upi.com . Jump up ^ `` BBC On This Day - 11 - 1941 : Germany and Italy declare war on US '' . BBC News . BBC . References ( edit ) Print sources Asada , Sadao ( 2006 ) . From Mahan to Pearl Harbor : The Imperial Japanese Navy and the United States . Annapolis : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55750 - 042 - 7 . Bachelier , Christian ( 2000 ) . Azéma & Bédarida , ed . L'armée française entre la victoire et la défaite . La France des années noires. 1 . Le Seuil Bowen , Wayne H. ( 2000 ) . Spaniards and Nazi Germany : Collaboration in the New Order . Columbia , Missouri : University of Missouri Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 1300 - 6 . Brackman , Roman ( 2001 ) . The Secret File of Joseph Stalin : A Hidden Life . London ; Portland : Frank Cass . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7146 - 5050 - 0 . Leonard , Thomas M. ; Bratzel , John F. ( 2007 ) . Latin America During World War II . Lanham Road , Maryland ; Plymouth , England : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 3740 - 8 . Churchill , Winston ( 1953 ) . The Second World War . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 41056 - 1 . Cohen , Philip J. ( 1996 ) . Serbia 's Secret War : Propaganda and the Deceit of History . College Station , Tex : Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89096 - 760 - 7 . Corvaja , Santi ( 2008 ) ( 2001 ) . Hitler & Mussolini : The Secret Meetings . New York : Enigma . Donaldson , Robert H ; Nogee , Joseph L ( 2005 ) . The Foreign Policy of Russia : Changing Systems , Enduring Interests . Armonk , New York : M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7656 - 1568 - 8 . Dull , Paul S ( 2007 ) ( 1978 ) . A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy , 1941 -- 1945 . Annapolis : Naval Institute Press . Harrison , Mark ( 2000 ) ( 1998 ) . The Economics of World War II : Six Great Powers in International Comparison . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 78503 - 7 . Hill , Richard ( 2003 ) ( 2002 ) . Hitler Attacks Pearl Harbor : Why the United States Declared War on Germany . Boulder , CO : Lynne Rienner . Jabārah , Taysīr ( 1985 ) . Palestinian leader , Hajj Amin al - Husayni , Mufti of Jerusalem . Kingston Press . p. 183 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 940670 - 10 - 5 . Jokipii , Mauno ( 1987 ) . Jatkosodan synty : tutkimuksia Saksan ja Suomen sotilaallisesta yhteistyöstä 1940 -- 41 ( Birth of the Continuation War : Analysis of the German and Finnish Military Co-operation , 1940 -- 41 ) ( in Finnish ) . Helsinki : Otava . ISBN 978 - 951 - 1 - 08799 - 1 . Kennedy - Pipe , Caroline ( 1995 ) . Stalin 's Cold War : Soviet Strategies in Europe , 1943 to 1956 . New York : Manchester University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 4201 - 0 . Kershaw , Ian ( 2007 ) . Fateful Choices : Ten Decisions That Changed the World , 1940 -- 1941 . London : Allen Lane . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59420 - 123 - 3 . Kirby , D.G. ( 1979 ) . Finland in the Twentieth Century : A History and an Interpretation . London : C. Hurst & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 905838 - 15 - 1 . Lebra , Joyce C ( 1970 ) . The Indian National Army and Japan . Singapore : Institute of Southeast Asian Studies . ISBN 978 - 981 - 230 - 806 - 1 . Lewis , Daniel K. ( 2001 ) . The History of Argentina . New York ; Hampshire : Palgrave MacMillan . Lidegaard , Bo ( 2003 ) . Dansk Udenrigspolitisk Historie , vol. 4 ( in Danish ) . Copenhagen : Gyldendal . ISBN 978 - 87 - 7789 - 093 - 2 . Lowe , Cedric J. ; Marzari , Frank ( 2002 ) ( 1975 ) . Italian Foreign Policy , 1870 -- 1940 . Foreign Policies of the Great Powers . London : Routledge . McKercher , B.J.C. ; Legault , Roch ( 2001 ) ( 2000 ) . Military Planning and the Origins of the Second World War in Europe . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Publishing Group . Montgomery , John F. ( 2002 ) ( 1947 ) . Hungary : The Unwilling Satellite . Simon Publications . Nekrich , Aleksandr Moiseevich ; Ulam , Adam Bruno ; Freeze , Gregory L. ( 1997 ) . Pariahs , Partners , Predators : German - Soviet Relations , 1922 -- 1941 . Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 10676 - 9 . Paxton , Robert O ( 1993 ) . J.P. Azéma & François Bédarida , ed . La Collaboration d'État . La France des Années Noires . Paris : Éditions du Seuil Payne , Stanley G. ( 1987 ) . The Franco Regime , 1936 -- 1975 . Madison , Wisconsin : University of Wisconsin Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 11074 - 1 . Payne , Stanley G. ( 1999 ) . Fascism in Spain , 1923 -- 1977 . Madison , Wisconsin : University of Wisconsin Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 16564 - 2 . Potash , Robert A. ( 1969 ) . The Army And Politics in Argentina : 1928 -- 1945 ; Yrigoyen to Perón . Stanford : Stanford University Press . Roberts , Geoffrey ( 2006 ) . Stalin 's Wars : From World War to Cold War , 1939 -- 1953 . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 11204 - 1 . Preston , Paul ( 1994 ) . Franco : A Biography . New York : Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 02515 - 2 . Rodao , Florentino ( 2002 ) . Franco y el imperio japonés : imágenes y propaganda en tiempos de guerra . Barcelona : Plaza & Janés . ISBN 978 - 84 - 01 - 53054 - 8 . Rohr , Isabelle ( 2007 ) . The Spanish Right and the Jews , 1898 -- 1945 : Antisemitism and Opportunism . Eastbourne , England ; Portland , Oregon : Sussex Academic Press . Sarner , Harvey ( 1997 ) . Rescue in Albania : One Hundred Percent of Jews in Albania Rescued from the Holocaust . Cathedral City , California : Brunswick Press . Senn , Alfred Erich ( 2007 ) . Lithuania 1940 : Revolution From Above . Amsterdam ; New York : Rodopi Publishers . ISBN 978 - 90 - 420 - 2225 - 6 . Seppinen , Ilkka ( 1983 ) . Suomen ulkomaankaupan ehdot 1939 -- 1940 ( Conditions of Finnish Foreign Trade 1939 -- 1940 ) ( in Finnish ) . Helsinki : Suomen historiallinen seura . ISBN 978 - 951 - 9254 - 48 - 7 . Shirer , William L. ( 1960 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 62420 - 0 . Sinor , Denis ( 1959 ) . History of Hungary . Woking ; London : George Allen and Unwin . Steinberg , David Joel ( 2000 ) ( 1982 ) . The Philippines : A Singular and a Plural Place . Boulder Hill , Colorado ; Oxford : Westview Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8133 - 3755 - 5 . Walters , Guy ( 2009 ) . Hunting Evil : The Nazi War Criminals Who Escaped and the Quest to Bring Them to Justice . New York : Broadway Books . Wettig , Gerhard ( 2008 ) . Stalin and the Cold War in Europe . Landham , Md : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 6 . Wylie , Neville ( 2002 ) . European Neutrals and Non-Belligerents During the Second World War . Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 64358 - 0 . Online sources Halsall , Paul ( 1997 ) . `` The Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact , 1939 '' . New York : Fordham University . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 22 . Further reading ( edit ) Dear , Ian C.B. ( 2005 ) . Foot , Michael ; Daniell , Richard , eds . The Oxford Companion to World War II . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280670 - X . Kirschbaum , Stanislav ( 1995 ) . A History of Slovakia : The Struggle for Survival . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 10403 - 0 . Ready , J. Lee ( 2012 ) ( 1987 ) . The Forgotten Axis : Germany 's Partners and Foreign Volunteers in World War II . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland & Company . ISBN 9780786471690 . OCLC 895414669 . Roberts , Geoffrey ( 1992 ) . `` Infamous Encounter ? The Merekalov - Weizsacker Meeting of 17 April 1939 '' . The Historical Journal . Cambridge University Press . 35 ( 4 ) : 921 -- 926 . doi : 10.1017 / S0018246X00026224 . JSTOR 2639445 . Toynbee , Arnold , ed . Survey Of International Affairs : Hitler 's Europe 1939 - 1946 ( 1954 ) online . Highly detailed coverage of conquered territories . Weinberg , Gerhard L. ( 2005 ) . A World at Arms : A Global History of World War II ( 2nd ed . ) . NY : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 85316 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Look up Axis powers in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Axis powers . 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444374827961386194	Finite potential well	Finite potential well - wikipedia Finite potential well Jump to : navigation , search The finite potential well ( also known as the finite square well ) is a concept from quantum mechanics . It is an extension of the infinite potential well , in which a particle is confined to a box , but one which has finite potential walls . Unlike the infinite potential well , there is a probability associated with the particle being found outside the box . The quantum mechanical interpretation is unlike the classical interpretation , where if the total energy of the particle is less than the potential energy barrier of the walls it can not be found outside the box . In the quantum interpretation , there is a non-zero probability of the particle being outside the box even when the energy of the particle is less than the potential energy barrier of the walls ( cf quantum tunnelling ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Particle in a 1 - dimensional box 1.1 Inside the box 1.2 Outside the box 1.3 Finding wavefunctions for the bound state 1.4 Unbound states 2 Spherical cavity 3 See also 4 References Particle in a 1 - dimensional box ( edit ) For the 1 - dimensional case on the x-axis , the time - independent Schrödinger equation can be written as : − ħ 2 2 m d 2 ψ d x 2 + V ( x ) ψ = E ψ ( 1 ) ( \ displaystyle - ( \ frac ( \ hbar ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2m ) ) ( \ frac ( d ^ ( 2 ) \ psi ) ( dx ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + V ( x ) \ psi = E \ psi \ quad ( 1 ) ) where ħ = h 2 π ( \ displaystyle \ hbar = ( \ frac ( h ) ( 2 \ pi ) ) ) , h ( \ displaystyle h \ , ) is Planck 's constant , m ( \ displaystyle m \ , ) is the mass of the particle , ψ ( \ displaystyle \ psi \ , ) is the ( complex valued ) wavefunction that we want to find , V ( x ) ( \ displaystyle V \ left ( x \ right ) \ , ) is a function describing the potential energy at each point x , and E ( \ displaystyle E \ , ) is the energy , a real number , sometimes called eigenenergy . For the case of the particle in a 1 - dimensional box of length L , the potential is V 0 ( \ displaystyle V_ ( 0 ) ) outside the box , and zero for x between − L / 2 ( \ displaystyle - L / 2 ) and L / 2 ( \ displaystyle L / 2 ) . The wavefunction is considered to be made up of different wavefunctions at different ranges of x , depending on whether x is inside or outside of the box . Therefore , the wavefunction is defined such that : ψ = ( ψ 1 , if x < − L / 2 ( the region outside the box ) ψ 2 , if − L / 2 < x < L / 2 ( the region inside the box ) ψ 3 if x > L / 2 ( the region outside the box ) ( \ displaystyle \ psi = ( \ begin ( cases ) \ psi _ ( 1 ) , & ( \ mbox ( if ) ) x < - L / 2 ( \ mbox ( ( the region outside the box ) ) ) \ \ \ psi _ ( 2 ) , & ( \ mbox ( if ) ) - L / 2 < x < L / 2 ( \ mbox ( ( the region inside the box ) ) ) \ \ \ psi _ ( 3 ) & ( \ mbox ( if ) ) x > L / 2 ( \ mbox ( ( the region outside the box ) ) ) \ end ( cases ) ) ) Inside the box ( edit ) For the region Inside the box V ( x ) = 0 and Equation 1 reduces to − ħ 2 2 m d 2 ψ 2 d x 2 = E ψ 2 . ( \ displaystyle - ( \ frac ( \ hbar ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2m ) ) ( \ frac ( d ^ ( 2 ) \ psi _ ( 2 ) ) ( dx ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = E \ psi _ ( 2 ) . ) Letting k = 2 m E ħ , ( \ displaystyle k = ( \ frac ( \ sqrt ( 2mE ) ) ( \ hbar ) ) , ) the equation becomes d 2 ψ 2 d x 2 = − k 2 ψ 2 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( d ^ ( 2 ) \ psi _ ( 2 ) ) ( dx ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = - k ^ ( 2 ) \ psi _ ( 2 ) . ) This is a well - studied differential equation and eigenvalue problem with a general solution of ψ 2 = A sin ⁡ ( k x ) + B cos ⁡ ( k x ) . ( \ displaystyle \ psi _ ( 2 ) = A \ sin ( kx ) + B \ cos ( kx ) \ quad . ) Hence , E = k 2 ħ 2 2 m . ( \ displaystyle E = ( \ frac ( k ^ ( 2 ) \ hbar ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2m ) ) . ) Here , A and B can be any complex numbers , and k can be any real number . Outside the box ( edit ) For the region Outside of the box , since the potential is constant , V ( x ) = V 0 ( \ displaystyle V_ ( 0 ) ) and Equation 1 becomes : − ħ 2 2 m d 2 ψ 1 d x 2 = ( E − V 0 ) ψ 1 ( \ displaystyle - ( \ frac ( \ hbar ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2m ) ) ( \ frac ( d ^ ( 2 ) \ psi _ ( 1 ) ) ( dx ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = ( E-V_ ( 0 ) ) \ psi _ ( 1 ) ) There are two possible families of solutions , depending on whether E is less than V 0 ( \ displaystyle V_ ( 0 ) ) ( the particle is bound in the potential ) or E is greater than V 0 ( \ displaystyle V_ ( 0 ) ) ( the particle is free ) . For a free particle , E > V o ( \ displaystyle V_ ( o ) ) , and letting k ′ = 2 m ( E − V 0 ) ħ ( \ displaystyle k ' = ( \ frac ( \ sqrt ( 2m ( E-V_ ( 0 ) ) ) ) ( \ hbar ) ) ) produces d 2 ψ 1 d x 2 = − k ′ 2 ψ 1 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( d ^ ( 2 ) \ psi _ ( 1 ) ) ( dx ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = - k ' ^ ( 2 ) \ psi _ ( 1 ) ) with the same solution form as the inside - well case : ψ 1 = C sin ⁡ ( k ′ x ) + D cos ⁡ ( k ′ x ) ( \ displaystyle \ psi _ ( 1 ) = C \ sin ( k'x ) + D \ cos ( k'x ) \ quad ) This analysis will focus on the bound state , where V 0 ( \ displaystyle V_ ( 0 ) ) > E. Letting α = 2 m ( V 0 − E ) ħ ( \ displaystyle \ alpha = ( \ frac ( \ sqrt ( 2m ( V_ ( 0 ) - E ) ) ) ( \ hbar ) ) ) produces d 2 ψ 1 d x 2 = α 2 ψ 1 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( d ^ ( 2 ) \ psi _ ( 1 ) ) ( dx ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = \ alpha ^ ( 2 ) \ psi _ ( 1 ) ) where the general solution is exponential : ψ 1 = F e − α x + G e α x ( \ displaystyle \ psi _ ( 1 ) = Fe ^ ( - \ alpha x ) + Ge ^ ( \ alpha x ) \ , \ ! ) Similarly , for the other region outside the box : ψ 3 = H e − α x + I e α x ( \ displaystyle \ psi _ ( 3 ) = He ^ ( - \ alpha x ) + Ie ^ ( \ alpha x ) \ , \ ! ) Now in order to find the specific solution for the problem at hand , we must specify the appropriate boundary conditions and find the values for A , B , F , G , H and I that satisfy those conditions . Finding wavefunctions for the bound state ( edit ) Solutions to the Schrödinger equation must be continuous , and continuously differentiable . These requirements are boundary conditions on the differential equations previously derived , that is , the matching conditions between the solutions inside and outside the well . In this case , the finite potential well is symmetrical , so symmetry can be exploited to reduce the necessary calculations . Summarizing the previous section : ψ = ( ψ 1 , if x < − L / 2 ( the region outside the box ) ψ 2 , if − L / 2 < x < L / 2 ( the region inside the box ) ψ 3 if x > L / 2 ( the region outside the box ) ( \ displaystyle \ psi = ( \ begin ( cases ) \ psi _ ( 1 ) , & ( \ mbox ( if ) ) x < - L / 2 ( \ mbox ( ( the region outside the box ) ) ) \ \ \ psi _ ( 2 ) , & ( \ mbox ( if ) ) - L / 2 < x < L / 2 ( \ mbox ( ( the region inside the box ) ) ) \ \ \ psi _ ( 3 ) & ( \ mbox ( if ) ) x > L / 2 ( \ mbox ( ( the region outside the box ) ) ) \ end ( cases ) ) ) where we found ψ 1 , ψ 2 ( \ displaystyle \ psi _ ( 1 ) , \ psi _ ( 2 ) \ , \ ! ) and ψ 3 ( \ displaystyle \ psi _ ( 3 ) \ , \ ! ) to be : ψ 1 = F e − α x + G e α x ( \ displaystyle \ psi _ ( 1 ) = Fe ^ ( - \ alpha x ) + Ge ^ ( \ alpha x ) \ , \ ! ) ψ 2 = A sin ⁡ ( k x ) + B cos ⁡ ( k x ) ( \ displaystyle \ psi _ ( 2 ) = A \ sin ( kx ) + B \ cos ( kx ) \ quad ) ψ 3 = H e − α x + I e α x ( \ displaystyle \ psi _ ( 3 ) = He ^ ( - \ alpha x ) + Ie ^ ( \ alpha x ) \ , \ ! ) We see that as x ( \ displaystyle x ) goes to − ∞ ( \ displaystyle - \ infty ) , the F ( \ displaystyle F ) term goes to infinity . Likewise , as x ( \ displaystyle x ) goes to + ∞ ( \ displaystyle + \ infty ) , the I ( \ displaystyle I ) term goes to infinity . In order for the wave function to be square integrable , we must set F = I = 0 ( \ displaystyle F = I = 0 ) , and we have : ψ 1 = G e α x ( \ displaystyle \ psi _ ( 1 ) = Ge ^ ( \ alpha x ) \ , \ ! ) and ψ 3 = H e − α x ( \ displaystyle \ psi _ ( 3 ) = He ^ ( - \ alpha x ) \ , \ ! ) Next , we know that the overall ψ ( \ displaystyle \ psi \ , \ ! ) function must be continuous and differentiable . In other words , the values of the functions and their derivatives must match up at the dividing points : ψ 1 ( − L / 2 ) = ψ 2 ( − L / 2 ) ( \ displaystyle \ psi _ ( 1 ) ( - L / 2 ) = \ psi _ ( 2 ) ( - L / 2 ) \ , \ ! ) ψ 2 ( L / 2 ) = ψ 3 ( L / 2 ) ( \ displaystyle \ psi _ ( 2 ) ( L / 2 ) = \ psi _ ( 3 ) ( L / 2 ) \ , \ ! ) d ψ 1 d x ( − L / 2 ) = d ψ 2 d x ( − L / 2 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( d \ psi _ ( 1 ) ) ( dx ) ) ( - L / 2 ) = ( \ frac ( d \ psi _ ( 2 ) ) ( dx ) ) ( - L / 2 ) \ , \ ! ) d ψ 2 d x ( L / 2 ) = d ψ 3 d x ( L / 2 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( d \ psi _ ( 2 ) ) ( dx ) ) ( L / 2 ) = ( \ frac ( d \ psi _ ( 3 ) ) ( dx ) ) ( L / 2 ) \ , \ ! ) These equations have two sorts of solutions , symmetric , for which A = 0 ( \ displaystyle A = 0 ) and G = H ( \ displaystyle G = H ) , and antisymmetric , for which B = 0 ( \ displaystyle B = 0 ) and G = − H ( \ displaystyle G = - H ) . For the symmetric case we get H e − α L / 2 = B cos ⁡ ( k L / 2 ) ( \ displaystyle He ^ ( - \ alpha L / 2 ) = B \ cos ( kL / 2 ) ) − α H e − α L / 2 = − k B sin ⁡ ( k L / 2 ) ( \ displaystyle - \ alpha He ^ ( - \ alpha L / 2 ) = - kB \ sin ( kL / 2 ) ) so taking the ratio gives α = k tan ⁡ ( k L / 2 ) ( \ displaystyle \ alpha = k \ tan ( kL / 2 ) ) . Similarly for the antisymmetric case we get α = − k cot ⁡ ( k L / 2 ) ( \ displaystyle \ alpha = - k \ cot ( kL / 2 ) ) . Recall that both α ( \ displaystyle \ alpha ) and k ( \ displaystyle k ) depend on the energy . What we have found is that the continuity conditions can not be satisfied for an arbitrary value of the energy . Only certain energy values , which are solutions to one or either of these two equations , are allowed . Hence we find that the energy levels of the system below V 0 ( \ displaystyle V_ ( 0 ) ) are discrete ; the corresponding eigenfunctions are bound states . ( By contrast , for the energy levels above V 0 ( \ displaystyle V_ ( 0 ) ) are continuous . ) The energy equations can not be solved analytically . Nevertheless , we will see that in the symmetric case , there always exists at least one bound state , even if the well is very shallow . Graphical or numerical solutions to the energy equations are aided by rewriting them a little . If we introduce the dimensionless variables u = α L / 2 ( \ displaystyle u = \ alpha L / 2 ) and v = k L / 2 ( \ displaystyle v = kL / 2 ) , and note from the definitions of α ( \ displaystyle \ alpha ) and k ( \ displaystyle k ) that u 2 = u 0 2 − v 2 ( \ displaystyle u ^ ( 2 ) = u_ ( 0 ) ^ ( 2 ) - v ^ ( 2 ) ) , where u 0 2 = m L 2 V 0 / 2 ħ 2 ( \ displaystyle u_ ( 0 ) ^ ( 2 ) = mL ^ ( 2 ) V_ ( 0 ) / 2 \ hbar ^ ( 2 ) ) , the master equations read u 0 2 − v 2 = ( v tan ⁡ v , ( symmetric case ) − v cot ⁡ v , ( antisymmetric case ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ sqrt ( u_ ( 0 ) ^ ( 2 ) - v ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = ( \ begin ( cases ) v \ tan v , & ( \ mbox ( ( symmetric case ) ) ) \ \ - v \ cot v , & ( \ mbox ( ( antisymmetric case ) ) ) \ end ( cases ) ) ) In the plot to the right , for u 0 2 = 20 ( \ displaystyle u_ ( 0 ) ^ ( 2 ) = 20 ) , solutions exist where the blue semicircle intersects the purple or grey curves ( v tan ⁡ v ( \ displaystyle v \ tan v ) and − v cot ⁡ v ( \ displaystyle - v \ cot v ) ) . Each purple or grey curve represents a possible solution , v i ( \ displaystyle v_ ( i ) ) within the range π 2 ( i − 1 ) ≤ v i < π 2 i ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 2 ) ) ( i - 1 ) \ leq v_ ( i ) < ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 2 ) ) i ) . The total number of solutions , N ( \ displaystyle N ) , ( i.e. , the number of purple / grey curves that are intersected by the blue circle ) is therefore determined by dividing the radius of the blue circle , u 0 ( \ displaystyle u_ ( 0 ) ) , by the range of each solution π / 2 ( \ displaystyle \ pi / 2 ) . N = ⌊ 2 u 0 π ⌋ + 1 = ⌈ 2 u 0 π ⌉ ( \ displaystyle N = \ left \ lfloor ( \ frac ( 2u_ ( 0 ) ) ( \ pi ) ) \ right \ rfloor + 1 = \ left \ lceil ( \ frac ( 2u_ ( 0 ) ) ( \ pi ) ) \ right \ rceil ) In this case there are exactly three solutions , since N = ⌊ 2 20 / π ⌋ + 1 = ⌊ 2.85 ⌋ + 1 = 2 + 1 = 3 ( \ displaystyle N = \ lfloor 2 ( \ sqrt ( 20 ) ) / \ pi \ rfloor + 1 = \ lfloor 2.85 \ rfloor + 1 = 2 + 1 = 3 ) . v 1 = 1.28 , v 2 = 2.54 ( \ displaystyle v_ ( 1 ) = 1.28 , v_ ( 2 ) = 2.54 ) and v 3 = 3.73 ( \ displaystyle v_ ( 3 ) = 3.73 ) , with the corresponding energies E n = 2 ħ 2 v n 2 m L 2 ( \ displaystyle E_ ( n ) = ( 2 \ hbar ^ ( 2 ) v_ ( n ) ^ ( 2 ) \ over mL ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . If we want , we can go back and find the values of the constants A , B , G , H ( \ displaystyle A , B , G , H ) in the equations now ( we also need to impose the normalisation condition ) . On the right we show the energy levels and wave functions in this case ( where x 0 ≡ ħ / 2 m V 0 ( \ displaystyle x_ ( 0 ) \ equiv \ hbar / ( \ sqrt ( 2mV_ ( 0 ) ) ) ) ) : We note that however small u 0 ( \ displaystyle u_ ( 0 ) ) is ( however shallow or narrow the well ) , there is always at least one bound state . Two special cases are worth noting . As the height of the potential becomes large , V 0 → ∞ ( \ displaystyle V_ ( 0 ) \ to \ infty ) , the radius of the semicircle gets larger and the roots get closer and closer to the values v n = n π / 2 ( \ displaystyle v_ ( n ) = n \ pi / 2 ) , and we recover the case of the infinite square well . The other case is that of a very narrow , deep well - specifically the case V 0 → ∞ ( \ displaystyle V_ ( 0 ) \ to \ infty ) and L → 0 ( \ displaystyle L \ to 0 ) with V 0 L ( \ displaystyle V_ ( 0 ) L ) fixed . As u 0 ∝ V 0 L 2 ( \ displaystyle u_ ( 0 ) \ propto V_ ( 0 ) L ^ ( 2 ) ) it will tend to zero , and so there will only be one bound state . The approximate solution is then v 2 = u 0 2 − u 0 4 ( \ displaystyle v ^ ( 2 ) = u_ ( 0 ) ^ ( 2 ) - u_ ( 0 ) ^ ( 4 ) ) , and the energy tends to E = − m L 2 V 0 2 / 2 ħ 2 ( \ displaystyle E = - mL ^ ( 2 ) V_ ( 0 ) ^ ( 2 ) / 2 \ hbar ^ ( 2 ) ) . But this is just the energy of the bound state of a Delta function potential of strength V 0 L ( \ displaystyle V_ ( 0 ) L ) , as it should be . A simpler graphical solution for the energy levels can be obtained by normalizing the potential and the energy through multiplication by 8 m L 2 / h 2 ( \ displaystyle ( 8m ) ( L ^ ( 2 ) ) / h ^ ( 2 ) ) . The normalized quantities are V ~ 0 = V 0 8 m h 2 L 2 E ~ = E 8 m h 2 L 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ tilde ( V ) ) _ ( 0 ) = V_ ( 0 ) ( \ frac ( 8m ) ( h ^ ( 2 ) ) ) L ^ ( 2 ) \ qquad ( \ tilde ( E ) ) = E ( \ frac ( 8m ) ( h ^ ( 2 ) ) ) L ^ ( 2 ) ) giving directly the relation between the allowed couples ( V 0 , E ) ( \ displaystyle ( V_ ( 0 ) , E ) ) as V ~ 0 = E ~ sec ⁡ ( E ~ π / 2 ) , V ~ 0 = E ~ csc ⁡ ( E ~ π / 2 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ sqrt ( ( \ tilde ( V ) ) _ ( 0 ) ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ tilde ( E ) ) ) \ , \ left ( \ sec ( ( \ sqrt ( \ tilde ( E ) ) ) \ , ( \ pi ) / ( 2 ) ) ) \ right , \ qquad ( \ sqrt ( ( \ tilde ( V ) ) _ ( 0 ) ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ tilde ( E ) ) ) \ , \ left ( \ csc ( ( \ sqrt ( \ tilde ( E ) ) ) \ , ( \ pi ) / ( 2 ) ) ) \ right ) for the even and odd parity wave functions , respectively . In the previous equations only the positive derivative parts of the functions have to be considered . The chart giving directly the allowed couples ( V 0 , E ) ( \ displaystyle ( V_ ( 0 ) , E ) ) is reported in the figure . Note : The above derivation does not consider the possibility that the effective mass of the particle could be different inside the potential well and the region outside the well . Unbound states ( edit ) If we solve the time - independent Schrödinger equation for an energy E > V 0 ( \ displaystyle E > V_ ( 0 ) ) , the solutions will be oscillatory both inside and outside the well . Thus , the solution is never square integrable ; that is , it is always a non-normalizable state . This does not mean , however , that it is impossible for a quantum particle to have energy greater than V 0 ( \ displaystyle V_ ( 0 ) ) , it merely means that the system has continuous spectrum above V 0 ( \ displaystyle V_ ( 0 ) ) . The non-normalizable eigenstates are close enough to being square integrable that they still contribute to the spectrum of the Hamiltonian as an unbounded operator . Spherical cavity ( edit ) The results above can be used to show that , contrary to the one - dimensional case , there is not always a bound state in a spherical cavity . The ground state of a spherically symmetric potential will always have zero orbital angular momentum , and the reduced wave function U ( r ) ≡ r ψ ( r ) ( \ displaystyle U ( r ) \ equiv r \ psi ( r ) ) satisfies the equation − ħ 2 2 m d 2 U d r 2 + V ( r ) U ( r ) = E U ( r ) ( \ displaystyle - ( \ frac ( \ hbar ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2m ) ) ( d ^ ( 2 ) U \ over dr ^ ( 2 ) ) + V ( r ) U ( r ) = EU ( r ) ) This is identical to the one - dimensional equation , except for the boundary conditions . As before , U ( r ) ( \ displaystyle U ( r ) ) and its first derivative must be continuous at the edge of the well r = R ( \ displaystyle r = R ) . However , there is another condition , that ψ ( 0 ) ( \ displaystyle \ psi ( 0 ) ) must be finite , and that requires U ( 0 ) = 0 ( \ displaystyle U ( 0 ) = 0 ) . By comparison with the solutions above , we can see that only the antisymmetric ones have nodes at the origin . Thus only the solutions to α = − k cot ⁡ ( k R ) ( \ displaystyle \ alpha = - k \ cot ( kR ) ) are allowed . These correspond to the intersection of the semicircle with the grey curves , and so if the cavity is too shallow or small , there will be no bound state . See also ( edit ) Potential well Delta function potential Infinite potential well Semicircle potential well Quantum tunnelling References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hall 2013 Proposition 5.1 Jump up ^ Hall 2013 Section 5.5 Jump up ^ Hall 2013 Proposition 5.3 Jump up ^ Chiani , M. ( 2016 ) . `` A chart for the energy levels of the square quantum well '' . arXiv : 1610.04468 ( physics. gen - ph ) . Jump up ^ Hall 2013 Section 5.5 and Exercise 4 in Chapter 3 Griffiths , David J. ( 2005 ) . Introduction to Quantum Mechanics ( 2nd ed . ) . Prentice - Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 111892 - 7 . Hall , Brian C. ( 2013 ) , Quantum Theory for Mathematicians , Graduate Texts in Mathematics , 267 , Springer . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finite_potential_well&oldid=818691303 '' Categories : Quantum mechanics Quantum models Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 January 2018 , at 01 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where are the boundaries of the potential well the left boundary is at x =	[]	[]
-2007864042374335923	Green Boots	Green Boots - wikipedia Green Boots This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Photo of Green Boots taken by an Everest climber Green Boots is the name given to the unidentified corpse of a climber that became a landmark on the main Northeast ridge route of Mount Everest . Though his identity has not been officially confirmed , he is believed to be Tsewang Paljor , an Indian climber who died on Mount Everest in 1996 . The term Green Boots originated from the green mountaineering boots the body wore . All expeditions from the north side encountered the body curled in the limestone alcove cave at 8,500 m ( 27,900 ft ) . In 2006 , a different climber , David Sharp , died during a solo climb in what is known as `` Green Boots ' Cave '' . In May 2014 , Green Boots was reported missing , presumably removed or buried . In 2017 , as a greater number of climbers returned , according to 2 - stage hearsays he was noticed again at the same altitude and may have simply been covered with a few stones . Contents 1 History 2 Possible identities 2.1 Tsewang Paljor 2.2 Dorje Morup 3 Green Boots in perspective 4 Location map 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) The first recorded video footage of Green Boots was filmed on 21 May 2001 by French climber Pierre Paperon . In the video , Green Boots is shown lying on his left side , facing toward the summit . According to Paperon , Sherpas told him that it was the body of a Chinese mountaineer who had attempted the climb six months earlier . Over time , the corpse became known both as a landmark on the north route and for its association with the death of David Sharp . However , in May 2014 , Green Boots ' body was reported to be missing from view , presumably removed or buried . A body was discovered hanging alongside a tent and other debris on the side of a cliff - face in 2017 , which some have speculated to be the transported body of `` Green Boots '' . Possible identities ( edit ) Tsewang Paljor ( edit ) Green Boots is commonly believed to be Indian climber Tsewang Paljor , who was wearing green Koflach boots on the day he and two others in his party summited in 1996 , although it is possible the body may instead have been that of his team member Dorje Morup . The Everest disaster of 1996 saw the deaths of eight climbers , which included five climbers from the Adventure Consultants and Mountain Madness expeditions on the southeast route , and three fatalities on the northeast route . These were the climbers from the Indo - Tibetan Border Police ( ITBP ) expedition from India . The expedition was led by Commandant Mohinder Singh and was the first Indian ascent of Everest from the east side . On 10 May 1996 , Subedar Tsewang Samanla , Lance Naik Dorje Morup , and Head Constable Tsewang Paljor were caught in the blizzard , just short of the summit . While three of the six - member team turned back down , Samanla , Morup , and Paljor decided to go for the summit . At around 15 : 45 Nepal Time , the three climbers radioed to their expedition leader that they had arrived , a claim that was subsequently disputed by Jon Krakauer , who based on an analysis of an interview given by a later Japanese team , believes they may have stopped 150 metres ( 492 ft ) short of the topmost point but been confused by poor visibility . They left an offering of prayer flags , khatas , and pitons . Here , the leader Samanla decided to spend extra time for religious ceremonies and instructed the other two to move down . There was no radio contact after that . Back at the camps below , team members saw two headlamps moving slightly above the Second Step -- at 8,570 metres ( 28,117 ft ) . None of the three managed to come back to high camp at 8,300 metres ( 27,231 ft ) . Controversy later arose over whether or not a team of Japanese climbers from Fukuoka had seen and potentially failed to assist the missing Indian climbers . The group had left their camp at 8,300 metres ( 27,231 ft ) at 06 : 15 Beijing time , reaching the summit at 15 : 07 . Along the way , they encountered others on the trail . Unaware of the missing Indians , they believed these others , all of whom were wearing goggles and oxygen masks under their hoods , were members of a climbing party from Taiwan . During their descent , begun at 15 : 30 , they reported seeing an unidentifiable object above the Second Step . Below the First Step , they radioed in to report seeing one person on a fixed rope . Thereafter , one of the climbers , Shigekawa , exchanged greetings with an unidentifiable man standing nearby . At that time , they had only enough oxygen to return to C6 . At 16 : 00 , the Fukuoka party discovered from an Indian in their group that three men were missing . They offered to join the rescue but were declined . Forced to wait a day due to bad weather , they sent a second party to the summit on the 13th . They saw several bodies around the First Step , but continued to the summit . Initially , there were some misunderstandings and harsh words regarding the actions of the Fukuoka team , which were later clarified . According to Reuters , the Indian expedition had made claims that the Japanese had pledged to help with the search but instead had pressed forward with their summit attempt . The Japanese team denied that they had abandoned or refused to help the dying climbers on the way up , a claim that was accepted by the Indian - Tibetan Border Police . Captain Kohli , an official of the Indian Mountaineering Federation , who earlier had denounced the Japanese , later retracted his claim that the Japanese had reported meeting the Indians on 10 May . Dorje Morup ( edit ) While it is commonly believed that Green Boots is the body of Head Constable Tsewang Paljor , a 1997 article , titled `` The Indian Ascent of Qomolungma by the North Ridge '' , published by P.M. Das , deputy leader of the expedition in Himalayan Journal , raises the possibility that it could instead be that of Lance Naik Dorje Morup . Das wrote that two climbers had been spotted descending by the light of their head - torches at 19 : 30 , although they had soon been lost from sight . The next day the leader of the second summit group of the expedition radioed base camp that they had encountered Morup moving slowly between the First and Second Steps . Das wrote that Morup `` had refused to put on gloves over his frost - bitten hands '' and `` was finding difficulty in unclipping his safety carabiner at anchor points . '' According to Das , the Japanese team assisted in transitioning him to the next stretch of rope . The Japanese group discovered the body of Tsewang Samanla above the Second Step later on . On the return trip , the group found that Morup was still making slow progress . Morup is believed to have died in the late afternoon on 11 May . Das states that Paljor 's body was never found . A second ITBP group also came across the bodies of Samanla and Morup on their return from the summit . Das wrote that they encountered Morup `` lying under the shelter of a boulder near their line of descent , close to Camp 6 '' with intact clothing and his rucksack by his side . Green Boots in perspective ( edit ) Green Boots joined the ranks of roughly 200 corpses remaining on Everest by the early 21st century . It is unknown when the term Green Boots entered Everest parlance . Over the years it became a common term , as all the expeditions from the north side encountered the body of the climber curled up in the limestone alcove cave . The cave is located at 27,890 feet ( 8,500 m ) and is littered with oxygen bottles . It is located below the first step on the path . Another fallen climber who earned a nickname , `` Sleeping Beauty '' , is Francys Distefano - Arsentiev , who died in 1998 during an unsuccessful descent from Everest after summiting . Her body remained where she fell and visible until 2007 , when it was ceremonially hidden from view . Additional bodies are located in `` rainbow valley '' , an area below the summit strewn with corpses wearing brightly colored mountaineering apparel . Yet another named corpse is that of Hannelore Schmatz , who , with a prominent position on the south route , earned the moniker `` the German woman '' ; she summited in 1979 but died at 8,200 m altitude during her descent . She remained there for many years but was eventually blown further down the mountain . In 2006 , British mountaineer David Sharp was found in a hypothermic state in Green Boots ' Cave , by climber Mark Inglis and his party . Inglis controversially continued his ascent without offering assistance , and Sharp died of extreme cold some hours later . Approximately three dozen other climbers would have passed by the dying man that day ; it has been suggested that those who noticed him mistook Sharp for Green Boots and therefore paid little attention . Location map ( edit ) The location of the Three Steps on the north route is marked on this diagram , and the location of the cave is marked with a † . See also ( edit ) List of people who died climbing Mount Everest References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nuwer , Rachel ( 8 October 2015 ) . `` The tragic tale of Mt Everest 's most famous dead body '' . BBC Future . Jump up ^ Johnson , Tim ( 20 May 2007 ) . `` Everest 's Trail of Corpses '' . The Victoria Advocate . Jump up ^ Nuwer , Rachel ( 9 October 2015 ) . `` Death In the Clouds '' . BBC Future . Adventurer Noel Hanna made this discovery in May 2014 , when he was surprised to find not only that Green Boots ' cave was devoid of its familiar resident , but also that many of the bodies on the north side -- one stretch of which is sometimes referred to as `` rainbow ridge , '' for the colourful down suits of its many fallen climbers -- seemed to have vanished . Hanna estimates that , previously , up to 10 bodies were visible on the push to the summit , but in 2014 he only counted two or three . `` I would be 95 % certain that ( Paljor ) has been moved or covered with stones , '' Hanna says . ^ Jump up to : Nuwer , Rachel ( 9 October 2015 ) . `` Death in the clouds : The problem with Everest 's 200 + bodies '' . BBC Future . Jump up ^ `` Everest 2017 : Weekend Update '' . alanarnette.com . May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Everest Pierre Paperon 6 bis '' on YouTube ( in French ) . 31 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Quinlan , Mark ( 25 May 2012 ) . `` Reclaiming the dead on Mt . Everest '' . CBC News . Jump up ^ `` Everest 2017 : Weekend Update '' . alanarnette.com . May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Ed ( 15 August 2006 ) . `` Over the Top '' . Outside Magazine . Archived from the original on 12 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Singh , Mohinder ( 2003 ) . Everest : The First Indian Ascent from North . Indian Publishers Distributors . ISBN 81 - 7341 - 276 - 6 . Jump up ^ Krakauer , Jon ( 1997 ) . Into Thin Air . Anchor Books . ISBN 03 - 8549 - 208 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Saso , Hiroo . `` Misunderstandings Beyond the North Ridge '' . International Mountaineering and Climbing Federation . Archived from the original on 24 February 2005 . Jump up ^ `` India probes Everest deaths , questions Japanese team '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Das , P.M. ( 1997 ) . `` The Indian Ascent of Qomolungma by the North Ridge '' . Himalayan Journal . 53 . ^ Jump up to : Nuwer , Rachel ( 28 November 2012 ) . `` There Are Over 200 Bodies on Mount Everest , And They 're Used as Landmarks '' . Smithsonian Magazine . Jump up ^ Johnson , Tim ( 7 June 2007 ) . `` Corpses litter the ' death zone ' near Everest 's summit , frozen for eternity '' . McClatchy Newspapers . Jump up ^ Parker , Alan ( 24 May 2012 ) . `` Everest : ' The open graveyard waiting above ' '' . Maclean 's . ^ Jump up to : `` Helga 's Everest nightmare '' . Abenteuer Sport . DW.com. 17 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Breed , Allen G. ; Gurubacharya , Binaj ( 18 July 2006 ) . `` Part II : Near top of Everest , he waves off fellow climbers : ' I just want to sleep ' '' . Oh My News . External links ( edit ) Footage of Green Boots on YouTube . Shot starts around 45 second mark . 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715051001836776010	Sausage Party	Sausage Party - wikipedia Sausage Party Jump to : navigation , search Sausage Party Theatrical release poster Directed by Conrad Vernon Greg Tiernan Produced by Megan Ellison Seth Rogen Evan Goldberg Conrad Vernon Screenplay by Kyle Hunter Ariel Shaffir Seth Rogen Evan Goldberg Story by Seth Rogen Evan Goldberg Jonah Hill Starring Seth Rogen Kristen Wiig Jonah Hill Bill Hader Michael Cera James Franco Danny McBride Craig Robinson Paul Rudd Nick Kroll David Krumholtz Edward Norton Salma Hayek Music by Alan Menken Christopher Lennertz Edited by Kevin Pavlovic Production companies Annapurna Pictures Point Grey Pictures Nitrogen Studios Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date March 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 14 ) ( SXSW ) August 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 12 ) ( United States ) Running time 89 minutes Country United States Canada Language English Budget $19 million Box office $140.7 million Sausage Party is a 2016 American adult computer - animated comedy film directed by Greg Tiernan and Conrad Vernon and written by Kyle Hunter , Ariel Shaffir , Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg . It features the voices of Rogen , Kristen Wiig , Jonah Hill , Bill Hader , Michael Cera , James Franco , Danny McBride , Craig Robinson , Paul Rudd , Nick Kroll , David Krumholtz , Edward Norton , and Salma Hayek . The film , which is a spoof of Disney and Pixar films , follows a sausage named Frank who tries to discover the truth about his existence and goes on a journey with his friends to escape their fate while also facing against his own arch nemesis ; a ruthless and murderous douche who intends to kill him and his friends . It was widely identified as the first American CGI - animated film to be rated R by the MPAA . The film 's rough cut premiered on March 14 , 2016 , at South by Southwest and the film was theatrically released in the United States and Canada on August 12 , 2016 , by Columbia Pictures . The film received positive reviews from critics , with many particularly praising the humor , animation design , voice acting , screenplay writing and direction and it became a great box office success , grossing more than $140 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Production 4 Music 4.1 Soundtrack 4.1. 1 Track listing 5 Release 5.1 Premiere and theatrical release 5.2 Home media 5.3 Video game 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Controversy 7.1 Work conditions 7.2 Rating in France 8 Sequel 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) A supermarket called Shopwell 's is filled with anthropomorphic grocery items that worship the human shoppers as gods who take groceries to a utopia known as the `` Great Beyond '' when they are purchased . Among the groceries in the store is a sausage named Frank , who has dreams of living with his hot dog bun girlfriend , Brenda , in the Great Beyond , where they can finally consummate their relationship . After Frank and Brenda 's packages are chosen by a woman named Camille Toh to leave Shopwell 's , a returned jar of Bickle 's Honey Mustard tries to warn the groceries that the Great Beyond is a lie ; nobody listens except for Frank . Honey Mustard calls on Frank to seek out a bottle of liquor named Firewater , and then falls to his death . This creates an accidental cart collision that causes Frank , Brenda , and several groceries to fall out , including an agressive Douche who gets his nozzle bent , and plots revenge against Frank and Brenda . Seeking to verify Honey Mustard 's warning , Frank leads Brenda , a lavash named Kareem Abdul Lavash , and a bagel named Sammy Bagel Jr. to the store 's liquor aisle under the guise of taking a shortcut to their proper aisles . There , he smokes cannabis out of a kazoo and learns from Firewater that he and other non-perishable foods invented the story of the Great Beyond as a noble lie to assuage past foods ' fears of being eaten by shoppers . Frank , vowing to reveal the truth to the groceries , is encouraged to travel beyond the store 's freezer section to find proof . While waiting for Frank , Brenda and the others are led into the Mexican aisle by a bottle of Tequila , where they meet Teresa , a taco who falls in love with Brenda on sight . Meanwhile at Camille 's house , Frank 's friends Carl and deformed sausage Barry are horrified as they witness the other purchased foods being cooked and eaten by Camille , shown from the foods ' perspective as a brutal murder . Carl and Barry attempt to escape out a window , but Carl is killed when he is sliced in half by Camille . Barry manages to escape and stumbles across a human druggie , who becomes able to communicate with his groceries after he injects himself with bath salts . After sobering up and attempting to cook Barry , the druggie is decapitated in a domestic accident . After Frank separates from his friends , who disapprove of his skepticism of the Great Beyond , he discovers a cookbook behind the freezer section and reveals its contents to the rest of Shopwell 's groceries . Initially panicking , the groceries choose not to believe Frank out of fear of losing their sense of purpose , prompting Frank to lash out at them for their blind belief . Barry and other groceries from the druggie 's home return to the store with the druggie 's severed head , revealing that the humans can be killed . The groceries are able to drug the human shoppers and employees using toothpicks laced with bath salts . When the drugged humans begin attacking the groceries , Frank convinces everyone to listen to him and join the fight against the shoppers , and a store - wide battle ensues . After absorbing the contents of liquor bottles , Douche becomes a wild monster and takes control of Darren , the store manager , by inserting himself into his anus and yanking on his scrotum to puppeteer his actions . Once they caught Frank , Douche gets revenge by biting on Frank 's torso . Barry and the other foods launch a rocket at Douche and Darren made from propane tanks and a garbage bin used to dispose of expired foods . Brenda rescues Frank from Douche and Darren just as the rocket hits them , killing them both . With the battle over , the foods celebrate their victory in a massive orgy . Afterwards , Frank , Brenda , Barry , Kareem , Sammy and Teresa meet with Firewater and Gum , a Stephen Hawking-esque wad of chewing gum , who have had a psychedelic experience and discovered that their world is not real , and they are merely cartoons voiced by famous actors in another dimension . Gum has constructed a portal to this dimension , and the groceries decide to travel there to meet their creators . Voice Cast ( edit ) Seth Rogen as Frank Wienerton , a sausage who sets out to discover and expose the truth of his and his fellow groceries existence . Kristen Wiig as Brenda Bunson , a hot dog bun from an 8 - bun package of Glamour Buns ( net weight 340 grams ) who is Frank 's girlfriend . Jonah Hill as Carl , a sausage who is friends with Frank and Barry . Bill Hader as Firewater , an old Native American bottle of liquor and the leader of the immortal Non-Perishables . Michael Cera as Barry , a deformed sausage who is one of Frank 's friends . James Franco as the Druggie , a drug - addled pot - bellied human who is the first one to see the foods as sentient beings after injecting himself with bath salts . Danny McBride as a jar of Bickle 's Honey Mustard who is returned to his Shopwell 's shelf upon the shopper mistaking him for actual mustard and tries to warn Frank and the other products of the reality of the `` Great Beyond '' . Craig Robinson as Mr. Grits , a box of grits who is one of the immortal Non-Perishables . Paul Rudd as Darren , the manager of Shopwell 's who is nicknamed the `` Dark Lord '' as he disposes of expired food and spilled items . Nick Kroll as a literal and figurative douche who seeks revenge on Frank for breaking his nozzle and preventing him from reaching the `` Great Beyond '' . David Krumholtz as Kareem Abdul Lavash , a Middle Eastern lavash who has a rivalry with Sammy Bagel Jr . Edward Norton as Sammy Bagel Jr. , a Jewish Woody Allen-esque bagel who has an on and off rivalry with Lavash . Salma Hayek as Teresa del Taco , a Mexican lesbian taco shell who has a crush on Brenda . Rogen has an additional minor role in the film as Sgt . Pepper , a red pepper sergeant . Hader similarly has two additional roles as a bottle of Sigueme Tequila and a guacamole gangster named El Guaco . Both Rogen and Norton also appear as the uncredited live - action heads of themselves at the end of the film . Anders Holm voices Troy , one of the sausages who picks on Barry . Rogen 's wife Lauren Miller voices Camille Toh , a woman who purchases Frank and Brenda 's packages , and a tampon who absorbs Darren 's spilled blood . Harland Williams voices Baba Ganoush , a drug dealer that the Druggie gets the bath salts from , and a bottle of ketchup that tries to comfort Honey Mustard upon his return . Directors Conrad Vernon and Greg Tiernan have various cameo appearances throughout the film : Vernon as an Ed Wynn-esque roll of toilet paper , an Adolf Hitler-esque sauerkraut , a catcalling sausage , a grape , a beer can , and a pop bottle ; and Tiernan as an Irish potato and a can of noodle soup . Storyboard artist Scott Underwood plays Gum , a Stephen Hawking-esque wad of chewing gum ; Twink , a homosexual Twinkie who is one of the Non-Perishables ; and two groceries owned by the druggie : a bag of Krinkler 's Potato chips and a half - eaten slice of pizza . Production ( edit ) Rogen has stated that he worked for eight years to get the film made ; however , the content worried most film studios and they thus did not pick it up . Noting that the film came from `` an innocent place '' , Rogen stated `` ' What would it be like if our food had feelings ? ' We very quickly realized that it would be f * cked up . '' Goldberg revealed the project to Indiewire in July 2010 , stating it was a `` top secret super project '' . Initially , Indiewire was skeptical that the project was real and not a hoax on Goldberg 's part , but after vetting , it did confirm that it was in the works . In November 2010 , Hill independently confirmed to MTV News that he was working on an R - rated 3D animated film . The film was formally announced in September 2013 as a partnership between Sony Pictures Entertainment , Annapurna Pictures and Point Grey Pictures . On May 29 , 2014 , it was announced that the film would be released on June 3 , 2016 , but in early 2016 , the release date was revised to August 12 , 2016 . In January 2014 , Rogen , Hill , James Franco and Kristen Wiig were announced as the leads in the film . The other cast includes Edward Norton , Michael Cera , David Krumholtz and Nick Kroll . On April 9 , 2014 , Salma Hayek was set to lend her voice to the film as Teresa the Taco . It was also announced that Paul Rudd , Danny McBride and Anders Holm would voice characters in the film . The film received an R rating for strong crude sexual content , pervasive language and drug use . When Rogen initially submitted the film to the MPAA , however , they assigned it with an NC - 17 rating due to the visibility of pubic hair on Lavash 's scrotum . In order to be assigned an R rating , the pubic hair was removed . Music ( edit ) Soundtrack ( edit ) Sausage Party Film score by Alan Menken and Christopher Lennertz Released August 5 , 2016 Recorded 2016 Genre Film score Length 74 : 49 Label Madison Gate Records Sony Music Masterworks Producer Alan Menken Christopher Lennertz Alan Menken film scores chronology Mirror Mirror ( 2012 ) Mirror Mirror 2012 Sausage Party ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Beauty and the Beast 2017 Christopher Lennertz chronology The Boss ( 2016 ) The Boss 2016 Sausage Party ( 2016 ) Sausage Party2016 Smurfs : The Lost Village ( 2017 ) Smurfs : The Lost Village 2017 The film 's score was composed by Alan Menken and Christopher Lennertz . The soundtrack was released on August 5 , 2016 by Madison Gate Records and Sony Music Masterworks . Track listing ( edit ) All music composed by Alan Menken and Christopher Lennertz , except as noted . ( show ) Track listing No . Title Length 1 . `` The Great Beyond '' ( performed by Sausage Party Cast ) 3 : 13 2 . `` Darren , the Dark Lord '' 0 : 55 3 . `` Chosen '' 1 : 50 4 . `` I 'd Do Anything for Love ( But I Wo n't Do That ) '' ( performed by Meat Loaf ) 5 : 14 5 . `` The Crash '' 2 : 34 6 . `` Douche Loses It '' 2 : 16 7 . `` Wake Me Up Before You Go - Go '' ( performed by Wham ! ) 3 : 50 8 . `` Our Heroes '' 2 : 31 9 . `` He 's Coming '' 1 : 47 10 . `` Food Massacre '' 3 : 15 11 . `` Hungry Eyes '' ( performed by Eric Carmen ) 3 : 47 12 . `` True '' ( performed by Spandau Ballet ) 5 : 31 13 . `` The Spooge '' 3 : 46 14 . `` Magical Sausage '' 1 : 40 15 . `` Gone '' ( performed by JR JR ) 3 : 46 16 . `` We 're Home '' 3 : 29 17 . `` The Cookbook '' 1 : 26 18 . `` I Have Proof '' 3 : 06 19 . `` Big Speech '' 3 : 04 20 . `` The Big Fight '' 2 : 37 21 . `` Final Battle '' 4 : 04 22 . `` It 's Your Thing '' ( performed by The Isley Brothers ) 2 : 46 23 . `` Finale '' 2 : 24 24 . `` Joy to the World '' ( performed by Three Dog Night ) 3 : 14 25 . `` The Great Beyond Around the World '' ( performed by Sausage Party Cast ) 2 : 44 Total length : 74 : 49 Release ( edit ) Premiere and theatrical release ( edit ) A rough cut of the film was shown at the South by Southwest Film Festival on March 14 , 2016 . The final cut of the film screened at Just for Laughs on July 30 , 2016 . The film was theatrically released in the United States and Canada on August 12 , 2016 . The film was released in the United Kingdom on September 2 , 2016 . Home Media ( edit ) Sausage Party was released by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment on Blu - ray , DVD and digital download on November 8 , 2016 . Video game ( edit ) Frank and Brenda , two main characters from the film , make guest appearances in the mobile fighting game Sausage Legend , released by Milkcorp for iOS and Android , as part of a limited special event , running from March 6 , 2017 through July 31 , 2017 . As this game involves dueling with sausages , players in this game can unlock and control Brenda , who swings Frank around to battle other sausages . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Sausage Party grossed $97.7 million in North America and $42.8 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $140.4 million , against a budget of $19 million . The film is the most commercially successful R - rated animated film of all time , replacing South Park : Bigger , Longer & Uncut ( which held the record for 17 years ) , and made a net profit of $47.06 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues . In the United States and Canada , Sausage Party was released on August 12 , 2016 , alongside Pete 's Dragon and Florence Foster Jenkins , and was initially projected to gross $15 -- 20 million from 2,805 theaters in its opening weekend . However , after grossing $3.3 million from Thursday night previews ( more than the $1.7 million made by Rogen 's Neighbors 2 : Sorority Rising in May ) and $13.5 million on its first day , weekend projections were increased to $30 -- 35 million . The film ended up grossing $33.6 million in its opening weekend , finishing second at the box office , behind Suicide Squad . Outside North America , the biggest markets are the United Kingdom , Australia , Spain , Germany , Russia and Israel , where the film grossed $10.2 million , $6.8 million , $4.1 million , $3.5 million $2.6 million and $2 million respectively . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 82 % based on 192 reviews , with an average rating of 6.8 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Sausage Party is definitely offensive , but backs up its enthusiastic profanity with an impressively high laugh - to - gag ratio -- and a surprisingly thought - provoking storyline . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 66 out of 100 , based on 39 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale . Vince Mancini of Uproxx wrote `` Sausage Party 's most charming quality is that it feels exactly like a group of 13 - year - olds trying to entertain themselves , with excessive C - bombs and constant groan - worthy food puns . '' Richard Roeper gave the film three out of four stars , saying , `` Despite all the cursing and envelope - pushing and bat - bleep crazy sexual stuff , Sausage Party is n't mean - spirited . It 's just ... stupid . But also pretty smart . And funny as hell . '' Lindsey Bahr of Associated Press gave the film a positive review and wrote : `` There is no one out there making comedies quite like Rogen and Goldberg . They are putting their definitive stamp on the modern American comedy one decency - smashing double entendre at a time . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) Annie Awards February 4 , 2017 Outstanding Achievement , Editorial in an Animated Feature Production Kevin Pavlovic Nominated Central Ohio Film Critics Association January 6 , 2017 Best Animated Feature Film Sausage Party Hollywood Music in Media Awards November 17 , 2016 Best Original Song -- Animated Film `` The Great Beyond '' -- Alan Menken , Glenn Slater , Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg Houston Film Critics Society January 6 , 2017 Best Animated Feature Film Sausage Party Indiana Film Journalists Association December 19 , 2016 Best Animated Feature Film Runner - up Best Vocal / Motion Capture Performance Nick Kroll 2nd Place 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards May 7 , 2017 Best Comedic Performance Seth Rogen Nominated Village Voice Film Poll January 6 , 2017 Best Animated Feature Sausage Party 5th Place Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association December 5 , 2016 Best Animated Feature Greg Tiernan and Conrad Vernon Nominated Controversy ( edit ) Work conditions ( edit ) After release , controversy emerged after anonymous comments attributed to the animators on a Cartoon Brew article suggested that the animators at Nitrogen Studios worked under poor conditions and were forced by director Greg Tiernan to work overtime without pay . A total of 36 of the 83 animators were blacklisted and went uncredited in the film , believed to be due to their complaints ; comments made in anonymous interviews by some of the animators involved in the project by Variety , The Washington Post , and The Hollywood Reporter alleged that the comments were accurate . All the animators in the film were reportedly told outright that they would be blacklisted if they did not work overtime without pay . Rating in France ( edit ) The film was granted a − 12 certificate by France 's classification commission . Jean - Frédéric Poisson , the President of the Christian Democratic Party , criticized the decision and said , `` An orgy scene for 12 - year - olds ! Everything remains to be done to combat early exposure to pornography '' . Sequel ( edit ) Rogen has expressed interest in making a Sausage Party 2 and more animated films aimed for adults . When asked about a sequel , Rogen stated : `` It 's something we talk about , yeah . That 's one of the reasons why we took away the ( original ) ending because we thought , well , if that was the first scene of the next movie it 's probably not what you would want it to be , with them just seeing us and finding us basically . But the idea of a live - action / animated movie , like a Who Framed Roger Rabbit - style hybrid , is also very exciting , mostly because Who Framed Roger Rabbit is one of my favorite movies of all time . '' See also ( edit ) List of adult animated films References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sausage Party ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 12 , 2016 . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sausage Party ( 2016 ) '' . AllMovie . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vancouver animation studio for Sausage Party movie , subject of union complaint '' . CBC News . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Suicide Squad ' Secures Record Monday Haul For August , Eyes $51 M - $54 M In 2nd Weekend -- B.O. Preview '' . deadline.com . Jump up ^ McNarry , Dave ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Box Office : ' Suicide Squad ' to Easily Keep Top Spot Over ' Pete 's Dragon , ' ' Sausage Party ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sausage Party ( 2016 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Matt ( May 6 , 2014 ) . `` Writer Evan Goldberg and Executive Producer James Weaver Talk R - Rated Animated Film SAUSAGE PARTY ; Pixar Movies Will Get `` Ripped Apart '' `` . Collider.com . Retrieved June 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hooton , Christopher ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Sausage Party trailer : First R - rated Pixar-esque animation involves swearing bagel voiced by Edward Norton '' . The Independent . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dimoff , Anna ( August 13 , 2016 ) . `` Sausage Party , Hollywood 's first CG - animated cartoon rated R , created in Vancouver '' . CBC News . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` How animated food movie ' Sausage Party ' got an ' R ' rating '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` Sony Is Throwing A ' Sausage Party ' At SXSW ; Seth Rogen - Evan Goldberg Toon Will Screen As Work - In - Progress '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Evan Goldberg Announces ' Sausage Party ' Starring Seth Rogen & Jonah Hill '' . indiewire.com . July 23 , 2010 . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Wintraub , Steve ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` Seth Rogen Talks NEIGHBORS , Expanding Rose Byrne 's Role , the R - Rated Animated Comedy SAUSAGE PARTY , THE INTERVIEW , PREACHER , and More '' . Collider.com . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( January 28 , 2014 ) . `` Seth Rogen , James Franco , Jonah Hill , Kristen Wiig Lead ' Sausage Party ' Voice Cast '' . thewrap.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` Paul Rudd , Danny McBride , Anders Holm Join ' Sausage Party ' Voice Cast '' . The Wrap . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Yamato , Jen ( April 9 , 2014 ) . `` Salma Hayek Invited To Seth Rogen & Evan Goldberg 's ' Sausage Party ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sttoodeh , Ramin . `` SXSW : Seth Rogen 's ' Sausage Party ' Is the R - Rated ' Inside Out ' '' . Variety . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Nigel M. `` Seth Rogen 's animated film Sausage Party is provocative food for thought '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jonah Hill Says ' 21 Jump Street ' Will Be His Next Movie '' . MTV . November 2 , 2010 . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Pictures Entertainment and Annapurna Pictures will partner on animated film titled Sausage Party '' . Sony Pictures . Retrieved January 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sony & Annapurna Set Summer 2016 Date For Animated ' Sausage Party ' '' . Deadline.com . May 29 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What Got Cut From ' Sausage Party ' to Avoid an NC - 17 MPAA Rating '' . HowardStern.com . Jump up ^ `` MPAA made Seth Rogen shave the pita bread 's `` ballsack '' to avoid NC - 17 rating for Sausage Party `` . Consequence of Sound . August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Seth Rogen Reveals `` Sausage Party '' Detail MPAA Wanted Cut `` . The Howard Stern Show . August 8 , 2016 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` ' Sausage Party ' Directors Conrad Vernon & Greg Tiernan On Making 2016 's Most Outlandish Animated Film '' . August 13 , 2016 . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sasuage Party '' . Just for Laughs . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Desowitz , Bill ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` Seth Rogen 's R - Rated ' Sausage Party ' Tries to Break Through the Family - Friendly Animation Glass Ceiling '' . Indiewire.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SAUSAGE PARTY '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sausage Party ( 2016 ) '' . DVDs Release Dates . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` App store listing for Sausage Legend '' . Apple App Store . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Google Play listing of Sausage Legend '' . Google Play Store . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mobile game Sausage Legend is now having characters from Sausage Party '' . Qoo News . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oscars : Raunchy ' Sausage Party ' to Get Serious Awards Push ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` The Outliers Of 2016 : Smaller Movies With Big Profits '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` ' Sausage Party ' Raises Its Heat To $33.6 M In 2nd , Burning ' Suicide Squad ' '' . deadline.com . Jump up ^ `` Sausage Party International Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sausage Party ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sausage Party reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mancini , Vince ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Sausage Party ' Is A Delightful Fart - Joke Sandwich With An Undercooked Religious Filling '' . Uproxx . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The food 's rude and crude in hilarious ' Sausage Party ' '' . Chicago Sun Times . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Audacious ' Sausage Party ' is a delicious feast '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` 44th Annie Award Nominees '' . International Animated Film Society . November 28 , 2016 . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake & Alexandre Desplat Among Winners At Hollywood Music In Media Awards '' . Deadline . November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Scores Three Hollywood Music in Media Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Film Critics Nominations for 2016 Films '' . MovieAwardsPlus.com . December 13 , 2016 . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Film Critics Society Nominations -- ' The Nice Guys ' and Rebecca Hall Get a Deserved Boost '' . AwardsCircuit.com . December 13 , 2016 . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Indiana Film Journalists Association Awards '' . January 3 , 2017 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bell , Crystal ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` Here Are Your 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards Nominations : See The Full List '' . MTV . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Film Poll 2016 '' . The Village Voice . January 6 , 2017 . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 2016 WAFCA Awards Nominations '' . December 3 , 2016 . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Burns , Elias ; Vlessing , Etan ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Sausage Party ' Animators ' Pay Dispute Surfaces After Big Opening '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rainey , James ; Lang , Brent ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` ' Sausage Party ' Animators Allege Studio Used Unpaid Overtime '' . Variety . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Merry , Stephanie ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` The working conditions for some ' Sausage Party ' animators were pretty terrible '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Sausage Party ' : Orgy Of Upset From French Catholic , Anti-Gay Groups Over PG '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sausage Party script '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Seth Rogen Wants to Do Sausage Party 2 & More R - Rated Animated Movies '' . Movieweb.com . August 14 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Sausage Party Official website Sausage Party at Box Office Mojo Sausage Party at Rotten Tomatoes Sausage Party on IMDb Films directed by Conrad Vernon Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Monsters vs. Aliens ( 2009 ) Madagascar 3 : Europe 's Most Wanted ( 2012 ) Sausage Party ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sausage_Party&oldid=802403388 '' Categories : 2016 films English - language films American films Canadian films 2010s adventure films 2010s American animated films 2010s black comedy films 2010s buddy films 2010s comedy films 2010s LGBT - related films 2010s parody films 2016 computer - animated films Adventure comedy films American adventure comedy films American black comedy films American buddy films American computer - animated films American LGBT - related films American parody films Animated adventure films Animated buddy films Animated comedy films Animated films about revenge Annapurna Pictures films Black comedy films Canadian animated films Canadian adventure films Canadian comedy films Canadian LGBT - related films Cartoon controversies Directorial debut films Dystopian films Film scores by Alan Menken Film scores by Christopher Lennertz Films about drugs Films about food and drink Films about religion Films critical of religion Films directed by Conrad Vernon Films directed by Greg Tiernan Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films produced by Conrad Vernon Films produced by Megan Ellison Films produced by Seth Rogen Obscenity controversies in film Lesbian - related films LGBT - related animation Point Grey Pictures films Suicide in fiction Suicide in films Columbia Pictures animated films Columbia Pictures films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2016 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 23 : 29 . 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-1969697286127553529	India national football team	India national football team - Wikipedia India national football team Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the men 's team . For the women 's team , see India women 's national football team . India Nickname ( s ) Blue Tigers Association All India Football Federation Confederation AFC ( Asia ) Sub-confederation SAFF ( South Asia ) Head coach Stephen Constantine Captain Sunil Chhetri Most caps Sunil Chhetri ( 97 ) Top scorer Sunil Chhetri ( 56 ) Home stadium Various FIFA code IND First colours Second colours FIFA ranking Current 97 2 ( 12 April 2018 ) Highest 94 ( February 1996 ) Lowest 173 ( March 2015 ) Elo ranking Current 169 ( 6 March 2018 ) Highest 48 ( 1964 ) Lowest 177 ( 1977 , 2013 ) First international Pre-independence : Australia 5 -- 3 India ( Sydney , Australia ; 3 September 1938 ) Post-independence : India 1 -- 2 France ( London , England ; 31 July 1948 ) Biggest win Australia 1 -- 7 India ( Sydney , Australia ; 12 December 1956 ) India 6 -- 0 Cambodia ( New Delhi , India ; 17 August 2007 ) Biggest defeat Soviet Union 11 -- 1 India ( Moscow , Soviet Union ; 16 September 1955 ) Asian Cup Appearances 3 ( first in 1964 ) Best result Runners - up : 1964 The India national football team represents India in international football and is controlled by the All India Football Federation . Under the global jurisdiction of FIFA and governed in Asia by the AFC , the team is also part of the South Asian Football Federation . The team , which was once considered one of the best teams in Asia , had its golden era during the 1950s and early 1960s . During this period , under the coaching of Syed Abdul Rahim , India won gold during the 1951 and 1962 Asian Games , while finishing fourth during the 1956 Summer Olympics . India has never participated in the FIFA World Cup , although the team did qualify by default for the 1950 World Cup after all the other nations in their qualification group withdrew . However , India withdrew prior to the tournament beginning . The team has also appeared three times in the Asia 's top football competition , the AFC Asian Cup . Their best result in the continental tournament occurred in 1964 when the team finished as runners - up . India also participate in the SAFF Championship , the top regional football competition in South Asia . They have won the tournament six times since the tournament began in 1993 . Despite India not reaching the same heights since their golden era , the team has seen a steady resurgence since the beginning of the twenty - first century . Besides the SAFF Championship triumphs , under the guidance of Bob Houghton , India won the restarted Nehru Cup in 2007 and 2009 while also managing to emerge victorious during the 2008 AFC Challenge Cup . The Challenge Cup victory allowed India to once again qualify for the Asian Cup for the first time in 27 years . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early years 1.2 Golden years ( 1950s -- 1960s ) 1.3 Decline ( 1970s -- 2000 ) 1.4 Resurgence ( 2000 -- 2011 ) 1.5 2011 -- present 2 Coaching staff 3 Players 3.1 Current squad 3.2 Recent call - ups 3.3 Past squads 3.3. 1 AFC Asian Cup 3.3. 2 Summer Olympics 4 Results and schedule 4.1 2017 4.2 2018 5 Competitive records 5.1 FIFA World Cup 5.2 AFC Asian Cup 5.3 Summer Olympics 5.4 Other honours 6 Head coaches 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Early years ( edit ) Football teams consisting of entirely Indian players started to tour Australia , Japan , Indonesia , and Thailand during the late 1930s . After the success of several Indian football clubs abroad , the All India Football Federation ( AIFF ) was formed in 1937 . The national team played their first match as an independent nation in 1948 in the first round of the 1948 Summer Olympics against France . Using mainly barefooted players , India were defeated 2 -- 1 in London . Golden years ( 1950s -- 1960s ) ( edit ) In 1950 , India managed to qualify for the 1950 FIFA World Cup , which was scheduled to take place in Brazil . This was due to all their opponents during qualifying withdrawing from the pre-tournament qualifiers . However , India themselves withdrew from the World Cup before the tournament was to begin . The All India Football Federation gave various reasons for the team 's withdrawal , including travel costs , lack of practice time , and valuing the Olympics more than the World Cup . Despite the reason given out from the AIFF , many historians and pundits believe India withdrew from the World Cup due to FIFA imposing a rule banning players from playing barefoot . However , according to the then captain of India , Sailen Manna , the story of the team not being allowed to play due to wanting to play barefoot was not true and was just an excuse to cover up the real reasons the AIFF decided not to travel to Brazil . Since then , India has not come close to qualifying for another World Cup . Despite not participating in the World Cup in 1950 , the following years after , from 1951 to 1964 , are usually considered to be the `` golden era '' of Indian football . India , coached by Hyderabad City Police head coach Syed Abdul Rahim , became one of the best teams in Asia . In March 1951 , Rahim lead India to their first ever triumph during the 1951 Asian Games . Hosted in India , the team defeated Iran 1 -- 0 in the gold medal match to gain their first trophy . Sahu Mewalal scored the winning goal for India in that match . The next year India went back to the Olympics but were once again defeated in the first round , this time by Yugoslavia and by a score of 10 -- 1 . Upon returning to India , the AIFF made it mandatory for footballers to wear boots . After taking the defeat in Finland , India participated in various minor tournaments , such as the Colombo Cup , which they won three times from 1953 to 1955 . In 1954 , India returned to the Asian Games as defending champions in Manila . Despite their achievement three years prior , India were unable to go past the group stage as the team finished second in Group C during the tournament , two points behind Indonesia . Two years later , during the 1956 Summer Olympics , India went on to achieve the team 's greatest result in a competitive tournament . The team finished in fourth place during the Summer Olympics football tournament , losing the bronze - medal match to Bulgaria 3 -- 0 . The tournament is also known for Neville D'Souza 's hat - trick against Australia in the quarterfinals . D'Souza's hat - trick was the first hat - trick scored by an Asian in Olympic history . After their good performance during the Summer Olympics , India participated in the 1958 Asian Games in Tokyo . The team once again finished fourth , losing the bronze - medal match to Indonesia 4 -- 1 . The next year the team traveled to Malaysia where they took part in the Merdeka Cup and finished as the tournament runners - up . India began the 1960s with 1960 AFC Asian Cup qualifiers . Despite the qualifiers for the West Zone being held in Kochi , India finished last in their qualification group and thus failed to qualify for the tournament . Despite the set - back , India went on to win the gold medal during the Asian Games for the second time in 1962 . The team defeated South Korea 2 -- 1 to win their second major championship . Two years later , following their Asian Games triumph , India participated in the 1964 AFC Asian Cup after all the other teams in their qualification group withdrew . Despite their automatic entry into the continental tournament , India managed to finish as the runners - up during the tournament , losing out to the hosts , Israel , by two points . This remains India 's best performance in the AFC Asian Cup . Decline ( 1970s -- 2000 ) ( edit ) India returned to the Asian Games in 1966 . Despite their performance two years prior during the AFC Asian Cup , India could not go beyond the group stage as the team finished third , behind Japan and Iran . Four years later , during the 1970 Asian Games , India came back and took third place during the tournament . The team defeated Japan 1 -- 0 during the bronze - medal match . In 1974 , India 's performance in the Asian Games once again sharply declined as they finished the 1974 edition in last place in their group , losing all three matches , scoring two , and conceding 14 goals in the first round . India then showed steady improvement during the 1978 tournament , finishing second in their group of three . The team were then knocked - out in the next round , finishing last in their group with three defeats from three matches . The 1982 tournament proved to be better for India as the side managed to qualify for the quarter - finals before losing to Saudi Arabia 1 -- 0 . In 1984 , India managed to qualify for the AFC Asian Cup for the first time since their second place triumph in 1964 . During the 1984 tournament , India finished in last place in their five team group in the first round . India 's only non-defeat during the tournament came against Iran , a 0 -- 0 draw . Despite India 's decline from a major football power in Asia , the team still managed to assert its dominance as the top team in South Asia . India managed to win the football competition of the South Asian Games in 1985 and then again won the gold medal in 1987 . The team then began the 1990s by winning the inaugural SAFF Championship in 1993 . The team ended the 20th century by winning the SAFF Championship again in 1997 and 1999 . Resurgence ( 2000 -- 2011 ) ( edit ) Sunil Chhetri celebrating after scoring during the 2008 AFC Challenge Cup . India 's first competitive matches of the 21st century were the 2002 FIFA World Cup first round qualifiers . Despite a very bright start , defeating the United Arab Emirates 1 -- 0 , drawing Yemen 1 -- 1 , as well as two victories over Brunei , including a 5 -- 0 victory in Bangalore , India finished a point away from qualification for the next round . In 2003 , India took part in the 2003 SAFF Championship . The team qualified for the semi-finals but fell to Bangladesh 2 -- 1 . Later in 2003 , India participated in the Afro - Asian Games being held in Hyderabad . Under the coaching of Stephen Constantine , India managed to make it to the final of the tournament after defeating Zimbabwe , a team ranked 85 places above India in the FIFA rankings at the time , 5 -- 3 . Despite the major victory , during the gold - medal match India were defeated 1 -- 0 by Uzbekistan U21 . Due to this achievement , Constantine was voted as the Asian Football Confederation 's Manager of the Month for October 2003 . The tournament result also gave India more recognition around the country and around the world . India celebrating after winning the 2008 AFC Challenge Cup . Constantine was replaced by Syed Nayeemuddin in 2005 but the Indian head coach only lasted for a little over a year as India suffered many heavy defeats during the 2007 AFC Asian Cup qualifiers . During this time India were defeated 6 -- 0 by Japan , 3 -- 0 by Saudi Arabia and Yemen respectively at home , and 7 -- 1 away in Jeddah . Former Malmö and China coach Bob Houghton was brought in as head coach in May 2006 . Under Houghton , India witnessed massive improvement in their football standing . In August 2007 , Houghton won the country the restarted Nehru Cup after India defeated Syria 1 -- 0 in the final . Pappachen Pradeep scored the winning goal for India that match . The next year , Houghton lead India during the 2008 AFC Challenge Cup , which was hosted in Hyderabad and Delhi . During the tournament , India breezed through the group stage before defeating Myanmar in the semi-finals . In the final against Tajikistan , India , through a Sunil Chhetri hat - trick , won the match 4 -- 1 . The victory not only earned India the championship but it also allowed India to qualify for the 2011 AFC Asian Cup , the nation 's first Asian Cup appearance in 27 years . In order to prepare for the Asian Cup , Houghton had the team stay together as a squad for eight months from June 2010 till the start of the tournament , meaning the players would not play for their clubs . India were drawn into Group C for the Asian Cup with Australia , South Korea , and Bahrain . Despite staying together as a team for eight months , India lost all three of their matches during the Asian Cup , including a 4 -- 0 defeat to Australia . Despite the results , India were still praised by fans and pundits for their valiant efforts during the tournament . 2011 -- present ( edit ) After participating the 2011 AFC Asian Cup , India 's quest to qualify for the 2015 edition of the tournament began in February 2011 with AFC Challenge Cup qualifiers . Bob Houghton decided to change the makeup of the India squad , replacing many of the aging players from the Asian Cup with some young players from the AIFF development side in the I - League , Indian Arrows . Even with a young side , India managed to qualify for the AFC Challenge Cup with ease . Despite the good result though with a young side , the AIFF decided to terminate the contract of Bob Houghton . After having Dempo coach , Armando Colaco , as interim head coach , the AIFF signed Savio Medeira as head coach in October 2011 . Despite leading India to another SAFF Championship victory , Medeira lead India to their worst performance in the AFC Challenge Cup in March 2012 . The team lost all three of their group matches , unable to score a single goal during the tournament . After the tournament , Medeira was replaced as head coach by Dutchman , Wim Koevermans . Koeverman 's first job as head coach was the 2012 Nehru Cup . India won their third successive Nehru Cup , defeating Cameroon 's B side on penalties . In March 2013 , India failed to qualify for the 2014 AFC Challenge Cup and thus also failed to qualify for the 2015 AFC Asian Cup . The team also failed to retain the SAFF Championship , losing 2 -- 0 to Afghanistan in the 2013 final . After more bad results in friendlies , Koevermans resigned as head coach in October 2014 . By March 2015 , after not playing any matches , India reached their lowest FIFA ranking position of 173 . A couple months prior , Stephen Constantine was re-hired as the head coach after first leading India more than a decade before . Constantine 's first major assignment back as the India head coach were the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifiers . After making it through the first round of qualifiers , India crashed out during the second round , losing seven of their eight matches and thus , once again , failed to qualify for the World Cup . Despite failure to qualify for the World Cup , India managed to reach the third round of 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualifiers after defeating Laos in the play - off round on aggregate 7 -- 1 . On 11 October 2017 , India secured qualification for the 2019 AFC Asian Cup after a 4 -- 1 victory over Macau . They finished top of their group . Coaching staff ( edit ) Position Name Head coach Stephen Constantine Assistant coach Shanmugam Venkatesh Goalkeeping coach Rogerio Ramos Sports Scientist Danny Deigan AIFF Technical Director Savio Medeira Players ( edit ) Current squad ( edit ) The following 24 players were called up prior to the 2019 AFC Asian Cup qualifier against Kyrgyzstan . Caps and goals are updated as of 18 November 2017 after the match against Myanmar . 0 # 0 Pos . Player Date of birth ( age ) Caps Goals Club 1GK Gurpreet Singh Sandhu ( 1992 - 02 - 03 ) 3 February 1992 ( age 26 ) 21 0 Bengaluru 1GK Amrinder Singh ( 1993 - 05 - 27 ) 27 May 1993 ( age 24 ) 0 Mumbai City 1GK Vishal Kaith ( 1996 - 07 - 22 ) 22 July 1996 ( age 21 ) 0 0 Pune City 2DF Narayan Das ( 1993 - 09 - 25 ) 25 September 1993 ( age 24 ) 23 Goa 2DF Sandesh Jhingan ( 1993 - 07 - 21 ) 21 July 1993 ( age 24 ) 22 Kerala Blasters 2DF Anas Edathodika ( 1987 - 02 - 15 ) 15 February 1987 ( age 31 ) 10 0 Jamshedpur 2DF Jerry Lalrinzuala ( 1998 - 07 - 30 ) 30 July 1998 ( age 19 ) 0 Chennaiyin 2DF Salam Ranjan Singh ( 1995 - 12 - 04 ) 4 December 1995 ( age 22 ) 0 East Bengal 2DF Subhasish Bose ( 1995 - 08 - 18 ) 18 August 1995 ( age 22 ) 0 0 Bengaluru 2DF Lalruatthara ( 1995 - 01 - 07 ) 7 January 1995 ( age 23 ) 0 Kerala Blasters 2DF Nishu Kumar ( 1997 - 11 - 05 ) 5 November 1997 ( age 20 ) 0 0 Bengaluru 3MF Rowllin Borges ( 1992 - 06 - 05 ) 5 June 1992 ( age 25 ) 19 NorthEast United 3MF Halicharan Narzary ( 1994 - 05 - 10 ) 10 May 1994 ( age 23 ) 16 0 Kerala Blasters 3MF Bikash Jairu ( 1992 - 03 - 12 ) 12 March 1992 ( age 26 ) 11 0 Jamshedpur 3MF Mohammed Rafique ( 1992 - 09 - 20 ) 20 September 1992 ( age 25 ) 10 East Bengal 3MF Dhanpal Ganesh ( 1991 - 06 - 13 ) 13 June 1991 ( age 26 ) 5 0 Goa 3MF Udanta Singh ( 1996 - 06 - 14 ) 14 June 1996 ( age 21 ) 8 0 Bengaluru 3MF Anirudh Thapa ( 1998 - 01 - 15 ) 15 January 1998 ( age 20 ) 0 Chennaiyin 4FW Jeje Lalpekhlua ( 1991 - 01 - 07 ) 7 January 1991 ( age 27 ) 47 21 Chennaiyin 4FW Balwant Singh ( 1986 - 12 - 15 ) 15 December 1986 ( age 31 ) 5 Mumbai City 4FW Manvir Singh ( 1995 - 11 - 06 ) 6 November 1995 ( age 22 ) 0 0 Goa 4FW Seminlen Doungel ( 1994 - 01 - 03 ) 3 January 1994 ( age 24 ) 0 Kerala Blasters 4FW Alen Deory ( 1996 - 01 - 12 ) 12 January 1996 ( age 22 ) 0 0 Shillong Lajong 4FW Hitesh Sharma ( 1997 - 12 - 25 ) 25 December 1997 ( age 20 ) 0 0 ATK Recent call - ups ( edit ) The following players have also been called up to the India squad within the last twelve months . Pos . Player Date of birth ( age ) Caps Goals Club Latest call - up GK Albino Gomes ( 1994 - 02 - 07 ) 7 February 1994 ( age 24 ) 0 0 Delhi Dynamos v. Macau ; 5 September 2017 GK Rehenesh TP ( 1993 - 02 - 13 ) 13 February 1993 ( age 25 ) 0 0 NorthEast United v. Saint Kitts and Nevis ; 24 August 2017 GK Debjit Majumder ( 1988 - 03 - 06 ) 6 March 1988 ( age 30 ) 0 0 ATK v. Nepal ; 6 June 2017 DF Arnab Mondal ( 1989 - 09 - 25 ) 25 September 1989 ( age 28 ) 27 East Bengal v. Macau ; 11 October 2017 DF Nishu Kumar ( 1997 - 01 - 01 ) 1 January 1997 ( age 21 ) 0 0 Bengaluru v. Macau ; 11 October 2017 DF Davinder Singh ( 1995 - 09 - 22 ) 22 September 1995 ( age 22 ) 0 0 Mumbai City v. Saint Kitts and Nevis ; 24 August 2017 DF Fulganco Cardozo ( 1988 - 01 - 23 ) 23 January 1988 ( age 30 ) Chennaiyin v. Kyrgyzstan ; 13 June 2017 DF Chinglensana Singh ( 1996 - 11 - 23 ) 23 November 1996 ( age 21 ) 0 0 Goa v. Kyrgyzstan ; 13 June 2017 DF Subhasish Bose ( 1995 - 08 - 18 ) 18 August 1995 ( age 22 ) 0 0 Bengaluru v. Nepal ; 6 June 2017 MF Dhanpal Ganesh ( 1994 - 06 - 13 ) 13 June 1994 ( age 23 ) 6 0 Chennaiyin v. Saint Kitts and Nevis ; 24 August 2017 MF Seityasen Singh ( 1992 - 03 - 12 ) 12 March 1992 ( age 26 ) 5 0 NorthEast United v. Saint Kitts and Nevis ; 24 August 2017 MF Milan Singh ( 1992 - 05 - 15 ) 15 May 1992 ( age 25 ) 0 Kerala Blasters v. Saint Kitts and Nevis ; 24 August 2017 MF Cavin Lobo ( 1988 - 04 - 04 ) 4 April 1988 ( age 30 ) 8 0 East Bengal v. Kyrgyzstan ; 13 June 2017 MF Laldanmawia Ralte ( 1992 - 12 - 19 ) 19 December 1992 ( age 25 ) 0 0 East Bengal v. Kyrgyzstan ; 13 June 2017 MF Isaac Vanlalsawma ( 1996 - 09 - 15 ) 15 September 1996 ( age 21 ) 0 0 Pune City v. Kyrgyzstan ; 13 June 2017 MF Anthony D'Souza ( 1987 - 03 - 02 ) 2 March 1987 ( age 31 ) 0 0 Goa v. Cambodia ; 22 March 2017 FW C.K. Vineeth ( 1988 - 02 - 28 ) 28 February 1988 ( age 30 ) 7 0 Kerala Blasters v. Macau ; 11 October 2017 FW Robin Singh ( 1990 - 05 - 09 ) 9 May 1990 ( age 27 ) 30 5 ATK v. Macau ; 5 September 2017 FW Sumeet Passi ( 1995 - 04 - 18 ) 18 April 1995 ( age 23 ) Jamshedpur v. Saint Kitts and Nevis ; 24 August 2017 FW Daniel Lalhlimpuia ( 1997 - 09 - 12 ) 12 September 1997 ( age 20 ) 0 Bengaluru v. Kyrgyzstan ; 13 June 2017 Past squads ( edit ) AFC Asian Cup ( edit ) 1964 AFC Asian Cup 1984 AFC Asian Cup 2011 AFC Asian Cup Summer Olympics ( edit ) 1948 Summer Olympics 1952 Summer Olympics 1956 Summer Olympics 1960 Summer Olympics Results and schedule ( edit ) For all past match results of the national team , see the team 's results page . 2017 ( edit ) Cambodia v India 22 March 2017 Friendly Cambodia 2 -- 3 India ( show ) Phnom Penh , Cambodia 17 : 00 IST Laboravy 36 ' Vathanaka 62 ' Report Chhetri 35 ' Lalpekhlua 49 ' Jhingan 52 ' Stadium : Olympic Stadium Referee : Võ Minh Trí ( Vietnam ) Myanmar v India 28 March 2017 2019 ACQ Myanmar 0 -- 1 India ( show ) Yangon , Myanmar 17 : 00 IST Report Chhetri 90 ' Stadium : Thuwunna Stadium Attendance : 12,205 Referee : Yu Ming Hsun ( Chinese Taipei ) India v Nepal 6 June 2017 Friendly India 2 -- 0 Nepal ( show ) Mumbai , India Jhingan 60 ' Lalpekhlua 78 ' Report Stadium : Mumbai Football Arena Referee : Pranjal Banerjee ( India ) India v Kyrgyzstan 13 June 2017 2019 ACQ India 1 -- 0 Kyrgyzstan ( show ) Bangalore , India 20 : 00 IST Chhetri 69 ' Report Stadium : Sree Kanteerava Stadium Attendance : 6,213 Referee : Yudai Yamamoto ( Japan ) India v Mauritius 19 August 2017 Tri-Nation Series India 2 -- 1 Mauritius ( show ) Mumbai , India R. Singh 37 ' B. Singh 62 ' Report Jocelyn 15 ' Stadium : Mumbai Football Arena Referee : Dilan Perera ( Sri Lanka ) India v Saint Kitts and Nevis 24 August 2017 Tri-Nation Series India 1 -- 1 Saint Kitts and Nevis ( show ) Mumbai , India J. Singh 38 ' Report Amory 71 ' Stadium : Mumbai Football Arena Referee : Dilan Perera ( Sri Lanka ) Macau v India 5 September 2017 2019 ACQ Macau 0 -- 2 India ( show ) Taipa , Macau Report B. Singh 57 ' , 82 ' Stadium : Estádio Campo Desportivo Attendance : 600 Referee : Ahmed Faisal ( Jordan ) India v Macau 11 October 2017 2019 ACQ India 4 -- 1 Macau ( show ) Bangalore , India 19 : 30 UTC + 5 : 30 Borges 28 ' Chhetri 60 ' Ho Man Fai 70 ' ( o.g ) Lalpekhlua 90 + 2 ' Report Torrão 37 ' Stadium : Sree Kanteerava Stadium Attendance : 4,131 Referee : Yaqoob Abdul Baki ( Oman ) India v Myanmar 14 November 2017 2019 ACQ India 2 -- 2 Myanmar ( show ) Margao , India 20 : 00 UTC + 5 : 30 Chhetri 13 ' ( pen . ) Lalpekhlua 69 ' Report Yan Naing Oo 1 ' Kyaw Ko Ko 19 ' Stadium : Fatorda Stadium Attendance : 5,546 Referee : Liu Kwok Man ( Hong Kong ) 2018 ( edit ) Kyrgyzstan v India 27 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) 2019 ACQ Kyrgyzstan 2 -- 1 India ( show ) Bishkek , Kyrgyzstan 20 : 00 UTC + 6 Zemlianukhin 2 ' Murzaev 72 ' Report Lalpekhlua 87 ' Stadium : Dolen Omurzakov Stadium Attendance : 9,588 Referee : Ammar Ali Al - Jneibi ( United Arab Emirates ) India v Sri Lanka 5 September 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 05 ) 2018 SAFF Championship India Sri Lanka ( show ) Dhaka , Bangladesh Stadium : Bangabandhu National Stadium India v Maldives 9 September 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 09 ) 2018 SAFF Championship India Maldives ( show ) Dhaka , Bangladesh Stadium : Bangabandhu National Stadium Competitive records ( edit ) FIFA World Cup ( edit ) India has never ever participated in a FIFA World Cup . After gaining independence in 1947 , India managed to qualify for the World Cup held in 1950 . This was due to Myanmar , Indonesia , and the Philippines withdrawing from qualification . However , prior to the start of the tournament , India themselves withdrew due to the expenses required in getting the team to Brazil . Other reasons cited for why India withdrew include FIFA not allowing Indian players to play in the tournament barefoot and the All India Football Federation not considering the World Cup an important tournament compared to the Olympics . After withdrawing from the 1950 FIFA World Cup , India did n't enter the qualifying rounds of the tournament between 1954 and 1982 . Since the 1986 qualifiers , with the exception of the 1990 edition of the tournament , the team started to participate in qualifiers but have yet to qualify for the tournament again . FIFA World Cup record FIFA World Cup Qualification record Year Round Position Pld GF GA Pld GF GA 1930 Did not enter Did not enter 1934 1938 1950 Qualified but withdrew None 1954 Denied by FIFA None 1958 Did not enter Did not enter 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 Did not qualify 6 7 6 1990 Withdrew from qualification 1994 8 6 8 22 1998 7 2002 6 11 5 2006 6 18 0 6 2014 0 5 2018 10 7 7 18 2022 TBD TBD Total 0 / 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 43 10 11 22 43 86 AFC Asian Cup ( edit ) India have qualified for the AFC Asian Cup three times . The team played their first Asian Cup in 1964 . During this tournament India finished as the runners - up , their best major tournament performance yet . Since then India has failed to progress beyond the first round of the Asian Cup with their most recent participation being the 2011 Asian Cup . Year Round Matches Wins Draws Losses GF GA 1956 Did not enter 1960 Did not qualify 1964 Runners - up 0 5 1968 Did not qualify 1972 1976 1980 1984 Round 1 0 0 7 1988 Did not qualify 1992 2000 2007 2011 Round 1 0 0 13 2015 Did not qualify 2019 Qualified Totals 3 / 16 10 7 8 23 Summer Olympics ( edit ) Summer Olympics record Year Result Position Pld GF GA 1908 -- 1936 Did not enter 1948 Round 1 11th 0 0 1952 Preliminaries -- 0 0 10 1956 Semi-finals 4th 0 5 9 1960 Round 1 13th 0 6 1964 -- 1988 Did not qualify 1992 -- present See India national under - 23 team Total Semi-finals 4 / 17 8 6 10 27 Other honours ( edit ) AFC Challenge Cup ( 1 ) : 2008 SAFF Championship ( 6 ) : 1993 , 1997 , 1999 , 2005 , 2011 , 2015 Nehru Cup ( 3 ) : 2007 , 2009 , 2012 Asian Games ( 2 ) : 1951 , 1962 Head coaches ( edit ) Since independence , there have been eighteen different head coaches for the India national team , with ten of them being foreign coaches . The most successful head coach for India was Syed Abdul Rahim , who lead India to gold in both the 1951 and 1962 Asian Games while also achieving a fourth - place finish during the 1956 Summer Olympics . The most successful foreign head coach for India was Bob Houghton , who coached the side from 2006 to 2011 . With Houghton in charge , India won the Nehru Cup twice and the AFC Challenge Cup in 2008 which allowed India to participate in their first AFC Asian Cup for 27 years . List of head coaches of India Balaidas Chatterjee ( 1948 ) Syed Abdul Rahim ( 1950 -- 1963 ) Harry Wright ( 1963 -- 1964 ) Various ( 1964 -- 1972 ) Pradip Banerjee ( 1972 -- 1981 ) Bob Bootland ( 1982 ) Joe Kinnear ( 1983 ) Milovan Ćirić ( 1984 -- 1985 ) Pradip Banerjee ( 1985 ) Syed Nayeemuddin ( 1986 ) Amal Dutta ( 1987 -- 1988 ) József Gelei ( 1989 -- 1991 ) Jiří Pešek ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Rustam Akramov ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Syed Nayeemuddin ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Sukhwinder Singh ( 1998 -- 2001 ) Stephen Constantine ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Sukhwinder Singh ( 2005 ) Syed Nayeemuddin ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Bob Houghton ( 2006 -- 2011 ) Armando Colaco ( 2011 ) Savio Medeira ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Wim Koevermans ( 2012 -- 2015 ) Stephen Constantine ( 2015 -- ) See also ( edit ) Association football portal Football in India portal Football in India India women 's national football team India national under - 23 football team India national under - 20 football team India national under - 17 football team Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ From 1964 to 1972 , India had many managers but many of them were never recorded . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Arpit Nath , Joshua ( 3 September 2016 ) . `` Historic ! Indian Football Team Just Thrashed Puerto Rico , Ranked 38 Places Above Them '' . India Times . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.the-aiff.com/news-center-details.htm?id=8230 Jump up ^ Sen , Debayen ( 10 February 2017 ) . `` Chhetri and Bhutia , first among equals '' . ESPN FC . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sunil Chhetri overtakes Wayne Rooney in active goal scorers list '' . Indian Express . 15 June 2017 . Retrieved 21 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India jump four spots to enter top 150 of FIFA men 's rankings '' . Scroll . TheField Scroll. 3 March 2017 . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India slip to 172 in latest FIFA rankings '' . IndianExpress . IndianExpress. 3 March 2017 . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Football Elo Ratings : India '' . World Football Elo Ratings . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Triumphs and Disasters : The Story of Indian Football , 1889 -- 2000 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Kapadia , Novy ( 2 July 2013 ) . `` The 1950 FIFA World Cup : A missed opportunity for India '' . SportsKeeda . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Lisi ( 2007 ) , p. 49 Jump up ^ `` 1950 FIFA World Cup Brazil -- Overview '' . FIFA . Archived from the original on 18 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Internet Archive Wayback Machine '' . Web.archive.org. 2010 - 06 - 14 . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Article written by Somnath Sengupta ( 2010 - 12 - 26 ) . `` Legends of Indian Football : Rahim Saab '' . Thehardtackle.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Ghoshal , Amoy . `` Indian football team at the Asian Games : 1951 New Delhi '' . SportsKeeda . Jump up ^ Arunava Chaudhuri . `` The Indian Senior Team at the 1952 Helsinki Olympics '' . Indianfootball.de . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Colombo Cup '' . IndianFootball.De . Jump up ^ `` Asian Games 1954 '' . RSSSF . ^ Jump up to : `` Melbourne , 1956 '' . FIFA . Jump up ^ Arunava Chaudhuri . `` The Indian Senior Team at the 1958 Tokyo Asian Games '' . Indianfootball.de . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Arunava Chaudhuri . `` The Indian Senior Team at the 1959 Merdeka Cup '' . Indianfootball.de . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Arunava Chaudhuri . `` The Indian Senior Team at the 1960 Seoul Asia Cup Qualifiers '' . Indianfootball.de . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Arunava Chaudhuri . `` The Indian Senior Team at the 1962 D'Jakarta Asian Games '' . Indianfootball.de . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Arunava Chaudhuri . `` The Indian Senior Team at the 1964 Tel Aviv Asia Cup '' . Indianfootball.de . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Arunava Chaudhuri . `` The Indian Senior Team at the 1966 Bangkok Asian Games '' . Indianfootball.de . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Arunava Chaudhuri . `` The Indian Senior Team at the 1970 Bangkok Asian Games '' . Indianfootball.de . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Games 1974 '' . RSSSF . Jump up ^ `` Asian Games 1978 '' . RSSSF . Jump up ^ `` Asian Games 1982 '' . RSSSF . ^ Jump up to : Arunava Chaudhuri . `` The Indian Senior Team at the 1984 Singapore Asia Cup '' . Indianfootball.de . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` South Asian Games '' . IndianFootball.De . ^ Jump up to : `` SAFF CHAMPIONSHIP : REMEMBERING INDIA 'S SAFF TITLE TRIUMPHS '' . The Hard Tackle. 27 August 2013 . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup qualifying '' . RSSSF . Jump up ^ `` SAFF 2003 '' . RSSSF . ^ Jump up to : `` Constantine 's rising stock '' . IndianFootball.De . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Uzbekistan win football gold '' . Rediff. 23 October 2003 . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National football team 's coach sacked '' . Hindustan Times . 9 March 2006 . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFC Asian Cup 2007 '' . RSSSF . Jump up ^ `` Bob Houghton is India 's football coach '' . Rediff. 28 May 2006 . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nehru Cup 2007 '' . RSSSF . Jump up ^ `` India win AFC Challenge Cup '' . Rediff.com. 13 August 2008 . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Rizvi , Ahmed ( 7 July 2009 ) . `` Houghton prepares in earnest '' . The National . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFC Asian Cup 2011 : Group C preview '' . The World Game . 9 November 2012 . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` INDIA IN AFC ASIAN CUP 2011 : PERFORMANCE REVIEW '' . The Hard Tackle. 20 January 2011 . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Sengupta , Rahul ( 17 February 2011 ) . `` AIFF Announces New Look Indian Squad For The AFC Challenge Cup Qualifiers '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Deb , Debapriya ( 27 March 2011 ) . `` 2012 AFC CHALLENGE CUP QUALIFIERS : TEAM INDIA PERFORMANCE REPORT CARD -- PART 1 '' . The Hard Tackle . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Englishman Bob Houghton sacked as Manager of India '' . Caught OffSide. 24 February 2011 . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Coach Profile -- Savio Medeira '' . WIFA . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ De Sousa , Jonathan ( 15 March 2012 ) . `` INDIAN FOOTBALL : AFC CHALLENGE CUP 2012 REVIEW -- A LOOK AT THE BLUE TIGERS '' . The Hard Tackle . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wim Koevermans named as new India senior team coach '' . Goal.com. 15 June 2012 . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India beat Cameroon to win third successive Nehru Cup title '' . India Today . 2 September 2012 . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India Lose To Myanmar In AFC Challenge Cup Qualifiers '' . NDTV Sports . 7 March 2013 . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Noronha , Anselm ( 11 September 2013 ) . `` Afghanistan are the SAFF Championship 2013 champions , beat India 2 - 0 '' . Goal.com . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Indian football team goes down to Palestine ; coach Koevermans resigns '' . Rediff. 7 October 2014 . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India slip to 172 in latest FIFA rankings '' . Indian Express . 5 November 2015 . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Constantine appointed Indian men 's football head coach '' . Indian Express . 16 January 2015 . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Sequiera , Sean ( 5 September 2016 ) . `` 2018 World Cup qualification was never possible for India : Stephen Constantine '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 18 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India thrashes Laos '' . The Hindu . 7 June 2016 . Retrieved 22 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` India qualify for AFC Asian Cup 2019 '' . Goal.com. 11 October 2017 . Retrieved 22 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Indian football team coach Stephen Constantine announces squad for Kyrgyz Republic '' . Hindustan Times . 24 March 2018 . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Choudhury , Chandrahas ( 11 June 2014 ) . `` Blame India 's World Cup Drought on the Shoes '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 30 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Indian National Team 's World Cup qualifying : '' . Indianfootball.de . Archived from the original on 14 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Nations Cup 1964 '' . RSSSF . Jump up ^ Mishra , Rishav ( 6 January 2013 ) . `` Indian Football 's Golden Age '' . Quora ( Indian Sports ) . Retrieved 30 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nandi , Dhirtiman ( 23 August 2015 ) . `` Performance Of Foreign Coaches In Indian National Football Team '' . IndianFootballNetwork . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to India national football team . 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-4686638387215840402	List of Land of the Lost characters and species	List of Land of the Lost characters and species - wikipedia List of Land of the Lost characters and species Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may interest only a particular audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Land of the Lost is a 1974 -- 1976 TV series relating the adventures of the Marshall family ( including Will and Holly and their father , later replaced by their uncle ) . The Marshalls become trapped in a pocket universe populated by dinosaurs , ape - like creatures called Pakuni , and anthropomorphic reptilian creatures named Sleestak . This article concerns these characters , along with other human and alien visitors to the Land of the Lost . Travel to the Land of the Lost is almost always accidental , via `` time doorways '' that appear to glow and / or billow mist . These doorways sometimes appear to open and close spontaneously , but they can also be opened and controlled by Pylon crystal matrix tables and by a matrix table in the Lost City . Time doorways obey a form of temporal energy conservation law : whenever something enters the Land of the Lost via a time doorway , something else must then leave it , though not necessarily at exactly the same time . This aspect was abandoned in the show 's third and final season , after new producers took over and the show 's mythology was substantially changed . At least one Pylon periodically travels to other universes , acting as a sort of `` interdimensional elevator '' , triggered by a conjunction of the Land 's moons that occurs every three to four years . One of the universes it stops at along the way appears to be the Marshalls ' home Earth . Contents ( hide ) 1 Humans 1.1 The Marshalls 1.2 Jefferson Davis Collie III 1.3 Rani 1.4 Peter Koenig and Harry Potts 1.5 Beauregard Jackson 1.6 William Blandings 1.7 Malak 2 Nonhumans 2.1 Pakuni 2.1. 1 Cha - Ka 2.1. 2 Ta and Sa 2.2 Sleestak 2.3 Altrusians 2.3. 1 Enik 2.4 The Zarn 3 Animals 4 See also 5 References Humans ( edit ) The Marshalls ( edit ) Rick , Will , and Holly Marshall are the initial human protagonists on Land of the Lost . Rick is later replaced by Uncle Jack . Rick Marshall , his son Will , and his young daughter Holly were rafting on the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon when they were caught in `` the greatest earthquake ever known '' . The river was diverted over a cliff , and as the Marshalls ' raft plunged over the resulting waterfall they struck a time doorway partway down . Trapped in the Land of the Lost with only the minimal camping equipment they 'd had on the raft , they make their camp in a natural cave partway up the face of a cliff they call the High Bluff . The three of them are from California , though Rick grew up on Ford Street in Indianapolis and attended Fillmore High there . The Marshalls formerly lived in Harrisville , Indiana . Mrs. Marshall died of unspecified causes when Will and Holly were very young , and neither of them remembers her very clearly . Rick describes her as being headstrong and beautiful , just like Holly , and apparently loved her deeply . Will and Holly frequently suffer bouts of sibling rivalry , though they overcome such issues when the situation becomes difficult enough . Will is the most adventurous of the Marshalls , frequently taking `` shortcuts '' as an excuse to explore new territory and tampering with Pylons to determine their function . Holly suffers from a fear of heights . At the beginning of the third season , Rick Marshall is lost unexpectedly via a time doorway in a newly discovered pylon ; Will and Holly 's uncle Jack Marshall ( Ron Harper ) , who had been searching for them for six months by following the same river route along which they 'd originally disappeared , experiences another earthquake and falls through a doorway into the Land . At the same time , another earthquake occurs in the Land itself that buries High Bluff along with the Marshalls ' equipment and provisions . Therefore , the Marshalls move into a temple near the Lost City instead ( not the same as the Builder 's Temple ) . The series ends without showing the Marshalls ' ultimate fate , though there are some ambiguous suggestions of it . In `` Elsewhen '' , an adult version of Holly visits via a time doorway from the future , and in another episode a mysterious `` repairman '' confidently predicts that the Marshalls will someday escape the Land of the Lost . An alternate universe version of the Marshalls ( who wear clothing that `` our '' Marshalls lost upon entry into the Land of the Lost , and who did not suffer the loss of their mother ) appear in `` Split Personality '' . It is discovered in the last first - season episode that the Marshalls were their own counterbalance ; their death in the Land of the Lost in that episode is what causes the time doorway that drew them there in the first place to open . `` Circle '' was intended to serve as a `` final episode '' in the event that the show was not renewed . Jefferson Davis Collie III ( edit ) Jefferson Davis Collie III is an old and somewhat deranged Confederate artillery man who has been in the Land of the Lost for many decades . He lives in the caves near where the river goes underground , obsessively mining the rich veins of light crystals there . His only companion is a cannon named `` Sarah '' with which he drives away the occasional group of Sleestak attackers using home - made gunpowder ; he reports that Sleestak `` taste a whole lot like lobster . But then again , not like lobster , if you know what I mean . '' Otherwise , his diet seems to consist solely of fish and wild mushrooms . The Marshalls encounter him when they attempt to ride the river out of the Land in the episode `` Downstream '' , but he ultimately returns to his cave rather than face the dinosaurs in the jungle outside . Apparently , Collie is turned to stone by Medusa ( see Native Inhabitants section below ) , appearing in her garden during the third - season episode `` Medusa '' . Collie was played by Walker Edmiston , the same actor who later played Enik the Altrusian . The original script for `` Downstream '' called for him to have a rifle , but concerns over young viewers being inspired to play with firearms resulted in its substitution with a cannon . Rani ( edit ) `` Rani '' ( Erica Hagen ) , though she never actually stated , is likely an adult version of Holly from an unspecified point in the future . In `` Elsewhen '' she arrives through an open time doorway in Enik 's cave to give aid to Holly after she runs off and leaves her family in one of the lower caverns . Rani appears to be in her early to mid-20s , with shoulder - length blonde hair and wears a simple yet elegant gown made from a pale blue fabric . Around her neck , she wears a pendant with a large blue crystal set into it with smaller yellow crystals framing it . She offers three identical pendants to Holly which `` work like walkie - talkies '' and will allow her to communicate with other wearers over long distance . She has a scar on the inside of her right arm which she received `` while helping her brother out of a difficult situation '' . She convinces Holly that her family sees her as `` the baby of the family '' and are therefore overprotective of her and that she needs to help them any way she can . She also confesses with great sadness that `` they wo n't always be there '' . Rani also tells her that in order to help them she must overcome her fear of heights by looking at the earth . Holly finally realizes who she is after she receives a fresh scar identical to Rani 's while fighting the Sleestak `` god '' in order to buy time for her father to haul an injured Will up and out of the pit . She also claims that `` Rani '' was her secret name for herself that no one else knew about . Rani says that she is proof that her family can escape the Land one day and disappears through the open doorway . Peter Koenig and Harry Potts ( edit ) Peter Koenig was a private in General George Washington 's Revolutionary Army who arrived in the Land of the Lost some time prior to the Marshalls . Koenig and his companion Harry Potts explored the Land extensively in search of a way back to Earth . When the Marshalls first arrive , they discover a stone pillar in the jungle where Koenig had written `` Beware of Sleestak '' with chalk . The Marshalls only learn much later who had been responsible for this warning , when they discovered Koenig 's journal . Koenig claims to have dubbed the Sleestak thus in honor of Major Joshua Sleestak . Koenig claims in his journal to have taught the Pakuni a few English words . Koenig met his death when he followed Potts ' path into the Lost City . Koenig went into the third entrance , `` where the pillars end '' , which eventually led through a narrow passageway into the `` Devil 's Cauldron '' . This was a lava chamber , with a narrow ledge , where he became trapped when the lava level rose , reviving the Sleestak . He preferred to await death in the lava chamber , rather than facing the Sleestak who had gathered outside the chamber to catch him . The Marshalls find Koenig 's skeleton in the chamber and narrowly escape a similar fate . Beauregard Jackson ( edit ) Beauregard Jackson ( Ron Masak ) of Fort Worth , Texas is a hypersonic glider pilot from 20 years in Earth 's future relative to when the Marshalls became trapped in the Land of the Lost . As shown in the episode `` Hurricane '' , he becomes briefly trapped in the Land of the Lost when Will , tinkering with the crystal matrix table in a Pylon located high on a mountain , causes a time doorway to open high above the ground . Jackson 's glider was re-entering Earth 's atmosphere over Ecuador , returning from a routine transit between Phoenix Port and Space Station 5 . His glider 's tail is suddenly severed , and the next thing he knows he is hanging from a tree by his parachute . With the help of the Marshalls , Jackson soon manages to return via the same time doorway , but the Marshalls can not follow since Earth 's end of the time doorway is 15 miles above the ground and there is only one parachute . However , in the original script Jackson makes an offhand remark about Texas being its own country prompting a suspicious Rick to compare the currency in his wallet with Jackson 's . He discovers that not only is Jackson from the future but from an alternate timeline , where Texas was not part of the United States and oil ( not gold ) is the standard . William Blandings ( edit ) Blandings ( Laurie Main ) is a mysterious figure who appears to the Marshalls as a pudgy , balding man in his late 40s with a British accent . He claims to be a `` repairman '' for the sun ( although probably just the Sun pylon ) and carries an umbrella and a valise with him . Although apparently human , Blandings displays considerable -- nearly clairvoyant -- knowledge about both the Marshalls and the Land of the Lost and the implements he carries with him are anything but ordinary . His umbrella acts something like an air conditioner keeping himself and Uncle Jack cool during the sweltering heat of increasing solar flare activity . Much like the pylons , his valise appears extradimensional in nature and from it Blandings can produce anything he wants . He also carries an amulet which produces a forcefield which he uses to repel the Sleestak . Although a formidable being , Blandings offers hints that he was sent by and actually serves a higher power . Malak ( edit ) Malak ( Richard Kiel ) calls himself the `` God of the Cro - Magnon '' and `` King of the Teutons '' . He is an opportunistic barbarian who lies , steals , threatens , and bullies to get what he wants . How and when he came to the Land of the Lost , or where exactly in time and space he comes from , is never revealed . He diverts an underground river into the Sleestak egg caves as a means of exacting tribute from them . Nonhumans ( edit ) Pakuni ( edit ) Pakuni ( singular : Paku , though this usage is not consistently obeyed ) are a species of small ape - like humanoids , ground - dwelling and bipedal , but not fully upright in posture . They are primarily herbivores , though they do occasionally eat small animals ( an iguana - like lizard in the episode `` Stone Soup '' , for example ) . They know how to create fire using flints , and manufacture simple tools such as the sharpened sticks they use as defensive weapons . Pakuni display significant skill with representational art and have superstitious rituals that usually include chanting but they do not appear to understand music . They live in small family groups that construct strong bamboo enclosures as shelters . The family groups are territorial but they are quite capable of forming alliances and friendships with neighbors when resources are plentiful and they understand the concept of trade . Young Pakuni undergo a rite of adulthood in which they must steal the egg of a large predatory dinosaur to prove their worth . Cha - Ka ( edit ) One of Pakuni to appear in the series , Cha - Ka ( Phillip Paley ) is the most favorably disposed toward the Marshalls . In the first episode the Marshalls rescue him from `` Grumpy '' the Tyrannosaurus and splinted Cha - Ka 's broken leg . Subsequently , Cha - Ka forms a close friendship with the family and with Holly in particular , helping them whenever possible and occasionally visits the Marshalls in their cave in High Bluff . Much of Cha - Ka 's moments range from his attempt to undergo the rite of adulthood to facing a mysterious being who saw him worthy of advancing on an intellectual level , resulting with his gaining the ability to speak near perfect English , play an alto recorder - like wind - instrument , walk and run upright , and learn to make fire by Season 3 . After being separated from Ta and Sa after the earthquake that marks the beginning of season three , Cha - Ka moves in with the Marshalls at the temple . Ta and Sa ( edit ) The two older Pakuni who look after Cha - Ka and boss him around . The exact familial relationship between these Pakuni is never explicitly stated ( Gerrold deliberately left the relationship vague but describes Ta and Sa as being more akin to Cha - Ka 's elder siblings rather than parents ) . Ta ( Joe Giamalva in Season 1 and Scutter McKay in Season 2 ) is a domineering , egotistical and a treacherous Paku ( Gerrold referred to Ta as a `` small , furry Hitler '' in his script ) who never comes to trust the Marshalls . He can be bargained with , however , and although he usually attempts to cheat the Marshalls it is not particularly difficult to see through the trick . Sa ( Sharon Baird ) occasionally seems to be a moderating influence on Ta , but for the most part serves as a follower . Ta is sometimes considered to be the `` alpha '' Paku or a `` witch doctor '' . He has knowledge of some of the workings of the Land of the Lost , which he disguises with a clever use of herbs and phony chanting and dancing to make it appear that he controls them . For example , he understands that the `` Pylon Express '' only opens when the three moons are aligned and so times his own `` opening ritual '' to coincide with that , and he knows that the effects of the poison from the carnivorous plant are only temporary and so hurries to sell the Marshalls a `` cure '' before it wears off on its own . Both Ta and Sa get separated from Cha - Ka during the earthquake that marks the beginning of season three and were not seen there after , though it was mentioned their tracks were seen `` ending at a dead - end cliff - face and disappearing '' by Will in Season 3 , Episode 8 . Although never referenced within the series itself , the pilot script refers to the Pakuni 's full names as `` Cha - Ka - Ta '' and `` Cha - Ka - Sa '' but shortens them to `` Ta '' and `` Sa '' for the sake of brevity . The youngest Paku was just called `` Cha - Ka '' because he lacked identity with his tribe until such time as he earned his name . Originally , there was also a fourth Paku named `` Cha - Ka - Ra '' but `` Ra '' was dropped from the story during pre-production . Sleestak ( edit ) Sleestak are green humanoids with both reptilian and insectoid features ; they have scaly skin with frills around the neck , bulbous unblinking eyes , pincer - like hands , stubby tails , and a single blunt horn on top of the head , and bear a resemblance to the hypothetical `` Dinosauroid '' . Sleestak often communicate with a hissing sound that rarely changes in characteristics . However , like their Altrusian ancestors , they possess some rudimentary form of telepathy as well . Sleestak are more sophisticated than Pakuni and are able to make crossbows , rope , nets , periscopes and other relatively advanced technologies . Sleestak are typically equipped with a crossbow and a quiver full of metal bolts which hang from their waist . The Sleestak have a current population of about 7,000 according to the Library of Skulls , but there were only three Sleestak costumes available for the show 's production , which sometimes required creative editing to create the illusion that they were that numerous . The Sleestak live in the Lost City , an underground tunnel complex originally constructed by the Altrusians . They hate bright light and rarely venture out during the day . They also have a `` hibernation season '' during which they stand motionless ; cool air keeps them in hibernation , and the heat from lava in a pool that the character Peter Koenig ( see below ) dubbed `` Devil 's Cauldron '' inside the caverns of the Lost City revives them again on a regular schedule . The Sleestak are very defensive of the Lost City . They know that their ancestors built it , but do not know how or why . They have occasionally tried exploring beyond the chasm that separates the Lost City from the rest of the Land , but their expeditions generally do not return ; they consider the City to be their only refuge . The Sleestak have encountered many other humans who have become trapped in the Land of the Lost before the Marshalls arrive , and regard humans as a terrible threat ; they attempt to capture and sacrifice humans to their god ( an unseen beast who dwells in a smoky pit ) at every opportunity . According to Dave Gerrold 's DVD commentary for `` The Sleestak God '' , the `` god '' was originally intended as a running gag with it being this loud , mysterious , hungry beast that no one ever sees ultimately to have been revealed as something much smaller ( but no less voracious ) than it sounded . Had Gerrold remained on - staff as part of Season 2 , viewers would have discovered that the god was actually the Sleestak Queen . Altrusian moths are considered sacred by the Sleestak and required for fertilization of their eggs . The Sleestak hunt them when they emerge during the night . In `` Blackout '' , the Sleestak scheme to cause perpetual night by disabling a second clock pylon , allowing them to capture the Altrusian moths . The Sleestak plan to devour large quantities of the moths so that in one thousand hours , a thousand new Sleestak will be born allowing them to resume control over the Land of the Lost . Unfortunately for the Sleestak ( but fortunately for the Marshalls ) , the cold of the long night also begins killing the moths . ( According to Wina Sturgeon 's original story for `` The Hole '' , the Sleestak ate bugs as a regular part of their diet and used a special drill attachment for their crossbow bolts to dig them out of trees . ) Sleestak eggs are gestated in a communal hatchery . The Sleestak capture live animals and tie them up there , leaving them for the young to feed on when they hatch . Occasionally , a Sleestak will be hatched that is a `` throwback '' to their Altrusian ancestors , being born with greater intelligence and with an innate knowledge of Altrusian history and technology -- though not , for some reason , knowledge of the pylons or matrix operation . The other Sleestak regard these throwbacks as a threat , and so they are also sacrificed to the Sleestak god when detected . One such throwback , named S'latch , is encountered by the Marshalls in the episode `` The Hole '' , but S'latch is never seen again thereafter . S'latch was to have returned in an unproduced script called `` The Littlest Sleestak '' in which he comes to claim a juvenile Sleestak that the Marshalls had adopted after unknowingly taking home several of their eggs . However , the little one ( now referred to as `` Speaks - To - Meat '' by the other Sleestak ) is considered `` tainted '' by human contact and thus deemed unfit . The Sleestak are governed by both a Council and a Leader . The Sleestak Leader wears a distinctive pendant and Enik occasionally negotiates with him as in the episode `` Fair Trade '' . The Council often consults the `` Library of Skulls '' where several skulls belonging to their ancient ancestors are somehow able to communicate with them and dispense advice . The Pakuni word for Sleestak is `` Sarisataka '' . Ex-Detroit Piston and current WNBA coach Bill Laimbeer played a Sleestak before attending Notre Dame . He was a Palos Verdes High School student , and the show solicited their basketball team for tall people to play Sleestak . Altrusians ( edit ) The ancestors of Modern Sleestak were the Altrusians . Their civilization fell approximately 1,000 years earlier . The Sleestak sometimes use the term `` Altrusian '' to refer to themselves and sometimes to refer only to the true Altrusians . Physically , the Altrusians were similar to Sleestak , with the former marked by a shorter stature , an extra finger on each hand , and a golden yellow skin tone . Intellectually they were very different , however . The Altrusians possessed advanced psionic technologies based on light crystals and understood a great deal about the operation of the Land of the Lost . They strove for calm emotionlessness and as a result could be both cooperative and quite callous . One Altrusian , named Enik , is a recurring character in the series , introduced in the episode `` The Stranger '' . He travels to the current time accidentally via a time doorway . He initially believes himself to be in the distant past , but upon discovering the ruins of the Lost City , he theorizes that his people degenerated into modern Sleestak when they failed to control their hate and anger . Rick Marshall speculates that it was not the presence of hate that doomed the Altrusians , but rather the absence of compassion ; Enik considers this to be a cogent argument and plans to return to his people to warn them of this flaw in their philosophy . Altrusians have a very strict code of honor : they can not allow others to show more self - control or make greater personal sacrifices than themselves . One can thus shame them into making sacrifices . In `` The Search '' , Will ( unintentionally ) convinces Enik to pass up a chance to return to his own time by first passing up an opportunity of his own to return to Earth . Enik also claims that Altrusians are incapable of lying although clearly they can `` bend '' the truth ( or not give full disclosure of all facts ) if it is in their best interest to do so . While Enik told Jack Marshall that he grasped the concept of morality , he concluded that it was `` not logical '' . Also handed down from the Altrusians was the concept of `` Altrusian grace '' . This meant that someone ( including a human ) who helped a Sleestak would be allowed safe passage to and from the Library of Skulls to ask the Index Skull a single question . Enik ( edit ) Enik ( Walker Edmiston ) introduced in the episode `` The Stranger '' , is one of the original Altrusian inhabitants from before their civilization fell , though he initially believes himself to be trapped in the Altrusians ' pre-civilized period . However , he too fell through a time doorway to become trapped in the current era of the Land of the Lost and discovered that the current Sleestak are actually his descendants and not his ancestors . He introduced himself as being one of the `` keepers of the time portals '' although it is unclear if he is referring to a select number of Altrusians tasked with that responsibility or his entire race . As such , he is equipped with a piece of Altrusian technology called a Magetti , a large crystal suspended in a tetrahedral frame that Enik describes as a `` divining rod '' that can be used to locate and fix dimensional doorways , determining where and when they would open . The Magetti has a self - destruct mechanism that is triggered when its user experiences sufficiently - strong hostile emotions ; this is a built - in safeguard to prevent it from falling into violent hands . Will Marshall inadvertently destroys it and forces Enik to rely on a different and less - suitable device ( a `` companion piece '' to the Magetti that is worn around his neck as a pendant ) to continue his efforts to return to his own time and warn his people of their fate . Enik is quite contemptuous of the current state of the Sleestak since the fall of the Altrusian civilization , though he feels compelled to aid them because they are his future , albeit contemptible . They return the contempt , referring to him as `` the dwarf '' , and fear that he intends to seize power over them . He is equipped with a bracelet of red crystals he can use to cause beings to be overcome by hallucinations of their greatest fear , so the Sleestak generally give Enik a wide berth . He spends much of his time during the series in the Lost City , working with a matrix table there attempting to open a time doorway home . In addition to his shorter stature and different skin coloration , Enik is distinguished from the Sleestak in that he wears a distinctive red garment ( Sleestak do not wear clothing ) . This garment was added to his costume when the wetsuit Enik 's skin was crafted from shrank after rubber scales were glued to it , requiring slits to be cut across the front in order for Walker Edmiston to fit inside . A being resembling Enik , suggesting that his appearance is typical of Altrusians -- or possibly Enik himself -- was seen in what is presumably the Lost City from the time of the Altrusians . Walter Koenig , the scriptwriter of `` The Stranger '' , originally named this character `` Eneg '' , in honor of Gene Roddenberry . As noted in an audio commentary on the DVD , the spelling was changed to Enik ( reverse of the Greek root word for `` cinema '' ) by David Gerrold , before the episode `` The Stranger '' was taped . Many episodes refer to or take place in Enik 's cave , which contains a time doorway and lies near the Sleestak god 's pit , and is accessible through the central of the three entrances into the Lost City . Enik also appears in other episodes , including `` The Search '' , `` Circle '' , `` Fair Trade '' , and `` Blackout '' . The Zarn ( edit ) The Zarn , ( portrayed by Van Snowden and voiced by Marvin Miller ) , is introduced in the eponymous second - season episode . The Zarn is a humanoid alien who is invisible except for white spots of light scattered over his surface ; he does n't even leave footprints when he walks on soft soil . His starship became trapped in the Land of the Lost while traveling through hyperspace . The Zarn has powerful psionic abilities , able to read minds at a great distance and telekinetically levitate objects . However , this powerful telepathy is also the Zarn 's greatest weakness ; intense , angry emotions in people nearby cause the Zarn great pain , and the spots of light on his invisible body turn red in reaction . The Zarn is apparently a researcher of some kind whose mission involved the study of other intelligent species before he became trapped in the Land . Since the Zarn is very sensitive to others ' emotions , he creates android `` research assistants '' to interact with them , programming them from the memories of people he has scanned . The androids are totally convincing although their hands are cold to the touch . They have histories that incorporate great amounts of detail based on the knowledge of the scanned subject , to an eerie and suspicious degree . When the Marshalls first encounter the Zarn he creates an android named Sharon who is based on Rick Marshall 's memories , such that she claims to have grown up in the same town as him , gone to the same school , and have the same interests . The excessive coincidences eventually give Sharon away , however , at which point the Zarn causes her to self - destruct . The Zarn also has a `` combat '' robot that he named Fred , a 10 - foot - tall dinosaur - like armless biped robot with a tail , a long neck and beaked head with glowing eyes . Fred is very strong , but fairly slow . Rick and Will destroy Fred by luring it to a mountain top during a lightning storm . The model for Fred was a metal armature used by special effects artist Wah Chang to animate Junior the dinosaur , sans `` flesh '' . The Zarn is extremely overconfident , arrogant , and certain of his superior knowledge , even when it actually has holes . The Zarn is also quite petty , using telekinesis to play tricks on people he dislikes and to sow discord . He claims this behavior is `` research '' . He frequently mocks people by `` speaking '' telepathically in the voices of people they know , saying hurtful things dredged from their memories . At one point the Zarn claimed that the emotion of pity was the most painful one for him to be exposed to , . The Zarn also appears in `` The Babysitter '' , wherein he disparages various emotions he claims to have given up a thousand years before . Animals ( edit ) The Land of the Lost 's megafauna consists primarily of dinosaurs ; species noted included Coelophysis , Tyrannosaurus , Allosaurus , Triceratops , Brontosaurus , Styracosaurus , Ankylosaurus , and Pteranodon . There are also iguanas , wild blue and red pigs , pink and blue chicken - like birds , fish , guinea pigs , rhinoceroses , large beetles ( called `` Tula '' by Enik ) , bamboo , and giant varieties of modern berries and vegetables . It is unknown whether they were placed here by the Altrusians or if they came to the Land of the Lost accidentally . Rick suggests that the plants grow unusually large due to the nature of the soil . Several dinosaurs that the Marshalls encountered frequently were given names , for example , Spike , for at least two Triceratops ; Spot , for many Coelophysis ; and Dopey , the baby Brontosaurus that they sometimes used as a pack animal , along with his adopted mother , Emily ( who , according to Gerrold , was named after Emily Brontë ) . A Tyrannosaurus , Grumpy was first of the dinosaurs the Marshall family encountered , occasionally chasing them to High Bluff , being tall enough to look inside as the Marshalls ram a sharpened log they called the `` flyswatter '' into Grumpy 's open mouth and drive him away . Holly speculates that Grumpy continued to return due to the large quantities of a ground - hugging fern - like plant she dubs `` dinosaur nip '' that grows in the area . An Allosaurus , Big Alice dwells around the Lost City and is referred to by the Sleestaks as `` Selima '' , meaning `` Protector '' in their language due to her role in keeping predators away from their eggs . She even tangled with Grumpy on occasion whenever he trespasses on her territory . She also had her own egg that hatched into her son Junior . There were also a number of species that did not appear closely related to known Earth life , mostly in the third season . These included a large venus - flytrap - like plant capable of consuming prey the size of a large rodent using a paralytic poison , a two - headed Elasmosaurus - like creature ( LuLu ) , and a fire - breathing Dimetrodon - like creature ( Torchy ) . Another species that made an appearance in the third season was a Yeti - like creature called Tappa and a similar creature named Kona , as well as a unicorn - pony called a Toe - Ki that lives high in the mountains , prevented from descending into the jungle by a guardian statue left behind by the Altrusians . See also ( edit ) Land of the Lost ( 1974 TV series ) , the original children 's television series created by Sid and Marty Krofft List of Land of the Lost episodes Land of the Lost geography and technology Land of the Lost ( 1991 TV series ) , the 1991 remake of the 1974 series Land of the Lost ( film ) , a 2009 film starring Will Ferrell based on the 1974 series References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Circle '' . Land of the Lost . Season 1 . Episode 17 . 1974 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Downstream '' . Land of the Lost . Season 1 . Episode 4 . 1974 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` The Zarn '' . Land of the Lost . Season 2 . Episode 2 . 1975 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Split Personality '' . Land of the Lost . Season 2 . Episode 12 . 1975 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The Search '' . Land of the Lost . ^ Jump up to : `` Follow That Dinosaur '' . Land of the Lost . Season 1 . Episode 13 . 1974 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Cha - Ka '' . Land of the Lost . Season 1 . Episode 1 . 1974 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Babysitter '' . Land of the Lost . Season 2 . Episode 10 . 1975 - 11 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nice Day '' . Land of the Lost . Season 2 . Episode 9 . 1975 - 11 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fair Trade '' . Land of the Lost . Season 2 . Episode 3 . 1975 - 09 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Longest Day '' . Land of the Lost . Season 2 . Episode 7 . 1975 - 10 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Blackout '' . Land of the Lost . Season 2 . Episode 13 . 1975 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Pylon Express '' . Land of the Lost . Season 2 . Episode 8 . 1975 - 10 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gravity Storm '' . Land of the Lost . Season 2 . Episode 3 . 1975 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Stone Soup '' . Land of the Lost . Season 1 . Episode 14 . 1974 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Skylons '' . Land of the Lost . Season 1 . Episode 8 . 1974 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Dopey '' . Land of the Lost . Season 1 . Episode 3 . 1974 - 09 - 21 . Land of the Lost Original series List of episodes `` Cha - Ka '' `` The Sleestak God '' `` Dopey '' `` Downstream '' `` Tag - Team '' `` The Stranger '' `` Album '' `` Skylons '' `` Tar Pit '' `` The Zarn '' `` Fair Trade '' `` One of Our Pylons Is Missing '' `` The Test '' `` Gravity Storm '' `` The Longest Day '' `` The Pylon Express '' Other Characters and species Geography and technology Other radio 1991 TV series Film Sid and Marty Krofft Television shows H.R. Pufnstuf ( 1969 ) The Bugaloos ( 1970 ) Lidsville ( 1971 ) Sigmund and the Sea Monsters ( 1973 ) Land of the Lost ( 1974 ) Far Out Space Nuts ( 1975 ) The Lost Saucer ( 1975 ) Donny & Marie ( 1976 ) The Krofft Supershow ( 1976 ) The Brady Bunch Hour ( 1977 ) The Krofft Superstar Hour ( 1978 ) Pink Lady and Jeff ( 1980 ) Barbara Mandrell and the Mandrell Sisters ( 1980 ) Pryor 's Place ( 1984 ) D.C. Follies ( 1987 ) Land of the Lost ( 1991 ) Family Affair ( 2002 ) Mutt & Stuff ( 2015 ) Electra Woman and Dyna Girl ( 2016 ) Sigmund and the Sea Monsters ( web series ) ( 2017 ) Krofft Supershow Segments Dr. Shrinker ( 1976 ) Electra Woman and Dyna Girl ( 1976 ) Kaptain Kool and the Kongs ( 1976 ) Wonderbug ( 1976 ) Magic Mongo ( 1977 ) Bigfoot and Wildboy ( 1977 ) Krofft Puppets appeared in The Dean Martin Show ( 1965 ) The Banana Splits ( 1968 ) The Great Space Coaster ( 1981 ) Pilots and TV specials Here 's Irving ( 1957 ) Fol - de-Rol ( 1972 ) The World of Sid & Marty Krofft at the Hollywood Bowl ( 1973 ) Really Raquel ( 1974 ) NBC Saturday Morning Preview Revue ( 1974 ) Jimmy Osmond Presents ABC 's Saturday Sneak Peek ( 1976 ) The Paul Lynde Halloween Special ( 1976 ) The Brady Bunch Variety Hour ( 1976 ) Kaptain Kool and the Kongs Present ABC All - Star Saturday ( 1977 ) The Bay City Rollers Meet the Saturday Superstars ( 1978 ) The Krofft Komedy Hour ( 1978 ) Bobby Vinton 's Rock ' n ' Rollers ( 1978 ) Anson & Lorrie ( 1981 ) Saturday 's the Place ( 1984 ) The Cracker Brothers ( 1985 ) Rock ' n ' Wrestling Saturday Spectacular ( 1985 ) The Patti LaBelle Show ( 1985 ) Sid & Marty Krofft 's Red Eye Express ( 1988 ) Krofft Late Night ( 1991 ) Electra Woman and Dyna Girl ( 2001 ) Films Pufnstuf ( 1970 ) Harry Tracy , Desperado ( 1982 ) Middle Age Crazy ( 1980 ) Side Show ( 1981 ) Land of the Lost ( 2009 ) Live shows Howdy , Mr. Ice of 1950 ( 1949 ) Les Poupées de Paris ( 1961 ) Circus ( 1966 ) Funny World ( 1966 ) Kaleidescope ( 1968 ) Fol - de-Rol ( 1968 ) A Broadway Baby ( 1984 ) Comedy Kings ( 1988 ) Other The World of Sid and Marty Krofft Theme Park Sid & Marty Krofft Television Productions Inc. v. McDonald 's Corp . Toby Terrier and His Video Pals Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Land_of_the_Lost_characters_and_species&oldid=832316336 '' Categories : Land of the Lost Lists of science fiction television characters Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing style editing from April 2011 All articles needing style editing Wikipedia articles that are excessively detailed from April 2011 All articles that are excessively detailed Articles lacking reliable references from April 2011 All articles lacking reliable references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018 , at 06 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	pictures of sleestak from land of the lost	[]	[]
8325383266565240837	Shriners Hospitals for Children	Shriners hospitals for Children - wikipedia Shriners hospitals for Children Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Shriners Hospitals for Children Organisation Care system Charity Services History Founded 1922 Links Website Official Website Shriners Hospitals for Children is a network of 22 non-profit medical facilities across North America . Children with orthopaedic conditions , burns , spinal cord injuries , and cleft lip and palate are eligible for care and receive all services in a family - centered environment , regardless of the patients ' ability to pay . Headquartered in Tampa , Florida , the hospitals , known as `` The World 's Greatest Philanthropy , '' are owned and operated by Shriners International , formerly known as the Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine , a Freemasonry - related organization whose members are known as Shriners . Patients must be minors under the age of 18 and are not required to have any familial affiliation with the Shriners order nor Freemasonry . The current advertising campaign for the healthcare system features the tagline , `` Love to the Rescue . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Treatments 3 Support 4 Shriners Hospitals 4.1 United States 4.2 Canada 4.3 Mexico 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Historical marker noting location of first Shriners Hospital ( 1922 ) off King 's Highway in Shreveport , Louisiana In 1920 , the Imperial Session of the Shriners was held in Portland , Oregon . During that session the membership unanimously passed a resolution to establish what at the time was called the Shriners Hospital for Crippled Children system . The first hospital in the system opened in 1922 in Shreveport , Louisiana . It provided pediatric orthopaedic care . In 1962 , the Shriners of North America allocated $10 million to establish three hospitals that specialized in the treatment and rehabilitation of burned children . After visiting 21 university - based medical institutions , the decision was made to build their first pediatric burn hospital on the campus of the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston , Texas . In 1994 , the Chronicle of Philanthropy , an industry publication , released the results of the largest study of charitable and non-profit organization popularity and credibility . The study showed that the Shriners Hospitals were ranked as the 9th `` most popular charity / non-profit in America '' of over 100 charities researched with 40 % of Americans over the age of 12 choosing `` Love '' and `` Like A Lot '' for the Shriners Hospitals . In September 2008 , the Shriner 's Hospital in Galveston sustained significant damage from Hurricane Ike . The hospital was closed for renovation at that time , and care for children with acute burns was provided at other Shriners Hospitals for Children . The Shriners had considered closing facilities in Shreveport , Louisiana ; Greenville , South Carolina ; Erie , Pennsylvania ; Spokane , Washington ; Springfield , Massachusetts and Galveston , Texas , eliminating a total of 225 beds . However , in July 2009 , the Shriners National Convention voted overwhelming against closing any hospitals and to repair and reopen the Galveston facility . In 2009 , despite an endowment that declined from $8 billion to $5 billion in less than a year because of the poor economy , Douglas Maxwell , the hospitals ' CEO said he and other Shriners are confident the hospital system will be able to remain solvent in the long term . Maxwell stated in July 2009 that some of the facilities may become outpatient surgical centers , and will begin accepting insurance payments ( for most care ) for the first time in the hospitals ' 87 - year history . Maxwell said children suffering from burns , orthopaedic conditions , spinal cord injuries and cleft palates will continue to be treated without charge to their families . In May 2015 , Shriners Hospitals for Children became a member of the Mayo Clinic Care Network , a national network of organizations committed to better serving patients and their families through physician collaboration . Treatments ( edit ) The Shriner 's Burns hospital on the Campus of the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston , Texas Treatment areas cover a wide range of pediatric orthopaedics , including scoliosis , limb discrepancies , clubfoot , hip dysplasia , and juvenile idiopathic arthritis , as well as cerebral palsy , spina bifida ( myelomeningocele ) , and other neurological conditions that affect ambulation and movement . Three of the hospitals provide spinal cord injury rehabilitation that is developmentally appropriate for children and adolescents , with adventure and adapted sports programs , activity - based rehabilitation , aquatherapy , animal - assisted therapy , and other programs . Four of the hospitals ( Boston , Galveston , Cincinnati , and Sacramento ) provide care for children with burns , as well as treating a variety of skin conditions such as epidermolysis bullosa and toxic epidermal necrolysis . The Boston , Chicago , Shreveport , and Portland hospitals also provide treatment for children with craniofacial conditions , especially facial clefts . The hospital in Sacramento is the only hospital in the Shriners ' system that focuses on all three areas of treatment ( burns , orthopaedics , and spinal cord injuries ) , as well as research . The Sacramento hospital also houses its own orthotics and prosthetics lab and development facilities . Transportation to the hospitals is often provided free of charge for patients and their family by Shriner - drivers ( also known as Hospital Tripsters ) across the country , by van or by airplane . Children accepted for treatment become part of the Shriners Hospital system until their 18th or , sometimes , their 21st , birthday , eligible for both inpatient and outpatient treatment for all facets of their disability . While the main emphasis of the hospitals is to provide medical care to children regardless of the family 's ability to pay , the mission of the hospitals also includes research on the conditions treated and the education of medical professionals , including medical residents and fellows , nurses , physical , recreation , and occupational therapists , speech and language pathology , psychologists , social workers , and child life specialists . Support ( edit ) According to its Form 990 , as of 2012 , the Shriners Hospitals had an endowment of $ 8.2 billion , which is up significantly since April 2009 , when the endowment dropped to approximately $5 billion due to the recession . Shriners hospitals ( edit ) United States ( edit ) Shriners Hospitals : Hospitals by Specialty : Shriners Hospital for Children -- Boston , Massachusetts -- ( acute burns , orthopaedics , cleft lip and palate ) Shriners Hospital for Children -- Chicago , Illinois -- ( orthopaedics , spinal cord injury , cleft lip and palate ) Shriners Hospital for Children -- Cincinnati , Ohio -- ( acute burns , cleft lip and palate , pediatric plastic surgery ) Shriners Hospital for Children -- Erie Ambulatory Surgery Center and Outpatient Specialty Care Center Erie , Pennsylvania -- ( orthopaedics ) Shriners Hospital for Children -- Galveston , Texas -- ( acute burns ) Shriners Hospital for Children -- Greenville , South Carolina -- ( orthopaedics ) Shriners Hospital for Children -- Honolulu , Hawaii -- ( orthopaedics , neurodevelopmental clinic , pediatric dentistry ) Shriners Hospital for Children -- Houston , Texas -- ( orthopaedics , cleft lip and palate ) Shriners Hospital for Children -- Lexington , Kentucky -- ( orthopaedics ) Shriners Hospital for Children -- Los Angeles , California -- ( orthopaedics , cleft lip and palate ) Shriners Hospital for Children -- Minneapolis , Minnesota -- ( orthopaedics ) Shriners Hospital for Children -- Philadelphia , Pennsylvania -- ( orthopaedics , spinal cord injury ) Shriners Hospital for Children -- Portland , Oregon -- ( orthopaedics ) . A predecessor building from 1923 , the Old Shriners Children 's Hospital also called Shriners Hospital for Crippled Children , was listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places , but has since been demolished . Shriners Hospital for Children -- Sacramento , California -- ( acute burns , orthopaedics , spinal cord injury ) successor facility to San Francisco hospital Shriners Hospital for Children -- St. Louis , Missouri -- ( orthopaedics ) Shriners Hospital for Children -- Salt Lake City , Utah -- ( orthopaedics ) Shriners Hospital for Children -- Shreveport , Louisiana -- ( orthopaedics , scoliosis , cleft lip and palate ) the first Shriners Hospital Shriners Hospital for Children -- Spokane , Washington -- ( orthopaedics ) Shriners Hospital for Children -- Springfield , Massachusetts -- ( orthopaedics , cleft lip and palate ) Shriners Hospital for Children -- Tampa , Florida -- ( orthopaedics ) Canada ( edit ) Shriners Hospital for Children -- Canada ( Montreal , Quebec ) , serving Canada and the northeast United States ( orthopaedics ) Mexico ( edit ) Shriners Hospitals for Children -- Mexico City ( orthopaedics ) See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shriners Hospitals for Children . Shriners International , the fraternity that founded Shriners Hospitals Masonic bodies Freemasonry Freemasonry portal Medicine portal Health portal Community portal Society portal Contents portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Arch of Welcome , 1920 '' . Sunday Oregonian ( June 20 , 1920 ) . Portland , Oregon : Vintage Portland @ WordPress . September 11 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 05 . At that event , members unanimously passed a resolution to establish the Shriners Hospital for Crippled Children system . Jump up ^ Seaholm , Megan . `` Shriners Hospitals for Crippled Children , Galveston Burns Institute '' . Handbook of Texas . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ The Charities Americans Like Most And Least , The Chronicle of Philanthropy , December 13 , 1996 And USA Today , December 20 , 1994 , `` Charity begins with health '' , FINAL 01D Jump up ^ Galveston Daily News : Shriners vote to keep Isle burns hospital open Jump up ^ Roberts , M. ( 2009 ) . The Gaea Times : Shriners to keep serving 22 cities , but may downgrade some hospitals ; will accept insurance Accessed 11 Jan , 2014 Jump up ^ Roberts , M. ( 2009 ) . Accessed 1 - 11 - 2014 Jump up ^ Brown , Jo - Lynn . `` Shriners Hospital joins Mayo Clinic network '' . Tampa Bay Business Journal . Tampa , Florida . Jump up ^ MSNBC report on the Shriner 's finances External links ( edit ) Shriners Hospitals for Children official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shriners_Hospitals_for_Children&oldid=825207838 '' Categories : Shriners hospitals Children 's hospitals in the United States Hospital networks in the United States Medical research institutes in the United States Non-profit organizations based in Florida Companies based in Tampa , Florida Shriners 1922 establishments in Louisiana Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from February 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Community portal فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 02 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	is st jude's the same as shriners hospital	[]	[]
-6336920494235062844	The Hangover	The Hangover - wikipedia The Hangover Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For other uses , see Hangover ( disambiguation ) . The Hangover Theatrical release poster Directed by Todd Phillips Produced by Daniel Goldberg Todd Phillips Written by Jon Lucas Scott Moore Starring Bradley Cooper Ed Helms Zach Galifianakis Heather Graham Justin Bartha Jeffrey Tambor Music by Christophe Beck Cinematography Lawrence Sher Edited by Debra Neil - Fisher Production companies Legendary Pictures Green Hat Films Benderspink Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date May 30 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 30 ) ( The Hague ) June 5 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 05 ) ( United States ) Running time 100 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $35 million Box office $467.5 million The Hangover is a 2009 American comedy film directed by Todd Phillips , co-produced with Daniel Goldberg , and written by Jon Lucas and Scott Moore . It is the first installment in The Hangover trilogy . The film stars Bradley Cooper , Ed Helms , Zach Galifianakis , Heather Graham , Justin Bartha , and Jeffrey Tambor . It tells the story of Phil Wenneck , Stu Price , Alan Garner , and Doug Billings , who travel to Las Vegas for a bachelor party to celebrate Doug 's impending marriage . However , Phil , Stu and Alan wake up with Doug missing and no memory of the previous night 's events , and must find the groom before the wedding can take place . Lucas and Moore wrote the script after executive producer Chris Bender 's friend disappeared and had a large bill after being sent to a strip club . After Lucas and Moore sold it to the studio for $2 million , Philips and Jeremy Garelick rewrote the script to include a tiger as well as a subplot involving a baby and a police cruiser , and also including boxer Mike Tyson . Filming took place in Nevada for 15 days , and during filming , the three main actors ( Cooper , Helms , and Galifianakis ) formed a real friendship . The Hangover was released on June 5 , 2009 , and was a critical and commercial success . The film became the tenth - highest - grossing film of 2009 , with a worldwide gross of over $467 million . The film won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy , and received multiple other accolades . It is the tenth - highest - grossing worldwide film of 2009 , as well as the second highest - grossing R - rated comedy ever in the United States , surpassing a record previously held by Beverly Hills Cop for almost 25 years . It is the fifth - highest grossing R - rated film in the U.S. , behind The Passion of the Christ , The Matrix Reloaded , American Sniper , and Deadpool . A sequel , The Hangover Part II , was released on May 26 , 2011 , and a third and final installment , The Hangover Part III , was released on May 23 , 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Writing 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 3.4. 1 Track listing 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Accolades 6 Cultural and economic impact 7 Sequels 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) To celebrate his upcoming marriage to Tracy Garner , Doug Billings travels to Las Vegas with his best friends Phil Wenneck , Stuart `` Stu '' Price , and Tracy 's brother Alan , in Doug 's future father - in - law Sid 's vintage Mercedes - Benz W111 . They spend the night at Caesars Palace , where they relax in their hotel suite before celebrating with a few drinks on the hotel rooftop . The next morning , Phil , Stu , and Alan awaken to find they have no memory of the previous night , and Doug is nowhere to be found . Stu 's tooth is in Alan 's pocket , their suite is in a state of complete disarray , a tiger is in their bathroom , a chicken is in their living room , and a baby is in the closet , whom Alan names `` Carlos '' . They see Doug 's mattress impaled on a statue outside of Caesars Palace and when they ask for their Mercedes , the valet delivers an LVPD police cruiser . Using clues to retrace their steps , the trio travel to a hospital where they discover they were drugged with Rohypnol ( `` roofies '' ) , causing their memory loss , and that they came to the hospital from a chapel . At the chapel , they learn that Stu married a stripper named Jade , despite being in a long - term relationship with his abusive , domineering girlfriend Melissa . Outside the chapel , the trio is attacked by gangsters saying they are looking for someone . They flee and visit Jade , discovering that she is the mother of the baby , whose real name is Tyler . They are then arrested by the police for stealing the police cruiser . After being told that the Mercedes has been impounded , the trio is released when they unknowingly volunteer to be targets for a taser demonstration . While driving the Mercedes , they discover a naked Chinese man named Leslie Chow in the trunk . Chow jumps out of the trunk , beats the trio up with a crowbar and flees . Alan confesses that he drugged their drinks to ensure they had a good night , believing the drug to be ecstasy . Returning to their suite , they find the boxer Mike Tyson , who orders the trio to return the tiger to his mansion immediately . Stu drugs the tiger with the remaining Rohypnol , and they drive towards Tyson 's home in the Mercedes - Benz . However , the tiger awakens midway and attacks them , clawing Phil on the neck and damaging the car 's interior . After pushing the car the rest of the way to the mansion , Tyson shows the trio footage of them at his house to help them locate Doug . While driving , their car is intentionally t - boned by a 2009 Cadillac Escalade . The passengers are revealed to be the gangsters from the chapel , and their boss Chow . Chow accuses the trio of kidnapping him and stealing $80,000 that was in his purse . As the trio denies this , Chow tells them he has Doug , and threatens to kill him if his money is not returned . Unable to find Chow 's $80,000 , Alan , with help from Stu and Jade , uses his knowledge of card counting to win $82,400 playing Blackjack . The next morning , they meet with Chow in the desert and exchange the money , only to find that `` Doug '' is the black drug dealer who accidentally sold Alan Rohypnol . With the wedding set to occur in 5 hours , Phil calls Tracy and tells her that they can not find Doug . When `` Black Doug '' mentions that , `` If you take Roofies , you 're more likely to end up on the floor than on the roof , '' Stu realizes where Doug is . The trio travels back to their hotel where they find a badly sunburned Doug on the roof . Stu , Phil , and Alan had moved him there on his mattress the night before as a practical joke , but forgot where they left him . Doug had thrown his own mattress onto the statue , in an attempt to signal help . Before leaving , Stu makes arrangements to go on a date with Jade the following week . With less than four hours before the wedding and with no flights to L.A. available , the four quickly drive home . Along the way , Doug reveals he has possession of Chow 's original $80,000 . Despite their late arrival , Doug and Tracy are married , the former learns the damaged Mercedes was a wedding gift , and Stu breaks up with Melissa , having grown tired of her controlling attitude . As the reception ends , Alan finds Stu 's digital camera containing photos of the events they can not remember , and the four agree to look at the pictures together before deleting the evidence of their exploits . All of them , save for Alan , are traumatized by what they see . Cast ( edit ) Bradley Cooper as Philip `` Phil '' Wenneck , a teacher and the leader of the Wolfpack Ed Helms as Dr. Stuart `` Stu '' Price , a dental doctor Zach Galifianakis as Alan Garner , Doug 's socially inept , future brother - in - law , who suffers from ADHD and acts childish Heather Graham as Jade , a stripper and escort Justin Bartha as Douglas `` Doug '' Billings , the groom , who goes missing for most of the film Jeffrey Tambor as Sidney `` Sid '' Garner , Tracy 's and Alan 's father The rest of the Garners are portrayed by Sondra Currie as Linda , Tracy 's and Alan 's mother ; and Sasha Barrese as Tracy , Doug 's bride and Alan 's sister . The cast also includes : Mike Epps as `` Black Doug '' , a drug dealer who is mistaken for Doug ; Ken Jeong as Leslie Chow , a flamboyant Chinese gangster ; Rachael Harris as Melissa , Stu 's bossy , cheating girlfriend ; Bryan Callen as Eddie , the wedding organizer ; Rob Riggle and Cleo King as Officers Franklin and Garden , respectively ; Gillian Vigman as Stephanie Wenneck , Phil 's wife ; Ian Anthony Dale and Michael Lee portray Chow 's henchmen . Matt Walsh portrays Dr. Valsh and Dan Finnerty plays a wedding singer at Doug and Tracy 's wedding . Todd Phillips , the film 's director , appears as Mr. Creepy , who appears briefly in an elevator . Mike Tyson appears as himself ; Tyson originally refused to appear in the film , but he changed his mind when he found out that Todd Phillips directed Old School , which Tyson liked . Tyson later said that working on the film convinced him to change his lifestyle . Mike Vallely portrays Neeco , the high speed tuxedo delivery man . Las Vegas personalities Wayne Newton and Carrot Top appear as themselves in the photo slide show . Production ( edit ) `` I think part of what 's special about this movie is that none of the comedy comes from the characters being clever , like you see in a lot of sitcoms or movies , where the characters actually have a funny sense of humor . That 's not the case in this movie . So as an actor , you can really play the intensity and gravity and seriousness of the moment , and just rely on the circumstances being funny . The joke is kind of the situation you 're in , or the way you 're reacting to something , as opposed to the characters just saying something witty . '' -- Ed Helms Writing ( edit ) The plot of The Hangover was inspired by a real event that happened to Tripp Vinson , a producer and friend of executive producer Chris Bender . Vinson had gone missing from his own Las Vegas bachelor party , blacking out and waking up `` in a strip club being threatened with a very , very large bill ( he ) was supposed to pay '' . Jon Lucas and Scott Moore sold the original script of The Hangover to Warner Bros. for over $2 million . The story was about three friends who lose the groom at his Las Vegas bachelor party and then must retrace their steps to figure out what happened . It was then rewritten by Jeremy Garelick and director Todd Phillips , who added additional elements such as Mike Tyson and his tiger , the baby , and the police cruiser . The Writers Guild of America , West disallowed their work to be credited due to the rules of its screenwriting credit system . Casting ( edit ) Ed Helms , Zach Galifianakis , and Bradley Cooper were all casual acquaintances before The Hangover was filmed , which Helms said he believed helped in establishing a rapport and chemistry amongst their characters . Helms credited Phillips for `` bringing together three guys who are really different , but really appreciate each others ' humor and sensibilities '' . Helms also said the fact that the story of the three characters growing closer and bonding informed the friendship between the three actors : `` As you spend 14 hours a day together for three months , you see a lot of sides of somebody . We went through the wringer together , and that shared experience really made us genuine buddies . '' Lindsay Lohan was offered the role of Jade in the film . However , she turned it down , saying that the script `` had no potential '' . She later regretted making that decision . Filming ( edit ) Caesars Palace On a budget of $35 million , principal photography took place in Nevada for fifteen days . The Hangover was mostly filmed on location at Caesars Palace , including the front desk , lobby , entrance drive , pools , corridors , elevators , and roof , but the suite damaged in the film was built on a soundstage . Helms said filming The Hangover was more physically demanding than any other role he had done , and that he lost eight pounds while making the film . He said the most difficult day of shooting was the scene when Mr. Chow rams his car and attacks the main characters , which Helms said required many takes and was very painful , such as when a few of the punches and kicks accidentally landed and when his knees and shins were hurt while being pulled out of a window . The missing tooth was not created with prosthetics or visual effects , but is naturally occurring : Helms never had an adult incisor grow , and got a dental implant as a teenager , which was removed for filming . Jeong stated that his jumping on Cooper 's neck naked was n't a part of the script , but rather improvisation on their part . It was added with Phillips ' blessing . Jeong also stated that he had to receive his wife 's permission to appear nude in the film . Phillips tried to convince the actors to allow him to use a real Taser until Warner Bros. lawyers intervened . Regarding the explicit shots in the final photo slide show in which his character is seen receiving fellatio in an elevator , Galifianakis confirmed that a prosthesis was used for the scene , and that he had been more embarrassed than anyone else during the creation of the shot . `` You would think that I would n't be the one who was embarrassed ; I was extremely embarrassed . I really did n't even want it in there . I offered Todd 's assistant a lot of money to convince him to take it out of the movie . I did . But it made it in there . '' The scenes involving animals were filmed mostly with trained animals . Trainers and safety equipment were digitally removed from the final version . Some prop animals were used , such as when the tiger was hidden under a sheet and being moved on a baggage cart . Such efforts were given an `` Outstanding '' rating by the American Humane Association for the monitoring and treatment of the animals . Music ( edit ) The Hangover : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Various Artists Released June 9 , 2009 Genre Soundtrack Length 38 : 52 Label WaterTower Music Producer Christophe Beck The film 's score was composed by Christophe Beck . The film featured 20 songs , consisting of music by Kanye West , Dyslexic Speedreaders , Danzig , The Donnas , Usher , Phil Collins , The Belle Stars , T.I. , Wolfmother and The Dan Band , who tend to feature in Phillips ' films as the inappropriate , bad - mouthed wedding band . The Dan Band also has a version of the 50 Cent hit single `` Candy Shop '' . Pro-skater and punk musician Mike Vallely was invited with his band , Revolution Mother , to write a song for the film and also makes a cameo appearance as the high speed tuxedo delivery guy . `` Right Round '' by Flo Rida is played over the ending credits . The film uses the Kanye West song `` Ca n't Tell Me Nothing '' for which Zach Galifianakis made an alternative music video . Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` It 's Now or Never '' El Vez 5 : 17 2 . `` Thirteen '' Danzig 4 : 15 3 . `` Take It Off '' The Donnas 2 : 58 4 . `` Fever '' The Cramps 4 : 16 5 . `` Wedding Bells '' Gene Vincent and His Blue Caps 2 : 31 6 . `` In the Air Tonight '' Phil Collins 5 : 30 7 . `` Stu 's Song '' Ed Helms 0 : 56 8 . `` Rhythm and Booze '' Treat Her Right 2 : 49 9 . `` Iko Iko '' The Belle Stars 2 : 50 10 . `` Three Best Friends '' Zach Galifianakis 0 : 29 11 . `` Ride the Sky II '' Revolution Mother 2 : 03 12 . `` Candy Shop '' Dan Finnerty and The Dan Band 2 : 58 Total length : 38 : 52 Additional songs `` Who Let the Dogs Out ? '' -- Baha Men `` Right Round '' -- Flo Rida ft . Ke $ ha `` Ca n't Tell Me Nothing '' -- Kanye West `` Live Your Life '' -- T.I. featuring Rihanna `` What Do You Say ? '' -- Mickey Avalon `` Yeah ! '' -- Usher featuring Ludacris and Lil Jon `` Joker & the Thief '' -- Wolfmother `` Shut Up Alan '' - Dan Hughes ft . MC Ed Lewis Release ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Hangover was a financial success . As of December 17 , 2009 , it had grossed $467,416,722 , of which $277,322,503 was in Canada and the United States . It was tenth - highest - grossing film of 2009 in the world , the ninth - highest - grossing film of 2009 in the U.S. and the highest - grossing R - rated comedy ever in the United States , surpassing a record previously held by Beverly Hills Cop for almost 25 years . Out of all R - rated films , it is the fifth - highest - grossing ever in the U.S. , behind only The Passion of the Christ , The Matrix Reloaded , American Sniper and Deadpool . However , adjusted for inflation The Hangover earned less than half the total earned by Beverly Hills Cop and is out grossed by several comedies including Porky 's . On its first day of release in the U.S. , the film drew $16,734,033 on approximately 4,500 screens at 3,269 sites , and exceeded the big budgeted Land of the Lost -- the other major new release of the weekend -- for first day 's box office takings . Although initial studio projections had the Disney Pixar film Up holding on to the number one slot for a second consecutive weekend , final revised figures , bolstered by a surprisingly strong Sunday showing , ultimately had The Hangover finishing first for the weekend , with $44,979,319 from 3,269 theaters , averaging $13,759 per venue , narrowly edging out Up for the top spot , and more than twice that of Land of the Lost , which finished third with $18.8 million . The film exceeded Warner Bros . ' expectations -- which had anticipated it would finish third behind Up and Land of the Lost -- benefiting from positive word - of - mouth and critical praise , and a generally negative buzz for Land of the Lost . It stayed at the number one position in its second weekend , grossing another $32,794,387 , from 3,355 theaters for an average of $9,775 per venue , and bringing the 10 - day amount to $104,768,489 . Home Media ( edit ) The Hangover was released on DVD , Blu - ray , and UMD on December 15 , 2009 . There is a single disc theatrical version featuring both full and wide screen option ( DVD only ) , as well as a wide screen two - disc unrated version of the film , also containing the theatrical version ( DVD , Blu - ray , and UMD ) . The unrated version is approximately seven minutes longer than the theatrical version . The unrated version is on disc one and the theatrical version , digital copy , and the different features are on disc two . The Hangover beat Inglourious Basterds and G - Force in first week DVD and Blu - ray sales , as well as rentals , selling more than 8.6 million units and making it the best selling comedy ever on DVD and Blu - ray , beating the previous record held by My Big Fat Greek Wedding . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 79 % based on 228 reviews with an average rating of 6.8 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` With a clever script and hilarious interplay among the cast , The Hangover nails just the right tone of raunchy humor and the non-stop laughs overshadow any flaw . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 73 out of 100 based on 31 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave it three and a half stars out of four and praised the film for its funniness and comedic approach . A.O. Scott of The New York Times praised Cooper , Helms and Galifianakis for their performances in the film as well as Todd Phillips for its direction . Scott later went on to say that the film is `` safe as milk '' . Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle also praised Phillips ' direction . LaSalle also praised the film 's comedic scenes and called it `` the funniest movie so far this year ( 2009 ) '' . Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times praised the film for its perverseness . Sharkey also said that the film is `` filled with moments as softhearted as they are crude , as forgiving as unforgivable '' . Although Joe Leydon of Variety criticized the film 's trailers and TV - spots for its `` beer - and - boobs , party - hearty farce '' , Leydon praised the film for its cleverness . Conversely , Richard Corliss of TIME said that `` virtually every joke ( in the film ) either is visible long before it arrives or extends way past its expiration date '' and added , `` Whatever the other critics say , this is a bromance so primitive it 's practically Bro - Magnon . '' In his review in the Baltimore Sun , Michael Sragow called the film a `` foul mesh of cheap cleverness and vulgarity '' Joe Neumaier of the Daily News gave the film 2 ⁄ out of 5 stars and noted , `` Amusing as it is , it never feels real . That may not seem like a big deal -- a lot of funny movies play by their own rules -- except that The Hangover keeps doubling - down on the outlandishness . '' Family - oriented reviewers have harangued the film , noting that Galifianakis said he tried to forbid his own mother from seeing it and that he yells at parents of kids who tell him they like the film . Critics noted the weak character development , especially in its female characters . Critics also focused on misogyny and stereotyping , in particular the Asian gangster . Ebert , despite his praise , stated , `` I wo n't go so far as to describe it as a character study '' but that the film is more than the sum of its parts -- parts that may at first seem a little generic or clichéd , since many other films ( such as Very Bad Things ) have already explored the idea of a weekend in Vegas gone wrong . The film 's premise has several similarities to Dude , Where 's My Car ? Both films are about `` a couple guys waking up after a night of getting trashed , only to find they are missing something important '' , whose adventures include `` a trail of clues , a missing car , dubious encounters with strippers and wild animals , a brush with the law and gangs chasing them for something they do n't realize they have '' . Accolades ( edit ) On January 17 , 2010 , The Hangover won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy . It was also named one of the top ten films of the year by the American Film Institute . The film won `` Best Ensemble '' from the Detroit Film Critics Society . The screenplay was nominated for a Writers Guild of America and BAFTA awards . Award Recipient Result American Cinema Editors Awards Best Edited Feature Film -- Comedy or Musical Debra Neil - Fisher Won American Film Institute Awards Top 10 Movies Won Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards Best Comedy Film Won British Academy Film Awards Best Original Screenplay Jon Lucas Scott Moore Nominated Detroit Film Critics Society Best Ensemble Won Empire Awards Best Comedy Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Won Houston Film Critics Society Awards Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role Zach Galifianakis Nominated MTV Movie Awards Best Movie Nominated Best Breakthrough Performance Zach Galifianakis Nominated Best Villain Ken Jeong Nominated Best Comedic Performance Zach Galifianakis Won Best Comedic Performance Bradley Cooper Nominated Best WTF Moment Ken Jeong Won People 's Choice Awards Favorite Comedy Movie Nominated Favorite Movie Nominated Satellite Awards Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Bradley Cooper Nominated Spike Guys ' Choice Awards Guy Movie of the Year Won St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Awards Best Comedy Won Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Comedy Nominated Choice Movie : Villain Ken Jeong Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards Best Original Screenplay Nominated Cultural and economic impact ( edit ) By depicting and celebrating Las Vegas as the `` ultimate guys ' getaway '' , The Hangover had a major impact on Caesars Palace and Las Vegas . It was reported in 2013 that as of that year , guests were still continuing to quote to Caesars staff two lines from the film 's check - in scene : `` Did Caesar live here ? '' and `` Do you know if the hotel is pager friendly ? '' As a result of the film , Hangover - themed slot machines became popular at casinos throughout the Las Vegas Valley , the Caesars Palace gift shop sold tens of thousands of Hangover - related souvenirs , and the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority received numerous inquiries from persons interested in recreating some of the film 's most wild scenes , such as those involving a tiger . Sequels ( edit ) Main articles : The Hangover Part II and The Hangover Part III Principal photography of The Hangover Part II began in October 2010 , with Bradley Cooper , Ed Helms , Justin Bartha , Zach Galifianakis and Ken Jeong returning . The film was released on May 26 , 2011 . Filming of The Hangover Part III began in September 2012 and was released on May 23 , 2013 . See also ( edit ) Film in the United States portal Comedy portal 2000s portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Hangover ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . June 12 , 2009 . Retrieved November 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Hangover '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Hangover ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Top Grossing R Rated Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Bryan Alexander ( January 18 , 2010 ) . `` ' The Hangover ' Was a Game - Changer For Mike Tyson '' . PopEater . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Cohen , David S. ; Oldham , Stuart ( January 17 , 2010 ) . `` Overheard backstage at the Globes '' . Variety . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan J. Downey ( December 6 , 2009 ) . `` Todd Phillips Discusses His Musical Decisions For ' The Hangover ' '' . MTV . Jump up ^ Richard N. Velotta ( June 19 , 2009 ) . `` ' Hangover ' should n't be endorsement to act stupid in Las Vegas '' . Las Vegas Sun . ^ Jump up to : Phipps , Keith ( June 3 , 2009 ) . `` Ed Helms '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Real Story of How ' Hangover ' Got Made ( & It 's Based on Someone in H'wood ) '' . Nikki Finke 's Deadline Hollywood Daily . June 8 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Diane Garrett ; Tatiana Siegel ( October 4 , 2007 ) . `` Warner weds Phillips film , Studio toasts to ' Hangover ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Richard ( June 29 , 2009 ) . `` Todd Phillips rips H'wood ' whiners ' '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Lindsay Lohan Turned Down Role in `` The Hangover '' `` . Us Magazine . June 8 , 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Spillman , Benjamin ( April 1 , 2009 ) . `` ShoWest movie convention optimistic about ' 09 '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ Amanda Finnegan , `` ' Hangover ' brings new customers , campaign to Caesars '' , Las Vegas Review - Journal , June 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sagal , Peter ( June 6 , 2009 ) . `` Not My Job : Ed Helms ( Audio Segment ) '' . Wait Wait ... Do n't Tell Me ! . NPR . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Nepales , Ruben ( May 26 , 2011 ) . `` Ken Jeong on going nude '' . Inquirer Entertainment . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( May 28 , 2009 ) . `` Finding the Fun in Eternal Frat Boys '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Leupp , Thomas ( June 1 , 2009 ) . `` 10 Qs With ' The Hangover ' Star Zach Galifianakis '' . Hollywood.com . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Review -- The Hangover '' . American Humane Association . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Hangover '' . What-Song.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The Hangover : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack '' . WaterTower Music . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( July 19 , 2009 ) . `` Warners at $1 billion mark '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Top Grossing R Rated Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Pincus - Roth , Zachary ( July 21 , 2009 ) . `` Is `` The Hangover '' Really The Most Successful R - Rated Comedy Ever ? `` . Slate . Jump up ^ `` DOMESTIC GROSSES Adjusted for Ticket Price Inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 22 . Beverly Hill Cop : Adjusted , $533,842,600 ; Unadjusted $234,760,478 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( June 6 , 2009 ) . `` Friday Report : ' Hangover ' Wakes Up in First '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( June 8 , 2009 ) . `` ' Hangover ' upsets ' Up ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ' Up ' maintains No. 1 box - office altitude with $44 M ( AP ) '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` The Hangover -- Extended Cut '' . amazon.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Hangover Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Stuart Levine ( January 6 , 2010 ) . `` ' Hangover ' top - selling comedy DVD . 8.6 million units sold after Dec. 15 release '' . Variety . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Hangover '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` The Hangover Reviews , Ratings , Credits '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . ^ Jump up to : Ebert , Roger ( June 3 , 2009 ) . `` The Hangover ( Review ) '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( June 4 , 2009 ) . `` Dudes Doing Vegas : Eating and Other Stuff '' . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` Review : ' Hangover ' is funniest movie of year '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Sharkey , Betsy ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` Movie Review -- The Hangover '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Leydon , Joe ( May 24 , 2009 ) . `` The Hangover '' . Variety . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Richard Corliss ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` The Hangover : A Bro - Magnon Bromance '' . TIME . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 24 . References about a dozen Vegas movies ( from Leaving Las ... to What Happens in ... to Rain Man ) and applies all the numbingly familiar tropes of the bromance comedy . Jump up ^ Michael Sragow ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` No Cure For ' Hangover ' '' . Baltimore Sun . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Neumaier , Joe ( June 4 , 2009 ) . `` ' The Hangover ' will leave you with a headache '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Plugged In Online -- The Hangover Part II Jump up ^ Trees , Anton ( June 24 , 2009 ) . `` The Lazy Misogyny of the Hangover '' . The Culture Count : Film . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Catherine Shoard ( January 18 , 2010 ) . `` Avatar triumphant at Golden Globes on a disappointing night for the Brits '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 20 . The film , which features three men trying to piece back together a drunken night in Las Vegas , has been criticised by many for misogynistic undertones . Jump up ^ Moy , Ed ( 2009 - 07 - 02 ) . `` Is Ken Jeong 's character Mr. Chow in The Hangover a racist stereotype ? '' . Examiner.com . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Faragalli , Joe ( 2009 - 07 - 02 ) . `` I 'd Prefer a Real Hangover '' . Examiner.com . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Buckmaster , Luke ( June 11 , 2009 ) . `` The Hangover film review : Dude , Where 's My Fear and Loathing ? '' . Crikey . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( July 10 , 2009 ) . `` LOL : The Hangover Was a Rip - Off Of Dude Where 's My Car '' . / Film . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Movie rip - offs '' . Virgin Media . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards 2009 '' . American Film Institute . Jump up ^ Jason Buchanan ( December 18 , 2009 ) . `` Detroit Film Critics Society Announces Best of 2009 Winners '' . Retrieved March 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Christopher Lawrence , `` ' Hangover ' movies have been a PR bonanza for Caesars , Vegas '' , Las Vegas Review - Journal , May 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Molina , Melissa ( July 21 , 2009 ) . `` First Batch Of ' Hangover 2 ' Pictures Arrive '' . Latino Review . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Hangover Part III Details Revealed as Production Begins '' . ComingSoon.net . September 10 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 10 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Hangover Official website The Hangover on IMDb The Hangover at the TCM Movie Database The Hangover at AllMovie The Hangover at Rotten Tomatoes The Hangover at Metacritic The Hangover at Box Office Mojo The Hangover -- Behind - the - Scenes Secrets The Hangover at Wayback Machine The Hangover The Hangover The Hangover Part II soundtrack The Hangover Part III Films directed by Todd Phillips Hated : GG Allin and the Murder Junkies ( 1993 ) Frat House ( 1998 ) Road Trip ( 2000 ) Bittersweet Motel ( 2000 ) Old School ( 2003 ) Starsky & Hutch ( 2004 ) School for Scoundrels ( 2006 ) The Hangover ( 2009 ) Due Date ( 2010 ) The Hangover Part II ( 2011 ) The Hangover Part III ( 2013 ) War Dogs ( 2016 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy An American in Paris ( 1951 ) With a Song in My Heart ( 1952 ) Carmen Jones ( 1954 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1955 ) The King and I ( 1956 ) Les Girls ( 1957 ) Gigi / Auntie Mame ( 1958 ) Porgy and Bess / Some Like It Hot ( 1959 ) Song Without End / The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story / A Majority of One ( 1961 ) The Music Man / That Touch of Mink ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) The Russians Are Coming , the Russians Are Coming ( 1966 ) The Graduate ( 1967 ) Oliver ! 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5832114054529554061	Geography of the United States	Geography of the United States - wikipedia Geography of the United States Jump to : navigation , search Geography of The United States Continent North America Coordinates 38 ° 00 ′ 00 '' N 97 ° 00 ′ 00 '' W / 38.000 ° N 97.000 ° W / 38.000 ; - 97.000 Area Ranked 4th Total 9,826,675 km ( 3,794,100 sq mi ) Land 93.24 % Water 6.76 % Coastline 19,920 km ( 12,380 mi ) Borders Canada : 8,893 km ( 5,526 mi ) Mexico : 3,327 km ( 2,067 mi ) Highest point Denali / Mount McKinley 6,190.5 m ( 20,310 ft ) Lowest point Badwater Basin , − 85 m ( − 279 ft ) Longest river Missouri River , 3,767 km ( 2,341 mi ) Largest lake Lake Superior 58,000 km ( 22,394 sq mi ) Climate Diverse : Ranges from Temperate in the North to Tropical in the far south . West : mostly semi-arid to desert , Mountains : alpine , Northeast : humid continental , Southeast : humid subtropical , Coast of California : Mediterranean , Pacific Northwest : cool temperate oceanic , Alaska : mostly subarctic , Hawaii , South Florida , and the territories : tropical Terrain Vast central plain , Interior Highlands and low mountains in Midwest , mountains and valleys in the mid-south , coastal flatland near the Gulf and Atlantic coasts , complete with mangrove forests and temperate , subtropical , and tropical laurel forest and jungle , canyons , basins , plateus , and mountains in west , hills and low mountains in east ; intermittent hilly and mountainous regions in Great Plains , with occasional badland topography ; rugged mountains and broad river valleys in Alaska ; rugged , volcanic topography in Hawaii and the territories Natural Resources coal , copper , lead , molybdenum , phosphates , rare earth elements , uranium , bauxite , gold , iron , mercury , nickel , potash , silver , tungsten , zinc , petroleum , natural gas , timber , arable land Natural Hazards tsunamis ; volcanoes ; earthquake activity around Pacific Basin ; hurricanes along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts ; tornadoes in the Midwest and Southeast ; mud slides in California ; forest fires in the west ; flooding ; permafrost in northern Alaska Environmental Issues severe water shortages , air pollution resulting in acid rain in both the US and Canada The term `` United States '' , when used in the geographical sense , is the contiguous United States , the state of Alaska , the island state of Hawaii , the five insular territories of Puerto Rico , Northern Mariana Islands , U.S. Virgin Islands , Guam , and American Samoa , and minor outlying possessions . The United States shares land borders with Canada and Mexico and maritime borders with Russia , Cuba , and the Bahamas in addition to Canada and Mexico . The United States 's northern border with Canada is the world 's longest bi-national land border . Contents ( hide ) 1 Area 2 General characteristics 3 Physiographic divisions 3.1 Physiographic regions 4 Climate 4.1 Extremes 5 Natural disasters 5.1 Tornadoes and hurricanes 5.2 Flooding 5.3 Geologic 5.4 Other natural disasters 6 Public lands 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Further reading 10 External links Area ( edit ) From 1989 through 1996 , the total area of the US was listed as 9,372,610 km ( 3,618,780 sq mi ) ( land + inland water only ) . The listed total area changed to 9,629,091 km ( 3,717,813 sq mi ) in 1997 ( Great Lakes area and coastal waters added ) , to 9,631,418 km ( 3,718,711 sq mi ) in 2004 , to 9,631,420 km ( 3,718,710 sq mi ) in 2006 , and to 9,826,630 km ( 3,794,080 sq mi ) in 2007 ( territorial waters added ) . Currently , the CIA World Factbook gives 9,826,675 km ( 3,794,100 sq mi ) , the United Nations Statistics Division gives 9,629,091 km ( 3,717,813 sq mi ) , and the Encyclopædia Britannica gives 9,522,055 km ( 3,676,486 sq mi ) ( Great Lakes area included but not coastal waters ) . These sources consider only the 50 states and the Federal District , and exclude overseas territories . By total area ( water as well as land ) , the United States is either slightly larger or smaller than the People 's Republic of China , making it the world 's third or fourth largest country . China and the United States are smaller than Russia and Canada in total area , but are larger than Brazil . By land area only ( exclusive of waters ) , the United States is the world 's third largest country , after Russia and China , with Canada in fourth . Whether the US or China is the third largest country by total area depends on two factors : ( 1 ) The validity of China 's claim on Aksai Chin and Trans - Karakoram Tract . Both these territories are also claimed by India , so are not counted ; and ( 2 ) How US calculates its own surface area . Since the initial publishing of the World Factbook , the CIA has updated the total area of United States a number of times . General characteristics ( edit ) A satellite composite image of the contiguous United States . Deciduous vegetation and grasslands prevail in the east , transitioning to prairies , boreal forests , and the Rockies in the west , and deserts in the southwest . In the northeast , the coasts of the Great Lakes and Atlantic seaboard host much of the country 's population . The United States shares land borders with Canada ( to the north ) and Mexico ( to the south ) , and a territorial water border with Russia in the northwest , and two territorial water borders in the southeast between Florida and Cuba , and Florida and the Bahamas . The contiguous forty - eight states are otherwise bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west , the Atlantic Ocean on the east , and the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast . Alaska borders the Pacific Ocean to the south and southwest , the Bering Strait to the west , and the Arctic Ocean to the north , while Hawaii lies far to the southwest of the mainland in the Pacific Ocean . Forty - eight of the states are in the single region between Canada and Mexico ; this group is referred to , with varying precision and formality , as the continental or contiguous United States , and as the Lower 48 . Alaska , which is not included in the term contiguous United States , is at the northwestern end of North America , separated from the Lower 48 by Canada . The capital city , Washington , District of Columbia , is a federal district located on land donated by the state of Maryland . ( Virginia had also donated land , but it was returned in 1849 . ) The United States also has overseas territories with varying levels of independence and organization : in the Caribbean the territories of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands , and in the Pacific the inhabited territories of Guam , American Samoa , and the Northern Mariana Islands , along with a number of uninhabited island territories . Physiographic divisions ( edit ) Main article : United States physiographic region Denali , Alaska , the highest point in North America at 20,310 ft ( 6,190.5 m ) . The eastern United States has a varied topography . A broad , flat coastal plain lines the Atlantic and Gulf shores from the Texas - Mexico border to New York City , and includes the Florida peninsula . Areas further inland feature rolling hills , mountains , and a diverse collection of temperate and subtropical moist and wet forests . The Appalachian Mountains form a line of low mountains separating the eastern seaboard from the Great Lakes and the Mississippi Basin . The five Great Lakes are located in the north - central portion of the country , four of them forming part of the border with Canada , only Lake Michigan situated entirely within United States . The southeast United States , generally stretching from the Ohio River on south , includes a variety of warm temperate and subtropical moist and wet forests , as well as warm temperate and subtropical dry forests nearer the Great Plains in the west of the region . West of the Appalachians lies the lush Mississippi River basin and two large eastern tributaries , the Ohio River and the Tennessee River . The Ohio and Tennessee Valleys and the Midwest consist largely of rolling hills , interior highlands and small mountains , jungly marsh and swampland near the Ohio River , and productive farmland , stretching south to the Gulf Coast . The Midwest also has a vast amount of cave systems . The Great Plains lie west of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains . A large portion of the country 's agricultural products are grown in the Great Plains . Before their general conversion to farmland , the Great Plains were noted for their extensive grasslands , from tallgrass prairie in the eastern plains to shortgrass steppe in the western High Plains . Elevation rises gradually from less than a few hundred feet near the Mississippi River to more than a mile high in the High Plains . The generally low relief of the plains is broken in several places , most notably in the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains , which form the U.S. Interior Highlands , the only major mountainous region between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachian Mountains . The Great Plains come to an abrupt end at the Rocky Mountains . The Rocky Mountains form a large portion of the Western U.S. , entering from Canada and stretching nearly to Mexico . The Rocky Mountain region is the highest region of the United States by average elevation . The Rocky Mountains generally contain fairly mild slopes and wider peaks compared to some of the other great mountain ranges , with a few exceptions ( such as the Teton Mountains in Wyoming and the Sawatch Range in Colorado ) . The highest peaks of the Rockies are found in Colorado , the tallest peak being Mount Elbert at 14,440 ft ( 4,400 m ) . The Rocky Mountains contain some of the most spectacular , and well known scenery in the world . In addition , instead of being one generally continuous and solid mountain range , it is broken up into a number of smaller , intermittent mountain ranges , forming a large series of basins and valleys . West of the Rocky Mountains lies the Intermontane Plateaus ( also known as the Intermountain West ) , a large , arid desert lying between the Rockies and the Cascades and Sierra Nevada ranges . The large southern portion , known as the Great Basin , consists of salt flats , drainage basins , and many small north - south mountain ranges . The Southwest is predominantly a low - lying desert region . A portion known as the Colorado Plateau , centered around the Four Corners region , is considered to have some of the most spectacular scenery in the world . It is accentuated in such national parks as Grand Canyon , Arches , Mesa Verde National Park and Bryce Canyon , among others . Other smaller Intermontane areas include the Columbia Plateau covering eastern Washington , western Idaho and northeast Oregon and the Snake River Plain in Southern Idaho . The Grand Canyon from Moran Point . The Grand Canyon is among the most famous locations in the country . The Intermontane Plateaus come to an end at the Cascade Range and the Sierra Nevada . The Cascades consist of largely intermittent , volcanic mountains , many rising prominently from the surrounding landscape . The Sierra Nevada , further south , is a high , rugged , and dense mountain range . It contains the highest point in the contiguous 48 states , Mount Whitney ( 14,505 ft or 4,421 m ) . It is located at the boundary between California 's Inyo and Tulare counties , just 84.6 mi or 136.2 km west - northwest of the lowest point in North America at the Badwater Basin in Death Valley National Park at 279 ft or 85 m below sea level . These areas contain some spectacular scenery as well , as evidenced by such national parks as Yosemite and Mount Rainier . West of the Cascades and Sierra Nevada is a series of valleys , such as the Central Valley in California and the Willamette Valley in Oregon . Along the coast is a series of low mountain ranges known as the Pacific Coast Ranges . Much of the Pacific Northwest coast is inhabited by some of the densest vegetation outside of the Tropics , and also the tallest trees in the world ( the Redwoods ) . Alaska contains some of the most dramatic and untapped scenery in the country . Tall , prominent mountain ranges rise up sharply from broad , flat tundra plains . On the islands off the south and southwest coast are many volcanoes . Hawaii , far to the south of Alaska in the Pacific Ocean , is a chain of tropical , volcanic islands , popular as a tourist destination for many from East Asia and the mainland United States . The territories of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands encompass a number of tropical isles in the northeastern Caribbean Sea . In the Pacific Ocean the territories of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands occupy the limestone and volcanic isles of the Mariana archipelago , and American Samoa ( the only populated US territory in the southern hemisphere ) encompasses volcanic peaks and coral atolls in the eastern part of the Samoan Islands chain . Physiographic regions ( edit ) A physiographical map of the contiguous 48 states of the U.S. The map indicates the age of the exposed surface as well as the type of terrain . The geography of the United States varies across their immense area . Within the continental U.S. , eight distinct physiographic divisions exist , though each is composed of several smaller physiographic subdivisions . These major divisions are : Laurentian Upland - part of the Canadian Shield that extends into the northern United States Great Lakes area . Atlantic Plain - the coastal regions of the eastern and southern parts includes the continental shelf , the Atlantic Coast and the Gulf Coast . Appalachian Highlands - lying on the eastern side of the United States , it includes the Appalachian Mountains , the Watchung Mountains , the Adirondacks and New England province originally containing the Great Eastern Forest , a stretch of mixed temperature and subtropical montane forests , some of which are rainforests . Interior Plains - part of the interior continental United States , it includes the Great Plains , as well as a number of highland and mountainous regions , like the Black Hills , dense cave systems , painted hills and badland features . Interior Highlands - also part of the interior continental United States , this division includes the Ozark Plateau , the Ouachita Mountains , and other smaller mountain systems . This region is located largely in the warm temperate / subtropical moist and dry forest biomes . Rocky Mountain System - one branch of the Cordilleran system lying far inland in the western states . Intermontane Plateaus - also divided into the Columbia Plateau , the Colorado Plateau and the Basin and Range Province , it is a system of plateaus , basins , ranges and gorges between the Rocky and Pacific Mountain Systems . It is the setting for the Grand Canyon , the Great Basin and Death Valley . Pacific Mountain System - the coastal mountain ranges and features in the west coast of the United States . Much of the central United States is covered by relatively flat , arable land . This aerial photo was taken over northern Ohio . The Atlantic coast of the United States is low , with minor exceptions . The Appalachian Highland owes its oblique northeast - southwest trend to crustal deformations which in very early geological time gave a beginning to what later came to be the Appalachian mountain system . This system had its climax of deformation so long ago ( probably in Permian time ) that it has since then been very generally reduced to moderate or low relief . It owes its present - day altitude either to renewed elevations along the earlier lines or to the survival of the most resistant rocks as residual mountains . The oblique trend of this coast would be even more pronounced but for a comparatively modern crustal movement , causing a depression in the northeast resulting in an encroachment of the sea upon the land . Additionally , the southeastern section has undergone an elevation resulting in the advance of the land upon the sea . While the Atlantic coast is relatively low , the Pacific coast is , with few exceptions , hilly or mountainous . This coast has been defined chiefly by geologically recent crustal deformations , and hence still preserves a greater relief than that of the Atlantic . The low Atlantic coast and the hilly or mountainous Pacific coast foreshadow the leading features in the distribution of mountains within the United States . The east coast Appalachian system , originally forest covered , is relatively low and narrow and is bordered on the southeast and south by an important coastal plain . The Cordilleran system on the western side of the continent is lofty , broad and complicated having two branches , the Rocky Mountain System and the Pacific Mountain System . In between these mountain systems lie the Intermontaine Plateaus . Both the Columbia River and Colorado River rise far inland near the easternmost members of the Cordilleran system , and flow through plateaus and intermontaine basins to the ocean . Heavy forests cover the northwest coast , but elsewhere trees are found only on the higher ranges below the Alpine region . The intermontane valleys , plateaus and basins range from treeless to desert with the most arid region being in the southwest . The Laurentian Highlands , the Interior Plains and the Interior Highlands lie between the two coasts , stretching from the Gulf of Mexico northward , far beyond the national boundary , to the Arctic Ocean . The central plains are divided by a hardly perceptible height of land into a Canadian and a United States portion . It is from the United States side , that the great Mississippi system discharges southward to the Gulf of Mexico . The upper Mississippi and some of the Ohio basin is the semi-arid prairie region , with trees originally only along the watercourses . The uplands towards the Appalachians were included in the great eastern forested area , while the western part of the plains has so dry a climate that its native plant life is scanty , and in the south it is practically barren . Elevation extremes : Lowest point : Death Valley , Inyo County , California − 280 ft ( − 85.3 m ) Highest point : Denali , Denali Borough , Alaska 20,310 ft ( 6,190.5 m ) Climate ( edit ) Main article : Climate of the United States Köppen climate types of the US A map of average precipitation across the contiguous US . Due to its large size and wide range of geographic features , the United States contains examples of nearly every global climate . The climate is subtropical in the Southern United States , tropical in Hawaii and southern Florida , polar in Alaska , semiarid in the Great Plains west of the 100th meridian , Mediterranean in coastal California and arid in the Great Basin and the Southwest . Its comparatively favorable agricultural climate contributed ( in part ) to the country 's rise as a world power , with infrequent severe drought in the major agricultural regions , a general lack of widespread flooding , and a mainly temperate climate that receives adequate precipitation . The main influence on U.S. weather is the polar jet stream which migrates northward into Canada in the summer months , and then southward into the USA in the winter months . The jet stream brings in large low pressure systems from the northern Pacific Ocean that enter the US mainland over the Pacific Northwest . The Cascade Range , Sierra Nevada , and Rocky Mountains pick up most of the moisture from these systems as they move eastward . Greatly diminished by the time they reach the High Plains , much of the moisture has been sapped by the orographic effect as it is forced over several mountain ranges . Once it moves over the Great Plains , uninterrupted flat land allows it to reorganize and can lead to major clashes of air masses . In addition , moisture from the Gulf of Mexico is often drawn northward . When combined with a powerful jet stream , this can lead to violent thunderstorms , especially during spring and summer . Sometimes during winter these storms can combine with another low pressure system as they move up the East Coast and into the Atlantic Ocean , where they intensify rapidly . These storms are known as Nor'easters and often bring widespread , heavy rain , wind , and snowfall to New England . The uninterrupted grasslands of the Great Plains also lead to some of the most extreme climate swings in the world . Temperatures can rise or drop rapidly and winds can be extreme , and the flow of heat waves or Arctic air masses often advance uninterrupted through the plains . The Great Basin and Columbia Plateau ( the Intermontane Plateaus ) are arid or semiarid regions that lie in the rain shadow of the Cascades and Sierra Nevada . Precipitation averages less than 15 inches ( 38 cm ) . The Southwest is a hot desert , with temperatures exceeding 100 ° F ( 37.8 ° C ) for several weeks at a time in summer . The Southwest and the Great Basin are also affected by the monsoon from the Gulf of California from July to September , which brings localized but often severe thunderstorms to the region . Much of California consists of a Mediterranean climate , with sometimes excessive rainfall from October -- April and nearly no rain the rest of the year . In the Pacific Northwest rain falls year - round , but is much heavier during winter and spring . The mountains of the west receive abundant precipitation and very heavy snowfall . The Cascades are one of the snowiest places in the world , with some places averaging over 600 inches ( 1,524 cm ) of snow annually , but the lower elevations closer to the coast receive very little snow . Florida has a subtropical climate in the northern part of the state and a tropical climate in the southern part of the state . Summers are wet and winters are dry in Florida . Annually much of Florida , as well as the deep southern states , are frost - free . The mild winters of Florida allow a massive tropical fruit industry to thrive in the central part of the state , making the US second to only Brazil in citrus production in the world . Another significant ( but localized ) weather effect is lake - effect snow that falls south and east of the Great Lakes , especially in the hilly portions of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan and on the Tug Hill Plateau in New York . The lake effect dumped well over 5 feet ( 1.52 m ) of snow in the area of Buffalo , New York throughout the 2006 - 2007 winter . The Wasatch Front and Wasatch Range in Utah can also receive significant lake effect accumulations from the Great Salt Lake . Extremes ( edit ) See also : U.S. state temperature extremes In northern Alaska , tundra and arctic conditions predominate , and the temperature has fallen as low as − 80 ° F ( − 62.2 ° C ) . On the other end of the spectrum , Death Valley , California once reached 134 ° F ( 56.7 ° C ) , the highest temperature ever recorded on Earth . On average , the mountains of the western states receive the highest levels of snowfall on Earth . The greatest annual snowfall level is at Mount Rainier in Washington , at 692 inches ( 1,758 cm ) ; the record there was 1,122 inches ( 2,850 cm ) in the winter of 1971 -- 72 . This record was broken by the Mt . Baker Ski Area in northwestern Washington which reported 1,140 inches ( 2,896 cm ) of snowfall for the 1998 - 99 snowfall season . Other places with significant snowfall outside the Cascade Range are the Wasatch Mountains , near the Great Salt Lake , the San Juan Mountains in Colorado , and the Sierra Nevada , near Lake Tahoe . In the east , while snowfall does not approach western levels , the region near the Great Lakes and the mountains of the Northeast receive the most . Along the northwestern Pacific coast , rainfall is greater than anywhere else in the continental U.S. , with Quinault Rainforest in Washington having an average of 137 inches ( 348 cm ) . Hawaii receives even more , with 460 inches ( 1,168 cm ) measured annually on Mount Waialeale , in Kauai . The Mojave Desert , in the southwest , is home to the driest locale in the U.S. Yuma , Arizona , has an average of 2.63 inches ( 6.7 cm ) of precipitation each year . In central portions of the U.S. , tornadoes are more common than anywhere else on Earth and touch down most commonly in the spring and summer . Deadly and destructive hurricanes occur almost every year along the Atlantic seaboard and the Gulf of Mexico . The Appalachian region and the Midwest experience the worst floods , though virtually no area in the U.S. is immune to flooding . The Southwest has the worst droughts ; one is thought to have lasted over 500 years and to have hurt Ancestral Pueblo peoples . The West is affected by large wildfires each year . Natural disasters ( edit ) The United States is affected by a variety of natural disasters yearly . Although drought is rare , it has occasionally caused major disruption , such as during the Dust Bowl ( 1931 -- 1942 ) . Farmland failed throughout the Plains , entire regions were virtually depopulated , and dust storms ravaged the land . A powerful tornado near Dimmitt , Texas on June 2 , 1995 . Tornadoes and hurricanes ( edit ) The Great Plains and Midwest , due to the contrasting air masses , sees frequent severe thunderstorms and tornado outbreaks during spring and summer with around 1,000 tornadoes occurring each year . The strip of land from north Texas north to Kansas and Nebraska and east into Tennessee is known as Tornado Alley , where many houses have tornado shelters and many towns have tornado sirens . Hurricanes are another natural disaster found in the US , which can hit anywhere along the Gulf Coast or the Atlantic Coast as well as Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean . Particularly at risk are the central and southern Texas coasts , the area from southeastern Louisiana east to the Florida Panhandle , peninsular Florida , and the Outer Banks of North Carolina , although any portion of the coast could be struck . Hurricane season runs from June 1 to November 30 , with a peak from mid-August through early October . Some of the more devastating hurricanes have included the Galveston Hurricane of 1900 , Hurricane Andrew in 1992 , and Hurricane Katrina in 2005 . The remnants of tropical cyclones from the Eastern Pacific also occasionally impact the western United States , bringing moderate to heavy rainfall . Total devastation in Gulfport , Mississippi caused by storm surge from Hurricane Katrina in 2005 . Flooding ( edit ) Occasional severe flooding is experienced . There was the Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 , the Great Flood of 1993 , and widespread flooding and mudslides caused by the 1982 -- 83 El Niño event in the western United States . Localized flooding can , however , occur anywhere , and mudslides from heavy rain can cause problems in any mountainous area , particularly the Southwest . Large stretches of desert shrub in the west can fuel the spread of wildfires . The narrow canyons of many mountain areas in the west and severe thunderstorm activity during the summer lead to sometimes devastating flash floods as well , while nor'easter snowstorms can bring activity to a halt throughout the Northeast ( although heavy snowstorms can occur almost anywhere ) . Geologic ( edit ) The West Coast of the continental United States and areas of Alaska ( including the Aleutian Islands , the Alaskan Peninsula and southern Alaskan coast ) make up part of the Pacific Ring of Fire , an area of heavy tectonic and volcanic activity that is the source of 90 % of the world 's earthquakes . The American Northwest sees the highest concentration of active volcanoes in the United States , in Washington , Oregon and northern California along the Cascade Mountains . There are several active volcanoes located in the islands of Hawaii , including Kilauea in ongoing eruption since 1983 , but they do not typically adversely affect the inhabitants of the islands . There has not been a major life - threatening eruption on the Hawaiian islands since the 17th century . Volcanic eruptions can occasionally be devastating , such as in the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens in Washington . The Ring of Fire makes California and southern Alaska particularly vulnerable to earthquakes . Earthquakes can cause extensive damage , such as the 1906 San Francisco earthquake or the 1964 Good Friday earthquake near Anchorage , Alaska . California is well known for seismic activity , and requires large structures to be earthquake resistant to minimize loss of life and property . Outside of devastating earthquakes , California experiences minor earthquakes on a regular basis . There have been about 100 significant earthquakes annually from 2010 to 2012 . Past averages were 21 a year . This is believed to be due to the deep disposal of wastewater from fracking . None has exceeded a magnitude of 5.6 , and no one has been killed . Other natural disasters ( edit ) Other natural disasters include : tsunamis around Pacific Basin , mud slides in California , and forest fires in the western half of the contiguous U.S. Although drought is relatively rare , it has occasionally caused major economic and social disruption , such as during the Dust Bowl ( 1931 -- 1942 ) , which resulted in widespread crop failures and duststorms , beginning in the southern Great Plains and reaching to the Atlantic Ocean . Public lands ( edit ) Exclusive economic zones of the United States , including insular areas The United States holds many areas for the use and enjoyment of the public . These include National Parks , National Monuments , National Forests , Wilderness areas , and other areas . For lists of areas , see the following articles : List of National Parks of the United States List of National Natural Landmarks List of U.S. National Forests List of U.S. Wilderness Areas See also ( edit ) Geography portal United States portal County ( United States ) Geographic centers of the United States Geography of Puerto Rico Geography 's impact on colonial America List of extreme points of the United States List of fjords of the United States List of islands of the United States List of North American deserts List of U.S. government designations for places Lists of landforms of the United States Public Land Survey System Territorial evolution of the United States Regions : East Coast of the United States Historic regions of the United States List of regions of the United States West Coast of the United States Mountains : List of mountain peaks of the United States List of mountains of the United States Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ U.S. State Department , Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights , December 30 , 2011 , Item 22 , 27 , 80 ; Homeland Security Public Law 107 - 296 Sec. 2. ( 16 ) ( A ) ; Presidential Proclamation of national jurisdiction ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` United States '' . The World Factbook . CIA . 2009 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Population by Sex , Rate of Population Increase , Surface Area and Density '' ( PDF ) . Demographic Yearbook 2005 . UN Statistics Division . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` United States '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Countries of the World : 21 Years of World Facts , geographic.org , retrieved 2008 - 08 - 17 Jump up ^ `` Managing Upland Forests of the Midsouth '' . United States Forestry Service . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` A Tapestry of Time and Terrain : The Union of Two Maps - Geology and Topography '' . United States Geological Survey . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` USGS National Elevation Dataset ( NED ) 1 meter Downloadable Data Collection from The National Map 3D Elevation Program ( 3DEP ) - National Geospatial Data Asset ( NGDA ) National Elevation Data Set ( NED ) '' . United States Geological Survey . September 21 , 2015 . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Physiographic Regions '' . United States Geological Survey . 2003 - 04 - 17 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Williams , Jack Each state 's low temperature record , USA today , URL accessed 13 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Weather and Climate '' ( PDF ) . Official website for Death Valley National Park . National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior . January 2002 . pp. 1 -- 2 . Retrieved October 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` WMO Press release No. 956 '' . World Meteorological Organization . September 13 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2016 . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ National Atlas , Average Annual Precipitation , 1961 - 1990 Archived 2006 - 09 - 28 at the Wayback Machine. , URL accessed 15 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Hereford , Richard , et al. , Precipitation History of the Mojave Desert Region , 1893 -- 2001 , U.S. Geological Survey , Fact Sheet 117 - 03 , URL accessed 13 June 2006 . Jump up ^ NOVA , Tornado Heaven , Hunt for the Supertwister , URL accessed 15 June 2006 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Jim E. and John E. Costa , Large Floods in the United States : Where Thley Happen and Why , U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1245 , URL accessed 13 June 2006 . Jump up ^ NSSL : Severe Weather 101 . Nssl.noaa.gov . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ https://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/publications/saferstructures/ Jump up ^ Vergano , Dan ( July 12 , 2013 ) . `` Study : Earthquake increase tied to energy boom '' . The Burlington Free Press . Burlington , Vermont . pp. 10A . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Brown , Ralph Hall , Historical Geography of the United States , New York : Harcourt , Brace , 1948 Stein , Mark , How the States Got Their Shapes , New York : Smithsonian Books / Collins , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 143138 - 8 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Geography of the United States . 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-9092561598961052500	Geography of Germany	Geography of Germany - wikipedia Geography of Germany Jump to : navigation , search Geography of Germany Continent Europe Region western Europe Coordinates 51 ° 00 ′ N 10 ° 00 ′ E / 51.00 ° N 10.00 ° E / 51.00 ; 10.00 Area Ranked 63rd Total 357,022 km ( 137,847 sq mi ) Land 97.66 % Water 2.34 % Coastline 2,389 km ( 1,484 mi ) Borders 3,714 km ( 2,307 mi ) Border lengths included Denmark ( 140 km ) ( 86mi ) Poland ( 467 km ) ( 290 mi ) Austria ( 801 km ) ( 497 mi ) Switzerland ( non-EU ) ( 348 km ) ( 216 mi ) Belgium ( 133 km ) ( 82 mi ) France ( 418 km ) ( 259 mi ) Luxembourg ( 138 km ) ( 85 mi ) Czech Republic ( 704 km ) ( 437 mi ) Netherlands ( 575 km ) ( 357 mi ) Sweden ( maritime boundary , Baltic Sea ) United Kingdom ( maritime boundary , North Sea ) Highest point Zugspitze , 2,962.06 m ( 9,718 ft ) Lowest point North Sea , 0 m Longest river Rhine , 1,230 km ( 764 mi ) Largest lake Lake Constance 536 km ( 207 sq mi ) Climate temperate Terrain lowlands in north ; uplands in center ; Alps in south Natural Resources coal , lignite , natural gas , iron ore , copper , nickel , uranium , potash , salt , construction materials , timber , arable land Natural Hazards flooding , earthquake in Rhineland - Palatinate , North Rhine - Westphalia and Baden - Württemberg . landslide Coordinates : 51 ° 00 ′ N 10 ° 00 ′ E / 51.00 ° N 10.00 ° E / 51.00 ; 10.00 The location of Germany . The countries in white are other members of the European Union . General map of Germany Germany is a country in west - central Europe , that stretches from the Alps , across the North European Plain to the North Sea and the Baltic Sea . Germany has the second largest population in Europe ( after the European part of Russia ) and is seventh largest in area . The territory of Germany covers 357,021 km ( 137,847 sq mi ) , consisting of 349,223 km ( 134,836 sq mi ) of land and 7,798 km ( 3,011 sq mi ) of waters . Elevation ranges from the mountains of the Alps ( highest point : the Zugspitze at 2,962 metres ( 9,718 ft ) ) in the south to the shores of the North Sea ( Nordsee ) in the northwest and the Baltic Sea ( Ostsee ) in the northeast . Between lie the forested uplands of central Germany and the low - lying lands of northern Germany ( lowest point : Neuendorf - Sachsenbande at 3.54 metres ( 11.6 ft ) below sea level ) , traversed by some of Europe 's major rivers such as the Rhine , Danube and Elbe . Germany shares borders with nine European countries , second only to Russia : Denmark in the north , Poland and the Czech Republic in the east , Switzerland ( its only non-EU neighbor ) and Austria in the south , France in the southwest and Belgium , Luxembourg and the Netherlands in the west . Contents ( hide ) 1 Area 1.1 Extreme points 1.2 Maritime claims 2 Physical Geography 2.1 Climate 2.2 Land use 2.3 Rivers 2.4 Caves 2.5 Natural resources 3 Environment 3.1 Flora and Fauna 4 Human Geography 4.1 Demographics 4.2 Administrative divisions 4.3 Urbanization 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Area ( edit ) Germany is in Western and Central Europe , bordering Denmark in the north , Poland and the Czech Republic in the east , Austria and Switzerland in the south , France and Luxembourg in the south - west , and Belgium and the Netherlands in the north - west . It lies mostly between latitudes 47 ° and 55 ° N ( the tip of Sylt is just north of 55 ° ) , and longitudes 5 ° and 16 ° E. The territory covers 357,021 km ( 137,847 sq mi ) , consisting of 349,223 km ( 134,836 sq mi ) of land and 7,798 km ( 3,011 sq mi ) of water . It is the seventh largest country by area in Europe and the 63rd largest in the world . Extreme points ( edit ) Zugspitze is the highest elevation in Germany northernmost point : List , Sylt , Schleswig - Holstein 55 ° 03 ′ N 8 ° 24 ′ E / 55.050 ° N 8.400 ° E / 55.050 ; 8.400 ( List on Sylt ( Northernmost point ) ) northernmost point in mainland Germany : Aventoft , Schleswig - Holstein 54 ° 54 ′ N 8 ° 49 ′ E / 54.900 ° N 8.817 ° E / 54.900 ; 8.817 ( Aventoft ( northernmost on continent ) ) southernmost point : Haldenwanger Eck , Oberstdorf , Bavaria 47 ° 16 ′ 12.39 '' N 10 ° 10 ′ 41.95 '' E / 47.2701083 ° N 10.1783194 ° E / 47.2701083 ; 10.1783194 ( Haldenwanger Eck at Oberstdorf ( Southernmost point ) ) westernmost point : Isenbruch , Selfkant , North Rhine - Westphalia 51 ° 3 ′ N 5 ° 52 ′ E / 51.050 ° N 5.867 ° E / 51.050 ; 5.867 ( Isenbruch near Millen ( Westernmost point ) ) easternmost point : Deschka , Neißeaue , Saxony 51 ° 16 ′ N 15 ° 2 ′ E / 51.267 ° N 15.033 ° E / 51.267 ; 15.033 ( Deschka ( Easternmost point ) ) lowest point ( man - made ) : Tagebau Hambach 293 m ( 961 ft ) below sea level , Niederzier , North Rhine - Westphalia , 50 ° 54 ′ 39 '' N 6 ° 30 ′ 10 '' E / 50.91083 ° N 6.50278 ° E / 50.91083 ; 6.50278 ( Tagebau Hambach ( lowest ) ) lowest point ( natural ) : Neuendorf - Sachsenbande , Wilstermarsch , Schleswig - Holstein 3.53 m ( 11.6 ft ) below sea level 53 ° 57 ′ 48 '' N 9 ° 19 ′ 5 '' E / 53.96333 ° N 9.31806 ° E / 53.96333 ; 9.31806 ( Wilstermarsch ( lowest ) ) highest point : Zugspitze , in the Bavarian Alps , 2,962 m ( 9,718 ft ) , Garmisch - Partenkirchen / Grainau , Bavaria 47 ° 25 ′ N 10 ° 59 ′ E / 47.417 ° N 10.983 ° E / 47.417 ; 10.983 ( Zugspitze ( highest ) ) Maritime claims ( edit ) Continental shelf : 200 m ( 660 ft ) depth or to the depth of exploitation Exclusive economic zone : 200 nmi ( 370.4 km ; 230.2 mi ) . The exact EEZ is due to conventions with neighbouring states . Territorial sea : 12 nmi ( 22.2 km ; 13.8 mi ) Physical Geography ( edit ) Topographic map of Germany The northern third of the country lies in the North European Plain , with flat terrain crossed by northward - flowing watercourses ( Elbe , Ems , Weser , Oder ) . Wetlands and marshy conditions are found close to the Dutch border and along the Frisian coast . Sandy Mecklenburg in the northeast has many glacier - formed lakes dating to the last glacial period . Moving south , central Germany features rough and somewhat patternless hilly and mountainous countryside , some of it formed by ancient volcanic activity . The Rhine valley cuts through the western part of this region . The central uplands continue east and north as far as the Saale and merge with the Ore Mountains on the border with the Czech Republic . Upland regions include the Eifel , Hunsrück and Palatine Forest west of the Rhine , the Taunus hills north of Frankfurt , the Vogelsberg massif , the Rhön , and the Thüringer Wald . South of Berlin , the east - central part of the country is more like the low northern areas , with sandy soil and river wetlands such as the Spreewald region . Southern Germany 's landforms are defined by various linear hill and mountain ranges like the two adjacent ranges of the Swabian and Franconian Alb ( reaching approximately from the source of the Danube in the southwest of Baden - Württemberg , south of Stuttgart , across Swabia into Central Franconia and to the valley of the river Main ) and the Bavarian Forest along the border between Bavaria and the Czech Republic . The Alps on the southern border are the highest mountains , but relatively little Alpine terrain lies within Germany ( in southeastern Swabia and Upper Bavaria ) compared to Switzerland and Austria . The Black Forest , on the southwestern border with France , separates the Rhine from the headwaters of the Danube on its eastern slopes . Climate ( edit ) Summer coastal climate on the island of Sylt in Schleswig - Holstein Thuringian Forests in winter Köppen climate classification types of Germany The North - South difference in Germany , between N 55 : 03 ( at List on Sylt ) and N 47 : 16 ( around Oberstdorf , Bavaria ) equals almost eight Latitudes ( or 889 km ) , but this ca n't largely be seen in different average temperatures . There is sooner a stronger West - East temperature factor instead . This is explained by the North 's flat and open landscapes and its closeness to the sea , and South 's higher terrain , larger distance from the sea , and the Alps . These mountains prevents much of the usually warmer Mediterranean air to blow up into southern Germany . And north of the Alps and the Carpathians , the farther away from the Atlantic Ocean with for its Latitudes warm current , known as the Gulfstream - and the closer to Russia 's and Siberia 's extremely cold winter winds , one gets , the local climate becomes colder , even at the same Latitude and altitude . Even if Siberian winter winds are not dominating , when they do hit Germany , temperatures can in extreme cases fall to - 30 C and below during the nights , and this has an effect on the average temperatures of November to March . Although rare , when such cold air reaches Germany , the Eastern parts becomes more affected compared to the Western parts . These factors results in , that Hamburg in the North has the same annual average temperature as Munich in the South has . The annual average temperature in Hamburg is + 9.5 C and + 9.7 in Munich Whilst Berlin has an annual average temperature + 9 , 9 C The warmest area in Germany is the area bordering to France and west of the Schwartzwald hills . Roughly between Karlsruhe in the north , and down to the Swiss border . Whilst the coldest area ( except for mountain peaks ) is found in the southeastern parts of eastern Germany , around Dresden and Görlitz ; roughly just two Latitudes higher . But the difference at annual average base , is n't extreme . Freiburg im Breisgau ( located a little south of Karlsruhe ) has an averare annual temperature of + 11.4 C , Görlitz has an equal value of + 8.8 C. A difference of 2.6 degree C. Colder meteorological stations in Germany can be found , but mainly at notably higher altitudes . Germany 's climate is temperate and marine , with cold , cloudy , wet winters and moderate warm summers and in the south occasional warm föhn wind . The greater part of Germany lies in the cool / temperate climatic zone in which humid westerly winds predominate . In the northwest and the north , the climate is oceanic and rain falls all the year round . Winters there are relatively mild and summers comparatively cool . In the east , the climate shows clear continental features ; winters can be very cold for long periods , and summers can become very warm . Dry periods are often recorded . In the centre and the south , there is a transitional climate which may be predominantly oceanic or continental , according to the general weather situation . Winters are mild and summers tend to be cool , though maximum temperatures can exceed 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) for several days in a row during heat waves . The warmest regions of Germany can be found in the south - west ( see rhine rift , German Wine Route and Palatinate ) . Here summers can be hot with many days exceeding 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) . Sometimes , minimum temperatures do not drop below 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) , which is relatively rare in other regions . Land use ( edit ) Alpine scenery in Bavaria Germany covers a total of 357,021 km ( 137,847 sq mi ) , of which 5,157 km ( 1,991 sq mi ) is irrigated land and 8,350 km ( 3,220 sq mi ) is covered by water , the largest lakes being Lake Constance ( total area of 536 km ( 207 sq mi ) , with 62 % of the shore being German ; international borders are not defined on the lake itself ) , Müritz ( 117 km or 45 sq mi ) and Chiemsee ( 80 km or 31 sq mi ) . The majority of Germany is covered by either arable land ( 33.95 % ) ; permanent crops cover 0.57 % of the land . Germany has a total of 2,389 km ( 1,484 mi ) of coastline , and borders totaling 3,714 km ( 2,308 mi ) ( clockwise from north : Denmark 140 km ( 87 mi ) , Poland 467 km ( 290 mi ) , Czech Republic 704 km ( 437 mi ) , Austria 801 km ( 498 mi ) , Switzerland 348 km ( 216 mi ) , France 418 km ( 260 mi ) , Luxembourg 128 km ( 80 mi ) , Belgium 133 km ( 83 mi ) , Netherlands 575 km ( 357 mi ) ) . The German - Austrian border crosses itself near Jungholz . The border with Belgium includes 5 German exclaves because the Vennbahn railway is on Belgian territory crossing in and out of Germany . Rivers ( edit ) The major German rivers For a more comprehensive list , see List of rivers of Germany . The main rivers in Germany are : the Rhine ( Rhein in German ) with a German section extending 865 km ( 537 mi ) ( main tributaries including the Neckar , the Main and the Moselle ( Mosel ) ) ; the Elbe with a German section of 727 km ( 452 mi ) ( also drains into the North Sea ) ; and the Danube ( Donau ) with a German length of 687 km ( 427 mi ) . Further important rivers include the Saale and the Main in central Germany , the Neckar in the southwest , the Weser in the North and the Oder at the eastern border . Caves ( edit ) Show caves in Germany Throughout the Karst rocks many caves were formed especially in the valley of the Hönne . The biggest culture cave of Europe is located in Balve . Natural resources ( edit ) Iron ore , coal , potash , timber , lignite , uranium , copper , petroleum , natural gas , salt , nickel , and water . Environment ( edit ) The Lüneburg Heath Nature Reserve in Lower Saxony The eagle is a protected bird of prey Current issues Emissions from coal - burning utilities and industries contribute to air pollution ; acid rain , resulting from sulphur dioxide emissions , is damaging forests ; pollution in the Baltic Sea from raw sewage and industrial effluents from rivers in eastern Germany ; hazardous waste disposal ; government ( under Chancellor Schröder , SPD ) announced intent to end the use of nuclear power for producing electricity ; government working to meet EU commitment to identify nature preservation areas in line with the EU 's Flora , Fauna , and Habitat directive . Germany 's last glacier is disappearing . International agreements Party to : Air Pollution , Air Pollution - Nitrogen oxides , Air Pollution - Persistent Organic Pollutants , Air Pollution - Sulphur 85 , Air Pollution - Sulphur 94 , Air Pollution - Volatile Organic Compounds , Antarctic - Environmental Protocol , Antarctic Treaty , Biodiversity , Climate Change , Climate Change - Kyoto Protocol , Desertification , Endangered Species , Environmental Modification , Hazardous Wastes , Law of the Sea , Marine Dumping , Nuclear Test Ban , Ozone Layer Protection , Ship Pollution , Tropical Timber 83 , Tropical Timber 94 , Wetlands , Whaling Signed , but not ratified : none Natural hazards Flooding through rivers after heavy rainfall , such as during the 2002 European floods , or Storm surge , such as the North Sea flood of 1962 and the historic floods of 1362 and 1634 that changed the coastline of what is now the west coast of Schleswig - Holstein . Flora and Fauna ( edit ) Deer are widespread species Phytogeographically , Germany is shared between the Atlantic European and Central European provinces of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom . The territory of Germany can be subdivided into two ecoregions : European - Mediterranean montane mixed forests and Northeast - Atlantic shelf marine . The majority of Germany is covered by either arable land ( 33 % ) or forestry and woodland ( 31 % ) . Only 15 % is covered by permanent pastures . Plants and animals are those generally common to middle Europe . Beeches , oaks , and other deciduous trees constitute one - third of the forests ; conifers are increasing as a result of reforestation . Spruce and fir trees predominate in the upper mountains , while pine and larch are found in sandy soil . There are many species of ferns , flowers , fungi , and mosses . Fish abound in the rivers and the North Sea . Wild animals include deer , wild boar , mouflon , fox , badger , hare , and small numbers of beaver . Various migratory birds cross Germany in the spring and autumn . The national parks in Germany include the Wadden Sea National Parks , the Jasmund National Park , the Vorpommern Lagoon Area National Park , the Müritz National Park , the Lower Oder Valley National Park , the Harz National Park , the Saxon Switzerland National Park and the Bavarian Forest National Park . Germany is known for its many zoological gardens , wildlife parks , aquaria , and bird parks . More than 400 registered zoos and animal parks operate in Germany , which is believed to be the largest number in any single country of the world . The Zoologischer Garten Berlin is the oldest zoo in Germany and presents the most comprehensive collection of species in the world . Human Geography ( edit ) Demographics ( edit ) Population density Main article : Demographics of Germany With an estimated 81.8 million inhabitants in January 2010 , Germany is the most populous country in the European Union and ranks as the 15th largest country in the world in terms of population . Its population density stands at 229.4 inhabitants per square kilometre ( 594 / sq mi ) . The United Nations Population Fund lists Germany as host to the third - highest number of international migrants worldwide , around 20 % of Germany _́ s population do not hold a German passport or are descendants of immigrants . Administrative divisions ( edit ) Germany comprises sixteen states that are collectively referred to as Länder . Each state has its own state constitution and is largely autonomous in regard to its internal organisation . Due to differences in size and population the subdivision of these states varies , especially between city states ( Stadtstaaten ) and states with larger territories ( Flächenländer ) . For regional administrative purposes five states , namely Baden - Württemberg , Bavaria , Hesse , North Rhine - Westphalia and Saxony , consist of a total of 22 Government Districts ( Regierungsbezirke ) . As of 2009 Germany is divided into 403 districts ( Kreise ) on municipal level , these consist of 301 rural districts and 102 urban districts . Lower Saxony Bremen Hamburg Mecklenburg - Vorpommern Saxony - Anhalt Saxony Brandenburg Berlin Thuringia Hesse North Rhine - Westphalia Rhineland - Palatinate Bavaria Baden - Württemberg Saarland Schleswig - Holstein State Capital Area ( km2 ) Population Baden - Württemberg Stuttgart 35,752 10,717,000 Bavaria Munich 70,549 12,444,000 Berlin Berlin 892 3,400,000 Brandenburg Potsdam 29,477 2,568,000 Bremen Bremen 404 663,000 Hamburg Hamburg 755 1,735,000 Hesse Wiesbaden 21,115 6,098,000 Mecklenburg - Vorpommern Schwerin 23,174 1,720,000 Lower Saxony Hanover 47,618 8,001,000 North Rhine - Westphalia Düsseldorf 34,043 18,075,000 Rhineland - Palatinate Mainz 19,847 4,061,000 Saarland Saarbrücken 2,569 1,056,000 Saxony Dresden 18,416 4,296,000 Saxony - Anhalt Magdeburg 20,445 2,494,000 Schleswig - Holstein Kiel 15,763 2,829,000 Thuringia Erfurt 16,172 2,355,000 Urbanization ( edit ) Germany has a number of large cities ; the most populous are : Berlin , Hamburg , Munich , Cologne , Frankfurt , and Stuttgart . The largest conurbation is the Rhine - Ruhr region ( 12 million ) , including Düsseldorf ( the capital of North Rhine - Westphalia ) , Cologne , Essen , Dortmund , Duisburg , and Bochum . Largest cities or towns in Germany Statistical offices in Germany ( 31 December 2015 ) Rank Name State Pop . Rank Name State Pop . Berlin Hamburg Berlin Berlin 3,710,156 11 Bremen Bremen ( state ) 557,464 Munich Cologne Hamburg Hamburg 1,787,408 12 Dresden Saxony 543,825 Munich Bavaria 1,450,381 13 Hannover Lower Saxony 532,163 Cologne North Rhine - Westphalia 1,060,582 14 Nuremberg Bavaria 509,975 5 Frankfurt Hesse 732,688 15 Duisburg North Rhine - Westphalia 491,231 6 Stuttgart Baden - Württemberg 623,738 16 Bochum North Rhine - Westphalia 364,742 7 Düsseldorf North Rhine - Westphalia 612,178 17 Wuppertal North Rhine - Westphalia 350,046 8 Dortmund North Rhine - Westphalia 586,181 18 Bielefeld North Rhine - Westphalia 333,090 9 Essen North Rhine - Westphalia 582,624 19 Bonn North Rhine - Westphalia 318,809 10 Leipzig Saxony 560,472 20 Münster North Rhine - Westphalia 310,039 See also ( edit ) Germany portal European Union portal Administrative divisions of Germany Geography of Europe Geology of Germany List of national parks of Germany References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.independent.co.uk/extras/travel/the-complete-guide-to-lake-constance-5333037.html ^ Jump up to : `` Germany '' . CIA World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . November 14 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2006 . Retrieved November 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ See `` HAMBURG - FUHLS. ( FLUGWEWA ) '' , `` HAMBURG - NEUWIEDENTHAL '' and `` HAMBURG - WANDSBEK '' ( for Hamburg ) - altitudes are 3 , 11 and 18 meters ; and `` MUENCHEN - STADT ( WST ) '' for Munich - altitude is 515 meters , at ( 1 ) Jump up ^ See `` BERLIN - TEMP . ( WST ) '' ( altitude 48 meters ) at ( 2 ) Jump up ^ See `` FREIBURG I.BR . ( AWST ) '' ( altitude 236 meters ) and `` GOERLITZ ( WEWA ) '' ( altitude 238 meters ) at ( 3 ) Jump up ^ German Climate Handbuch Deutschland . Retrieved November 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` German Climate and Weather '' . World Travels . Globe Media Ltd. 2014 . Retrieved November 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` CIA -- The World Factbook -- Germany '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . April 26 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ List of Ecoregions : Terrestrial Ecoregions WWF . Retrieved 21 November 2000 . Jump up ^ List of famous Zoological gardens in European countries www.eupedia.com . Retrieved 17 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Some interesting zoo facts www.americanzoos.info/ . Retrieved 17 October 2008 . Jump up ^ ( in German ) Tierstatistik 2008 , Zoo Berlin . Retrieved 19 November 2009 . Archived June 9 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` International Migration 2006 '' ( PDF ) . UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs . Retrieved 18 March 2011 . Jump up ^ The individual denomination is either Land ( state ) , Freistaat ( free state ) or Freie ( und ) Hansestadt ( free ( and ) Hanseatic city ) . `` The Federal States '' . www.bundesrat.de . Bundesrat of Germany . Retrieved 17 July 2011 . `` Amtliche Bezeichnung der Bundesländer '' ( Official denomination of federated states ) ( PDF ; download file `` Englisch `` ) . www.auswaertiges-amt.de ( in German ) . Federal Foreign Office . Retrieved 22 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Example for state constitution : `` Constitution of the Land of North Rhine - Westphalia '' `` . Landtag ( state assembly ) of North Rhine - Westphalia . Archived from the original on 17 January 2013 . Retrieved 17 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kreisfreie Städte und Landkreise nach Fläche und Bevölkerung 31.12. 2009 '' ( in German ) . Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland . October 2010 . Archived from the original ( XLS ) on April 28 , 2011 . Retrieved 26 September 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Geography of Germany . Kostenlose Deutschland - Karten Geoberg.de : Geologie Deutschlands -- Fotografien geologischer Objekte aus Deutschland mineralienatlas.de : Reiches Erz aus dem Harz Deutscher Klimaatlas Geography of Germany -- Encyclopedia of World Geography Germany articles History Timeline Historiography Military history Germanic peoples Migration Period Frankish Empire Holy Roman Empire Ostsiedlung ( East Colonisation ) Confederation of the Rhine German Confederation Frankfurt Constitution North German Confederation Unification of Germany German Empire World War I Weimar Republic Nazi Germany World War II Divided Germany Allied occupation Flight and expulsions East Germany West Germany Reunification Reunified Germany Geography Administrative divisions States Districts Cities and towns Earthquakes Geology Islands Lakes Mountains Rivers Politics Bundestag Bundesrat Bundeswehr ( military ) Cabinet Chancellor Constitution Court system Elections Foreign relations Human rights Intersex LGBT Transgender Law Law enforcement Political parties President Economy Agriculture Automobile industry Banking Central bank Chemical Triangle Economic history Energy Exports German model German states by GDP Manufacturing Mining Mittelstand companies Science and technology Stock exchange Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Trade unions Transport Welfare Society Crime Demographics Drug policy Education Germans Ethnic groups Healthcare Immigration Pensions Religion Social issues Culture Anthem Architecture Art Arts Cinema Coat of arms Cuisine Dance Fashion Festivals Flag Language Literature Internet Media Music Names Philosophy Prussian virtues Sport Television World Heritage Outline Index Book Portal Geography of Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union Climate of Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union The Danube Countries Germany Austria Slovakia Hungary Croatia Serbia Bulgaria Romania Moldova Ukraine Cities Ulm Ingolstadt Regensburg Passau Linz Vienna Bratislava Győr Budapest Vukovar Ilok Novi Sad Belgrade Ruse Brăila Galați Izmail Tulcea Tributaries Iller Lech Regen Isar Inn Morava Váh Hron Ipeľ / Ipoly Drava Tisza / Tisa Sava Timiș / Tamiš Great Morava Timok Jiu Iskar Olt Osam Yantra Vedea Argeș Ialomița Siret Prut See also List of islands in the Danube List of crossings of the Danube Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Germany&oldid=833029943 '' Categories : Geography of Germany Hidden categories : Articles with German - language external links Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Coordinates not on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés বাংলা Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip کوردی Српски / srpski Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 08 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many states are within germany’s borders	[ "Germany comprises sixteen states that are collectively referred to as Länder.[14] Each state has its own state constitution[15] and is largely autonomous in regard to its internal organisation. Due to differences in size and population the subdivision of these states varies, especially between city states (Stadtstaaten) and states with larger territories (Flächenländer). For regional administrative purposes five states, namely Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Hesse, North Rhine-Westphalia and Saxony, consist of a total of 22 Government Districts (Regierungsbezirke). As of 2009 Germany is divided into 403 districts (Kreise) on municipal level, these consist of 301 rural districts and 102 urban districts.[16]" ]	[ "sixteen" ]
-1433334162483410425	Silver spoon	Silver spoon - wikipedia Silver spoon Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Silver spoon ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bise - Challoner crests on a set of 1830s Coburg - pattern sterling silver spoons , made in London The English language expression silver spoon is synonymous with wealth , especially inherited wealth ; someone born into a wealthy family is said to have `` been born with a silver spoon in his mouth '' . As an adjective , `` silver spoon '' describes someone who has a prosperous background or is of a well - to - do family environment , often with the connotation that the person does not appreciate or deserve his or her advantage , its having been inherited rather than earned . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical uses 2 Cultural references 2.1 In literature 2.2 In music 2.3 In musicals 2.4 In politics 2.5 In manga 3 Variants 4 See also 5 References Historical uses ( edit ) Two silver - gilt strainer spoons and a cignus spoon decorated with a mythical marine creature . ( 4th century CE Roman spoons from the Hoxne Hoard . ) Before the place setting became popular around 1700 , people brought their own spoons to the table , carrying them in the same way that people today carry wallet and keys . In pre-modern times , ownership of a silver spoon was an indication of social class , denoting membership in the land - owning classes . In the Middle Ages , when farmers and craftsmen worked long hours and frequently got dirt under their fingernails , it was important to not be mistaken for a serf or escaped slave . Under these circumstances , a silver spoon served the functional equivalent of passport , driving licence , and credit card . Since most members of the land - owning classes were smallhold farmers and craftsmen , the silver spoon was primarily a lower - middle - class cultural marker . Silver spoons , because of their weight and number , were often among the most valuable tangible assets of a middle - class household , and therefore , a traditional target for burglars . For example , in the feature film Far and Away ( 1992 ) , the character Shannon plans to pay for her emigration from Ireland to the United States with spoons she stole from her wealthy landowner parents . Beyond their value and aesthetics , silver utensils self - sanitize : silver has antimicrobial properties , due to the oligodynamic effect . Silver spoons have also been used to detect poison , particularly in the Korean Joseon Dynasty : due to its reactivity , silver tarnishes on contact with sulfur , thus detecting the presence of arsenic sulfides and warning of arsenic poisoning . Cultural references ( edit ) Georgian spoons In literature ( edit ) The phrase `` born with a silver spoon in his mouth '' appeared in print in English as early as 1719 , in Peter Anthony Motteux 's translation of the novel Don Quixote : `` Mum , Teresa , quoth Sancho , ' tis not all Gold that glisters ( sic ) , and every Man was not born with a Silver Spoon in his Mouth . '' Because the phrase is used as a translation of a Spanish proverb with a different literal meaning ( `` muchas veces donde hay estacas no hay tocinos , '' literally : `` often where there are hooks ( for hanging hams ) there are no hams '' ) , it seems that the phrase was already considered proverbial in English at the time . The phrase next appears in a book of Scottish proverbs published in 1721 , in the form `` Every Man is no born with a Silver Spoon in his Mouth . '' John Galsworthy 's novel , The Forsyte Saga ( 1922 ) , contains a chapter called `` The Silver Spoon '' , which refers to a cockered heiress , Fleur Forsyte . The Italian cookbook Il cucchiaio d'argento ( 1950 ) translates to `` The Silver Spoon '' and uses that title in its English edition ; the title is , according to the introduction to the Phaidon Press printing , derived from the English expression . In music ( edit ) The term , or parodies thereof , have frequently made their way into popular music . For example : The lyrics to Harry Chapin 's song `` Cat 's in the Cradle '' ( 1974 ) say : `` ... And the cats in the cradle and the silver spoon ... '' Creedence Clearwater Revival 's song `` Fortunate Son '' ( 1969 ) includes the lyrics , `` Some folks were born silver spoon in hand . '' The lyrics from the 1985 song , `` The Wolf by Heart '' , start with : `` You were born to privilege , lickin ' on a silver spoon . '' The lyrics to the Beatles song , `` She Came in Through the Bathroom Window '' ( 1969 ) , say , `` She came in through the bathroom window , protected by her silver spoon , '' meaning the girl would have no trouble being naughty . In the song lyrics for `` Just Like Greta '' ( 2005 ) , Van Morrison says : `` Then sometimes it feels so easy , like I was born with a silver spoon '' . `` This is Music '' ( 1995 ) , by The Verve , features the lyrics : `` I stand accused just like you , for being born without a silver spoon . '' The Who 's song `` Substitute '' ( 1966 ) parodies this term with the lyrics , `` I was born with a plastic spoon in my mouth '' , by purposefully inverting the phrase , to refer to being born into poverty . Yoko Ono mourns the loss of her `` silver spoon '' in a line in the song `` Mrs. Lennon '' ( 1971 ) . The Nails ' song `` 88 Lines About 44 Women '' ( 1982 ) contains the lyrics `` Jackie was a rich punk rocker , silver spoon and a paper plate . '' Bob Dylan 's song `` It 's Alright , Ma '' contains the lyrics `` Darkness at the break of noon shadows even the silver spoon '' ; the phrase implies that the impending darkness ( and the things it represents ) does not spare even the wealthy and privileged . Bangtan Boys 's song `` Silver Spoon '' However , some modern uses of the phrase relate to drug use rather than privilege . For example : One line of the Eagles ' song `` Witchy Woman '' ( 1972 ) is : `` And she drove herself to madness with a silver spoon . '' This usage of the term may refer to the use of a silver spoon for cocaine or absinthe . The first few lines from the song `` Gold Dust Woman '' ( 1977 ) , by Fleetwood Mac , are , `` Rock on , gold dust woman / Take your silver spoon / And dig your grave '' , relating to Stevie Nicks ' use of cocaine . In musicals ( edit ) In the Broadway musical , Once ( 2011 ) , the lyrics to the song `` Gold '' say : `` I 'm walking on moonbeams , and I was born with a silver spoon '' . In politics ( edit ) Then -- Texas State Treasurer Ann Richards was well known for saying about George H.W. Bush , `` Poor George . He ca n't help it . He was born with a silver foot in his mouth , '' at the 1988 Democratic National Convention . In manga ( edit ) The 2011 manga Silver Spoon is based on the premise of a fictional agricultural high school in Japan with a silver spoon over its dining hall entrance , playing with the western definition of silver spoon : the farmers believed they were the ones born rich as they will never have to fear starvation since they control the means of production . Variants ( edit ) There are similar expressions in other languages . For example , in Portuguese and Spanish , an expression translated as `` born in a gold cradle '' is fiduciary to the English , `` born with a silver spoon '' . The term `` gold spoon '' is much less commonly used , but finds occasional use , such as the 1840 American Gold Spoon Oration criticizing then - president Martin Van Buren for his supposedly luxurious lifestyle . In some languages , like Swedish and Finnish , the common expression is gold spoon rather than silver spoon , although both can be used . `` Silver fork novels '' are described by English professor Paola Brunetti to her husband Guido , in Donna Leon 's fourth Commissario Guido Brunetti novel Death and Judgment aka A Venetian Reckoning ( 1995 ) , chapter 22 , as `` books written in the eighteenth century , when all that money pored into England from the colonies , and the fat wives of Yorkshire weavers had to be taught which fork to use . '' In Australia the expression `` silvertail '' is also used , with nearly identical meaning . It has been used in cultural or political situations to describe someone as aristocratic or out of touch with the common people . In the United States , to say that someone `` was born on third base but thinks he hit a triple '' conveys a similar meaning but makes the undeserving / unappreciated aspect denotatively explicit . It describes someone who acts as if their inherited wealth were earned , or acts as if an earned portion of it were n't built using inherited advantages , such as available business capital from lenders or investors eager to curry favor with the family or to invest in a venture that the family is likely to bail out if it flounders , or parents ' networking connections or called - in favors . See also ( edit ) Cignus Cochlearium Silver lining ( idiom ) Silver tongue Born in the purple References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Spoons and Chopsticks '' . buddhapia.com . Jump up ^ de Cervantes Saavedra , Miguel & Motteaux , Peter Anthony ( Translator ) ( 1719 ) . The History of the Renowned Don Quixote de la Mancha , In Four Volumes. 4 . p. 345 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Kelly , James ( 1721 ) . A complete collection of Scottish proverbs : explained and made intelligible . p. 101 . Jump up ^ Leon , Donna ( June 1995 ) . Death and Judgment ( 1st ed . ) . Harpercollins . ISBN 978 - 0060177966 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silver_spoon&oldid=824841449 '' Categories : English - language idioms Spoons Wealth concentration Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Articles needing additional references from December 2008 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 February 2018 , at 20 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the term silver spoon come from	[]	[]
1721852139830273034	Minecraft: Story Mode	Minecraft : Story Mode - wikipedia Minecraft : Story Mode Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that portions of this article be split out into another article titled Minecraft : Story Mode - Season Two . ( Discuss ) ( July 2017 ) `` MCSM '' redirects here . For the high school in New York City with this abbreviation , see Manhattan Center for Science and Mathematics . This article is about the game made by Telltale Games . For other uses , see Minecraft ( disambiguation ) . Minecraft : Story Mode Developer ( s ) Telltale Games Mojang Publisher ( s ) Telltale Games Mojang Series Minecraft Engine Telltale Tool Platform ( s ) Android iOS Apple TV Microsoft Windows Nintendo Switch macOS PlayStation 3 PlayStation 4 Wii U Xbox 360 Xbox One Release Season 1 Episode 1 ( show ) Windows , macOS , PS3 , PS4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One WW : October 13 , 2015 Android , iOS WW : October 15 , 2015 Wii U WW : January 21 , 2016 PS Vita WW : 2016 Episode 2 ( show ) Android , iOS , Windows , macOS , PS3 , PS4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One WW : October 27 , 2015 Episode 3 ( show ) Android , iOS , Windows , macOS , PS3 , PS4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One WW : November 24 , 2015 Episode 4 ( show ) Android , iOS , Windows , macOS , PS3 , PS4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One WW : December 22 , 2015 Episode 5 ( show ) Android , iOS , Windows , macOS , PS3 , PS4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One WW : March 29 , 2016 Episode 6 ( show ) Android , iOS , Windows , macOS , PS3 , PS4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One WW : June 7 , 2016 Episode 7 ( show ) Android , iOS , Windows , macOS , PS3 , PS4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One WW : July 26 , 2016 Episode 8 ( show ) Android , iOS , Windows , macOS , PS3 , PS4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One WW : September 13 , 2016 The Complete Adventure ( show ) Xbox 360 , Xbox One , Playstation 3 , Playstation 4 , PC NA : October 25 , 2016 EU : October 28 , 2016 Wii U EU : December 16 , 2016 NA : December 13 , 2016 AU : December 16 , 2016 Nintendo Switch WW : August 22 , 2017 Season 2 Episode 1 ( show ) PC , PS4 , Xbox One , iOS , Windows 10 WW : July 11 , 2017 Android WW : July 12 , 2017 Xbox 360 WW : July 14 , 2017 Episode 2 ( show ) August 15 , 2017 Episode 3 ( show ) September 19 , 2017 Episode 4 ( show ) November 7 , 2017 Episode 5 ( show ) December 19 , 2017 Genre ( s ) Graphic adventure Mode ( s ) Single - player Minecraft : Story Mode is an episodic point - and - click graphic adventure video game developed and published by Telltale Games , based on the sandbox video game Minecraft . The first five episodes of the game were released between October 2015 through March 2016 , and an additional three episodes were released as downloadable content in mid-2016 . The game was released for Microsoft Windows , macOS , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , Wii U , Nintendo Switch , Xbox 360 , Xbox One , Android , iOS , and Apple TV . The game was developed in association with Mojang , the original developer of Minecraft . A retail version was released in December 2016 . The game follows the episodic format that Telltale Games used for its titles : The Walking Dead , The Wolf Among Us , Tales from the Borderlands , and Game of Thrones . The game centers around a new character named Jesse , who can be either male or female , as they and their allies attempt to save their world by defeating the Wither Storm . A second five - episode season was released by Telltale in July 2017 , continuing the story from the first season and influenced by players ' choices made during that season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Synopsis 2.1 Setting 2.2 Characters 2.3 Plot 2.3. 1 Season 1 ( 2015 - 16 ) 2.3. 1.1 The Order of the Stone ( Episode 1 ) 2.3. 1.2 Assembly Required ( Episode 2 ) 2.3. 1.3 The Last Place You Look ( Episode 3 ) 2.3. 1.4 A Block and a Hard Place ( Episode 4 ) 2.3. 1.5 Order Up ! ( Episode 5 ) 2.3. 1.6 A Portal to Mystery ( Episode 6 ) 2.3. 1.7 Access Denied ( Episode 7 ) 2.3. 1.8 A Journey 's End ? ( Episode 8 ) 2.3. 2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 2.3. 2.1 Hero in Residence ( Episode 1 ) 2.3. 2.2 Giant Consequences ( Episode 2 ) 2.3. 2.3 Jailhouse Block ( Episode 3 ) 2.3. 2.4 Below the Bedrock ( Episode 4 ) 2.3. 2.5 Above and Beyond ( Episode 5 ) 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2015 - 16 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 4 Development and releases 4.1 Sequel 5 Reception 5.1 Season 1 ( 2015 - 16 ) 5.1. 1 Episode 1 : The Order of the Stone 5.1. 2 Episode 2 : Assembly Required 5.1. 3 Episode 3 : The Last Place You Look 5.1. 4 Episode 4 : A Block and a Hard Place 5.1. 5 Episode 5 : `` Order Up ! '' 5.1. 6 Episode 6 : A Portal to Mystery 5.1. 7 Episode 7 : Access Denied 5.1. 8 Episode 8 : A Journey 's End ? 5.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 5.2. 1 Episode 1 : Hero in Residence 5.2. 2 Episode 2 : Giant Consequences 5.2. 3 Episode 3 : Jailhouse Block 5.2. 4 Episode 4 : Below The Bedrock 5.2. 5 Episode 5 : Above And Beyond 6 References 7 External links Gameplay Minecraft : Story Mode is an episodic interactive comedy - drama point - and - click graphic adventure video game . It was released as a number of episodes similar to Telltale Games ' other games . Players can collect items , solve puzzles , and talk to non-player characters through conversation trees to learn about the story and determine what to do next . Decisions that the player makes affect events in both the current episode and later episodes . However , Minecraft : Story Mode is intended to be a family - friendly title , unlike Telltale 's previous games , which tend to carry more mature or emotional overtones ( including the death of major characters ) . As such , the decisions are intended to be pivotal and emotional but not to involve mature imagery or themes . Elements of crafting and building were included in the gameplay which are central to Minecraft . The game includes combat and other action sequences , carried out through both quick time events and more arcade - like controls , such as steering around debris on a road . Synopsis Setting Minecraft : Story Mode takes place in an interpretation of the world of Minecraft . The main character Jesse is a passionate newbie Minecraft player who sets out on a journey with friends within the world of Minecraft to find The Order of the Stone ( Gabriel , Ellegaard , Magnus , Soren , Ivor ) , five legendary adventurers who saved the Minecraft world . The game includes settings that are normally difficult to access from within Minecraft , including the Nether , The End , and the Far Lands . Characters The player can customize Jesse , including choice of gender and skin tone . Jesse is voiced by Patton Oswalt if male and by Catherine Taber if female . Other characters within the Minecraft world include the humans Petra ( voiced by Ashley Johnson ) Axel ( Brian Posehn ) , Olivia ( Martha Plimpton ) , Lukas ( Scott Porter ) , Maya , Ivy , Fangirl ( GK Bowes ) , Owen ( Owen Hill ) , Gill ( Phil LaMarr ) , Aiden , Otis ( Matthew Mercer ) , Ivor Sigge ( Paul Reubens ) , Usher ( Jason ' jtop ' Topolski ) , Fanboy ( Billy West ) , Lydia ( Lydia Winters ) , the Announcer ( Erin Yvette ) , Jesse 's pet pig Reuben ( Dee Bradley Baker ) and the four Order of the Stone members : Gabriel the Warrior ( Dave Fennoy ) , Magnus the Rogue ( Corey Feldman ) , Ellegaard the Redstone Engineer ( Grey Griffin ) , and Soren the Architect ( John Hodgman ) . Stauffer said that the human characters as a whole represent the different types of gamers who play Minecraft . Billy West narrates the first four episodes of the story . Plot This is a broad overview of the plot . Certain decisions made by the player will alter details of specific events . Season 1 ( 2015 - 16 ) The Order of the Stone ( Episode 1 ) Jesse ( Patton Oswalt or Catherine Taber ) and his / her friends , Olivia ( Martha Plimpton ) and Axel ( Brian Posehn ) , along with his pet pig Reuben ( Dee Bradley Baker ) , go to the EnderCon building competition , which they lose every year to a rival team called the Ocelots . Despite this , they manage to build an impressive contraption , which Ocelot member Aiden ( Matthew Mercer ) jealously sabotages , scaring off Reuben . Jesse and the gang goes after Reuben or Axel and Olivia stays to save the build . Jesse went out to find Reuben , interacting with things around too , when Reuben is found , Jesse and Reuben is surrounded by hostile mobs , Jesse has a choice to tell Reuben to run or stay beside him , Jesse ( and Reuben ) ( is / are ) saved from mobs by their friend Petra ( Ashley Johnson ) , who convinces Jesse to help her with a business deal : selling a Wither skull for a diamond . Back at the competition , that Jesse 's team wins / loses , the deal goes bad when Ivor ( Paul Reubens ) , the man Petra sells the skull to , rips her off and flees . Jesse and Petra , joined by Axel , Olivia and the sympathetic Ocelot leader , Lukas ( Scott Porter ) , follow Ivor into an underground laboratory . There , they discover him making a Wither , an incredibly dangerous creature , but are unable to stop him . The creature attacks the event and targets Gabriel ( Dave Fennoy ) , a member of the legendary Order of the Stone , whom Ivor seems to know . Ivor loses control of the Wither , which , with the power of the special ' command block ' implanted in the Wither 's chest , transforms into an advanced , more horrific version of itself , called ' The Wither Storm ' . It then destroys the town , forcing the group to escape into Gabriel 's fortress , where Gabriel sends Jesse 's group to find Order members Magnus ( Corey Feldman ) and Ellegaard ( Grey Griffin ) , and gives them an amulet to guide them . They head into the dangerous Nether , leaving Petra and Gabriel behind in the process ( as one of them being sucked into the Wither Storm , depending on your choices ) . In the Nether , Jesse 's group finds a train track left by the Order , and goes to the Overworld , where the group decides to bunk for the night . Axel is bitter towards Lukas , and Jesse must choose who they will side with . The next morning , the group arrives at the Order Fortress , where they discover that Ivor had actually been a member of the Order , but had been inexplicably kicked out . They later find a contraption that , when hooked up to the amulet , shows on a map the current locations of the members of the Order . Lukas decides to stay and fortify the fortress , and asks that one of the four stay with him . The player then has a choice : to go with Axel to get Magnus , or with Olivia to get Ellegaard . As Jesse and Axel / Olivia prepare to leave , the Wither Storm approaches . Assembly Required ( Episode 2 ) Jesse and Axel / Olivia head to Boom Town / Redstonia to recruit Magnus / Ellegaard to help them . After successfully getting Magnus / Ellegaard to join them ( with different mishaps ) , they return to the temple to discover that Olivia / Axel ( whoever did n't accompany Jesse ) has subsequently retrieved Ellegaard / Magnus ( whichever one Jesse did not personally find ) , and are now reunited with either Petra or Gabriel ( depending on who Jesse saved before entering the Nether ) . Returning to the machine , they discover that it now shows the location of the last , long thought lost member , Soren ( John Hodgeman ) , as well as Ivor , who is heading towards him . Ellegaard reveals that she and Soren had been building a `` Formidi Bomb '' ( an incredibly powerful explosive ) , and proposes this as a solution to the problem of the Wither Storm . The group leaves to find Soren and his secret lab . There , Jesse , Lukas and Reuben find a massive herd of endermen . Magnus and Ellegaard ( who clearly do n't get along well ) depart in two different directions to find the `` F - Bomb '' . Jesse and Petra / Gabriel follow one , while Lukas , Olivia and Axel follow the others . As they walk , Petra / Gabriel reveals to Jesse that , despite his saving him / her , they have `` Wither Sickness '' , which gets worse by the minute . Eventually , they confront Ivor , but he taunts them and uses a splash potion to slow them down , saying that the Order will be unable to do anything to stop him , then escapes . The Last Place you Look ( Episode 3 ) The group is trapped ( Ivor 's doing in the prior episode ) . They manage to escape , but end up in the foreboding End . There , they spot Soren and follow him into his massive house , where Jesse finds him researching the dangerous Endermen . Jesse convinces Soren to help destroy the Wither Storm using the incredibly powerful Formidi Bomb , just as the Wither Storm attacks . They return to the surface , where they reunite with Magnus and Ellegaard . Soren asks for a volunteer to set off the Formidi - Bomb , reminding them that the bomb will go off seconds after being made . This task falls on Jesse 's shoulders . Accepting either Magnus or Ellegaard 's armor , Jesse constructs and uses the Formidi - Bomb , and survives , but Magnus / Ellegaard ( whoever gave Jesse the armor ) is killed by an attack from the Wither Storm . The Formidi - Bomb destroys the Wither Storm , freeing the citizens it ate , including a now amnesiac Gabriel or Petra . Unfortunately , due to the bomb not reaching the Command Block keeping it alive , the Wither Storm reforms , having split apart to make three Wither Storms , forcing everyone to flee . A Block and a Hard Place ( Episode 4 ) The group is forced to flee the new Storms . They then encounter Ivor , who wants to fix his mistake and offers a solution : using a book of enchantments he has at his house in the Far Lands that can enchant a weapon so powerful it can destroy the command block . The group ( possibly without Axel , Lukas and the sick member ) goes to Ivor 's house , where they learn that the story of the Ender Dragon battle that made the Order famous was n't entirely true : Soren just used the Command Block to glitch the Ender Dragon out of existence . Ivor left the Order in disgust and summoned the Wither Storm to show the world that the Order are frauds . Despite this shocking truth , Jesse constructs the weapon which , with the unwitting help of the Endermen , they use to enter the Wither Storm and destroy the Command Block , though Reuben is fatally wounded in the process and dies shortly after . As the world praises the new heroes , Jesse makes a memorial to Reuben and convinces Gabriel , who is now cured ( same with Petra ) , to either tell the truth about the Order 's past or continue keeping it a secret . Either way , Jesse and their friends are then made the famous New Order of the Stone . Order up ! ( Episode 5 ) Sometime later , the New Order goes , on a tip from Ivor , to a temple where they discover a mysterious enchanted flint and steel . Outside the temple , they 're accosted by Aiden , who usurped Lukas as the new leader of the Ocelots ( now going by the `` Blaze Rods '' ) and is bitter towards the fame the New Order has attained , though they manage to chase him and his lackeys away . Back in town , the group shows their found loot to Ivor , who reveals the enchanted flint and steel to be the key to the Eversource , a source of unlimited building power . Returning to the temple , Jesse , Petra , Lukas and Ivor find a portal , which Jesse activates with the flint and steel . Unfortunately , the Blaze Rods surprise them and enter the portal first . Pursuing them , the group ends up in a sky dimension , where they have to build a bridge with dirt . They come to Sky City , a metropolis island in the clouds , where building is strictly regulated by the town 's stern Founder . Unluckily for the group , Aiden gets to the Founder first and tricks her into turning the whole town against the Order . Though Ivor and Lukas are captured , Petra is saved by Milo , a barman and the leader of an underground resistance called Build Club ( Jesse 's decisions choose who he goes with ) . They are quickly reunited , and soon find the Eversource , revealed to be a chicken which lays spawn eggs . The group is then attacked by the Founder and Aiden , only for him to betray her and knock her , Jesse and possibly Lukas over the side . They land safely on land below , which is surprising to the Founder , as she thought there was nothing but an abyss . She and Jesse ( Lukas will sit this out , feeling weak from fighting Aiden in the palace ) build a tower back to Sky City , which is now overrun with monsters Aiden summoned from spawn eggs laid by the Eversource chicken . Though Jesse defeats Aiden and his cronies , the city is lost and the remaining townsfolk get into a waterfall and flow safely down to the land below . After deciding what to do with Aiden and the Eversource and how the new government should be run , Jesse and the group use a portal they and the Founder discovered while building the tower to return home , only to find themselves in a corridor filled with portals . A portal to Mystery ( Episode 6 ) After entering one of the portals , Jesse , Lukas , Petra and Ivor end up in a world very similar to their own , except there are two moons , and everything appears swampy . After reading an invitation and escaping a massive horde of zombies , they end up in the mansion of other invitees , who end up to be five well - known Minecraft YouTubers : CaptainSparklez , StampyCat , DanTDM , LDShadowLady and StacyPlays , as well as two other fictional ones : TorqueDawg and Cassie Rose . They are revealed to be just as oblivious to this place as the New Order , since portraits of the Youtubers and the Order somehow appeared in the house . While meeting Sparklez and TorqueDawg , all lights go out and TorqueDawg is mysteriously killed by a trap with poisoned arrows . Through a series of investigation , causing the death trap of CaptainSparklez , right after his announcement of the fact that the murderer ( who referred to him / herself as the ' White Pumpkin ' ) was killing them off for the enchanted flint and steel ( such as the one as Jesse has ) , as well as the death of Lizzie / Dan , the majority of the Youtubers point the evidence at Lukas , but Petra and Jesse fiercely disagree . The two , along with Stampy , ( who then reveals that he had an enchanted flint and steel ) , prove that Cassie Rose was the White Pumpkin , who then accidentally sets off one of her own traps and dies . Jesse , Petra , Ivor , and Lukas peacefully depart with the remaining Youtubers . The New Order walks over to an unlit portal frame , and attempt to use the flint and steel on it , and open another portal back to their home . Though the flint and steel had the power to send them back to their world , it is revealed that the portal was a trap from Rose , who was not dead . While she threatens them with Endermites , Jesse is able to defeat her with his / her sword and his / her own collection of Ender pearls and leaves her to be eaten by the Endermites , while Jesse and his / her friends return through the real portal , although it is unknown whether they return home or not . Access Denied ( Episode 7 ) Back in the portal hallway , Petra , who is bitter towards Jesse for leading to nowhere in multiple worlds and portals , flees into a redstone portal , concluding that redstone meant `` smart people '' . Jesse , Lukas and Ivor , having no choice , follow her into the portal . Upon arrival , they are taken hostage by a population of players controlled with redstone chips by the mad artificial intelligence computer screen PAMA ( Prototype : Autonomous Management Agent ) , who was created by redstone user Harper but , against Harper 's will , controlled the population in order to `` make them useful '' . Wanting to invade Jesse 's territory and world , PAMA questions him and takes over Petra and Lukas , allowing it to see what they know . Jesse and Ivor escape PAMA with the help of Harper , who shows them her laboratory , where she reveals that she is an `` old builder '' . They are soon attacked by PAMA controlled monsters , alongside the mind controlled Lukas and Petra . Through a stroke of luck , Jesse manages to destroy the redstone chips controlling some spiders , and either Lukas or Petra . Harper is captured by whoever Jesse did n't free by orders of PAMA , and Harper tells Jesse to find the ' headset ' . Eventually , after solving Harper 's puzzle , Jesse finds the headset , and wears it . It allows Jesse to take control over and migrate into PAMA - controlled mobs , all while in the laboratory . Eventually finding Harper being captured by PAMA , Jesse is able to free her , only for her to be recaptured , but finds out from her that PAMA 's internal redstone heart is supposed to be destroyed . The group heads to the city and using one of Ivor 's potions , Jesse is able to break into PAMA but is engaged in a fight with either Lukas or Petra before destroying PAMA 's heart . After the townspeople are freed from PAMA 's possession , they discover that Harper had created PAMA , and immediately hate her for it . Harper accompanies the group to the portal hallway , where she unlocks a stairway with the redstone heart leading to where the ' Old Builders ' live , who might be able to help them find their way home , via a `` Portal Atlas '' . A journey 's end ? ( Episode 8 ) Arriving at the Old Builder 's village , the five accidentally interrupt a game of `` spleef '' hosted by the Old Builders ; Hadrian , Mevia and Otto . Lukas and either Ivor or Petra ( whoever Jesse does n't choose to help ) are seemingly killed , but respawn to be sent to the Nether mines , where other losers of the Old Builder 's games are sent . Jesse strikes a deal with Hadrian : if Jesse wins the games , they get the Portal Atlas and go home . In the village , Harper explains to Jesse that Hadrian and Mevia began to force players from other worlds to play the games - they would only be free if they won the games , which was virtually rigged . After freeing Lukas and his other companion from the mines , Jesse successfully completes the second game , despite Hadrian sending the green team to eliminate Jesse . Ivor / Petra ( whoever Jesse saved ) are killed , but quickly respawn. Harper convinces sympathetic Old Builder Otto to help Jesse . Hadrian reveals to Jesse that he kept Olivia and Axel captive using the Atlas , and makes another deal : If Jesse loses the games , Olivia , Axel , Petra , Lukas , Ivor and Reuben ( Hadrian confused the latter with the EnderCon Usher ) can go free while Jesse stays imprisoned . Otherwise , everyone stays imprisoned . The next day , on the third task , Jesse eventually convinces the other teams to cooperate and rebel against Hadrian and Mevia by all winning . Otto accepts this victory , but Hadrian and Mevia trap him and most players in obsidian , and kills Jesse . He respawns in the respawn area , where Emily , leader of the green team , Olivia , Axel , Petra , Lukas , Harper , and Ivor have stolen items for Jesse , including the armor of `` Tim '' , ( a made - up character by Hadrian in order to inspire the others to continue playing ) , to defeat the Old Builders . The plan is successful , and they eventually receive the Atlas from Otto . Back in the Portal Hallway , Otto plans to work on making the games fun again . Harper and Emily either return home , stay in the games , or leave with the Order ( Jesse 's suggestion ) , and the Order of the Stone return home . There , after Jesse shows Axel and Olivia their new artifacts , Ivor takes the enchanted flint and steel and the Atlas , in which Jesse and the others go after . Season 2 ( 2017 ) Hero in Residence ( Episode 1 ) Lukas narrates a novel about Jesse and their friends ' adventures and their popularity . As he finishes , Jesse , Axel , and Olivia provide feedback for the novel . Along with Radar , Jesse 's new assistant , they leave the Order 's palace to prepare for Founding Day celebrations throughout the world . Radar stays with Jesse to help with various tasks in Beacontown , while the others leave for their respective cities . Afterwards , Jesse heads to the mines to meet Petra , who has been sent to find a mysterious creature by Stella , the leader of a rivaling city , `` Champion City '' , who has Petra 's golden sword . In the mines , Jesse and Petra fight off zombies , then race through the mine shaft to find the creature , which turns out to be a `` treasure - sniffing '' llama named Lluna . They capture the llama , and also find a strange gauntlet on top of a pyramid that whispers Jesse 's name . As Jesse reaches for it , the gauntlet clamps to his hand and the pyramid collapses , revealing a bottomless pit . They close off the pit and escape . Back on the surface , Jesse leaves a warning sign , and they head to Champion City to take Lluna to Stella . The two meet Stella and give Lluna back to her as she informs Petra that the `` adventure '' was a scam and does n't return the sword . The two decide to steal the sword back . Once they reach Stella 's treasure room , they find that the sword is missing . Stella shows up , and accepts defeat after inadvertently revealing she 's a fan of Jesse , and gives the sword back . As they head back to Beacontown , the bottomless pit blows open and spews out charged creepers , and they fight them off before sealing it again . They head straight to Beacontown to meet Jack , a former treasure hunter . Jack talks to Jesse about the gauntlet , and introduces them to Nurm , Jack 's map - maker . The four get some armor from the Order 's palace , and head to an ocean temple . As they travel , Jack informs them how the ocean monument is run by `` the Admin '' , a being of infinite power . They suit up in water helmets , and swim to the ocean monument . Jesse completes a door frame , and frees Vos , Jack 's old friend . Jack is surprised to see Vos alive ( as he had supposedly been killed on their previous visit ) . The five reach the main part of the temple . They find the two structure blocks , and pick one . After fighting off stone guards , including the Admin , a giant colossus statue , the five then escape back to Beacontown . The group close the pit with the structure block , and celebrate Founding Day . As the celebration starts , the Admin goes after Jesse , vowing to demolish them . While Lukas is at his house finishing his novel , he sees the Admin approaching Beacontown , he suits up and rides off to help Jesse . Giant Consequences ( Episode 2 ) The Admin meets Jesse at Beacontown , and the two fight , damaging Beacontown in the process . The Admin uses a giant clock to turn day into night so that monsters would invade the city . The Admin also swallows the structure block . Just as the Admin is about to swallow Jesse , Lukas distracts him with an arrow to the face , and saves Jesse . Jesse notices the symbol on the Admin 's head was the same symbol shown on the back of the Prismarine Golems at the ocean temple , and Jesse realizes that destroying the symbol is the only way of destroying the Admin . Jesse takes Lukas ' horse , climbs up the Admin , and kills him , dropping the clock , which Jesse uses to raise the sun . In the aftermath , Jesse and others begin rebuilding Beacontown , Jesse can give either Lukas or Radar the title of `` Clockmaster '' , which basically involves watching a giant clock all day . Jesse then meets up with Jack and Vos , who unintentionally spill that they are about to go on a new adventure with Nurm and Petra . Suddenly , Jesse and Petra see snowflakes falling in Beacontown and one of them ends up melting inside the gauntlet , revealing the Admin to be a snowman . The Admin gives Jesse a challenge : Beacontown will remain dark and surrounded by hostile mobs until Jesse reclaims the giant clock , which the Admin says is `` at the tippy top of my awesome , fantastic , super-deadly icy palace of despair '' . Jesse and the others fight off numerous monsters and zombies , and the group ( consisting of Jesse , Petra , Lukas , Radar , Jack , Nurm and Vos ) head toward the ice palace . On the way to the ice palace , the group encounter Lluna and Stella , who eventually tags along with them in order to `` keep an eye on them '' . At the ice palace , the snowman drops the group into the pit . The group eventually end up in a roller - coaster - like maze , and meet the Admin once more , giving the group several challenges . Nonetheless , the Admin insists that only one person is supposed to win , and throws Radar / Jack into another challenge , with Vos randomly disappearing . The group then mine their way out with a diamond pickaxe and face numerous Snow `` Endercreepers '' . Jesse can then choose whether Petra or Jack should get the clock . Petra / Jack makes it up to the clock and destroys it , turning the world back to normal time . Lukas leaves immediately , but Jack insists on finding Vos , and the rest help Jack to try and find him . Soon , it is revealed that Vos was actually the Admin the entire time as the real Vos died years ago , and he is convinced on partnering up by Stella . The Admin then transports the gauntlet to whoever destroyed the clock and proceeds to teleport Jesse and friends , minus Lukas , to a jailhouse . Jailhouse Block ( Episode 3 ) Jesse arrives at the `` Sunshine Institute '' , an underground prison where the Admin likes to keep people that he detests and their loved ones as prisoners , as well as people meant to act as guards . Jesse immediately tries to escape with help from Jack / Petra ( who was not chosen as a champion ) where they discover that the prison is in the middle of a labyrinth filled with dangerous monsters . They are immediately apprehended and sent back to the prison . Jesse meets the Warden , a former `` Guest '' ( prisoner ) that was promoted , who proceeds to torture Radar in order to coerce Jesse into becoming an `` Associate '' ( Guard ) , which Jesse can either accept this new role or refuse it . If he accepts the role he will be an Associate , but if not the Warden will break Radar 's glasses and give him a black - eye . They also discover that Stella is also an Associate of the deeper floor . After hearing of an attempted escape from Prisoner X , they discover that they need her help in order for them to get out of there . As an associate / guest , Jesse will find another guest 's secret stash , a Mooshroom . Once the Warden finds out , he will ask Jesse to shear the mushrooms from the Mooshroom to change it back to a regular cow promising a promotion to the lower depths if he obeys . If he shears the cow , Jesse will be promoted to an associate in the lower depths ( Jack / Petra , Nurm & Radar will cause trouble to be demoted to follow you ) , but upon refusal , Jesse and his friends will be demoted to the lower depths as guests . Once in the lower levels , Jesse asks assistance from Stella to make a lever to open Prisoner X 's cell . You can either promise to help her escape as well or not . After successfully opening the gate to Prisoner X 's cell , the Admin shows up , fires the Warden , and forces Jesse and Jack / Petra ( whoever became the champion in the previous episode ) to fight to the death , but they instead cooperate to try and attack the Admin . Annoyed by this he abandons the Sunshine Institute . Before leaving , however , the Admin comes up with a new plan to impersonate Jesse and take over his life in Beacontown and takes Stella with him . The group proceed to Prisoner X 's isolated cell , which is rigged to explode if no one is standing on at least one stone pressure plate , which means that either Nurm or Lluna need to be left behind so that they can escape . After their escape they learn that Prisoner X , whose real name is Xara , is a former Admin . They were told that Xara and another Admin named Fred fought `` Romeo '' ( the Admin 's real name ) for control of the world , but Fred was killed and Xara 's powers were taken away . After fighting through the monster - filled labyrinth , Jesse can either choose to help Xara when she ditches them , or to leave her to fend for herself . Whatever the player choose they will meet up with her at the base of a Diamond Tower . Xara explains that there is a passageway beneath the tower and they need to dig into the bedrock to escape , she also explains that the secret to rid Romeo of his abilities also lies there as well . They enter the passageway , with a Giant Enderman in the approaching . Romeo , in Jesse 's form , proceeds to give the Order of the Stone 's Amulet to an armored assailant to try and hunt down Jesse and his friends . Below the Bedrock ( Episode 4 ) Jesse and company reach the `` Underneath '' the first world created by Romeo , Fred and Xara . Xara explains that this place was sealed by Romeo a long time ago after killing Fred and imprisoning Xara . After arriving at Xara 's ruined city `` The Oasis '' , Xara points them to a destroyed portal that could bring them to the surface . Jesse asks Xara to rebuild the portal while Xara tells them that they need an object from Romeo or the Surface to help power the portal . She tells them to head to `` Fred 's Keep '' to find the weapon that can stop Romeo , and to look out for anything that can be used to power the portal . While travelling via minecart to Fred 's Keep , the group are assaulted by the Giant Enderman , which leaves Jesse and Jack precariously on the edge of a giant cliff . They are met by scavengers who demand their weapons for safe passage . If Jesse refuses , Jack will seemingly fall to his death . Jesse and company find themselves in Fred 's Keep where they discover a group of people who venerate Fred as their former protector and the creator of their safe village . Jesse asks to enter his house to look for the weapon , but only the winner of the annual Fred Trivia Contest may enter . After winning the trivia contest or sneaking inside , they discover that the weapon is found in the original house , a cabin , Fred , Xara and Romeo used to live in . The leader of Fred 's Keep , Binta , gives them a device to point them in the right direction in exchange of helping the get `` Friends of Fred '' ( villagers ) out of the Underneath . If Jack and Nurm are still in the party , they will stay behind to convince more people to join ; if not , Nurm will stay to wait for Jack . While travelling to the Admins ' First Home , they are assaulted by an Armored Assailant , or ninja , who is revealed to be Ivor . Ivor informs the group of the admin 's misdeeds and proceeds to fake a report to buy them time to look for the weapon . Before Ivor leaves , Jesse asks for the Amulet of the Order of the Stone to use as a part of the portal . The trio discover that the Admins ' First Home is in Romeoburg and they needed to complete his challenges to proceed . Inside the cabin they find Fred 's Journal , containing a keyword ( # potato451 ) and a set of instructions on how to defeat the Admin . Realizing how similar their and the Admins ' former friendship were , Petra becomes emotional and worries that their own friendship would end just like the Admins ' . She also confesses to Jesse that her place is not in Beacontown , but she would n't leave if it means she would lose Jesse . Jesse could either promise Petra to leave with her or wait for her as long as it takes . Upon returning to Oasis , Jesse and company activates the firework to signal Fred 's people that they are ready to leave . He also gives Xara the diary , and she swears vengeance on Romeo . The fireworks attract the Giant Enderman as well as several mobs of monsters . Depending on previous actions Xara either stays to help fight off the mob or abandons the group . The people of Fred 's Keep will arrive to help ; Jack will also reemerge here if he fell down in the first act . Radar discovers that the Giant Enderman is angry at him after he attacked it earlier and asks Jesse if he can use himself as bait to save Fred 's people . Jesse is then given the choice to either leave Radar behind or to abandon Fred 's people . Upon entering the portal they find themselves on the outskirts of the Temple of the Order of the Stone , and are horrified of the new Beacontown . After the credits we see Lukas just getting back from the Ice Palace greeting Jesse ( Romeo ) asking where everyone is . The Admin 's eyes glow red as the scene cuts to black . Above and Beyond ( Episode 5 ) Jesse , Petra , Jack , Radar / Binta and Nurm / Lluna use the mines to enter Beacontown in secret . In the town they discover Romeo ( In Jesse 's Form ) , Stella , Axel , and Olivia preparing for JesseCon , a narcissistic Festival for himself . If Xara left to abandon you she will attack Romeo and get killed by him . If Xara stayed behind Romeo will blow up Champion City in front of Stella as an example to them . They deduce that the Giant Tower in the middle of town is the `` Primary Terminal '' , the place or object in the diary 's instruction , but they will need a plan to get there . Jesse reveals himself to Axel and Olivia who follows Jesse to Jack 's shop where they discover its contents were looted . They discover the Elytra Wings in the looted shop , then Ivor appears in the shop having rescued Nurm / Lluna and they start planning on how they are going to get to the `` Terminal '' . After successfully enacting their plan to fly to the tower they discover that Lukas has freed Romeo 's prisoners and have banded together to create the `` New Ocelots '' , after proving to them that he 's / she 's the real Jesse they head to the roof only to discover that Romeo is in his office , You can choose to attack him or talk to him . Regardless of the choice Romeo determines to give up on the world . He decides it deserves the same fate as the old world . As he is encasing the entire world with bedrock , they make their way to the `` Terminal Space '' portal on top of the roof . In the Terminal Space they discover a sealed door . The door is sealed with a puzzle whose answer lies within the keyword # potato451 . After solving the puzzle , they are gifted with a hologram of Fred that gives them a Golden Gauntlet that can take away Romeo 's powers . Romeo arrives immediately afterwards and Jesse punches him with the Gauntlet , Romeo immediately discovers that some of his abilities are gone . Jesse and Romeo fight each other with Romeo changing locations and forms with each defeat . After removing Romeo 's powers completely , `` Terminal Space '' begins to crumble , you can choose to leave Romeo behind or bring him with you . While the `` Terminal Space '' is crumbling around them , The Giant Prismarine Colossus glitches out and then starts attacking anything indiscriminately . If Xara and Radar was left behind , the latter will arrive , still being chased by the Giant Enderman , it then kills the Colossus allowing you to escape . Otherwise Romeo will sacrifice himself so that you can leave , after the destruction of `` Terminal Space '' the bedrock in the sky disappears . If Romeo and Xara survives he will do his best to try and make up for what he did , starting with Xara and the surviving citizens of the Underneath . While Beacontown is being rebuilt , Ivor says that he will try to reconnect with the old Order of the Stone , Lukas , Radar , Jack , and Nurm decided to stay in Beacontown to help them rebuild . Depending on your relationship with Stella and Lluna , Stella could ask you to take care of Lluna in Beacontown while Champion City is being rebuilt , Lluna could choose to stay with Jesse against Stella 's wishes , or both will leave . Axel and Olivia decide to return to their communities , but Petra decides to leave . You can choose to leave with Petra or stay in Beacontown . If you decide to leave with Petra , you can assign Radar to be your temporary replacement or allow the citizens to decide a new leader , If Lluna stayed with Jesse , she will also accompany Jesse & Petra on their new adventure . If you stay in Beacontown , Radar will tell you that he checked the mail chest and found some mail . The first letter is about Aiden wanting to redeem himself . The second letter is sent by WP ( White Pumpkin ) saying `` Look out '' . Episodes Season Episodes Originally released First released Last released 8 October 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 13 ) September 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 13 ) 5 July 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 11 ) December 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 19 ) Season 1 ( 2015 - 16 ) The main Minecraft : Story Mode game was separated into five episodes for Season 1 , released in one month intervals . Three additional episodes were later released . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` The Order of the Stone '' Dennis Lenart and Graham Ross Michael Choung and Laura Jacqmin October 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 13 ) At Endercon , a world - threatening monster known as the Wither Storm is unleashed . It is up to Jesse and his / her friends to reassemble the Order of the Stone , a group of adventurers famous for slaying the Ender Dragon . `` Assembly Required '' Jason Latino Joshua Rubin , Eric Stirpe and Timothy Williams October 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 27 ) Jesse and his / her friends must recruit the remaining members of the Order of the Stone to help defeat the Wither Storm . `` The Last Place You Look '' Jonathan Stauder Michael Choung , Laura Jacqmin , Eric Stirpe and Timothy Williams November 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 24 ) Trapped inside of Soren 's fortress , Jesse and his / her friends must find Soren to build a weapon that can destroy the Wither Storm . `` A Block and a Hard Place '' Graham Ross and Rebekah Gamin Arcovitch Brad Kane and Laura Jacqmin December 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 22 ) After a crushing defeat , Jesse and his / her friends must go on a long journey to the Far Lands to find the one thing capable of destroying the Command Block at the Wither Storm 's core . Along the way , Jesse and friends make a shocking discovery about the Order of The Stone 's history . 5 5 `` Order Up ! '' Jonathan Stauder TBA March 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 29 ) Jesse , Petra , Lukas , and Ivor find a mysterious portal and wind up in a strange place called Sky City . After being framed for supposed crimes , Jesse and his / her friends must clear their names and stop an old enemy from destroying an innocent world . 6 6 `` A Portal to Mystery '' Sean Manning Eric Stirpe and Timothy Williams June 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 07 ) Jesse and his / her friends end up in a room full of portals and must find a portal leading to the overworld . The first portal they go to leads to a party in a mansion . However , one guest is killing off the others . Can Jesse and friends find the killer ? Or will the killer find them ? The episode features five well - known YouTube players of Minecraft , as their avatars in the game : Joseph Garrett , Stacy Hinojosa , Dan Middleton , Lizzie Dwyer , and Jordan Maron . 7 7 `` Access Denied '' Rebekah Gamin Arcovitch and Jason Pyke Luke McMullen and Eric Stirpe July 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 26 ) Continuing their portal journey in search of home , Jesse and crew land in a world entirely controlled by PAMA - a sinister `` thinking machine '' determined to command everyone and everything with redstone mind control chips . Forced on the run to avoid capture and assimilation , Jesse must work with a new ally to defeat the corrupted computer and free the population it has enslaved . 8 8 `` A Journey 's End ? '' Vahram Antonian Eric Stirpe , Yale Hannon , and Erica Harrell September 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 13 ) Jesse , Petra , Lukas , and Ivor try to find The Old Builders , who can supposedly help them find their way home . However , if Jesse is to survive the Old Builders ' Gladiator Games and get home , he / she must forge new friendships with the other contestants and navigate a labyrinth of lies and deception . Season 2 ( 2017 ) In July 2017 , the first trailer was released for season 2 revealing a release date of July 11 . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 9 `` Hero in Residence '' Jonathan Stauder Eric Stirpe July 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 11 ) As old friends and new responsibilities pull Jesse in different directions , the discovery of a strange Prismarine Gauntlet leads our hero into a whole new world of mystery and danger . 10 `` Giant Consequences '' Jonathan Stauder Eric Stirpe August 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 15 ) A powerful foe emerges in Beacontown and subjects Jesse to some bizarre ( and deadly ) challenges . Friendships will be tested and new alliances formed as Jesse fights to save the world from this mighty enemy . 11 `` Jailhouse Block '' Chris Reiser Adam Douglas September 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 19 ) Jesse and the gang must brave a dangerous prison and its even more dangerous inmates to reach the secret at the prison 's heart ... But when the enemy tries to recruit Jesse 's friends , will they all be able to resist the call ? 12 `` Below the Bedrock '' Daniel Rosales Nicole Martinez November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) Our heroes take a journey to a long - forgotten land where nothing is quite what it seems and danger lurks around every corner . Will Jesse 's new alliances and friendships withstand the tests they 'll face ? 13 5 `` Above and Beyond '' Mark Droste Adam Miller December 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 19 ) The final battle with Jesse 's new enemy brings the battle home to Beacontown and the world may never be the same . Development and releases The idea for Minecraft : Story Mode came around the end of 2012 when Telltale Games was engaged in work for Tales from the Borderlands , an episodic series based on the Borderlands series . The idea of developing stories around other established video game franchises led the team to brainstorm the idea for a Minecraft - related game , given that the game was essentially a `` blank canvas '' for storytelling , according to Job Stauffer , and would create an interesting challenge . The two groups recognized the amount of fan - generated narrative content that existed in the way of YouTube videos and other media forms that demonstrated the potential for storytelling in the game . Many on Telltale 's staff were also already fans of Minecraft , with a private server that they played on , with some of the incidents that occurred on there becoming ideas for the game 's story . Telltale began negotiations with Mojang in early 2013 , and began work on the title shortly thereafter . Stauffer noted that Microsoft 's acquisition of Mojang was not a factor in the game 's development , as their interaction with Mojang began well before Microsoft 's negotiations . Telltale opted to create a new main character of Jesse for Minecraft : Story Mode instead of using default `` Steve '' character from Minecraft , feeling that they did not want to attempt to rewrite how players already saw this character in the game . Other primary characters in the game are loosely designed around archetypes of common player - characters for Minecraft , such that those that engage in building , fighting , or griefing other players . The game will not attempt to provide any background for some concepts in Minecraft , such as the creepers , as to avoid the various interpretations that fans have done for these elements , though they are elements of the game 's story . Stauffer stated that the game 's story would be aimed as family - friendly , similar to the films The Goonies or Ghostbusters ; their intended content would be equivalent to a PG - 13 or PEGI - 12 rating . A number of the voice actors are alumni of such films of the 1980s such as Corey Feldman who starred in The Goonies , and the game includes various references to these types of films . Stauffer reflected that while Telltale 's more recent games like The Walking Dead were more mature stories , their original adventure games like Sam & Max and Strong Bad 's Cool Game for Attractive People were written as family - friendly , and that they consider their approach to Minecraft : Story Mode as `` part of our DNA '' . The story was aimed to be accessible to both existing players of Minecraft - both novice and advanced players - and to new audiences outside of the game . Minecraft : Story Mode was formally announced in December 2014 as a collaboration project between Mojang and Telltale ; the announcement was presented as an interactive adventure game named `` Info Quest II '' . Its first trailer was released during the Minecon 2015 convention in early July . The game was planned for a five - episode series for release on Android , iOS , Microsoft Windows , OS X , PlayStation and Xbox consoles in late 2015 ; Telltale also released the game for the Wii U , only a month after the original Minecraft first came to a Nintendo platform . It was also the first time a Telltale title had been released on a Nintendo platform since Back to the Future : The Game . In addition , Minecraft : Story Mode - The Complete Adventure , incorporating both the main episodes and downloadable content , was announced for the Nintendo Switch . The series released for most systems on October 13 , 2015 , with the PlayStation Vita and Wii U versions to follow at a later date . A season pass of the game was available for purchase on October 27 , 2015 , which allows the player to access the other four episodes once they are released . Retail versions of the game were released on October 27 , 2015 . Sequel Minecraft : Story Mode -- Season Two was released on July 11 , 2017 across five episodes , for Windows , macOS , PlayStation 4 , Xbox 360 , Xbox One , iOS and Android . It continued the story from the first season , with the player 's choices affecting elements within Season 2 . Patton Oswalt , Catherine Taber , Ashley Johnson , and Scott Porter were confirmed to continue voicework for the new season . The game supports the new Crowd Play feature that Telltale introduced in Batman : The Telltale Series , allowing up to 2,000 audience members to vote on decisions for player using Twitch or other streaming services . On August 3 , 2017 , Telltale announced that Episode 2 , `` Giant Consequences '' , was released on August 15 . On September 19 , 2017 , Episode 3 `` Jailhouse Block '' was released . The fourth episode , `` Below the Bedrock '' , was released on November 7 , 2017 . The fifth episode and season finale , `` Above And Beyond '' was released on December 19 , 2017 . Reception Season 1 Aggregate Reviews Game Metacritic Episode 1 : The Order of the Stone ( PC ) 71 ( PS4 ) 71 ( XONE ) 77 Episode 2 : Assembly Required ( PC ) 59 ( PS4 ) 53 ( XONE ) 61 Episode 3 : The Last Place You Look ( PC ) 73 ( PS4 ) 73 ( XONE ) 75 Episode 4 : A Block and a Hard Place ( PC ) 68 ( PS4 ) 72 ( XONE ) 71 Episode 5 : Order Up ! ( PC ) 70 ( PS4 ) 72 ( XONE ) 69 Episode 6 : A Portal to Mystery ( PC ) 64 ( PS4 ) 69 ( XONE ) 71 Episode 7 : Access Denied ( PC ) 69 ( PS4 ) 68 ( XONE ) 71 Episode 8 : A Journey 's End ? ( PS4 ) 69 Season 2 Aggregate Reviews Game Metacritic Episode 1 : Hero in Residence ( PC ) 71 ( PS4 ) 67 ( XONE ) 76 Episode 2 : Giant Consequences ( PC ) 74 ( PS4 ) 73 ( XONE ) 76 Episode 3 : Jailhouse Block ( PC ) 71 ( PS4 ) 63 ( XONE ) 72 Episode 4 : Below the Bedrock ( PC ) 73 Episode 5 : Above And Beyond ( PC ) 78 Minecraft : Story Mode received mixed reviews from critics . It received praise for its humor , faithfulness to its source material , action sequences and light hearted tone compared to some of Telltale 's previous works although the presence of technical issues was criticized . Critical reception to the story and characters was widely polarized . Season 1 ( 2015 - 16 ) Episode 1 : the Order of the Stone Episode 1 : The Order of the Stone received `` mixed or average '' reviews . Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 71 / 100 based on 25 reviews , the PlayStation 4 version 71 / 100 based on 23 reviews and the Xbox One version 77 / 100 based on 13 reviews . On GameRankings , a score of 78.59 % was given based on 11 reviews for the Xbox One version , 77.50 % for Wii U based on 4 reviews , 73.53 % for the PC version based on 16 reviews , and 73.29 % for PlayStation4 based on 21 reviews . Episode 2 : Assembly Required Episode 2 : Assembly Required received `` mixed or average '' reviews . Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 59 / 100 based on 13 reviews , the PlayStation 4 version 53 / 100 based on 7 reviews and the Xbox One version 61 / 100 based on 8 reviews . Episode 3 : the Last Place you Look Episode 3 : The Last Place You Look received mildly positive reviews . Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 73 / 100 based on 10 reviews , the PlayStation 4 version 73 / 100 based on 7 reviews and the Xbox One version 75 / 100 based on 9 reviews . Episode 4 : a Block and a Hard Place Episode 4 : A Block and a Hard Place received `` mixed or average '' reviews . Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 68 / 100 based on 8 reviews , the PlayStation 4 version 72 / 100 based on 8 reviews and the Xbox One version 71 / 100 based on 8 reviews . Episode 5 : `` Order up ! '' Episode 5 : Order Up ! received `` mixed or average '' reviews . Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 70 / 100 based on 6 reviews , the PlayStation 4 version 72 / 100 based on 9 reviews and the Xbox One version 69 / 100 based on 6 reviews . Episode 6 : a portal to Mystery Episode 6 : A Portal to Mystery received mixed reviews . Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 64 / 100 based on 5 reviews , the PlayStation 4 version 69 / 100 based on 6 reviews and the Xbox One version 71 / 100 based on 5 reviews . Episode 7 : Access Denied Episode 7 : Access Denied received mixed reviews . Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the Microsoft Windows version 69 / 100 based on 4 reviews , the PlayStation 4 version 68 / 100 based on 6 reviews and the Xbox One version 71 / 100 based on 5 reviews . Episode 8 : a journey 's end ? Episode 8 : A Journey 's End ? received mixed reviews . Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the PlayStation 4 version 69 / 100 based on 6 reviews . Season 2 ( 2017 ) Episode 1 : Hero in Residence Episode 1 : Hero in Residence received mixed reviews . Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the PC version 71 / 100 based on 8 reviews , the PlayStation 4 version 67 / 100 based on 8 reviews , and the Xbox One version 76 / 100 based on 4 reviews . Episode 2 : Giant Consequences Episode 2 : Giant Consequences received positive reviews . Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the PC version 74 / 100 based on 8 critics and the PlayStation 4 version a score of 73 / 100 based on 4 reviews . On GameRankings , the PlayStation 4 version has a rating of 65.00 % based on 2 reviews and on the PC version , it has a score of 72.86 % based on 7 reviews . Episode 3 : Jailhouse Block Episode 3 : Jailhouse Block received mixed reviews . Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the PC version 71 / 100 , based on 8 reviews , and the PlayStation 4 63 / 100 based on 4 reviews . Episode 4 : Below the Bedrock Episode 4 : Below The Bedrock received mixed reviews . Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the PC version a score of 74 / 100 based on 5 critics . Episode 5 : Above and Beyond Episode 5 : Above And Beyond received positive reviews . Aggregating review website Metacritic gave the PC version a score of 78 / 100 based on 4 critics . References ^ Jump up to : Nunneley , Stephany ( September 16 , 2015 ) . `` Minecraft : Story Mode Epelease date set for October '' . VG247 . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Karmali , Luke ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` Minecraft : Story Mode - Episode 2 Release Date Revealed '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : O'Brien , Lucy ( November 19 , 2015 ) . `` New Minecraft : Story Mode Episode 3 Trailer Reveals Release Date '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Reilly , Luke ( December 11 , 2015 ) . `` Minecraft : Story Mode - Episode 4 Release Date Revealed '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Skrebels , Joe ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Minecraft : Story Mode Episode 5 Date Revealed , Getting 3 Extra Episodes '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nunneley , Stephany ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 6 has a release date and additional cast members '' . VG247.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sarkar , Samit ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Minecraft : Story Mode 's seventh episode rolls out next week '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Craft , Scott ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Minecraft : Story Mode ' Episode 8 Release Date Confirmed For Next Week '' . IDigitalTimes . Newsweek Media Group . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` US : Minecraft : Story Mode - The Complete Adventure For Switch Pre-Orders Available for Amazon - My Nintendo News '' . My Nintendo News . March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pre-order Minecraft : Story Mode for the Nintendo Switch right now on Amazon and save 20 % '' . BGR . March 24 , 2017 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nintendo Switch keeps getting pricier third - party games '' . Polygon . Vox Media . March 24 , 2017 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minecraft : Story Mode - The Complete Adventure - Nintendo Switch '' . Amazon . March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jesse 's adventure continues in Minecraft : # StoryMode - Season 2 , premiering July 11 on Xbox One , PS4 , PC , Mac , iOS , and Android devices ! ( June 7 , 2017 ) Jump up ^ Russell . `` Minecraft : Story Mode - The Complete Adventure comes to retail this month '' . Gaming Nexus . Retrieved 2 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Davies , Marsh ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Story Mode Season 2 : Coming Soon ! '' . Minecraft . Microsoft . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Webster , Andrew ( August 26 , 2015 ) . `` Giving Minecraft a story '' . The Verge . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McCaffrey , Ryan ; Petty , Jared ( August 28 , 2015 ) . `` PAX 2015 : MINECRAFT VET , ROOKIE EACH PLAY TELLTALE 'S MINECRAFT : STORY MODE '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Matulef , Jeffrey ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Minecraft : Story Mode : A chip off the old block '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dredge , Stuart ( July 4 , 2015 ) . `` New Minecraft : Story Mode details revealed at Minecon 2015 '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marchiafava , Jeff ( August 28 , 2015 ) . `` Minecraft : Story Mode '' . Game Informer . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Albert , Brian ( July 4 , 2015 ) . `` First Minecraft : Story Mode Details Revealed at Minecon '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hall , Charlie ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` John Hodgman to star in Minecraft : Story Mode '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Perusco , Laura ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` Attend the Minecraft : Story Mode Premiere in Hollywood , New Cast Details '' . PlayStation Blog US . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Faller , Patrick ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` First Minecraft : Story Mode - Season Two Trailer Released '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The second episode of @ Minecraft : # StoryMode - Season Two , `` Giant Consequences , '' will premiere August 15 ! `` . Twitter . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Moss , Richard ( October 9 , 2015 ) . `` The unlikely creative relationship behind Minecraft : Story Mode '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Keith ( December 19 , 2014 ) . `` Minecraft : Story Mode spin - off game announced by Mojang '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Murphy , David ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` Telltale Games , Mojang Team Up for ' Minecraft : Story Mode ' '' . PC Magazine . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Copeland , Wesley ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Telltale and Mojang Announce Minecraft : Story Mode '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Minecraft : Story Mode is an episodic series from Telltale '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Samit ( 18 January 2016 ) . `` Minecraft : Story Mode coming to Wii U this week '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved 29 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Sanchez , Miranda ( 12 January 2017 ) . `` Minecraft : Story Mode - The Complete Adventure is coming to Nintendo Switch '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Samit ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Minecraft : Story Mode returns for a second season in July '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Episode Four of ' Minecraft : Story Mode - Season Two ' Debuts November 7 '' . telltale.com . October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Template : Coite web ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 1 : The Order of the Stone '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 1 : The Order of the Stone '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 1 : The Order of the Stone '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 2 : Assembly Required '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 2 : Assembly Required '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 2 : Assembly Required '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 3 : The Last Place You Look '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 3 : The Last Place You Look '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 3 : The Last Place You Look '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 4 : A Block and a Hard Place '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 4 : A Block and a Hard Place '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 4 : A Block and a Hard Place '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 5 : Order Up ! '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 5 : Order Up ! '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 5 : Order Up ! '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 6 : A Portal to Mystery '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 6 : A Portal to Mystery '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 6 : A Portal to Mystery '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 7 : Access Denied '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minecraft : Story Mode -- Episode 7 : Access Denied '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . 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CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Minecraft : Story Mode Season Two - Episode 2 : Giant Consequences '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Minecraft : Story Mode Season 2 - Episode 3 : Jailhouse Block '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Minecraft : Story Mode Season 2 - Episode 3 : Jailhouse Block '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Minecraft : Story Mode Season 2 - Episode 3 : Jailhouse Block '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Minecraft : Story Mode Season 2 - Episode 4 : Below the Bedrock '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Minecraft : Story Mode Season 2 - Episode 5 : Above And Beyond '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Minecraft : Story Mode - Episode 1 : The Order of the Stone '' . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Minecraft : Story Mode - Episode 1 : The Order of the Stone '' . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Minecraft : Story Mode - Episode 1 : The Order of the Stone '' . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Minecraft : Story Mode - Episode 1 : The Order of the Stone '' . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Minecraft : Story Mode Season Two - Episode 2 : Giant Consequences '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minecraft : Story Mode Season Two - Episode 2 : Giant Consequences '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minecraft : Story Mode Season Two - Episode 2 : Giant Consequences '' . GameRankings . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minecraft : Story Mode Season Two - Episode 2 : Giant Consequences '' . GameRankings . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minecraft : Story Mode Season Two - Episode 3 : Jailhouse Block '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minecraft : Story Mode Season Two - Episode 3 : Jailhouse Block '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minecraft : Story Mode - Season Two Episode 4 : Below The Bedrock '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minecraft : Story Mode Season 2 - Episode 5 : Above And Beyond '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . 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About Wikipedia	what's the difference between minecraft story mode and the complete adventure	[ "Minecraft: Story Mode was formally announced in December 2014 as a collaboration project between Mojang and Telltale; the announcement was presented as an interactive adventure game named \"Info Quest II\".[28] Its first trailer was released during the Minecon 2015 convention in early July.[21] The game was planned for a five-episode series for release on Android, iOS, Microsoft Windows, OS X, PlayStation and Xbox consoles in late 2015;[29][30] Telltale also released the game for the Wii U, only a month after the original Minecraft first came to a Nintendo platform.[31] It was also the first time a Telltale title had been released on a Nintendo platform since Back to the Future: The Game.[16] In addition, Minecraft: Story Mode - The Complete Adventure, incorporating both the main episodes and downloadable content, was announced for the Nintendo Switch.[32]" ]	[ "downloadable content" ]
2579012963796706092	Chicken Little	Chicken Little - wikipedia Chicken Little This article is about the folk tale . For other uses , see Chicken Little ( disambiguation ) . Chicken Little , also known as Henny Penny and sometimes as Chicken Licken , is a European folk tale with a moral in the form of a cumulative tale about a chicken who believes the world is coming to an end . The phrase `` The sky is falling ! '' featured prominently in the story , and has passed into the English language as a common idiom indicating a hysterical or mistaken belief that disaster is imminent . Versions of the story go back more than 25 centuries ; it continues to be referred to in a variety of media . Contents 1 The story and its name 2 History 3 Idiomatic usage 4 Adaptations 5 Popular references 6 Related stories 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links The story and its name ( edit ) Illustration for the story `` Chicken Little '' , 1916 The story is listed as Aarne - Thompson - Uther type 20C , which includes international examples of folktales that make light of paranoia and mass hysteria . There are several Western versions of the story , of which the best - known concerns a chick that believes the sky is falling when an acorn falls on its head . The chick decides to tell the King and on its journey meets other animals ( mostly other fowl ) which join it in the quest . After this point , there are many endings . In the most familiar , a fox invites them to its lair and then eats them all . Alternatively , the last one , usually Cocky Lockey , survives long enough to warn the chick , who escapes . In others all are rescued and finally speak to the King . In most retellings , the animals have rhyming names , commonly Chicken Licken or Chicken Little , Henny Penny or Hen - Len , Cocky Locky , Ducky Lucky or Ducky Daddles , Drakey Lakey , Goosey Loosey or Goosey Poosey , Gander Lander , Turkey Lurkey and Foxy Loxy or Foxy Woxy . The moral to be drawn changes , depending on the version . Where there is a `` happy ending '' , the moral is not to be a `` Chicken '' but to have courage . In other versions where the birds are eaten by the fox , the fable is interpreted as a warning not to believe everything one is told . In the United States , the most common name for the story is `` Chicken Little '' , as attested by illustrated books for children dating from the early 19th century . In Britain and its other former colonies , it is best known as `` Henny Penny '' and `` Chicken Licken '' , titles by which it also went in the United States . History ( edit ) `` There was once a little chick named Kluk '' : beginning of the 1823 Danish version of the story . The story was part of the oral folk tradition and only began to appear in print after the Brothers Grimm had set a European example with their collection of German tales in the early years of the 19th century . One of the earliest to collect tales from Scandinavian sources was Just Mathias Thiele , who in 1823 published an early version of the Henny Penny story in the Danish language . The names of the characters there are Kylling Kluk , Høne Pøne , Hane Pane , And Svand , Gaase Paase , and Ræv Skræv . In Thiele 's untitled account , a nut falls on Kylling Kluk 's back and knocks him over . He then goes to each of the other characters , proclaiming that `` I think all the world is falling '' and setting them all running . The fox Ræv Skræv joins in the flight and , when they reach the wood , counts them over from behind and eats them one by one . Eventually the tale was translated into English by Benjamin Thorpe after several other versions had appeared . Once the story began to appear in the English language , the titles by which they went varied considerably and have continued to do so . John Greene Chandler ( 1815 - 1879 ) , an illustrator and wood engraver from Petersham , Massachusetts , published an illustrated children 's book titled The Remarkable Story of Chicken Little in 1840 . In this American version of the story , the characters ' names are Chicken Little , Hen - Pen , Duck - Luck , Goose - Loose , and Fox - Lox ; Chicken Little is frightened by a leaf falling on her tail . First two pages of the 1840 children 's illustrated book : The Remarkable Story of Chicken Little A Scots version of the tale is found in Robert Chambers 's Popular Rhymes , Fireside Stories , and Amusements of Scotland of 1842 . It appeared among the `` Fireside Nursery Stories '' and was titled `` The hen and her fellow travellers '' . The characters included Henny Penny , Cocky Locky , Ducky Daddles , Goosie Poosie , and an unnamed `` tod '' ( fox ) . Henny Penny became convinced that `` the lifts were faun '' ( the heavens were falling ) when a pea fell on her head . In 1849 , a `` very different '' English version was published under the title `` The Story of Chicken - Licken '' by Joseph Orchard Halliwell . In this Chicken - licken was startled when `` an acorn fell on her bald pate '' and encounters the characters Hen - len , Cock - lock , Duck - luck , Drake - lake , Goose - loose , Gander - lander , Turkey - lurkey and Fox - lox . It was followed in 1850 by `` The wonderful story of Henny Penny '' in Joseph Cundall 's compilation , The Treasury of pleasure books for young children . Each story there is presented as if it were a separate book , and in this case had two illustrations by Harrison Weir . In reality the story is a repetition of the Chambers narration in standard English , except that the dialect phrase `` so she gaed , and she gaed , and she gaed '' is retained and the cause of panic is mistranslated as `` the clouds are falling '' . Benjamin Thorpe 's translation of Thiele 's Danish story was published in 1853 and given the title `` The Little Chicken Kluk and his companions '' Thorpe describes the tale there as `` a pendant to the Scottish story ... printed in Chambers '' ( see above ) and gives the characters approximately the same names as in Chambers . Comparing the different versions , we find that in the Scots and English stories the animals want `` to tell the king '' that the skies are falling ; while in the American story , as in the Danish , they are not given any specific motivation . In all versions they are eaten by the fox , although in different circumstances . Comparison of early publications Source Title Main character Other characters Initial event Fear Motivation Fate Thiele , 1823 ( untitled ) Kylling Kluk Høne Pøne Hane Pane And Svand Gaase Paase Ræv Skræv A nut falls on Kylling Kluk 's back All the world is falling ( al Verden falder ) So let us run ( Saa lad os løbe ) Raev Skraev runs with them into the wood and eats them one by one Chandler , 1840 The Remarkable Story of Chicken Little Chicken Little Hen Pen Duck Luck Goose Loose Turkey Lurkey Fox Lox The leaf of a rose - bush falls on Chicken Little 's tail The sky is falling None given , except that Chicken Little is frightened Fox Lox invites the animals into his den , kills the others , and eats Chicken Little Chambers , 1842 The Hen and Her Fellow - Travellers henny - penny cocky - locky ducky - daddles goose - poosie unnamed `` tod '' ( fox ) A pea falls on henny - penny 's head `` The lifts were faun '' ( the heavens were falling ) To tell the king about it A `` tod '' ( fox ) takes them to his hole , forces them inside , then he and his young ones eat them Halliwell , 1849 The Story of Chicken - licken Chicken - licken Hen - len Cock - lock Duck - luck Drake - lake Goose - loose Gander - lander Turkey - lurkey Fox - lox An acorn falls upon Chicken - licken 's bald pate The sky had fallen To tell the king Fox - lox takes them to his hole , then he and his young ones eat them Thorpe , 1853 ( translation of Thiele 1823 ) The Little Chicken Kluk and His Companions Chicken Kluk Henny Penny Cocky Locky Ducky Lucky Goosy Poosy Foxy Coxy A nut falls on Chicken Kluk 's back All the world is falling Then let us run Foxy Coxy runs with them into the wood and eats them one by one Idiomatic usage ( edit ) Title page of The Remarkable Story of Chicken Little The name `` Chicken Little '' -- and the fable 's central phrase , The sky is falling ! -- have been applied to people accused of being unreasonably afraid , or those trying to incite an unreasonable fear in those around them . The first use of the name `` Chicken Little '' to `` one who warns of or predicts calamity , especially without justification '' recorded by the Merriam - Webster Dictionary is in 1895 , but idiomatic use of the name significantly predates that attestation . In fact , this usage is recorded in the United States very soon after the publication of Chandler 's illustrated children 's book in 1840 . Already , in 1842 , a journal article about the Government of Haiti referred to `` Chicken Little '' in an offhand manner . An `` oration '' delivered to the city of Boston on July 4 , 1844 , contains the passage : To hear their harangues on the eve of the election , one would suppose that the fable of Chicken Little was about to become a truth , and that the sky was actually falling . Fear mongering -- whether justified or not -- can sometimes elicit a societal response called Chicken Little syndrome , described as `` inferring catastrophic conclusions possibly resulting in paralysis '' . It has also been defined as `` a sense of despair or passivity which blocks the audience from actions '' . The term began appearing in the 1950s and the phenomenon has been noted in many different societal contexts . Adaptations ( edit ) Walt Disney Pictures has made two animated versions of the story . The first was Chicken Little , a 1943 animated short released during World War II as one of a series produced at the request of the U.S. government for the purpose of discrediting Nazism . It tells a variant of the parable in which Foxy Loxy takes the advice of a book on psychology ( on the original 1943 cut , it is Mein Kampf ) by striking the least intelligent first . Dim - witted Chicken Little is convinced by him that the sky is falling and whips the farmyard into mass hysteria , which the unscrupulous fox manipulates for his own benefit . The dark comedy is used as an allegory for the idea that fear - mongering weakens the war effort and costs lives . It is also one of the versions of the story in which Chicken Little appears as a character distinct from Henny Penny . The second Disney film was the very loosely adapted Chicken Little , released in 2005 as a 3D computer - animated feature . It is an updated science fiction sequel to the original fable in which Chicken Little is partly justified in his fears . In this version , Foxy Loxy is changed from a male to a female , and from the main antagonist to a local bully . Another film adaptation was the animated TV episode `` Henny Penny '' ( 1999 ) , which was part of the series Happily Ever After : Fairy Tales for Every Child . In this modern update , the story is given a satirical and political interpretation . There have also been a number of musical settings . American composer Vincent Persichetti used the fable as the plot of his only opera The Sibyl : A Parable of Chicken Little ( Parable XX ) , op . 135 ( 1976 ) , which premiered in 1985 . On the sitcom The Golden Girls , there was a 1991 episode in which the characters perform a short musical based on the fable ( here titled `` Henny Penny '' ) at a school recital . In 1998 , there was Joy Chaitin and Sarah Stevens - Estabrook 's equally light - hearted musical version of the fable , `` Henny Penny '' . Designed for between six and a hundred junior actors , it has additional characters as optional extras : Funky Monkey , Sheepy Weepy , Mama Llama , Pandy Handy and Giraffy Laughy ( plus an aggressive oak - tree ) . In Singapore , a more involved musical was performed in 2005 . This was Brian Seward 's The Acorn - the true story of Chicken Licken . It is a tale of mixed motivations as certain creatures ( including some among the ' good guys ' ) take advantage of the panic caused by Chicken Licken . In 2007 American singer and composer Gary Bachlund set the text of Margaret Free 's reading version of `` Chicken Little '' ( The Primer , 1910 ) for high voice and piano . In his note to the score Bachlund makes it clear that he intends a reference to alarmism and its tragic consequences . Popular references ( edit ) There are many novels , films , CDs and songs titled `` The Sky is Falling '' , but the majority refer to the idiomatic use of the phrase rather than to the fable from which it derives . The following are some lyrics which genuinely refer or allude to the story : British band Happy Mondays have the lines `` Henny Penny , Cocky Locky , Goosey Loosey , Turkey Lurkey , Ducky Lucky , Chicken Little , It seems they are all on the move when the sun is falling in '' in the song `` Moving in with '' on their second album , Bummed ( 1986 ) . The Aerosmith song `` Livin ' on the Edge '' ( 1993 ) has the lines `` If Chicken Little tells you that the sky is falling , Even if it was n't would you still come crawling back again ? '' `` Chicken Little '' is a song from the 1997 album Fancy , by the California avantrock band Idiot Flesh ; it contains the line , `` The sky is falling , got ta tell the king '' . `` The Sky Is Falling '' is a song by Owsley from the 1999 debut album Owsley ; it includes the line `` Chicken Little had a big day today '' . Related Stories ( edit ) A very early example containing the basic motif and many of the elements of the tale is some 25 centuries old and appears in the Buddhist scriptures as the Daddabha Jataka ( J 322 ) . In it , the Buddha , on hearing about some particular religious practices , comments that there is no special merit in them , but rather that they are `` like the noise the hare heard . '' He then tells the story of a hare disturbed by a falling fruit who believes that the earth is coming to an end . The hare starts a stampede among the other animals until a lion halts them , investigates the cause of the panic and restores calm . The fable teaches the necessity for deductive reasoning and subsequent investigation . The Tibetan version of the Jataka tale has been told in rhyme by Australian author Ursula Dubosarsky in her book The Terrible Plop ( 2009 ) , which has since been dramatised , using the original title Plop ! . In this , the animal stampede is halted by a bear , rather than a lion . The ending has been changed from the Tibetan original as well . There also exists a Br'er Rabbit story that is closer to the Eastern versions . In this story , Br'er Rabbit initiates the panic but does not take part in the mass flight , although Br'er Fox does . In this case it is Br'er Terrapin that leads the animals back to question Br'er Rabbit . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Before Lightnin ' Hopkins ' `` Henny Penny Blues '' from the 1940s , there was a 1906 comic strip version . A more recent instance is the Golden Girls ' TV skit titled `` Henny Penny '' ( 1991 ) . The Yale Book of Quotations cites the nursery tale `` Chicken Licken '' as the source for ' the sky is falling ' and the character is mentioned in John Cheever 's short story `` The 5.48 '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Jataka Tales of the Buddha , Part III , retold by Ken & Visakha Kawasaki '' . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ The End of the World The Sky Is Falling , folktales of Aarne - Thompson - Uther type 20C ( including former type 2033 ) , in which storytellers from around the world make light of paranoia and mass hysteria , selected and edited by D.L. Ashliman , 1999 Jump up ^ C365 in the Opie Collection . `` List of Fairy Tale Books in the Opie Collection '' , Opie Collection of Children 's Literature , Bodleian Library ( bodleian.ox.ac.uk ) , revised 1994 . Retrieved 1 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Thiele , J.M. ( 1823 ) . Danske folkesagn. 4 . Copenhagen : A. Seidelin . pp. 165 -- 167 . OCLC 458278434 . ^ Jump up to : Kylling means `` chick '' ( baby chicken ) ; Kluk is an onomatopoeic representation of a chicken 's vocalization , similar to English `` cluck '' ^ Jump up to : Høne means `` hen '' ; Pøne means `` penny '' ^ Jump up to : Hane means `` cock '' / `` rooster '' ^ Jump up to : And means `` duck '' ^ Jump up to : Gaase ( modern Danish Gåse ) means `` goose '' ^ Jump up to : Ræv means `` fox '' Jump up ^ Chandler , John Greene ( 1840 ) . The Remarkable Story of Chicken Little . Roxbury , MA : J.G. Chandler . OCLC 191238925 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 18 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 21 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Chandler , John Greene . `` Self - Portrait '' -- via arcade.nyarc.org Library Catalog . Jump up ^ The text of the story is reprinted in Fowle , William Bentley ( 1856 ) . The Mind and Heart , Or , School and Fireside Reading for Children . Boston , MA : Morris Cotton . pp. 121 -- 122 . OCLC 27730411 . Jump up ^ Chambers , Robert ( 1842 ) . Popular Rhymes , Fireside Stories , and Amusements of Scotland . Edinburgh : William and Robert Chambers . pp. 51 -- 52 . OCLC 316602150 . Jump up ^ Halliwell , James Orchard ( 1849 ) . Popular rhymes and nursery tales : a sequel to the Nursery rhymes of England . London : John Russell Smith . pp. 29 -- 30 . OCLC 3155930 . Jump up ^ `` The Treasury of pleasure books for young children '' . W.G. Baker . 1 January 1850 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Thorpe ( ed . ) , Benjamin ( 1853 ) . Yule - Tide Stories : a collection of Scandinavian and North German popular tales and traditions . London : Henry G. Bohn . pp. 421 -- 422 . OCLC 877309110 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster Dictionary . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Life in Hayti '' , in The Knickerbocker , or New York monthly magazine , volume xix . New York : John Bisco. 1842 . p. 454 . : `` In the words of an infantile philosopher , yclept ' Chicken Little ' , how can he help knowing it ? '' Jump up ^ Chandler , Peleg W . The Morals of Freedom : An Oration delivered Before the Authorities of the City of Boston July 4 , 1844 . Boston , MA : John H. Eastburn . p. 29 . OCLC 982157 . Jump up ^ Landry , John R. ( 1998 ) . Can Mission Statements Plant the `` Seeds '' of Dysfunctional Behaviors in an Organization 's Memory ? in Proceedings of the Thirty - First Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences . p. 169 . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.108. 2917 . Jump up ^ Li , Xinghua , `` Communicating the `` incommunicable green '' : a comparative study of the structures of desire in environmental advertising in the United States and China `` , PhD diss. , p. 81 , University of Iowa , 2010 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Audio Visual Communication Review , v. 3 - 4 , pp. 226 - 227 , National Education Association of the United States Dept. of Audiovisual Instruction , 1955 Jump up ^ Walt Disney ( 1943 ) , available at Youtube Jump up ^ `` Henny Penny '' . YouTube . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Henny Penny : A Play with Optional Music . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brian Seward - Playwright '' . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The True Story of Chicken Licken '' . YouTube . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chicken Little ( 2007 ) , Margaret Free and Harriette Taylor Treadwell , originally for high voice and piano '' . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Mondays - Moving In With '' . YouTube . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith - Livin ' On The Edge ( Lyrics ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Idiot Flesh - Chicken Little '' . YouTube . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Sky Is Falling '' by The Semantics `` . YouTube . Retrieved 19 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 03 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 26 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 04 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Joel Chandler Harris , Nights with Uncle Remus : Myths and Legends of the Old Plantation ( Boston and New York : Houghton , Mifflin , and Company , 1883 ) , no . 20 , pp. 108 - 13 . Online at Brother Rabbit Takes Some Exercise , at The End of the World The Sky Is Falling , folktales of Aarne - Thompson - Uther type 20C ( including former type 2033 ) , in which storytellers from around the world make light of paranoia and mass hysteria , selected and edited by D.L. Ashliman , 1999 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chicken Little . The Remarkable Story of Chicken Little printed in Boston between 1865 - 71 . SurLaLune Fairy Tale Site , Henny - Penny as collected by Joseph Jacobs , 1890 The Cock and Hen That Went to the Dovrefell a Norwegian variant , 1888 Chicken Little Film Chicken Little ( 1943 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Video games Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Disney 's Chicken Little : Ace in Action ( 2006 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicken_Little&oldid=861762322 '' Categories : English - language idioms Fairy tales Fictional chickens Jataka tales Literature featuring anthropomorphic characters Animal tales Fictional birds Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Archived copy as title CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Italiano Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 29 September 2018 , at 20 : 51 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	where did the sky is falling come from	[ "Chicken Little, also known as Henny Penny and sometimes as Chicken Licken, is a European folk tale with a moral in the form of a cumulative tale about a chicken who believes the world is coming to an end. The phrase \"The sky is falling!\" featured prominently in the story, and has passed into the English language as a common idiom indicating a hysterical or mistaken belief that disaster is imminent. Versions of the story go back more than 25 centuries;[1] it continues to be referred to in a variety of media.\n" ]	[ "Chicken Little" ]
2686020699941289719	Earned run	Earned run - wikipedia Earned run In baseball , an earned run is any run that was fully enabled by the offensive team 's production in the face of competent play from the defensive team . Conversely , an unearned run is a run that would not have been scored without the aid of an error or a passed ball committed by the defense . An unearned run counts just as much as any other run for the purpose of determining the score of the game . However , it is `` unearned '' in that it was , in a sense , `` given away '' by the defensive team . Both total runs and earned runs are tabulated as part of a pitcher 's statistics . However , earned runs are specially denoted because of their use in calculating a pitcher 's earned run average ( ERA ) , the number of earned runs allowed by the pitcher per nine innings pitched ( i.e. , averaged over a regulation game ) . Thus , in effect , the pitcher is held personally accountable for earned runs , while the responsibility for unearned runs is shared with the rest of the team . To determine whether a run is earned , the official scorer must reconstruct the inning as it would have occurred without errors or passed balls . Contents 1 Details 1.1 Pitching changes 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Details ( edit ) If no errors and no passed balls occur during the inning , all runs scored are automatically earned ( assigned responsible to the pitcher ) . Also , in some cases , an error can be rendered harmless as the inning progresses . For example , a runner on first base advances to second on a passed ball and the next batter walks . Since the runner would now have been at second anyway , the passed ball no longer has any effect on the earned / unearned calculation . On the other hand , a batter / runner may make his entire circuit around the bases without the aid of an error , yet the run would be counted as unearned if an error prevented the third out from being made before he crossed the plate to score . An error made by the pitcher in fielding at his position is counted the same as an error by any other player . A run is counted as unearned when : A batter reaches base on an error ( including catcher 's interference ) that would have retired the batter except for the error , and later scores a run in that inning by any means . A batter hits a foul fly ball that is dropped by a fielder for an error , extending the at bat , and later scores a run in that inning by any means . In this case , the manner in which the batter reached base becomes irrelevant . A baserunner remains on base as the result of an error on a fielder 's choice play that would put the baserunner out except for the error , and subsequently scores a run in that inning by any means . A batter reaches first base on a passed ball ( but not a wild pitch ) and subsequently scores by any means . A baserunner scores by any means after the third out would have been made except for an error other than catcher 's interference . A batter reaches base on a fielder 's choice which removes a baserunner who has reached base safely on an error or has remained on base as the result of an error , reaching first base on a passed ball on a called or swinging third strike , or remained on base on an error on a fielders ' choice play that should have retired him , and subsequently scores . A batter or runner advances one or more bases on an error or passed ball and scores on a play that would otherwise not have provided the opportunity to score . While the inning is still being played , the second and last scenario can cause a temporary situation where a run has already scored , but its earned / unearned status is not yet certain . Under the last circumstance , for example , with two outs , a runner on third base scores on a passed ball . For the time being , the run is unearned since the runner should still be at third . If the batter strikes out to end the inning , it will stay that way . If the batter gets a base hit , which would have scored the runner anyway , the run now becomes earned . Under the second circumstance , if there are runners on base and a batter hits a foul fly ball that is dropped , and then bats in the runners on base through a base hit ( including a home run ) , the runs are unearned for the time being , as the runners should not have advanced . If the results of the remaining at bats in the inning would not have scored the runners , the runs remain unearned . However , if results of subsequent at bats would have scored the runs anyway , the runs would count as earned , unless they only would have scored as a result of a subsequent error or passed ball . A runner who reaches on catcher 's interference and subsequently scores with two outs scores an unearned run , but baserunners who subsequently score after the runner who has reached on catcher 's interference exclusively on clean plays score earned runs ; the baserunner can not be assumed to have been put out except for the error . ( Rule 10.16 ( 4 ) ) . Neither the use of a pinch - runner to replace a baserunner who represents an unearned run nor the use of a pinch - hitter to continue the turn at bat of a batter who would be out except for an error transforms a run scored by such a person or his successors on base from an unearned run to an earned run . Pitching changes ( edit ) When pitchers are changed in the middle of an inning , and one or more errors have already occurred , it is possible to have a run charged as earned against a specific pitcher , but unearned to the team . The simplest example is when the defensive team records two outs and makes an error on a play that would have been the third out . A new pitcher comes into the game , and the next batter hits a home run . The runner who reached on the error comes around to score , and his run is unearned to both the prior pitcher and the team . However , the run scored by the batter is counted as earned against the relief pitcher , but unearned to the team ( since there should have already been three outs ) . Had the team not switched pitchers , neither run would be counted as an earned run because that pitcher should have already been out of that inning . A pitcher who is relieved mid-inning may be charged with earned runs equal to the number of batters who reached base while he was pitching , even if the specific batters he faced do not score . The batters he put on base may be erased by fielder 's choice plays after he has been relieved by another pitcher , but if earned runs are scored in the inning the original pitcher is liable for as many earned runs as the number of batters he put on base . Example : On April 15 , 2017 , Detroit 's Justin Verlander allowed the first two Cleveland batters in the 5th inning to reach base on base hits ; Verlander was then relieved by Shane Greene . Greene walked the next batter to load the bases . The next batter hit a grounder and Miguel Cabrera threw home to force out the runner on third in a fielder 's choice , so the bases remained loaded with one out . Greene struck out the next batter for the second out . Carlos Santana then hit a single that scored the runners from second and third ( only one of whom was put on base by Verlander ) , and the runner from first was thrown out at the plate to end the inning . Since Verlander allowed two batters to reach base he was charged with two earned runs , even though only one of the two specific batters he faced actually scored . When a pitching change occurs , the new pitcher is said to `` inherit '' any runners that are on base at the time , and if they later score , those runs are charged ( earned or unearned ) to the prior pitcher . Most box scores now list inherited runners , and the number that scored , as a statistic for the relief pitcher . See also ( edit ) Baseball statistics Earned run average Run average References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Indians 13 , Detroit Tigers 6 '' . Retrosheet. April 15 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Major League Baseball Official Rules Baseball statistics Batting Batting average On - base percentage Slugging percentage Hit Single Double Triple Home run Extra-base hit Grand slam Total bases RBI Game - winning RBI Walk Bunt Sacrifice bunt Sacrifice fly On - base plus slugging Times on base Walk - to - strikeout ratio Walk percentage Base running Run Stolen base Stolen base percentage Caught stealing Pitching Win -- loss record Innings pitched Pitchers of record Save Hold Run Earned ERA Strikeout Walk Perfect game No - hitter WHIP BB / 9 K / 9 Quality start Complete game Shutout Wild pitch Strikeout - to - walk ratio Fielding Fielding percentage Assist Putout Error Fielder 's choice Defensive indifference Passed ball Sabermetrics Adjusted ERA+ Base runs Batting park factor Catcher 's ERA Defensive Runs Saved Extrapolated Runs Game score Isolated Power Range factor Runs created Secondary average Speed Score NERD Out of zone plays made Ultimate zone rating Weighted on - base average Wins Above Replacement Win probability added Win Shares Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earned_run&oldid=851415952 '' Categories : Baseball terminology Pitching statistics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 Italiano 日本語 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 July 2018 , at 03 : 57 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	difference between a run and an earned run	[]	[]
-3144386509452951237	BlackBerry	BlackBerry - Wikipedia BlackBerry This article is about the brand of electronic devices . For its parent company , see BlackBerry Limited . For the fruit , see Blackberry . For other uses , see Blackberry ( disambiguation ) . BlackBerry BlackBerry devices in comparison Developer Current TCL ( China ) BB Merah Putih ( Indonesia ) Optiemus ( India ) Former BlackBerry Ltd . Manufacturer Current TCL ( China ) BB Merah Putih ( Indonesia ) Optiemus ( India ) Former BlackBerry Ltd . Type Handheld devices Release date January 19 , 1999 ; 19 years ago ( 1999 - 01 - 19 ) Operating system Android , QNX ( as BlackBerry 10 ) , BlackBerry OS Online services BlackBerry World , Google Play Store Website global.blackberry.com BlackBerry is a line of smartphones , tablets , and services originally designed and marketed by Canadian company BlackBerry Limited ( formerly known as Research In Motion , or RIM ) . These are currently designed , manufactured , and marketed by TCL Communication ( under the brand of BlackBerry Mobile ) , BB Merah Putih , and Optiemus for the global , Indonesian , and Indian markets ( respectively ) using the BlackBerry brand under license . BlackBerry was one of the most prominent smartphone vendors in the world , specializing in secure communications and mobile productivity , and well - known for the keyboards on most of its devices . At its peak in September 2013 , there were 85 million BlackBerry subscribers worldwide . However , BlackBerry has since lost its dominant position in the market due to the success of the Android and iOS platforms ; the same numbers had fallen to 23 million in March 2016 . The BlackBerry line traditionally uses a proprietary operating system developed by BlackBerry Limited known as BlackBerry OS . In 2013 , BlackBerry introduced BlackBerry 10 , a major revamp of the platform based on the QNX operating system . BlackBerry 10 was meant to replace the aging BlackBerry OS platform with a new system that was more in line with the user experiences of modern smartphone operating systems . The first BB10 powered device was the BlackBerry Z10 , which was followed by other all - touch and keyboard - equipped models ; including the BlackBerry Q10 , BlackBerry Classic , BlackBerry Passport , and the BlackBerry Leap . In 2015 , BlackBerry re-focused its business strategy and began to release Android - based smartphones , beginning with the BlackBerry Priv slider and then the BlackBerry DTEK50 . On September 28 , 2016 , BlackBerry announced it would cease designing its own phones in favor of licensing to partners . TCL Communication became the global licensee of the brand , under the name `` BlackBerry Mobile . '' Optiemus Infracom , under the name BlackBerry Mobile India , and BB Merah Putih also serve as licensees of the brand , serving the Indian and Indonesian markets , respectively . In February 2017 , BlackBerry Mobile released the BlackBerry KEYone , which was known for having a physical keyboard below the 4.5 inch screen , having a great battery life , and the last device to be designed by BlackBerry Limited . BlackBerry Mobile 's latest Android smartphone is the BlackBerry Motion . These devices , along with BB Merah Purih 's BlackBerry Aurora make up BlackBerry 's current lineup . While BlackBerry Limited retains control over the BlackBerry Messenger , the consumer version is also being developed and maintained by Emtek . Contents 1 History 1.1 Intellectual property litigation ( s ) 1.1. 1 NTP Inc case 1.1. 2 KIK 1.1. 3 Facebook and Instagram 1.2 BlackBerry retail stores 1.3 2005 , 2007 , 2009 , 2011 & 2012 outages 2 Certification 3 Products 3.1 Hardware 3.2 Software 3.3 Phones with BlackBerry email client 3.4 Third - party software 3.5 Connectivity 3.6 BlackBerry PIN 4 Competition and financial results 4.1 User base 5 Security agencies access 6 Usage 6.1 Barack Obama 6.2 Hillary Clinton 6.3 Use by government forces 6.4 Use by transportation staff 6.5 Other users 7 Notes 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Mike Lazaridis - Founder and former co-CEO of BlackBerry RIM , founded in Waterloo , Ontario , first developed the Inter@ctive Pager 900 , announced on September 18 , 1996 . The Inter@ctive Pager 900 was a clamshell - type device that allowed two - way paging . After the success of the 900 , the Inter@ctive Pager 800 was created for IBM , which bought US $10 million worth of them on February 4 , 1998 . The next device to be released was the Inter@ctive Pager 950 , on August 26 , 1998 . The very first device to carry the BlackBerry name was the BlackBerry 850 , an email pager , released January 19 , 1999 . Although identical in appearance to the 950 , the 850 was the first device to integrate email and the name Inter@ctive Pager was no longer used to brand the device . The first BlackBerry device , the 850 , was introduced in 1999 as a two - way pager in Munich , Germany . The name BlackBerry was coined by the marketing company Lexicon Branding . The name was chosen due to the resemblance of the keyboard 's buttons to that of the drupelets that compose the blackberry fruit . The original BlackBerry devices , the RIM 850 and 857 , used the DataTAC network . In 2002 , the more commonly known convergent smartphone BlackBerry was released , which supports push email , mobile telephone , text messaging , Internet faxing , Web browsing and other wireless information services . BlackBerry gained market share in the mobile industry by concentrating on email . BlackBerry began to offer email service on non-BlackBerry devices , such as the Palm Treo , through the proprietary BlackBerry Connect software . The original BlackBerry device had a monochrome display while newer models installed color displays . All newer models have been optimized for `` thumbing '' , the use of only the thumbs to type on a keyboard . The Storm 1 and Storm 2 include a SureType keypad for typing . Originally , system navigation was achieved with the use of a scroll wheel mounted on the right side of device models prior to the 8700 . The trackwheel was replaced by the trackball with the introduction of the Pearl series , which allowed four - way scrolling . The trackball was replaced by the optical trackpad with the introduction of the Curve 8500 series . Models made to use iDEN networks , such as Nextel , SouthernLINC , NII Holdings , and Mike also incorporate a push - to - talk ( PTT ) feature , similar to a two - way radio . On January 30 , 2013 , BlackBerry announced the release of the Z10 and Q10 smartphones . Both models consist of touch screens : the Z10 features an all - touch design and the Q10 combines a QWERTY keyboard with touchscreen features . During the second financial quarter of 2013 , BlackBerry sold 6.8 million handsets , but was eclipsed by the sales of competitor Nokia 's Lumia model for the first time . On August 12 , 2013 , BlackBerry announced the intention to sell the company due to their increasingly unfavourable financial position and competition in the mobile industry . Largely due to lower than expected sales on the Z10 , BlackBerry announced on September 20 , 2013 that 4,500 full - and part - time positions ( an estimated 40 % of its operating staff ) have been terminated and its product line has been reduced from six to four models . On September 23 , 2013 , Fairfax Financial , which owns a 10 % equity stake in BlackBerry , made an offer to acquire BlackBerry for $4.7 billion ( at $9.00 per share ) . Following the announcement , BlackBerry announced an acceptance of the offer provisionally but it would continue to seek other offers until November 4 , 2013 . On November 4 , 2013 , BlackBerry replaced Thorsten Heins with new interim CEO John S. Chen , the former CEO of Sybase . On November 8 , the BlackBerry board rejected proposals from several technology companies for various BlackBerry assets on grounds that a break - up did not serve the interest of all stakeholders , which include employees , customers and suppliers in addition to shareholders , said the sources , who did not want to be identified as the discussions were confidential . On November 13 , 2013 , Chen released an open message : `` We are committed to reclaiming our success . '' In early July 2014 , the TechCrunch online publication published an article titled `` BlackBerry Is One Of The Hottest Stocks Of 2014 , Seriously '' , following a 50 percent rise in the company 's stock , an increase that was greater than peer companies such as Apple and Google ; however , an analysis of BlackBerry 's financial results showed that neither revenue or profit margin were improved , but , instead , costs were markedly reduced . During the same period , BlackBerry also introduced the new Passport handset -- consisting of a 4.5 inches ( 11 cm ) square screen with `` Full HD - class '' ( 1,440 x 1,440 ) resolution and marketed to professional fields such as healthcare and architecture -- promoted its Messenger app and released minor updates for the BB10 mobile operating system . On December 17 , 2014 , the BlackBerry Classic was introduced ; it is meant to be more in line with the former Bold series , incorporating navigation buttons similar to the previous BlackBerry OS devices . When it was discontinued in June 2016 , it was the last BlackBerry with a keyboard that dominates the front of the phone in the classic style . In September 2015 , BlackBerry officially unveiled the BlackBerry Priv , a slider phablet that utilizes the Android operating system with additional security and productivity - oriented features inspired by the BlackBerry operating systems . However , BlackBerry COO Marty Beard told Bloomberg that `` The company 's never said that we would not build another BB10 device . '' On July 26 , 2016 the company hinted that another model with a physical keyboard was `` coming shortly '' . The same day , BlackBerry unveiled a mid-range Android model with only an on - screen keyboard , the BlackBerry DTEK50 , powered by the latest version of Android , 6.0 , Marshmallow . ( The Priv could also be upgraded to 6.0 ) This device featured a 5.2 - inch full high - definition display . BlackBerry chief security officer David Kleidermacher stressed data security during the launch , indicating that this model included built - in malware protection and encryption of all user information . Industry observers pointed out that the DTEK50 is a re-branded version of the Alcatel Idol 4 with additional security - oriented software customizations , manufactured and designed by TCL . In September 2016 , BlackBerry Limited agreed to a licensing partnership with an Indonesian company to set up a new joint venture company called `` BB Merah Putih '' to `` source , distribute , and market BlackBerry handsets in Indonesia '' . On October 25 , 2016 , BlackBerry released the BlackBerry DTEK60 , the second device in the DTEK series , manufactured and designed by TCL . The device features a 5.5 - inch Quad - HD touch screen display running on Qualcomm 's Snapdragon 820 processor with support for Quick Charge 3.0 , USB Type - C , and a fingerprint sensor . In October 2016 , it was announced that BlackBerry will be working with the Ford Motor Company of Canada to develop software for the car manufacturer 's connected vehicles . In February 2017 , a $20 m class action lawsuit against BlackBerry was announced by the former employees of the company . In March 2017 , BB Merah Putih announced the BlackBerry Aurora , an Indonesian - made and sold device , running an operating system based on Android 7.0 out of the box . In March 2018 , it was announced that BlackBerry will be working with Jaguar Land Rover to develop software for the car manufacturer 's vehicles . In June 2018 , BlackBerry in partnership with TCL Mobile and Optiemus Infracom launched the KEY2 at a global launch in New York . This is the third device to sport a keyboard while running Google 's Android OS . Intellectual property litigation ( S. ) ( edit ) NTP Inc case ( edit ) In 2000 NTP sent notice of its wireless email patents to a number of companies and offered to license the patents to them . NTP brought a patent - infringement lawsuit against one of the companies , Research In Motion , in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia . This court is well known for its strict adherence to timetables and deadlines , sometimes referred to as the `` rocket docket '' , and is particularly efficient at trying patent cases . The jury eventually found that the NTP patents were valid ; furthermore , the jury established that RIM had infringed the patents in a `` willful '' manner , and the infringement had cost NTP US $33 million in damages ( the greater of a reasonable royalty or lost profits ) . The judge , James R. Spencer , increased the damages to US $53 million as a punitive measure due to the willful nature of the infringement . He also instructed RIM to pay NTP 's legal fees of US $4.5 million and issued an injunction ordering RIM to cease and desist infringing the patents -- this decision would have resulted in the closure of BlackBerry 's systems in the US . RIM appealed all of the findings of the court . The injunction and other remedies were stayed pending the outcome of the appeals . In March 2005 during appeal , RIM and NTP tried to negotiate a settlement of their dispute ; the settlement was to be for $450 million . Negotiations broke down due to other issues . On June 10 , 2005 , the matter returned to the courts . In early November 2005 the US Department of Justice filed a brief requesting that RIM 's service be allowed to continue because of the large number of BlackBerry users in the US Federal Government . In January 2006 the US Supreme Court refused to hear RIM 's appeal of the holding of liability for patent infringement , and the matter was returned to a lower court . The prior granted injunction preventing all RIM sales in the US and use of the BlackBerry device might have been enforced by the presiding district court judge had the two parties been unable to reach a settlement . On February 9 , 2006 , the US Department of Defense ( DOD ) filed a brief stating that an injunction shutting down the BlackBerry service while excluding government users was unworkable . The DOD also stated that the BlackBerry was crucial for national security given the large number of government users . On February 9 , 2006 , RIM announced that it had developed software workarounds that would not infringe the NTP patents , and would implement those if the injunction was enforced . On March 3 , 2006 , after a stern warning from Judge Spencer , RIM and NTP announced that they had settled their dispute . Under the terms of the settlement , RIM has agreed to pay NTP $612.5 million ( USD ) in a `` full and final settlement of all claims . '' In a statement , RIM said that `` all terms of the agreement have been finalized and the litigation against RIM has been dismissed by a court order this afternoon . The agreement eliminates the need for any further court proceedings or decisions relating to damages or injunctive relief . '' The settlement amount is believed low by some analysts , because of the absence of any future royalties on the technology in question . On May 26 , 2017 , BlackBerry announced that it had reached an agreement with Qualcomm Incorporated resolving all amounts payable in connection with the interim arbitration decision announced on April 12 , 2017 . Following a joint stipulation by the parties , the arbitration panel has issued a final award providing for the payment by Qualcomm to BlackBerry of a total amount of U.S. $940,000,000 including interest and attorneys ' fees , net of certain royalties due from BlackBerry for calendar 2016 and the first quarter of calendar 2017 . Kik ( edit ) On November 24 , 2010 , Research In Motion ( RIM ) removed Kik Messenger from BlackBerry App World and limited the functionality of the software for its users . RIM also sued Kik Interactive for patent infringement and misuse of trademarks . In October 2013 , the companies settled the lawsuit , with the terms undisclosed . Facebook and Instagram ( edit ) In 2018 it was reported that BlackBerry would be filing legal action against Facebook over perceived intellectual property infringements within both Facebook Messenger and WhatsApp as well as with Instagram . BlackBerry retail stores ( edit ) Many BlackBerry retail stores operate outside North America , such as in Thailand , Indonesia , United Arab Emirates , and Mexico . In December 2007 a BlackBerry Store opened in Farmington Hills , Michigan . The store offers BlackBerry device models from AT&T , T - Mobile , Verizon , and Sprint , the major U.S. carriers which offer smartphones . There were three prior attempts at opening BlackBerry stores in Toronto and London ( UK ) , but they eventually folded . There are also BlackBerry Stores operated by Wireless Giant at airports in Atlanta , Boston , Charlotte , Minneapolis -- St. Paul , Philadelphia , Houston , and Newark , but several have been slated for closing . On September 23 , 2015 , Blackberry opened its first pop - up store in Frankfurt , Germany . 2005 , 2007 , 2009 , 2011 & 2012 outages ( edit ) At various stages of the company 's history it suffered occasional service outages that have been referred to in the media as `` embarrassing '' . In 2005 the company suffered a relatively short - term outage reportedly among a small handful of North America carriers . The service was resorted after several hours . In 2007 the e-mail service suffered an outage which led for calls by some questioning the integrity towards BlackBerry 's perceived centralized system . In 2009 the company had an outage reportedly covering the whole of North America . At 2011 - 10 - 10 10 : 00 UTC began a multi-day outage in Europe , the Middle East and Africa , affecting millions of BlackBerry users . There was another outage the following day . By October 12 , 2011 , the Blackberry Internet Service went down in North America . Research In Motion attributed data overload due to switch failures in their two data centres in Waterloo in Canada and Slough in England as the cause of the service disruptions . The outage intensified calls by shareholders for a shake - up in the company 's leadership . Some estimates by BlackBerry are that the company lost between $50 million to $54 million due to global email service failure and outage in 2011 . Certification ( edit ) BCESA ( BlackBerry Certified Enterprise Sales Associate , BCESA40 in full ) is a BlackBerry Certification for professional users of RIM ( Research In Motion ) BlackBerry wireless email devices . The Certification requires the user to pass several exams relating to the BlackBerry Devices , all its functions including Desktop software and providing technical support to Customers of BlackBerry Devices . The BCESA , BlackBerry Certified Enterprise Sales Associate qualification , is the first of three levels of professional BlackBerry Certification . BCTA ( BlackBerry Certified Technical Associate ) BlackBerry Certified Support Associate T2 More information on certifications is on the BlackBerry.com website . The BlackBerry Technical Certifications available are : BlackBerry Certified Enterprise Server Consultant ( BCESC ) BlackBerry Certified Server Support Technician ( BCSST ) BlackBerry Certified Support Technician ( BCSTR ) Products ( edit ) Original BlackBerry Main article : List of BlackBerry products Android devices : BlackBerry Evolve X ( 2018 ) BlackBerry Evolve ( 2018 ) BlackBerry KEY2 ( 2018 ) BlackBerry Motion ( 2017 ) BlackBerry Aurora ( 2017 ) BlackBerry KEYone ( 2017 ) BlackBerry DTEK60 ( 2016 ) BlackBerry DTEK50 ( 2016 ) BlackBerry Priv ( 2015 ) BlackBerry 10 devices : BlackBerry Leap ( 2015 ) BlackBerry Classic ( 2014 ) BlackBerry Passport ( 2014 ) BlackBerry Porsche Design P'9983 ( 2014 ) BlackBerry Z3 ( 2014 ) BlackBerry Z30 ( 2013 ) BlackBerry Porsche Design P'9982 ( 2013 ) BlackBerry Q10 ( 2013 ) BlackBerry Z10 ( 2013 ) BlackBerry Q5 ( 2013 ) BlackBerry 7 devices : BlackBerry Bold series ( 2011 ) : BlackBerry Bold 9900 / 9930 / 9790 BlackBerry 9720 ( 2013 ) BlackBerry Porsche Design ( 2012 ) : BlackBerry Porsche Design P'9981 BlackBerry Torch series ( 2011 ) : BlackBerry Torch 9810 BlackBerry Torch series ( 2011 ) : BlackBerry Torch 9850 / 9860 BlackBerry Curve series ( 2011 ) : BlackBerry 9350 / 9360 / 9370 / 9380 BlackBerry Curve 9320 / 9220 ( 2012 ) BlackBerry 6 devices : BlackBerry Torch series ( 2010 ) : BlackBerry Torch 9800 BlackBerry Curve series ( 2010 ) : BlackBerry Curve 9300 / 9330 BlackBerry Style 9670 ( 2010 ) BlackBerry Pearl series ( 2010 ) : BlackBerry Pearl 3G 9100 / 9105 BlackBerry Bold series ( 2010 -- 2011 ) : BlackBerry Bold 9780 / 9788 BlackBerry 5 devices : BlackBerry Bold series ( 2008 -- 2010 ) : BlackBerry Bold 9000 / 9700 / 9650 BlackBerry Tour series ( 2009 ) : BlackBerry Tour ( 9630 ) BlackBerry Storm series ( 2009 ) : BlackBerry Storm 2 ( 9520 / 9550 ) BlackBerry Storm series ( 2008 ) : BlackBerry Storm ( 9500 / 9530 ) BlackBerry Curve series ( 2009 -- 2010 ) : BlackBerry Curve 8900 ( 8900 / 8910 / 8980 ) BlackBerry Curve series ( 2009 ) : BlackBerry Curve 8520 / 8530 Blackberry 4 devices : BlackBerry 8800 series ( 2007 ) : BlackBerry 8800 / 8820 / 8830 BlackBerry Pearl series ( 2006 ) : BlackBerry Pearl 8100 / 8110 / 8120 / 8130 BlackBerry Pearl Flip series ( 2008 ) : BlackBerry Pearl Flip 8220 / 8230 BlackBerry Curve series ( 2007 ) : BlackBerry Curve 8300 ( 8300 / 8310 / 8320 / 8330 / 8350i ) Blackberry 3 devices : Blackberry Java - based series : 5000 , 6000 Blackberry 2 devices : Blackberry phone series : 7100 Blackberry color series : 7200 , 7500 , 7700 Blackberry 1 devices : Blackberry pager models : 850 , 857 , 950 , 957 Hardware ( edit ) Modern LTE based phones such as the BlackBerry Z10 have a Qualcomm Snapdragon S4 Plus , a proprietary Qualcomm SOC which is based on ARMv7 - A architecture , featuring two 1.5 GHz Qualcomm Krait CPU cores , and a 400 MHz Adreno 225 GPU . GSM - based BlackBerry phones incorporate an ARM 7 , 9 or 11 processor . Some of the BlackBerry models ( Torch 9850 / 9860 , Torch 9810 , and Bold 9900 / 9930 ) have a 1.2 GHz MSM8655 Snapdragon S2 SOC , 768 MB system memory , and 8 GB of on - board storage . Entry - level models , such as the Curve 9360 , feature a Marvell PXA940 clocked at 800 MHz . Some previous BlackBerry devices , such as the Bold 9000 , were equipped with Intel XScale 624 MHz processors . The Bold 9700 featured a newer version of the Bold 9000 's processor but is clocked at the same speed . The Curve 8520 featured a 512 MHz processor , while BlackBerry 8000 series smartphones , such as the 8700 and the Pearl , are based on the 312 MHz ARM XScale ARMv5TE PXA900 . An exception to this is the BlackBerry 8707 which is based on the 80 MHz Qualcomm 3250 chipset ; this was due to the PXA900 chipset not supporting 3G networks . The 80 MHz processor in the BlackBerry 8707 meant the device was often slower to download and render web pages over 3G than the 8700 was over EDGE networks . Early BlackBerry devices , such as the BlackBerry 950 , used Intel 80386 - based processors . BlackBerry 's latest Flagship phone the BlackBerry Z30 based on a 5 '' Super AMOLED , 1280x720 resolution , at 295 ppi 24 - bit color depth and powered by Quad - Graphics and Qualcomm 's Dual Core 1.7 GHz MSM8960T Pro . The first BlackBerry with an Android operating system was released in late November 2015 , the 192 gram / 6.77 ounce BlackBerry Priv . It launched with version 5.1. 1 but was later upgraded to version 6.0 Android Marshmallow . It was first available in four countries but increased to 31 countries by February 28 , 2016 . Employing a Qualcomm 8992 Snapdragon 808 Hexa - Core , 64 bit , Adreno 418 , 600 MHz GPU with 3GB RAM processor , this unit is equipped with a curved 5.4 - inch ( 2560 x 1440 ) OLED display and a sliding QWERTY keyboard which is hidden when not in use ; Google 's voice recognition that allows for dictating e-mails is also available . The Priv retained the best BlackBerry 10 features . Its 3,410 mAh battery is said to provide 22.5 hours of mixed use . The 18 - megapixel camera , with a Schneider - Kreuznach lens , can also record 4K video ; a secondary selfie camera is also provided . Several important apps unique to the Priv were available from Google Play by mid December . Software ( edit ) See also : QNX , BlackBerry 10 , and BlackBerry OS A new operating system , BlackBerry 10 , was released for two new BlackBerry models ( Z10 and Q10 ) on January 30 , 2013 . At BlackBerry World 2012 , RIM CEO Thorsten Heins demonstrated some of the new features of the OS , including a camera which is able to rewind frame - by - frame separately of individual faces in an image , to allow selection of the best of different shots , which is then stitched seamlessly to an optimal composite , an intelligent , predictive , and adapting keyboard , and a gesture based user interface designed around the idea of `` peek '' and `` flow '' . Apps are available for BlackBerry 10 devices through the BlackBerry World storefront . The previous operating system developed for older BlackBerry devices was BlackBerry OS , a proprietary multitasking environment developed by RIM . The operating system is designed for use of input devices such as the track wheel , track ball , and track pad . The OS provides support for Java MIDP 1.0 and WAP 1.2 . Previous versions allowed wireless synchronisation with Microsoft Exchange Server email and calendar , as well as with Lotus Domino email . OS 5.0 provides a subset of MIDP 2.0 , and allows complete wireless activation and synchronisation with Exchange email , calendar , tasks , notes and contacts , and adds support for Novell GroupWise and Lotus Notes . The BlackBerry Curve 9360 , BlackBerry Torch 9810 , Bold 9900 / 9930 , Curve 9310 / 9320 and Torch 9850 / 9860 featured the 2011 BlackBerry OS 7 . Apps are available for these devices through BlackBerry World ( which before 2013 was called BlackBerry App World ) . Further information : BlackBerry OS Third - party developers can write software using these APIs , and proprietary BlackBerry APIs as well . Any application that makes use of certain restricted functionality must be digitally signed so that it can be associated to a developer account at RIM . This signing procedure guarantees the authorship of an application but does not guarantee the quality or security of the code . RIM provides tools for developing applications and themes for BlackBerry . Applications and themes can be loaded onto BlackBerry devices through BlackBerry World , Over The Air ( OTA ) through the BlackBerry mobile browser , or through BlackBerry Desktop Manager . BlackBerry devices , as well as Android , iOS , and Windows Phone platforms , have the ability to use the proprietary BlackBerry Messenger , also known as BBM , software for sending and receiving encrypted instant messages , voice notes , images and videos via BlackBerry PIN . As long as your cell phone has a data plan these messages are all free of charge . Some of the features of BBM include groups , bar - code scanning , lists , shared calendars , BBM Music and integration with apps and games using the BBM social platform . In April 2013 , BlackBerry announced that it was shutting down its streaming music service , BBM Music , which was active for almost two years since its launch . BlackBerry Messenger Music closed on June 2 , 2013 . In July 2014 , BlackBerry revealed BlackBerry Assistant , a new feature for BlackBerry OS 10.3 , and BlackBerry Passport hardware . The feature is a digital personal assistant to help keep you `` organized , informed and productive . '' In December 2014 , BlackBerry and NantHealth , a healthcare - focused data provider , launched a secure cancer genome browser , giving doctors the ability to access patients ' genetic data on the BlackBerry Passport smartphone . Phones with BlackBerry email client ( edit ) Several non-BlackBerry mobile phones have been released featuring the BlackBerry email client which connects to BlackBerry servers . Many of these phones have full QWERTY keyboards . AT&T Tilt HTC Advantage X7500 HTC TyTN Motorola MPx220 , some models Nokia 6810 Nokia 6820 Nokia 9300 Nokia 9300i Nokia 9500 Nokia Eseries phones , except models Nokia E66 , Nokia E71 Qtek 9100 Qtek 9000 Samsung t719 Siemens SK65 Sony Ericsson P910 Sony Ericsson P990 Sony Ericsson M600i Sony Ericsson P1 Third - party software ( edit ) Third - party software available for use on BlackBerry devices includes full - featured database management systems , which can be used to support customer relationship management clients and other applications that must manage large volumes of potentially complex data . In March 2011 , RIM announced an optional Android player that could play applications developed for the Android system would be available for the BlackBerry PlayBook , RIM 's first entry in the tablet market . On August 24 , 2011 Bloomberg News reported unofficial rumors that BlackBerry devices would be able to run Android applications when RIM brings QNX and the Android App Player to BlackBerry . On October 20 , 2011 RIM officially announced that Android applications could run , unmodified , on the BlackBerry tablet and the newest BlackBerry phones , using the newest version of its operating system . Connectivity ( edit ) See also : BlackBerry Enterprise Server and BlackBerry Internet Service BlackBerry held in hand featuring all the different selective hardware and software on the screen . BlackBerry smartphones can be integrated into an organization 's email system through a software package called BlackBerry Enterprise Server ( BES ) through version 5 , and BlackBerry Enterprise Service ( BES ) as of version 10 . ( There were no versions 6 through 9 . ) . Versions of BES are available for Microsoft Exchange , Lotus Domino , Novell GroupWise and Google Apps . While individual users may be able to use a wireless provider 's email services without having to install BES themselves , organizations with multiple users usually run BES on their own network . BlackBerry devices running BlackBerry OS 10 or later can also be managed directly by a Microsoft Exchange Server , using Exchange ActiveSync ( EAS ) policies , in the same way that an iOS or Android device can . ( EAS supports fewer management controls than BES does . ) Some third - party companies provide hosted BES solutions . Every BlackBerry has a unique ID called a BlackBerry PIN , which is used to identify the device to the BES . BlackBerry at one time provided a free BES software called BES Express ( BESX ) . The primary BES feature is to relay email from a corporate mailbox to a BlackBerry phone . The BES monitors the user 's mailbox , relaying new messages to the phone via BlackBerry 's Network Operations Center ( NOC ) and user 's wireless provider . This feature is known as push email , because all new emails , contacts , task entries , memopad entries , and calendar entries are pushed out to the BlackBerry device immediately ( as opposed to the user synchronising the data manually or having the device poll the server at intervals ) . BlackBerry also supports polling email , through third - party applications . The messaging system built into the BlackBerry only understands how to receive messages from a BES or the BIS , these services handle the connections to the user 's mail providers . Device storage also enables the mobile user to access all data off - line in areas without wireless service . When the user reconnects to wireless service , the BES sends the latest data . A feature of the newer models of the BlackBerry is their ability to quickly track the user 's current location through trilateration without the use of GPS , thus saving battery life and time . Trilateration can be used as a quick , less battery intensive way to provide location - aware applications with the co-ordinates of the user . However , the accuracy of BlackBerry trilateration is less than that of GPS due to a number of factors , including cell tower blockage by large buildings , mountains , or distance . BES also provides phones with TCP / IP connectivity accessed through a component called MDS ( Mobile Data System ) Connection Service . This allows custom application development using data streams on BlackBerry devices based on the Sun Microsystems Java ME platform . In addition , BES provides network security , in the form of Triple DES or , more recently , AES encryption of all data ( both email and MDS traffic ) that travels between the BlackBerry phone and a BlackBerry Enterprise Server . Most providers offer flat monthly pricing via special Blackberry tariffs for unlimited data between BlackBerry units and BES . In addition to receiving email , organizations can make intranets or custom internal applications with unmetered traffic . With more recent versions of the BlackBerry platform , the MDS is no longer a requirement for wireless data access . Starting with OS 3.8 or 4.0 , BlackBerry phones can access the Internet ( i.e. TCP / IP access ) without an MDS -- formerly only email and WAP access was possible without a BES / MDS . The BES / MDS is still required for secure email , data access , and applications that require WAP from carriers that do not allow WAP access . The primary alternative to using BlackBerry Enterprise Server is to use the BlackBerry Internet Service ( BIS ) . BlackBerry Internet Service is available in 91 countries internationally . BlackBerry Internet Service was developed primarily for the average consumer rather than for the business consumer . The service allows users to access POP3 , IMAP , and Outlook Web App ( not via Exchange ActiveSync ) email accounts without connecting through a BlackBerry Enterprise Server ( BES ) . BlackBerry Internet Service allows up to 10 email accounts to be accessed , including proprietary as well as public email accounts ( such as Gmail , Outlook , Yahoo and AOL ) . BlackBerry Internet Service also supports the push capabilities of various other BlackBerry Applications . Various applications developed by RIM for BlackBerry utilise the push capabilities of BIS , such as the Instant Messaging clients ( like Google Talk , Windows Live Messenger and Yahoo Messenger ) . The MMS , PIN , interactive gaming , mapping and trading applications require data plans like BIS ( not just Wi - Fi ) for use . The service is usually provisioned through a mobile phone service provider , though BlackBerry actually runs the service . BlackBerry PIN ( edit ) See also : BlackBerry Messenger The BlackBerry PIN ( Personal Identification Number ) is an eight - character hexadecimal identification number assigned to each BlackBerry device . PINs can not be changed manually on the device ( though BlackBerry technicians are able to reset or update a PIN server - side ) , and are locked to each specific BlackBerry . BlackBerry devices can message each other using the PIN directly or by using the BlackBerry Messenger application . BlackBerry PINs are tracked by BlackBerry Enterprise Servers and the BlackBerry Internet Service and are used to direct messages to a BlackBerry device . Emails and any other messages , such as those from the BlackBerry Push Service , are typically directed to a BlackBerry device 's PIN . The message can then be routed by a RIM Network Operations Center , and sent to a carrier , which will deliver the message the last mile to the device . In September 2012 RIM announced that the BlackBerry PIN would be replaced by users ' BlackBerry ID starting in 2013 with the launch of the BlackBerry 10 platform . Competition and financial Results ( edit ) The primary competitors of the BlackBerry are Android smartphones and the iPhone . BlackBerry has struggled to compete against both and its market share has plunged since 2011 , leading to speculation that it will be unable to survive as an independent going concern . However , it has managed to maintain significant positions in some markets . Despite market share loss , on a global basis , the number of active BlackBerry subscribers has increased substantially through the years . For example , for the fiscal period during which the Apple iPhone was first released , RIM reported that they had a subscriber base of 10.5 million BlackBerry subscribers . At the end of 2008 , when Android first hit the market , RIM reported that the number of BlackBerry subscribers had increased to 21 million . Finally , in the quarter ended June 28 , 2012 , RIM announced that the number of BlackBerry subscribers had reached 78 million globally . After the release of the Apple iPhone 5 in September 2012 RIM CEO Thorsten Heins announced that the current global subscribers is up to 80 million , which sparked a 7 % jump in shares . However , since then , BlackBerry 's global user base ( meaning active accounts ) has declined dramatically since its peak of 80 million in June 2012 , dropping to 46 million users in September 2014 . Its market share globally has also declined to less than 1 percent . In 2011 , BlackBerry shipped 43 % of all smartphones to Indonesia . By April 2014 this had fallen to 3 % . The decline in the Indonesian market share mirrors a global trend for the company ( 0.6 % of North America ) . The retail price of 2,199,000 Indonesian Rupiah ( $189 ) failed to give BlackBerry the boost it needed in Indonesia . The company launched the device with a discounted offer to the first 1000 purchasers , which resulted in a stampede in the capital in which several people were injured . BlackBerry lost market share in Indonesia despite the launch of the Z3 on May 13 , 2014 . The new device was given a worldwide launch in the city of Jakarta and came on the back of the news that Research in Motion ( RIM ) was to cut hardware production costs by outsourcing this to Taiwan - based Foxconn Group . During the report of its third quarter 2015 results on December 18 , 2015 , the company said that approximately 700,000 handsets had been sold , down from 1.9 million in the same quarter in 2014 , and down from 800,000 in Q2 of 2015 . The average sale price per unit was up from $240 to $315 , however . This should continue to increase with sales of the new Android Priv device which was selling at a premium price ( $800 in Canada , for example ) . In Q3 of 2015 , BlackBerry had a net loss of $89 million U.S. or 17 cents per share , but only a $15 million net loss , or three cents per share , when excluding restructuring charges and other one - time items . Revenue was up slightly from a year earlier , at $557 million U.S. vs. $548 million , primarily because of software sales . Chief executive officer John Chen said that he expects the company 's software business to grow at ( 14 percent ) or above the market . At the time , the company was not ready to provide sales figures for the Android - based Priv handset which had been released only weeks earlier , and in only four countries at that time , but Chen offered this comment to analysts : `` Depending on how Priv does ... there is a chance we could achieve or get closer to break - even operating profitability for our overall device business in the ( fourth ) quarter '' . Due to a continuous reduction in BlackBerry users , in February 2016 the Blackberry Headquarter in Waterloo , Canada , slashed 35 percent of its workforce . By early 2016 , Blackberry market share dropped to 0.2 % . In Q4 2016 , reports indicate Blackberry sold only 207,900 units -- equivalent to a 0.0 % market share . User base ( edit ) The number of active BlackBerry users since 2003 globally : BlackBerry users globally : As of : 534,000 March 1 , 2003 1,069,000 February 28 , 2004 2,510,000 February 26 , 2005 4,900,000 March 4 , 2006 8,000,000 March 3 , 2007 14,000,000 March 1 , 2008 25,000,000 February 28 , 2009 41,000,000 February 27 , 2010 70,000,000 August 27 , 2011 77,000,000 March 3 , 2012 80,000,000 December 1 , 2012 76,000,000 March 2 , 2013 72,000,000 June 1 , 2013 79,000,000 September 2013 76,000,000 November 2013 71,000,000 March 2014 69,000,000 May 2014 60,000,000 September 2014 56,000,000 November 2014 37,000,000 February 2015 33,000,000 June 2015 30,000,000 September 2015 25,000,000 December 2015 23,000,000 March 2016 20,000,000 June 2016 18,000,000 September 2016 16,000,000 December 2016 14,000,000 March 2017 11,000,000 May 2017 Security agencies access ( edit ) Research in Motion agreed to give access to private communications to the governments of United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia in 2010 , and India in 2012 . The Saudi and UAE governments had threatened to ban certain services because their law enforcement agencies could not decrypt messages between people of interest . It was revealed as a part of the 2013 mass surveillance disclosures that the American and British intelligence agencies , the National Security Agency ( NSA ) and the Government Communications Headquarters ( GCHQ ) respectively , have access to the user data on BlackBerry devices . The agencies are able to read almost all smartphone information , including SMS , location , e-mails , and notes through BlackBerry Internet Service , which operates outside corporate networks , and which , in contrast to the data passing through internal BlackBerry services ( BES ) , only compresses but does not encrypt data . Documents stated that the NSA was able to access the BlackBerry e-mail system and that they could `` see and read SMS traffic '' . There was a brief period in 2009 when the NSA was unable to access BlackBerry devices , after BlackBerry changed the way they compress their data . Access to the devices was re-established by GCHQ . GCHQ has a tool named SCRAPHEAP CHALLENGE , with the capability of `` Perfect spoofing of emails from Blackberry targets '' . In response to the revelations BlackBerry officials stated that `` It is not for us to comment on media reports regarding alleged government surveillance of telecommunications traffic '' and added that a `` back door pipeline '' to their platform had not been established and did not exist . It should be noted that similar access by the intelligence agencies to other mobile devices exists , using similar techniques to hack into them . The BlackBerry software includes support for the Dual EC DRBG CSPRNG algorithm which , due to being probably backdoored by the NSA , the US National Institute of Standards and Technology `` strongly recommends '' no longer be used . BlackBerry Ltd. has however not issued an advisory to its customers , because they do not consider the probable backdoor a vulnerability . BlackBerry Ltd. also owns US patent 2007189527 , which covers the technical design of the backdoor . Usage ( edit ) President Obama with his BlackBerry in its holster on a flight to Caen , Normandy , France , 2009 . The ( formerly ) advanced encryption capabilities of the BlackBerry Smartphone made it eligible for use by government agencies and state forces . Barack Obama ( edit ) Former United States president Barack Obama , became known for his dependence on a BlackBerry device for communication during his 2008 Presidential campaign . Despite the security issues , he insisted on using it even after inauguration . This was seen by some as akin to a `` celebrity endorsement '' , which marketing experts have estimated to be worth between $25 million and $50 million . His usage of BlackBerry continued until around the end of his presidency . Hillary Clinton ( edit ) The Hillary Clinton email controversy is associated with Hillary Clinton continuing to use her BlackBerry after assuming the office of Secretary of State . Use by government forces ( edit ) An example is the West Yorkshire Police , which has allowed the increase in the presence of police officers along the streets and a reduction in public spending , given that each officer could perform desk work directly via the mobile device , as well as in several other areas and situations . The US Federal Government has been slow to move away from the Blackberry platform , a State Department spokesperson saying in 2013 that Blackberry devices were still the only mobile devices approved for U.S. missions abroad by the State Department . The high encryption standard that made BlackBerry smartphones and the PlayBook tablet unique , have since been implemented in other devices , including most Apple devices released after the iPhone 4 . The Bangalore City Police is one of the few police departments in India along with the Pune Police and Kochi Police to use BlackBerry devices . Use by transportation staff ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , South West Trains and Northern Rail have issued BlackBerry devices to guards in order to improve the communication between control , guards and passengers . In Canada , Toronto and many other municipalities within Canada have issued BlackBerry devices to most of its employees including but not limited to transportation , technical , water and operations inspection staff and all management staff in order to improve the communication between contracted construction companies , its winter maintenance operations and to assist and successfully organize multimillion - dollar contracts . The devices are the standard mobile device to receive e-mail redirected from GroupWise . The City 's e-mail environment is currently set up to support `` ONLY '' BlackBerry devices . As part of their Internet of Things endeavours , the company announced plans of moving into the shipping industry by adapting the smartphones devices to the communication necessities of freight containers . Other users ( edit ) Eric Schmidt , Executive Chairman of Google , is a longtime BlackBerry user . Although smartphones running Google 's Android mobile operating system compete with BlackBerry , Schmidt said in a 2013 interview that he uses a BlackBerry because he prefers its keyboard . The Italian criminal group known as the ' Ndrangheta was reported on February 2009 to have communicated overseas with the Gulf Cartel , a Mexican drug cartel , through the use of the BlackBerry Messenger , since the BBM Texts are `` very difficult to intercept '' . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` RIM Company -- Learn about Research in Motion '' . RIM . Retrieved September 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry Subscribers 2014 '' . Jump up ^ Colapinto , John ( October 3 , 2011 ) . `` Famous Names '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved October 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Q4 Fiscal 2016 Results Announcement '' ( PDF ) . April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Foxx , Chris ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Blackberry stops designing own phones '' -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Inter@ctive Pager 900 '' . bbref.ca . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Research In Motion Signs $10 Million Contract To Supply Two - way Pagers To IBM '' . BlackBerry . February 4 , 1998 . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Davis , Jim ( January 20 , 1999 ) . `` Short Take : BlackBerry wireless email device debuts '' . CNET . Retrieved September 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ M. Seward , Zachary ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` RIM renames itself BlackBerry : Here 's how the name came to be '' . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2013 . Retrieved October 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Seward , Zachary M. ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` RIM renames itself BlackBerry : Here 's how that name came to be '' . Quartz . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` A short history of the BlackBerry '' . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2013 . Retrieved October 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Diokno , Carlo Raphael ( July 17 , 2013 ) . `` BlackBerry Q5 price in US revealed : BB Q10 & Z10 more expensive '' . Pop Herald . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2013 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mahale , Sneha ( July 17 , 2013 ) . `` Review : BlackBerry Q10 '' . Hindustan Times . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2013 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Arthur , Charles ( July 18 , 2013 ) . `` Nokia revenues slide 24 % but Lumia sales rise offers hope '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ El Akkad , Omar ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` BlackBerry puts up ' for sale ' sign , with Fairfax emerging as potential buyer '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved September 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Gollom , Mark ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` Does BlackBerry have a future ? '' . CBC News . Retrieved September 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry to be sold to group led by Fairfax Financial '' . CBC News . September 24 , 2013 . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McEntegart , Jane ( November 4 , 2013 ) . `` BlackBerry Replaces Thorsten Heins with New Interim CEO '' . Tomshardware.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Roumeliotis , Greg ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` BlackBerry board rejected proposals to break up company '' . Reuters . Retrieved November 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zeis , Adam ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` Message from BlackBerry CEO John Chen : We are committed to reclaiming our success '' . Crackberry.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Matt Burns ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` BlackBerry Is One Of The Hottest Stocks Of 2014 , Seriously '' . TechCrunch . AOL Inc . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Matt Young ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` BlackBerry Passport : Breaking Design Boundaries '' . BlackBerry Blog . BlackBerry . Retrieved July 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ David Nield . `` BlackBerry Classic review '' . TechRadar . Jump up ^ A Sad Day for Punchers : BlackBerry to Discontinue Traditional Keyboard Phone Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry to Launch Android Smartphone '' . Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The many ways BlackBerry beefs up Android security on the Priv '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry Priv standout features : Hub , pop - up widgets and security app '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry Promises Robust Security on Android - Based Priv '' . PC Magazine . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , Tyler . `` BlackBerry Not Ruling Out Future BB10 Smartphones '' . Ubergizmo . Ubergizmo . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . However with the rumors suggesting multiple Android devices in the works , we have to wonder where they will find the time to launch BB10 devices . ^ Jump up to : The Canadian Press ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` BlackBerry launching new smartphone with emphasis on beefed up security '' . CBC News . CBC . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cheng , Roger ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` BlackBerry 's cheaper DTEK 50 skips the keyboard , but keeps Android '' . CNET . CBS Interactive , Inc . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry rebrands Chinese smartphone , creates the $299 BlackBerry DTEK50 '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cheng , Roger ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` BlackBerry 's cheaper DTEK 50 skips the keyboard , but keeps Android '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paul Sawers ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` BlackBerry 's first software and brand - licensing deal : a joint venture in Indonesia called BB Merah Putih '' . Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry Announces DTEK60 , Latest Android Device with BlackBerry 's Industry Leading Security Software '' . October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry , Ford Extend Partnership to Develop Car Software '' . October 31 , 2016 -- via www.bloomberg.com . Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry to face class - action lawsuit from employees over Ford partnership '' -- via The Globe and Mail . Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry Adds Jaguar to its Roster of Automaker Partners '' . Bloomberg.com. 2018 - 03 - 22 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry KEY2 unveiled , features dual - camera and a customizable speed key - EOTO Tech '' . EOTO Tech. 2018 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` NTP Inc. v. Research in Motion '' . Google . Jump up ^ McKenna , Barrie ; Waldie , Paul ; Avery , Simon ( February 21 , 2006 ) . `` Patently Absurd : The inside story of RIM 's wireless war '' . The Globe and Mail . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Noguchi , Yuki ( November 12 , 2005 ) . `` Government Enters Fray Over BlackBerry Patents . Agencies Depend on Devices , Lawyers Say '' . The Washington Post . p . D01 . Jump up ^ `` Settlement reached in BlackBerry patent case '' . MSNBC . Associated Press . March 3 , 2006 . Jump up ^ http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/-2218708.htm Jump up ^ `` RIM bloque une application concurrente A son service BlackBerry Messenger - ActualitAŠs Techno - AŠconomie - TAŠlAŠcoms et mobilitAŠ '' . Benefice-net.branchez-vous.com . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2010 . Retrieved December 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Weinberg , Stuart ( 2010 - 12 - 01 ) . `` RIM Sues App Maker Kik Over Patents '' . The Wall Street Journal . New York City . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Silcoff , Sean ; McNish , Jacquie ; Ladurantaye , Steve ( September 27 , 2013 ) . `` Inside the fall of BlackBerry : How the smartphone inventor failed to adapt '' . The Globe and Mail Inc . Retrieved August 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Simone , Rose ( October 9 , 2013 ) . `` Kik eager to move on after settling spat with BlackBerry '' . The Record.com . Retrieved August 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ BlackBerry sues Facebook , WhatsApp , Instagram over patent infringement , by Ahmed Farhatha , Reuters , March 6 , 2018 Jump up ^ Kerr , Dara ( April 12 , 2012 ) . `` RIM plans to open its first Middle East retail store in Dubai '' . CNET . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` First of Many BlackBerry Stores Opens in Jakarta '' . Jakarta Globe . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2013 . Retrieved September 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mildenberg , David ( April 20 , 2005 ) . `` Nexcom opens first U.S. BlackBerry store in Charlotte '' . Charlotte Business Journal . Jump up ^ `` The inside scoop on the new BlackBerry Store '' . BB Geeks . December 21 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Enjoy a unique BlackBerry experience at the BlackBerry from Wireless Giant store '' . Blackberry.com . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2012 . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` RIM closes Boston retail store '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved September 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lashinsky , Adam ( November 10 , 2011 ) . `` BlackBerry 's business problem '' . Fortune Magazine . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Slow browsing , few apps , and an embarrassing service outage . Can BlackBerry recover from its biggest crisis yet ? Jump up ^ Writer , Staff ( October 15 , 2011 ) . `` RIM and its troubles : BlackBerry blues '' . The Economist . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Research In Motion can ill afford embarrassing service interruptions . Jump up ^ Osborne , Brian ( June 20 , 2005 ) . `` Limited BlackBerry outage Friday morning '' . Geek.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jedras , Jeff ( April 18 , 2007 ) . `` BlackBerry outage suggests IT infrastructure weakness '' . ITBusiness.ca . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry users hit by eight - hour outage '' . ZDNet . December 23 , 2009 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Williams , Christoper ( October 10 , 2011 ) . `` BlackBerry services collapse '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Meyer , David ( October 12 , 2011 ) . `` RIM explains BlackBerry downtime as outage spreads '' . ZDNet UK . ^ Jump up to : Browning , Jonathan ( October 12 , 2011 ) . `` RIM in ' Race Against Clock ' as BlackBerry Disruption Spreads '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ L. , P. ( October 13 , 2011 ) . `` BlackBerry outage : Another burning platform '' . The Economist . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Garside , Juliette ( October 15 , 2011 ) . `` Service restored , but BlackBerry may never repair its reputation '' . Guardian News and Media Ltd . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . This outage could n't have come at a worse time , '' says Francisco Jeronimo , research manager at analyst IDC . `` It harms BlackBerry 's brand . Corporations , users and mobile operators are now asking themselves : how reliable is RIM ? '' Activist shareholders , egged on by financial analysts , are hammering on the boardroom door , calling for Lazaridis and Balsillie to leave . Chief among them is Vic Alboini , who runs Jaguar Financial , a merchant bank which claims to have support from 12 of RIM 's top 20 stockholders for a change at the top . Jump up ^ Garside , Juliette ( October 12 , 2011 ) . `` Shareholders put pressure on BlackBerry chiefs to sell up '' . Guardian News and Media Ltd . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . As RIM battled to contain a three - day outage of its email service , which has spread from Europe to Africa and now North and South America , affecting many of its 70 million users , Jaguar called for Jim Balsillie and Mike Lazaridis , who are co-chief executives and co-chairmen , to step down . ( ... ) RIM declined to comment on shareholder unrest . Jump up ^ Writer , Staff ( August 15 , 2016 ) . `` BlackBerry maker selling tablets at a loss , takes $485 million charge '' . East Bay Times . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . The company is also taking a charge of $50 million for an embarrassing October outage of email and Web services that lasted days for millions of overseas BlackBerry users . It briefly spread to the U.S. and Canada before the company was able to contain the damage . Jump up ^ Whittaker , Zack ( March 30 , 2012 ) . `` RIM lost $54 million on four - day global BlackBerry outage '' . ZDNet . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ King , Leo ( October 12 , 2011 ) . `` BlackBerry Users Express Anger At Two Day Outage '' . CSO Online by IDG . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ BlackBerry Training Archived April 24 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Blackberry.com website Jump up ^ `` Introducing the Porsche Design P'9982 Smartphone from BlackBerry '' ( Press release ) . BlackBerry . November 19 , 2013 . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New BlackBerry 9720 Smartphone Lets You Spark The Conversation '' ( Press release ) . BlackBerry . August 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` BlackBerry -- Manuals and Guides '' . blackberry.com . January 24 , 2011 . Retrieved January 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ID , FCC . `` RBK40CG Handheld Blackberry with CDMA and Bluetooth Teardown Internal Photos BlackBerry Limited '' . FCCID.io . Jump up ^ Gardner , W. David ( May 12 , 2008 ) . `` RIM Gets ' Bold ' With 3G BlackBerry 9000 '' . InformationWeek . Retrieved June 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ RIM Circa 1999 : BlackBerry History Revisited , BlackBerry Cool , July 13 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Strietelmeier , Julie ( February 26 , 2001 ) . `` RIM BlackBerry 950 Review '' . The-gadgeteer.com . Jump up ^ no by - line. -- > ( 2015 ) . `` Smartphones - PRIV '' . BlackBerry Canada . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Friend , David ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` BlackBerry revenue exceeds expectations , as software and service sales rise '' . Toronto Star . Toronto , Ontario , Canada . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Moynihan , Tim ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` Review : BlackBerry Priv '' . Wired . Conde Nast . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Time - shifting BlackBerry camera makes pictures perfect '' . CNET . May 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Thorsten Heins in the BlackBerry World 2012 Keynote General Session '' . BlackBerry on YouTube . May 1 , 2012 . Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry shutting down BBM Music on June 2nd , points users to Rdio '' . Jump up ^ Etherington , Darrell July 16 , 2014 TechCrunch . `` BlackBerry Gets Its Own Siri With BlackBerry Assistant '' Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry , NantHealth launch cancer genome browser '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ Maximizer Software Partners with McObject to Improve Mobile CRM on BlackBerry Devices , BlackBerry News Desk , Sys - Con Publishing , June 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Darryl ( March 24 , 2011 ) . `` RIM adds Android app support to BlackBerry PlayBook via ' optional app player ' '' . Engadget . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2011 . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . You read that right -- RIM just announced that its forthcoming BlackBerry PlayBook will support both BlackBerry Java and Android apps . Jump up ^ Michaluk , Kevin ( March 24 , 2011 ) . `` Press Release : RIM Expands Application Ecosystem for BlackBerry PlayBook -- Android Apps on Playbook ! ! ! '' . Crackberry . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Android apps wo n't come from Google Play itself , but rather Android developers will simply have to repackage , code sign and submit their BlackBerry Java and Android apps to BlackBerry App World from where users will be able to download the apps . Jump up ^ `` Repackage your apps for blackberry playbook '' . Blackberry.com . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Miller , Hugo ; Kharif , Olga ( August 24 , 2011 ) . `` BlackBerrys Said to Get Android Apps as RIM Seeks Sales Boost '' . Bloomberg News . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2011 . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Research In Motion Ltd . ( RIM ) , seeking to boost the appeal of its BlackBerrys and revive slowing sales , plans to enable models expected next year to run applications built for Google Inc . ( GOOG ) 's Android operating system , three people familiar with the plan said . Jump up ^ Kovach , Steve ( August 24 , 2011 ) . `` BlackBerry Phones Will Get Android Apps -- Bloomberg '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2011 . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . RIM will add access to Android apps on BlackBerry phones that run its new QNX operating system , Bloomberg reports . Jump up ^ `` RIM 's newer phones to get Android apps '' . Reuters . August 25 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2011 . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . The Canadian company plans to have the Android player already in the QNX - running phones when they go on sale rather than available as an upgrade , the report said . Jump up ^ `` Android Apps for BlackBerrys May Be Lackluster '' . PC World . August 25 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2011 . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . We 're still waiting for Research in Motion to allow Android apps to run on its BlackBerry PlayBook tablet , as promised last March , but a new report says these apps will eventually run on future BlackBerry phones as well . Jump up ^ `` BBX , BlackBerry 's latest purported saviour '' . Daily Maverick . October 21 , 2011 . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . Rui Brites , the director for product management in Africa told iMaverick that the new BBX system was RIM 's way of securing its future . `` With BBX , we 've opened up in a big way , '' he said . `` We have over 400,000 developers worldwide and have now developed tools for Android developers to submit their apps to the BlackBerry App World without needing to recode . '' Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry maker 's area developer unit to fill gap '' . Zimbabwe Telegraph . October 21 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2011 . Retrieved October 21 , 2011 . The company introduced its BlackBerry BBX operating system on Tuesday , combining features from the existing BlackBerry platform and the QNX software it bought last year . The system , which does n't have a release date , includes new programming tools like HTML5 designed to make building apps easier . Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry Enterprise Server Express '' . Us.blackberry.com . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry MDS Connection Service '' . Research In Motion ( RIM ) . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2011 . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How the BlackBerry Enterprise Solution uses Triple DES to encrypt data '' . Docs.blackberry.com . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` How the BlackBerry Enterprise Solution uses AES to encrypt data '' . Docs.blackberry.com . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Encrypting data that the BlackBerry Enterprise Server and a BlackBerry device send to each other '' . Docs.blackberry.com . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Algorithms that the BlackBerry Enterprise Solution uses to encrypt data '' . Docs.blackberry.com . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Email setup and integration Archived March 23 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . Research In Motion . Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry market share slides again amid takeover talk '' . Daily Telegraph . January 30 , 2012 . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Why the Canadian love affair with BlackBerry is n't over yet '' . The Sun . January 24 , 2012 . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Research in Motion Reports Second quarter Results '' ( PDF ) . October 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Research in Motion Reports Third quarter Results '' ( PDF ) . December 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Research in Motion Reports Third quarter Results '' ( PDF ) . December 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Research in Motion Reports First quarter Results '' ( PDF ) . June 28 , 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RIM shares rise on new phone hopes '' . The Globe and Mail . Canada . September 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Arthur , Charles . `` Ten things to know about BlackBerry - and how much trouble it is ( or is n't ) in '' . www.theguardian.com . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gruman , Galen . `` The dangerous delusions of the BlackBerry fan '' . www.infoworld.com . IDG . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Android and iOS Squeeze the Competition , Swelling to 96.3 % of the Smartphone Operating System Market for Both 4Q14 and CY14 , According to IDC '' . IDC . February 24 , 2015 . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2015 . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Marlow , Iain ( November 3 , 2014 ) . `` Lack of global knowledge cost BlackBerry Indonesia '' . The Globe and Mail . Jump up ^ Purnell , Newley ( May 13 , 2014 ) . `` BlackBerry Turns to Indonesia to Make Turnaround Push '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Miller , Hugo ( December 21 , 2013 ) . `` BlackBerry 's Foxconn Deal Spurs Evolution Into Services Company '' . Bloomberg . ^ Jump up to : Dingman , Shane ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` BlackBerry 's focus on software starting to pay off : CEO '' . Globe and Mail . Toronto , Ontario , Canada . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Maya Nawangwulan ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Blackberry Cuts 35 Percent of Its Workforce '' . Jump up ^ `` Windows Phone and BlackBerry OS are fading into nothingness '' . Jump up ^ Vincent , James ( 2017 - 02 - 16 ) . `` 99.6 percent of new smartphones run Android or iOS '' . The Verge . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Q4 Fiscal 2013 Results Announcement '' ( PDF ) . September 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Q1 Fiscal 2014 Results Announcement '' ( PDF ) . September 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Q4 Fiscal 2015 Results Announcement '' ( PDF ) . February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Q1 Fiscal 2016 Results Announcement '' ( PDF ) . June 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Q2 Fiscal 2016 Results Announcement '' ( PDF ) . September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Q3 Fiscal 2016 Results Announcement '' ( PDF ) . December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Q1 Fiscal 2017 Results Announcement '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Q2 Fiscal 2017 Results Announcement '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Q3 Fiscal 2017 Results Announcement '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Whitney , Lance ( October 8 , 2010 ) . `` RIM averts BlackBerry ban in UAE '' . CNET . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yew , Madhavi Acharya - Tom ( August 10 , 2010 ) . `` RIM reaches deal with Saudi Arabia '' . The Toronto Star . ISSN 0319 - 0781 . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Josh ( April 7 , 2012 ) . `` RIM gives India access to BlackBerry messages '' . The Toronto Star . ISSN 0319 - 0781 . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Two Gulf states to ban some Blackberry functions '' . BBC News . August 1 , 2010 . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Staff ( September 7 , 2013 ) . `` Privacy Scandal : NSA Can Spy on Smart Phone Data '' . Retrieved September 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` JTRIG Tools and Techniques '' . The Intercept . July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` JTRIG Tools and Techniques '' . www.documentcloud.org . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carr , Jeffrey ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` BlackBerry Ltd , the NSA , and The Encryption Algorithm that NIST Warned You Not To Use '' . Digital Dao . Retrieved January 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zeleny , Jeff ( January 22 , 2009 ) . `` Obama Keeps His Blackberry in a Hard - Fought E-Victory '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Clifford , Stephanie ( January 8 , 2009 ) . `` For BlackBerry , Obama 's Devotion Is Priceless '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Obama has finally ditched his BlackBerry , but its replacement will surprise you , By Trevor Mogg , Digital Trends , Sat , June 11 , 9 : 01 PM PDT Jump up ^ Robert O'Harrow Jr . ( March 27 , 2016 ) . `` How Clinton 's email scandal took root '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . `` The issue here is one of personal comfort , '' one of the participants in that meeting , Donald Reid , the department 's senior coordinator for security infrastructure , wrote afterward in an email that described Clinton 's inner circle of advisers as `` dedicated ( BlackBerry ) addicts . '' Jump up ^ `` West Yorkshire Police Increase Visibility and Productivity with BlackBerry '' ( PDF ) . BlackBerry . Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry Customer Success '' . BlackBerry . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2012 . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kang , Cecilia ( 2013 - 09 - 25 ) . `` BlackBerry still reigns in Washington , slow - poke capital of the world '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Validated 140 - 1 and 140 - 2 Cryptographic Modules '' . csrc.nist.gov . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Use of BlackBerry devices by traffic police in city not to be affected '' . The Hindu . March 18 , 2008 . Retrieved July 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kochi traffic police go Blackberry '' . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Smartphones issued to 850 South West Trains Guards in drive to improve passenger communication '' . South West Trains . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Rail -- Case Study '' . Uk.blackberry.com . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BlackBerry going after shipping industry with cloud management platform '' . CTV News . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Arthur , Charles ( March 21 , 2013 ) . `` Surprise ! Google chairman Eric Schmidt uses ... a BlackBerry '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Narco - mafia se comunican por Blackberry '' . CNN Expansión . February 19 , 2009 . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . See also ( edit ) QWERTY T9 ( predictive text ) BlackBerry Limited ( formerly Research in Motion ) Index of articles related to BlackBerry OS Comparison of smartphones Science and technology in Canada PocketMac References ( edit ) Sweeny , Alastair ( 2009 ) , BlackBerry planet : the story of Research in Motion and the little device that took the world by storm , John Wiley & Sons Canada , ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 15940 - 8 Research In Motion Reports Fourth Quarter and Year - End Results For Fiscal 2005 `` Research In Motion 2005 Annual Report '' ( PDF ) . ( 682 KB ) Research In Motion Fourth Quarter and 2007 Fiscal Year End Results Cunningham , S & Turner , G ( 2006 ) Media and Communications in Australia , Southwood Press Pty Ltd , Australia , pp. 259 -- 278 . Levinson , P ( 2004 ) Cellphone , Routledge , New York , pp. 15 -- 33 . Rheingold , H ( 2002 ) Smart Mobs : the Next Social Revolution , Perseus , Cambridge , Massachusetts , pp. xi -- xxii , 157 -- 182 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to BlackBerry smartphones . Official website BlackBerry Limited Executive team John S. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the name of blackberry in hindi	[ "BlackBerry is a line of smartphones, tablets, and services originally designed and marketed by Canadian company BlackBerry Limited (formerly known as Research In Motion, or RIM).[1] These are currently designed, manufactured, and marketed by TCL Communication (under the brand of BlackBerry Mobile), BB Merah Putih, and Optiemus for the global, Indonesian, and Indian markets (respectively) using the BlackBerry brand under license.\n" ]	[ "Optiemus" ]
7830454924002341033	Totem pole	Totem pole - wikipedia Totem pole Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Totem pole ( disambiguation ) . A Gitxsan pole ( left ) and Kwakwaka'wakw pole ( right ) at Thunderbird Park in Victoria , Canada . Totem poles are monumental carvings , a type of Northwest Coast art , consisting of poles , posts or pillars , carved with symbols or figures . They are usually made from large trees , mostly western red cedar , by indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest coast of North America ( Washington , Oregon , and Canada 's western province , British Columbia ) . The word totem derives from the Algonquian ( most likely Ojibwe ) word o doodem ( oˈtuːtɛm ) , `` ( his ) kinship group '' . The carvings may symbolize or commemorate cultural beliefs that recount familiar legends , clan lineages , or notable events . The poles may also serve as functional architectural features , welcome signs for village visitors , mortuary vessels for the remains of deceased ancestors , or as a means to publicly ridicule someone . They may embody a historical narrative of significance to the people carving and installing the pole . Given the complexity and symbolic meanings of totem pole carvings , their placement and importance lies in the observer 's knowledge and connection to the meanings of the figures and the culture in which they are embedded . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Meaning and purpose 3 Types 3.1 House frontal poles 3.2 House posts 3.3 Mortuary pole 3.4 Memorial pole 3.5 Welcome pole 3.6 Shame / ridicule pole 4 Totem poles outside of original context 4.1 Indian New Deal 5 Construction and maintenance 6 Cultural property 7 Totem poles of note 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) Totem poles and houses at ' Ksan , near Hazelton , British Columbia . Totem poles serve as important illustrations of family lineage and the cultural heritage of the Native peoples in the islands and coastal areas of North America 's Pacific Northwest , especially British Columbia , Canada , and coastal areas of Washington and southeastern Alaska in the United States . Families of traditional carvers come from the Haida , Tlingit , Tsimshian , Kwakwaka'wakw ( Kwakiutl ) , Nuxalk ( Bella Coola ) , and Nuu - chah - nulth ( Nootka ) , among others . The poles are typically carved from the highly rot - resistant trunks of Thuja plicata trees ( popularly known as giant cedar or western red cedar ) , which eventually decay in the moist , rainy climate of the coastal Pacific Northwest . Because of the region 's climate and the nature of the materials used to make the poles , few examples carved before 1900 remain . Noteworthy examples , some dating as far back as 1880 , include those at the Royal British Columbia Museum in Victoria and the Museum of Anthropology at UBC in Vancouver . Totem poles are the largest , but not the only , objects that coastal Pacific Northwest natives use to depict spiritual reverence , family legends , sacred beings and culturally important animals , people , or historical events . The freestanding poles seen by the region 's first European explorers were likely preceded by a long history of decorative carving . Stylistic features of these poles were borrowed from earlier , smaller prototypes , or from the interior support posts of house beams . Although 18th - century accounts of European explorers traveling along the coast indicate that decorated interior and exterior house posts existed prior to 1800 , the posts were smaller and fewer in number than in subsequent decades . Prior to the 19th century , the lack of efficient carving tools , along with sufficient wealth and leisure time to devote to the craft , delayed the development of elaborately carved , freestanding poles . Before iron and steel arrived in the area , Natives used tools made of stone , shells , or beaver teeth for carving . The process was slow and laborious ; axes were unknown . By the late eighteenth century , the use of metal cutting tools enabled more complex carvings and increased production of totem poles . The tall monumental poles appearing in front of native homes in coastal villages probably did not appear until after the beginning of the nineteenth century . Eddie Malin has proposed that totem poles progressed from house posts , funerary containers , and memorial markers into symbols of clan and family wealth and prestige . He argues that the Haida people of the islands of Haida Gwaii originated carving of the poles , and that the practice spread outward to the Tsimshian and Tlingit , and then down the coast to the indigenous people of British Columbia and northern Washington . Malin 's theory is supported by the photographic documentation of the Pacific Northwest coast 's cultural history and the more sophisticated designs of the Haida poles . Accounts from the 1700s describe and illustrate carved poles and timber homes along the coast of the Pacific Northwest . By the early nineteenth century , widespread importation of iron and steel tools from Great Britain , the United States , and elsewhere led to easier and more rapid production of carved wooden goods , including poles . Alaskan Totem Poles at 1893 Chicago World Columbian Exposition Totem poles in front of houses in Alert Bay , British Columbia in the 1900s In the 19th century , American and European trade and settlement initially led to the growth of totem pole carving , but United States and Canadian policies and practices of acculturation and assimilation caused a decline in the development of Alaska Native and First Nations cultures and their crafts , and sharply reduced totem pole production by the end of the century . Between 1830 and 1880 , the maritime fur trade , mining , and fisheries gave rise to an accumulation of wealth among the coastal peoples . Much of it was spent and distributed in lavish potlatch celebrations , frequently associated with the construction and erection of totem poles . The monumental poles commissioned by wealthy family leaders to represent their social status and the importance of their families and clans . In the 1880s and 1890s , tourists , collectors , scientists and naturalist interested in native culture collected and photographed totem poles and other artifacts , many of which were put on display at expositions such as the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , and the 1893 World 's Columbia Exposition in Chicago , Illinois . In the 19th and early 20th centuries , before the passage of the American Indian Religious Freedom Act in 1978 , the practice of Native religion was outlawed , and traditional indigenous cultural practices were also strongly discouraged by Christian missionaries . This included the carving of totem poles . Missionaries urged converts to cease production and destroy existing poles . Nearly all totem pole making had ceased by 1901 . Carving of monumental and mortuary poles continued in some , more remote Native villages as late as 1905 ; however , as native sites were abandoned , the poles and timber homes were left to decay and vandalism . Beginning in the late 1930s , a combination of cultural , linguistic , and artistic revivals , along with scholarly interest and the continuing fascination and support of an educated and empathetic public , led to a renewal and extension of this artistic tradition . In 1938 the United States Forest Service began a program to reconstruct and preserve the old poles , salvaging about 200 , roughly one - third of those known to be standing at the end of the 19th century . With renewed interest in Native arts and traditions in the 1960s and 1970s , freshly carved totem poles were erected up and down the coast , while related artistic production was introduced in many new and traditional media , ranging from tourist trinkets to masterful works in wood , stone , blown and etched glass , and other traditional and non-traditional media . Meaning and purpose ( edit ) From left to right , the One - Legged Fisherman pole , the Raven pole , and the Killer Whale pole in Wrangell , Alaska Totem poles can symbolize the characters and events in mythology , or convey the experiences of recent ancestors and living people . Some of these characters may appear as stylistic representations of objects in nature , while others are more realistically carved . Pole carvings may include animals , fish , plants , insects , and humans , or they may represent supernatural beings such as the Thunderbird . Some symbolize beings that can transform themselves into another form , appearing as combinations of animals or part - animal / part - human forms . Consistent use of a specific character over time , with some slight variations in carving style , helped develop similarities among these shared symbols that allowed people to recognize one from another . For example , the raven is symbolized by a long , straight beak , while the eagle 's beak is curved , and a beaver is depicted with two large front teeth , a piece of wood held in his front paws , and a paddle - shaped tail . Totem pole in Vancouver , British Columbia Totem poles at the Museum of Anthropology at the University of British Columbia The meanings of the designs on totem poles are as varied as the cultures that make them . Some poles celebrate cultural beliefs that may recount familiar legends , clan lineages , or notable events , while others are mostly artistic . Animals and other characters carved on the pole are typically used as symbols to represent characters or events in a story ; however , some may reference the moiety of the pole 's owner , or simply fill up empty space on the pole . The carved figures interlock , one above the other , to create the overall design , which may rise to a height of sixty feet or more . Smaller carvings may be positioned in vacant spaces , or they may be tucked inside the ears or hang out of the mouths of the pole 's larger figures . Some of the figures on the poles constitute symbolic reminders of quarrels , murders , debts , and other unpleasant occurrences about which the Native Americans prefer to remain silent ... The most widely known tales , like those of the exploits of Raven and of Kats who married the bear woman , are familiar to almost every native of the area . Carvings which symbolize these tales are sufficiently conventionalized to be readily recognizable even by persons whose lineage did not recount them as their own legendary history . Those from cultures that do not carve totem poles often assume that the linear representation of the figures places the most importance on the highest figure , an idea that became pervasive in the dominant culture after it entered into mainstream parlance by the 1930s with the phrase `` low man on the totem pole '' ( and as the title of a bestselling 1941 humor book by H. Allen Smith ) . However , Native sources either reject the linear component altogether , or reverse the hierarchy , with the most important representations on the bottom , bearing the weight of all the other figures , or at eye level with the viewer to heighten their significance . Many poles have no vertical arrangement at all , consisting of a lone figure atop an undecorated column . Types ( edit ) There are six basic types of totem poles : house frontal poles , interior house posts , mortuary poles , memorial poles , welcome poles , and the ridicule or shame pole . House frontal poles ( edit ) This type of pole , usually 20 to 40 feet tall is the most decorative . Its carvings tell the story of the family , clan or village who own them . These poles are also known as heraldic , crest , or family poles . Poles of this type are placed outside the clan house of the most important village leaders . Often , watchman figures are carved at the top of the pole to protect the pole owner 's family and the village . Another type of house frontal pole is the entrance or doorway pole , which is attached to the center front of the home and includes an oval - shaped opening through the base that serves as the entrance to the clan house . House posts ( edit ) These interior poles , typically 7 to 10 feet in height , are usually shorter than exterior poles . The interior posts support the roof beam of a clan house and include a large notch at the top , where the beam can rest . A clan house may have two to four or more house posts , depending on the native group who built it . Carvings on these poles , like those of the house frontal poles , are often used as a storytelling device for children and help tell the story of the owners ' family history . Mortuary pole ( edit ) The rarest type of totem pole is a mortuary structure that incorporates grave boxes with carved supporting poles or includes a recessed back to hold the grave box . It is among the tallest , reaching 50 to 70 feet in height , and most prominent poles . The Haida and Tlingit people erect mortuary poles at the death of important individuals in the community . These poles may have a single figure carved at the top , which may depict the clan 's crest , but carvings usually cover its entire length . Ashes or body of the deceased person is placed in the upper portion of the pole . Memorial pole ( edit ) This type of pole , which usually stands in front of a clan house , is erected about a year after a person has died . The clan chief 's memorial pole may be raised at the center of the village . The pole 's purpose is to honor the deceased person and identify the relative who is taking over as his successor within the clan and the community . Traditionally , the memorial pole has one carved figure at the top , but an additional figure may also be added at the bottom of the pole . Memorial poles may also commemorate an event . For example , several memorial totem poles were erected by the Tlingits in honor of Abraham Lincoln , one of which was relocated to Saxman , Alaska , in 1938 . The Lincoln pole at Saxman commemorates the end of hostilities between two rival Tlingit clans and symbolizes the hope for peace and prosperity following the American occupation of the Alaskan territory . The story begins in 1868 , when the United States government built a customs house and fort on Tongass Island and left the U.S , revenue cutter Lincoln to patrol the area . After American soldiers at the fort and aboard the Lincoln provided protection to the Tongass group against its rival , the Kagwantans , the Tongass group commissioned the Lincoln pole to commemorate the event . Welcome pole ( edit ) Carved by the Kwakwaka'wakw ( Kwakiutl ) and Nuu - chah - nulth ( Nootka ) people , most of the poles include a large carvings of human figures , some as tall as 40 feet . Welcome poles are placed at the edge of a stream or saltwater beach to welcome guests to the community , or possibly to intimidate strangers . Shame / ridicule pole ( edit ) Poles used for public ridicule are usually called shame poles , and were created to embarrass individuals or groups for their unpaid debts or when they did something wrong . The poles are often placed in prominent locations and removed after the debt is paid or the wrong is corrected . Shame pole carvings represent the person being shamed . Seward Pole One famous shame pole is the Seward Pole at the Saxman Totem Park in Saxman , Alaska . It was created to shame former U.S. Secretary of State William H. Seward for not reciprocating the courtesy or generosity of his Tlingit hosts following a potlatch given in his honor . The intent of this pole is indicated by the figure 's red - painted nose and ears to symbolized Seward 's stinginess . Another example of the shame pole is the Three Frogs pole on Chief Shakes Island , at Wrangell , Alaska . This pole was erected by Chief Shakes to shame the Kiks. ádi clan into repaying a debt incurred for the support of three Kiks. ádi women who were allegedly cohabiting with three slaves in Shakes 's household . When the Kiks. ádi leaders refused to pay support for the women , Shakes commissioned a pole with carvings of three frogs , which represented the crest of the Kiks. ádi clan . It is not known if the debt was ever repaid . The pole stands next to the Chief Shakes Tribal House in Wrangell . The pole 's unique crossbar shape has become popularly associated with the town of Wrangell , and continues to be used as part of the Wrangell Sentinel newspaper 's masthead . In 1942 , the U.S. Forest Service commissioned a pole to commemorate Alexander Baranof , the Russian governor and Russian American Company manager , as a civilian works project . The pole 's original intent was to commemorate a peace treaty between the Russians and Tlingits that the governor helped broker in 1805 . George Benson , a Sitka carver and craftsman , created the original design . The completed version originally stood in Totem Square in downtown Sitka , Alaska . When Benson and other Sitka carvers were not available to do the work , the U.S. Forest Service had CCC workers carve the pole in Wrangell , Alaska . Because Sitka and Wrangell native groups were rivals , it has been argued that the Wrangell carvers may have altered Benson 's original design . For unknown reasons , the Wrangell carvers depicted the Baranov figure without clothes . Following a Sitka Tribe of Alaska - sponsored removal ceremony , the pole was lowered due to safety concerns on October 20 , 2010 , using funds from the Alaska Dept. of Health and Social Services . The Sitka Sentinel reported that while standing , it was `` said to be the most photographed totem ( pole ) in Alaska '' . The pole was re-erected in Totem Square in 2011 . On March 24 , 2007 , a shame pole was erected in Cordova , Alaska , that includes the inverted and distorted face of former Exxon CEO Lee Raymond . The pole represents the unpaid debt on $5 million in punitive damages that a federal court in Anchorage , Alaska , determined Exxon owes for its role in causing the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound . Totem poles outside of original context ( edit ) Tlingit totem pole brought from Alaska to Pioneer Square in Seattle . Some poles from the Pacific Northwest have been moved to other locations for display out of their original context . In 1903 Alaska 's district governor , John Green Brady , collected fifteen Tlingit and Haida totem poles for public displays from villages in southeastern Alaska . At the Louisiana Purchase Exposition ( the world 's fair held in Saint Louis , Missouri , in 1904 ) , fourteen of them were initially installed outside the Alaska pavilion at the fair ; the other one , which had broken in transit , was repaired and installed at the fair 's Esquimau Village . Thirteen of these poles were returned to Alaska , where they were eventually installed in the Sitka National Historical Park . The other two poles were sold ; one pole from the Alaska pavilion went the Milwaukee Public Museum and the pole from the Esquimau Village was sold and then given to industrialist David M. Parry , who installed it on his estate in what became known as the Golden Hill neighborhood of Indianapolis , Indiana . Although the remains of the original pole at Golden Hill no longer exist , a replica was raised on April 13 , 1996 , on the front lawn of The Eiteljorg Museum of American Indians and Western Art in Indianapolis . Approximately two years later , the replica was moved inside the museum , and in 2005 , it was installed in a new atrium after completion of a museum expansion project . Indian New Deal ( edit ) The Indian New Deal of the 1930s strongly promoted native arts and crafts , and in the totem pole they discovered an art that was widely appreciated by white society . In Alaska the Indian Division of the Civilian Conservation Corps restored old totem poles , copied those beyond repair , and carved new ones . The Indian Arts and Crafts Board , A federal government agency , facilitated their sale to the general public . The project was lucrative , but anthropologists complaining that it stripped the natives of their traditional culture and stripped away the meaning of the totem poles . Another example occurred in 1938 , when the U.S. Forest Service began a totem pole restoration program in Alaska . Poles were removed from their original places as funerary and crest poles to be copied or repaired and then placed in parks based on English and French garden designs to demystify their meaning for tourists . In England at the side of Virginia Water Lake , in the south of Windsor Great Park , there is a 100 - foot ( 30 m ) tall Canadian totem pole that was given to Queen Elizabeth II to commemorate the centenary of British Columbia . In Seattle , Washington , a Tlingit funerary totem pole was raised in Pioneer Square in 1899 , after being taken from an Alaskan village . In addition , the totem pole collections in Vancouver 's Stanley Park , Victoria 's Thunderbird Park , and the Museum of Anthropology at the University of British Columbia were removed from their original locations around British Columbia . Construction and maintenance ( edit ) Incomplete Haida pole in Skidegate , British Columbia After the tree to be used for the totem pole is selected , it is cut down and moved to the carving site , where the bark and outer layer of wood ( sapwood ) is removed . Next , the side of the tree to be carved is chosen and the back half of the tree is removed . The center of the log is hollowed out to make it lighter and to keep it from cracking . Early tools used to carve totem poles were made of stone , shell , or bone , but beginning in the late 1700s , the use of iron tools made the carving work faster and easier . In the early days , the basic design for figures may have been painted on the wood to guide the carvers , but today 's carvers use paper patterns as outlines for their designs . Carvers use chain saws to make the rough shapes and cuts , while adzes and chisels are used to chop the wood . Carvers use knives and other woodworking tools to add the finer details . When the carving is complete , paint is added to enhance specific details of the figures . Raising a totem pole is rarely done using modern methods , even for poles installed in modern settings . Most artists use a traditional method followed by a pole - raising ceremony . The traditional method calls for a deep trench to be dug . One end of the pole is placed at the bottom of the trench ; the other end is supported at an upward angle by a wooden scaffold . Hundreds of strong men haul the pole upright into its footing , while others steady the pole from side ropes and brace it with cross beams . Once the pole is upright , the trench is filled with rocks and dirt . After the raising is completed , the carver , the carver 's assistants , and others invited to attend the event perform a celebratory dance next to the pole . A community potlatch celebration typically follows the pole raising to commemorate the event . Dancing at a pole - raising celebration in Klawock , Alaska Totem poles are typically not well maintained after their installation and the potlatch celebration . The poles usually last from 60 to 80 years ; only a few have stood longer than 75 years , and even fewer have reached 100 years of age . Once the wood rots so badly that the pole begins to lean and pose a threat to passersby , it is either destroyed or pushed over and removed . Older poles typically fall over during the winter storms that batter the coast . The owners of a collapsed pole may commission a new one to replace it . Cultural property ( edit ) Each culture typically has complex rules and customs regarding the traditional designs represented on poles . The designs are generally considered the property of a particular clan or family group of traditional carvers , and this ownership of the designs may not be transferred to the person who has commissioned the carvings . There have been protests when those who have not been trained in the traditional carving methods , cultural meanings and protocol , have made `` fake totem poles '' for what could be considered crass public display and commercial purposes . The misappropriation of coastal Pacific Northwest culture by the art and tourist trinket market has resulted in production of cheap imitations of totem poles executed with little or no knowledge of their complex stylistic conventions or cultural significance . These include imitations made for commercial and even comedic use in venues that serve alcohol , and in other settings that are insensitive or outright offensive to the sacred nature of some of the carvings . In the early 1990s , the Haisla First Nation of the Pacific Northwest began a lengthy struggle to repatriate a sacred totem from Sweden 's Museum of Ethnography . Their successful efforts were documented in Gil Cardinal 's National Film Board of Canada documentary , Totem : The Return of the G'psgolox Pole . In October 2015 a Tlingit totem Pole was returned from Hawaii to Alaska Tlingit totem pole in Ketchikan , Alaska , circa 1901 Totem poles in front of homes in Alert Bay , British Columbia in the 1900s A totem pole in Totem Park , Victoria , British Columbia From Totem Park , Victoria , British Columbia The K'alyaan Totem Pole of the Tlingit Kiks. ádi Clan , erected at Sitka National Historical Park to commemorate the lives lost in the 1804 Battle of Sitka From Saxman Totem Park , Ketchikan , Alaska From Saxman Totem Park , Ketchikan , Alaska From Brockton Point , Stanley Park , Vancouver , British Columbia Replica of G'psgolox Pole . A gift from the Haisla First Nation to the Museum of Ethnography in Stockholm , Sweden . US 50th Infantry Regiment Coat of arms with a totem pole arrangement of a US American eagle and a Russian Bear ( signifying transfer of ownership of Alaska from Russia to United States ) Totem poles of note ( edit ) The world 's tallest totem pole , near Alert Bay The title of `` The World 's Tallest Totem Pole '' is or has at one time been claimed by several coastal towns of North America 's Pacific Northwest . Disputes over which is genuinely the tallest depends on factors such the number of logs used in construction or the affiliation of the carver . Competitions to make the tallest pole remain prevalent , although it is becoming more difficult to procure trees of sufficient height . The tallest poles include : Alert Bay , British Columbia -- 173 feet ( 53 m ) , Kwakwaka'wakw . This pole is composed of two or three pieces . McKinleyville , California -- 160 feet ( 49 m ) , carved from a single redwood tree by Ernest Pierson and John Nelson . Kalama , Washington -- 149 feet ( 45 m ) , carved from a single pole by Lelooska . Kake , Alaska -- 132 feet ( 40 m ) , single log carving , Tlingit Victoria , British Columbia ( Beacon Hill Park ) -- 127.7 feet ( 38.9 m ) , raised in 1956 , Kwakwaka'wakw , carved by Mungo Martin with Henry Hunt and David Martin . Tacoma , Washington ( Fireman 's Park ) -- 105 feet ( 32 m ) , carved by Alaska Natives in 1903 . Vancouver , British Columbia ( Maritime Museum ) -- 100 feet ( 30 m ) , Kwakwaka'wakw , carved by Mungo Martin with Henry Hunt and David Martin . The thickest totem pole ever carved to date is in Duncan , British Columbia . Carved by Richard Hunt in 1988 in the Kwakwaka'wakw style , and measuring over 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) in diameter , it represents Cedar Man transforming into his human form . Notable collections of totem poles on display include these sites : Alaska State Museum , Juneau , Alaska Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture , University of Washington , Seattle Canadian Museum of History , Hull area of Gatineau , Quebec Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve and Haida Heritage Site , Haida Gwaii , British Columbia Haida Heritage Centre , Skidegate , British Columbia ' Ksan , near Hazelton , British Columbia Museum of Anthropology at UBC , Vancouver , British Columbia Nisga'a and Haida Crest Poles of the Royal Ontario Museum , Toronto Nisga'a Museum , in Laxgalts'ap , British Columbia Royal British Columbia Museum , Victoria , British Columbia Saxman Totem Park , Saxman , Alaska Sitka National Historical Park , Sitka , Alaska Stanley Park ( Brockton Point ) , Vancouver , British Columbia Totem Bight State Historical Park , Ketchikan , Alaska Thunderbird Park , Victoria , British Columbia Totem Heritage Center , Ketchikan , Alaska See also ( edit ) Crest ( heraldry ) Huabiao Stele Irminsul Tiki Chemamull Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Richard D. Feldman ( 2012 ) . Home Before the Raven Caws : The Mystery of a Totem Pole ( Rev. 2012 ed . ) . Indianapolis : Indiana Historical Society in association with The Eiteljorg Museum of American Indians and Western Art . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87195 - 306 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Viola E. Garfield and Linn A. Forrest , ( 1961 ) . The Wolf and the Raven : Totem Poles of Southeastern Alaska . Seattle : University of Washington Press . p. 1 . ISBN 0 - 295 - 73998 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Garfield and Forrest , p. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Marius Barbeau ( 1950 ) . `` Totem Poles : According to Crests and Topics '' . National Museum of Canada Bulletin . Ottawa : Dept. of Resources and Development , National Museum of Canada . 119 ( 1 ) : 9 . Retrieved 24 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Barbeau , `` Totem Poles : According to Crests and Topics '' , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Edward Malin ( 1986 ) . Totem Poles of the Pacific Northwest Coast . Portland , Oregon : Timber Press . ISBN 0 - 88192 - 295 - 1 . Jump up ^ Joseph H. Wherry ( 1964 ) . The Totem Pole Indians . New York : W. Funk . p. 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Kramer , Alaska 's Totem Poles , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Kramer , Alaska 's Totem Poles , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Garfield and Forrest , p. 2 and 7 . Jump up ^ Kramer , Alaska 's Totem Poles , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Garfield and Forrest , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Feldman , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Kramer , Alaska 's Totem Poles , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Pat Kramer ( 2008 ) . Totem Poles . Vancouver , British Columbia : Heritage House . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 89497 - 444 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Garfield and Forrest , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Feldman , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Garfield and Forrest , p. 3 . Jump up ^ The Haida , Tlingit , and Tsimshian people separate themselves into two or more major divisions called moieties , which are further divided into small family groups called clans . Traditionally , several families within the same a clan lived together in a large communal house . See Feldman , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Feldman , pp. 1 and 5 . Jump up ^ Feldman , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Garfield and Forrest , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Ishmael Reed , ( ed . ) ( 2003 ) . From Totems to Hip - Hop : A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry across the Americas , 1900 - 2002 . ISBN 1 - 56025 - 458 - 0 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Around the Clock '' . The Morning Herald . Hagerstown , Maryland . April 18 , 1939 . Bob started a few months ago as low man on the totem pole ... Today he 's the boss . Jump up ^ Oscar Newman ( 2004 ) . Secret Stories in the Art of the Northwest Indian . New York : Catskill Press . p. 19 . ISBN 097201196X . Jump up ^ Feldman , p. 12 -- 13 . ^ Jump up to : Newman , p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : Feldman , p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Newman , p. 19 . ^ Jump up to : Feldman , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Garfield and Forrest , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Garfield and Forrest , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Barbeau , `` Totem Poles : According to Crests and Topics '' , p. 402 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Garfield and Forrest , p. 54 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Newman , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Wherry , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Newman , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Edward Keithahn ( 1963 ) . Monuments in Cedar . Seattle , Washington : Superior Publishing Co. p. 56 . Jump up ^ Sheldon Jackson Museum , Sitka , AK . Accessed 23 August 2011 Jump up ^ Garfield and Forrest , p. 55 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Kramer , Alaska 's Totem Poles , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Barbeau , `` Totem Poles : According to Crests and Topics '' , p. 401 . Jump up ^ `` Wrangell Sentinel '' . Wrangell Sentinel. 21 November 2014 . Retrieved 21 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Shannon Haugland ( 21 September 2010 ) , `` Totem Square , Pole to get Safety Upgrades '' , Sitka Sentinel ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Anne Sutton ( 7 June 2008 ) . `` Top man on totem pole could get his clothes back '' . USA Today . Gannett Co . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' Going Down '' photo caption `` , Sitka Sentinel , 20 October 2010 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Anne Sutton ( 8 June 2008 ) , `` Top man on totem pole could get his clothes back '' , Anchorage Daily News , retrieved 8 December 2009 Jump up ^ Ronco , Ed ( November 30 , 2011 ) . `` Controversial Totem Pole Returns to Sitka Square '' . Alaska Public Media . Jump up ^ `` Shame Pole Mocking Exxon is Planted in Cordova '' , Anchorage Daily News , 25 March 2007 Jump up ^ Peter Rothberg ( 27 March 2007 ) , `` Exxon 's Shame '' , The Nation , retrieved 21 November 2014 Jump up ^ Feldman , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Feldman , p. 26 . Jump up ^ `` Carved History '' . Sitka National Park archived website content . U.S. National Park Service . Archived from the original on 10 November 2004 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Feldman , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Feldman , p. 25 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Feldman , p. 43 and 52 . Jump up ^ Feldman , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Aldona Jonaitis , `` Totem Poles And The Indian New Deal , '' European Contributions to American Studies ( 1990 ) Vol. 18 , pp 267 - 277 . Jump up ^ Robert Fay Schrader , The Indian Arts & Crafts Board : An Aspect of New Deal Indian Policy ( University of New Mexico Press , 1983 . ) Jump up ^ Garfield and Forrest , p.v. Jump up ^ Emily Moore ( 31 March 2012 ) . Decoding Totems in the New Deal ( Speech ) . Wooshteen Kanaxtulaneegí Haa At Wuskóowu / Sharing Our Knowledge , A conference of Tlingit Tribes and Clans : Haa eetí ḵáa yís / For Those Who Come After Us . Sitka , Alaska . Retrieved 31 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Jen Graves ( 10 January 2012 ) . `` A Totem Pole Made of Christmas Lights : Bringing Superwrongness to Life '' . The Stranger . Seattle , Washington . Retrieved 12 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Feldman , p. 21 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Feldman , p. 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Feldman , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Hopper , Frank ( 25 May 2017 ) . `` Oregon Country Fair Cancels Fake Native Totem Pole Raising - Ritz Sauna story pole ' worst appropriation I 've ever seen ' says descendant of carving family '' . Indian Country Media Network . Retrieved 12 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Back in Pole Position '' , Vancouver Sun , 27 April 2006 , retrieved 4 May 2010 Jump up ^ `` G'psgolox Totem returnS To British Columbia '' ( Press release ) . The Na Na Kila Institute . 26 April 2006 . Retrieved 4 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Totem : The Return of the G'psgolox Pole '' . National Film Board of Canada . 8 April 2013 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Returned Totem Pole ^ Jump up to : Kramer , Alaska 's Totem Poles , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Wherry , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Kramer , Alaska 's Totem Poles , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Garfield , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Kramer , Alaska 's Totem Poles , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Wherry , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Kramer , Alaska 's Totem Poles , p. 84 -- 85 . References ( edit ) Barbeau , Marius ( 1950 ) Totem Poles : According to Crests and Topics . Vol. 1 . ( Anthropology Series 30 , National Museum of Canada Bulletin 119 . ) Ottawa : National Museum of Canada . ( PDFs ) Barbeau , Marius ( 1950 ) Totem Poles : According to Location . Vol. 2 . ( Anthropology Series 30 , National Museum of Canada Bulletin 119 . ) Ottawa : National Museum of Canada . ( PDFs ) Feldman , Richard D. ( 2012 ) . Home Before the Raven Caws : The Mystery of a Totem Pole ( Rev. 2012 ed . ) . Indianapolis : Indiana Historical Society in association with The Eiteljorg Museum of American Indians and Western Art . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87195 - 306 - 3 . Garfield , Viola E. ( 1951 ) Meet the Totem . Sitka , Alaska : Sitka Printing Company . Garfield , Viola E. , and Forrest , Linn A. ( 1961 ) The Wolf and the Raven : Totem Poles of Southeastern Alaska . Revised edition . Seattle : University of Washington Press . ISBN 0 - 295 - 73998 - 3 . Jonaitis , Aldona. ( 1990 ) `` Totem Poles And The Indian New Deal , '' European Contributions to American Studies Vol. 18 , pp 267 -- 277 . Keithahn , Edward L. ( 1963 ) Monuments in Cedar . Seattle , Washington : Superior Publishing Co . Kramer , Pat ( 2004 ) . Alaska 's Totem Poles . Anchorage : Alaska Northwest Books . ISBN 0882405853 . Kramer , Pat ( 2008 ) . Totem Poles . Vancouver , British Columbia : Heritage House . p. 22 and 24 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 89497 - 444 - 8 . Malin , Edward ( 1986 ) . Totem Poles of the Pacific Northwest Coast . Portland , Oregon : Timber Press . ISBN 0 - 88192 - 295 - 1 . Newman , Oscar ( 2004 ) . Secret Stories in the Art of the Northwest Indian . New York : Catskill Press . ISBN 097201196X . Reed , Ishmael ( ed . ) ( 2003 ) From Totems to Hip - Hop : A Multicultural Anthology of Poetry across the Americas , 1900 - 2002 . ISBN 1 - 56025 - 458 - 0 . Wherry , Joseph H. ( 1964 ) The Totem Pole Indians . New York : Thomas Y . Crowell Company . Further reading ( edit ) Averill , Lloyd J. , and Daphne K. Morris ( 1995 ) Northwest Coast Native and Native - Style Art : A Guidebook for Western Washington . Seattle : University of Washington Press . Brindze , Ruth ( 1951 ) The Story of the Totem Pole . New York : Vanguard Press . Halpin , Marjorie M. ( 1981 ) Totem Poles : An Illustrated Guide . Vancouver , BC : UBC Press . Hassett , Dawn , and F.W.M. Drew ( 1982 ) Totem Poles of Prince Rupert . Prince Rupert , BC : Museum of Northern British Columbia . Hoyt - Goldsmith , Diane ( 1990 ) Totem Pole . New York : Holiday House . Huteson , Pamela Rae. ( 2002 ) Legends in Wood , Stories of the Totems . Tigard , Oregon : Greatland Classic Sales . ISBN 1 - 886462 - 51 - 8 Macnair , Peter L. , Alan L. Hoover , and Kevin Neary ( 1984 ) The Legacy : Tradition and Innovation in Northwest Coast Indian Art . Vancouver , BC : Douglas & McIntyre . Meuli , Jonathan ( 2001 ) Shadow House : Interpretations of Northwest Coast Art . Amsterdam : Harwood Academic Publishers . Smyly , John , and Carolyn Smyly ( 1973 ) Those Born at Koona : The Totem Poles of the Haida Village Skedans , Queen Charlotte Islands . Saanichton , BC : Hancock House . Stewart , Hilary ( 1979 ) Looking at Indian Art of the Northwest Coast . Vancouver , BC : Douglas & McIntyre . Stewart , Hilary ( 1993 ) . Looking at Totem Poles . Seattle : University of Washington Press . ISBN 0 - 295 - 97259 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Look up totem pole in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Totem poles . Native online.com Royal BC Museum , Thunderbird Park -- A Place of Cultural Sharing , online interpretive tour Totem : The Return of the Gpsgolox Pole , a feature - length film by Gil Cardinal , National Film Board of Canada Article related to conservation of Pacific Northwest totem poles Totem Poles : Heraldic Columns of the Northwest Coast Essay by Robin K. Wright - University of Washington Digital Collection Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Totem_pole&oldid=816033049 '' Categories : Northwest Coast art American Indian relics Native American culture Indigenous woodcarving of the Americas Culture of the Pacific Northwest Heraldry Totem poles American culture Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Boarisch Deutsch Esperanto Français 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Winaray Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 20 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	in what region of the united states were totem poles common forms of native american art	[ "Totem poles are monumental carvings, a type of Northwest Coast art, consisting of poles, posts or pillars, carved with symbols or figures. They are usually made from large trees, mostly western red cedar, by indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest coast of North America (Washington, Oregon, and Canada's western province, British Columbia). The word totem derives from the Algonquian (most likely Ojibwe) word odoodem [oˈtuːtɛm], \"(his) kinship group\". The carvings may symbolize or commemorate cultural beliefs that recount familiar legends, clan lineages, or notable events. The poles may also serve as functional architectural features, welcome signs for village visitors, mortuary vessels for the remains of deceased ancestors, or as a means to publicly ridicule someone. They may embody a historical narrative of significance to the people carving and installing the pole. Given the complexity and symbolic meanings of totem pole carvings, their placement and importance lies in the observer's knowledge and connection to the meanings of the figures and the culture in which they are embedded." ]	[ "Northwest Coast" ]
869777038950945666	Computer keyboard	Computer keyboard - wikipedia Computer keyboard Not to be confused with keyboard computer . Play media Typing on a computer keyboard Backlit keyboard Lenovo 's ThinkPad compact keyboard In computing , a computer keyboard is a typewriter - style device which uses an arrangement of buttons or keys to act as mechanical levers or electronic switches . Following the decline of punch cards and paper tape , interaction via teleprinter - style keyboards became the main input method for computers . Keyboard keys ( buttons ) typically have characters engraved or printed on them , and each press of a key typically corresponds to a single written symbol . However , producing some symbols may require pressing and holding several keys simultaneously or in sequence . While most keyboard keys produce letters , numbers or signs ( characters ) , other keys or simultaneous key presses can produce actions or execute computer commands . In normal usage , the keyboard is used as a text entry interface for typing text and numbers into a word processor , text editor or any other program . In a modern computer , the interpretation of key presses is generally left to the software . A computer keyboard distinguishes each physical key from every other key and reports all key presses to the controlling software . Keyboards are also used for computer gaming -- either regular keyboards or keyboards with special gaming features , which can expedite frequently used keystroke combinations . A keyboard is also used to give commands to the operating system of a computer , such as Windows ' Control - Alt - Delete combination , which brings up the system security options screens . A command - line interface is a type of user interface navigated entirely using a keyboard , or some other similar device that does the job of one . Contents 1 History 2 Keyboard types 2.1 Standard 2.2 Laptop - size 2.3 Flexible keyboards 2.4 Handheld 2.5 Thumb - sized 2.6 Multifunctional 3 Non-standard layout and special - use types 3.1 Chorded 3.2 Software 3.3 Projection 3.4 Optical keyboard technology 4 Layout 4.1 Alphabetic 4.2 Key types 4.2. 1 Alphanumeric 4.2. 2 Modifier keys 4.2. 3 Cursor keys 4.2. 4 System commands 4.2. 4.1 Break key 4.2. 4.2 Escape key 4.2. 4.3 Enter key 4.2. 4.4 Shift key 4.2. 4.5 Menu key 4.2. 5 Miscellaneous 4.3 Numeric keys 4.3. 1 Multiple layouts 4.3. 2 Layout changing software 5 Illumination 6 Technology 6.1 Key switches 6.2 Control processor 6.3 Connection types 7 Alternative text - entering methods 8 Other issues 8.1 Keystroke logging 8.2 Physical injury 8.3 Pathogen transmission 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) While typewriters are the definitive ancestor of all key - based text entry devices , the computer keyboard as a device for electromechanical data entry and communication derives largely from the utility of two devices : teleprinters ( or teletypes ) and keypunches . It was through such devices that modern computer keyboards inherited their layouts . As early as the 1870s , teleprinter - like devices were used to simultaneously type and transmit stock market text data from the keyboard across telegraph lines to stock ticker machines to be immediately copied and displayed onto ticker tape . The teleprinter , in its more contemporary form , was developed from 1907 to 1910 by American mechanical engineer Charles Krum and his son Howard , with early contributions by electrical engineer Frank Pearne . Earlier models were developed separately by individuals such as Royal Earl House and Frederick G. Creed . Earlier , Herman Hollerith developed the first keypunch devices , which soon evolved to include keys for text and number entry akin to normal typewriters by the 1930s . The keyboard on the teleprinter played a strong role in point - to - point and point - to - multipoint communication for most of the 20th century , while the keyboard on the keypunch device played a strong role in data entry and storage for just as long . The development of the earliest computers incorporated electric typewriter keyboards : the development of the ENIAC computer incorporated a keypunch device as both the input and paper - based output device , while the BINAC computer also made use of an electromechanically controlled typewriter for both data entry onto magnetic tape ( instead of paper ) and data output . The keyboard remained the primary , most integrated computer peripheral well into the era of personal computing until the introduction of the mouse as a consumer device in 1984 . By this time , text - only user interfaces with sparse graphics gave way to comparatively graphics - rich icons on screen . However , keyboards remain central to human - computer interaction to the present , even as mobile personal computing devices such as smartphones and tablets adapt the keyboard as an optional virtual , touchscreen - based means of data entry . All modern keyboards have built - in pressure sensors that will execute various tasks when pressure is applied to various areas of the keyboard . Keyboard types ( edit ) One factor determining the size of a keyboard is the presence of duplicate keys , such as a separate numeric keyboard , for convenience . Further the keyboard size depends on the extent to which a system is used where a single action is produced by a combination of subsequent or simultaneous keystrokes ( with modifier keys ) , or multiple pressing of a single key . A keyboard with few keys is called a keypad . Another factor determining the size of a keyboard is the size and spacing of the keys . Reduction is limited by the practical consideration that the keys must be large enough to be easily pressed by fingers . Alternatively a tool is used for pressing small keys . Standard ( edit ) Standard alphanumeric keyboards have keys that are on three - quarter inch centers ( 0.750 inches , 19.05 mm ) , and have a key travel of at least 0.150 inches ( 3.81 mm ) . Desktop computer keyboards , such as the 101 - key US traditional keyboards or the 104 - key Windows keyboards , include alphabetic characters , punctuation symbols , numbers and a variety of function keys . The internationally common 102 / 104 key keyboards have a smaller left shift key and an additional key with some more symbols between that and the letter to its right ( usually Z or Y ) . Also the enter key is usually shaped differently . Computer keyboards are similar to electric - typewriter keyboards but contain additional keys , such as the command or Windows keys . There is no standard computer keyboard , although many manufacturers imitate the keyboard of PCs . There are actually three different PC keyboards : the original PC keyboard with 84 keys , the AT keyboard also with 84 keys and the enhanced keyboard with 101 keys . The three differ somewhat in the placement of function keys , the control keys , the return key , and the shift key . Laptop - size ( edit ) Keyboards on laptops usually have a shorter travel distance and a reduced set of keys . Keyboards on laptops and notebook computers usually have a shorter travel distance for the keystroke , shorter over travel distance , and a reduced set of keys . They may not have a numerical keypad , and the function keys may be placed in locations that differ from their placement on a standard , full - sized keyboard . The switch mechanism for a laptop keyboard is more likely to be a scissor switch than a rubber dome ; this is opposite the trend for full - size keyboards . Flexible keyboards ( edit ) Flexible keyboards are a junction between normal type and laptop type keyboards : normal from the full arrangement of keys , and laptop from the short key distance . Additionally , the flexibility allows the user to fold / roll the keyboard for better storage and transfer . However , for typing the keyboard must be resting on a hard surface . The vast majority of flexible keyboards in the market are made from silicone ; this material makes them water - and dust - proof . This may be useful in hospitals where keyboards are subjected to frequent washing . Handheld ( edit ) An AlphaGrip handheld keyboard Handheld ergonomic keyboards are designed to be held like a game controller , and can be used as such , instead of laid out flat on top of a table surface . Typically handheld keyboards hold all the alphanumeric keys and symbols that a standard keyboard would have , yet only be accessed by pressing two sets of keys at once ; one acting as a function key similar to a ' Shift ' key that would allow for capital letters on a standard keyboard . Handheld keyboards allow the user the ability to move around a room or to lean back on a chair while also being able to type in front or away from the computer . Some variations of handheld ergonomic keyboards also include a trackball mouse that allow mouse movement and typing included in one handheld device . Thumb - sized ( edit ) Smaller external keyboards have been introduced for devices without a built - in keyboard , such as PDAs , and smartphones . Small keyboards are also useful where there is a limited workspace . A thumb keyboard ( thumb board ) is used in some personal digital assistants such as the Palm Treo and BlackBerry and some Ultra-Mobile PCs such as the OQO . Numeric keyboards contain only numbers , mathematical symbols for addition , subtraction , multiplication , and division , a decimal point , and several function keys . They are often used to facilitate data entry with smaller keyboards that do not have a numeric keypad , commonly those of laptop computers . These keys are collectively known as a numeric pad , numeric keys , or a numeric keypad , and it can consist of the following types of keys : Arithmetic operators , numbers , arrow keys , Navigation keys , Num Lock and Enter key . Multifunctional ( edit ) Multifunction keyboard with LCD function keys Multifunctional keyboards provide additional function beyond the standard keyboard . Many are programmable , configurable computer keyboards and some control multiple PCs , workstations ( incl . SUN ) and other information sources ( incl . Thomson Reuters FXT / Eikon , Bloomberg , EBS , etc . ) usually in multi-screen work environments . Users have additional key functions as well as the standard functions and can typically use a single keyboard and mouse to access multiple sources . Multifunction keyboard with touch Multifunctional keyboards may feature customised keypads , fully programmable function or soft keys for macros / pre-sets , biometric or smart card readers , trackballs , etc . New generation multifunctional keyboards feature a touchscreen display to stream video , control audio visual media and alarms , execute application inputs , configure individual desktop environments , etc . Multifunctional keyboards may also permit users to share access to PCs and other information sources . Multiple interfaces ( serial , USB , audio , Ethernet , etc . ) are used to integrate external devices . Some multifunctional keyboards are also used to directly and intuitively control video walls . Common environments for multifunctional keyboards are complex , high - performance workplaces for financial traders and control room operators ( emergency services , security , air traffic management ; industry , utilities management , etc . ) . Non-standard layout and special - use types ( edit ) Chorded ( edit ) Main article : Chorded keyboard While other keyboards generally associate one action with each key , chorded keyboards associate actions with combinations of key presses . Since there are many combinations available , chorded keyboards can effectively produce more actions on a board with fewer keys . Court reporters ' stenotype machines use chorded keyboards to enable them to enter text much faster by typing a syllable with each stroke instead of one letter at a time . The fastest typists ( as of 2007 ) use a stenograph , a kind of chorded keyboard used by most court reporters and closed - caption reporters . Some chorded keyboards are also made for use in situations where fewer keys are preferable , such as on devices that can be used with only one hand , and on small mobile devices that do n't have room for larger keyboards . Chorded keyboards are less desirable in many cases because it usually takes practice and memorization of the combinations to become proficient . Software ( edit ) Software keyboards or on - screen keyboards often take the form of computer programs that display an image of a keyboard on the screen . Another input device such as a mouse or a touchscreen can be used to operate each virtual key to enter text . Software keyboards have become very popular in touchscreen enabled cell phones , due to the additional cost and space requirements of other types of hardware keyboards . Microsoft Windows , Mac OS X , and some varieties of GNU / Linux include on - screen keyboards that can be controlled with the mouse . In software keyboards , the mouse has to be maneuvered onto the on - screen letters given by the software . On the click of a letter , the software writes the respective letter on the respective spot . Projection ( edit ) Projection keyboards project an image of keys , usually with a laser , onto a flat surface . The device then uses a camera or infrared sensor to `` watch '' where the user 's fingers move , and will count a key as being pressed when it `` sees '' the user 's finger touch the projected image . Projection keyboards can simulate a full size keyboard from a very small projector . Because the `` keys '' are simply projected images , they can not be felt when pressed . Users of projected keyboards often experience increased discomfort in their fingertips because of the lack of `` give '' when typing . A flat , non-reflective surface is also required for the keys to be projected . Most projection keyboards are made for use with PDAs and smartphones due to their small form factor . Optical keyboard technology ( edit ) Further information : Keyboard technology Also known as photo - optical keyboard , light responsive keyboard , photo - electric keyboard and optical key actuation detection technology . An optical keyboard technology utilizes light emitting devices and photo sensors to optically detect actuated keys . Most commonly the emitters and sensors are located in the perimeter , mounted on a small PCB . The light is directed from side to side of the keyboard interior and it can only be blocked by the actuated keys . Most optical keyboards require at least 2 beams ( most commonly vertical beam and horizontal beam ) to determine the actuated key . Some optical keyboards use a special key structure that blocks the light in a certain pattern , allowing only one beam per row of keys ( most commonly horizontal beam ) . Layout ( edit ) Alphabetic ( edit ) Main article : Keyboard layout The 104 - key PC US English QWERTY keyboard layout evolved from the standard typewriter keyboard , with extra keys for computing . The Dvorak Simplified Keyboard layout arranges keys so that frequently used keys are easiest to press , which reduces muscle fatigue when typing common English . There are a number of different arrangements of alphabetic , numeric , and punctuation symbols on keys . These different keyboard layouts arise mainly because different people need easy access to different symbols , either because they are inputting text in different languages , or because they need a specialized layout for mathematics , accounting , computer programming , or other purposes . The United States keyboard layout is used as default in the currently most popular operating systems : Windows , Mac OS X and Linux . The common QWERTY - based layout was designed early in the era of mechanical typewriters , so its ergonomics were compromised to allow for the mechanical limitations of the typewriter . As the letter - keys were attached to levers that needed to move freely , inventor Christopher Sholes developed the QWERTY layout to reduce the likelihood of jamming . With the advent of computers , lever jams are no longer an issue , but nevertheless , QWERTY layouts were adopted for electronic keyboards because they were widely used . Alternative layouts such as the Dvorak Simplified Keyboard are not in widespread use . The QWERTZ layout is widely used in Germany and much of Central Europe . The main difference between it and QWERTY is that Y and Z are swapped , and most special characters such as brackets are replaced by diacritical characters . Another situation takes place with `` national '' layouts . Keyboards designed for typing in Spanish have some characters shifted , to release the space for Ñ ñ ; similarly , those for Portuguese , French and other European languages may have a special key for the character Ç ç . The AZERTY layout is used in France , Belgium and some neighbouring countries . It differs from the QWERTY layout in that the A and Q are swapped , the Z and W are swapped , and the M is moved from the right of N to the right of L ( where colon / semicolon is on a US keyboard ) . The digits 0 to 9 are on the same keys , but to be typed the shift key must be pressed . The unshifted positions are used for accented characters . Keyboards in many parts of Asia may have special keys to switch between the Latin character set and a completely different typing system . Japanese layout keyboards can be switched between various Japanese input methods and the Latin alphabet by signaling the operating system 's input interpreter of the change , and some operating systems ( namely the Windows family ) interpret the character `` \ '' as `` ¥ '' for display purposes without changing the bytecode which has led some keyboard makers to mark `` \ '' as `` ¥ '' or both . In the Arab world , keyboards can often be switched between Arabic and Latin characters . In bilingual regions of Canada and in the French - speaking province of Québec , keyboards can often be switched between an English and a French - language keyboard ; while both keyboards share the same QWERTY alphabetic layout , the French - language keyboard enables the user to type accented vowels such as `` é '' or `` à '' with a single keystroke . Using keyboards for other languages leads to a conflict : the image on the key does not correspond to the character . In such cases , each new language may require an additional label on the keys , because the standard keyboard layouts do not share even similar characters of different languages ( see the example in the figure above ) . Key types ( edit ) Alphanumeric ( edit ) A Hebrew keyboard lets the user type in both Hebrew and the Latin alphabet . A Greek keyboard lets the user type in both Greek and the Latin alphabet ( MacBook Pro ) . The Control , Windows , and Alt keys are important modifier keys . A Space - cadet keyboard has many modifier keys . Alphabetical , numeric , and punctuation keys are used in the same fashion as a typewriter keyboard to enter their respective symbol into a word processing program , text editor , data spreadsheet , or other program . Many of these keys will produce different symbols when modifier keys or shift keys are pressed . The alphabetic characters become uppercase when the shift key or Caps Lock key is depressed . The numeric characters become symbols or punctuation marks when the shift key is depressed . The alphabetical , numeric , and punctuation keys can also have other functions when they are pressed at the same time as some modifier keys . The Space bar is a horizontal bar in the lowermost row , which is significantly wider than other keys . Like the alphanumeric characters , it is also descended from the mechanical typewriter . Its main purpose is to enter the space between words during typing . It is large enough so that a thumb from either hand can use it easily . Depending on the operating system , when the space bar is used with a modifier key such as the control key , it may have functions such as resizing or closing the current window , half - spacing , or backspacing . In computer games and other applications the key has myriad uses in addition to its normal purpose in typing , such as jumping and adding marks to check boxes . In certain programs for playback of digital video , the space bar is used for pausing and resuming the playback . Modifier keys ( edit ) Modifier keys are special keys that modify the normal action of another key , when the two are pressed in combination . For example , Alt + F4 in Microsoft Windows will close the program in an active window . In contrast , pressing just F4 will probably do nothing , unless assigned a specific function in a particular program . By themselves , modifier keys usually do nothing . The most widely used modifier keys include the Control key , Shift key and the Alt key . The AltGr key is used to access additional symbols for keys that have three symbols printed on them . On the Macintosh and Apple keyboards , the modifier keys are the Option key and Command key , respectively . On MIT computer keyboards , the Meta key is used as a modifier and for Windows keyboards , there is a Windows key . Compact keyboard layouts often use a Fn key . `` Dead keys '' allow placement of a diacritic mark , such as an accent , on the following letter ( e.g. , the Compose key ) . The Enter / Return key typically causes a command line , window form or dialog box to operate its default function , which is typically to finish an `` entry '' and begin the desired process . In word processing applications , pressing the enter key ends a paragraph and starts a new one . Cursor keys ( edit ) Navigation keys or cursor keys include a variety of keys which move the cursor to different positions on the screen . Arrow keys are programmed to move the cursor in a specified direction ; page scroll keys , such as the Page Up and Page Down keys , scroll the page up and down . The Home key is used to return the cursor to the beginning of the line where the cursor is located ; the End key puts the cursor at the end of the line . The Tab key advances the cursor to the next tab stop . The Insert key is mainly used to switch between overtype mode , in which the cursor overwrites any text that is present on and after its current location , and insert mode , where the cursor inserts a character at its current position , forcing all characters past it one position further . The Delete key discards the character ahead of the cursor 's position , moving all following characters one position `` back '' towards the freed place . On many notebook computer keyboards the key labeled Delete ( sometimes Delete and Backspace are printed on the same key ) serves the same purpose as a Backspace key . The Backspace key deletes the preceding character . Lock keys lock part of a keyboard , depending on the settings selected . The lock keys are scattered around the keyboard . Most styles of keyboards have three LEDs indicating which locks are enabled , in the upper right corner above the numeric pad . The lock keys include Scroll lock , Num lock ( which allows the use of the numeric keypad ) , and Caps lock . System commands ( edit ) 4800 - 52 mainframe / dumb terminal keyboard , circa mid 1980s . Note the obscure configuration of modifier and arrow keys , line feed key , break key , blank keys , and repeat key . The SysRq and Print screen commands often share the same key . SysRq was used in earlier computers as a `` panic '' button to recover from crashes ( and it is still used in this sense to some extent by the Linux kernel ; see Magic SysRq key ) . The Print screen command used to capture the entire screen and send it to the printer , but in the present it usually puts a screenshot in the clipboard . Break key ( edit ) The Break key / Pause key no longer has a well - defined purpose . Its origins go back to teleprinter users , who wanted a key that would temporarily interrupt the communications line . The Break key can be used by software in several different ways , such as to switch between multiple login sessions , to terminate a program , or to interrupt a modem connection . In programming , especially old DOS - style BASIC , Pascal and C , Break is used ( in conjunction with Ctrl ) to stop program execution . In addition to this , Linux and variants , as well as many DOS programs , treat this combination the same as Ctrl + C. On modern keyboards , the break key is usually labeled Pause / Break . In most Windows environments , the key combination Windows key + Pause brings up the system properties . Escape key ( edit ) The Escape key ( often abbreviated Esc ) was historically used to initiate an escape sequence . As most computer users no longer are concerned with the details of controlling their computer 's peripherals , the task for which the escape sequences were originally designed , the escape key was appropriated by application programmers , most often to `` escape '' or back out of a mistaken command . This use continues today in the common use of escape as a shortcut in dialog boxes for No , Quit , Exit , Cancel , or Abort . Another common application today of the Esc key to trigger the Stop button in many web browsers . On machines running Microsoft Windows , prior to the implementation of the Windows key on keyboards , the typical practice for invoking the `` start '' button was to hold down the control key and press escape . This process still works in Windows 95 , 98 , Me , NT 4 , 2000 , XP , Vista , 7 , 8 , and 10 . Enter key ( edit ) The Enter key is located : One in the alphanumeric keys and the other one is in the numeric keys . When one worked something on their computer and wanted to do something with their work , pressing the enter key would do the command they ordered . Another function is to create a space for next paragraph . When one typed and finished typing a paragraph and they wanted to have a second paragraph , they could press enter and it would do spacing . Shift key ( edit ) Shift key : when one presses shift and a letter , it will capitalize the letter pressed with the shift key . Another use is to type more symbols than appear to be available , for instance the apostrophe key is accompanied with a quotation mark on the top . If one wants to type the quotation mark but pressed that key alone , the symbol that would appear would be the apostrophe . The quotation mark will only appear if both the required key and the Shift key are pressed . Menu key ( edit ) The Menu key or Application key is a key found on Windows - oriented computer keyboards . It is used to launch a context menu with the keyboard rather than with the usual right mouse button . The key 's symbol is usually a small icon depicting a cursor hovering above a menu . On some Samsung keyboards the cursor in the icon is not present , showing the menu only . This key was created at the same time as the Windows key . This key is normally used when the right mouse button is not present on the mouse . Some Windows public terminals do not have a Menu key on their keyboard to prevent users from right - clicking ( however , in many Windows applications , a similar functionality can be invoked with the Shift + F10 keyboard shortcut ) . Miscellaneous ( edit ) Multimedia buttons on some keyboards give quick access to the Internet or control the volume of the speakers . Many , but not all , computer keyboards have a numeric keypad to the right of the alphabetic keyboard , often separated from the other groups of keys such as the function keys and system command keys , which contains numbers , basic mathematical symbols ( e.g. , addition , subtraction , etc . ) , and a few function keys . On Japanese / Korean keyboards , there may be Language input keys for changing the language to use . Some keyboards have power management keys ( e.g. , power key , sleep key and wake key ) ; Internet keys to access a web browser or E-mail ; and / or multimedia keys , such as volume controls ; or keys that can be programmed by the user to launch a specified application or a command like minimizing all windows . Numeric keys ( edit ) When we calculate , we use these numeric keys to type numbers . Symbols concerned with calculations such as addition , subtraction , multiplication and division symbols are located in this group of keys . The enter key in this keys indicate the equal sign . Multiple layouts ( edit ) It is possible to install multiple keyboard layouts within an operating system and switch between them , either through features implemented within the OS , or through an external application . Microsoft Windows , Linux , and Mac provide support to add keyboard layouts and choose from them . Layout changing software ( edit ) The character code produced by any key press is determined by the keyboard driver software . A key press generates a scancode which is interpreted as an alphanumeric character or control function . Depending on operating systems , various application programs are available to create , add and switch among keyboard layouts . Many programs are available , some of which are language specific . The arrangement of symbols of specific language can be customized . An existing keyboard layout can be edited , and a new layout can be created using this type of software . For example , Ukelele ( sic ) for Mac , The Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator and open - source Avro Keyboard for Windows provide the ability to customize the keyboard layout as desired . Illumination ( edit ) Keyboards and keypads may be illuminated from inside , especially on equipment for mobile use . Illumination facilitates the use of the keyboard or keypad in dark environments . Some gaming keyboards have lighted keys , to make it easier for gamers to find command keys while playing in a dark room . Some keyboards may have small LED lights in a few important function keys , to remind users that the function is activated ( see photo ) . Keys with integrated LED indicator lights Technology ( edit ) Main article : Keyboard technology Key switches ( edit ) In the first electronic keyboards in the early 1970s , the key switches were individual switches inserted into holes in metal frames . These keyboards cost from 80 to 120 USD and were used in mainframe data terminals . The most popular switch types were reed switches ( contacts enclosed in a vacuum in a glass capsule , affected by a magnet mounted on the switch plunger ) . In the mid-1970s , lower - cost direct - contact key switches were introduced , but their life in switch cycles was much shorter ( rated ten million cycles ) because they were open to the environment . This became more acceptable , however , for use in computer terminals at the time , which began to see increasingly shorter model lifespans as they advanced . In 1978 , Key Tronic Corporation introduced keyboards with capacitive - based switches , one of the first keyboard technologies not to use self - contained switches . There was simply a sponge pad with a conductive - coated Mylar plastic sheet on the switch plunger , and two half - moon trace patterns on the printed circuit board below . As the key was depressed , the capacitance between the plunger pad and the patterns on the PCB below changed , which was detected by integrated circuits ( IC ) . These keyboards were claimed to have the same reliability as the other `` solid - state switch '' keyboards such as inductive and Hall - effect , but competitive with direct - contact keyboards . Prices of $60 for keyboards were achieved , and Key Tronic rapidly became the largest independent keyboard manufacturer . Meanwhile , IBM made their own keyboards , using their own patented technology : Keys on older IBM keyboards were made with a `` buckling spring '' mechanism , in which a coil spring under the key buckles under pressure from the user 's finger , triggering a hammer that presses two plastic sheets ( membranes ) with conductive traces together , completing a circuit . This produces a clicking sound and gives physical feedback for the typist , indicating that the key has been depressed . The first electronic keyboards had a typewriter key travel distance of 0.187 inches ( 4.75 mm ) , keytops were a half - inch ( 12.7 mm ) high , and keyboards were about two inches ( 5 cm ) thick . Over time , less key travel was accepted in the market , finally landing on 0.110 inches ( 2.79 mm ) . Coincident with this , Key Tronic was the first company to introduce a keyboard that was only about one inch thick . And now keyboards measure only about a half - inch thick . Keytops are an important element of keyboards . In the beginning , keyboard keytops had a `` dish shape '' on top , like typewriters before them . Keyboard key legends must be extremely durable over tens of millions of depressions , since they are subjected to extreme mechanical wear from fingers and fingernails , and subject to hand oils and creams , so engraving and filling key legends with paint , as was done previously for individual switches , was never acceptable . So , for the first electronic keyboards , the key legends were produced by two - shot ( or double - shot , or two - color ) molding , where either the key shell or the inside of the key with the key legend was molded first , and then the other color molded second . But , to save cost , other methods were explored , such as sublimation printing and laser engraving , both methods which could be used to print a whole keyboard at the same time . Initially , sublimation printing , where a special ink is printed onto the keycap surface and the application of heat causes the ink molecules to penetrate and commingle with the plastic modules , had a problem because finger oils caused the molecules to disperse , but then a necessarily very hard clear coating was applied to prevent this . Coincident with sublimation printing , which was first used in high volume by IBM on their keyboards , was the introduction by IBM of single - curved - dish keycaps to facilitate quality printing of key legends by having a consistently curved surface instead of a dish . But one problem with sublimation or laser printing was that the processes took too long and only dark legends could be printed on light - colored keys . On another note , IBM was unique in using separate shells , or `` keycaps '' , on keytop bases . This might have made their manufacturing of different keyboard layouts more flexible , but the reason for doing this was that the plastic material that needed to be used for sublimation printing was different from standard ABS keytop plastic material . Three final mechanical technologies brought keyboards to where they are today , driving the cost well under $10 : `` Monoblock '' keyboard designs were developed where individual switch housings were eliminated and a one - piece `` monoblock '' housing used instead . This was possible because of molding techniques that could provide very tight tolerances for the switch - plunger holes and guides across the width of the keyboard so that the key plunger - to - housing clearances were not too tight or too loose , either of which could cause the keys to bind . The use of contact - switch membrane sheets under the monoblock . This technology came from flat - panel switch membranes , where the switch contacts are printed inside of a top and bottom layer , with a spacer layer in between , so that when pressure is applied to the area above , a direct electrical contact is made . The membrane layers can be printed by very - high volume , low - cost `` reel - to - reel '' printing machines , with each keyboard membrane cut and punched out afterwards . Plastic materials played a very important part in the development and progress of electronic keyboards . Until `` monoblocks '' came along , GE 's `` self - lubricating '' Delrin was the only plastic material for keyboard switch plungers that could withstand the beating over tens of millions of cycles of lifetime use . Greasing or oiling switch plungers was undesirable because it would attract dirt over time which would eventually affect the feel and even bind the key switches ( although keyboard manufacturers would sometimes sneak this into their keyboards , especially if they could not control the tolerances of the key plungers and housings well enough to have a smooth key depression feel or prevent binding ) . But Delrin was only available in black and white , and was not suitable for keytops ( too soft ) , so keytops use ABS plastic . However , as plastic molding advanced in maintaining tight tolerances , and as key travel length reduced from 0.187 - inch to 0.110 - inch ( 4.75 mm to 2.79 mm ) , single - part keytop / plungers could be made of ABS , with the keyboard monolocks also made of ABS . Control processor ( edit ) Scanning procedure Computer keyboards include control circuitry to convert key presses into key codes ( usually scancodes ) that the computer 's electronics can understand . The key switches are connected via the printed circuit board in an electrical X-Y matrix where a voltage is provided sequentially to the Y lines and , when a key is depressed , detected sequentially by scanning the X lines . The first computer keyboards were for mainframe computer data terminals and used discrete electronic parts . The first keyboard microprocessor was introduced in 1972 by General Instruments , but keyboards have been using the single - chip 8048 microcontroller variant since it became available in 1978 . The keyboard switch matrix is wired to its inputs , it converts the keystrokes to key codes , and , for a detached keyboard , sends the codes down a serial cable ( the keyboard cord ) to the main processor on the computer motherboard . This serial keyboard cable communication is only bi-directional to the extent that the computer 's electronics controls the illumination of the caps lock , num lock and scroll lock lights . One test for whether the computer has crashed is pressing the caps lock key . The keyboard sends the key code to the keyboard driver running in the main computer ; if the main computer is operating , it commands the light to turn on . All the other indicator lights work in a similar way . The keyboard driver also tracks the Shift , alt and control state of the keyboard . Some lower - quality keyboards have multiple or false key entries due to inadequate electrical designs . These are caused by inadequate keyswitch `` debouncing '' or inadequate keyswitch matrix layout that do n't allow multiple keys to be depressed at the same time , both circumstances which are explained below : When pressing a keyboard key , the key contacts may `` bounce '' against each other for several milliseconds before they settle into firm contact . When released , they bounce some more until they revert to the uncontacted state . If the computer were watching for each pulse , it would see many keystrokes for what the user thought was just one . To resolve this problem , the processor in a keyboard ( or computer ) `` debounces '' the keystrokes , by aggregating them across time to produce one `` confirmed '' keystroke . Some low - quality keyboards also suffer problems with rollover ( that is , when multiple keys pressed at the same time , or when keys are pressed so fast that multiple keys are down within the same milliseconds ) . Early `` solid - state '' keyswitch keyboards did not have this problem because the keyswitches are electrically isolated from each other , and early `` direct - contact '' keyswitch keyboards avoided this problem by having isolation diodes for every keyswitch . These early keyboards had `` n - key '' rollover , which means any number of keys can be depressed and the keyboard will still recognize the next key depressed . But when three keys are pressed ( electrically closed ) at the same time in a `` direct contact '' keyswitch matrix that does n't have isolation diodes , the keyboard electronics can see a fourth `` phantom '' key which is the intersection of the X and Y lines of the three keys . Some types of keyboard circuitry will register a maximum number of keys at one time . `` Three - key '' rollover , also called `` phantom key blocking '' or `` phantom key lockout '' , will only register three keys and ignore all others until one of the three keys is lifted . This is undesirable , especially for fast typing ( hitting new keys before the fingers can release previous keys ) , and games ( designed for multiple key presses ) . As direct - contact membrane keyboards became popular , the available rollover of keys was optimized by analyzing the most common key sequences and placing these keys so that they do not potentially produce phantom keys in the electrical key matrix ( for example , simply placing three or four keys that might be depressed simultaneously on the same X or same Y line , so that a phantom key intersection / short can not happen ) , so that blocking a third key usually is n't a problem . But lower - quality keyboard designs and unknowledgeable engineers may not know these tricks , and it can still be a problem in games due to wildly different or configurable layouts in different games . Connection types ( edit ) There are several ways of connecting a keyboard to a system unit ( more precisely , to its keyboard controller ) using cables , including the standard AT connector commonly found on motherboards , which was eventually replaced by the PS / 2 and the USB connection . Prior to the iMac line of systems , Apple used the proprietary Apple Desktop Bus for its keyboard connector . Wireless keyboards have become popular for their increased user freedom . A wireless keyboard often includes a required combination transmitter and receiver unit that attaches to the computer 's keyboard port . The wireless aspect is achieved either by radio frequency ( RF ) or by infrared ( IR ) signals sent and received from both the keyboard and the unit attached to the computer . A wireless keyboard may use an industry standard RF , called Bluetooth . With Bluetooth , the transceiver may be built into the computer . However , a wireless keyboard needs batteries to work and may pose a security problem due to the risk of data `` eavesdropping '' by hackers . Wireless solar keyboards charge their batteries from small solar panels using sunlight or standard artificial lighting . An early example of a consumer wireless keyboard is that of the Olivetti Envision . Alternative text - entering methods ( edit ) On - screen keyboard controlled with the mouse can be used by users with limited mobility Optical character recognition ( OCR ) is preferable to rekeying for converting existing text that is already written down but not in machine - readable format ( for example , a Linotype - composed book from the 1940s ) . In other words , to convert the text from an image to editable text ( that is , a string of character codes ) , a person could re-type it , or a computer could look at the image and deduce what each character is . OCR technology has already reached an impressive state ( for example , Google Book Search ) and promises more for the future . Speech recognition converts speech into machine - readable text ( that is , a string of character codes ) . This technology has also reached an advanced state and is implemented in various software products . For certain uses ( e.g. , transcription of medical or legal dictation ; journalism ; writing essays or novels ) speech recognition is starting to replace the keyboard . However , the lack of privacy when issuing voice commands and dictation makes this kind of input unsuitable for many environments . Pointing devices can be used to enter text or characters in contexts where using a physical keyboard would be inappropriate or impossible . These accessories typically present characters on a display , in a layout that provides fast access to the more frequently used characters or character combinations . Popular examples of this kind of input are Graffiti , Dasher and on - screen virtual keyboards . Other issues ( edit ) Keystroke logging ( edit ) Unencrypted wireless bluetooth keyboards are known to be vulnerable to signal theft by placing a covert listening devices in the same room as the keyboard to sniff and record bluetooth packets for the purpose of logging keys typed by the user . Microsoft wireless keyboards 2011 and earlier are documented to have this vulnerability . Keystroke logging ( often called keylogging ) is a method of capturing and recording user keystrokes . While it is used legally to measure employee productivity on certain clerical tasks , or by law enforcement agencies to find out about illegal activities , it is also used by hackers for various illegal or malicious acts . Hackers use keyloggers as a means to obtain passwords or encryption keys and thus bypass other security measures . Keystroke logging can be achieved by both hardware and software means . Hardware key loggers are attached to the keyboard cable or installed inside standard keyboards . Software keyloggers work on the target computer 's operating system and gain unauthorized access to the hardware , hook into the keyboard with functions provided by the OS , or use remote access software to transmit recorded data out of the target computer to a remote location . Some hackers also use wireless keylogger sniffers to collect packets of data being transferred from a wireless keyboard and its receiver , and then they crack the encryption key being used to secure wireless communications between the two devices . Anti-spyware applications are able to detect many keyloggers and cleanse them . Responsible vendors of monitoring software support detection by anti-spyware programs , thus preventing abuse of the software . Enabling a firewall does not stop keyloggers per se , but can possibly prevent transmission of the logged material over the net if properly configured . Network monitors ( also known as reverse - firewalls ) can be used to alert the user whenever an application attempts to make a network connection . This gives the user the chance to prevent the keylogger from `` phoning home '' with his or her typed information . Automatic form - filling programs can prevent keylogging entirely by not using the keyboard at all . Most keyloggers can be fooled by alternating between typing the login credentials and typing characters somewhere else in the focus window . Keyboards are also known to emit electromagnetic signatures that can be detected using special spying equipment to reconstruct the keys pressed on the keyboard . Neal O'Farrell , executive director of the Identity Theft Council , revealed to InformationWeek that `` More than 25 years ago , a couple of former spooks showed me how they could capture a user 's ATM PIN , from a van parked across the street , simply by capturing and decoding the electromagnetic signals generated by every keystroke , '' O'Farrell said . `` They could even capture keystrokes from computers in nearby offices , but the technology was n't sophisticated enough to focus in on any specific computer . '' Physical injury ( edit ) Proper ergonomic design of computer keyboard desks is necessary to prevent repetitive strain injuries , which can develop over time and can lead to long - term disability . Research suggests that the upright position formerly advocated can lead to degenerative disc disease , and that a 45 degree reclined position is healthier . The use of any keyboard may cause serious injury ( that is , carpal tunnel syndrome or other repetitive strain injury ) to hands , wrists , arms , neck or back . The risks of injuries can be reduced by taking frequent short breaks to get up and walk around a couple of times every hour . As well , users should vary tasks throughout the day , to avoid overuse of the hands and wrists . When inputting at the keyboard , a person should keep the shoulders relaxed with the elbows at the side , with the keyboard and mouse positioned so that reaching is not necessary . The chair height and keyboard tray should be adjusted so that the wrists are straight , and the wrists should not be rested on sharp table edges . Wrist or palm rests should not be used while typing . Some adaptive technology ranging from special keyboards , mouse replacements and pen tablet interfaces to speech recognition software can reduce the risk of injury . Pause software reminds the user to pause frequently . Switching to a much more ergonomic mouse , such as a vertical mouse or joystick mouse may provide relief . Switching from using a mouse to using a stylus pen with graphic tablet or a touchpad can lessen the repetitive strain on the arms and hands . Pathogen transmission ( edit ) Some keyboards were found to contain five times more potentially harmful germs than a toilet seat . This can be a concern when using shared keyboards ; the keyboards can serve as vectors for pathogens that cause the cold , flu , and other communicable diseases easily spread by indirect contact . See also ( edit ) Digital pen IBM PC keyboard Keyboard protector Overlay keyboard Table of keyboard shortcuts References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` computer keyboard '' . TheFreeDictionary.com . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Engraved symbols filled with pigmented plastic and heat fused are very durable , for example ... It 's integral to the key , and all but impossible to wear off . '' `` How are keyboards keys painted ? '' . Jump up ^ Khalid Saeed ( 2016 ) . New Directions in Behavioral Biometrics . ISBN 1315349310 . Jump up ^ `` Essay on Technology Advancements in Computer Interfaces '' . Jump up ^ Smith , Andy ( 15 June 2011 ) . `` Gallery : IBM : 100 Years of THINKing Big '' . ZDNet . Archived from the original on 10 December 2015 . Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Past is prototype : The evolution of the computer keyboard '' . ComputerWorld.com . November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ D Kocielinski ( 2013 ) . `` Linear interface for graphical interface of touch - screen '' . Jump up ^ `` One of the first products we caught wind of at the Consumer Electronics Show was the TrewGrip keyboard , a handheld model '' `` TrewGrip handheld keyboard almost a solution for thumb - typing '' . January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jul 28 , 2009 - If you do a lot of typing , or if you have employees who do a lot of typing - ergonomic keyboards make a great deal of sense . '' `` 10 ergonomic keyboards that actually do their job '' . TechRepublic.com . July 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Alpha Grip Programming and Productivity Improvement White Paper Archived 25 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Alphagrips.com . Retrieved on 9 December 2013 . Jump up ^ The Alphagrip -- The World 's most Comfortable Ergonomic Keyboard for Typing and Programming Archived 25 February 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Alphagrips.com . Retrieved on 9 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` It combines the body of a game controller with the functions of both a trackball and a keyboard . '' `` AlphaGrip Review ( iGrip ) '' . February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ MB Trudeau ( 2013 ) . `` Tablet Keyboard Configuration Affects Performance , Discomfort '' . Jump up ^ Ian Morris ( May 23 , 2014 ) . `` Hate Your Android Keyboard ? Try One Of These Four Alternatives '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` What is an Optical Keyboard ? '' . Jump up ^ `` Best Optical Keyboards '' . Jump up ^ The default keyboard layout changes when you use Remote Desktop Connection to connect to a Windows XP - based computer Archived 11 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine . ( Microsoft ) Jump up ^ Mac OS X : Changing or resetting an account password Archived 5 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine . ( Apple ) Jump up ^ MEPIS 8.5 user 's manual Archived 7 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine . ( MEPISlovers.org ) Jump up ^ An introduction to Linux Mint 8 -- Main Edition ( Helena ) Archived 25 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine . ( Liberian Geek ) Jump up ^ `` Dedicated Cursor Control and Navigation Keys '' . Jump up ^ `` Keyboard , num lock and caps lock key LED 's not working '' . Jump up ^ `` Use a keyboard layout for a specific language '' . Archived from the original on 24 September 2010 . Retrieved 7 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Changing The Language & Keyboard Layout On Various Distributions '' . Archived from the original on 1 July 2010 . Retrieved 7 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Change the default keyboard layout '' . Archived from the original on 12 September 2010 . Retrieved 7 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Brownie , John ( 8 March 2014 ) . `` Ukelele ( sic ) '' . NRSI : Computers & Writing Systems . SIL International . Archived from the original on 6 December 2014 . Retrieved 8 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator '' . msdn.microsoft.com . Archived from the original on 19 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Keyboard Switches - How Computer Keyboards Work '' . Jump up ^ Complete Computer Hardware Only . p. 159 . Jump up ^ `` Why I Use the IBM Model M Keyboard That 's Older Than I Am '' . SlashDot.org . July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ A Passion for the Keys : Particular About What You Type On ? Relax -- You 're Not Alone . Archived 10 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine . Loose Wire , by Jeremy Wagstaff , Wall Street Journal , 23 November 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Electrical commutation matrixer keyboards for computers '' . IOPscience.org . Jump up ^ Complete Computer Hardware Only . p. 161 . Jump up ^ `` This Fake Phone Charger Is Actually Recording Every Key You Type '' . TechCrunch . AOL . 14 January 2015 . Archived from the original on 10 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Herley , Cormac and Florencio , Dinei ( 2006 ) . `` How To Login From an Internet Cafe Without Worrying About Keyloggers '' ( PDF ) . Microsoft Research , Redmond . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 8 August 2017 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` 6 Tips To Secure Webcams , Stop Keyloggers '' . Dark Reading . Archived from the original on 30 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Berkeley Lab . Integrated Safety Management : Ergonomics Archived 11 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Website . Retrieved 9 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Radiology Society of North America The Way You Sit Will Never Be the Same ! Alterations of Lumbosacral Curvature and Intervertebral Disc Morphology in Normal Subjects in Variable Sitting Positions Using Whole - body Positional MRI Archived 13 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` Keyboard : Dirtier Than a Toilet -- ABC News '' . Abcnews.go.com. 5 May 2008 . Archived from the original on 26 March 2012 . Retrieved 28 March 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Keyboards . How Computer Keyboards Work at HowStuffWorks `` Art of Assembly Language : Chapter Twenty '' : The PC Keyboard Keyboard matrix circuits PC World . `` The 10 worst PC Keyboards of All Time '' . IBM PC keyboard ( Windows , US layout ) Esc F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 F11 F12 PrtScn / SysRq Scroll Lock Pause / Break Insert Home PgUp Num Lock ∕ ∗ − Delete End PgDn 7 8 9 + 5 6 ↑ Enter ← ↓ → 0 Ins . Del Keyboard keys Dead keys Compose Modifier keys Control Shift Alt / Option ( Apple ) AltGr Meta Command ( Apple ) / Windows ( Microsoft ) Super Hyper Fn Lock keys Scroll lock Num lock Caps lock F - Lock Navigation keys Arrow keys Page Up / Page Down Home End Esc Menu Editing Enter / Return Carriage return Backspace Insert Delete Tab Space bar Numeric keypad Language input Contextual Function keys Print screen System request Break / Pause Misc . Power management keys ( Power , Sleep , Wake ) Any key Macro key Concepts Keyboard layout Keyboard shortcut Basic computer components Input devices Keyboard Image scanner Microphone Pointing device Graphics tablet Joystick Light pen Mouse Optical Pointing stick Touchpad Touchscreen Trackball Refreshable braille display Sound card Webcam Softcam Video card Output devices Monitor Refreshable braille display Printer Speakers Plotter Sound card Video card Removable data storage Optical disc CD DVD Blu - ray Disk pack Floppy disk Memory card USB flash drive Computer case Central processing unit ( CPU ) HDD / SSD / SSHD Motherboard Network interface controller Power supply Random - access memory ( RAM ) Fax modem Expansion card Ports Ethernet FireWire ( IEEE 1394 ) Parallel port Serial port PS / 2 port USB Thunderbolt HDMI / DVI / VGA eSATA Audio jack Video game controllers Controller types Arcade controller Balance board Digital camera Dance pad Fishing rod Gamepad Gaming keypad Interactive urinal Joystick Keyboard Light gun Microphone Motion controller Mouse Musical Instruments Nunchaku Paddle Racing wheel Remote control Throttle quadrant Virtual reality headset Wired glove Controller parts Physical buttons Analog stick Arrow keys Circle pad D - pad Disc - pad Face button Scroll wheel Select button Shoulder button Start button Telephone keypad Trigger Turbo button Sensitive Accelerometer Haptic technology Stylus pen Touchpad Touchscreen Trackball Related Multitap R.O.B. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Computer_keyboard&oldid=857120554 '' Categories : Computer keyboards Computer peripherals Computing input devices Flexible electronics Video game control methods Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use dmy dates from December 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Ænglisc অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული कॉशुर / کٲشُر Қазақша Kiswahili Коми Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Кырык мары ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lingála Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली 日本語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Перем Коми ភាសា ខ្មែរ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray ייִדיש 粵語中文 102 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 18 : 04 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	list the purpose of each button on the top or bottom of the keyboard	[]	[]
4874896374992583607	Earth's internal heat budget	Earth 's internal heat budget - wikipedia Earth 's internal heat budget Jump to : navigation , search Global map of the flux of heat , in mW / m , from Earth 's interior to the surface . The largest values of heat flux coincide with mid ocean ridges , and the smallest values of heat flux occur in stable continental interiors . The flow of heat from Earth 's interior to the surface is estimated at 47 terawatts ( TW ) and comes from two main sources in roughly equal amounts : the radiogenic heat produced by the radioactive decay of isotopes in the mantle and crust , and the primordial heat left over from the formation of the Earth . Earth 's internal heat powers most geological processes and drives plate tectonics . Despite its geological significance , this heat energy coming from Earth 's interior is actually only 0.03 % of Earth 's total energy budget at the surface , which is dominated by 173,000 TW of incoming solar radiation . The insolation that eventually , after reflection , reaches the surface penetrates only several tens of centimeters on the daily cycle and only several tens of meters on the annual cycle . This renders solar radiation irrelevant for internal processes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Heat and early estimate of Earth 's age 2 Global internal heat flow 3 Radiogenic heat 4 Primordial heat 5 Heat flow and plate tectonics 6 See also 7 References Heat and early estimate of Earth 's age ( edit ) Based on calculations of Earth 's cooling rate , which assumed constant conductivity in the Earth 's interior , in 1862 William Thomson ( later made Lord Kelvin ) estimated the age of the Earth at 98 million years , which contrasts with the age of 4.5 billion years obtained in the 20th century by radiometric dating . As pointed out by John Perry in 1895 a variable conductivity in the Earth 's interior could expand the computed age of the Earth to billions of years , as later confirmed by radiometric dating . Contrary to the usual representation of Kelvin 's argument , the observed thermal gradient of the Earth 's crust would not be explained by the addition of radioactivity as a heat source . More significantly , mantle convection alters how heat is transported within the Earth , invalidating Kelvin 's assumption of purely conductive cooling . Global internal heat flow ( edit ) Cross section of the Earth showing its main divisions and their approximate contributions to Earth 's total internal heat flow to the surface , and the dominant heat transport mechanisms within the Earth . Estimates of the total heat flow from Earth 's interior to surface span a range of 43 to 49 terawatts ( TW ) ( a terawatt is 10 watts ) . One recent estimate is 47 TW , equivalent to an average heat flux of 91.6 mW / m , and is based on more than 38,000 measurements . The respective mean heat flows of continental and oceanic crust are 70.9 and 105.4 mW / m . While the total internal Earth heat flow to the surface is well constrained , the relative contribution of the two main sources of Earth 's heat , radiogenic and primordial heat , are highly uncertain because their direct measurement is difficult . Chemical and physical models give estimated ranges of 15 -- 41 TW and 12 -- 30 TW for radiogenic heat and primordial heat , respectively , and recent results indicate their contributions may be roughly equal . The structure of the Earth is a rigid outer crust that is composed of thicker continental crust and thinner oceanic crust , solid but plastically flowing mantle , a liquid outer core , and a solid inner core . The fluidity of a material is proportional to temperature ; thus , the solid mantle can still flow on long time scales , as a function of its temperature and therefore as a function of the flow of Earth 's internal heat . The mantle convects in response to heat escaping from Earth 's interior , with hotter and more buoyant mantle rising and cooler , and therefore denser , mantle sinking . This convective flow of the mantle drives the movement of Earth 's lithospheric plates ; thus , an additional reservoir of heat in the lower mantle is critical for the operation of plate tectonics and one possible source is an enrichment of radioactive elements in the lower mantle . Earth heat transport occurs by conduction , mantle convection , hydrothermal convection , and volcanic advection . Earth 's internal heat flow to the surface is thought to be 80 % due to mantle convection , with the remaining heat mostly originating in the Earth 's crust , with about 1 % due to volcanic activity , earthquakes , and mountain building . Thus , about 99 % of Earth 's internal heat loss at the surface is by conduction through the crust , and mantle convection is the dominant control on heat transport from deep within the Earth . Most of the heat flow from the thicker continental crust is attributed to internal radiogenic sources , in contrast the thinner oceanic crust has only 2 % internal radiogenic heat . The remaining heat flow at the surface would be due to basal heating of the crust from mantle convection . Heat fluxes are negatively correlated with rock age , with the highest heat fluxes from the youngest rock at mid-ocean ridge spreading centers ( zones of mantle upwelling ) , as observed in the global map of Earth heat flow . Radiogenic heat ( edit ) The evolution of Earth 's radiogenic heat flow over time . The radioactive decay of elements in the Earth 's mantle and crust results in production of daughter isotopes and release of particles and heat energy , or radiogenic heat . Four radioactive isotopes are responsible for the majority of radiogenic heat , uranium - 238 ( U ) , uranium - 235 ( U ) , thorium - 232 ( Th ) , and potassium - 40 ( K ) . Due to a lack of rock samples from below 200 km depth , it is not possible to do a simple radiogenic heat estimate of known radioactive isotope concentrations in rock throughout the whole mantle . For the Earth 's core , geochemical studies indicate that it is unlikely to be a significant source of radiogenic heat due to an expected low concentration of radioactive elements . Radiogenic heat production in the mantle is linked to the structure of mantle convection , a topic of much debate , and it is thought that the mantle may either have a layered structure with a higher concentration of radioactive heat - producing elements in the lower mantle , or small reservoirs enriched in radioactive elements dispersed throughout the whole mantle . Geoneutrino detectors can detect the decay of U and Th and thus allow estimation of their contribution to the present radiogenic heat budget , while U is unobserved , and K is not detectable but is known to contribute 4 TW of heating . However , the decay of U and K contributed a large fraction of radiogenic heat flux to the early Earth , which was also much hotter than at present . Initial results from measuring the geoneutrino products of radioactive decay from within the Earth , a proxy for radiogenic heat , yielded a new estimate of half of the total Earth internal heat source being radiogenic , and this is consistent with previous estimates . Primordial heat ( edit ) Primordial heat is the heat lost by the Earth as it continues to cool from its original formation , and this is in contrast to its still actively - produced radiogenic heat . The Earth core 's heat flow -- heat leaving the core and flowing into the overlying mantle -- is thought to be due to primordial heat , and is estimated at 5 -- 15 TW . Estimates of mantle primordial heat loss range between 7 and 15 TW . The early formation of the Earth 's dense core could have caused superheating and rapid heat loss , and the heat loss rate would slow once the mantle solidified . Heat flow from the core is necessary for maintaining the convecting outer core and the geodynamo and Earth 's magnetic field , therefore primordial heat from the core enabled Earth 's atmosphere and thus helped retain Earth 's liquid water . Heat flow and plate tectonics ( edit ) Earth 's tectonic evolution over time from a molten state at 4.5 Ga , to a single - plate lithosphere , to modern plate tectonics sometime between 3.2 Ga and 1.0 Ga . Controversy over the exact nature of mantle convection makes the linked evolution of Earth 's heat budget and the dynamics and structure of the mantle difficult to unravel . There is evidence that the processes of plate tectonics were not active in the Earth before 3.2 billion years ago , and that early Earth 's internal heat loss could have been dominated by advection via heat - pipe volcanism . Terrestrial bodies with lower heat flows , such as the Moon and Mars , conduct their internal heat through a single lithospheric plate , and higher heat flows , such as on Jupiter 's moon Io , result in advective heat transport via enhanced volcanism , while the active plate tectonics of Earth occur with an intermediate heat flow and a convecting mantle . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Earth 's internal heat budget . Geothermal energy Geothermal gradient References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Davies , J.H. , & Davies , D.R. ( 2010 ) . Earth 's surface heat flux . Solid Earth , 1 ( 1 ) , 5 -- 24 . ^ Jump up to : Turcotte , D.L. , & Schubert , G. ( 2002 ) . Geodynamics . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Buffett , B.A. ( 2007 ) . Taking earth 's temperature . Science , 315 ( 5820 ) , 1801 -- 1802 . Jump up ^ Archer , D. ( 2012 ) . Global Warming : Understanding the Forecast . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 94341 - 0 . Jump up ^ Lowrie , W. ( 2007 ) . Fundamentals of geophysics . Cambridge : CUP , 2nd ed . Jump up ^ Thomson , William . ( 1864 ) . On the secular cooling of the earth , read 28 April 1862 . Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh , 23 , 157 -- 170 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , S.R. ( 2007 ) ... 1 The Formation of the Earth and Moon . Developments in Precambrian Geology , 15 , 21 -- 30 . Jump up ^ England , P. , Molnar , P. , Richter , F. ( 2007 ) . John Perry 's neglected critique of Kelvin 's age for the Earth : A missed opportunity in geodynamics. 4 JANUARY 2007 , GSA Today : v. 17 , no . 1 , doi : 10.1130 / GSAT01701A. 1 ^ Jump up to : Dye , S.T. ( 2012 ) . Geoneutrinos and the radioactive power of the Earth . Reviews of Geophysics , 50 ( 3 ) . ^ Jump up to : Gando , A. , Dwyer , D.A. , McKeown , R.D. , & Zhang , C. ( 2011 ) . Partial radiogenic heat model for Earth revealed by geoneutrino measurements . Nature Geoscience , 4 ( 9 ) , 647 -- 651 . ^ Jump up to : Arevalo Jr , R. , McDonough , W.F. , & Luong , M. ( 2009 ) . The K / U ratio of the silicate Earth : Insights into mantle composition , structure and thermal evolution . Earth and Planetary Science Letters , 278 ( 3 ) , 361 -- 369 . Jump up ^ Jaupart , C. , & Mareschal , J.C. ( 2007 ) . Heat flow and thermal structure of the lithosphere . Treatise on Geophysics , 6 , 217 -- 251 . Jump up ^ Korenaga , J. ( 2003 ) . Energetics of mantle convection and the fate of fossil heat . Geophysical Research Letters , 30 ( 8 ) , 1437 . ^ Jump up to : Korenaga , J. ( 2011 ) . Earth 's heat budget : Clairvoyant geoneutrinos . Nature Geoscience , 4 ( 9 ) , 581 -- 582 . ^ Jump up to : Korenaga , J. ( 2008 ) . Urey ratio and the structure and evolution of Earth 's mantle . Reviews of Geophysics , 46 ( 2 ) . ^ Jump up to : Lay , T. , Hernlund , J. , & Buffett , B.A. ( 2008 ) . Core -- mantle boundary heat flow . Nature Geoscience , 1 ( 1 ) , 25 - 32 . ^ Jump up to : Moore , W.B. , & Webb , A.A.G. ( 2013 ) . Heat - pipe Earth . Nature , 501 ( 7468 ) , 501 -- 505 . Jump up ^ Pease , V. , Percival , J. , Smithies , H. , Stevens , G. , & Van Kranendonk , M. ( 2008 ) . When did plate tectonics begin ? Evidence from the orogenic record . When did plate tectonics begin on planet Earth , 199 -- 208 . Jump up ^ Stern , R.J. ( 2008 ) . Modern - style plate tectonics began in Neoproterozoic time : An alternative interpretation of Earth 's tectonic history . When did plate tectonics begin on planet Earth , 265 -- 280 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Earth%27s_internal_heat_budget&oldid=831051812 '' Categories : Earth Geodynamics Plate tectonics Heat transfer Geothermal energy Hidden categories : All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 March 2018 , at 13 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does energy come from inside the earth	[]	[]
-2879843216612988569	Moon pie	Moon Pie - wikipedia Moon Pie Jump to : navigation , search For the Chinese pastry , see Mooncake . Moon pie Alternative names MoonPie Type Confectionery Place of origin United States of America Invented April 29 , 1917 Main ingredients Graham cracker cookies , marshmallow Cookbook : Moon pie Media : Moon pie A moon pie or MoonPie is a confection , popular in parts of the United States , which consists of two round graham cracker cookies , with marshmallow filling in the center , dipped in a flavored coating . The snack is often associated with the cuisine of the American South where they are traditionally accompanied by an RC Cola . Today , MoonPies are made by the Chattanooga Bakery in Chattanooga , Tennessee . The traditional pie is approximately four inches ( 100 mm ) in diameter . A smaller version exists ( mini MoonPie ) that is approximately half the size , and a Double - Decker MoonPie of the traditional diameter features a third cookie and attendant layer of marshmallow . The four main flavors are chocolate , vanilla , strawberry , and banana . Double Decker MoonPies also come in lemon and orange ; MoonPie Crunch comes only in peanut butter or mint . In 2014 , a salted caramel flavor was introduced . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Mardi Gras tradition 1.2 Apollo 11 great moon walk tradition 2 Nutrition facts 3 Similar products 4 In popular culture 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) A double - decker Moon Pie split in half . MoonPies have been made daily at the Chattanooga Bakery since the incorporation of MoonPie on April 29 , 1917 . Earl Mitchell Junior said his father came up with the idea for MoonPies when he asked a Kentucky coal miner what kind of snack he would like to eat , and the miner requested something with graham cracker and marshmallow . Popular folklore , repeated and encouraged by the Chattanooga Bakery itself , states the miner then asked the snack be `` as big as the moon '' , which inspired the name `` moon pie '' . There is a custom for eating MoonPies with RC Cola , although the origin of this is unknown . It is likely that their inexpensive prices , combined with their larger serving sizes , contributed to establishing this combination as the `` working man 's lunch '' . The popularity of this combination was celebrated in a popular song of the 1950s , by Big Bill Lister , `` Gimmee an RC Cola and a Moon Pie '' . In 1973 , NRBQ had a minor hit with the song , `` An RC Cola and a Moon Pie '' . Since New Year 's Eve 2008 , the city of Mobile , Alabama has been raising a 12 - foot - tall ( 3.7 m ) lighted mechanical moon pie to celebrate the coming of the new year . The giant banana colored MoonPie is raised by a crane to a height of 200 feet ( 61 m ) as the clock strikes midnight . Also , the city had for the 2008 New Year 's celebration the world 's largest MoonPie baked for the occasion . It weighed 55 pounds ( 25 kg ) and contained 45,000 calories . An annual RC & MoonPie Festival is celebrated in Bell Buckle , Tennessee , and a MoonPie Eating Contest is held in Bessemer , Alabama . On October 16 , 2010 , Sonya Thomas , a competitive eater known as the `` Black Widow '' , ate 38 MoonPies in eight minutes in Caruthersville , Missouri . Newport , Tennessee held its first annual MoonPie Festival in May 2012 . The company is celebrating its centennial anniversary with a clever `` Totally Mooned '' ' tie - in ' promotion in August 2017 , in a nod to the total solar eclipse that will be viewable in a 70 - mile band stretching across the entirety of the United States , from Oregon to South Carolina . Mardi Gras tradition ( edit ) The MoonPie became a traditional `` throw '' ( an item thrown from a parade float into the crowd ) of Mardi Gras `` krewes '' ( parade participants ) in Mobile , Alabama during 1956 , followed by other communities along the Mississippi Gulf Coast . The westernmost outpost of the MoonPie as an important Carnival throw is Slidell , Louisiana , which has a parade by `` The Krewe of Mona Lisa and MoonPie '' . Also , in the town of Oneonta , Alabama , there is a MoonPie eating contest started by Wal - Mart employee John Love when he inadvertently ordered too many . This anecdote was featured in Sam Walton 's autobiography , Made in America . Apollo 11 great moon walk tradition ( edit ) The MoonPie is a traditional celebratory food for remembering the Apollo 11 moon walk that took place on July 20 , 1969 . MoonPies are used in the commemorative celebration by aerospace workers and enthusiasts across the globe . Nutrition facts ( edit ) A MoonPie is made with marshmallow , which is a low - fat but high - sugar food . The nutritional content of a chocolate full - size or Mini MoonPie ( from 2004 ) is detailed below , showing ( full - size ) 226 calories , saturated fat 3.5 g , carbohydrate 40g , protein 4g , iron 5 % , of a total weight of 57 grams ( 2 ounces ) . The nutritional data for a chocolate Mini MoonPie is about 65 % the amount of full - size . The ingredients are as follows : enriched wheat flour ( niacin , reduced iron , thiamine mononitrate , riboflavin , folic acid ) , corn syrup , sugar , vegetable shortening ( contains partially hydrogenated soybean oil and / or cottonseed oil and / or coconut oil and / or palm kernel oil and / or palm oil ) , soy flour , dutched cocoa ( processed with alkali ) , cocoa , kosher gelatin , baking soda , lecithin , salt , artificial flavoring , sodium sulfite . Nutrition facts for chocolate MoonPie ( full - size ) : Serving size 1 ( 57g or 2 oz ) Calories : 226 Calories from fat : 51 Total fat : 5.7 g ( saturated fat 3.5 g ) Cholesterol : 0mg Sodium : 188mg Total Carbohydrate : 40g ( dietary fiber 0g , sugars 12.5 g ) Protein : 4g Vitamin A : 0 % Vitamin C : 0 % Iron : 5 % . Nutrition facts for chocolate Mini MoonPie : Serving size 1 ( 34g or 1.2 oz ) Calories : 152 ( or 130 ) Calories from fat : 40 ( or 30 ) Total fat : 4.5 g ( saturated fat 3g ) Cholesterol : 0mg Sodium : 120mg Total Carbohydrate : 26g ( dietary fiber 0g , sugars 8g ) Protein : 2.5 g . Note that the nutrition data is for a chocolate MoonPie or chocolate Mini MoonPie , while other flavors ( such as banana , vanilla , strawberry , or orange ) might have different nutritional content . Similar products ( edit ) Wagon Wheels are similar to moon pies and are found in the United Kingdom , Australia , and Canada In the northern areas of the U.S. a similar product is called a `` Scooter Pie '' and there is also a single - cracker marshmallow cookie called `` Mallomars '' . Little Debbie also makes what they call `` Marshmallow Pies '' which are nearly identical to the Moonpies . In the United Kingdom , Australia and Canada a similar product is called `` Wagon Wheels '' and in South Korea , the very similar `` Choco Pie '' is produced by several companies . In Japan , there is the smaller - sized `` Angel Pies '' by Morinaga as well as a brand of `` Choco Pie '' . Some Taiwanese companies produce `` Choco pies '' , and in Mexico there are similar cookie pies called `` Mamut '' ( Spanish for `` Mammoth '' , sold by Gamesa ) , and `` Rocko '' ( marketed by Marinela ) ; there are several other minor brands as well . In Turkey , a similar pie is called `` Halley '' . In Egypt , a similar pie is called `` Bimbo '' . In Argentina a similar treat is `` Alfajor '' , more than 20 brands marketed as `` alfajores '' are very popular . In popular culture ( edit ) ABC - TV 's Good Morning America featured `` The Moon Pie Song '' by Charles Ghigna ( Father Goose ) during its tour of the Chattanooga Bakery Company in 1991 . In Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season 2 Episode 15 `` Phases '' , Xander states that although the full moon can bring out the worst qualities of mankind it `` ironically also led to the invention of the Moon Pie '' . Giles finds this hilarious . In the CBS sitcom The Big Bang Theory , Sheldon calls his grandmother Meemaw , who in turn , calls him Moonpie . See also ( edit ) Food portal Alfajor Chocolate - coated marshmallow treats Choco pie Fluffernutter , another kind of marshmallow creme based sandwich S'more Wagon Wheels Whoopie pie References ( edit ) Jump up ^ MoonPie products ^ Jump up to : `` MoonPie : The Original Marshmallow Snack '' Jump up ^ NPR : The Heavenly Appeal of Moon Pies Jump up ^ `` Mobile 's Moon Pie rising '' . Press - Register . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Giant MoonPie taking shape for New Year 's celebration '' . Press - Register . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Carnival / Mobile Mardi Gras Timeline '' ( list of events by year ) , Museum of Mobile , 2001 , webpage : MoM : states : 1917 - The Chattanooga Bakery company introduces the popular marshmallow cookie `` moon pie '' ; and , 1956 - The first `` MoonPies '' are thrown from a Mobile Mardi Gras float . Jump up ^ `` Mobile 's Moonpies made their debut in 1974 ! '' . MardiGrasDigest.com . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ Walton , Sam ; John Huey ( 1992 ) . Made in America . Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 46860 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chocolate MoonPie nutrition information '' ( label ) , DietFacts.com , 2004 - 09 - 07 ( letter from bakery ) , webpage : DF - MoonPie ( nutrition facts of full - size chocolate MoonPie ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Chocolate Mini MoonPie nutrition information '' ( label ) , DietFacts.com , 2004 - 09 - 07 ( letter from bakery ) , webpage : DF - choc - Mini-MoonPie ( nutrition facts of chocolate Mini MoonPie ) . ^ Jump up to : Labels in 2007 on a chocolate Mini MoonPie have listed 130 calories ( 30 from fat ) , with 2.5 g saturated fat ( Trans fat 0g ) , but the same weight , 34g ( 1.2 oz ) . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory - The Terminator Decoupling Quotes '' . the-big-bang-theory.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Official Chattanooga Bakery website Pictures Chattanooga Bakery Company article at the Tennessee Encyclopedia Online Nutrition Facts ( hide ) Snack cakes Alfajor Chocodile Twinkie Choco pie Ding Dong Fudge Rounds Gansito Ho Hos Hostess CupCake Jaffa Cakes Jos . Louis May West Moon pie Sno Balls Suzy Q Twinkie Wagon Wheels Whoopie pie Yodels Zingers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moon_pie&oldid=804955178 '' Categories : Cookie sandwiches Brand name cookies Marshmallows Products introduced in 1917 Carnival foods Cuisine of the Southern United States Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch 한국어 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 03 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	why do they throw moon pies at mardi gras	[]	[]
-9150864762460997702	American entry into World War I	American entry into World war I - wikipedia American entry into World war I Jump to : navigation , search The American entry into World War I came in April 1917 , after more than two and a half years of efforts by President Woodrow Wilson to keep the United States out of the war . Apart from an Anglophile element urging early support for the British , American public opinion reflected that of the president : the sentiment for neutrality was particularly strong among Irish Americans , German Americans and Scandinavian Americans , as well as among church leaders and among women in general . On the other hand , even before World War I had broken out , American opinion had been more negative toward Germany than towards any other country in Europe . Over time , especially after reports of atrocities in Belgium in 1914 and following the sinking of the passenger liner RMS Lusitania in 1915 , the American people increasingly came to see Germany as the aggressor in Europe . As U.S. President , it was Wilson who made the key policy decisions over foreign affairs : while the country was at peace , the domestic economy ran on a laissez - faire basis , with American banks making huge loans to Britain and France -- funds that were in large part used to buy munitions , raw materials and food from across the Atlantic . Until 1917 , Wilson made minimal preparations for a land war and kept the United States Army on a small peacetime footing , despite increasing demands for enhanced preparedness . He did however expand the United States Navy . In 1917 , with Russia experiencing political upheaval following widespread disillusionment there over the war , and with Britain and France low on credit , Germany appeared to have the upper hand in Europe , while Germany 's ally , the Ottoman Empire , clung stubbornly to its possessions in the Middle East . In the same year , Germany decided to resume unrestricted submarine warfare against any vessel approaching British waters ; this attempt to starve Britain into surrender was balanced against the knowledge that it would almost certainly bring the United States into the war . Germany also made a secret offer to help Mexico regain territories lost in the Mexican -- American War in an encoded telegram known as the Zimmermann Telegram , which was intercepted by British Intelligence . Publication of that communique outraged Americans just as German U-boats started sinking American merchant ships in the North Atlantic . Wilson then asked Congress for `` a war to end all wars '' that would `` make the world safe for democracy '' , and Congress voted to declare war on Germany on April 6 , 1917 . On December 7 , 1917 , the U.S. declared war on Austria - Hungary . U.S. troops began arriving on the Western Front in large numbers in 1918 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main issues 1.1 Naval blockade 1.1. 1 The strategy behind the blockade 1.2 Business considerations 1.3 Views of the elites 2 Public opinion 2.1 Parties 2.2 Workers , farmers , and African Americans 2.3 South 2.4 German Americans 2.5 Christian churches and pacifists 2.6 Jewish Americans 2.7 Irish - Americans 2.8 Pro-Allied immigrants 2.9 Popular pacifism 2.10 German agents 3 Preparedness movement 3.1 Size of military 3.2 Navy 4 Decision for war 4.1 Decision making 4.2 Zimmermann Telegram 4.3 Sinking of American merchant ships 5 Public opinion , moralism , and national interest 6 Declaration of war 6.1 Germany 6.2 Austria - Hungary 7 See also 8 Footnotes 9 Bibliography 9.1 Historiography 10 Primary sources 11 External links Main issues ( edit ) Further information : Diplomatic history of World War I and Presidency of Woodrow Wilson Naval blockade ( edit ) Britain used its large navy to prevent cargo vessels entering German ports , mainly by intercepting them in the North Sea between the coasts of Scotland and Norway . The wider sea approaches to Britain and France , their distance from German harbours and the smaller size of the German surface fleet all made it harder for Germany to reciprocate . Instead , Germany used submarines to lie in wait for , and then sink , merchant ships heading for enemy ports . The United States insisted on maintaining the traditional rights of ships registered in neutral countries and protested strongly against American ships being intercepted or sunk : the British seized American ships for supposed violations , while the Germans sank them -- often without warning , in violation of international law that said sailors must be allowed an opportunity to reach their lifeboats . After several violations , Germany stopped this practice but in early 1917 she decided to resume unrestricted submarine warfare , in the hope that this would starve out the British before the Americans could make any effective military retaliation . The Strategy behind the blockade ( edit ) The British Royal Navy successfully stopped the shipment of most war supplies and food to Germany . Neutral American ships that tried to trade with Germany were seized or turned back by the Royal Navy who viewed such trade as in direct conflict with the Allies ' war efforts . The strangulation came about very slowly , because Germany and its allies controlled extensive farmlands and raw materials . It was eventually successful because Germany and Austria - Hungary had decimated their agricultural production by taking so many farmers into their armies . By 1918 , German cities were on the verge of starvation ; the front - line soldiers were on short rations and were running out of essential supplies . Germany also considered a blockade . `` England wants to starve us '' , said Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz , the man who built the German fleet and who remained a key advisor to the Kaiser Wilhelm II . `` We can play the same game . We can bottle her up and destroy every ship that endeavors to break the blockade '' . Unable to challenge the more powerful Royal Navy on the surface , Tirpitz wanted to scare off merchant and passenger ships en route to Britain . He reasoned that since the island of Britain depended on imports of food , raw materials , and manufactured goods , scaring off a substantial number of the ships would effectively undercut its long - term ability to maintain an army on the Western Front . While Germany had only nine long - range U-boats at the start of the war , it had ample shipyard capacity to build the hundreds needed . However , the United States demanded that Germany respect the international agreements upon `` freedom of the seas '' , which protected neutral American ships on the high seas from seizure or sinking by either belligerent . Furthermore , Americans insisted that the drowning of innocent civilians was barbaric and grounds for a declaration of war . The British frequently violated America 's neutral rights by seizing ships . Wilson 's top advisor , Colonel Edward M. House commented that , `` The British have gone as far as they possibly could in violating neutral rights , though they have done it in the most courteous way '' . When Wilson protested British violations of American neutrality , the British backed down . German submarines torpedoed ships without warning , causing sailors and passengers to drown . Berlin explained that submarines were so vulnerable that they dared not surface near merchant ships that might be carrying guns and which were too small to rescue submarine crews . Britain armed most of its merchant ships with medium calibre guns that could sink a submarine , making above - water attacks too risky . In February 1915 , the United States warned Germany about misuse of submarines . On April 22 , the German Imperial Embassy warned U.S. citizens against boarding vessels to Britain , which would have to face German attack . On May 7 , Germany torpedoed the British passenger liner RMS Lusitania , sinking her . This act of aggression caused the loss of 1,198 civilian lives , including 128 Americans . The sinking of a large , unarmed passenger ship , combined with the previous stories of atrocities in Belgium , shocked Americans and turned public opinion hostile to Germany , although not yet to the point of war . Wilson issued a warning to Germany that it would face `` strict accountability '' if it sank more neutral U.S. passenger ships . Berlin acquiesced , ordering its submarines to avoid passenger ships . By January 1917 , however , Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg and General Erich Ludendorff decided that an unrestricted submarine blockade was the only way to achieve a decisive victory . They demanded that Kaiser Wilhelm order unrestricted submarine warfare be resumed . Germany knew this decision meant war with the United States , but they gambled that they could win before America 's potential strength could be mobilized . However , they overestimated how many ships they could sink and thus the extent Britain would be weakened . Finally , they did not foresee that convoys could and would be used to defeat their efforts . They believed that the United States was so weak militarily that it could not be a factor on the Western Front for more than a year . The civilian government in Berlin objected , but the Kaiser sided with his military . Business considerations ( edit ) The beginning of war in Europe coincided with the end of the Recession of 1913 -- 1914 in America . Exports to belligerent nations rose rapidly over the first four years of the War from $824.8 million in 1913 to $2.25 billion in 1917 . Loans from American financial institutions to the Allied nations in Europe also increased dramatically over the same period . Economic activity towards the end of this period boomed as government resources aided the production of the private sector . Between 1914 and 1917 , industrial production increased 32 % and GNP increased by almost 20 % . The improvements to industrial production in the United States outlasted the war . The capital build - up that had allowed American companies to supply belligerents and the American army resulted in a greater long - run rate of production even after the war had ended in 1918 . In 1913 , J.P. Morgan , Jr. took over the House of Morgan , an American - based investment bank consisting of separate banking operations in New York , London , and Paris , after the death of his father , J. Pierpont Morgan . The House of Morgan offered assistance in the wartime financing of Britain and France from the earliest stages of the war in 1914 through America 's entrance in 1917 . J.P. Morgan & Co. , the House of Morgan 's bank in New York , was designated as the primary financial agent to the British government in 1914 after successful lobbying by the British ambassador , Sir Cecil Spring Rice . The same bank would later take a similar role in France and would offer extensive financial assistance to both warring nations . J.P. Morgan &Co . became the primary issuer of loans to the French government by raising money from American investors . Morgan , Harjes , the House of Morgan 's French affiliated bank , controlled the majority of the wartime financial dealings between the House of Morgan and the French government after primary issuances of debt in American markets . Relations between the House of Morgan and the French government became tense as the war raged on with no end in sight . France 's ability to borrow from other sources diminished , leading to greater lending rates and a depressing of the value of the franc . After the war , in 1918 , J.P. Morgan & Co. continued to aid the French government financially through monetary stabilization and debt relief . Because America was still a declared neutral state , the financial dealings of American banks in Europe caused a great deal of contention between Wall Street and the U.S. government . Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan strictly opposed financial support of warring nations and wanted to ban loans to the belligerents in August 1914 . He told President Wilson that `` refusal to loan to any belligerent would naturally tend to hasten a conclusion of the war . '' Wilson at first agreed , but then reversed himself when France argued that if it was legal to buy American goods then it was legal to take out credits on the purchase . J.P. Morgan issued loans to France including one in March 1915 and , following negotiations with the Anglo - French Financial Commission , another joint loan to Britain and France in October 1915 , the latter amounting to US $500,000,000 . Although the stance of the U.S. government was that stopping such financial assistance could hasten the end of the war and therefore save lives , little was done to insure adherence to the ban on loans , in part due to pressure from Allied governments and American business interests . The American steel industry had faced difficulties and declining profits during the Recession of 1913 -- 1914 . As war began in Europe , however , the increased demand for tools of war began a period of heightened productivity that alleviated many U.S. industrial companies from the low - growth environment of the recession . Bethlehem Steel took particular advantage of the increased demand for armaments abroad . Prior to American entrance into the War , these companies benefitted from unrestricted commerce with sovereign customers abroad . After President Wilson issued his declaration of war , the companies were subjected to price controls created by the U.S. Trade Commission in order to insure that the U.S. military would have access to the necessary armaments . By the end of the war in 1918 , Bethlehem Steel had produced 65,000 pounds of forged military products and 70 million pounds of armor plate , 1.1 billion pounds of steel for shells , and 20.1 million rounds of artillery ammunition for Britain and France . Bethlehem Steel took advantage of the domestic armaments market and produced 60 % of the American weaponry and 40 % of the artillery shells used in the War . Even with price controls and a lower profit margin on manufactured goods , the profits resulting from wartime sales expanded the company into the third largest manufacturing company in the country . Bethlehem Steel became the primary arms supplier for the United States and other allied powers again in 1939 . Views of the elites ( edit ) Historians divide the views of American political and social leaders into four distinct groupings -- the camps were mostly informal : The first of these were the Non-Interventionists , a loosely affiliated and politically diverse anti-war movement which sought to keep the United States out of the war altogether . Members of this group tended to view the war as a clash between British imperialism and German militarism , both of which they regarded as equally corrupt . Others were pacifists , who objected on moral grounds . Prominent leaders included Democrats like former Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan , industrialist Henry Ford and publisher William Randolph Hearst ; Republicans Robert M. La Follette , Senator from Wisconsin and George W. Norris , Senator from Nebraska ; and Progressive Party activist Jane Addams . At the far - left end of the political spectrum the Socialists , led by their perennial candidate for President Eugene V. Debs and movement veterans like Victor L. Berger and Morris Hillquit , were staunch anti-militarists and opposed to any US intervention , branding the conflict as a `` capitalist war '' that American workers should avoid . However , after the US did join the war in April , 1917 a schism developed between the anti-war Party majority and a pro-war faction of Socialist writers , journalists and intellectuals led by John Spargo , William English Walling and E. Haldeman - Julius . This group founded the rival Social Democratic League of America to promote the war effort among their fellow Socialists . Next were the more moderate Liberal - Internationalists . This bipartisan group reluctantly supported a declaration of war against Germany with the postwar goal of establishing collective international security institutions designed to peacefully resolve future conflicts between nations and to promote liberal democratic values more broadly . This groups 's views were advocated by interest groups such as the League to Enforce Peace . Adherents included US President Woodrow Wilson , his influential advisor Edward M. House , former President William Howard Taft , famed inventor Alexander Graham Bell , Wall Street financier Bernard Baruch and Harvard University President Abbott Lawrence Lowell . Finally , there were the so - called Atlanticists . Ardently pro-Entente , they had strongly championed American intervention in the war since 1915 . Their primary political motivation was to both prepare the US for war with Germany and to forge an enduring military alliance with Great Britain . This group actively supported the Preparedness Movement and was strong among the Anglophile political establishment of the northeast , boasting such luminaries as former President Theodore Roosevelt , Major General Leonard Wood , prominent attorney and diplomat Joseph Hodges Choate , former Secretary of War Henry Stimson , journalist Walter Lippman and Senators Henry Cabot Lodge , Sr. of Massachusetts and Elihu Root of New York . Public opinion ( edit ) A cosmopolitan group of upper and upper - middle class businessmen based in the largest cities took the lead in promoting military preparedness and in defining how far America could be pushed around before it would fight back . Many public figures hated war -- Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan was the most prominent , and he resigned when he thought Wilson had become too bellicose . Grassroots opposition to American entry came especially from German and Irish elements . Parties ( edit ) A surprising factor in the development of American public opinion was how little the political parties became involved . Wilson and the Democrats in 1916 campaigned on the slogan `` He kept us out of war ! '' , saying a Republican victory would mean war with both Mexico and Germany . His position probably was critical in winning the Western states . Charles Evans Hughes , the GOP candidate , insisted on downplaying the war issue . The Socialist party talked peace . Socialist rhetoric declared the European conflict to be `` an imperialist war '' . It won 2 % of the 1916 vote for Eugene V. Debs , blamed the war on capitalism and pledged total opposition . `` A bayonet '' , its propaganda said , `` was a weapon with a worker at each end '' . When war began , however , about half the Socialists , typified by Congressman Meyer London , supported the decision and sided with the pro-Allied efforts . The rest , led by Debs , remained ideological and die - hard opponents . Many socialists came under investigation from the Espionage Act of 1917 and many suspected of treason were arrested , including Debs . This would only increase the Socialist 's anti-war groups in resentment toward the American government . Workers , farmers , and African Americans ( edit ) The working class was relatively quiet , and tended to divide along ethnic lines . At the beginning of the war , neither working men nor farmers took a large interest in the debates on war preparation . Samuel Gompers , head of the AFL labor movement , denounced the war in 1914 as `` unnatural , unjustified , and unholy '' , but by 1916 he was supporting Wilson 's limited preparedness program , against the objections of Socialist union activists . In 1916 the labor unions supported Wilson on domestic issues and ignored the war question . The war at first disrupted the cotton market ; Britain blockaded shipments to Germany , and prices fell from 11 cents a pound to only 4 cents . By 1916 , however , the British decided to bolster the price to 10 cents to avoid losing Southern support . The cotton growers seem to have moved from neutrality to intervention at about the same pace as the rest of the nation . Midwestern farmers generally opposed the war , especially those of German and Scandinavian descent . The Midwest became the stronghold of isolationism ; other remote rural areas also saw no need for war . The African - American community did not take a strong position one way or the other . A month after congress declared war , W.E.B. Du Bois called on African - Americans to `` fight shoulder to shoulder with the world to gain a world where war shall be no more '' . Once war began and black men were drafted , they worked to achieve equality . Many had hoped the community 's help in the war efforts abroad would earn civil rights at home . When such civil liberties were still not granted , many African - Americans grew tired of waiting for recognition of their rights as American citizens . South ( edit ) There was a strong antiwar element in the white South and border states . In rural Missouri for example , distrust of powerful Eastern influences focused on the risk that Wall Street would lead America into war . Across the South poor white farmers warned each other that `` a rich man 's war meant a poor man 's fight , '' and they wanted nothing of it . Congressman James Hay , Democrat of Virginia was the powerful chairman of the House Committee on Military Affairs . He repeatedly blocked prewar efforts to modernize and enlarge the army . Preparedness was not needed because Americans were already safe , he insisted in January 1915 : Isolated as we are , safe in our vastness , protected by a great navy , and possessed of an army sufficient for any emergency that may arise , we may disregard the lamentations and predictions of the militarists . German Americans ( edit ) German Americans by this time usually had only weak ties to Germany ; however , they were fearful of negative treatment they might receive if the United States entered the war ( such mistreatment was already happening to German - descent citizens in Canada and Australia ) . Almost none called for intervening on Germany 's side , instead calling for neutrality and speaking of the superiority of German culture . As more nations were drawn into the conflict , however , the English - languages press increasingly supporting Britain , while the German - American media called for neutrality while also defending Germany 's position . Chicago 's Germans worked to secure a complete embargo on all arms shipments to Europe . In 1916 , large crowds in Chicago 's Germania celebrated the Kaiser 's birthday , something they had not done before the war . German Americans in early 1917 still called for neutrality , but proclaimed that if a war came they would be loyal to the United States . By this point , they had been excluded almost entirely from national discourse on the subject . Once war started , they were harassed in so many ways that historian Carl Wittke noted in 1936 , it was `` one of the most difficult and humiliating experiences suffered by an ethnic group in American history . '' German - American Socialists in Milwaukee , Wisconsin actively campaigned against entry into the war . Christian Churches and pacifists ( edit ) Come on in , America , the Blood 's Fine ! ( 1917 ) by M.A. Kempf . Leaders of most religious groups ( except the Episcopalians ) tended to pacifism , as did leaders of the woman 's movement . The Methodists and Quakers among others were vocal opponents of the war . President Wilson , who was a devout Presbyterian , would often frame the war in terms of good and evil in an appeal for religious support of the war . A concerted effort was made by pacifists including Jane Addams , Oswald Garrison Villard , David Starr Jordan , Henry Ford , Lillian Wald , and Carrie Chapman Catt . Their goal was to encourage Wilson 's efforts to mediate an end of the war by bringing the belligerents to the conference table . Finally in 1917 Wilson convinced some of them that to be truly anti-war they needed to support what he promised would be `` a war to end all wars '' . Once war was declared , the more liberal denominations , which had endorsed the Social Gospel , called for a war for righteousness that would help uplift all mankind . The theme -- an aspect of American exceptionalism -- was that God had chosen America as his tool to bring redemption to the world . American Catholic bishops maintained a general silence toward the issue of intervention . Millions of Catholics lived in both warring camps , and Catholic Americans tended to split on ethnic lines in their opinions toward American involvement in the war . At the time , heavily Catholic towns and cities in the East and Midwest often contained multiple parishes , each serving a single ethnic group , such as Irish , German , Italian , Polish , or English . American Catholics of Irish and German descent opposed intervention most strongly . Pope Benedict XV made several attempts to negotiate a peace . All of his efforts were rebuffed by both the Allies and the Germans , and throughout the war the Vatican maintained a policy of strict neutrality . Jewish Americans ( edit ) Jewish American sympathies likewise broke along ethnic lines , with recently arrived Yiddish speaking Jews inclined to Zionism , and the established German - American Jewish community largely opposed to it . In 1914 -- 1916 , there were few Jewish forces in favor of American entry into the war . Many regarded Britain as hostile to Jewish interests . New York City , with its well - organized element numbering 1.5 million Jews , was the center of antiwar activism . The different Jewish communities worked together during the war years to provide relief to Jewish communities in Eastern Europe . Of greatest concern to Jews was the tsarist regime in Russia because it was notorious for tolerating pogroms and following anti-Semitic policies . As historian Joseph Rappaport reported through his study of Yiddish press during the war , `` The pro-Germanism of America 's immigrant Jews was an inevitable consequence of their Russophobia '' . The fall of the tsarist regime in March 1917 removed a major obstacle for many Jews who refused to support tsarism . The draft went smoothly in New York City , and left - wing opposition to the war largely collapsed when Zionists saw the possibility of using the war to demand a state of Israel . Irish - Americans ( edit ) The most effective domestic opponents of the war were Irish - American Catholics . They had little interest in the continent , but were neutral about helping the United Kingdom because it had recently enacted the Government of Ireland Act 1914 , allowing Irish Home Rule . However , the Act was suspended until the war ended . John Redmond and the Irish Parliamentary Party ( IPP ) declared that Irish Volunteers should support America 's pro-Allied war efforts first ; his political opponents argued that it was not the time to support Britain in its attempt to `` strengthen and expand her empire '' . The attacks on the IPP and pro-Allied press showed a firm belief that a German victory would hasten the achievement of Irish independence . Yet rather than proposing intervention on behalf of the Germans , Irish American leaders and organizations focused on demanding American neutrality . But the increased contact between militant Irish nationalists and German agents in the United States only fueled concerns of where the primary loyalties of Irish Americans lay . Nevertheless , close to 1,000 Irish - born Americans died fighting with the U.S. armed forces in WWI . The Easter Rising in Dublin in April 1916 was crushed within a week and its leaders executed by firing squad . The mainstream American press treated the uprising as foolish and misguided , and theorized it was largely inspired by the Germans . Overall public opinion remained faithfully pro-British . Irish - Americans dominated the Democratic party in many large cities so Wilson had to take account of their views . They did not prevent him from being hostile to Germany , but they did force him to keep his distance from Britain . Indeed , Irish - American pressure influenced the United States into not accepting Britain 's war aims as its own and define its own objectives , primarily self - determination . The Irish - American community thought they had Wilson 's promise to promote Irish independence in exchange for their support of his war policies , but after the war they were bitterly disappointed by his refusal to support them in 1919 . Wilson saw the Irish situation purely as an internal UK matter and did not perceive the dispute and the unrest in Ireland as comparable to the plight of the various nationalities in Europe as a fall - out from World War I . The progress of the Irish Race Conventions give a flavour of the differing and changing opinions during the war . Pro-Allied immigrants ( edit ) Some British immigrants worked actively for intervention . London - born Samuel Insull , Chicago 's leading industrialist , for example , enthusiastically provided money , propaganda , and means for volunteers to enter the British or Canadian armies . After the United States ' entry , Insull directed the Illinois State Council of Defense , with responsibility for organizing the state 's mobilization . Immigrants from eastern Europe usually cared more about politics in their homeland than politics in the United States . Spokesmen for Slavic immigrants hoped that an Allied victory would bring independence for their homelands . Large numbers of Hungarian immigrants who were liberal and nationalist in sentiment , and sought an independent Hungary , separate from the Austro - Hungarian Empire lobbied in favor of the war and allied themselves with the Atlanticist or Anglophile portion of the population . This community was largely pro-British and anti-German in sentiment . Albanian - Americans in communities such as Boston also campaigned for entry into the war and were overwhelmingly pro-British and anti-German , as well as hopeful the war would lead to an independent Albania which would be free from the Ottoman Empire . Polish , Slovak , and Czech immigrants were enthusiastically pro-war and generally pro-British . Popular pacifism ( edit ) The song `` I Did n't Raise My Boy To Be A Soldier '' was a hit in 1915 , selling 650,000 copies . Its expression of popular pacifist sentiment `` helped make the pacifist movement a hard , quantifiable political reality to be reckoned with . '' Henry Ford supported the pacifist cause by sponsoring a large - scale private peace mission , with numerous activists and intellectuals aboard the `` Peace Ship ' ( the ocean liner Oscar II ) . Ford chartered the ship in 1915 and invited prominent peace activists to join him to meet with leaders on both sides in Europe . He hoped to create enough publicity to prompt the belligerent nations to convene a peace conference and mediate an end to the war . The mission was widely mocked by the press , which wrote about the `` Ship of Fools . '' Infighting between the activists , mockery by the press contingent aboard , and an outbreak of influenza marred the voyage . Four days after the ship arrived in neutral Norway , a beleaguered and physically ill Ford abandoned the mission and returned to the United States ; he had demonstrated that independent small efforts accomplished nothing . German agents ( edit ) On July 24 , 1915 , the German embassy 's commercial attaché , Heinrich Albert , left his briefcase on a train in New York City , where an alert Secret Service agent , Frank Burke , snatched it up . Wilson let the newspapers publish the contents , which indicated a systematic effort by Berlin to subsidize friendly newspapers and block British purchases of war materials . Berlin 's top espionage agent , debonnaire Franz Rintelen von Kleist was spending millions to finance sabotage in Canada , stir up trouble between the United States and Mexico and to incite labor strikes . The British were engaged in propaganda too , though not illegal espionage . But they did not get caught . Germany took the blame as Americans grew ever more worried about the vulnerability of a free society to subversion . Indeed , one of the main fears Americans of all stations had in 1916 -- 1919 was that spies and saboteurs were everywhere . This sentiment played a major role in arousing fear of Germany , and suspicions regarding everyone of German descent who could not `` prove '' 100 % loyalty . Preparedness movement ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Preparedness Movement By 1915 , Americans were paying much more attention to the war . The sinking of the Lusitania had a strong effect on public opinion because of the deaths of American civilians . That year , a strong `` Preparedness '' movement emerged . Proponents argued that the United States needed to immediately build up strong naval and land forces for defensive purposes ; an unspoken assumption was that America would fight sooner or later . General Leonard Wood ( still on active duty after serving a term as Chief of Staff of the Army ) , former president Theodore Roosevelt , and former secretaries of war Elihu Root and Henry Stimson were the driving forces behind Preparedness , along with many of the nation 's most prominent bankers , industrialists , lawyers and scions of prominent families . Indeed , there emerged an `` Atlanticist '' foreign policy establishment , a group of influential Americans drawn primarily from upper - class lawyers , bankers , academics , and politicians of the Northeast , committed to a strand of Anglophile internationalism . Representative was Paul D. Cravath , one of New York 's foremost corporation lawyers . For Cravath , in his mid-fifties when the war began , the conflict served as an epiphany , sparking an interest in international affairs that dominated his remaining career . Fiercely Anglophile , he strongly supported American intervention in the war and hoped that close Anglo - American cooperation would be the guiding principle of postwar international organization . The advertisement of The Battle Cry of Peace film The Preparedness movement had a `` realistic '' philosophy of world affairs -- they believed that economic strength and military muscle were more decisive than idealistic crusades focused on causes like democracy and national self - determination . Emphasizing over and over the weak state of national defenses , they showed that America 's 100,000 - man Army even augmented by the 112,000 National Guardsmen , was outnumbered 20 to one by Germany 's army , which was drawn from a smaller population . Similarly in 1915 , the armed forces of Great Britain and the British empire ( the world 's most powerful military and economic power at the time ) , France , Russia , the Austro - Hungarian empire , Ottoman empire , Italy , Bulgaria , Romania , Serbia , Belgium , Japan and Greece were all larger and more experienced than the United States military , in many cases significantly so . Reform to them meant UMT or `` universal military training '' . They proposed a national service program under which the 600,000 men who turned 18 every year would be required to spend six months in military training , and afterwards be assigned to reserve units . The small regular army would primarily be a training agency . Antimilitarists complained the plan would make America resemble Germany ( which required two years ' active duty ) . Advocates retorted that military `` service '' was an essential duty of citizenship , and that without the commonality provided by such service the nation would splinter into antagonistic ethnic groups . One spokesman promised that UMT would become `` a real melting pot , under which the fire is hot enough to fuse the elements into one common mass of Americanism '' . Furthermore , they promised , the discipline and training would make for a better paid work force . Hostility to military service was strong at the time , and the program failed to win approval . In World War II , when Stimson as Secretary of War proposed a similar program of universal peacetime service , he was defeated . Underscoring its commitment , the Preparedness movement set up and funded its own summer training camps at Plattsburgh , New York , and other sites , where 40,000 college alumni became physically fit , learned to march and shoot , and ultimately provided the cadre of a wartime officer corps . Suggestions by labor unions that talented working - class youth be invited to Plattsburgh were ignored . The Preparedness movement was distant not only from the working classes but also from the middle - class leadership of most of small - town America . It had had little use for the National Guard , which it saw as politicized , localistic , poorly armed , ill trained , too inclined to idealistic crusading ( as against Spain in 1898 ) , and too lacking in understanding of world affairs . The National Guard on the other hand was securely rooted in state and local politics , with representation from a very broad cross section of American society . The Guard was one of the nation 's few institutions that ( in some northern states ) accepted blacks on an equal footing . The Democratic party saw the Preparedness movement as a threat . Roosevelt , Root and Wood were prospective Republican presidential candidates . More subtly , the Democrats were rooted in localism that appreciated the National Guard , and the voters were hostile to the rich and powerful in the first place . Working with the Democrats who controlled Congress , Wilson was able to sidetrack the Preparedness forces . Army and Navy leaders were forced to testify before Congress to the effect that the nation 's military was in excellent shape . In fact neither the Army nor Navy was in shape for war . The Navy had fine ships but Wilson had been using them to threaten Mexico , and the fleet 's readiness had suffered . The crews of the Texas and the New York , the two newest and largest battleships , had never fired a gun , and the morale of the sailors was low . In addition , it was outnumbered and outgunned by the British , German , French and Italian navies . The Army and Navy air forces were tiny in size . Despite the flood of new weapons systems unveiled by the British , Germans , French , Austro - Hungarians , Italians and others in the war in Europe , the Army was paying scant attention . For example , it was making no studies of trench warfare , poison gas , heavy artillery or tanks , and was utterly unfamiliar with the rapid evolution of Aerial warfare . The Democrats in Congress tried to cut the military budget in 1915 . The Preparedness movement effectively exploited the surge of outrage over the Lusitania in May 1915 , forcing the Democrats to promise some improvements to the military and naval forces . Wilson , less fearful of the Navy , embraced a long - term building program designed to make the fleet the equal of the British Royal Navy by the mid-1920s , although this would not be achieved until World War II . `` Realism '' was at work here ; the admirals were Mahanians and they therefore wanted a surface fleet of heavy battleships second to none -- that is , equal to Britain . The facts of submarine warfare ( which necessitated destroyers , not battleships ) and the possibilities of imminent war with Germany ( or with Britain , for that matter ) , were simply ignored . Wilson 's program for the army touched off a firestorm . Secretary of War Lindley Garrison adopted many of the proposals of the Preparedness leaders , especially their emphasis on a large federal reserves and abandonment of the National Guard . Garrison 's proposals not only outraged the localistic politicians of both parties , they also offended a strongly held belief shared by the liberal wing of the Progressive movement . They felt that warfare always had a hidden economic motivation . Specifically , they warned the chief warmongers were New York bankers ( like J.P. Morgan ) with millions at risk , profiteering munition makers ( like Bethlehem Steel , which made armor , and DuPont , which made powder ) and unspecified industrialists searching for global markets to control . Antiwar critics blasted them . These special interests were too powerful , especially , Senator La Follette noted , in the conservative wing of the Republican Party . The only road to peace was disarmament , reiterated Bryan . Garrison 's plan unleashed the fiercest battle in peacetime history over the relationship of military planning to national goals . In peacetime , War Department arsenals and Navy yards manufactured nearly all munitions that lacked civilian uses , including warships , artillery , naval guns , and shells . Items available on the civilian market , such as food , horses , saddles , wagons , and uniforms were always purchased from civilian contractors . Armor plate ( and after 1918 , airplanes ) were exceptions that have caused unremitting controversy for a century . After World War II , the arsenals and Navy yards were much less important than giant civilian aircraft and electronic firms , which became the second half of the `` military - industrial complex '' Peace leaders like Jane Addams of Hull House and David Starr Jordan of Stanford redoubled their efforts , and now turned their voices against the President because he was `` sowing the seeds of militarism , raising up a military and naval caste '' . Many ministers , professors , farm spokesmen and labor union leaders joined in , with powerful support from a band of four dozen southern Democrats in Congress who took control of the House Military Affairs Committee . Wilson , in deep trouble , took his cause to the people in a major speaking tour in early 1916 , a warmup for his reelection campaign that fall . Wilson seems to have won over the middle classes , but had little impact on the largely ethnic working classes and the deeply isolationist farmers . Congress still refused to budge , so Wilson replaced Garrison as Secretary of War with Newton Baker , the Democratic mayor of Cleveland and an outspoken opponent of preparedness . ( Garrison 's kept quiet , but felt Wilson was `` a man of high ideals but no principles '' . ) The upshot was a compromise passed in May 1916 , as the war raged on and Berlin was debating whether America was so weak it could be ignored . The Army was to double in size to 11,300 officers and 208,000 men , with no reserves , and a National Guard that would be enlarged in five years to 440,000 men . Summer camps on the Plattsburg model were authorized for new officers , and the government was given $20 million to build a nitrate plant of its own . Preparedness supporters were downcast , the antiwar people were jubilant . America would now be too weak to go to war . Colonel Robert L. Bullard privately complained that `` Both sides ( Britain and Germany ) treat us with scorn and contempt ; our fool , smug conceit of superiority has been exploded in our faces and deservedly . '' The House gutted the naval plans as well , defeating a `` big navy '' plan by 189 to 183 , and scuttling the battleships . The battle of Jutland ( May 31 / June 1 , 1916 ) was used by the navalists to argue for the primacy of seapower ; they then took control in the Senate , broke the House coalition , and authorized a rapid three - year buildup of all classes of warships . A new weapons system , naval aviation , received $3.5 million , and the government was authorized to build its own armor - plate factory . The very weakness of American military power encouraged Berlin to start its unrestricted submarine attacks in 1917 . It knew this meant war with America , but it could discount the immediate risk because the U.S. Army was negligible and the new warships would not be at sea until 1919 by which time the war would be over , with Germany victorious . The notion that armaments led to war was turned on its head : refusal to arm in 1916 led to war in 1917 . Size of military ( edit ) Americans felt an increasing need for a military that could command respect ; as one editor put it , `` The best thing about a large army and a strong navy is that they make it so much easier to say just what we want to say in our diplomatic correspondence . '' Berlin thus far had backed down and apologized when Washington was angry , thus boosting American self - confidence . America 's rights and America 's honor increasingly came into focus . The slogan `` Peace '' gave way to `` Peace with Honor '' . The Army remained unpopular , however . A recruiter in Indianapolis noted that , `` The people here do not take the right attitude towards army life as a career , and if a man joins from here he often tries to go out on the quiet '' . The Preparedness movement used its easy access to the mass media to demonstrate that the War Department had no plans , no equipment , little training , no reserves , a laughable National Guard , and a wholly inadequate organization for war . Motion pictures like The Battle Cry of Peace ( 1915 ) depicted invasions of the American homeland that demanded action . Navy ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States Navy § Preparing for war 1914 -- 1917 The readiness and capability of the U.S. Navy was a matter of controversy . The press at the time reported that the only thing the military was ready for was an enemy fleet attempting to seize New York harbor -- at a time when the German battle fleet was penned up by the Royal Navy . The Navy Secretary Josephus Daniels was a journalist with pacifist leanings . He had built up the educational resources of the Navy and made its Naval War College in Newport , Rhode Island an essential experience for would - be admirals . However , he alienated the officer corps with his moralistic reforms , including no wine in the officers ' mess , no hazing at the Naval Academy , and more chaplains and YMCAs . Daniels , as a newspaperman , knew the value of publicity . In 1915 he set up the Naval Consulting Board headed by Thomas Edison to obtain the advice and expertise of leading scientists , engineers , and industrialists . It popularized technology , naval expansion , and military preparedness , and was well covered in the media . But according to Coletta he ignored the nation 's strategic needs , and disdaining the advice of its experts , Daniels suspended meetings of the Joint Army and Navy Board for two years because it was giving unwelcome advice , chopped in half the General Board 's recommendations for new ships , reduced the authority of officers in the Navy yards where ships were built and repaired , and ignored the administrative chaos in his department . Bradley Fiske , one of the most innovative admirals in American naval history , in 1914 was Daniels ' top aide ; he recommended a reorganization that would prepare for war , but Daniels refused . Instead he replaced Fiske in 1915 and brought in for the new post of Chief of Naval Operations an unknown captain , William Benson . Chosen for his compliance , Benson proved a wily bureaucrat who was more interested in preparing for an eventual showdown with Britain than an immediate one with Germany . Benson told Sims he `` would as soon fight the British as the Germans '' . Proposals to send observers to Europe were blocked , leaving the Navy in the dark about the success of the German submarine campaign . Admiral William Sims charged after the war that in April 1917 , only ten percent of the Navy 's warships were fully manned ; the rest lacked 43 % of their seamen . Light antisubmarine ships were few in number , as if Daniels had been unaware of the German submarine menace that had been the focus of foreign policy for two years . The Navy 's only warfighting plan , the `` Black Plan '' assumed the Royal Navy did not exist and that German battleships were moving freely about the Atlantic and the Caribbean and threatening the Panama Canal . Daniels ' tenure would have been even less successful save for the energetic efforts of Assistant Secretary Franklin D. Roosevelt , who effectively ran the Department . His most recent biographer concludes that , `` it is true that Daniels had not prepared the navy for the war it would have to fight . '' Decision for war ( edit ) `` Hurting Their Feelings '' : Political cartoon from November 9 , 1915 , shows the British lion and John Bull reading a newspaper about American war protests and crying , while American ships and cargo appear in the harbor behind them By 1916 a new factor was emerging -- a sense of national self - interest and American nationalism . The unbelievable casualty figures in Europe were sobering -- two vast battles caused over one million casualties each . Clearly this war would be a decisive episode in the history of the world . Every American effort to find a peaceful solution was frustrated . Decision making ( edit ) Kendrick Clements claims bureaucratic decision - making was one of the main sources pushing the United States to declaring war on Germany and aligning itself with the Allies . He cites the State Department 's demand that Germany 's submarines obey outdated , 18th century sailing laws as one of the first missteps by the United States bureaucracy regarding the war . By doing so , the United States had essentially given Germany the choice of whether or not the U.S. would enter the war . Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan spent most of the fall of 1914 out of contact with the State Department , leaving the more conservative Robert Lansing with the ability to shape American foreign policy at the time . One of these decisions was made in response to British protests that the Germans were using U.S. radio towers to send messages to their warships . Immediately prior to the war starting in 1914 , Britain had cut all cable communications leading out of Germany , including the trans - Atlantic cable . The US Government permitted German embassies to use the US cable lines for `` proper '' diplomatic business . Germany argued that usage of the towers was necessary to allow efficient contact between the U.S. and Germany . Lansing responded by requiring both sides to give the U.S. Navy copies of the messages they sent over the towers . The French and British were still able to use the cables , forcing Germany to be the only belligerent required to provide the U.S. with their messages . This and other seemingly small decisions made by Lansing during this time would eventually stack up , shifting American support towards the Allies . Zimmermann Telegram ( edit ) Main article : Zimmermann Telegram Once Germany had decided on unrestricted submarine warfare in January 1917 , and knowing it would be attacking all American ships in the North Atlantic , it tried to line up new allies , especially Mexico . Arthur Zimmermann , the German foreign minister , sent the Zimmermann Telegram to Mexico on January 16 , 1917 . Zimmerman invited Mexico ( knowing their resentment towards America since the 1848 Mexican Cession ) to join in a war against the United States . Germany promised to pay for Mexico 's costs and to help it recover the territory annexed by the U.S. in 1848 . These territories included the present day states of California , Nevada , Utah , most of Arizona , about half of New Mexico and a quarter of Colorado . British intelligence intercepted and decoded the telegram and passed it to the Wilson administration . The White House would release it to the press on March 1st . Anger grew further as the Germans began sinking American ships , even as isolationists in the Senate launched a filibuster to block legislation for arming American merchant ships to defend themselves . Sinking of American merchant ships ( edit ) In early 1917 Berlin forced the issue . Its declared decision on 31 January 1917 to target neutral shipping in a designated war - zone became the immediate cause of the entry of the United States into the war . Five American merchant ships went down in March . Outraged public opinion now overwhelmingly supported Wilson when he asked Congress for a declaration of war on April 2 , 1917 . Public opinion , moralism , and national interest ( edit ) Historians such as Ernest R. May have approached the process of American entry into the war as a study in how public opinion changed radically in three years ' time . In 1914 most Americans called for neutrality , seeing the war a dreadful mistake and were determined to stay out . By 1917 the same public felt just as strongly that going to war was both necessary and wise . Military leaders had little to say during this debate , and military considerations were seldom raised . The decisive questions dealt with morality and visions of the future . The prevailing attitude was that America possessed a superior moral position as the only great nation devoted to the principles of freedom and democracy . By staying aloof from the squabbles of reactionary empires , it could preserve those ideals -- sooner or later the rest of the world would come to appreciate and adopt them . In 1917 this very long - run program faced the severe danger that in the short run powerful forces adverse to democracy and freedom would triumph . Strong support for moralism came from religious leaders , women ( led by Jane Addams ) , and from public figures like long - time Democratic leader William Jennings Bryan , the Secretary of State from 1913 to 1916 . The most important moralist of all was President Woodrow Wilson -- the man who dominated decision making so totally that the war has been labelled , from an American perspective , `` Wilson 's War '' . In 1917 Wilson won the support of most of the moralists by proclaiming `` a war to make the world safe for democracy . '' If they truly believed in their ideals , he explained , now was the time to fight . The question then became whether Americans would fight for what they deeply believed in , and the answer turned out to be a resounding `` Yes '' . Antiwar activists at the time and in the 1930s , alleged that beneath the veneer of moralism and idealism there must have been ulterior motives . Some suggested a conspiracy on the part of New York City bankers holding $3 billion of war loans to the Allies , or steel and chemical firms selling munitions to the Allies . The interpretation was popular among left - wing Progressives ( led by Senator Robert La Follette of Wisconsin ) and among the `` agrarian '' wing of the Democratic party -- including the chairman of the tax - writing Ways and Means Committee of the House . He strenuously opposed war , and when it came he rewrote the tax laws to make sure the rich paid the most . ( In the 1930s neutrality laws were passed to prevent financial entanglements from dragging the nation into a war . ) In 1915 , Bryan thought that Wilson 's pro-British sentiments had distorted his policies , so he became the first Secretary of State ever to resign in protest . However , historian Harold C. Syrett argues that business supported neutrality . Other historians state that the pro-war element was animated not by profit but by disgust with what Germany actually did , especially in Belgium , and the threat it represented to American ideals . Belgium kept the public 's sympathy as the Germans executed civilians , and English nurse Edith Cavell . American engineer Herbert Hoover led a private relief effort that won wide support . Compounding the Belgium atrocities were new weapons that Americans found repugnant , like poison gas and the aerial bombardment of innocent civilians as Zeppelins dropped bombs on London . Even anti-war spokesmen did not claim that Germany was innocent , and pro-German scripts were poorly received . Randolph Bourne criticized the moralist philosophy claiming it was a justification by American intellectual and power elites , like President Wilson , for going to war unnecessarily . He argues that the push for war started with the Preparedness movement , fueled by big business . While big business would not push much further than Preparedness , benefitting the most from neutrality , the movement would eventually evolve into a war - cry , led by war - hawk intellectuals under the guise of moralism . Bourne believes elites knew full well what going to war would entail and the price in American lives it would cost . If American elites could portray the United States ' role in the war as noble , they could convince the generally isolationist American public war would be acceptable . Above all , American attitudes towards Germany focused on the U-boats ( submarines ) , which sank the Lusitania in 1915 and other passenger ships `` without warning '' . That appeared to Americans as an unacceptable challenge to America 's rights as a neutral country , and as an unforgivable affront to humanity . After repeated diplomatic protests , Germany agreed to stop . But in 1917 the Germany military leadership decided that `` military necessity '' dictated the unrestricted use of their submarines . The Kaiser 's advisors felt America was enormously powerful economically but too weak militarily to make a difference . Declaration of war ( edit ) Germany ( edit ) On April 2 , 1917 , Wilson asked a special joint session of Congress to declare war on the German Empire , stating , `` We have no selfish ends to serve '' . To make the conflict seem like a better idea , he painted the conflict idealistically , stating that the war would `` make the world safe for democracy '' and later that it would be a `` war to end war '' . The United States had a moral responsibility to enter the war , Wilson proclaimed . The future of the world was being determined on the battlefield , and American national interest demanded a voice . Wilson 's definition of the situation won wide acclaim , and , indeed , has shaped America 's role in world and military affairs ever since . Wilson believed that if the Central Powers won , the consequences would be bad for the United States . Germany would have dominated the continent and perhaps would gain control of the seas as well . Latin America could well have fallen under Berlin 's control . The dream of spreading democracy , liberalism , and independence would have been shattered . On the other hand , if the Allies had won without help , there was a danger they would carve up the world without regard to American commercial interests . They were already planning to use government subsidies , tariff walls , and controlled markets to counter the competition posed by American businessmen . The solution was a third route , a `` peace without victory '' , according to Wilson . On April 6 , 1917 , Congress declared war . In the Senate , the resolution passed 82 to 6 , with Senators Harry Lane , William J. Stone , James Vardaman , Asle Gronna , Robert M. La Follette , Sr. , and George W. Norris voting against it . In the House , the declaration passed 373 to 50 , with Claude Kitchin , a senior Democrat , notably opposing it . Another opponent was Jeannette Rankin , who alone voted against entry into both World War I and World War II . Nearly all of the opposition came from the West and the Midwest . Austria - Hungary ( edit ) The United States Senate , in a 74 to 0 vote , declared war on Austria - Hungary on December 7 , 1917 , citing Austria - Hungary 's severing of diplomatic relations with the United States , its use of unrestricted submarine warfare and its alliance with Germany . The declaration passed in the United States House of Representatives by a vote of 365 to 1 . See also ( edit ) World War I portal Causes of World War I Diplomatic history of World War I United States in World War I United States home front during World War I Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jeanette Keith ( 2004 ) . Rich Man 's War , Poor Man 's Fight : Race , Class , and Power in the Rural South during the First World War . U. of North Carolina Press . pp. 1 -- 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 7589 - 6 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Harry Elmer . The Genesis of the World War ( 1925 ) pp. 590 -- 591 Jump up ^ `` World War One '' . BBC History . Jump up ^ Link , Arthur S. ( 1972 ) . Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era , 1910 -- 1917 . New York : Harper & Row . pp. 252 -- 282 . ^ Jump up to : H.J. Res. 169 : Declaration of War with Austria - Hungary , WWI , United States Senate ^ Jump up to : Jennifer K. Elsea ; Matthew C. Weed ( April 18 , 2014 ) . `` Declarations of War and Authorizations for the Use of Military Force : Historical Background and Legal Implications '' ( PDF ) . p. 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 10 , 2006 . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Eric W. Osborne , Britain 's economic blockade of Germany , 1914 -- 1919 ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Ernest May , The World War and American Isolation , 1914 -- 1917 ( 1959 ) p. 115 quote from Dec 1914 . Jump up ^ C.R.M.F. Cruttwell , A history of the Great War , 1914 -- 1918 ( 2007 ) p. 191 Jump up ^ Edward House , The intimate papers of Colonel House : Vol 2 ( 1928 ) p. 73 Jump up ^ Duffy , Michael ( August 22 , 2009 ) . `` U.S. ' Strict Accountability ' Warning to Germany , 10 February 1915 '' . Retrieved January 30 , 2011 Jump up ^ Spencer Tucker , The Great War , 1914 -- 18 ( 1997 ) p. 133 Jump up ^ Ernest May , The World War and American Isolation , 1914 -- 1917 ( 1959 ) p. 414 Jump up ^ Krakow , Ira . `` World War I - The Most Unpopular War In Our History '' . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Horn , Martin ( Spring 2000 ) . `` A Private Bank at War : J.P. Morgan &Co. and France , 1914 -- 1918 '' . Business History Review . 1 . 74 : 85 -- 112 . doi : 10.2307 / 3116353 . Jump up ^ Global Financial Data . `` Industrial Output 1909 -- 1930 '' . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kendrick , John W. ( 1961 ) . `` Productivity Trends in the United States '' . National Bureau of Economic Research : 1 -- 50 . Jump up ^ H.W. Brands ( 2003 ) . Woodrow Wilson : The American Presidents Series : The 28th President , 1913 -- 1921 . Henry Holt . pp. 55 -- 56 . ^ Jump up to : Cuff , Robert D. ; Urofsky , Melvin I. ( Autumn 1970 ) . `` The Steel Industry and Price - Fixing during World War I '' . The Business History Review . 3 . 44 ( 3 ) : 291 -- 306 . doi : 10.2307 / 3112615 . ^ Jump up to : Metz , Lance E. ( November 2006 ) . `` Bethlehem Steel : The Rise and Fall of An Industrial Giant '' . Pennsylvania Legacies. 6 ( 2 ) : 10 -- 15 . Jump up ^ James Weinstein , `` Anti-War Sentiment and the Socialist Party , 1917 -- 1918 . '' Political Science Quarterly 74 # 2 ( 1959 ) : 215 -- 239 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Ross A. Kennedy , The Will to Believe : Woodrow Wilson , World War I , and America 's Strategy for Peace and Security ( Kent State University Press , 2009 ) Jump up ^ Charles Chatfield , For peace and justice : pacifism in America , 1914 -- 1941 ( 1973 ) ch 1 Jump up ^ Nicole Anderson Yanoso ( 2016 ) . The Irish and the American Presidency . Transaction Publishers . pp. 90 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Frederick C. Luebke , Bonds of Loyalty : German - American and World War I ( Northern Illinois University Press , 1974 ) , ch 1 . Jump up ^ John Milton Cooper , Jr. , Woodrow Wilson ( 2009 ) pp. 341 -- 2 , 352 , 360 Jump up ^ Merlo J. Pusey , Charles Evans Hughes ( 1951 ) vol 1 , p. 356 Jump up ^ Bernard J. Brommel , `` The pacifist speechmaking of Eugene V. Debs . '' Quarterly Journal of Speech 52.2 ( 1966 ) : 146 - 154 . Jump up ^ Seymour Martin Lipset and Gary Marks , It did n't happen here : why socialism failed in the United States ( 2001 ) p. 184 Jump up ^ John Whiteclay Chambers ( 1999 ) . The Oxford Companion to American Military History . Oxford UP . p. 203 . Jump up ^ Lawrence O. Christensen , `` World War I in Missouri , '' Missouri Historical Review , 90 ( 1996 ) , 330 - 354 , 410 - 428 . Jump up ^ Edwin Costrell , How Maine viewed the war , 1914 -- 1917 ( 1940 ) Jump up ^ John C. Crighton , Missouri and the World War , 1914 -- 1917 : a study in public opinion ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ Joseph A. McCartin , Labor 's Great War : The Struggle for Industrial Democracy and the Origins of Modern American Labor Relations , 1912 -- 1921 ( 1998 ) pp. 34 , 57 Jump up ^ McCorkle , James L. , Jr. ( 1981 ) . `` Mississippi from Neutrality to War ( 1914 -- 1917 ) '' . Journal of Mississippi History . 43 ( 2 ) : 85 -- 125 . Jump up ^ Arthur S. Link , Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era ( 1954 ) pp. 169 -- 72 Jump up ^ Christopher C. Gibbs , The great silent majority : Missouri 's resistance to World War I ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ Panikos Panayi , `` Minorities in Wartime : National and Racial Groupings in Europe , North America , and Australia During the Two World War '' ( 1992 ) p. 170 Jump up ^ Mark Ellis , `` America 's Black Press , 1914 -- 18 , '' History Today , Sept 1991 , Vol. 41 , Issue 9 Jump up ^ Panikos Panayi , `` Minorities in Wartime : National and Racial Groupings in Europe , North America , and Australia During the Two World Wars '' ( 1992 ) p. 171 Jump up ^ Christopher C. Gibbs , Great Silent Majority : Missouri 's Resistance to World War I ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ Jeanette Keith ( 2004 ) . Rich Man 's War , Poor Man 's Fight : Race , Class , and Power in the Rural South During the First World War . U. of North Carolina Press . p. 85 . Jump up ^ George C. Herring , `` James Hay and the Preparedness Controversy , 1915 -- 1916 . '' Journal of Southern History ( 1964 ) 30 # 4 pp. 383 -- 404 quote , p. 386 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Leslie V. Tischauser , The Burden of Ethnicity : The German Question in Chicago , 1914 -- 1941 ( Garland , 1990 ) pp. 21 -- 23 Jump up ^ Frederick C. Luebke , Bonds of Loyalty : German - Americans and World War I ( 1974 ) pp. 200 -- 207 Jump up ^ Carl Wittke , German - Americans and the World War ( with Special Emphasis on Ohio 's German - Language Press ) ( Columbus , Ohio , 1936 ) , p. 209 Jump up ^ See Wisconsin Historical Society , `` World War I , at home and in the trenches '' Jump up ^ John F. Piper , The American Churches in World War I ( 1985 ) . Jump up ^ Samuel S. Hill , Charles H. Lippy , and Charles Reagan Wilson , Encyclopedia of Religion in the South ( 2005 ) p. 297 Jump up ^ Patterson , David S. ( 1971 ) . `` Woodrow Wilson and the Mediation Movement 1914 -- 1917 '' . The Historian. 33 ( 4 ) : 535 -- 556 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 6563.1971. tb01164. x . Jump up ^ Piper , John F. , Jr. ( 1970 ) . `` The American Churches in World War I '' . Journal of the American Academy of Religion . 38 ( 2 ) : 147 -- 155 . doi : 10.1093 / jaarel / XXXVIII. 2.147 . JSTOR 1461171 . Jump up ^ Gamble , Richard M. ( 2003 ) . The War for Righteousness : Progressive Christianity , the Great War , and the Rise of the Messianic Nation . Wilmington : ISI Books . ISBN 1 - 932236 - 16 - 3 . Jump up ^ Christopher M. Sterba , Good Americans : Italian and Jewish Immigrants During the First World War ( 2003 ) , 61 -- 63 Jump up ^ Mary Ann Irwin , and Ann Marie Wilson ; `` ' The Air is Becoming Full of War ' : Jewish San Francisco and World War I , '' Pacific Historical Review 74 # 3 ( 2005 ) : 331 - 66 Jump up ^ Zosa Szajkowski , `` Private and Organized American Jewish Overseas Relief ( 1914 -- 1938 ) , '' American Jewish Historical Quarterly 57 # 1 ( 1967 ) 52 -- 106 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Zosa Szajkowski , Jews , Wars , and Communism . Vol . I : The Attitude of American Jews to World War I , the Russian Revolutions of 1917 , and Communism ( 1914 -- 1945 ) ( New York : KTAV , 1973 ) includes a great deal of undigested information . Jump up ^ Joseph Rappaport , Jewish Immigrants and World War I : A Study of Yiddish Attitudes ( 1951 ) , p. 78 Jump up ^ Henry L. Feingold ( 2007 ) . `` Silent No More '' : Saving the Jews of Russia , the American Jewish Effort , 1967 -- 1989 . Syracuse UP . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Sterba , Good Americans ( 2003 ) , 68 -- 69 , 76 , 79 , 167 - 69 Jump up ^ Malcolm Campbell , Ireland 's New Worlds , ( 2008 ) , p. 164 Jump up ^ Malcolm Campbell , Ireland 's New Worlds , ( 2008 ) , p. 174 Jump up ^ Smolenyak , Megan . `` How Many Irish - Born Died in Service to the U.S. in WWI ? '' . Irish America . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Malcolm Campbell , Ireland 's New Worlds , ( 2008 ) , p. 170 Jump up ^ Leary , William M. , Jr. ( 1967 ) . `` Woodrow Wilson , Irish Americans , and the Election of 1916 '' . Journal of American History . 54 ( 1 ) : 57 -- 72 . doi : 10.2307 / 1900319 . JSTOR 1900319 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Billy . `` Woodrow Wilson '' . Ulstervirginia.com . http://www.ulstervirginia.com/woodrowwilson.asp . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Forrest ( 2004 ) . Insull : The Rise and Fall of a Billionaire Utility Tycoon . Washington : Beard Books . pp. 162 -- 187 . ISBN 1 - 58798 - 243 - 9 . Jump up ^ O'Grady , Joseph ( 1967 ) . The Immigrants ' Influence on Wilson 's Peace Policies . Lexington : University of Kentucky Press . Jump up ^ The Hungarian - Americans by Steven Béla Várdy ; Twayne Publishers , 1985 page 87 -- 99 Jump up ^ Christopher M. Sterba , Good Americans : Italian and Jewish Immigrants During the First World War , ( 2003 ) p. 31 -- 32 Jump up ^ Michael T. Urbanski , `` Money , War , and Recruiting an Army : The Activities of Connecticut Polonia During World War I , '' Connecticut History ( 2007 ) 46 # 1 pp. 45 -- 69 . Jump up ^ The Albanian - American Odyssey : A Pilot Study of the Albanian Community of Boston , Massachusetts Front Cover Dennis L. Nagi AMS Press , Jan 1 , 1989 , pp. 33 -- 35 Jump up ^ Mark W. van Wienen ( 1997 ) . Partisans and Poets : The Political Work of American Poetry in the Great War . Cambridge UP . p. 57 . Jump up ^ Barbara S. Kraft , The Peace Ship : Henry Ford 's Pacifist Adventure in the First World War ( 1978 ) p. 81 Jump up ^ Max Wallace , The American Axis ( New York , New York : St. Martin 's Press , 2003 ) , pp. 224 -- 225 . Jump up ^ H.C. Peterson , Propaganda for war : The campaign against American neutrality , 1914 -- 1917 ( 1968 ) Jump up ^ Link 3 : 556ff Jump up ^ George C. Herring , `` James Hay and the Preparedness Controversy , 1915 -- 1916 . '' Journal of Southern History ( 1964 ) 30 # 4 pp. 383 -- 404 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Roberts , Priscilla ( 2005 ) . `` Paul D. Cravath , the First World War , and the Anglophile Internationalist Tradition '' . Australian Journal of Politics and History . 51 ( 2 ) : 194 -- 215 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8497.2005. 00370. x . Jump up ^ `` World War I facts , information , pictures Encyclopedia.com articles about World War I '' . Encyclopedia.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Scott Manning ( 2007 - 01 - 04 ) . `` World War I : Troop Statistics '' . Scottmanning.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Chambers 93 ; Weigley Army 345 Jump up ^ Very few young men from wealthy or prominent families considered a career in the Army or Navy then or at any time in American history . The highest social background of cadets , exemplified by George Patton , West Point 1909 , and Lucius Clay , 1918 , was oldest son of a locally prominent family . Jump up ^ Link , Woodrow Wilson , pp. 179ff Jump up ^ Herring , `` James Hay and the Preparedness Controversy , 1915 -- 1916 , '' p. 383 ^ Jump up to : Paolo Coletta , American Secretaries of the Navy ( 1980 ) 2 : 526 - 41 Jump up ^ Theodore A. Thelander , `` Josephus Daniels and the Publicity Campaign for Naval and Industrial Preparedness before World War I , '' North Carolina Historical Review ( 1966 ) 43 # 3 pp. 316 -- 332 Jump up ^ Lee A. Craig ( 2013 ) . Josephus Daniels : His Life and Times . U. North Carolina Press . pp. 364 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Kendrick A. Clements , `` Woodrow Wilson and World War I . '' Presidential Studies Quarterly ( 2004 ) 34 # 1 pp. 62 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Woodrow Wilson ( 2011 ) pp. 378 -- 79 Jump up ^ Thomas Boghardt , The Zimmermann Telegram : Intelligence , Diplomacy , and America 's Entry into World War I ( 2012 ) Excerpt and text search , summarized in Thomas Boghardt 's The Zimmermann Telegram : Diplomacy , Intelligence and The American Entry into World War I ( 2003 ) online Jump up ^ Compare : Doenecke , Justus D. ( 2011 ) . Nothing Less Than War : A New History of America 's Entry Into World War I. Studies in Conflict , Diplomacy and Peace Series . University Press of Kentucky . p. 250 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 3002 - 6 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 07 . On January 31 , Ambassador Bernstorff presented ( ... ) Germany 's response to Wilson 's recent ' peace without victory ' plea ( ... ) : his nation was about to launch an unrestricted submarine campaign , thereby declaring total maritime war against all neutrals . After February 1 , the communique noted , German U-boats would sink without warning belligerent and neutral ships found in a designated zone comprising waters around Great Britain , France , and Italy , and in the eastern Mediterranean . The Admiralty made one minor exception : it would permit one American steamer a week to sail between New York and Falmouth ( ... ) . Initially Germany would grant a period of grace , during which its submarines would not harm neutral ships that either were en route to the war zone or had already arrived . Jump up ^ Compare : Doenecke , Justus D. ( 2011 ) . Nothing Less Than War : A New History of America 's Entry Into World War I. Studies in Conflict , Diplomacy and Peace Series . University Press of Kentucky . p. 286 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 3002 - 6 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 07 . Several factors led to Wilson 's choice . Germany 's U-boat warfare was paramount . Had it not been for Berlin 's announcement of January 31 , the president probably would not have issued a call to arms . Jump up ^ Justus D. Doenecke , Nothing Less Than War : A New History of America 's Entry into World War I ( 2011 ) ch 10 ^ Jump up to : May , Ernest R. ( 1966 ) . The World War and American isolation , 1914 -- 1917 . Jump up ^ Knock , Thomas J. ( 1995 ) . To End All Wars : Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order . Jump up ^ Syrett , Harold C. ( 1945 ) . `` The Business Press and American Neutrality , 1914 -- 1917 '' . Mississippi Valley Historical Review . 32 ( 2 ) : 215 -- 230 . doi : 10.2307 / 1898209 . JSTOR 1898209 . Jump up ^ Robert W. Cherny , A righteous cause : the life of William Jennings Bryan ( 1994 ) p. 144 Jump up ^ Syrett , `` The Business Press and American Neutrality , 1914 -- 1917 , '' Jump up ^ The German army executed over 6,500 French and Belgian civilians between August and November 1914 , usually in near - random large - scale shootings of civilians ordered by junior German officers . Horne , John ; Kramer , Alan ( 2001 ) . German Atrocities , 1914 : A History of Denial . New Haven : Yale U.P. ISBN 0 - 300 - 08975 - 9 . Jump up ^ Bonadio , Felice A. ( 1959 ) . `` The Failure of German Propaganda in the United States , 1914 -- 1917 '' . Mid America . 41 ( 1 ) : 40 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Bourne , Randolph . `` The War and the Intellectuals . '' N.p. : n.p. , n.d. 133 - 46 . Print . Jump up ^ DISASTER BEARS OUT EMBASSY 'S WARNING ; German Advertisement Practically Foretold Lusitania 's Fate on Day She Sailed . AND IS REPEATED TODAY Passengers Also Said to Have Received Telegrams -- Shipping Men Heard of Threats . Jump up ^ Germany , U-Boats and the Lusitania Jump up ^ The Lusitania Jump up ^ for detailed coverage of the speech see NY Times main headline , April 2 , 1917 , President Calls for War Declaration , Stronger Navy , New Army of 500,000 Men , Full Cooperation With Germany 's Foes Jump up ^ John Milton Cooper , Jr. , Woodrow Wilson : A Biography ( 2011 ) pp. 383 -- 89 Jump up ^ Simon Newton Dexter North ; et al. ( 1918 ) . The American Year Book : A Record of Events and Progress . Thomas Nelson & Sons . pp. 10 -- 11 . Bibliography ( edit ) After war was declared war bond posters demonized Germany Ambrosius , Lloyd E. `` Woodrow Wilson and George W. Bush : Historical Comparisons of Ends and Means in Their Foreign Policies , '' Diplomatic History , 30 ( June 2006 ) , 509 -- 43 . Arnett , Alex Mathews . Claude Kitchin and the Wilson War Policies. 1937 . OCLC 1278853 Kitchen was an antiwar Democrat in the House Bassett , John Spencer . Our War with Germany : A History ( 1919 ) online edition Brands , H.W. Theodore Roosevelt ( 2001 ) OCLC 50431515 , full biography online edition Clements , Kendrick A. `` Woodrow Wilson and World War I , '' Presidential Studies Quarterly 34 : 1 ( 2004 ) . pp. 62 +. online edition Clifford , J. Garry . Citizen Soldiers : The Plattsburgh Training Camp Movement , 1913 -- 1920 ( 1972 ) Cooper , John Milton . The vanity of power : American isolationism and the First World War , 1914 - 1917 ( 1969 ) . Cooper , John Milton . Woodrow Wilson . A Biography ( 2009 ) , Major scholarly biography . Costrell , Edwin . How Maine viewed the war , 1914 -- 1917 , ( 1940 ) OCLC 475605726 Crighton , John C. Missouri and the World War , 1914 -- 1917 : a study in public opinion ( University of Missouri , 1947 ) OCLC 831309569 Coffman , Edward M. The War to End All Wars : The American Military Experience in World War I ( 1998 ) ISBN 0 - 8131 - 0955 - 8 OCLC 38842092 Cummins , Cedric Clisten . Indiana public opinion and the World War , 1914 -- 1917 , ( 1945 ) Davis , Allen F. American Heroine : The Life and Legend of Jane Addams . ( Oxford University Press , 1973 ) ISBN 0 - 19 - 501694 - 7 OCLC 714527 Doenecke , Justus D. Nothing Less Than War : A New History of America 's Entry into World War I ( 2011 ) 433 pages ; comprehensive history online ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 3002 - 6 OCLC 682895305 Doenecke , Justus D. `` Neutrality Policy and the Decision for War . '' in Ross Kennedy ed. , A Companion to Woodrow Wilson ( 2013 ) pp. 243 -- 69 Online ; covers the historiography Early , Frances H. A World without War : How U.S. Feminists and Pacifists Resisted World War I. ( Syracuse University Press , 1997 ) ISBN 0 - 8156 - 2764 - 5 OCLC 36800616 Esposito , David M. The Legacy of Woodrow Wilson : American War Aims in World War I. ( Praeger , 1996 ) 159pp online edition ISBN 0 - 275 - 95493 - 5 OCLC 33244422 Finnegan , John P. Against the Specter of a Dragon : The Campaign for American Military Preparedness , 1914 -- 1917 . ( 1975 ) . ISBN 0 - 8371 - 7376 - 0 OCLC 983933 Floyd , M. Ryan ( 2013 ) . Abandoning American Neutrality : Woodrow Wilson and the Beginning of the Great War , August 1914 - December 1915 . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 33411 - 4 OCLC 836748335 Fordham , Benjamin O. `` Revisionism reconsidered : exports and American intervention in World War I . '' International Organization 61 # 2 ( 2007 ) : 277 - 310 . Gibbs , Christopher C. The Great Silent Majority : Missouri 's Resistance to World War I. 1988 . ISBN 0 - 8262 - 0683 - 2 OCLC 17676727 Grubbs , Frank L. The Struggle for Labor Loyalty : Gompers , the A.F. of L. , and the Pacifists , 1917 -- 1920 . 1968 . OCLC 640024383 Hannigan , Robert E. The Great War and American Foreign Policy , 1914 - 24 ( 2016 ) excerpt ; online at Questia Herman , Sondra . Eleven Against War : Studies in American Internationalist Thought , 1898 -- 1921 . 1969 . OCLC 23333 Higham , Robin and Dennis E. Showalter , eds . Researching World War I : A Handbook . 2003 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 28850 - X OCLC 51922814 , 475pp ; highly detailed historiography , online edition Hodgson , Godfrey . Woodrow Wilson 's Right Hand : The Life of Colonel Edward M. House . 2006 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 09269 - 5 OCLC 61864854 335pp Kazal , Russell A. Becoming Old Stock : The Paradox of German - American Identity. 2004 . 390 , pp. ISBN 0 - 691 - 05015 - 5 OCLC 52509620 German Americans in Philadelphia ponder the war . Kazin , Michael . War Against War : The American Fight for Peace , 1914 - 1918 ( 2017 ) . Keene , Jennifer D. `` Remembering the `` Forgotten War '' : American Historiography on World War I . '' Historian 78 # 3 ( 2016 ) : 439 -- 468 . Keene , Jennifer D. `` Americans Respond : Perspectives on the Global War , 1914 - 1917 . '' Geschichte und Gesellschaft 40.2 ( 2014 ) : 266 - 286 . online Kennedy , David M. Over Here : The First World War and American Society ( 1982 ) , covers politics & economics & society online edition ISBN 0 - 19 - 502729 - 9 OCLC 6085939 Kennedy , Ross A. `` Preparedness , '' in Ross A. Kennedy ed. , A Companion to Woodrow Wilson 2013 . pp. 270 -- 86 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 3737 - 2 OCLC 808244737 Kennedy , Ross A. Woodrow Wilson , World War I , and America 's Strategy for Peace and Security ( 2009 ) . Koistinen , Paul . Mobilizing for Modern War : The Political Economy of American Warfare , 1865 -- 1919 Lawrence : University Press of Kansas , 1997 . Knock , Thomas J. To End All Wars : Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order New York : Oxford University Press , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507501 - 3 OCLC 25317305 Lemnitzer , Jan Martin . `` Woodrow Wilson 's Neutrality , the Freedom of the Seas , and the Myth of the ' Civil War Precedents ' . '' Diplomacy & Statecraft 27.4 ( 2016 ) : 615 - 638 . Link , Arthur S. Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era , 1910 -- 1917 . 1972 . Link , Arthur S. Wilson : The Struggle for Neutrality : 1914 -- 1915 ( 1960 ) ; Wilson : Confusions and Crises : 1915 -- 1916 ( 1964 ) ; Wilson : Campaigns for Progressivism and Peace : 1916 -- 1917 ( 1965 ) all 3 volumes are online at ACLS e-books Link , Arthur S. Wilson the Diplomatist : A Look at His Major Foreign Policies Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Press , 1957 . online edition OCLC 475072 Link , Arthur S. Woodrow Wilson and a Revolutionary World , 1913 -- 1921 . 1982 . online edition Link , Arthur S. Woodrow Wilson : Revolution , War , and Peace . Arlington Heights , IL : AHM Pub . Corp. , 1979 . online edition ISBN 0 - 88295 - 798 - 8 OCLC 5244770 Livermore , Seward W. Politics Is Adjourned : Woodrow Wilson and the War Congress , 1916 -- 1918 . 1966 . Luebke , Frederick C. Bonds of Loyalty : German - Americans and World War I. Dekalb : Northern Illinois University Press , 1974 . ISBN 0 - 87580 - 045 - 9 OCLC 865969 McCallum , Jack . Leonard Wood : Rough Rider , Surgeon , Architect of American Imperialism . New York : New York University Press , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 5699 - 7 OCLC 60402000 McDonald , Forrest . Insull : The Rise and Fall of a Billionaire Utility Tycoon ( 2004 ) May , Ernest R . The World War and American Isolation , 1914 -- 1917 ( 1959 ) online at ACLS e-books , highly influential study Nash , George H. Life of Herbert Hoover : The Humanitarian , 1914 -- 1917 ( Life of Herbert Hoover , Vol. 2 ) ( 1988 ) O'Toole , Patricia . When Trumpets Call : Theodore Roosevelt after the White House . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 86477 - 0 OCLC 56921011 Perkins , Bradford . The Great Rapprochement : England and the United States , 1895 -- 1914 1968 . Peterson , H.C. Propaganda for War : The Campaign Against American Neutrality , 1914 -- 1917 . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press , 1968 . Rothwell , V.H. British War Aims and Peace Diplomacy , 1914 -- 1918 . 1971 . Safford , Jeffrey J. Wilsonian Maritime Diplomacy , 1913 -- 1921 . 1978 . Smith , Daniel . The Great Departure : The United States and World War I , 1914 -- 1920 . 1965 . Sterba , Christopher M. Good Americans : Italian and Jewish Immigrants during the First World War . 2003 . 288 pp. online edition ISBN 0 - 19 - 514754 - 5 OCLC 49576532 Tuchman , Barbara W. ( 1985 ) . The Zimmermann Telegram . ISBN 0 - 345 - 32425 - 0 . Tucker , Robert W. Woodrow Wilson and the Great War : Reconsidering America 's Neutrality , 1914 -- 1917 . 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 2629 - 2 Unger , Nancy C. Fighting Bob La Follette : The Righteous Reformer Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2545 - X OCLC 42861557 Venzon , Anne Cipriano , ed . The United States in the First World War : An Encyclopedia New York : Garland Pub. , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 8240 - 7055 - 0 OCLC 32013365 Ward , Robert D . `` The Origin and Activities of the National Security League , 1914 -- 1919 . '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review 47 ( 1960 ) : 51 -- 65 . online at JSTOR Witcover , Jules . Sabotage at Black Tom : Imperial Germany 's Secret War in America . Chapel Hill , NC : Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 912697 - 98 - 9 OCLC 18379558 Historiography ( edit ) Doenecke , Justus D. `` Neutrality Policy and the Decision for War . '' in Ross Kennedy ed. , A Companion to Woodrow Wilson ( 2013 ) pp. 243 -- 69 Online ; covers the historiography Keene , Jennifer D. `` Remembering the `` Forgotten War '' : American Historiography on World War I . '' Historian 78 # 3 ( 2016 ) : 439 -- 468 . Primary sources ( edit ) The Papers of Woodrow Wilson edited by Arthur S. Link complete in 69 vol , at major academic libraries . Annotated edition of all of WW 's letters , speeches and writings plus many letters written to him Wilson , Woodrow . Why We Are at War ( 1917 ) six war messages to Congress , Jan - April 1917 External links ( edit ) NY Times main headline , April 2 , 1917 , President Calls for War Declaration , Stronger Navy , New Army of 500,000 Men , Full Cooperation With Germany 's Foes President Wilson 's War Address Map of Europe at the time of the US declaration of war on Germany at omniatlas.com World War I : Declarations of War from Around the Globe - How America Entered the Great War Today in History : U.S. Enters World War I ( hide ) Woodrow Wilson 28th President of the United States ( 1913 -- 1921 ) 34th Governor of New Jersey ( 1911 -- 1913 ) 13th President of Princeton University ( 1902 -- 1910 ) Presidency 1913 inauguration Suffrage Parade 1917 inauguration The New Freedom Clayton Antitrust Act Farm Loan Act Federal Employees ' Compensation Act Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve Act Federal Income Tax amendment Federal Trade Commission Act Federal Trade Commission Revenue Act of 1913 Flag Day National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics Occupation of Haiti Bryan -- Chamorro Treaty Philippine Autonomy Act World War I entry campaigns home front Committee on Public Information Espionage Act of 1917 Selective Service Act of 1917 Four Minute Men Sedition Act of 1918 National War Labor Board The Inquiry American Commission to Negotiate Peace Paris Peace Conference , 1919 Treaty of Versailles The Big Four Fourteen Points League of Nations charter 1919 Nobel Peace Prize Wilsonian Armenia Silent Sentinels Women 's Suffrage amendment Roosevelt desk Judicial appointments Supreme Court Cabinet State of the Union Address 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1920 Life Birthplace and Presidential Library papers and manuscripts Boyhood home in Georgia Boyhood home in South Carolina Princeton University president Summer White House ( Harlakenden Shadow Lawn ) Woodrow Wilson House Gravesite Books Congressional Government When a Man Comes to Himself The New Freedom ( 1913 ) Elections New Jersey gubernatorial election , 1910 1912 Democratic National Convention 1912 U.S. presidential election 1916 Democratic National Convention 1916 U.S. presidential election Legacy Wilsonianism Woodrow Wilson Foundation Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial Woodrow Wilson Bridge Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation U.S. Postage stamps U.S. Currency Popular culture Wilson ( 1944 film ) Profiles in Courage ( 1965 series ) Wilson ( 2013 book ) Woodrow Wilson and the Birth of the American Century ( 2002 documentary ) Family Joseph Ruggles Wilson ( father ) Jessie Janet Woodrow ( mother ) Ellen Axson Wilson ( wife , 1885 -- 1914 ; death ) Edith Bolling Wilson ( wife , 1915 -- 1924 ) Margaret Wilson ( daughter ) Jessie Wilson Sayre ( daughter ) Eleanor Wilson McAdoo ( daughter ) William McAdoo ( son - in - law ) Francis Sayre , Jr. ( grandson ) James Woodrow ( maternal uncle ) Related Progressive Era Jefferson Literary and Debating Society ← William Howard Taft Warren G. Harding → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_entry_into_World_War_I&oldid=815914366 '' Categories : United States in World War I United States home front during World War I Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 01 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	3 reasons the united states entered world war 1	[]	[]
9168367687510767612	England at the FIFA World Cup	England at the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia England at the FIFA World Cup The England national football team has competed at the FIFA World Cup since 1950 . The FIFA World Cup is the premier competitive international football tournament , first played in 1930 , whose finals stage has been held every four years since , except 1942 and 1946 , due to the Second World War . The tournament consists of two parts , the qualification phase and the final phase ( officially called the World Cup Finals ) . The qualification phase , which currently take place over the three years preceding the finals , is used to determine which teams qualify for the finals . The current format of the finals involves thirty - two teams competing for the title , at venues within the host nation ( or nations ) over a period of about a month . The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world , with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 Final . England did not enter the competition until 1950 , but have entered all eighteen subsequent tournaments . They have failed to qualify for the finals on three occasions , 1974 ( West Germany ) , 1978 ( Argentina ) and 1994 ( United States ) , and have failed to advance from the group stages on three occasions ; at the 1950 FIFA World Cup , the 1958 FIFA World Cup and the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Their best ever performance is winning the Cup in the 1966 tournament held in England , whilst they also finished in fourth place in 1990 , in Italy , and in 2018 in Russia . Other than that , the team have reached the quarter - finals on nine occasions , the latest of which were at the 2002 ( South Korea / Japan ) and the 2006 ( Germany ) . England are the only team not representing a sovereign state to win the World Cup , which they did in 1966 when they hosted the finals . They defeated West Germany 4 -- 2 after extra time to win the World Cup title . Since then , they have generally reached the knockout stages of almost every competition they have qualified for , including a fourth - place finish in the 1990 and 2018 World Cups . At the world cup , England have had more goalless draws than any other team . Contents 1 History 1.1 Brazil 1950 1.1. 1 1950 Finals 1.2 Switzerland 1954 1.2. 1 1954 Finals 1.3 Sweden 1958 1.4 Chile 1962 1.5 England 1966 1.6 Mexico 1970 1.7 West Germany 1974 1.8 Argentina 1978 1.9 Spain 1982 1.10 Mexico 1986 1.11 Italy 1990 1.12 United States 1994 1.13 France 1998 1.14 South Korea / Japan 2002 1.15 Germany 2006 1.16 South Africa 2010 1.17 Brazil 2014 1.18 Russia 2018 1.18. 1 2018 Finals 2 Records 2.1 By match 2.2 By opponent 3 Players ' honours 3.1 List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups 3.2 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups 3.3 List of England goals by tournament 3.4 List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup 4 Team awards and records 5 Refereeing 6 Notes and references 6.1 Notes 6.2 References History ( edit ) Brazil 1950 ( edit ) Main article : 1950 FIFA World Cup See also : 1949 -- 50 British Home Championship England 's first qualifying campaign for the FIFA World Cup doubled as the 1950 British Home Championship . The series kicked off for England on 15 October 1949 at Ninian Park , Cardiff , against Wales . Stan Mortensen gave England the lead after twenty two minutes , and just seven minutes later , Jackie Milburn doubled the lead . This was the first goal of Milburn 's hat trick , which left England 4 -- 0 up with 20 minutes to play . Mal Griffiths scored a consolation goal for Wales ten minutes from time , but England held on for a comfortable victory . A month later , England welcomed Ireland to Maine Road , and it began well for the home side as Jack Rowley scored inside six minutes . England were already 6 -- 0 up , thanks to Jack Froggatt , two for Stan Pearson , Stan Mortensen and a second from Rowley , by the time Ireland struck back through Samuel Smyth after 55 minutes . Rowley added a third and a fourth to his tally in the three minutes following Smyth 's goal , however , leaving the score at 8 -- 1 at the hour mark . The frantic scoring rate calmed down after that , with only one apeice before the final whistle , with Stan Pearson completing his brace for England 's ninth , and Bobby Brennan scoring for Ireland . It was not until May 1950 that England travelled to Hampden Park to face Scotland , who were also undefeated after their games against Ireland and Wales . With the top two from the group qualifying , both teams were guaranteed progression to the finals , and the game was solely for the honour of winning the British Home Championship , and the seeding advantage to be enjoyed upon reaching Brazil . A solitary goal from Roy Bentley gave England the victory , the title and the top spot in the group . 1950 finals ( edit ) England were seeded in pot one for the finals , which meant they were the favourites to progress from Group 2 , which also contained Spain , Chile and the United States . England 's campaign kicked off against Chile in Rio de Janeiro , and , as was expected , England cruised to a 2 -- 0 victory , courtesy of goals from Stan Mortensen and Wilf Mannion . Main article : United States v England ( 1950 FIFA World Cup ) Their troubles began four days later when they faced the Americans in Belo Horizonte in what has become one of the most famous matches of all time . Joe Gaetjens scored the only goal of the match to give the United States an unlikely victory , which has gone down as one of the World Cup 's greatest upsets . A myth arose that the English newspapers were so confident of an English victory that when the result was telegrammed back , they assumed a misprint and printed the score as 10 -- 1 in England 's favour . However , this has proven to be untrue . This left England in a sticky situation prior to their final match , against Spain in Rio . They needed to win , and for Chile to beat the United States to stand any chance of going through , and even then they would need the goal averages to fall in their favour . As it turned out , no such calculations were necessary , despite Chile 's victory , as Spain 's Zarra scored the only goal of the game , eliminating England from the competition . Switzerland 1954 ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : 1954 FIFA World Cup and 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship As with their first World Cup , England 's qualifying for the 1954 edition also constituted the 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship . They played Wales at Ninian Park as their first match once again , and the 4 -- 1 result was the same . However , unlike four years earlier , it was the home side that went into the lead , after twenty two minutes through Ivor Allchurch . Despite being 1 -- 0 down at half time , England scored four within eight minutes of the restart ; two each for Dennis Wilshaw and Nat Lofthouse . Goodison Park was the venue for England 's home clash against Ireland , who were newly renamed Northern Ireland . Harold Hassall got England off to a good start with a goal after just ten minutes . Eddie McMorran put the Irish back on terms just before the hour mark , but Hassall completed his brace six minutes later . Lofthouse completed a comfortable 3 -- 1 win for England . With the top two in the group qualifying for the finals , the final game between England and Scotland , at Hampden Park , settled nothing except the placings within the group , despite Scotland having dropped a point with a 3 -- 3 draw at home to Wales . Allan Brown put the home side ahead after just seven minutes , but it was all square again thanks to Ivor Broadis just four minutes later . Johnny Nicholls gave England the lead for the first time just after half time , and they began to extend a lead after Ronnie Allen 's 68th - minute goal . Jimmy Mullen made the game all but certain seven minutes from time , and although Willie Ormond scored a consolation for Scotland with just 1 minute to play , England topped the competition for the second time in a row . 1954 finals ( edit ) England were drawn in Group 4 for the finals , with hosts Switzerland , Italy and Belgium . In an odd twist , unique to the 1954 tournament , England and Italy , as the two seeded teams in the group , did not have to play each other . Equally , Switzerland and Belgium did not have to play each other . England 's first game in Switzerland was against Belgium in Basel , and they suffered a shock as Léopold Anoul put the Belgians into the lead after just five minutes . Ivor Broadis put the favourites back on terms just over twenty minutes later , and although Nat Lofthouse gave England the lead 10 minutes later , it was proving to be tougher than they had expected against the Belgians . Broadis scored his second just after the hour , but Henri Coppens hit back four minutes later to keep Belgium in the game at only 3 -- 2 down . Anoul completed his brace another four minutes after that to level the scores again . In another oddity peculiar to this World Cup , drawn matches in the group stage would go to extra time , and as such the teams played on with the score at 3 -- 3 . Just one minute into the added period , Lofthouse added a fourth for England and they seemed to have won it , but Jimmy Dickinson scored an own goal three minutes later to put the score back at 4 -- 4 . It stayed this way until the extra period was up , and as penalty shoot - outs were yet to be invented and replays were not used in the group , the match was recorded as a draw . England 's second and final group game was against the hosts in Bern . This proved to be an easier game for the Three Lions , and they scored one goal in each half ( from Jimmy Mullen and Dennis Wilshaw respectively ) to give them a comfortable win of 2 -- 0 . As Switzerland ( against England ) , Italy ( against Switzerland ) and Belgium ( against Italy ) had all lost one game , England progressed as group winners , along with Switzerland , who won a play - off against Italy . England faced the winners of group three and defending champions Uruguay in the quarter - finals . Carlos Borges gave the South Americans the lead inside 5 minutes , but Lofthouse put England back on terms ten minutes later . England were clearly struggling , but held on until just before half time , when Obdulio Varela gave the lead back Uruguay . Juan Alberto Schiaffino doubled the lead just after the break , but Tom Finney kept England 's foot in the door with his sixty seventh - minute goal . However , it was all over after Javier Ambrois restored the two - goal lead with twelve minutes to play . The score remained at 4 -- 2 , and England were eliminated from the cup . Sweden 1958 ( edit ) Main article : 1958 FIFA World Cup For the first time , England had to play against countries other than the Home Nations to reach the Finals in Sweden . They were drawn against the Republic of Ireland and Denmark . In the qualifying round , England won three out of the four games and drew the other . Four months before the World Cup , Roger Byrne , Duncan Edwards , David Pegg and Tommy Taylor all lost their lives in the Munich air disaster while playing for Manchester United . At the finals , which is the only tournament to have seen all Home Nations take part , the Home Nations were all drawn in different groups . England were drawn against the Soviet Union ( 2 -- 2 ) , Brazil ( 0 -- 0 ) and Austria ( 2 -- 2 ) , who finished third in the 1954 World Cup . At the end of the group stage , Soviet Union and England each had three points , and had scored four goals and conceded four goals . This meant there was a play - off to decide the second - placed team in the group , the winner to qualify . England lost the play - off 1 -- 0 and were thus knocked out . The only consolation for England was that they were the only team to play the eventual winners Brazil and not lose . Chile 1962 ( edit ) Main article : 1962 FIFA World Cup The third World Cup which took place in South America , saw England qualify by successfully qualifying from the group , which contained Portugal and Luxembourg , defeating Luxembourg on both occasions , and defeating Portugal at home , and drawing in Lisbon . At the finals , England were drawn in a group with Hungary , Argentina and Bulgaria . England defeated Argentina 3 - 1 , thanks to goals from Ron Flowers , Bobby Charlton and Jimmy Greaves , before playing out a goalless draw with Bulgaria , and a 2 -- 1 defeat to Hungary . England finished in second place behind Hungary and played the winners of group 3 , defending champions Brazil , in the quarter - finals . Brazil scored first through Garrincha , before an equaliser for Gerry Hitchens before half time . However , second - half goals from Garrincha and Vavá meant Brazil won the game 3 -- 1 , and eliminated England from the competition . This defeat was manager Walter Winterbottom 's last game in charge . Winterbottom had led England to four World Cup Finals . From May 1963 , Alf Ramsey became the manager of England . England 1966 ( edit ) Main article : 1966 FIFA World Cup This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2018 ) In the 1966 World Cup Finals , England used their home advantage and , under Ramsey , won their first , and only , World Cup title . England played all their games at Wembley Stadium in London , which became the last time that the hosts were granted this privilege . After drawing 0 -- 0 in the opening game against former champions Uruguay , which started a run of four games all ending goalless . England then beat both France and Mexico 2 -- 0 and qualified for the quarter - finals . The quarter - finals saw England play Argentina , which ended in a 1 -- 0 win to England . This match saw the start of the rivalry between England and Argentina , when Argentinian Antonio Rattín was dismissed by German referee Rudolf Kreitlein in a very fierce game . A 2 -- 1 win against Portugal in the semi-final then followed . Portugal were the first team to score against England in the tournament . The final saw England play West Germany , with the result finishing in a 4 -- 2 win for England , after extra time . Mexico 1970 ( edit ) Main article : 1970 FIFA World Cup 1970 saw the first World Cup finals take place in North America and England qualified automatically for the tournament by winning the 1966 FIFA World Cup . England were drawn in a group with Romania , former world champions Brazil and Czechoslovakia . Each of the matches only saw one goal , with England defeating Romania and Czechoslovakia , and losing to Brazil . The quarter - final saw a repeat of the 1966 final , with England playing West Germany . England were hampered by the fact that first - choice goalkeeper Gordon Banks was ill , and Peter Bonetti played instead . England led 2 -- 0 with goals by Alan Mullery and Martin Peters , but in the 70th minute , Franz Beckenbauer pulled one goal back for West Germany . After Beckenbauer 's goal , Ramsey substituted Bobby Charlton , who overtook Billy Wright as England 's most capped player ever , with caps totalling 106 . Uwe Seeler equalised for the Germans in the eighty first minute , thereby taking the game into extra time . During extra time , Gerd Müller scored the winning goal for West Germany which saw the German side win 3 -- 2 . This turned out to be Charlton 's last game for England . West Germany 1974 ( edit ) Main article : 1974 FIFA World Cup qualification For the first time , England did not qualify for a World Cup . In a group with Olympic champions Poland and Wales , England could not overtake Poland . After only drawing at home to Wales 1 -- 1 and losing the first leg 2 -- 0 to Poland , meant that England had to beat Poland at home , whilst Poland only needed to draw . Poland managed to withstand England 's attacks in the first half , who had Martin Peters playing for them . Poland took the lead in the 57th minute with a goal from Jan Domarski . England equalised six minutes later , with a penalty converted by Allan Clarke . England were unable to score any more goals with goalkeeper Jan Tomaszewski keeping England at bay . Brian Clough had previously called Tomaszewski a `` clown '' . The commentator of the game then said `` it 's all over '' . Poland took this good form to the finals and ended in third place . After failing to qualify , Alf Ramsey resigned from his post and after a time , where Ramsey and his predecessor had lasted a total of 29 years , no manager was able to last in the job for longer than eight years . This ended when Bobby Robson became England manager . Argentina 1978 ( edit ) See also : 1978 FIFA World Cup qualification This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) England also did not qualify for the fourth World Cup which took place in South America . This time , England were denied by Italy , who had scored three more goals than England after both teams finished on the same points . Goals scored dictated who qualified after the head - to - head record between the two sides finished the same , following a 2 -- 0 home win for each team . The lower - ranked teams in the group were Finland and Luxembourg , but the size of the wins against them proved to be decisive . Nevertheless , Ron Greenwood was given a second chance in charge of England , after taking the role in 1977 . Spain 1982 ( edit ) Main article : 1982 FIFA World Cup 1982 saw the first time where the European Qualifying Rounds were divided into groups of five teams , where the top two teams qualify for the World Cup . Greenwood used his second chance and took England to Spain by finishing second behind Hungary and above Romania , Switzerland and Norway . At the finals , England won all three group games , defeating France 3 - 1 , with a brace from Bryan Robson , before beating Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 , with a Jozef Barmos own goal , and World Cup newcomers Kuwait 1 -- 0 , thanks to a Trevor Francis goal . The next round saw a second group stage consisting of three teams , a first time event at the World Cup . England drew with West Germany 0 -- 0 and after the Germans beat Spain 2 -- 1 , England then had to beat Spain with a two - goal difference to progress to the next round . England , however , only managed a 0 -- 0 draw against the Spanish . England remained unbeaten at the end of the tournament . After the World Cup , Ron Greenwood 's time as England manager ended , and he was replaced by Bobby Robson . Mexico 1986 ( edit ) Main article : 1986 FIFA World Cup This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1986 saw the second World Cup to take place in Mexico . England qualified for Mexico 1986 by winning four games and drawing four times against Northern Ireland , who qualified in second place , Romania , Finland and Turkey . In Mexico , England lost their opening game to Portugal 1 -- 0 and could only manage a goalless draw against Morocco . The final group game , however , saw England beat Poland 3 -- 0 , which is one of the three highest scores for England at the World Cup , with Gary Lineker scoring a hat - trick . This result took England to second place and finished behind Morocco . England then also beat Paraguay 3 -- 0 in the Round of 16 . In the quarter - finals , England renewed their rivalry with Argentina in a game that has become notorious for the Argentina goals , both scored by Diego Maradona . Maradona 's first goal , known as the Hand of God , was illegal and should not have counted , as he used his hand to punch the ball into the net . However , the referee missed this infringement , and ruled that the goal should stand . Maradona then made the score 2 - 0 , famously dribbling from inside Argentina 's half and around several English players before scoring . Gary Lineker pulled back the score to 2 - 1 , but England ran out of time to equalise , and were eliminated . Nevertheless , Lineker finished with the Golden Boot by scoring six goals and thereby becoming England 's first Golden Boot winner . Italy 1990 ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup By winning three and drawing three , England qualified for Italia ' 90 , the second World Cup to be held in Italy , scoring ten goals and conceding none . England were unbeaten through qualification , winning three games , and drawing the remaining three , but still finished second to Sweden , whom they drew with twice . England profited from Romania 's 3 -- 1 win over Denmark , who , had they won , would have qualified as the third - best second - placed team . West Germany and England were able to qualify for Italia ' 90 as the best second - placed teams in the groups with four teams . Because a few years previously saw English hooligans at European competition matches , England were forced to play their group games on Sardinia and Sicily . In group F , was the European champions Netherlands , the Republic of Ireland and Egypt and England . After opening the tournament with a 1 -- 1 draw against Ireland and a 0 -- 0 draw against the Dutch , England then beat Egypt 1 -- 0 . This was Egypt 's first appearance since the 1934 World Cup . England won the group with four points . In the next round , England had to play Belgium . The game went to extra time , and in the hundredth and nineteenth minute , David Platt scored the winning goal . England also had to play extra time against Cameroon in the quarter - finals . Cameroon were the first African team to have reached the quarter - finals . England opened the scoring through David Platt , but Cameroon quickly turned around the game to lead 2 - 1 . Lineker subsequently won and scored a penalty in the 83rd minute to ensure the game went to extra time . He then scored a second penalty , to see England reach the semi-finals . In the semi-finals , England met West Germany . There was no separating the two teams after 90 minutes , which made England the first team to have played extra time in three successive World Cup games . There was also no separating the two teams after extra time , thereby taking the game to penalties . Although English goalkeeper Peter Shilton dived the right way for every penalty , he was unable to save any . German goalkeeper Bodo Illgner , having failed to save any of England 's first three penalties , saved England 's fourth penalty , taken by Stuart Pearce . Olaf Thon then scored for Germany , meaning that England 's Chris Waddle would have to score his fifth penalty and hope that Shilton saved the Germans ' fifth penalty . However , Waddle 's penalty missed completely , going high over the crossbar , thereby resulting in England 's being knocked out of the competition . The third - place playoff between England and Italy saw England lose their only game of the tournament in normal time . Even though this was England 's best finish since the 1966 World Cup , Bobby Robson 's time as England manager had come to an end . United States 1994 ( edit ) Main article : 1994 FIFA World Cup qualification For the 1994 World Cup in the United States , under the leadership of new manager Graham Taylor , England surprisingly did not qualify for the tournament . In a group with six teams , England lost to Norway and the Netherlands , finishing third above Poland , Turkey and San Marino . England went into their final game with San Marino knowing they would need a seven - goal victory and for Poland to beat the Netherlands in the other match in order to qualify . In the game against San Marino , Davide Gualtieri scored against England after nine seconds , taking the lead for the outsiders . England went on to win 7 -- 1 , which was too small a goal margin . Additionally , despite the half - time score between the Poles and the Dutch being 1 - 1 , the Dutch went on to win 3 - 1 , meaning that however many goals England scored , they could still not qualify . Taylor 's tenure in charge ended and he was replaced by Terry Venables , who was dismissed after England lost the semi-final of Euro 1996 , hosted in England . France 1998 ( edit ) Main article : 1998 FIFA World Cup After missing out on the World Cup in 1994 , England , managed by Glenn Hoddle , qualified for the World Cup in France . England were drawn in Group 2 of UEFA qualifying with Italy , Poland , Georgia and Moldova . England beat Poland , Georgia and Moldova both home and away , but a home defeat to Italy in their fourth match meant they went into the final qualifier at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome just a point ahead of the Azzurri and only needing a draw to qualify automatically ; defeat would see them have to navigate a play - off to secure qualification . The match finished as a goalless draw and England finished top of the group . At the finals in France , England played in Group G. England defeated Tunisia 2 -- 0 in the first game , with goals from Alan Shearer and Paul Scholes . Their second match saw England lose 2 -- 1 to Romania ; despite an 81st - minute equaliser from Michael Owen , Dan Petrescu scored a winner shortly before injury time . In their final group game , England defeated Colombia 2 -- 0 in the decisive match , thanks to goals from midfielders Darren Anderton and David Beckham . England finished second in Group G , which saw them qualify for the last 16 phase , and play the winner of 1998 FIFA World Cup Group H , Argentina . In a fiery game containing six yellow cards and two penalties , David Beckham was controversially sent off in the 47th minute for what many felt was at most a yellow card offence , knocking over Diego Simeone . Gabriel Batistuta opened the scoring from the penalty spot in the fifth minute of the game , before an equaliser also from the spot by Alan Shearer four minutes later . England took the lead through Owen , in the 16th minute . Argentina drew level through Javier Zanetti in injury time of the first half . The game finished 2 - 2 , and , as neither team were able to find a winner in extra time , penalties were needed to decide the team that qualified to the next round . While David Seaman did save one penalty , Argentine goalkeeper Carlos Roa managed to save two , including the vital one from David Batty , thereby knocking England out of the World Cup . Beckham subsequently received death threats and was sent bullets in the post . South Korea / Japan 2002 ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup In 2002 the World Cup took place in Asia for the first time . England , under its first ever foreign manager in Swedish Sven - Göran Eriksson , were able to qualify for the tournament . England were drawn in Group 9 , alongside Germany , Finland , Greece and Albania . In the last ever game in the original Wembley Stadium , ( which closed after the match ) England played Germany , losing 1 -- 0 , the only goal scored by Dietmar Hamann . The match was the last under the management of Kevin Keegan , who resigned at the end of the match , and was replaced by Eriksson . By beating Germany 5 -- 1 in Munich , England 's qualifying campaign was revitalised , and they qualified automatically , by drawing 2 -- 2 with Greece . Germany , who could only draw 0 -- 0 with Finland , had to play a play - off game against Ukraine , with England qualifying ahead winning the group . In Japan , England had to play against Eriksson 's homeland , Sweden , and both settled out for a 1 -- 1 draw . England and Beckham gained a measure of revenge for their previous 1998 defeat in defeating Argentina 1 - 0 , thanks to a Beckham penalty . However , England could only manage a disappointing 0 - 0 draw against Nigeria , meaning that although they were able to qualify for the second round , where they played Denmark , they qualified as runners up , which meant that they would meet favourites Brazil in the quarter - finals if they qualified . England played Denmark in the round of 16 defeating Denmark 3 -- 0 , thanks to goals from Micheal Owen , Rio Ferdinand , and Emile Heskey . England played four - time World Cup winners and 1998 runners - up Brazil in the quarter - finals . Despite leading through a Michael Owen goal , a mistake by David Seaman saw England lose 2 -- 1 , and Brazil won their fourth World Cup match against England , and went on to win the tournament . Germany 2006 ( edit ) Main article : 2006 FIFA World Cup England were drawn into Group 6 of European qualifying for the 2006 World Cup . The group featured other home nations in Wales , and Northern Ireland , as well as Poland ( who had eliminated England the last time the World Cup took place in Germany ) , Azerbaijan and Austria . England won eight of the 10 games , and qualified as group winners , in front of Portugal , despite drawing to Austria in Vienna , and losing to Northern Ireland in Belfast . In Germany , however , England were less convincing . England played in Group B , alongside Paraguay , Trinidad and Tobago , and Sweden . England started with a 1 -- 0 win against Paraguay ; which was won due to a 3rd minute own goal . The second game against first time qualifiers Trinidad and Tobago saw England have to wait until the 83rd minute for England to take the lead , with Peter Crouch opened the scoring with a goal many felt was illegal , and the second goal of the game coming in added time from Steven Gerrard . The last group game saw England play against Sweden , where an eventual 2 - 2 draw saw them qualify for the next round as group winners , thereby avoiding playing hosts Germany . In the last 16 stage , a free kick from David Beckham saw England win 1 -- 0 against Ecuador and reach the quarter - finals , where they faced Portugal . The game finished goalless , and England once again were knocked out on penalties and Portuguese goalkeeper Ricardo became the first goalkeeper to save three penalties in a penalty shoot - out . Ricardo saved from Frank Lampard , Steven Gerrard , and Jamie Carragher ; the only England player who successfully converted his penalty was Owen Hargreaves . Portugal won the shoot - out 3 - 1 , despite misses from Petit and Hugo Viana . This game was also Erickson 's final match as England manager . South africa 2010 ( edit ) Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Qualification for the first African World Cup went successfully for new England manager Fabio Capello , after previous manager Steve McClaren was unable to secure qualification to the Euro 2008 . By winning nine times and only losing to Ukraine , England qualified ahead of Croatia , Belarus , Kazakhstan and Andorra . England 's group was seen as a favourable one , containing comparatively much weaker teams . However , England opened up their campaign with a 1 -- 1 draw against the United States , thanks to a major error by goalkeeper Robert Green . They then drew 0 -- 0 against Algeria and were booed off the field by their own fans , drawing the ire of striker Wayne Rooney . England eventually qualified for the next round by beating Slovenia 1 -- 0 , but only qualified as runners up to the United States , thereby meaning they would draw favourites Germany . In the second round match , Germany took the lead after 20 minutes after goalkeeper Manuel Neuer played the ball down the pitch to Miroslav Klose , who opened the scoring . The score became 2 -- 0 to Germany after 32 minutes . Shortly after , England defender Matthew Upson scored a header . Later , Frank Lampard had a shot at goal which was disallowed despite crossing the line ; which was confirmed on replays . German goalkeeper Manuel Neuer admitted subsequently he knew the ball had crossed the line , but decided to deceive the referee . The German media reported it was `` revenge for Wembley '' , while the English media criticised FIFA 's refusal to implement goal - line technology . Ironically , despite his earlier opposition to goal - line technology , Sepp Blatter said that it should be introduced after a Ukrainian goal against England at Euro 2012 was ruled out . As England tried to equalise , Germany used this to their advantage and scored two more goals . This became Germany 's biggest win against England in a World Cup , winning 4 - 1 . Brazil 2014 ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup Under Roy Hodgson , who replaced Fabio Capello after Euro 2012 after a disagreement between Capello and The FA , England qualified for the second World Cup to be held in Brazil . Ukraine were again one of the opponents in the qualifying rounds . The other opponents included Montenegro , Poland , Moldova and San Marino . After winning six games and drawing four , England qualified unbeaten . The draw for the finals saw England have to play against Italy and Uruguay , both former world champions , which meant that it was the first ever time three World Champions were drawn in the same group , along with Costa Rica . England lost to Italy and Uruguay , and were thus knocked out after two games . The final match against Costa Rica finished as a goalless draw . This performance was statistically their worst ever performance at a World Cup , ending up with just one point after two losses to Uruguay and Italy and a goalless draw with Costa Rica in the dead rubber match , their lowest points total in the group stage of a world cup . Russia 2018 ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup England played in UEFA Group F in qualification for the 2018 World Cup , in a group of six with Slovakia , Slovenia , Scotland , Lithuania and Malta , with only the winner of the group guaranteed qualification . England went into the qualification process under manager Sam Allardyce , only for Allardyce to leave the post after just one game due to controversy regarding discussing breaking FIFA rules . Under Allardyce 's replacement , Gareth Southgate , England went undefeated throughout qualification , winning eight matches out of 10 , drawing with Slovenia 0 -- 0 in Ljubljana , and drawing 2 -- 2 with Scotland in Glasgow thanks to a 90th - minute equaliser from Harry Kane . This was the third successive major tournament that England were undefeated , having been undefeated in 2014 World Cup , and Euro 2016 qualifying . 2018 finals ( edit ) England national team at the 2018 World Cup in Russia Under Gareth Southgate , the England team began their tournament in group G against Tunisia . The game started well for England with a goal from Harry Kane in the 11th minute . Tunisia equalised through Sassi from the penalty spot in the 35th minute following a foul by Kyle Walker . Some controversy followed as various potential offences against Harry Kane , inside the penalty area were ignored by the referee and no VAR checks were carried out . England persevered and scored a second goal in the 91st minute , again by Harry Kane , resulting in a 2 -- 1 victory . In the second group stage match , England surpassed their record for goals scored in a World Cup match by beating Panama 6 - 1 . Jesse Lingard scored the third goal , John Stones scored the first and fourth goals and Harry Kane scored a hat - trick with the second , fifth and sixth goals . In the final group stage match , England narrowly lost 1 - 0 to Belgium . Adnan Januzaj scored the sole goal of the game ; but with both teams having fielded reserve teams , with England specificially making 9 changes . Before the game media outlets stating that a loss could potentially become beneficial , as the winner would be in the half of the draw with four of the top seven sides in the world . The result that meant Belgium topped the group and England finished second , setting up a last 16 clash with Group H winners Colombia . England played their last 16 match in the Otkritie Arena , Moscow , with the same team as against Tunisia . Harry Kane scored his sixth goal of the tournament , and the third penalty , after once again being fouled in the box from a corner , similarly as against Panama . The score remained at 1 - 0 , until stoppage time , where a header from Yerry Mina beat Jordan Pickford in goal to bring the game to extra time . Neither team managed to score in extra time , and the match went to penalties , which England won 4 - 3 . As well as being the first knockout match England had won at a major tournament since 2006 ( last defeating Ecuador in the last 16 ) ; it was the first time England won a World Cup penalty shoot - out . The match was notable for the heated atmosphere the game was played in , with a total of eight yellow cards being shown in the match . England played against Sweden in their quarter - final at Cosmos Arena , Samara on 7 July 2018 . They won the match 2 -- 0 , with defender Harry Maguire scoring his first England goal , a header scored from a corner , and Dele Alli a second header from close range . This would send them through to their third World Cup semi-final and their first since 1990 , and third overall . The team played Croatia in the semi-final , resulting in a 2 -- 1 loss after extra time . England would later finish fourth in the competition , the best result since 1990 . England would lose again to Belgium in the 3rd place playoff , thanks to goals from Thomas Meunier and Eden Hazard , despite a Eric Dier shot being cleared off the line by Toby Alderweireld . The tournament would see England score nine goals from set - pieces -- the most by a team in a single World Cup tournament since 1966 . Records ( edit ) Year Round Position GP D * GF GA GD 1930 Not a FIFA member 1934 1938 1950 Group stage 8th 0 0 1954 Quarter - finals 7th 8 8 0 1958 Group stage 11th 0 5 - 1 1962 Quarter - finals 8th 5 6 - 1 1966 Champions 1st 6 5 0 11 8 1970 Quarter - finals 8th 0 0 Did not qualify 1978 1982 Second group stage 6th 5 0 6 5 1986 Quarter - finals 8th 5 7 1990 Semi finals 4th 7 8 6 1994 Did not qualify 1998 Round of 16 9th 7 2002 Quarter - finals 6th 5 6 2006 Quarter - finals 7th 5 0 6 Round of 16 13th 5 - 2 2014 Group stage 26th 0 - 2 2018 Semi-finals 4th 7 12 8 2022 TBD 2026 Total 15 / 21 1 title 69 29 21 19 91 64 27 * Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks show England 's World Cup record First Match England 2 -- 0 Chile ( 25 June 1950 ; Rio de Janeiro , Brazil ) Biggest Win England 6 -- 1 Panama ( 24 June 2018 ; Nizhny Novgorod , Russia ) Biggest Defeat England 1 - 4 Germany ( 27 June 2010 ; Bloemfontein , South Africa ) Best Result Champions at the 1966 World Cup Worst Result Group stage in 1950 , 1958 and 2014 By match ( edit ) Year Round Against Score Scorers 1950 Group 2 Chile 2 -- 0 Mortensen , Mannion United States 0 -- 1 Spain 0 -- 1 1954 Group 4 Belgium 4 -- 4 ( aet ) Broadis ( 2 ) , Lofthouse ( 2 ) Switzerland 2 -- 0 Mullen , Wilshaw Quarter - final Uruguay 2 -- 4 Lofthouse , Finney 1958 Group 4 Soviet Union 2 -- 2 Kevan , Finney Brazil 0 -- 0 Austria 2 -- 2 Haynes , Kevan Play - off Soviet Union 0 -- 1 1962 Group 4 Hungary 1 -- 2 Flowers Argentina 3 -- 1 Flowers , Charlton , Greaves Bulgaria 0 -- 0 Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 3 Hitchens 1966 Group 1 Uruguay 0 -- 0 Mexico 2 -- 0 Charlton , Hunt France 2 -- 0 Hunt ( 2 ) Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 0 Hurst Semi-final Portugal 2 -- 1 Charlton ( 2 ) Final West Germany 4 -- 2 ( aet ) Hurst ( 3 ) , Peters 1970 Group 3 Romania 1 -- 0 Hurst Brazil 0 -- 1 Czechoslovakia 1 -- 0 Clarke Quarter - final West Germany 2 -- 3 ( aet ) Mullery , Peters 1982 Group 4 France 3 -- 1 Robson ( 2 ) , Mariner Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 Francis , Barmoš ( o.g. ) Kuwait 1 -- 0 Francis Group B Round 2 West Germany 0 -- 0 Spain 0 -- 0 1986 Group F Portugal 0 -- 1 Morocco 0 -- 0 Poland 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 3 ) Round of 16 Paraguay 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 2 ) , Beardsley Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 2 Lineker 1990 Group F Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Lineker Netherlands 0 -- 0 Egypt 1 -- 0 Wright Round of 16 Belgium 1 -- 0 ( aet ) Platt Quarter - final Cameroon 3 -- 2 ( aet ) Platt , Lineker ( 2 ) Semi-final West Germany 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Lineker Third - place play - off Italy 1 -- 2 Platt 1998 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 0 Shearer , Scholes Romania 1 -- 2 Owen Colombia 2 -- 0 Anderton , Beckham Round of 16 Argentina 2 -- 2 ( aet ) Shearer , Owen 2002 Group F Sweden 1 -- 1 Campbell Argentina 1 -- 0 Beckham Nigeria 0 -- 0 Round of 16 Denmark 3 -- 0 Ferdinand , Owen , Heskey Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 2 Owen 2006 Group B Paraguay 1 -- 0 Gamarra ( o.g. ) Trinidad and Tobago 2 -- 0 Crouch , Gerrard Sweden 2 -- 2 Cole , Gerrard Round of 16 Ecuador 1 -- 0 Beckham Quarter - final Portugal 0 -- 0 ( aet ) Group C United States 1 -- 1 Gerrard Algeria 0 -- 0 Slovenia 1 -- 0 Defoe Round of 16 Germany 1 -- 4 Upson 2014 Group D Italy 1 -- 2 Sturridge Uruguay 1 -- 2 Rooney Costa Rica 0 -- 0 2018 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 1 Kane ( 2 ) Panama 6 -- 1 Stones ( 2 ) , Kane ( 3 ) , Lingard Belgium 0 -- 1 Round of 16 Colombia 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Kane Quarter - final Sweden 2 -- 0 Maguire , Alli Semi-final Croatia 1 -- 2 ( aet ) Trippier Third - place play - off Belgium 0 -- 2 By opponent ( edit ) Country Played Won Drawn Lost GF GA GD Argentina 5 8 5 + 3 Germany 5 8 10 - 2 Brazil 0 6 - 4 Sweden 0 5 + 2 Belgium 5 7 - 2 Portugal 0 Uruguay 0 6 - 3 France 0 0 5 + 4 Paraguay 0 0 0 + 4 Tunisia 0 0 + 3 Czechoslovakia 0 0 0 + 3 Colombia 0 + 2 Romania 0 0 Soviet Union 0 - 1 United States 0 - 1 Spain 0 0 - 1 Italy 0 0 - 2 Panama 0 0 6 + 5 Poland 0 0 0 + 3 Denmark 0 0 0 + 3 Chile 0 0 0 + 2 Switzerland 0 0 0 + 2 Mexico 0 0 0 + 2 Trinidad and Tobago 0 0 0 + 2 Cameroon 0 0 + 1 Kuwait 0 0 0 + 1 Egypt 0 0 0 + 1 Ecuador 0 0 0 + 1 Slovenia 0 0 0 0 + 1 Austria 0 0 0 Republic of Ireland 0 0 0 Bulgaria 0 0 0 0 0 Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 Netherlands 0 0 0 0 0 Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 Costa Rica 0 0 0 0 0 Hungary 0 0 - 1 Croatia 0 0 - 1 Last update : 14 July 2018 Players ' honours ( edit ) List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Matches World Cups Peter Shilton 17 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Terry Butcher 14 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Bobby Charlton 14 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1970 Ashley Cole 14 2002 , 2006 , 2010 Bobby Moore 14 1962 , 1966 , 1970 6 David Beckham 13 1998 , 2002 , 2006 7 Steven Gerrard 12 2006 , 2010 , 2014 Gary Lineker 12 1986 , 1990 Michael Owen 12 1998 , 2002 , 2006 10 Chris Waddle 11 1986 , 1990 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Goals World Cups Gary Lineker 10 1986 ( 6 ) and 1990 ( 4 ) Harry Kane 6 2018 Geoff Hurst 5 1966 ( 4 ) and 1970 ( 1 ) Bobby Charlton 1962 ( 1 ) and 1966 ( 3 ) Michael Owen 1998 ( 2 ) and 2002 ( 2 ) 6 Nat Lofthouse 1954 Roger Hunt 1966 David Platt 1990 David Beckham 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Steven Gerrard 2006 ( 2 ) and 2010 11 Nine players Current as of 3 July 2018 after the match against Colombia List of England goals by tournament ( edit ) World Cup Goalscorer ( s ) 1950 Wilf Mannion , Stan Mortensen 1954 Nat Lofthouse ( 3 ) , Ivor Broadis ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Jimmy Mullen , Dennis Wilshaw 1958 Derek Kevan ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Johnny Haynes 1962 Ron Flowers ( 2 ) , Bobby Charlton , Jimmy Greaves , Gerry Hitchens 1966 Geoff Hurst ( 4 ) , Roger Hunt ( 3 ) , Bobby Charlton ( 3 ) , Martin Peters 1970 Allan Clarke , Geoff Hurst , Alan Mullery , Martin Peters 1982 Trevor Francis ( 2 ) , Bryan Robson ( 2 ) , Paul Mariner , Own Goal 1986 Gary Lineker ( 6 ) , Peter Beardsley 1990 Gary Lineker ( 4 ) , David Platt ( 3 ) , Mark Wright 1998 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , Alan Shearer ( 2 ) , Darren Anderton , David Beckham , Paul Scholes 2002 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Sol Campbell , Rio Ferdinand , Emile Heskey 2006 Steven Gerrard ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Joe Cole , Peter Crouch , Own Goal Jermain Defoe , Steven Gerrard , Matthew Upson 2014 Wayne Rooney , Daniel Sturridge 2018 Harry Kane ( 6 ) , John Stones ( 2 ) , Jesse Lingard , Harry Maguire , Dele Alli , Kieran Trippier List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup ( edit ) Historically , very few English World Cup squad members were playing for a club in a foreign league at the time of their selection to the national squad . Year Number ( Country ) Players ( Apps ) 1950 -- 1958 0 1962 1 ( Italy ) Gerry Hitchens ( 2 ) 1966 -- 1970 0 1982 1 ( West Germany ) Tony Woodcock ( 2 ) 1986 2 ( Italy ) Mark Hateley ( 3 ) , Ray Wilkins 1990 5 ( 4 in Scotland , 1 in France ) Terry Butcher ( 5 ) , Trevor Steven ( 3 ) , Gary Stevens ( 2 ) , Chris Woods ( 0 ) ; Chris Waddle ( 7 ) 1998 0 2002 1 ( Germany ) Owen Hargreaves ( 2 ) 2006 2 ( 1 Spain , 1 Germany ) David Beckham ( 5 ) ; Owen Hargreaves ( 4 ) 0 2014 1 ( Scotland ) Fraser Forster ( 0 ) 2018 0 Team awards and records ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Team Awards World Champions 1966 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1990 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1998 ( shared ) Individual Awards Golden Ball 1966 : Bobby Charlton Silver Ball 1966 : Bobby Moore Golden Boot 1986 : Gary Lineker Golden Boot 2018 : Harry Kane Bronze Boot 1966 : Geoff Hurst Golden Glove 1966 : Gordon Banks Best Young Player Award 1998 : Michael Owen Team Records Most penalty shoot - outs lost : 3 ( shared with Italy and Spain ) Biggest World Cup victory : 6 - 1 vs Panama , 2018 Group Stage Individual Records Only hattrick in a final : Geoff Hurst ( 1966 v West Germany ) Oldest captain : Peter Shilton ( age 40 years and 292 days , 1990 v Italy ) Most clean sheets : Peter Shilton ( 10 , 1982 - 1990 ) ( shared with Fabien Barthez ) Refereeing ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Four FIFA World Cup finals were officiated by English referees , more than by any other football association . The first Englishman to officiate a final , George Reader , is also the oldest World Cup referee to date , as he was 53 years and 236 days old at the 1950 decisive match between Uruguay and Brazil . The other final referees are William Ling ( 1954 ) , Jack Taylor ( 1974 ) and Howard Webb ( 2010 ) . Arthur Ellis , who was a linesman at the 1950 final , is part of an elite group of referees who has been called up for three consecutive World Cups ( 1950 -- 1958 ) . Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ England declined the chance , created and given to them when Austria withdrew from the tournament following the Anschluss , to take part in the 1938 FIFA World Cup . Jump up ^ Excluding the 1982 FIFA World Cup , which did not have formal quarter - finals , but instead had a second group stage that determined who would qualify for the semi-finals . Jump up ^ Belgium were ranked third , and Germany had already been eliminated . Only Switzerland ( 6 ) and Spain ( 10 ) would be on the loser 's half of the draw from the top 10 of the FIFA World Rankings Jump up ^ England had previously lost World Cup penalty shoot - outs in 1990 to West Germany , 1998 to Argentina and Portugal in 2006 . England 's penalty shoot - out record before the match was 1 -- 6 , with their only win against Spain in EURO 96 . 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Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 11 July 2018 ) . `` Croatia 2 England 1 '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 12 June 2018 . Retrieved 11 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup : England set new records in 6 - 1 victory over Panama '' . BBC Sport . England national football squads England squad -- 1950 FIFA World Cup GK Ditchburn GK Williams DF Aston DF Eckersley DF Ramsey DF Scott DF Taylor DF Wright ( c ) MF Baily MF Cockburn MF Dickinson MF Hughes MF Nicholson MF Watson FW Bentley FW Finney FW Mannion FW Matthews FW Milburn FW Mortensen FW Mullen Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1954 FIFA World Cup 1 Merrick 2 Staniforth 3 Byrne 4 Wright ( c ) 5 Owen 6 Dickinson 7 Matthews 8 Broadis 9 Lofthouse 10 Taylor 11 Finney 12 Burgin 13 Green 14 McGarry 15 Wilshaw 16 Quixall 17 Mullen 18 Chilton 19 Armstrong 20 Jezzard 21 Haynes 22 Hooper Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1958 FIFA World Cup 1 McDonald 2 Howe 3 Banks 4 Clamp 5 Wright ( c ) 6 Slater 7 Douglas 8 Robson 9 Kevan 10 Haynes 11 Finney 12 Hopkinson 13 Hodgkinson 14 Sillett 15 Clayton 16 Norman 17 Brabrook 18 Broadbent 19 Smith 20 Charlton 21 A'Court 22 Setters Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1962 FIFA World Cup 1 Springett 2 Armfield 3 Wilson 4 Robson 5 Swan 6 Flowers 7 Connelly 8 Greaves 9 Hitchens 10 Haynes ( c ) 11 Charlton 12 Hodgkinson 13 Kevan 14 Anderson 15 Norman 16 Moore 17 Douglas 18 Hunt 19 Peacock 20 Eastham 21 Howe 22 Adamson Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1966 FIFA World Cup winners ( 1st title ) 1 Banks 2 Cohen 3 Wilson 4 Stiles 5 J. Charlton 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Ball 8 Greaves 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Connelly 12 Springett 13 Bonetti 14 Armfield 15 Byrne 16 Peters 17 Flowers 18 Hunter 19 Paine 20 Callaghan 21 Hunt 22 Eastham Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1970 FIFA World Cup 1 Banks 2 Newton 3 Cooper 4 Mullery 5 Labone 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Lee 8 Ball 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Peters 12 Bonetti 13 Stepney 14 Wright 15 Stiles 16 Hughes 17 J. Charlton 18 Hunter 19 Bell 20 Osgood 21 Clarke 22 Astle Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1982 FIFA World Cup 1 Clemence 2 Anderson 3 Brooking 4 Butcher 5 Coppell 6 Foster 7 Keegan 8 Francis 9 Hoddle 10 McDermott 11 Mariner 12 Mills ( c ) 13 Corrigan 14 Neal 15 Rix 16 Robson 17 Sansom 18 Thompson 19 Wilkins 20 Withe 21 Woodcock 22 Shilton Coach : Greenwood England squad -- 1986 FIFA World Cup 1 Shilton 2 G.M. Stevens 3 Sansom 4 Hoddle 5 Martin 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Wilkins 9 Hateley 10 Lineker 11 Waddle 12 Anderson 13 Woods 14 Fenwick 15 G.A. Stevens 16 Reid 17 Steven 18 Hodge 19 Barnes 20 Beardsley 21 Dixon 22 Bailey Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1990 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Shilton 2 Stevens 3 Pearce 4 Webb 5 Walker 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Waddle 9 Beardsley 10 Lineker 11 Barnes 12 Parker 13 Woods 14 Wright 15 Dorigo 16 McMahon 17 Platt 18 Hodge 19 Gascoigne 20 Steven 21 Bull 22 Beasant Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Campbell 3 Le Saux 4 Ince 5 Adams 6 Southgate 7 Beckham 8 Batty 9 Shearer ( c ) 10 Sheringham 11 McManaman 12 Neville 13 Martyn 14 Anderton 15 Merson 16 Scholes 17 Lee 18 Keown 19 L. Ferdinand 20 Owen 21 R. Ferdinand 22 Flowers Coach : Hoddle England squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Mills 3 A. Cole 4 Sinclair 5 Ferdinand 6 Campbell 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Scholes 9 Fowler 10 Owen 11 Heskey 12 Brown 13 Martyn 14 Bridge 15 Keown 16 Southgate 17 Sheringham 18 Hargreaves 19 J. Cole 20 Vassell 21 Butt 22 James 23 Dyer Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Robinson 2 Neville 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard 5 Ferdinand 6 Terry 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Lampard 9 Rooney 10 Owen 11 J. Cole 12 Campbell 13 James 14 Bridge 15 Carragher 16 Hargreaves 17 Jenas 18 Carrick 19 Lennon 20 Downing 21 Crouch 22 Carson 23 Walcott Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 James 2 Johnson 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Dawson 6 Terry 7 Lennon 8 Lampard 9 Crouch 10 Rooney 11 J. Cole 12 Green 13 Warnock 14 Barry 15 Upson 16 Milner 17 Wright - Phillips 18 Carragher 19 Defoe 20 King 21 Heskey 22 Carrick 23 Hart Coach : Capello England squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Hart 2 Johnson 3 Baines 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Cahill 6 Jagielka 7 Wilshere 8 Lampard 9 Sturridge 10 Rooney 11 Welbeck 12 Smalling 13 Foster 14 Henderson 15 Oxlade - Chamberlain 16 Jones 17 Milner 18 Lambert 19 Sterling 20 Lallana 21 Barkley 22 Forster 23 Shaw Coach : Hodgson England squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Pickford 2 Walker 3 Rose 4 Dier 5 Stones 6 Maguire 7 Lingard 8 Henderson 9 Kane ( c ) 10 Sterling 11 Vardy 12 Trippier 13 Butland 14 Welbeck 15 Cahill 16 Jones 17 Delph 18 Young 19 Rashford 20 Alli 21 Loftus - Cheek 22 Alexander - Arnold 23 Pope Coach : Southgate England national football team General The Football Association History Managers Captains Kits Venues Wembley Stadium 1923 stadium 2007 stadium Home venues St George 's Park ( Burton ) Statistics All - time record Records World Cup record European Championship record Hat - tricks Awards The FA England Awards The FA Women 's Football Awards Results Men 's 1872 -- 99 1900 -- 29 1930 -- 59 1960 -- 79 1980 -- 99 2000 -- 19 Unofficial matches Women 's 2010s Players World Cup & Euro Championship squads 10 + caps 4 -- 9 caps 2 -- 3 caps 1 cap Born outside England Other categories World Cups 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1982 1986 1990 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 European Championships 1968 1980 2000 2012 2016 Other tournaments British Home Championship ( 1884 -- 1984 ) Minor tournaments Noted rivalries Argentina Germany Scotland Culture Noted matches Band Songs Discography WAGs `` They think it 's all over '' Other FA teams Men 's England B England C Amateur ( defunct ) U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 Futsal Learning Disabilities Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Women 's Senior U-23 U-20 U-19 U-17 U-15 Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Countries at the FIFA World Cup Team appearances Teams with no appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=856208693 '' Categories : England at the FIFA World Cup Countries at the FIFA World Cup History of the England national football team Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links EngvarB from June 2018 Use dmy dates from June 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Articles needing additional references from July 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from July 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 16 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did england last get into the semifinals of the world cup	[ "\n\n\nYear\nRound\nPosition\nGP\nW\nD*\nL\nGF\nGA\nGD\n\n\n 1930\nNot a FIFA member\n\n\n 1934\n\n\n 1938\n\n\n 1950\nGroup stage\n8th\n3\n1\n0\n2\n2\n2\n0\n\n\n 1954\nQuarter-finals\n7th\n3\n1\n1\n1\n8\n8\n0\n\n\n 1958\nGroup stage\n11th\n4\n0\n3\n1\n4\n5\n-1\n\n\n 1962\nQuarter-finals\n8th\n4\n1\n1\n2\n5\n6\n-1\n\n\n 1966\nChampions\n1st\n6\n5\n1\n0\n11\n3\n8\n\n\n 1970\nQuarter-finals\n8th\n4\n2\n0\n2\n4\n4\n0\n\n\n 1974\nDid not qualify\n\n\n 1978\n\n\n 1982\nSecond group stage\n6th\n5\n3\n2\n0\n6\n1\n5\n\n\n 1986\nQuarter-finals\n8th\n5\n2\n1\n2\n7\n3\n4\n\n\n 1990\nSemi finals\n4th\n7\n3\n3\n1\n8\n6\n2\n\n\n 1994\nDid not qualify\n\n\n 1998\nRound of 16\n9th\n4\n2\n1\n1\n7\n4\n3\n\n\n 2002\nQuarter-finals\n6th\n5\n2\n2\n1\n6\n3\n3\n\n\n 2006\nQuarter-finals\n7th\n5\n3\n2\n0\n6\n2\n4\n\n\n 2010\nRound of 16\n13th\n4\n1\n2\n1\n3\n5\n-2\n\n\n 2014\nGroup stage\n26th\n3\n0\n1\n2\n2\n4\n-2\n\n\n 2018\nSemi-finals\n4th\n7\n3\n1\n3\n12\n8\n4\n\n\n 2022\nTBD\n\n\n 2026\n\n\nTotal\n15/21\n1 title\n69\n29\n21\n19\n91\n64\n27\n" ]	[ "2018" ]
2417973873796457869	List of stadiums by capacity	List of Stadiums by capacity - wikipedia List of Stadiums by capacity Jump to : navigation , search The following is a list of notable sports stadiums , ordered by their capacity , which refers to the maximum number of spectators they can normally accommodate . Contents ( hide ) 1 List criteria notes 2 List 3 See also 4 References List criteria notes ( edit ) The capacity figures are standard , permanent total capacity , including both seating and any permanent standing areas , but excluding any temporary accommodation . Incidental record attendance is not considered relevant . Only regular capacity counts ; for attendance records , see List of sporting venues with a highest attendance of 100,000 or more . Only stadiums with a capacity of 40,000 or more are included in this list . Stadiums that are defunct or closed , or those that no longer serve as competitive sports venues ( such as Strahov Stadium , which was the largest in the world and holds around 220,000 spectators ) , are not included . They are listed under List of closed stadiums by capacity . An asterisk ( * ) indicates that the team plays only some ( few ) of its home matches at the venue , and may have another ( primary ) home ground . Race tracks ( such as the Indianapolis Motor Speedway and the Tokyo Racecourse ) are not stadiums , and are not included here . For a list of all sports venues by capacity , see List of sports venues by capacity . Capacities are taken whenever possible from the figure stated on the official website of the stadium , its tenants , or a sports event it has hosted List ( edit ) Stadium Capacity City / State Country Tenant ( s ) Main use ( s ) Rungrado 1st of May Stadium 114,000 Pyongyang North Korea Korea DPR national football team * Association football , athletics , mass games Michigan Stadium 107,601 Ann Arbor , Michigan United States Michigan Wolverines football American football Beaver Stadium 106,572 State College , Pennsylvania United States Penn State Nittany Lions football American football Ohio Stadium 104,944 Columbus , Ohio United States Ohio State Buckeyes football American football Kyle Field 102,733 College Station , Texas United States Texas A&M Aggies football American football Neyland Stadium 102,455 Knoxville , Tennessee United States Tennessee Volunteers football American football Tiger Stadium 102,321 Baton Rouge , Louisiana United States LSU Tigers football American football Bryant -- Denny Stadium 101,821 Tuscaloosa , Alabama United States Alabama Crimson Tide football American football Darrell K Royal -- Texas Memorial Stadium 100,119 Austin , Texas United States Texas Longhorns football American football Melbourne Cricket Ground ( MCG ) 100,024 Melbourne Australia Victorian Bushrangers , Melbourne Stars , Melbourne Cricket Club , Richmond FC , Hawthorn FC , Collingwood FC , Melbourne FC , Australia national cricket team * Cricket , Australian rules football Camp Nou 99,354 Barcelona Spain FC Barcelona Association football Soccer City 94,736 Johannesburg South Africa South African national football team , Kaizer Chiefs F.C. Association football Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum 93,607 Los Angeles United States USC Trojans football , Los Angeles Rams American football Sanford Stadium 92,746 Athens , Georgia United States Georgia Bulldogs football American football Rose Bowl 92,542 Pasadena , California United States UCLA Bruins football , Rose Bowl Game American football Cotton Bowl Stadium 92,100 Dallas , Texas United States Dallas Independent School District American football Wembley Stadium 90,000 London United Kingdom England national football team Association football , rugby league , American Football Ben Hill Griffin Stadium 88,548 Gainesville , Florida United States Florida Gators football American football Jordan -- Hare Stadium 87,451 Auburn , Alabama United States Auburn Tigers football American football Bukit Jalil National Stadium 87,411 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Malaysia national football team Association football , athletics Estadio Azteca 87,000 Mexico City Mexico Club América , Mexico national football team Association football Memorial Stadium 86,047 Lincoln , Nebraska United States Nebraska Cornhuskers football American football Borg El Arab Stadium 86,000 Alexandria Egypt Egypt national football team Association football Salt Lake Stadium 85,000 Kolkata India India national football team * , East Bengal , Mohammedan , Mohun Bagan , United , ATK Association football , athletics Gaylord Family Oklahoma Memorial Stadium 84,389 Norman , Oklahoma United States Oklahoma Sooners football American football Stadium Australia 83,500 Sydney Australia New South Wales Blues , Australia Wallabies * , Australia Socceroos * , Canterbury - Bankstown Bulldogs , South Sydney Rabbitohs , Wests Tigers * Sydney Thunder , Australia Kangaroos * Rugby league , rugby union , cricket , Australian rules football MetLife Stadium 82,500 East Rutherford , New Jersey United States New York Giants , New York Jets American football , association football Croke Park 82,300 Dublin Ireland GAA Gaelic football , hurling , camogie . FedExField 82,000 Landover , Maryland United States Washington Redskins American football Twickenham Stadium 82,000 London United Kingdom England national rugby union team Rugby union Memorial Stadium 81,500 Clemson United States Clemson Tigers football American football Lambeau Field 81,441 Green Bay , Wisconsin United States Green Bay Packers American football Signal Iduna Park 81,359 Dortmund Germany Borussia Dortmund Association football Stade de France 81,338 Saint - Denis France France national football team , France national rugby union team * , Stade Français * , Racing Métro * Association football , rugby union , rugby league , athletics Estadio Santiago Bernabéu 81,044 Madrid Spain Real Madrid C.F. Association football Luzhniki Stadium 81,000 Moscow Russia none Association football Notre Dame Stadium 80,795 South Bend , Indiana United States Notre Dame Fighting Irish football American football Shah Alam Stadium 80,372 Shah Alam Malaysia PKNS FC Association football Camp Randall Stadium 80,321 Madison , Wisconsin United States Wisconsin Badgers football American football Williams - Brice Stadium 80,250 Columbia , South Carolina United States South Carolina Gamecocks football American football Estadio Monumental 80,093 Lima Peru Universitario de Deportes Association football Stadio Giuseppe Meazza ( San Siro ) 80,018 Milan Italy F.C. Internazionale Milano , A.C. Milan Association football Guangdong Olympic Stadium 80,012 Guangzhou China Association football , athletics AT&T Stadium 80,000 Arlington , Texas United States Dallas Cowboys , Cotton Bowl American football Grand Stade de Casablanca 80,000 Casablanca Morocco Raja Casablanca , Wydad Casablanca Association football Beijing National Stadium 80,000 Beijing China Athletics , association football Stade 5 Juillet 1962 80,000 Algiers Algeria MC Algiers Association football Stade des Martyrs 80,000 Kinshasa Democratic Republic of the Congo Congo DR national football team Association football Shanghai Stadium 80,000 Shanghai China Shanghai East Asia F.C. Association football Bobby Bowden Field at Doak Campbell Stadium 79,560 Tallahassee , Florida United States Florida State Seminoles football American football Arrowhead Stadium 79,451 Kansas City , Missouri United States Kansas City Chiefs American football Estádio do Maracanã 78,838 Rio de Janeiro Brazil Flamengo , Fluminense , Brazil national football team * Association football Azadi Stadium 78,116 Tehran Iran Iran national football team , Persepolis , Esteghlal Association football EverBank Field 76,867 Jacksonville , Florida United States Jacksonville Jaguars American football Gelora Bung Karno Stadium 76,127 Jakarta Indonesia Persija Jakarta , Indonesia national football team Association football , athletics Sports Authority Field at Mile High 76,125 Denver United States Denver Broncos , Denver Outlaws American football , lacrosse Atatürk Olympic Stadium 76,092 Istanbul Turkey İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi S.K. Association football , athletics Donald W. Reynolds Razorback Stadium 76,000 Fayetteville , Arkansas United States Arkansas Razorbacks football American football Old Trafford 75,639 Manchester United Kingdom Manchester United F.C. Association football , rugby league Spartan Stadium 75,025 East Lansing , Michigan United States Michigan State Spartans football American football Athens Olympic Stadium 75,000 Athens Greece AEK Athens Association football , athletics Allianz Arena 75,000 Munich Germany Bayern Munich , 1860 Munich Association football Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium 75,000 Kochi India Indian Cricket Team , Kerala cricket team , FC Kochin , Malabar United FC , Viva Kerala FC , Kerala Blasters FC Association football , cricket Cairo International Stadium 75,000 Cairo Egypt Egypt national football team , El Ahly , El Zamalek Association football Naghsh - e-Jahan Stadium 75,000 Isfahan Iran Sepahan F.C. Association football Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti 74,624 Buenos Aires Argentina Argentina national football team , River Plate Association football Principality Stadium 74,500 Cardiff United Kingdom Wales national rugby union team , Wales football team Rugby union , association football , rugby league Olympiastadion 74,228 Berlin Germany Hertha BSC Berlin Association football , athletics Ralph Wilson Stadium 73,967 Orchard Park , New York United States Buffalo Bills American football Bank of America Stadium 73,298 Charlotte , North Carolina United States Carolina Panthers American football Mercedes - Benz Superdome 73,208 New Orleans United States New Orleans Saints American football , association football , baseball FirstEnergy Stadium 73,200 Cleveland United States Cleveland Browns American football International Stadium Yokohama 72,327 Yokohama Japan Yokohama F. Marinos Association football Legion Field 72,000 Birmingham , Alabama United States UAB Blazers football American football NRG Stadium 71,500 Houston United States Houston Texans American football M&T Bank Stadium 71,008 Baltimore United States Baltimore Ravens American football Faurot Field 71,004 Columbia , Missouri United States Missouri Tigers football American football Mercedes - Benz Stadium 71,000 Atlanta United States Atlanta Falcons , Atlanta United FC American football , association football Stadio Olimpico 70,634 . Rome Italy A.S. Roma , S.S. Lazio Association football , athletics Kinnick Stadium 70,585 Iowa City , Iowa United States Iowa Hawkeyes football American football SDCCU Stadium 70,561 San Diego United States San Diego State Aztecs football American football , baseball Husky Stadium 70,138 Seattle United States Washington Huskies football American football Estádio Nacional de Brasília 70,064 Brasília Brazil Sociedade Esportiva do Gama * Association football Olimpiyskiy National Sports Complex 70,050 Kiev Ukraine FK Dynamo Kyiv Association football , Athletics Seoul Olympic Stadium 69,950 Seoul South Korea Korea Republic national football team , Seoul E-Land FC Athletics , association football München Olympiastadion 69,250 Munich Germany Athletics Nissan Stadium 69,143 Nashville , Tennessee United States Tennessee Titans , Tennessee State Tigers football American football Gillette Stadium 68,756 Foxborough , Massachusetts United States New England Patriots , New England Revolution , UMass Minutemen football American football , association football Baku National Stadium 68,700 Baku Azerbaijan Azerbaijan national football team Association football , athletics Lincoln Financial Field 68,532 Philadelphia United States Philadelphia Eagles , Temple Owls football American football Levi 's Stadium 68,500 Santa Clara , California United States San Francisco 49ers American football Heinz Field 68,400 Pittsburgh United States Pittsburgh Steelers , Pittsburgh Panthers football American football Krestovsky Stadium 68,134 Saint Petersburg Russia FC Zenit Saint Petersburg Association football Wanda Metropolitano 67,703 Madrid Spain Atlético Madrid Association football Stade Vélodrome 67,344 Marseille France Olympique de Marseille , RC Toulon * Association football , rugby union Murrayfield Stadium 67,144 Edinburgh United Kingdom Scotland national rugby union team * Rugby union Palaran Stadium 67,075 Samarinda Indonesia Athletics , association football Morumbi Stadium 67,052 São Paulo Brazil São Paulo FC Association football CenturyLink Field 67,000 Seattle United States Seattle Seahawks , Seattle Sounders FC American football , association football King Fahd International Stadium 67,000 Riyadh Saudi Arabia Al Nasr , Al - Hilal , Al Shabab Association football The Dome at America 's Center 66,965 St. Louis United States None Yadegar - e Emam Stadium 66,833 Tabriz Iran Teraktor Sazi Association football Seoul World Cup Stadium 66,806 Seoul South Korea Korea Republic national football team , FC Seoul Association football U.S. Bank Stadium 66,655 Minneapolis United States Minnesota Vikings American football Daegu Stadium 66,422 Daegu South Korea Daegu FC Athletics , association football Eden Gardens 66,349 Kolkata India Indian national cricket team , Kolkata Knight Riders , Bengal cricket team * Cricket Lane Stadium 66,233 Blacksburg , Virginia United States Virginia Tech Hokies football American football London Stadium 66,000 London United Kingdom West Ham United F.C. , British Athletics Athletics , association football , cricket , rugby union , rugby league Sun Devil Stadium 65,870 Tempe , Arizona United States Arizona State Sun Devils football American football Raymond James Stadium 65,847 Tampa , Florida United States Tampa Bay Buccaneers , South Florida Bulls football American football Paul Brown Stadium 65,535 Cincinnati United States Cincinnati Bengals American football Camping World Stadium 65,438 Orlando , Florida United States Jones High School , Orlando , Orlando City Soccer Club American football , association football Hard Rock Stadium 65,326 Miami Gardens , Florida United States Miami Dolphins , Miami Hurricanes football American football , baseball Centenario Stadium 65,045 Montevideo Uruguay Uruguay national football team , Club Nacional de Football , Club Atlético Peñarol and other local teams Association football Basra Sports City 65,000 Basra Iraq Iraq national football team Association football Foro Sol 65,000 Mexico City Mexico Autódromo Hermanos Rodriguez Baseball Kamuzu Stadium 65,000 Blantyre Malawi Malawi national football team Association football Alamodome 65,000 San Antonio United States UTSA Roadrunners football American football , baseball Ford Field 65,000 Detroit United States Detroit Lions American football Stade Olympique de Radès 65,000 Radès Tunisia Tunisia national football team Association football Jaber Al - Ahmad International Stadium 65,000 Kuwait City Kuwait Kuwait national football team Association football June 11 Stadium 65,000 Tripoli Libya Libya national football team , Al - Ahly , Al - Ittihad , Al Madina Tripoli Association football Estádio da Luz 64,642 Lisbon Portugal Benfica Association football Vaught -- Hemingway Stadium 64,038 Oxford , Mississippi United States Ole Miss Rebels football American football Workers Stadium 64,000 Beijing China Beijing Guoan Association football Castelão 63,903 Fortaleza Brazil Ceará , Fortaleza Association football LaVell Edwards Stadium 63,725 Provo , Utah United States Brigham Young University Cougars football American football Saitama Stadium 2002 63,700 Saitama Japan Urawa Red Diamonds Association football University of Phoenix Stadium 63,400 Glendale , Arizona United States Arizona Cardinals American football California Memorial Stadium 63,186 Berkeley , California United States California Golden Bears football American football Estadio Olímpico Universitario 63,186 Mexico City Mexico Club Universidad Nacional , Pumas Dorados de la UNAM Association football , American football Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum 63,026 Oakland , California United States Oakland Raiders , Oakland Athletics American football , baseball Lucas Oil Stadium 63,000 Indianapolis United States Indianapolis Colts American football , basketball Kenan Memorial Stadium 62,980 Chapel Hill , North Carolina United States North Carolina Tar Heels football American football Memorial Stadium 62,872 Champaign , Illinois United States Illinois Fighting Illini football American football Ellis Park Stadium 62,567 Johannesburg South Africa Golden Lions , Lions , Orlando Pirates F.C. Rugby union , association football Ross -- Ade Stadium 62,500 West Lafayette , Indiana United States Purdue Boilermakers football American football Veltins - Arena 62,271 Gelsenkirchen Germany FC Schalke 04 Association football Mineirão Stadium 62,170 Belo Horizonte Brazil Clube Atlético Mineiro , Cruzeiro Esporte Clube , Association football Yizhong Sports Center 62,000 Qingdao China Qingdao Jonoon * Association football Jack Trice Stadium 61,500 Ames , Iowa United States Iowa State Cyclones football American football Scott Stadium 61,500 Charlottesville , Virginia United States Virginia Cavaliers football American football Soldier Field 61,500 Chicago United States Chicago Bears American football Yale Bowl 61,446 New Haven , Connecticut United States Yale Bulldogs football American football Davis Wade Stadium 61,337 Starkville , Mississippi United States Mississippi State Bulldogs football American football Eden Park 61,136 Auckland New Zealand New Zealand All Blacks , Auckland Blues Rugby union Kroger Field 61,000 Lexington , Kentucky United States Kentucky Wildcats football American football Mercedes - Benz Arena 60,649 Stuttgart Germany VfB Stuttgart Association football Grêmio Arena 60,540 Porto Alegre Brazil Grêmio Association football Mississippi Veterans Memorial Stadium 60,492 Jackson , Mississippi United States Jackson State Tigers American football Jones AT&T Stadium 60,454 Lubbock , Texas United States Texas Tech Red Raiders football American football Celtic Park 60,411 Glasgow United Kingdom Celtic F.C. Association football Emirates Stadium 60,338 London United Kingdom Arsenal F.C. Association football Stadio San Paolo 60,240 Naples Italy Napoli Association football Boone Pickens Stadium 60,218 Stillwater , Oklahoma United States Oklahoma State Cowboys football American football Estádio do Arruda 60,044 Recife Brazil Santa Cruz Futebol Clube Association football Gelora Bung Tomo Stadium 60,000 Surabaya Indonesia Persebaya Surabaya Association football Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium 60,000 Delhi India India national football team * Association football , athletics King Abdullah Sports City 60,000 Jeddah Saudi Arabia Saudi national football team * Association football Estadio Libertadores de América 60,000 Avellaneda Argentina Club Atlético Independiente Association football Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium , Chennai 60,000 Chennai India India national football team * , Indian Bank Recreational Club Association football Dr. Bhupen Hazarika Cricket Stadium 60,000 Guwahati India Assam Cricket Association , India national cricket team Cricket Estadio Monumental Virgen de Chapi 60,000 Arequipa Peru FBC Melgar , Club IDUNSA Association football Mountaineer Field at Milan Puskar Stadium 60,000 Morgantown , West Virginia United States West Virginia Mountaineers football American football National Heroes Stadium 60,000 Lusaka Zambia Zambia national football team Association football Abuja Stadium 60,000 Abuja Nigeria Nigeria national football team Association football Gaddafi Stadium 60,000 Lahore Pakistan Pakistan national cricket team * , Lahore Lions , Lahore Eagles , Pakistan International Airlines cricket team , Lahore Badshahs Cricket Lake Tanganyika Stadium 60,000 Kigoma Tanzania Reli FC * Association football Benjamin Mkapa National Stadium 60,000 Dar es Salaam Tanzania Tanzania national football team Association football Shenyang Olympic Sports Centre Stadium 60,000 Shenyang China Association football , athletics Stade Leopold Senghor 60,000 Dakar Senegal Senegal national football team , ASC Jeanne d'Arc Association football Moi International Sports Centre 60,000 Nairobi Kenya Kenya national football team Association football Nanjing Olympic Sports Center 60,000 Nanjing China Jiangsu Sainty F.C. Association football , athletics National Sports Stadium 60,000 Harare Zimbabwe Zimbabwe national football team Association football , athletics Odi Stadium 60,000 Mabopane South Africa Garankuwa United Association football Tianhe Stadium 60,000 Guangzhou China Guangzhou Evergrande F.C. Association football Tianjin Olympic Centre Stadium 60,000 Tianjin China Tianjin Teda F.C. Association football Wuhan Sports Center Stadium 60,000 Wuhan China Wuhan Zall F.C. Association football Hohhot City Stadium 60,000 Hohhot China local football teams Association football Jinan Olympic Sports Center Stadium 60,000 Jinan China Shandong Luneng Taishan F.C. Association football , athletics Hefei Olympic Sports Center Stadium 60,000 Hefei China local football teams Association football , athletics Harbin Sports City Center Stadium 60,000 Harbin China local football teams Association football , athletics Guangxi Sports Center 60,000 Nanning China local football teams Association football , athletics Perth Stadium 60,000 Perth Australia Fremantle FC , West Coast Eagles , Australia Wallabies * , Perth Scorchers , Australia national cricket team * Australian rules football , rugby union , cricket Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium 59,308 Memphis , Tennessee United States Memphis Tigers football American football Estadio Monumental Isidro Romero Carbo 59,283 Guayaquil Ecuador Barcelona Sporting Club Association football Parc Olympique Lyonnais 59,186 Décines France Olympique Lyonnais Association football Chongqing Olympic Sports Center 58,680 Chongqing China Chongqing F.C. Association football Stadio San Nicola 58,248 Bari Italy A.S. Bari Association football National Stadium , Warsaw 58,145 Warsaw Poland Poland national football team Association football , American football Arizona Stadium 57,803 Tucson , Arizona United States Arizona Wildcats football American football Olímpico Sevilla 57,619 Seville Spain Spain national football team * Association football Carter -- Finley Stadium 57,583 Raleigh , North Carolina United States NC State Wolfpack football American football National Olympic Stadium 57,363 Tokyo Japan Japan national football team Association football , athletics Volkspark Stadion 57,030 Hamburg Germany Hamburger SV Association football Estadio Mario Alberto Kempes 57,000 Córdoba Argentina Association football Estadio Jalisco 56,713 Guadalajara Mexico Club Atlas , Leones Negros de la Universidad de Guadalajara , Club Deportivo Oro Association football Benito Villamarín 56,500 Seville Spain Real Betis Association football Docklands Stadium 56,347 Melbourne Australia Western Bulldogs , St Kilda FC , Carlton FC , Essendon FC , North Melbourne FC , Melbourne Victory , Melbourne Renegades Australian rules football , cricket , association football Commonwealth Stadium 56,302 Edmonton Canada Edmonton Eskimos , FC Edmonton * Canadian football , association football , rugby union , athletics Olympic Stadium 56,040 Montreal Canada Montreal Alouettes * , Montreal Impact * Canadian football , baseball , association football Estádio Beira - Rio 56,000 Porto Alegre Brazil Sport Club Internacional Association football Stadium Puskás Ferenc 56,000 Budapest Hungary Hungary national football team Association football Dodger Stadium 56,000 Los Angeles United States Los Angeles Dodgers Baseball Papa John 's Cardinal Stadium 56,000 Louisville , Kentucky United States Louisville Cardinals football American football Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys 55,926 Barcelona Spain Athletics Arena Națională 55,634 Bucharest Romania Romania national football team Association football Municipal Corporation Stadium 55,575 Kozhikode India Viva Kerala Association football , cricket Stadion Crvena Zvezda 55,538 Belgrade Serbia Red Star Belgrade Association football Estadio La Casa Blanca 55,400 Quito Ecuador Liga Deportiva Universitaria Association football Etihad Stadium 55,097 Manchester United Kingdom Manchester City F.C. Association football Vicente Calderón Stadium 55,005 Madrid Spain Atlético Madrid Association football DY Patil Stadium 55,000 Navi Mumbai India Mumbai Indians * Cricket Trivandrum International Stadium 55,000 Thiruvananthapuram India India national cricket team , Kerala cricket team Cricket and Association football Singapore National Stadium 55,000 Singapore Singapore Singapore national football team Association football , Rugby , Cricket , athletics Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium 55,000 Hyderabad India Hyderabad cricket team , Sunrisers Hyderabad Cricket Cape Town Stadium 55,000 Cape Town South Africa Ajax Cape Town Association football Bobby Dodd Stadium 55,000 Atlanta United States Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football American football Estadio Latinoamericano 55,000 Havana Cuba Industriales , Metropolitanos Baseball Helong Stadium 55,000 Changsha China Hunan Billows F.C. ( Hunan Xiangtao ) Association football Feroz Shah Kotla Ground 55,000 Delhi India Delhi cricket team , Delhi Daredevils Cricket Sardar Patel Stadium 55,000 Ahmedabad India Gujarat cricket team Cricket Semple Stadium 55,000 Thurles Ireland Tipperary GAA Hurling , Gaelic football World Games Stadium 55,000 Kaohsiung Taiwan Association football MCA Pune International Cricket Centre 55,000 Pune India Maharashtra Cricket Association Cricket Plovdiv Stadium 55,000 Plovdiv Bulgaria junior football teams Association football , athletics Esprit Arena 54,600 Düsseldorf Germany Fortuna Düsseldorf Association football Boris Paichadze Stadium 54,549 Tbilisi Georgia FC Dinamo Tbilisi , Georgia national football team , Georgia national rugby union team Association football , rugby union Silesian Stadium 54,477 Chorzów Poland Poland national football team Association football , speedway , athletics Friends Arena 54,329 Solna Sweden AIK , Sweden national football team Association football BC Place 54,320 Vancouver Canada BC Lions , Vancouver Whitecaps FC Canadian football , association football Hrazdan Stadium 54,208 Yerevan Armenia Armenia national football team Association football War Memorial Stadium 54,120 Little Rock , Arkansas United States Arkansas Razorbacks football * American football Anfield 54,074 Liverpool United Kingdom Liverpool F.C. Association football Borussia - Park 54,067 Mönchengladbach Germany Borussia Mönchengladbach Association football Rogers Centre 54,000 Toronto Canada Toronto Blue Jays Baseball Moses Mabhida Stadium 54,000 Durban South Africa Association football Autzen Stadium 54,000 Eugene , Oregon United States Oregon Ducks football American football Busan Asiad Stadium 53,864 Busan South Korea Busan IPark Association football Folsom Field 53,750 Boulder , Colorado United States Colorado Buffaloes football American football Estadio Ciudad de La Plata 53,600 La Plata Argentina Club de Gimnasia y Esgrima La Plata , Estudiantes de La Plata Association football Adelaide Oval 53,583 Adelaide Australia Australia national cricket team * , Southern Redbacks , Adelaide Strikers , Adelaide Crows , Port Adelaide Power Cricket , Australian rules football Johan Cruyff Arena 53,502 Amsterdam Netherlands Ajax Amsterdam Association football Estadio BBVA Bancomer 53,500 Monterrey Mexico C.F. Monterrey Association football Estádio Parque do Sabiá 53,350 Uberlândia Brazil Uberlândia Esporte Clube Association football San Mamés 53,332 Bilbao Spain Athletic Bilbao Association football Aleppo International Stadium 53,200 Aleppo Syria Al - Ittihad Association football Ernst Happel Stadion 53,008 Vienna Austria Austria national football team , FK Austria Wien * , SK Rapid Wien * Association football Memorial Stadium 52,692 Bloomington , Indiana United States Indiana Hoosiers football American football Türk Telekom Stadium 52,652 Istanbul Turkey Galatasaray S.K. Association football Franklin Field 52,593 Philadelphia United States Penn Quakers football American football , athletics Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium 52,530 Istanbul Turkey Fenerbahçe S.K. Association football Donbass Arena 52,518 Donetsk Ukraine Shaktar Donetsk Association football Lang Park 52,500 Brisbane Australia Queensland Maroons , Brisbane Broncos , Queensland Reds , Brisbane Roar FC , Australia Kangaroos * , Australia Wallabies * , Australia Socceroos * Rugby league , rugby union , association football Falcon Stadium 52,480 Colorado Springs , Colorado United States Air Force Falcons football American football Estadio Mestalla 52,469 Valencia Spain Valencia CF Association football High Point Solutions Stadium 52,454 Piscataway , New Jersey United States Rutgers Scarlet Knights football American football , association football , lacrosse St James ' Park 52,387 Newcastle upon Tyne United Kingdom Newcastle United F.C. Association football Yankee Stadium 52,325 New York City United States New York Yankees , New York City FC Baseball , association football Bill Snyder Family Football Stadium 52,200 Manhattan , Kansas United States Kansas State Wildcats football American football Huainan Sports Stadium 52,080 Huainan China local football teams Association football Growthpoint Kings Park Stadium 52,000 Durban South Africa Sharks , Sharks ( Currie Cup ) , Golden Arrows , AmaZulu Rugby union , association football Estádio do Dragão 52,000 Porto Portugal FC Porto Association football Stade Moulay Abdellah 52,000 Rabat Morocco FAR Rabat Association football Estadio Monumental de Maturín 52,000 Maturín Venezuela Monagas Sport Club Association football Stade Omnisports 52,000 Yaoundé Cameroon Tonnerre Yaoundé , Cameroon national football team Association football Guiyang Olympic Sports Center 52,000 Guiyang China Guizhou Renhe F.C. Association football Philippine Arena 51,898 Ciudad de Victoria Philippines None Basketball Hampden Park 51,866 Glasgow United Kingdom Scotland national football team , Queen 's Park F.C. Association football Maryland Stadium 51,802 College Park , Maryland United States Maryland Terrapins football American football Loftus Versfeld Stadium 51,762 Pretoria South Africa Bulls , Blue Bulls , South Africa national rugby union team * , Supersport United FC * Rugby union , cricket , association football Aviva Stadium 51,700 Dublin Ireland Ireland national rugby union team , Republic of Ireland national football team Rugby union , association football De Kuip ( officially : Stadion Feijenoord ) 51,577 Rotterdam Netherlands Feyenoord Association football Commerzbank - Arena 51,500 Frankfurt Germany Eintracht Frankfurt Association football Kumasi Sports Stadium 51,500 Kumasi Ghana Asante Kotoko , King Faisal Babes Association football Sun Bowl Stadium 51,500 El Paso , Texas United States UTEP Miners football American football Estadio Juan Domingo Perón 51,389 Avellaneda Argentina Racing Club de Avellaneda Association football Shizuoka Stadium 51,349 Fukuroi Japan Júbilo Iwata * , Shimizu S - Pulse * Association football İzmir Atatürk Stadyumu 51,295 Izmir Turkey Altay S.K. * , Göztepe SK ,. * Association football Huanglong Stadium 51,139 Hangzhou China Hangzhou Greentown F.C. Association football Newlands Stadium 51,100 Cape Town South Africa Stormers , Western Province , South Africa national rugby union team * , Santos F.C. Rugby union , association football Ghadir Stadium 51,000 Ahvaz Iran Foolad F.C. Association football Shaanxi Province Stadium 51,000 Xi'an China local football team Association football Independence Stadium 50,832 Shreveport , Louisiana United States Independence Bowl American football Ibrox Stadium 50,817 Glasgow United Kingdom Rangers F.C. Association Football TCF Bank Stadium 50,805 Minneapolis United States Minnesota Golden Gophers football American football Dowdy -- Ficklen Stadium 50,500 Greenville , North Carolina United States East Carolina University Pirates football American football Estádio José Alvalade 50,466 Lisbon Portugal Sporting Clube de Portugal Association football Coors Field 50,445 Denver , Colorado United States Colorado Rockies Baseball Incheon Munhak Stadium 50,256 Incheon South Korea Incheon Korail Association football Stade Pierre - Mauroy 50,186 Villeneuve d'Ascq France Lille OSC Association football King Baudouin Stadium 50,122 Brussels Belgium Belgium national football team Association football , athletics Ajinomoto Stadium 50,100 Chofu Japan F.C. Tokyo , Tokyo Verdy Association football University of Kansas Memorial Stadium 50,071 Lawrence , Kansas United States Kansas Jayhawks football American football Shaheed Mohtarama Benazir Bhutto International Cricket Stadium 50,000 Garhi Khuda Bakhsh Pakistan Pakistan national cricket team * Cricket Arena Fonte Nova 50,000 Salvador Brazil Association football Stade 19 Mai 1956 50,000 Annaba Algeria USM Annaba Association football Za Lužánkami 50,000 Brno Czech Republic Brno Association football Kim Il - sung Stadium 50,000 Pyongyang North Korea Pyongyang City Sports Group Association football Aloha Stadium 50,000 Honolulu , Hawaii United States Hawai ʻi Warriors football American football , baseball Charles Mopeli Stadium 50,000 Phuthaditjhaba South Africa Free State Stars * Association football Dowdy -- Ficklen Stadium 50,000 Greenville , North Carolina United States East Carolina Pirates football American football RheinEnergieStadion 49,968 Cologne Germany 1 . FC Köln Association football Hiroshima Big Arch 50,000 Hiroshima Japan Sanfrecce Hiroshima Association football Jilin People 's Stadium 50,000 Jilin City China local football teams Association football Khalifa International Stadium 50,000 Doha Qatar Qatar national football team Association football Nagai Stadium 50,000 Osaka Japan Cerezo Osaka Association football , athletics Phnom Pehn National Olympic Stadium 50,000 Phnom Penh Cambodia Khemara Association football Stade 26 mars 50,000 Bamako Mali Stade Malien Association football Stanford Stadium 50,000 Stanford , California United States Stanford Cardinal football American football Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin Stadium 50,000 Kuala Terengganu Malaysia Terengganu FA * Association football , athletics Shiraz Stadium 50,000 Shiraz Iran Association football Henan Provincial Stadium 50,000 Zhengzhou China local football teams Association football Xinjiang Sports Centre 50,000 Ürümqi China local football teams Association football Yanji People 's Stadium 50,000 Yanji China local football teams Association football Estádio 11 de Novembro 50,000 Luanda Angola Association football Red Bull Arena 50,000 Leipzig Germany RB Leipzig Association football Guangzhou University City Stadium 50,000 Guangzhou China local football teams Association football Jiangxi Olympic Sports Center 50,000 Nanchang China local football teams Association football , athletics Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh International Cricket Stadium 50,000 Raipur India local teams Cricket Gaelic Grounds 49,866 Limerick Ireland Limerick GAA Hurling , Gaelic football Estadio Omnilife 49,850 Zapopan Mexico Club Deportivo Guadalajara Association football Fritz - Walter - Stadion 49,780 Kaiserslautern Germany 1 . FC Kaiserslautern Association football Rajamangala Stadium 49,722 Bangkok Thailand Thailand national football team Association football Sydney Cricket Ground ( SCG ) 49,700 Sydney Australia Australia national cricket team * , New South Wales Blues ( cricket ) , Sydney 6ers , Sydney Swans Cricket , Australian rules football Estadio José Amalfitani 49,540 Buenos Aires Argentina Club Atlético Vélez Sársfield , Argentina national rugby union team * Association football , rugby union Ryan Field 49,256 Evanston , Illinois United States Northwestern Wildcats football American football Carrier Dome 49,250 Syracuse , New York United States Syracuse Orange football , Syracuse Orange men 's basketball , Syracuse Orange men 's lacrosse , Syracuse Orange women 's basketball American football , basketball , lacrosse Miyagi Stadium 49,133 Rifu Japan Vegalta Sendai * Association football , athletics Rangers Ballpark in Arlington 49,115 Arlington , Texas United States Texas Rangers Baseball Chase Field 49,033 Phoenix , Arizona United States Arizona Diamondbacks Baseball AWD - Arena 49,000 Hanover Germany Hannover 96 Association football Stadium of Light 49,000 Sunderland United Kingdom Sunderland A.F.C. Association football Estadio Alberto J. Armando 49,000 Buenos Aires Argentina Club Atlético Boca Juniors Association football QE2 Stadium 49,000 Brisbane Australia Rugby league Oriole Park at Camden Yards 48,876 Baltimore United States Baltimore Orioles Baseball Jinnah Sports Stadium 48,800 Islamabad Pakistan Pakistan national football team * Association football , cricket , hockey Parc des Princes 48,712 Paris France Paris Saint - Germain Association football Frankenstadion 48,548 Nuremberg Germany 1 . FC Nürnberg Association football Estadio Tomás Adolfo Ducó 48,314 Buenos Aires Argentina Club Atlético Huracán Association football Safeco Field 48,116 Seattle United States Seattle Mariners Baseball Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium 48,000 Port Elizabeth South Africa Eastern Province Kings Rugby union , association football Estadio Malvinas Argentinas 48,000 Mendoza Argentina Ciudad de Mendoza Association football Camille Chamoun Sports City Stadium 47,799 Beirut Lebanon Lebanon national football team Association football Koshien Stadium 47,757 Nishinomiya Japan Hanshin Tigers Baseball Fisht Olympic Stadium 47,659 Sochi Russia Association football , athletics Stadio Artemio Franchi 47,290 Florence Italy ACF Fiorentina Association football Estadio Monumental David Arellano 47,017 Santiago Chile Colo - Colo Association football Estadio Nacional Julio Martínez Prádanos 47,000 Santiago Chile Chile national football team , Universidad de Chile * Association football , athletics Rice Stadium 47,000 Houston United States Rice Owls football American football Tokyo Dome 47,000 Tokyo Japan Yomiuri Giants Baseball Estádio Olímpico João Havelange 46,931 Rio de Janeiro Brazil Botafogo Association football Busch Stadium 46,861 St. Louis United States St. Louis Cardinals Baseball Estadio Metropolitano 46,788 Barranquilla Colombia Colombia national football team , Atlético Junior Association football Estadio El Campín 46,018 Bogotá Colombia Millonarios , Independiente Santa Fe Association football ACA - VDCA Stadium 46,000 Visakhapatnam India Andhra , Deccan Chargers * Cricket Itaipava Arena Pernambuco 46,000 São Lourenço da Mata Brazil Clube Náutico Capibaribe Association football Estádio Olímpico Monumental 46,000 Porto Alegre Brazil Association football Peter Mokaba Stadium 46,000 Polokwane South Africa Association football Estádio Paulo Constantino 45,954 Presidente Prudente Brazil Association football Estadio Cuscatlán 45,925 San Salvador El Salvador Alianza F.C. , El Salvador national football team Association football Reser Stadium 45,674 Corvallis , Oregon United States Oregon State Beavers football American football Rice - Eccles Stadium 45,634 Salt Lake City United States Utah Utes football American football Estadio Olímpico Pascual Guerrero 45,625 Cali Colombia América de Cali Association football Estadio Nacional 45,574 Lima Peru Peru national football team Association football Páirc Uí Chaoimh 45,500 Cork Ireland Cork GAA Hurling , Gaelic football Estádio Ilha do Retiro 45,500 Recife Brazil Sport Club do Recife Association football Estadio Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán 45,500 Seville Spain Sevilla FC Association football Sydney Football Stadium 45,500 Sydney Australia Sydney Roosters , New South Wales Waratahs , Sydney FC , Australia Kangaroos * Rugby league , rugby union , association football Stade Adrar 45,480 Agadir Morocco Hassania Agadir Association football Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium 45,423 Washington , D.C. United States Association football , American football , baseball Otkrytie Arena 45,360 Moscow Russia FC Spartak Moscow Association football Bright House Networks Stadium 44,206 Orlando , Florida United States UCF Knights football American football Mandela National Stadium 45,202 Kampala Uganda Uganda national football team Association football McLane Stadium 45,140 Waco , Texas United States Baylor Bears football American football Kazan Arena 45,105 Kazan Russia FC Rubin Kazan Association football , athletics Estadio Garcilaso 45,056 Cusco Peru Cienciano del Cuzco Association football Angel Stadium of Anaheim 45,050 Anaheim , California United States Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim Baseball Estádio Olímpico do Pará 45,007 Belém Brazil Paysandu Sport Club * , Clube do Remo * Association football National Hockey Stadium , Lahore 45,000 Lahore Pakistan Pakistan national field hockey team Hockey Arena Corinthians 45,000 São Paulo Brazil Sport Club Corinthians Paulista Association football Estadio Rommel Fernández 45,000 Panama City Panama Federación Panameňa de Fútbol ( FEPAFUT ) Association football , athletics Bangabandhu National Stadium 45,000 Dhaka Bangladesh Bangladesh national football team , Bangladesh League Association football , athletics National Stadium 45,000 Karachi Pakistan Cricket Barabati Stadium 45,000 Cuttack India Orissa Cricket Association Cricket Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium Jamtha 45,000 Nagpur India Vidarbha cricket team Cricket Abbasiyyin Stadium 45,000 Damascus Syria Al - Jaish , Al - Wahda , Al Majd Association football Allianz Parque 45,000 São Paulo Brazil Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras Association football Kobe Universiade Memorial Stadium 45,000 Kobe Japan Vissel Kobe * Association football Captain Roop Singh Stadium 45,000 Gwalior India Madhya Pradesh Cricket Association Cricket Estádio da Machava 45,000 Maputo Mozambique Mozambique national football team Association football Estádio Universitário Pedro Pedrossian 45,000 Campo Grande Brazil Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul Association football Fatorda Stadium 45,000 Margao India Dempo SC , Salgaocar SC Goa , Sporting Clube de Goa Association football Fez Stadium 45,000 Fes Morocco Maghreb Fez Association football Free State Stadium 45,000 Bloemfontein South Africa Free State Cheetahs , Cheetahs , Bloemfontein Celtic Rugby union Green Park Stadium 45,000 Kanpur India Uttar Pradesh cricket team Cricket Stade El Menzah 45,000 Tunis Tunisia Club Africain , Espérance Association football Toyota Stadium 45,000 Toyota Japan Nagoya Grampus * Association football Citi Field 45,000 New York City United States New York Mets Baseball Yantai Sports Park Stadium 45,000 Yantai China local football teams Association football Panathenaic Stadium 45,000 Athens Greece Athletics Stade de Marrakech 45,000 Marrakech Morocco Kawkab Marrakech Association football Stade Omar Bongo 45,000 Libreville Gabon FC 105 Libreville Association football National Stadium 45,000 Lagos Nigeria Nigeria national football team * Association football Grand Stade de Tanger 45,000 Tangier Morocco IR Tanger Association football Zibo Sports Center Stadium 45,000 Zibo China local football teams Association football Weifang Sports Center Stadium 45,000 Weifang China local football teams Association football Orlando Stadium 45,000 Johannesburg South Africa Orlando Pirates , Kaiser Chiefs , Moroka Swallows Association football Wankhede Stadium 45,000 Mumbai India Mumbai cricket team , Mumbai Indians , Indian national cricket team * Cricket Kanchenjunga Stadium 45,000 Siliguri India local football teams Association football Latakia Sports City Stadium 45,000 Latakia Syria Association football Alumni Stadium 44,500 Chestnut Hill , Massachusetts United States Boston College Eagles football American football Arena Amazonia 44,500 Manaus Brazil América Futebol Clube , Nacional Futebol Clube , Atlético Rio Negro Clube Association football Ulsan Munsu Football Stadium 44,466 Ulsan South Korea Ulsan Hyundai Association football Estádio Governador Alberto Tavares Silva 44,200 Teresina Brazil Esporte Clube Flamengo * Association football Gwangju World Cup Stadium 44,118 Gwangju South Korea Gwangju FC Association football Amon G. Carter Stadium 44,008 Fort Worth , Texas United States TCU Horned Frogs football American football Levy Mwanawasa Stadium 44,000 Ndola Zambia Zambia national football team Association football Suwon World Cup Stadium 43,959 Suwon South Korea Suwon Samsung Bluewings Association football Riau Main Stadium 43,923 Pekanbaru Indonesia Association football Shandong Provincial Stadium 43,700 Jinan China local football teams Association football Vasil Levski National Stadium 43,632 Sofia Bulgaria Bulgaria national football team Association football PGE Arena Gdańsk 43,615 Gdańsk Poland Lechia Gdańsk Association football Subiaco Oval 43,500 Perth Australia Fremantle FC , West Coast Eagles , Australia Wallabies * Australian rules football , rugby union Citizens Bank Park 43,500 Philadelphia United States Philadelphia Phillies Baseball Mbombela Stadium 43,500 Nelspruit South Africa Association football El Nuevo Gasómetro 43,494 Buenos Aires Argentina Club Atlético San Lorenzo de Almagro Association football Jeonju World Cup Stadium 43,348 Jeonju South Korea Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors Association football Progressive Field 43,345 Cleveland , Ohio United States Cleveland Indians Baseball Poznań Municipal Stadium 43,269 Poznań Poland Lech Poznań Association football Ōita Bank Dome 43,254 Ōita Japan Ōita Trinita Association football Estadio Universidad San Marcos 43,000 Lima Peru Universidad San Marcos Association football Fitzgerald Stadium ( Staidiam Mhic Gearailt ) 43,000 Killarney Ireland Kerry GAA Gaelic football , hurling Arena Pantanal 43,000 Cuiabá Brazil Clube Esportivo Dom Bosco , Mixto Esporte Clube Association football Ullevi 43,000 Gothenburg Sweden Association football , athletics Arena das Dunas 43,000 Natal Brazil Federação Norte - rio - grandense de Futebol Association football Sheikh Zayed Stadium 43,000 Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates UAE President Cup finals Association football Sapporo Dome 42,831 Sapporo Japan Consadole Sapporo , Hokkaido Nippon - Ham Fighters Association football , baseball Villa Park 42,788 Birmingham United Kingdom Aston Villa F.C. Association football Wrocław Municipal Stadium 42,771 Wrocław Poland Śląsk Wrocław Association football Zhuzhou Stadium 42,740 Zhuzhou China local football teams Association football Estadio Cuauhtémoc 42,648 Puebla Mexico Puebla F.C. Association football Estadio Metropolitano de Mérida 42,500 Mérida Venezuela Estudiantes de Mérida FC Association football St. Jakob - Park 42,500 Basel Switzerland FC Basel Association football Perak Stadium 42,500 Ipoh Malaysia Perak FA Association football Weserstadion 42,500 Bremen Germany Werder Bremen Association football Petco Park 42,445 San Diego United States San Diego Padres Baseball Tohoku Electric Power Big Swan Stadium 42,300 Niigata Japan Albirex Niigata Association football Jeju World Cup Stadium 42,256 Seogwipo South Korea Jeju United FC Association football Miller Park 42,200 Milwaukee United States Milwaukee Brewers Baseball Nouveau Stade de Bordeaux 42,115 Bordeaux France FC Girondins de Bordeaux Association football Great American Ball Park 42,059 Cincinnati United States Cincinnati Reds Baseball Mohammed Bin Zayed Stadium 42,056 Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates Al - Jazira Club Association football Stamford Bridge 42,055 London United Kingdom Chelsea F.C. Association football Estádio do Zimpeto 42,055 Maputo Mozambique Association football , athletics The Gabba 42,000 Brisbane Australia Australia national cricket team * , Queensland Bulls , Brisbane Heat , Brisbane Lions Cricket , Australian rules football McHale Park ( Páirc Mhic Éil ) 42,000 Castlebar Ireland Mayo GAA Gaelic football , hurling Estadio Universitario 42,000 San Nicolás de los Garza Mexico Tigres de la UANL Association football Arena da Baixada 42,000 Curitiba Brazil Atlético Paranaense Association football Chengdu Sports Centre 42,000 Chengdu China Chengdu Blades Association football Stade Geoffroy - Guichard 42,000 Saint - Étienne France AS Saint - Étienne Association football Estadio Hernando Siles 42,000 La Paz Bolivia La Paz F.C. , Club Bolívar * , The Strongest * Association football Royal Bafokeng Stadium 42,000 Phokeng South Africa Platinum Stars F.C. Rugby union , association football , athletics Stadio Flaminio 42,000 Rome Italy Italy national rugby union team , A.S. Cisco Calcio Roma Rugby union , association football Vodafone Stadium 41,903 Istanbul Turkey Beşiktaş J.K. Association football Nationals Park 41,888 Washington , D.C. United States Washington Nationals Baseball Estadio Gigante de Arroyito 41,654 Rosario Argentina Rosario Central Association football Stadio Friuli 41,652 Udine Italy Udinese Calcio Association football Ramat Gan Stadium 41,583 Ramat Gan Israel Israel national football team Association football Estádio Serra Dourada 41,574 Goiânia Brazil Goiás Esporte Clube * , Vila Nova Futebol Clube * Association football Juventus Stadium 41,507 Turin Italy Juventus F.C. Association football AT&T Park 41,503 San Francisco United States San Francisco Giants Baseball , American football Estadio Morelos 41,500 Morelia Mexico Monarcas Morelia Association football Vanderbilt Stadium 41,448 Nashville , Tennessee United States Vanderbilt Commodores football American football Goyang Stadium 41,311 Goyang South Korea Goyang KB Association football Polideportivo Cachamay 41,300 Ciudad Guayana Venezuela Atlético Club Mineros de Guayana Association football Daejeon World Cup Stadium 41,295 Daejeon South Korea Daejeon Citizen Association football Plaza México 41,262 Mexico City Mexico Bullfighting Stade Félix - Bollaert 41,233 Lens France RC Lens Association football Sonny Lubick Field at Colorado State Stadium 41,200 Fort Collins , Colorado United States Colorado State Rams football American football SunTrust Park 41,149 Atlanta United States Atlanta Braves Baseball Wrigley Field 41,118 Chicago United States Chicago Cubs Baseball Comerica Park 41,070 Detroit United States Detroit Tigers Baseball Dinamo Stadium 41,040 Minsk Belarus Belarus national football team , Dinamo Minsk Association football Bulldog Stadium 41,031 Fresno , California United States Fresno State Bulldogs football American football M.M. Roberts Stadium 41,000 Hattiesburg , Mississippi United States Southern Miss Golden Eagles football American football Estadio Olímpico Atahualpa 41,000 Quito Ecuador Sociedad Deportivo Quito , Club Deportivo El Nacional Association football Minute Maid Park 40,950 Houston , United States Houston Astros Baseball Estadio Atanasio Girardot 40,943 Medellín Colombia Atlético Nacional , Independiente Medellín Association football Kauffman Stadium 40,793 Kansas City , Missouri United States Kansas City Royals Baseball Estadio Defensores del Chaco 40,759 Asunción Paraguay Asociacion Paraguaya de Futbol Association football Kashima Soccer Stadium 40,728 Kashima Japan Kashima Antlers Association football Ladd -- Peebles Stadium 40,646 Mobile , Alabama United States South Alabama Jaguars football American football Guaranteed Rate Field 40,615 Chicago United States Chicago White Sox Baseball Helsinki Olympic Stadium 40,600 Helsinki Finland Finland national football team Association football , athletics Estadi Cornellà - El Prat 40,500 Barcelona Spain RCD Espanyol Association football Nagoya Dome 40,500 Nagoya Japan Chunichi Dragons Baseball Stade de Gerland 40,494 Lyon France Olympique Lyonnais Association football Estadio Ciudad de Lanús -- Néstor Díaz Pérez 40,320 Lanús Argentina Club Atlético Lanús Association football Estadio Metropolitano de Fútbol de Lara 40,312 Barquisimeto Venezuela Unión Lara Association football Stadio San Filippo 40,200 Messina Italy F.C. Messina Peloro Association football Estádio Municipal Paulo Machado de Carvalho 40,199 São Paulo Brazil Corinthians , Santos , Palmeiras Association football Mỹ Đình National Stadium 40,192 Hanoi Vietnam Vietnam national football team Association football Goodison Park 40,158 Liverpool United Kingdom Everton F.C. Association football TDECU Stadium 40,000 Houston United States Houston Cougars football American football Gelora Sriwijaya Stadium 40,000 Palembang Indonesia Sriwijaya FC Association football Hang Jebat Stadium 40,000 Malacca Malaysia Melaka Telekom Association football Peoples Football Stadium 40,000 Karachi Pakistan HBL FC , Pakistan national football team Association football Harapan Bangsa Stadium 40,000 Banda Aceh Indonesia Persiraja Banda Aceh Association football Castelão 40,000 São Luís Brazil Moto Club , Sampaio Corrêa Association football Stade Mohamed Hamlaoui 40,000 Constantine Algeria Club Sportif de Constantine Association football Hong Kong Stadium 40,000 Wanchai Hong Kong Hong Kong national football team , South China AA Association football , Rugby union Gelora Sriwijaya Stadium 40,000 Palembang Indonesia Sriwijaya FC Association football JRD Tata Sports Complex 40,000 Jamshedpur India local football teams Association football March 28 Stadium 40,000 Benghazi Libya Al - Ahly Benghazi , Al - Nasr Benghazi , Al Tahaddy Benghazi , Libya national football team * Association football Negeri Pulau Pinang Stadium 40,000 Batu Kawan Malaysia Penang FA * Association football Accra Sports Stadium 40,000 Accra Ghana Accra Hearts of Oak Sporting Club , Great Olympics Association football Rentschler Field 40,000 East Hartford , Connecticut United States Connecticut Huskies football American football Sarawak Stadium 40,000 Kuching Malaysia Sarawak FA Association football Stade d'Angondjé 40,000 Angondjé Gabon Gabon national football team Association football Bo'an Stadium 40,000 Shenzhen China Shenzhen Ruby F.C. Association football Kunming Tuodong Sports Center 40,000 Kunming China China national football team * , local football teams Association football Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground 40,000 Nagpur India Vidarbha cricket team Cricket Bogyoke Aung San Stadium 40,000 Yangon Burma local football teams Association football Wuhu Olympic Stadium 40,000 Wuhu China local football teams Association football Riverside Sports Center 40,000 Shanghai China local football teams Association football Nippert Stadium 40,000 Cincinnati United States Cincinnati Bearcats football , FC Cincinnati American football , Association football Riverside Sports Center 40,000 Shanghai China local football teams Association football Darul Makmur Stadium 40,000 Kuantan Malaysia Pahang FA Association football , Athletics See also ( edit ) List of African stadiums by capacity List of American football stadiums by capacity List of Asian stadiums by capacity List of association football stadiums by capacity List of association football stadiums by country List of attendance figures at domestic professional sports leagues List of baseball parks by capacity List of basketball arenas by capacity List of closed stadiums by capacity List of covered stadiums by capacity List of cricket grounds by capacity List of European stadiums by capacity List of GAA Stadiums by Capacity List of horse racing venues by capacity List of motor racing venues by capacity List of North American stadiums by capacity List of Oceanian stadiums by capacity List of rugby union stadiums by capacity List of South American stadiums by capacity List of sporting venues with a highest attendance of 100,000 or more List of sports attendance figures List of sports venues by capacity List of tennis stadiums by capacity List of track and field stadiums by capacity References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://stadiumdb.com/news/2016/08/north_korea_kims_shrinking_pride Jump up ^ `` U-M Announces New Seating Capacity for Michigan Stadium '' . University of Michigan Department of Athletics . August 7 , 2015 . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Penn State University Official Athletic Site -- Facilities . Gopsusports.com ( September 17 , 1960 ) . Retrieved on 2014 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Ohio State Buckeyes Official Athletic Site -- Facilities . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Neyland Stadium Archived May 11 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... utsports.com Jump up ^ Tiger Stadium , LSU . www.lsusports.net . Retrieved on 2014 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ University of Alabama Official Athletic Site -- Facilities . RollTide.com . Retrieved on 2014 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Darrel K Royal - Texas Memorial Stadium TexasSports.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ MCG Background . www.mcg.org.au . Retrieved on 2013 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) -- fcbarcelona.com , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Soccer City -- Official stadium info '' . SAFA . Jump up ^ University of Southern California Official Athletic Site -- Facilities . USCTrojans.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ http://www.georgiadogs.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=8800&ATCLID=301111 Jump up ^ http://www.rosebowlstadium.com/RoseBowl_history.htm Archived September 7 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Cotton Bowl -- 21st Century Archived September 27 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... Cottonbowlstadium.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Facilities . GatorZone.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan -- Hare Stadium '' . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2011 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 15 ... auburntigers.cstv.com Jump up ^ ( 3 ) . stadium.gov.my . Retrieved on 2017 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico : Azteca to lose capacity again '' . stadiumdb.com. 4 April 2016 . Retrieved 13 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Passionate Parrella Proud Voice for Record Sellout Streak '' . University of Nebraska -- Lincoln Department of Athletics . May 24 , 2016 . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Egypt . FIFA.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan ( VYBK ) , Kolkata '' . Retrieved 27 March 2017 . Jump up ^ austadiums.com -- ANZ Stadium Jump up ^ Your Stadium Archived February 6 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... newmeadowlandsstadium.com Jump up ^ Croke Park Facts & Figures Archived February 6 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... www.crokepark.ie Jump up ^ Steinberg , Dan ( July 14 , 2011 ) . `` Redskins say they were unable to sell season tickets for seats removed from FedEx Field '' . Washington Post . Retrieved August 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Twickenham Stadium Archived January 8 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Rfu.com ( February 11 , 2009 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ CLEMSON University Official Athletic Site Archived May 24 , 2011 , at WebCite . Clemsontigers.cstv.com ( September 19 , 1942 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Green Bay Packers Stadium -- Lambeau Field . NFL Football Stadiums ( November 19 , 2006 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) . Kicker . `` Dortmunds Stadionkapazität erhöht sich '' ( in German ) Jump up ^ Signal Iduna Park : 81,264 . This includes standing terraces used for Bundesliga matches . The all - seated capacity is not the largest in Germany ; that distinction is held by the Olympiastadion in Berlin . Jump up ^ Stade de France . stadiumdb.com . Retrieved on 2015 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ The France national rugby team plays Test matches at venues throughout the country , but exclusively uses Stade de France for its home matches in the Six Nations Championship . Jump up ^ http://www.realmadrid.com/en/history/santiago-bernabeu-stadium Jump up ^ University of Notre Dame Official Athletics Site -- Facilities . Und.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Shah Alam Stadium '' . Virtual Malaysia . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2012 . Retrieved December 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Official Web Site of The Wisconsin Badgers Athletics -- Facilities . Uwbadgers.Com ( November 3 , 1917 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ SOUTH CAROLINA GAMECOCKS -- University Official Athletic Site -- Facilities . Gamecocksonline.cstv.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Stadiums in Peru . World Stadiums . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Stadio Giuseppe Meazza Archived June 12 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... San Siro . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Chinese Architecture - Guangdong Olympic Stadium . Chinese-architecture.info . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ worldstadiums.com -- Stadiums in Texas Jump up ^ Beijing National Stadium -- Introduction Archived March 3 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... N-s.cn ( December 24 , 2003 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ dzfoot.com -- Stades : Sellal relance l'agrandissement du 5 juillet Jump up ^ Stadiums in the Democratic Republic of the Congo . World Stadiums . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Stadiums in China . World Stadiums . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Florida State University Official Athletic Site Archived July 24 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Seminoles.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20100729143221/http://www.kansascity.com/2010/07/23/2103572_chiefs-unveil-renovated-arrowhead.html?storylink=omni_popular . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2010 . Retrieved August 17 , 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Maracanã stadium Archived September 22 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , Brazil , www.estadao.com.br Jump up ^ `` Azadi Stadium TeamMelli '' . teammelli.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ EverBank Field . Jaxevents.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Indonesia . www.fussballtempel.net . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ INVESCO Field at Mile High . INVESCO Field at Mile High . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Istanbul Ataturk Olympic Stadium Official Website Archived April 22 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... Ataturkolimpiyatstadi.net . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ The Homes of the Razorbacks -- University of Arkansas Athletics . Arkansasrazorbacks.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Razorback Stadium is the primary home of Arkansas football . Beginning in 2014 , the Razorbacks play only one home game per year at War Memorial Stadium . Jump up ^ Manchester United Official Web Site . Manutd.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Michigan State Official Athletic Site -- Facilities . Msuspartans.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Athens Olympic Stadium `` Spyros Louis '' ( OAKA ) . Stadia.gr ( November 3 , 1983 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Nehru Stadium India Cricket Grounds ESPN Cricinfo . Cricinfo.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Stadiums in Egypt . World Stadiums . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Club Atletico River Plate -- Estadio El Monumental , cancha , campo de juego , futbol . Riverplate.yaia.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Information : About the Venue : Facts & Figures Archived June 8 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Millennium Stadium ( May 12 , 2009 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Wir haben Ihre Weihnachts ( t ) räume : Olympiastadion Berlin . Olympiastadion-berlin.de . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Buffalo Bills Stadium -- Ralph Wilson Stadium . NFL Football Stadiums . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Carolina Panthers Stadium -- Bank of America Stadium . NFL Football Stadiums . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ NFL Football Stadiums -- New Orleans Saints Stadium -- Louisiana Superdome . Questfor31.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Cleveland Browns -- Cleveland Browns Stadium . NFL Football Stadiums . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Nissan Stadium . Nissan-stadium.jp ( June 30 , 2002 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ UAB Official Athletic Site . Uabsports.cstv.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ NFL Football Stadiums -- Houston Texans Stadium -- Reliant Stadium . Questfor31.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Gameday M&T Bank Stadium . Baltimore Ravens . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Stadi Serie A 2015 - 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ University of Iowa Official Athletic Site Facilities . Hawkeyesports.com ( October 2 , 2010 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Stadium Fact Guide Qualcomm Stadium . Sandiego.gov . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ University of Washington Official Athletics Site -- Facilities . Gohuskies.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/newsid=1657386/index.html Jump up ^ Stadiums in Ukraine . worldstadiums.com Jump up ^ Olympiapark München : : Olympic Stadium : : Olympiapark München GmbH , Events , Konzerte , Sport , Gesundheit , Wellness , Spaß , Action , Fitness , Tennis , Wassersport , Walking , Kondition , Entspannung , Vereinssport , Musik , Fun , Training , Freizeit , Krafttraining , Muskelaufbautraining , Bodystyling , Lauftreff . Olympiapark.de . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Jump up ^ http://heinzfield.com/stadium/heinz-field-facts/ Jump up ^ Scotland play all of their Six Nations Championship home matches and all Tests against visiting top - level Southern Hemisphere teams ( Australia , New Zealand , South Africa , Argentina ) at Murrayfield . However , they will take matches with lower - tier nations to other stadiums around the country . Jump up ^ `` São Paulo Futebol Clube '' . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 14 Jump up ^ The Seattle Sounders use CenturyLink Field for all of their Major League Soccer home matches . However , they use the much smaller Starfire Sports Complex for most of their home matches in the Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup . Jump up ^ Stadiums in Saudi Arabia . Fussballtempel.net . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ http://www.stadiumguide.com/azadi-stadium/ Azadi Stadium . stadiumguide.com . Retrieved on 2015 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Eden Gardens , Kolkata Jump up ^ https://www.whufc.com/news/articles/2017/january/08-january/london-stadium-capacity-clarification Jump up ^ Arizona State University Official Athletic Site -- Facilities . Thesundevils.cstv.com . Retrieved on 2015 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ Notre Dame out of neutral - site game at Citrus Bowl in 2011 , Orlando Sentinel . Articles.orlandosentinel.com ( March 8 , 2010 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ The Stadium : : Fast Facts Archived July 22 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... Sun Life Stadium ( August 16 , 1987 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Stadiums in Uruguay . Fussballtempel.net . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Memorial Stadium Facts at a Glance '' . University of California . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2013 . Retrieved May 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stadiums in Mexico . Fussballtempel.net . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Lucas Oil Stadium , Indianapolis Jump up ^ Mineirão Stadium , Brazil Jump up ^ ( 6 ) , End zone project revitalizes Jack Trice Stadium Jump up ^ Davis Wade Stadium at Scott Field . hailstate.com . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 14 Jump up ^ VfB Stuttgart 1893 e.V. Die neue Mercedes - Benz Arena . Retrieved on 2012 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Celtic Football Club '' . Scottish Professional Football League . Retrieved 2 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Boone Pickens Stadium . Okstate.com . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Stadiums in India . www.fussballtempel.net . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ ( 7 ) . Memphis Athletics . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 14 Jump up ^ Federación Ecuatoriana de Fútbol , el portal de fútbol ecuatoriano Archived March 28 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Ecuafutbol.org . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ ( 8 ) . Ligue de Football Professionnel . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carter - Finley Stadium Archived May 29 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. , Raleigh , North Carolina Jump up ^ The Montreal Alouettes use the smaller Molson Stadium as their main home . Olympic Stadium generally hosts the final home game of the regular season , plus all home playoff games . Jump up ^ The Montreal Impact 's regular home is the smaller Stade Saputo . Jump up ^ Budapest , XIV . ker. , Puskás Ferenc Stadion . Magyarfutball.hu . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Trivandrum International Stadium Jump up ^ Cape Town Stadium , Millennium Web Catalog . www.capetown.gov.za Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Hopkins Pune Project . Hopkins.co.uk . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Specifications -- Official page of Silesian Stadium , 2013 Jump up ^ Stadium History . War Memorial Stadium . Retrieved on 2016 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Anfield Liverpool , Info & Map Premier League '' . www.premierleague.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Millennium Web Catalog . 0-fifaworldcup.durban.gov.za.innopac.up.ac.za . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ http://www.ajaxlife.nl/updates/foto-arena-toont-extra-stoelen-op-eerste-ring-noordzijde Jump up ^ http://www.stadionwelt.de/sw_stadien/index.php?folder=sites&site=ligen&land=%C3%96sterreich Jump up ^ Yankee Stadium Comparison yankees.com : Ballpark . Newyork.yankees.mlb.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Sharks Rugby -- Stadium history '' . The Sharks . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2014 . Retrieved June 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Queens Park Football Club '' . Scottish Professional Football League . Retrieved 2 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IRFU Ticket Price Announcement '' ( Press release ) . Irish Rugby Football Union . November 29 , 2010 . Retrieved November 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Izmir Atatürk Stadium Jump up ^ `` Rangers Football Club '' . Scottish Professional Football League . Retrieved 2 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CHOSO ( N -- NORDKOREA -- CORÉE DU NORD -- NORTH KOREA '' . Retrieved June 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh International Stadium '' . Jump up ^ `` Frequently asked questions '' ( in Japanese ) . Hanshin Koshien Stadium . Jump up ^ Rice Official Athletic Site -- Facilities . Riceowls.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Stadiums in Colombia . World Stadiums . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Valor final ? Como pagar ? Andrés Sanchez apresenta as contas da Arena Corinthians '' ( in Portuguese ) . April 1 , 2014 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Projeto de estádio corintiano ficou pronto no dia da indicação para abertura da Copa '' . August 30 , 2010 . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium India Cricket Grounds ESPN Cricinfo . Cricinfo.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ http://www.palmeiras.com.br/conteudo/?categoria=Arena&menu=Clube Jump up ^ Captain Roop Singh Stadium India Cricket Grounds ESPN Cricinfo . Cricinfo.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ China constrói estádios desportivos em Moçambique , Angola e Cabo - Verde -- CRI . Portuguese.cri.cn ( April 15 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Green Park India Cricket Grounds ESPN Cricinfo . Content-uk.cricinfo.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Wankhede Stadium '' . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 21 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . themumbaiindians.com ^ Jump up to : Stadiums in India . worldstadiums.com . Retrieved on 2014 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2012 . Retrieved December 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stamford Bridge history Archived August 8 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... Chelseafc.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ www.olweb.fr Archived October 3 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... www.olweb.fr ( August 31 , 2011 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Estádio do Pacaembu Estadio do Pacaembu Jump up ^ http://www.pff.com.pk/ Jump up ^ BELO HORIZONTE -- Estádio Governador Magalhães Pinto Archived July 20 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Globo.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Stadiums in Ghana . World Stadiums . Retrieved on 2014 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground India Cricket Grounds ESPN Cricinfo . Content-usa.cricinfo.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_stadiums_by_capacity&oldid=825688089 '' Categories : Lists of stadiums Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2011 Webarchive template webcite links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from May 2016 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Bosanski Deutsch Eesti فارسی Français Hrvatski Nederlands Română Shqip Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 20 : 34 . 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3845820666981973152	Laura Prepon	Laura Prepon - wikipedia Laura Prepon Jump to : navigation , search Laura Prepon Prepon in 2014 ( 1980 - 03 - 07 ) March 7 , 1980 ( age 38 ) Watchung , New Jersey , U.S. Residence New York , U.S. Occupation Actress , director , author Years active 1997 -- present Partner ( s ) Ben Foster Children Laura Prepon ( born March 7 , 1980 ) is an American actress , director , and author . She is best known for her role as Donna Pinciotti in all eight seasons of the Fox sitcom That ' 70s Show ( 1998 -- 2006 ) , and for her portrayal of Alex Vause in the Netflix original comedy - drama series Orange Is the New Black ( 2013 -- present ) . Prepon has worked mainly in television . She made her film debut in 2001 with the independent film Southlander . Her other films include the romantic drama Come Early Morning ( 2006 ) , the comedy Lay the Favorite ( 2012 ) , the thriller The Girl on the Train ( 2016 ) , and the drama The Hero ( 2017 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 1995 -- 2005 2.2 2005 -- 2010 2.3 2011 -- present 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Early Life ( edit ) Prepon was born on March 7 , 1980 , in Watchung , New Jersey , the youngest of five children , to Marjorie ( née Coll ) , a high school teacher , and Michael Prepon , an orthopedic surgeon . She is of Russian Jewish and Irish Catholic descent . Her maternal great - great - great - grandfather was Union Army General Joseph Bradford Carr . Prepon 's father died during heart surgery in 1993 at age 49 ; she was 13 years old at the time . She attended Watchung Hills Regional High School , and later studied at the Total Theatre Lab in New York City . Career ( edit ) 1995 -- 2005 ( edit ) Prepon appeared in plays such as A Woman of Property and Ascension Day while in New York . In 1996 , she studied drama with acting teacher Caroline Thomas at Thomas ' Total Theatre Lab . Later , in September 1997 , she premiered on a Levi Strauss - developed show called They Go On , an Internet - based soap opera . Prepon had also worked as a model and has done photo shoots in Paris , Milan , and Brazil . Prepon starred as Donna Pinciotti on the Fox sitcom That ' 70s Show from 1998 to 2006 . Donna became the girlfriend and next - door neighbor of Eric Forman ( Topher Grace ) . Randy Pearson ( Josh Meyers ) , who was introduced in the eighth and final season of the series , became Donna 's third love interest after Grace left the series . Prepon co-starred in the romantic comedy Slackers , which is about three best friends who try to scam their way through college and eventually get caught . She was nominated for a Teen Choice Award in 2002 for her role in That ' 70s Show . In 2001 , she made her film debut in Steve Hanft 's musical comedy - drama Southlander with Beck , Beth Orton and Hank Williams III , where she played Seven = Five , a young TV telepathic . In 2004 , Prepon worked on the independent drama film The Pornographer : A Love Story . The film tells the story of an obsessive relationship between a director and an actress . Prepon was named one of Stuff magazine 's `` 102 Sexiest Women In The World '' in 2002 and one of Maxim magazine 's `` Hot 100 '' in 2005 . Prepon had a cameo voice appearance as a United Nations Space Command marine in Halo 2 , which was released in 2004 . Her first notable film role came in 2004 with the dark drama Lightning Bug with Bret Harrison , Kevin Gage and Ashley Laurence . Branching into other arenas than acting , Prepon also served as executive producer of the film . She also appeared on an episode of MTV 's Cribs in 2003 . 2005 -- 2010 ( edit ) Prepon in 2008 In 2005 , Prepon co-starred with Misha Collins in the psychological thriller Karla , based on the true story of Paul Bernardo and his wife Karla Homolka , a Canadian couple who kidnapped , sexually abused , and murdered three girls , marking a contrast to her usual lighthearted roles . She was also an executive producer of E ! Hollywood Hold'em the same year . Prepon co-starred with Bryan Greenberg as Hannah Daniels in the ABC drama October Road , which debuted March 15 , 2007 . The show was canceled by ABC on May 12 , 2008 , despite strong ratings and a grassroots campaign from the show 's fanbase to keep the show alive . In April 2007 , she starred in a dramatic short film Once Upon a Time . She also appeared in the 2005 Oxygen original romantic comedy Romancing the Bride . She also was the original voice for Hayley Smith on the Fox animated sitcom American Dad ! and voiced her in an unaired pilot . She appeared as Lauren , the long - lost sister of Mary Shannon ( Mary McCormack ) in the USA Network mystery drama In Plain Sight in the episode `` A Frond in Need '' . On February 5 , 2010 , it was announced that Prepon signed on to star in Awkward Situations for Men , a pilot on ABC . In 2009 , Prepon appeared in the CBS sitcom How I Met Your Mother as Karen , one of the girlfriends of Ted Mosby ( Josh Radnor ) , in the episode `` Sorry , Bro '' . She reprised her role in the episodes `` The Front Porch '' in 2009 and `` Say Cheese '' in 2010 . She also appeared in the Fox medical drama House M.D. in the episode `` Private Lives '' . Prepon had been taking directing classes at the Art Center College of Design . She directed a short film , Abide with Me , about a 10 - year - old boy who , `` upon bearing witness to his father 's murder , is rendered mute . '' Prepon stated she plans on making Abide with Me into a feature film . 2011 -- present ( edit ) In early 2011 , Prepon guest - starred in an episode of the ABC police procedural drama Castle as an actress studying for the role of Nikki Heat , a character created by Nathan Fillion 's title character . Prepon had been working on a web series , Neighbros , which she directed and edited , starring her then - boyfriend Scott Michael Foster . They had sold the series to Comedy Central . In February 2011 , she was cast as the title character Chelsea Newman on the NBC sitcom Are You There , Chelsea ? , based on Chelsea Handler 's 2008 book Are You There , Vodka ? It 's Me , Chelsea . NBC cancelled the show on May 11 , 2012 . She guest - starred in the TBS sitcom Men at Work . In mid-2012 , Prepon signed on to play Alex Vause , a former drug importer and girlfriend of Piper Chapman , in the Netflix original comedy - drama series Orange Is the New Black , based on Piper Kerman 's memoir Orange Is the New Black : My Year in a Women 's Prison . The series premiered in July 2013 . Prepon was a regular in the first season , but appeared in only four of the 13 episodes in the second season . She returned as a series regular in the third season . In 2016 , Prepon and nutritionist Elizabeth Troy co-wrote The Stash Plan , a wellness book that draws on Prepon 's experiences eating organic foods since she was a child , and her struggles with weight , low energy , and digestive issues . The book debuted at # 10 under `` Advice , How - To & Miscellaneous '' on The New York Times Best Seller list . In 2016 , Prepon appeared in the psychological thriller The Girl on the Train , based on Paula Hawkins ' novel of the same name . In 2017 , she played Charlotte opposite Sam Elliott in The Hero . Prepon directed the tenth episode of Orange Is the New Black 's fifth season , titled `` The Reverse Midas Touch '' . Personal Life ( edit ) Prepon dated Scott Michael Foster for a time , but said in 2013 they had broken up . In June 2017 , a pregnant Prepon confirmed on Live with Kelly and Ryan that she and her fiancé , actor Ben Foster , were expecting a girl . The parents did not announce a birth date , but Prepon in September 2017 talked of being a working mother , and in April 2018 made public their daughter 's name , Ella . Prepon and Foster live in New York . Prepon is a practicing Scientologist . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2001 Southlander Seven Equals Five 2002 Slackers Reanna Cass Lightning Bug Angevin Duvet Also executive producer The Pornographer : A Love Story 2006 Karla Karla Homolka 2006 Come Early Morning Kim 2007 Once Upon a Time The Witch Short film 2007 Chosen One , The The Chosen One Rachel Cruz ( voice ) 2012 Lay the Favorite Holly 2012 Kitchen , The The Kitchen Jennifer 2016 The Girl on the Train Cathy 2017 The Hero Charlotte Dylan Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1998 -- 2006 That ' 70s Show Donna Pinciotti Main role ; 200 episodes King of the Hill April ( voice ) Episode : `` Talking Shop '' 2005 American Dad ! Hayley Smith ( voice ) Unaired pilot 2005 Romancing the Bride Melissa Television film 2007 -- 2008 October Road Hannah Jane Daniels Main role ; 19 episodes 2009 -- 2010 How I Met Your Mother Karen Guest role ; 3 episodes 2009 In Plain Sight Lauren Hefferman Episode : `` A Frond in Need '' Medium Kira Hudack Episode : `` How to Beat a Bad Guy '' House Frankie Episode : `` Private Lives '' Celebrity Ghost Stories Herself Episode # 2.9 2011 Castle Natalie Rhodes / Nikki Heat Episode : `` Nikki Heat '' 2011 Love Bites Alex Episode : `` Keep on Truckin ' '' 2011 Killing Game , The The Killing Game Eve Duncan Television film 2011 Neighbros L Boogie web series ; director and editor 2012 Are You There , Chelsea ? Chelsea Newman Main role ; 12 episodes 2012 Men at Work Hannah Episode : `` Plan B '' 2013 -- present Orange Is the New Black Alex Vause Main role ( season 1 , 3 -- present ) , Recurring role ( season 2 ) , 56 episodes ; Directed season 5 episode 10 , `` The Reverse Midas Touch '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Organization Work Result Ref 1999 Young Artist Award Best Performance in a TV Series - Young Ensemble That 70 's Show Nominated Teen Choice Awards TV - Breakout Performance That 70 's Show Nominated 2002 Teen Choice Awards TV - Choice Actress , Comedy That 70 's Show Nominated 2014 Satellite Awards Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Orange Is the New Black Won Best Cast -- Television Series Won 2016 Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Won 2017 Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Won The Creative Coalition Spotlight Initiative Awards -- Won References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Laura Prepon Biography : Theater Actress , Film Actress , Television Actress ( 1980 -- ) '' . Biography.com ( FYI / A&E Networks ) . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Laura Prepon '' . CBS Radio . March 8 , 2011 . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` OBITUARIES / Natalie Carr Hoisington , 84 '' . Pqasb.pqarchiver.com . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Jason ( September 27 , 1999 ) . `` She 's All That -- That ' 70s Show , Laura Prepon '' . People . Retrieved October 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Laura Prepon . '' Total Theatre Lab . Jump up ^ `` The Fall Girls . '' Maxim . September 1998 . Jump up ^ `` Laura Prepon '' . AskMen . March 7 , 1980 . Retrieved November 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Laura Prepon Biography '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 Hot 100 List '' . Maxim . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Laura Prepon Biography ( 1980 -- ) '' . Filmreference.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Laura Prepon Biography '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on October 17 , 2012 . Retrieved October 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Home - Game Honey . '' Card Player . April 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News -- USA Network Again Reclaims Sunday Nights This Spring with Hit Original Series Law & Order : Criminal Intent and in Plain Sight '' . TheFutonCritic.com . February 17 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TV Central Pilot casting : Laura Prepon , Bret Harrison and Michael Kelly '' . Tvauscast.com . February 5 , 2010 . Retrieved October 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' October Road ' Star Wants to Take Director 's Chair '' . BuddyTV . February 11 , 2008 . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Laura Prepon Joins Castle as Nikki Heat '' . TV Guide . Retrieved October 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan ( January 7 , 2011 ) . `` Prepon develops ' Neighbros ' TV series '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Oltuski , Romy ( September 1 , 2014 ) . `` Scott Michael Foster Interview '' . Harper 's Bazaar . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Serpe , Gina ( February 17 , 2011 ) . `` Laura Prepon Is the New Chelsea Handler -- but What Does Chelsea Handler Think of That ? '' . E !. Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Masters , Megan ( June 21 , 2012 ) . `` PHOTOS : Laura Prepon on Men at Work Season 1 '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( September 17 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : Laura Prepon Joins Weeds Creator 's New Netflix Drama Series Orange is the New Black '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stern , Marlow ( April 22 , 2014 ) . `` Orange is the New Black 's Laura Prepon on the Return of Alex Vause and Tom Cruise Dating Rumors '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved June 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kirst , Seamus ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Laura Prepon Talks Acting , Her New Book On Wellness , And How The Two Complement Each Other Perfectly '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Laura Prepon Celebrates ' The Good Earth ' with ' Edge ' Magazine '' . PR Newswire. April 21 , 2015 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Star Laura Prepon Takes THR 's Taste Test '' . The Hollywood Reporter . October 5 , 2015 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best Sellers '' . The New York Times . March 20 , 2016 . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Girl On The Train ' Adds ' Orange Is The New Black 's Laura Prepon '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Hero ' fits Sam Elliott like a glove , and to a fault '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strause , Jackie ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black ' Star Laura Prepon Goes Inside `` Brutal '' Torture Scenes `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greco , Patti ( August 16 , 2013 ) . `` OITNB 's Laura Prepon on Dancing to ' Milkshake , ' Singing Meatloaf , and the Mystery of Real - Life Alex '' . Vulture . New York Media . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Desantis , Rachel ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Orange is the New Black ' star Laura Prepon expecting a baby girl '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mattern , Jennifer ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Laura Prepon & Eva Mendes Are Working - Mom Goals '' . SheKnows Media . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Webber , Stephanie ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Laura Prepon Returns to ' Orange Is the New Black ' Set After Welcoming Baby Girl : ' Working Mom ' '' . Us Magazine . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Juneau , Jen ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` New Mom Laura Prepon Talks Balancing Career with Motherhood - and Reveals Her Daughter 's Name '' . People . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Orange Is the New Black Star ' Laura Prepon Expecting Baby Girl and Hit Movie ' Hero ' with Sam Elliott '' . Showbiz411.com . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://fusion.tv/video/2977/oitnb-laura-prepon-opens-up-about-scientology/ Jump up ^ `` The Pornographer : A Love Story '' . May 2 , 2004 -- via www.imdb.com . Jump up ^ `` The 20th Annual Youth in Film Awards '' . Young Artist Awards . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2016 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Laura Prepon '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' 12 Years a Slave ' nabs Satellite Awards for Best Picture , Director '' . Entertainment Weekly . February 24 , 2014 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Spotlight , ' Idris Elba , Diversity Dominate SAG Awards '' . Variety . January 30 , 2016 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SAG Awards : The Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spotlight Initiative Gala to Light Up Park City '' . The Creative Coalition . January 10 , 2016 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sundance Scene : Connie Britton Reveals Her Own Kellyanne Conway DC Fashion Fail '' . TheWrap . January 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Laura Prepon . Laura Prepon on IMDb Awards for Laura Prepon Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Kathy Bates ( 1996 ) Ellen Barkin ( 1997 ) Rita Wilson ( 1998 ) Julia Ormond ( 2001 ) Helen Mirren ( 2002 ) Justine Bateman ( 2003 ) Anjelica Huston ( 2004 ) Lisa Edelstein ( 2005 ) Julie Benz ( 2006 ) Vanessa Williams ( 2007 ) Fionnula Flanagan ( 2008 ) Jane Lynch ( 2009 ) Brenda Vaccaro ( 2010 ) Vanessa Williams ( 2011 ) Maggie Smith ( 2012 ) Laura Prepon ( 2013 ) Sarah Paulson ( 2014 ) Rhea Seehorn ( 2015 ) Olivia Colman / Rhea Seehorn ( 2016 ) Ann Dowd ( 2017 ) Satellite Award for Best Cast -- Television Series 2000 The West Wing Alan Alda Stockard Channing Kristin Chenoweth Dulé Hill Allison Janney Moira Kelly Rob Lowe Joshua Malina Mary McCormack Janel Moloney Richard Schiff Martin Sheen Jimmy Smits John Spencer Bradley Whitford 2001 Buffy the Vampire Slayer Amber Benson Marc Blucas David Boreanaz Nicholas Brendon Charisma Carpenter Emma Caulfield Sarah Michelle Gellar Seth Green Alyson Hannigan Anthony Stewart Head James Marsters Michelle Trachtenberg 2005 Rescue Me Denis Leary John Scurti Daniel Sunjata Mike Lombardi Steven Pasquale Andrea Roth Callie Thorne Adam Ferrara Larenz Tate James McCaffrey Dean Winters 2006 Grey 's Anatomy Justin Chambers Eric Dane Patrick Dempsey Katherine Heigl T.R. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays alex orange is the new black	[ "Laura Prepon (born March 7, 1980) is an American actress, director, and author. She is best known for her role as Donna Pinciotti in all eight seasons of the Fox sitcom That '70s Show (1998–2006), and for her portrayal of Alex Vause in the Netflix original comedy-drama series Orange Is the New Black (2013–present). Prepon has worked mainly in television. She made her film debut in 2001 with the independent film Southlander. Her other films include the romantic drama Come Early Morning (2006), the comedy Lay the Favorite (2012), the thriller The Girl on the Train (2016), and the drama The Hero (2017)." ]	[ "Laura Prepon" ]
-7585490016106823461	Social justice	Social justice - Wikipedia Social justice This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 8 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search For the early - 20th - century periodical , see Social Justice ( periodical ) . College students live in tents for a week to call attention to perceived social injustice Social justice is a concept of fair and just relations between the individual and society . This is measured by the explicit and tacit terms for the distribution of wealth , opportunities for personal activity and social privileges . In Western as well as in older Asian cultures , the concept of social justice has often referred to the process of ensuring that individuals fulfill their societal roles and receive what was their due from society . In the current global grassroots movements for social justice , the emphasis has been on the breaking of barriers for social mobility , the creation of safety nets and economic justice . Social justice assigns rights and duties in the institutions of society , which enables people to receive the basic benefits and burdens of cooperation . The relevant institutions often include taxation , social insurance , public health , public school , public services , labour law and regulation of markets , to ensure fair distribution of wealth , and equal opportunity . Interpretations that relate justice to a reciprocal relationship to society are mediated by differences in cultural traditions , some of which emphasize the individual responsibility toward society and others the equilibrium between access to power and its responsible use . Hence , social justice is invoked today while reinterpreting historical figures such as Bartolomé de las Casas , in philosophical debates about differences among human beings , in efforts for gender , racial and social equality , for advocating justice for migrants , prisoners , the environment , and the physically and developmentally disabled . While the concept of social justice can be traced through the theology of Augustine of Hippo and the philosophy of Thomas Paine , the term `` social justice '' became used explicitly from the 1840s . A Jesuit priest named Luigi Taparelli is typically credited with coining the term , and it spread during the revolutions of 1848 with the work of Antonio Rosmini - Serbati . However , recent research has proved that the use of the expression `` social justice '' is older ( even before the 19th century ) . In the late industrial revolution , progressive American legal scholars began to use the term more , particularly Louis Brandeis and Roscoe Pound . From the early 20th century it was also embedded in international law and institutions ; the preamble to establish the International Labour Organization recalled that `` universal and lasting peace can be established only if it is based upon social justice . '' In the later 20th century , social justice was made central to the philosophy of the social contract , primarily by John Rawls in A Theory of Justice ( 1971 ) . In 1993 , the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action treats social justice as a purpose of human rights education . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Contemporary theory 2.1 Philosophical perspectives 2.1. 1 Cosmic values 2.1. 2 John Rawls 2.1. 3 Thomas Pogge 2.1. 4 United Nations 3 Religious perspectives 3.1 Hinduism 3.2 Islam 3.3 Judaism 3.4 Christianity 3.4. 1 Methodism 3.4. 2 Catholicism 4 Criticism 5 Social justice movements 5.1 Liberation theology 5.2 Health care 5.3 Human rights education 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 8.1 Articles 8.2 Books 9 External links History ( edit ) Main articles : Social contract , Justice , Corrective justice , and Distributive justice The different concepts of justice , as discussed in ancient Western philosophy , were typically centered upon the community . Plato Plato wrote in The Republic that it would be an ideal state that `` every member of the community must be assigned to the class for which he finds himself best fitted . '' In an article for J.N.V University , author D.R. Bhandari says , `` Justice is , for Plato , at once a part of human virtue and the bond , which joins man together in society . It is the identical quality that makes good and social . Justice is an order and duty of the parts of the soul , it is to the soul as health is to the body . Plato says that justice is not mere strength , but it is a harmonious strength . Justice is not the right of the stronger but the effective harmony of the whole . All moral conceptions revolve about the good of the whole - individual as well as social '' . Aristotle Aristotle believed rights existed only between free people , and the law should take `` account in the first instance of relations of inequality in which individuals are treated in proportion to their worth and only secondarily of relations of equality . '' Reflecting this time when slavery and subjugation of women was typical , ancient views of justice tended to reflect the rigid class systems that still prevailed . On the other hand , for the privileged groups , strong concepts of fairness and the community existed . Distributive justice was said by Aristotle to require that people were distributed goods and assets according to their merit . Socrates Socrates ( through Plato 's dialogue Crito ) is attributed with developing the idea of a social contract , whereby people ought to follow the rules of a society , and accept its burdens because they have accepted its benefits . During the Middle Ages , religious scholars particularly , such as Thomas Aquinas continued discussion of justice in various ways , but ultimately connected being a good citizen to the purpose of serving God . After the Renaissance and Reformation , the modern concept of social justice , as developing human potential , began to emerge through the work of a series of authors . Baruch Spinoza in On the Improvement of the Understanding ( 1677 ) contended that the one true aim of life should be to acquire `` a human character much more stable than ( one 's ) own '' , and to achieve this `` pitch of perfection ... The chief good is that he should arrive , together with other individuals if possible , at the possession of the aforesaid character . '' During the enlightenment and responding to the French and American Revolutions , Thomas Paine similarly wrote in The Rights of Man ( 1792 ) society should give `` genius a fair and universal chance '' and so `` the construction of government ought to be such as to bring forward ... all that extent of capacity which never fails to appear in revolutions . '' Social justice has been traditionally credited to be coined by Jesuit priest Luigi Taparelli in the 1840s , but the expression is older Although there is no certainty about the first use of the term `` social justice '' , early sources can be found in Europe in the 18th century . Some references to the use of the expression are in articles of journals aligned with the spirit of the Enlightenment , in which social justice is described as an obligation of the monarch ; also the term is present in books written by Catholic Italian theologians , notably members of the Society of Jesus . Thus , according to this sources and the context , social justice was another term for `` the justice of society '' , the justice that rules the relations among individuals in society , without any mention to socio - economic equity or human dignity . The usage of the term started to become more frequent by Catholic thinkers from the 1840s , including the Jesuit Luigi Taparelli in Civiltà Cattolica , based on the work of St. Thomas Aquinas . He argued that rival capitalist and socialist theories , based on subjective Cartesian thinking , undermined the unity of society present in Thomistic metaphysics as neither were sufficiently concerned with moral philosophy . Writing in 1861 , the influential British philosopher and economist , John Stuart Mill stated in Utilitarianism his view that `` Society should treat all equally well who have deserved equally well of it , that is , who have deserved equally well absolutely . This is the highest abstract standard of social and distributive justice ; towards which all institutions , and the efforts of all virtuous citizens , should be made in the utmost degree to converge . '' In the later 19th and early 20th century , social justice became an important theme in American political and legal philosophy , particularly in the work of John Dewey , Roscoe Pound and Louis Brandeis . One of the prime concerns was the Lochner era decisions of the US Supreme Court to strike down legislation passed by state governments and the Federal government for social and economic improvement , such as the eight - hour day or the right to join a trade union . After the First World War , the founding document of the International Labour Organization took up the same terminology in its preamble , stating that `` peace can be established only if it is based on social justice '' . From this point , the discussion of social justice entered into mainstream legal and academic discourse . Thus , in 1931 , the Pope Pius XI stated the expression for the first time in the Catholic Social Teaching in the encyclical Quadragesimo Anno . Then again in Divini Redepmtoris , the Church pointed out that the realisation of social justice relied on the promotion of the dignity of human person . The same year , and because of the documented influence of Divini Redemptoris in its drafters , the Constitution of Ireland was the first one to establish the term as a principle of the economy in the State , and then other countries around the world did the same throughout the 20th century , even in Socialist regimes such as the Cuban Constitution in 1976 . In the late 20th century , a number of liberal and conservative thinkers , notably Friedrich von Hayek rejected the concept by stating that it did not mean anything , or meant too many things . However the concept remained highly influential , particularly with its promotion by philosophers such as John Rawls . Even though the meaning of social justice varies , at least three common elements can be identified in the contemporary theories about it : a duty of the State to distribute certain vital means ( such as economic , social , and cultural rights ) , the protection of human dignity , and affirmative actions to promote equal opportunities for everybody . Contemporary Theory ( edit ) Philosophical Perspectives ( edit ) Cosmic values ( edit ) Hunter Lewis ' work promoting natural healthcare and sustainable economies advocates for conservation as a key premise in social justice . His manifesto on sustainability ties the continued thriving of human life to real conditions , the environment supporting that life , and associates injustice with the detrimental effects of unintended consequences of human actions . Quoting classical Greek thinkers like Epicurus on the good of pursuing happiness , Hunter also cites ornithologist , naturalist , and philosopher Alexander Skutch in his book Moral Foundations : The common feature which unites the activities most consistently forbidden by the moral codes of civilized peoples is that by their very nature they can not be both habitual and enduring , because they tend to destroy the conditions which make them possible . Pope Benedict XVI cites Teilhard de Chardin in a vision of the cosmos as a ' living host ' embracing an understanding of ecology that includes humanity 's relationship to others , that pollution affects not just the natural world but interpersonal relations as well . Cosmic harmony , justice and peace are closely interrelated : If you want to cultivate peace , protect creation . John Rawls ( edit ) Main article : John Rawls Political philosopher John Rawls draws on the utilitarian insights of Bentham and Mill , the social contract ideas of John Locke , and the categorical imperative ideas of Kant . His first statement of principle was made in A Theory of Justice where he proposed that , `` Each person possesses an inviolability founded on justice that even the welfare of society as a whole can not override . For this reason justice denies that the loss of freedom for some is made right by a greater good shared by others . '' A deontological proposition that echoes Kant in framing the moral good of justice in absolutist terms . His views are definitively restated in Political Liberalism where society is seen `` as a fair system of co-operation over time , from one generation to the next '' . All societies have a basic structure of social , economic , and political institutions , both formal and informal . In testing how well these elements fit and work together , Rawls based a key test of legitimacy on the theories of social contract . To determine whether any particular system of collectively enforced social arrangements is legitimate , he argued that one must look for agreement by the people who are subject to it , but not necessarily to an objective notion of justice based on coherent ideological grounding . Obviously , not every citizen can be asked to participate in a poll to determine his or her consent to every proposal in which some degree of coercion is involved , so one has to assume that all citizens are reasonable . Rawls constructed an argument for a two - stage process to determine a citizen 's hypothetical agreement : The citizen agrees to be represented by X for certain purposes , and , to that extent , X holds these powers as a trustee for the citizen . X agrees that enforcement in a particular social context is legitimate . The citizen , therefore , is bound by this decision because it is the function of the trustee to represent the citizen in this way . This applies to one person who represents a small group ( e.g. , the organiser of a social event setting a dress code ) as equally as it does to national governments , which are ultimate trustees , holding representative powers for the benefit of all citizens within their territorial boundaries . Governments that fail to provide for welfare of their citizens according to the principles of justice are not legitimate . To emphasise the general principle that justice should rise from the people and not be dictated by the law - making powers of governments , Rawls asserted that , `` There is ... a general presumption against imposing legal and other restrictions on conduct without sufficient reason . But this presumption creates no special priority for any particular liberty . '' This is support for an unranked set of liberties that reasonable citizens in all states should respect and uphold -- to some extent , the list proposed by Rawls matches the normative human rights that have international recognition and direct enforcement in some nation states where the citizens need encouragement to act in a way that fixes a greater degree of equality of outcome . According to Rawls , the basic liberties that every good society should guarantee are : Freedom of thought ; Liberty of conscience as it affects social relationships on the grounds of religion , philosophy , and morality ; Political liberties ( e.g. , representative democratic institutions , freedom of speech and the press , and freedom of assembly ) ; Freedom of association ; Freedoms necessary for the liberty and integrity of the person ( namely : freedom from slavery , freedom of movement and a reasonable degree of freedom to choose one 's occupation ) ; and Rights and liberties covered by the rule of law . Thomas Pogge ( edit ) Thomas Pogge 's arguments pertain to a standard of social justice that creates human rights deficits . He assigns responsibility to those who actively cooperate in designing or imposing the social institution , that the order is foreseeable as harming the global poor and is reasonably avoidable . Pogge argues that social institutions have a negative duty to not harm the poor . Pogge speaks of `` institutional cosmopolitanism '' and assigns responsibility to institutional schemes for deficits of human rights . An example given is slavery and third parties . A third party should not recognize or enforce slavery . The institutional order should be held responsible only for deprivations of human rights that it establishes or authorizes . The current institutional design , he says , systematically harms developing economies by enabling corporate tax evasion , illicit financial flows , corruption , trafficking of people and weapons . Joshua Cohen disputes his claims based on the fact that some poor countries have done well with the current institutional design . Elizabeth Kahn argues that some of these responsibilities should apply globally . United Nations ( edit ) The United Nations ' 2006 document Social Justice in an Open World : The Role of the United Nations , states that `` Social justice may be broadly understood as the fair and compassionate distribution of the fruits of economic growth ... '' The term `` social justice '' was seen by the U.N. `` as a substitute for the protection of human rights ( and ) first appeared in United Nations texts during the second half of the 1960s . At the initiative of the Soviet Union , and with the support of developing countries , the term was used in the Declaration on Social Progress and Development , adopted in 1969 . '' The same document reports , `` From the comprehensive global perspective shaped by the United Nations Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , neglect of the pursuit of social justice in all its dimensions translates into de facto acceptance of a future marred by violence , repression and chaos . '' The report concludes , `` Social justice is not possible without strong and coherent redistributive policies conceived and implemented by public agencies . '' The same UN document offers a concise history : `` ( T ) he notion of social justice is relatively new . None of history 's great philosophers -- not Plato or Aristotle , or Confucius or Averroes , or even Rousseau or Kant -- saw the need to consider justice or the redress of injustices from a social perspective . The concept first surfaced in Western thought and political language in the wake of the industrial revolution and the parallel development of the socialist doctrine . It emerged as an expression of protest against what was perceived as the capitalist exploitation of labour and as a focal point for the development of measures to improve the human condition . It was born as a revolutionary slogan embodying the ideals of progress and fraternity . Following the revolutions that shook Europe in the mid-1800s , social justice became a rallying cry for progressive thinkers and political activists ... By the mid-twentieth century , the concept of social justice had become central to the ideologies and programmes of virtually all the leftist and centrist political parties around the world ... '' Religious Perspectives ( edit ) Hinduism ( edit ) The present - day Jāti hierarchy is undergoing changes for a variety of reasons including ' social justice ' , which is a politically popular stance in democratic India . Institutionalized affirmative action has promoted this . The disparity and wide inequalities in social behaviour of the jātis -- exclusive , endogamous communities centred on traditional occupations -- has led to various reform movements in Hinduism . While legally outlawed , the caste system remains strong in practice . Islam ( edit ) In Muslim history , Islamic governance has often been associated with social justice . Establishment of social justice was one of the motivating factors of the Abbasid revolt against the Umayyads . The Shi'a believe that the return of the Mahdi will herald in `` the messianic age of justice '' and the Mahdi along with the Isa ( Jesus ) will end plunder , torture , oppression and discrimination . For the Muslim Brotherhood the implementation of social justice would require the rejection of consumerism and communism . The Brotherhood strongly affirmed the right to private property as well as differences in personal wealth due to factors such as hard work . However , the Brotherhood held Muslims had an obligation to assist those Muslims in need . It held that zakat ( alms - giving ) was not voluntary charity , but rather the poor had the right to assistance from the more fortunate . Most Islamic governments therefore enforce the zakat through taxes . Judaism ( edit ) Main article : Tikkun olam In To Heal a Fractured World : The Ethics of Responsibility , Rabbi Jonathan Sacks states that social justice has a central place in Judaism . One of Judaism 's most distinctive and challenging ideas is its ethics of responsibility reflected in the concepts of simcha ( `` gladness '' or `` joy '' ) , tzedakah ( `` the religious obligation to perform charity and philanthropic acts '' ) , chesed ( `` deeds of kindness '' ) , and tikkun olam ( `` repairing the world '' ) . Christianity ( edit ) Methodism ( edit ) From its founding , Methodism was a Christian social justice movement . Under John Wesley 's direction , Methodists became leaders in many social justice issues of the day , including the prison reform and abolition movements . Wesley himself was among the first to preach for slaves rights attracting significant opposition . Today , social justice plays a major role in the United Methodist Church . The Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church says , `` We hold governments responsible for the protection of the rights of the people to free and fair elections and to the freedoms of speech , religion , assembly , communications media , and petition for redress of grievances without fear of reprisal ; to the right to privacy ; and to the guarantee of the rights to adequate food , clothing , shelter , education , and health care . '' The United Methodist Church also teaches population control as part of its doctrine . Catholicism ( edit ) Main article : Catholic social teaching Catholic social teaching consists of those aspects of Roman Catholic doctrine which relate to matters dealing with the respect of the individual human life . A distinctive feature of Catholic social doctrine is its concern for the poorest and most vulnerable members of society . Two of the seven key areas of `` Catholic social teaching '' are pertinent to social justice : Life and dignity of the human person : The foundational principle of all `` Catholic Social Teaching '' is the sanctity of all human life and the inherent dignity of every human person , from conception to natural death . Human life must be valued above all material possessions . Preferential option for the poor and vulnerable : Catholics believe Jesus taught that on the Day of Judgement God will ask what each person did to help the poor and needy : `` Amen , I say to you , whatever you did for one of these least brothers of mine , you did for me . '' The Catholic Church believes that through words , prayers and deeds one must show solidarity with , and compassion for , the poor . The moral test of any society is `` how it treats its most vulnerable members . The poor have the most urgent moral claim on the conscience of the nation . People are called to look at public policy decisions in terms of how they affect the poor . '' Even before it was propounded in the Catholic social doctrine , social justice appeared regularly in the history of the Catholic Church : Pope Leo XIII , who studied under Taparelli , published in 1891 the encyclical Rerum novarum ( On the Condition of the Working Classes ; lit . `` On new things '' ) , rejecting both socialism and capitalism , while defending labor unions and private property . He stated that society should be based on cooperation and not class conflict and competition . In this document , Leo set out the Catholic Church 's response to the social instability and labor conflict that had arisen in the wake of industrialization and had led to the rise of socialism . The Pope advocated that the role of the State was to promote social justice through the protection of rights , while the Church must speak out on social issues in order to teach correct social principles and ensure class harmony . The encyclical Quadragesimo anno ( On Reconstruction of the Social Order , literally `` in the fortieth year '' ) of 1931 by Pope Pius XI , encourages a living wage , subsidiarity , and advocates that social justice is a personal virtue as well as an attribute of the social order , saying that society can be just only if individuals and institutions are just . Pope John Paul II added much to the corpus of the Catholic social teaching , penning three encyclicals which focus on issues such as economics , politics , geo - political situations , ownership of the means of production , private property and the `` social mortgage '' , and private property . The encyclicals Laborem exercens , Sollicitudo rei socialis , and Centesimus annus are just a small portion of his overall contribution to Catholic social justice . Pope John Paul II was a strong advocate of justice and human rights , and spoke forcefully for the poor . He addresses issues such as the problems that technology can present should it be misused , and admits a fear that the `` progress '' of the world is not true progress at all , if it should denigrate the value of the human person . He argued in Centesimus annus that private property , markets , and honest labor were the keys to alleviating the miseries of the poor and to enabling a life that can express the fullness of the human person . Pope Benedict XVI 's encyclical Deus caritas est ( `` God is Love '' ) of 2006 claims that justice is the defining concern of the state and the central concern of politics , and not of the church , which has charity as its central social concern . It said that the laity has the specific responsibility of pursuing social justice in civil society and that the church 's active role in social justice should be to inform the debate , using reason and natural law , and also by providing moral and spiritual formation for those involved in politics . The official Catholic doctrine on social justice can be found in the book Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church , published in 2004 and updated in 2006 , by the Pontifical Council Iustitia et Pax . The Catechism ( § 1928 -- 1948 ) contain more detail of the Church 's view of social justice . Criticism ( edit ) Many authors criticize the idea that there exists an objective standard of social justice . Moral relativists deny that there is any kind of objective standard for justice in general . Non-cognitivists , moral skeptics , moral nihilists , and most logical positivists deny the epistemic possibility of objective notions of justice . Political realists believe that any ideal of social justice is ultimately a mere justification for the status quo . Many other people accept some of the basic principles of social justice , such as the idea that all human beings have a basic level of value , but disagree with the elaborate conclusions that may or may not follow from this . One example is the statement by H.G. Wells that all people are `` equally entitled to the respect of their fellowmen . '' On the other hand , some scholars reject the very idea of social justice as meaningless , religious , self - contradictory , and ideological , believing that to realize any degree of social justice is unfeasible , and that the attempt to do so must destroy all liberty . Perhaps the most complete rejection of the concept of social justice comes from Friedrich Hayek of the Austrian School of economics : There can be no test by which we can discover what is ' socially unjust ' because there is no subject by which such an injustice can be committed , and there are no rules of individual conduct the observance of which in the market order would secure to the individuals and groups the position which as such ( as distinguished from the procedure by which it is determined ) would appear just to us . ( Social justice ) does not belong to the category of error but to that of nonsense , like the term ' a moral stone ' . Ben O'Neill of the University of New South Wales argues that , for proponents of `` social justice '' : the notion of `` rights '' is a mere term of entitlement , indicative of a claim for any possible desirable good , no matter how important or trivial , abstract or tangible , recent or ancient . It is merely an assertion of desire , and a declaration of intention to use the language of rights to acquire said desire . In fact , since the program of social justice inevitably involves claims for government provision of goods , paid for through the efforts of others , the term actually refers to an intention to use force to acquire one 's desires . Not to earn desirable goods by rational thought and action , production and voluntary exchange , but to go in there and forcibly take goods from those who can supply them ! Janusz Korwin - Mikke states , `` Either ' social justice ' has the same meaning as ' justice ' -- or not . If so -- why use the additional word ' social ? ' We lose time , we destroy trees to obtain paper necessary to print this word . If not , if ' social justice ' means something different from ' justice ' -- then ' something different from justice ' is by definition ' injustice . ' '' Sociologist Carl L. Bankston has argued that a secular , leftist view of social justice entails viewing the redistribution of goods and resources as based on the rights of disadvantaged categories of people , rather than on compassion or national interest . Bankston maintains that this secular version of social justice became widely accepted due to the rise of demand - side economics and to the moral influence of the civil rights movement . Social justice movements ( edit ) Part of a series on Progressivism History ( show ) Atomic Age Enlightenment Industrial Age Information Age Jet Age Machine Age Progressive Era Space Age Ideas ( show ) Economic development Broad measures Economic growth Empirical evidence Direct democracy Freedom of movement Human enhancement Idea of Progress Industrialisation Linear history Modernity Philosophical progress Progressive education in Latin America Progressive rationalism Reform movement Social organization Social progress List of countries Scientific progress Social change Sustainable design Ecological engineering Self - determination Scientific management Scientific method Sustainable development Technological change Techno - progressivism Welfare Women 's suffrage People ( show ) Edith Abbott Grace Abbott Jane Addams Sophonisba Breckinridge William Jennings Bryan Marquis de Condorcet Charles Evans Hughes Robert M. La Follette , Sr . Immanuel Kant John Stuart Mill Theodore Roosevelt Al Smith William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson Long Yun By region ( show ) In the Muslim world In South Korea In the United States Philosophy portal Politics portal Social justice is also a concept that is used to describe the movement towards a socially just world , e.g. , the Global Justice Movement . In this context , social justice is based on the concepts of human rights and equality , and can be defined as `` the way in which human rights are manifested in the everyday lives of people at every level of society '' . A number of movements are working to achieve social justice in society . These movements are working towards the realization of a world where all members of a society , regardless of background or procedural justice , have basic human rights and equal access to the benefits of their society . Liberation theology ( edit ) Main article : Liberation theology Liberation theology is a movement in Christian theology which conveys the teachings of Jesus Christ in terms of a liberation from unjust economic , political , or social conditions . It has been described by proponents as `` an interpretation of Christian faith through the poor 's suffering , their struggle and hope , and a critique of society and the Catholic faith and Christianity through the eyes of the poor '' , and by detractors as Christianity perverted by Marxism and Communism . Although liberation theology has grown into an international and inter-denominational movement , it began as a movement within the Catholic Church in Latin America in the 1950s -- 1960s . It arose principally as a moral reaction to the poverty caused by social injustice in that region . It achieved prominence in the 1970s and 1980s . The term was coined by the Peruvian priest , Gustavo Gutiérrez , who wrote one of the movement 's most famous books , A Theology of Liberation ( 1971 ) . According to Sarah Kleeb , `` Marx would surely take issue , '' she writes , `` with the appropriation of his works in a religious context ... there is no way to reconcile Marx 's views of religion with those of Gutierrez , they are simply incompatible . Despite this , in terms of their understanding of the necessity of a just and righteous world , and the nearly inevitable obstructions along such a path , the two have much in common ; and , particularly in the first edition of ( A Theology of Liberation ) , the use of Marxian theory is quite evident . '' Other noted exponents are Leonardo Boff of Brazil , Carlos Mugica of Argentina , Jon Sobrino of El Salvador , and Juan Luis Segundo of Uruguay . Health care ( edit ) Social justice has more recently made its way into the field of bioethics . Discussion involves topics such as affordable access to health care , especially for low income households and families . The discussion also raises questions such as whether society should bear healthcare costs for low income families , and whether the global marketplace is the best way to distribute healthcare . Ruth Faden of the Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics and Madison Powers of Georgetown University focus their analysis of social justice on which inequalities matter the most . They develop a social justice theory that answers some of these questions in concrete settings . Social injustices occur when there is a preventable difference in health states among a population of people . These social injustices take the form of health inequities when negative health states such as malnourishment , and infectious diseases are more prevalent in impoverished nations . These negative health states can often be prevented by providing social and economic structures such as primary healthcare which ensures the general population has equal access to health care services regardless of income level , gender , education or any other stratifying factors . Integrating social justice with health inherently reflects the social determinants of health model without discounting the role of the bio-medical model . Human rights education ( edit ) Main article : Human rights education The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action affirm that `` Human rights education should include peace , democracy , development and social justice , as set forth in international and regional human rights instruments , in order to achieve common understanding and awareness with a view to strengthening universal commitment to human rights . '' See also ( edit ) `` Beyond Vietnam : A Time to Break Silence '' , an anti-Vietnam war and pro-social justice speech delivered by Martin Luther King , Jr. in 1967 Counterculture of the 1960s Climate justice Environmental justice Environmental racism Essentially contested concept Labour law and labour rights Left - wing politics Resource justice Right to education Right to health Right to housing Right to social security Socialism Social justice art Social justice warrior Social law Social work Solidarity World Day of Social Justice All pages beginning with `` Social justice '' All pages with a title containing Social justice Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Aristotle , The Politics ( ca 350 BC ) ^ Jump up to : Clark , Mary T. ( 2015 ) . `` Augustine on Justice , '' a Chapter in Augustine and Social Justice . Lexington Books . pp. 3 -- 10 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4985 - 0918 - 3 . Jump up ^ Banai , Ayelet ; Ronzoni , Miriam ; Schemmel , Christian ( 2011 ) . Social Justice , Global Dynamics : Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives . Florence : Taylor and Francis . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 81929 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kitching , G.N. ( 2001 ) . Seeking Social Justice Through Globalization Escaping a Nationalist Perspective . University Park , Pa : Pennsylvania State University Press . pp. 3 -- 10 . ISBN 0 - 271 - 02377 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hillman , Arye L. ( 2008 ) . `` Globalization and Social Justice '' . The Singapore Economic Review . 53 ( 2 ) : 173 -- 189 . Jump up ^ Agartan , Kaan ( 2014 ) . `` Globalization and the Question of Social Justice '' . Sociology Compass. 8 ( 6 ) : 903 -- 915 . doi : 10.1111 / soc4. 12162 . Jump up ^ El Khoury , Ann ( 2015 ) . Globalization Development and Social Justice : A propositional political approach . Florence : Taylor and Francis . pp. 1 -- 20 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 50480 - 1 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Cecile & Natalie Churn ( 2012 ) . Movements in Time Revolution , Social Justice , and Times of Change . Newcastle upon Tyne , UK : : Cambridge Scholars Pub . pp. xi -- xv . ISBN 1 - 4438 - 4552 - 3 . Jump up ^ John Rawls , A Theory of Justice ( 1971 ) 4 , `` the principles of social justice : they provide a way of assigning rights and duties in the basic institutions of society and they define the appropriate distribution of benefits and burdens of social co-operation . '' Jump up ^ Aiqing Zhang ; Feifei Xia ; Chengwei Li ( 2007 ) . `` The Antecedents Of Help Giving In Chinese Culture : Attribution , Judgment Of Responsibility , Expectation Change And The Reaction Of Affect '' . Social Behavior and Personality . 35 ( 1 ) : 135 -- 142 . Jump up ^ Jalata , Asafa ( 2013 ) . `` Indigenous Peoples and the Capitalist World System : Researching , Knowing , and Promoting Social Justice '' . Sociology Mind . 3 ( 2 ) : 156 -- 178 . Jump up ^ Smith , Justin E.H. ( 2015 ) . Nature , Human Nature , and Human Difference : Race in Early Modern Philosophy . Princeton University Press . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4008 - 6631 - 1 . Jump up ^ Trương , Thanh - Đạm ( 2013 ) . Migration , Gender and Social Justice : Perspectives on Human Insecurity . Springer . pp. 3 -- 26 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 28012 - 2 . Jump up ^ Teklu , Abebe Abay ( 2010 ) . `` We Cannot Clap with One Hand : Global Socio -- Political Differences in Social Support for People with Visual Impairment '' . International Journal of Ethiopian Studies . 5 ( 1 ) : 93 -- 105 . Jump up ^ Paine , Thomas . Agrarian Justice . Jump up ^ J. Zajda , S. Majhanovich , V. Rust , Education and Social Justice , 2006 , ISBN 1 - 4020 - 4721 - 5 Jump up ^ Garzón , Carlos Andrés Pérez ( 2017 - 12 - 14 ) . `` Unveiling the Meaning of Social Justice in Colombia '' . Mexican Law Review . 1 ( 20 ) : 27 -- 66 . ISSN 2448 - 5306 . Jump up ^ The Preamble of ILO Constitution Jump up ^ Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action , Part II , D . Jump up ^ Plato , The Republic ( ca 380BC ) Jump up ^ `` 20th WCP : Plato 's Concept Of Justice : An Analysis '' . Archived from the original on 5 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Nicomachean Ethics V. 3 Jump up ^ Plato , Crito ( ca 380 BC ) Jump up ^ B Spinoza , On the Improvement of the Understanding ( 1677 ) para 13 Jump up ^ T Paine , Rights of Man ( 1792 ) 197 ^ Jump up to : Pérez - Garzón , Carlos Andrés ( 2018 - 01 - 14 ) . `` Unveiling the Meaning of Social Justice in Colombia '' . Mexican Law Review . 10 ( 2 ) : 27 -- 66 . ISSN 2448 - 5306 . Jump up ^ Rousseau ( 1774 ) . Journal encyclopédique ... ( Ed . Pierre Rousseau ) ( in French ) . De l'Imprimerie du Journal . Jump up ^ L'Esprit des journaux , françois et étrangers ( in French ) . Valade. 1784 . Jump up ^ L'Episcopato ossia della Potesta di governar la chiesa . Dissertazione ( in Italian ) . na . 1789 . Jump up ^ JS Mill , Utilitarianism ( 1863 ) Jump up ^ `` Divini Redemptoris ( March 19 , 1937 ) PIUS XI '' . w2.vatican.va . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Moyn , Samuel ( 2014 ) . `` The Secret History of Constitutional Dignity '' . Yale Human Rights and Development Journal . 17 ( 1 ) . ISSN 1548 - 2596 . Jump up ^ FA Hayek , Law , Legislation and Liberty ( 1973 ) vol II , ch 3 Jump up ^ Hunter Lewis ( 14 October 2009 ) . `` Sustainability , The Complete Concept , Environment , Healthcare , and Economy '' ( PDF ) . ChangeThis . Jump up ^ John Allen Jr. ( 28 July 2009 ) . `` Ecology -- The first stirring of an ' evolutionary leap ' in late Jesuit 's official standing ? '' . National Catholic Reporter . Archived from the original on 24 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Sandro Magister ( 11 January 2010 ) . `` Benedict XVI to the Diplomats : Three Levers for Lifting Up the World '' . www. chiesa , Rome . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ John Rawls , A Theory of Justice ( 2005 reissue ) , Chapter 1 , `` Justice as Fairness '' -- 1 . The Role of Justice , pp. 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ John Rawls , Political Liberalism 15 ( Columbia University Press 2003 ) Jump up ^ John Rawls , Political Liberalism 291 -- 92 ( Columbia University Press 2003 ) Jump up ^ James , Nickel . `` Human Rights '' . stanford.edu . The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Pogge , Thomas Pogge . `` World Poverty and Human Rights '' . thomaspogge.com . Archived from the original on 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ North , James . `` The Resource Privilege '' . thenation.com . Archived from the original on 10 February 2015 . Retrieved 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Pogge , Thomas . `` Human Rights and Just Taxation -- Global Financial Transparency '' . Archived from the original on 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Alison M. Jaggar1 by , ed. ( 2010 ) . Thomas Pogge and His Critics ( 1 . publ . ed . ) . Cambridge : Polity Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7456 - 4258 - 1 . Jump up ^ Kahn , Elizabeth ( June -- December 2012 ) . `` Global Economic Justice : A Structural Approach '' . Public Reason . 4 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 48 -- 67 . ^ Jump up to : `` Social Justice in an Open World : The Role of the United Nations '' , The International Forum for Social Development , Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Division for Social Policy and Development , ST / ESA / 305 '' ( PDF ) . New York : United Nations . 2006 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 29 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Patil , Vijaykumar . `` Caste system hindering the goal of social justice : Siddaramaiah '' . Archived from the original on 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ John L. Esposito ( 1998 ) . Islam and Politics . Syracuse University Press . p. 17 . Jump up ^ John L. Esposito ( 1998 ) . Islam and Politics . Syracuse University Press . p. 205 . Jump up ^ John L. Esposito ( 1998 ) . Islam and Politics . Syracuse University Press . pp. 147 -- 8 . Jump up ^ S.R. Valentine , John Bennet & the Origins of Methodism and the Evangelical revival in England , Scarecrow Press , Lanham , 1997 . Jump up ^ Carey , Brycchan . `` John Wesley ( 1703 -- 1791 ) . '' The British Abolitionists . Brycchan Carey , 11 July 2008 . 5 October 2009 . Brycchancarey.com Archived 29 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Wesley John , `` Thoughts Upon Slavery , '' John Wesley : Holiness of Heart and Life . Charles Yrigoyen , 1996 . 5 October 2009 . Gbgm-umc.org Archived 16 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Book of Discipline of The United Methodist Church -- 2012 ¶ 164 V , umc.org Archived 6 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Book of Discipline of The United Methodist Church -- 2008 ¶ 162 K , umc.org Archived 6 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Seven Key Themes of Catholic Social Teaching '' . Web.archive.org . Archived from the original on 8 June 2007 . Retrieved 29 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Matthew 25 : 40 . Jump up ^ Option for the Poor , Major themes from Catholic Social Teaching Archived 16 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine. , Office for Social Justice , Archdiocese of St. Paul and Minneapolis . Jump up ^ Popularised by John A. Ryan , although see Sidney Webb and Beatrice Webb , Industrial Democracy ( 1897 ) Jump up ^ `` Catechism of the Catholic Church -- Social justice '' . Vatican.va . Archived from the original on 5 November 2013 . Retrieved 29 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Rights of Man '' , Daily Herald , London , February 1940 Jump up ^ Hayek , F.A. ( 1982 ) . Law , Legislation and Liberty , Vol. 2 . Routledge . p. 78 . Jump up ^ O'Neill , Ben ( 16 March 2011 ) The Injustice of Social Justice Archived 28 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine. , Mises Institute Jump up ^ Social Justice : Cultural Origins of a Theory and a Perspective By Carl L. Bankston III , Independent Review vol. 15 no . 2 , pp. 165 -- 178 , 2010 Jump up ^ Just Comment -- Volume 3 Number 1 , 2000 Jump up ^ Capeheart , Loretta ; Milovanovic , Dragan . Social Justice : Theories , Issues , and Movements . Jump up ^ In the mass media , ' Liberation Theology ' can sometimes be used loosely , to refer to a wide variety of activist Christian thought . This article uses the term in the narrow sense outlined here . Jump up ^ Berryman , Phillip , Liberation Theology : essential facts about the revolutionary movement in Latin America and beyond ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ `` ( David ) Horowitz first describes liberation theology as ' a form of Marxised Christianity , ' which has validity despite the awkward phrasing , but then he calls it a form of ' Marxist - Leninist ideology , ' which is simply not true for most liberation theology ... '' Robert Shaffer , `` Acceptable Bounds of Academic Discourse Archived 4 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine. , '' Organization of American Historians Newsletter 35 , November 2007 . URL retrieved 12 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Liberation Theology and Its Role in Latin America . Elisabeth Erin Williams . Monitor : Journal of International Studies . The College of William and Mary . Jump up ^ Sarah Kleeb , `` Envisioning Emancipation : Karl Marx , Gustavo Gutierrez , and the Struggle of Liberation Theology `` ; Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Canadian Society for the Study of Religion ( CSSR ) , Toronto , 2006 . Retrieved 22 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Richard P. McBrien , Catholicism ( Harper Collins , 1994 ) , chapter IV . Jump up ^ Gustavo Gutierrez , A Theology of Liberation , First ( Spanish ) edition published in Lima , Peru , 1971 ; first English edition published by Orbis Books ( Maryknoll , New York ) , 1973 . Jump up ^ Farmer , Paul E. , Bruce Nizeye , Sara Stulac , and Salmaan Keshavjee. 2006 . Structural Violence and Clinical Medicine . PLoS Medicine , 1686 -- 1691 Jump up ^ Cueto , Marcos . 2004 . The ORIGINS of Primary Health Care and SELECTIVE Primary Health Care . Am J Public Health 94 ( 11 ) : 1868 Jump up ^ Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action , Part II , paragraph 80 References ( edit ) Articles ( edit ) LD Brandeis , ' The Living Law ' ( 1915 -- 1916 ) 10 Illinois Law Review 461 A Etzioni , ' The Fair Society , Uniting America : Restoring the Vital Center to American Democracy ' in N Garfinkle and D Yankelovich ( eds ) ( Yale University Press 2005 ) pp. 211 -- 223 Otto von Gierke , The Social Role of Private Law ( 2016 ) translated and introduced by E McGaughey , originally Die soziale Aufgabe des Privatrechts M Novak , ' Defining Social Justice ' ( 2000 ) First Things B O'Neill , ' The Injustice of Social Justice ' ( Mises Institute ) R Pound , ' Social Justice and Legal Justice ' ( 1912 ) 75 Central Law Journal 455 M Powers and R Faden , ' Inequalities in health , inequalities in health care : four generations of discussion about justice and cost - effectiveness analysis ' ( 2000 ) 10 ( 2 ) Kennedy Inst Ethics Journal 109 -- 127 M Powers and R Faden , ' Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care : An Ethical Analysis of When and How They Matter , ' in Unequal Treatment : Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care ( National Academy of Sciences , Institute of Medicine , 2002 ) 722 -- 38 United Nations , Department of Economic and Social Affairs , ' Social Justice in an Open World : The Role of the United Nations ' ( 2006 ) ST / ESA / 305 Books ( edit ) AB Atkinson , Social Justice and Public Policy ( 1982 ) previews Gad Barzilai , Communities and Law : Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities ( University of Michigan Press ) analysis of justice for non-ruling communities TN Carver , Essays in Social Justice ( 1915 ) Chapter links . C Quigley The Evolution Of Civilizations : An Introduction to Historical Analysis ( 1961 ) 2nd edition 1979 P Corning , The Fair Society : The Science of Human Nature and the Pursuit of Social Justice ( Chicago UP 2011 ) R Faden and M Powers , Social Justice : The Moral Foundations of Public Health and Health Policy ( OUP 2006 ) J Franklin ( ed ) , Life to the Full : Rights and Social Justice in Australia ( Connor Court 2007 ) FA Hayek , Law , Legislation and Liberty ( 1973 ) vol II , ch 3 G Kitching , Seeking Social Justice through Globalization : Escaping a Nationalist Perspective ( 2003 ) JS Mill , Utilitarianism ( 1863 ) John Rawls , A Theory of Justice ( Harvard University Press 1971 ) John Rawls , Political Liberalism ( Columbia University Press 1993 ) C Philomena , B Hoose and G Mannion ( eds ) , Social Justice : Theological and Practical Explorations ( 2007 ) A Swift , Political Philosophy ( 3rd edn 2013 ) ch 1 Michael J. Thompson , The Limits of Liberalism : A Republican Theory of Social Justice ( International Journal of Ethics : vol. 7 , no . 3 ( 2011 ) External links ( edit ) ( hide ) Find more aboutSocial justiceat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Library resources about Social justice Resources in your library Social work and related concepts Concepts Primary Social work Secondary Anti-oppressive practice Crisis intervention Community practice Community organization Critical social work Gerontology Group development Leadership Management New Public Management Policy analysis Program evaluation Performance measurement Psychometrics Psychosocial assessment Cognitive behavioral therapy Recreational therapy Health psychology Solution focused brief therapy Strength - based practice Systems thinking Social justice Social actions Social medicine Social learning ( social pedagogy ) Types of social work Social case worker Child protection Forensic social worker Medical social worker Psychiatric social worker Rehabilitation worker School social worker Social work in the military Social group worker Social planning Welfare worker Licensed Clinical Social Worker ( LCSW ) Qualifications Qualifications for professional social work Bachelor of Social Work ( BA , BSc or BSW ) degree Socionom ( Scandinavia ) Master of Social Work degree ( MA , MSc or MSW ) Doctor of Social Work degree ( Ph. 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4259405816554320136	Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (season 14)	Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( season 14 ) - wikipedia Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( season 14 ) Jump to : navigation , search Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( season 14 ) Season 14 U.S. DVD cover Starring Mariska Hargitay Danny Pino Kelli Giddish Richard Belzer Ice - T Dann Florek Country of origin United States No. of episodes 24 Release Original network NBC Original release September 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 26 ) -- May 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 22 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 13 Next → Season 15 List of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit episodes The fourteenth season of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit debuted with a two - part premiere episode on September 26 , 2012 , at 9pm / 8c - 11pm / 10c ( Eastern ) on NBC , which was the show 's weekly time slot . The fourteenth season picked up storyline-wise where the last season left off , with Captain Cragen ( Dann Florek ) awaking to a dead prostitute in his bed with her throat slit . The two - part season premiere was watched by 7.19 million total viewers and received generally positive reviews . The series ' landmark 300th episode fell this season and aired on October 24 , 2012 , watched by 6.77 million total viewers . This is the first season of SVU to have any kind of crossover with now - ended Law & Order spinoff Law & Order : Criminal Intent , with Kathryn Erbe guest starring in two episodes `` Acceptable Loss '' and `` Poisoned Motive '' as her LOCI character , Alexandra Eames , and Denis O'Hare guest starring in the episode `` Presumed Guilty '' as his LOCI character , Father Shea . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Special guest star 2.3 Recurring cast 2.4 Guest stars 2.4. 1 Mike Tyson casting controversy 3 Episodes 4 Ratings 5 References 6 External links Production ( edit ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit was renewed for a fourteenth season on May 9 , 2012 . Prior to the season fourteen renewal , cast members Ice - T ( Detective Fin Tutuola ) and Mariska Hargitay ( Detective Olivia Benson ) had already renewed their contracts through the fourteenth season . Ice - T announced on Twitter that filming on the fourteenth season began on Monday , July 23 , 2012 . In May 2012 , show runner / executive producer Warren Leight said that the story line for season fourteen would pick up where the thirteenth - season finale left off : `` In fact , there were a number of scenes we shot that did n't make it into this cut that may make it into the next one ... It 's good to know who did it and why , and who 's pulling the strings . '' On July 30 , 2012 , Leight confirmed the season premiere would be a two - part episode and Leight told Today , after talking about the returning guest stars from `` Rhodium Nights '' : `` We may want to do more of that this season , '' he said . The issue , he pointed out , is `` how do you distinguish the 294th episode of ' SVU ' from the others ? I wanted to give people a reason to come back to season 14 . The show deserves a good cliffhanger , and I loved reading people 's responses after the finale ended -- ' Did they just do that ? ' '' Leight continued , `` People have us in a box , '' he said , `` and I want them to see that the show is a little more adventurous than they might have remembered . '' In September , Leight said in an interview with TV Guide that this season 's theme would revolve around `` everybody having secrets '' . On September 17 , 2012 , both Mariska Hargitay and Danny Pino tweeted that filming on SVU episode 300 started . Mariska tweeted `` Ca n't believe we started filming our 300 episode today ! # svu '' and Pino tweeted with , `` Congrats on 300 SVU 's . Proud 2 contribute 28 to the tally . # quality&quantity '' . Production on season 14 of Law & Order : SVU ( along with other New York City based TV series ) was halted by NBC starting October 29 , 2012 in the wake of Hurricane Sandy . Show runner / executive producer Warren Leight tweeted on October 30 , `` SVU cast and crew seem to be safe . Our stages , and many of us , in the dark . Our thoughts and prayers to all suffering in Sandy 's wake '' . Ice - T tweeted on November 1 , 2012 , `` SANDY Update : SVU production shut down all week . No power on set . '' Law & Order : SVU 's home studio on Chelsea Piers had water damage and a loss of electrical power ; according to a note on the complex 's website , `` The city has not issued any location permits this week , so probably the earliest we 'll be able to shoot is this weekend , '' said Warren Leight to NECN . `` We are able to do some location scouting tomorrow ( November 2 , 2012 ) and we have our production meetings by phone , with people on their cells and calling from their cars . The main issue is going to be getting power restored . '' Mayor Michael Bloomberg 's office said it would not issue permits for outdoor filming in the city 's five boroughs until at least Friday , citing concerns about safety and the ongoing cleanup . Ice - T tweeted on November 2 , 2012 : `` Just made it to the SVU set on location in Riverdale NY . My trailer has power , TV and heat . I need to take this MF home ! '' Leight posted a tweet quoting Invictus earlier in the day , `` # SVU cast and crew somehow resumed shooting this morning . We are muddied but unbowed . '' At the production blog on the official website , they note the storm hit while episodes `` Lessons Learned '' , and `` Dream Deferred '' were being shot ; they could n't get back into the studio or production office for weeks due to flooding . On December 6 , 2012 , NBC ordered an additional two episodes for this season , bringing the total to 24 . The season finale aired on May 22 , 2013 . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit characters Main cast ( edit ) Mariska Hargitay as Detective Olivia Benson Danny Pino as Detective Nick Amaro Kelli Giddish as Detective Amanda Rollins Richard Belzer as Sergeant John Munch Ice - T as Detective Fin Tutuola Dann Florek as Captain Don Cragen Special guest star ( edit ) Carolyn McCormick as Dr. Elizabeth Olivet B.D. Wong as Dr. George Huang Recurring cast ( edit ) Raúl Esparza as ADA Rafael Barba Tamara Tunie as ME Dr. Melinda Warner Dean Winters as Detective Brian Cassidy Adam Baldwin as Captain Steven Harris Reg E. Cathey as Defense Attorney Barry Querns Elizabeth Marvel as Defense Attorney Rita Calhoun Michael Mastro as Judge Serani Ami Brabson as Judge Karyn Blake Allison Fernandez as Zara Amaro Andrea Navedo as Cynthia Mancheno Jaden Matthew Rodriguez as Gil Mancheno Kathryn Erbe as Lt. Alexandra Eames Lindsay Pulsipher as Kim Rollins Sue Simmons as Newscaster Sue Simmons Jeffrey Tambor as Defense Attorney Ben Cohen Sue Kim as Detective Emily Ling Stephen C. Bradbury as Judge Colin McNamara Jessica Phillips as ADA Pippa Cox Steve Rosen as Defense Attorney Michael Guthrie Sonia Manzano as Judge Gloria Pepitone Max Baker as Colin Bennett Guest stars ( edit ) Adam Baldwin portrays the SVU interim commanding officer , Captain Steven Harris for the first three episodes of the season . Dean Winters , who came back in `` Rhodium Nights '' to portray Detective Brian Cassidy , returned for the season premiere episodes , along with guest stars Peter Jacobson ( Bart Ganzel ) , Pippa Black ( Carrissa Gibson ) , Ron Rifkin ( Defense Attorney Marvin Exley ) , Brooke Smith ( Delia Wilson ) , and Laura Benanti as Marie Amaro . On January 4 , 2013 , Warren Leight tweeted the Cassidy character ( Dean Winters ) may appear again in the spring . Paget Brewster portrays as Paula Foster , the Bureau Chief ADA of the Public Integrity Unit who has been assigned the case against Captain Cragen . Paget Brewster guest starred as Paula Foster , the Bureau Chief ADA of the Public Integrity Unit in the District Attorney 's office . Her character is assigned to the case against Captain Cragen ( Dann Florek ) , who is suspected of murder after what occurred in the episode `` Rhodium Nights '' , in which Cragen woke up with a dead prostitute ( Pippa Black ) in his bed . Brewster has guest starred on SVU before , in the eighth season episode , `` Scheherazade '' , as the daughter of an elderly dying man , believed to be a murderer . Brewster 's character installs an interim commanding officer , Captain Steven Harris ( portrayed by Adam Baldwin ) , while Cragen is suspended and under investigation . Sue Simmons also guest starred in the season premiere episodes as herself . `` It 's a big scandal within the world we 've created , there 's a dead hooker in the captain 's bed , and we go to a newscaster to help us understand the story , '' said show runner / executive producer Warren Leight , `` Sue opens the episode doing a news standup from outside 1 Police Plaza . We 'll bring her back for the second episode of the two - parter . '' Roger Bart , Anna Chlumsky and Raúl Esparza guest starred in the episode `` Twenty - Five Acts . '' Chlumsky plays the author of a best - selling erotic novel , who accuses a high - profile talk show host ( Roger Bart ) of a brutal rape . However , the SVU squad gets suspicious when they discover her account of the rape mimics the chapters in her book . The squad , along with the DA 's office ( Raúl Esparza as ADA Barba ) , also struggles to keep the case from turning into a media frenzy . Kathryn Erbe guest starred in the episode `` Acceptable Loss '' as her Law & Order : Criminal Intent character , Detective Alexandra Eames , who is now working for a joint City / Federal Homeland Security Task Force ( and promoted to Lieutenant ) , Eames crosses paths with the SVU squad when their investigation of a sex trafficking ring uncovers a connection to terrorists . Erbe will likely guest star in more episode later in the season . Warren Leight tweeted Erbe would be in the fourth episode of the season . Tom Sizemore , Hamish Linklater , and Alex Karpovsky guest starred in the 300th episode of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit , titled `` Manhattan Vigil '' . Longtime fans will be happy to know contains many nods to the series ' pilot -- Linklater played a man from a successful real estate family whose son goes missing . Show runner / executive producer Warren Leight told TV Line , about Linklater 's character , `` His family is involved in the gentrification of Morningside Heights , '' where some of the episode is set , Leight said . Karpovsky portrayed an auxiliary police officer , and Sizemore played a man employed by Linklater 's character 's family . Lindsay Pulsipher portrayed Kim Rollins , Detective Amanda Rollins ' ( Kelli Giddish ) troubled sister in the episode `` Friending Emily '' . Pulsipher will be in more than one episode in this season . Jane Kaczmarek guest starred in `` Beautiful Frame '' as Suffolk County DA Pam James . Scott Bakula guest starred in the episode `` Vanity 's Bonfire '' as a lawyer who 's being considered for the U.S. Supreme Court and is accused of fathering a child outside of marriage . `` People might make the comparisons to John Edwards , '' Warren Leight said , referring to the onetime Democratic hopeful who admitted to having a child with his mistress . Elliott Gould and Charles Grodin guest starred in the episode `` Lessons Learned '' , which is inspired by the Penn State child sex abuse scandal and Jerry Sandusky . On November 20 , 2012 , showrunner / EP Warren Leight tweeted that along with Gould and Grodin ; Buck Henry , Frank Wood , Robert Sella , Anthony Rapp , and Elizabeth Marvel would also be guest starring in `` Lessons Learned '' . Patricia Arquette and Anne Meara guest starred as daughter and mother in the SVU episode `` Dreams Deferred '' . The episode revolved around an armed and dangerous man who goes on a killing spree with Arquette 's Jeannie - a prostitute with whom he has a long - standing relationship - representing the last person he calls . When Jeannie goes missing , the SVU is tasked with convincing their NYPD cohorts that her life is worth saving . Meara played Jeannie 's mother , Irene , who worries for her daughter 's health and safety . The duo joined previously announced guest star Jason Gedrick in the episode . Denis O'Hare guest starred in `` Presumed Guilty '' as Father Shea , a priest who is pulled from his car and brutally beaten . O'Hare played Father Shea in the Law & Order : Criminal Intent episode `` Last Rites '' under showrunner / executive producer Warren Leight in 2008 . This marks O'Hare's second stint on SVU , following an appearance in 2000 . He guest - starred on the original Law & Order four times , most recently in 2003 also playing a priest , Father Hogan . Erik LaRay Harvey portrayed Sam Randall , Detective Tutuola 's ex-wife's brother in the episode . Despite Sam 's former criminal record and various stints behind bars , Fin does n't think Sam is their man and asks his SVU partners for help getting to the bottom of the case . Theo Rossi also guest stars in the episode as Enrique Rodriguez , a working - class Catholic who is determined to seek justice for his sister when he finds that she was part of a church cover - up . Marcia Gay Harden has thus far appeared four times in the series , her last appearance being in the fourteenth - season episode `` Secrets Exhumed '' Jane Kaczmarek guest starred in the episode `` Beautiful Frame '' , as Suffolk County District Attorney Pamela James , who lands the same murder case as ADA Barba ( Raúl Esparza ) . However , while James arrests an SVU rape victim for the crime , Barba and the SVU team like a different suspect for the murder . The trials start simultaneously and both prosecutors must fight for a conviction before the other can destroy their case . In `` Beautiful Frame '' , Yvonne Zima portrayed a rape victim in an SVU case who is arrested for the murder of her ex-boyfriend . Suffolk County DA Pam James ( Kaczmarek ) lands the case and swiftly brings charges against the young woman . Detective Benson questions the circumstances of the arrest and gathers enough evidence for ADA Barba to levy charges in Manhattan against another suspect . The two ambitious District Attorneys square off in separate trials for the same murder , hoping to get a conviction before the other derails their case . Nia Vardalos appeared in an episode titled , `` Criminal Hatred , '' ( airing January 30 , 2013 ) , Vardalos portrayed Counselor Minonna Efron , whose client is on trial for assault and murder . Vardalos ' character is described as `` disorganized , '' which makes ADA Barba ( Raúl Esparza ) think he 's got an easy win , but the character winds up thrwarting him at every turn . Victoria Rowell also guest stars and Fred Norris makes a cameo appearance . Marcia Gay Harden returned as FBI Agent Dana Lewis in `` Secrets Exhumed , '' ( aired February 6 , 2013 ) . Agent Lewis partners with the SVU when she suspects a rape - murder case is connected to several cases across the country . This marked Harden 's fourth episode on SVU . Harold Perrineau guest starred in the same episode as career criminal Brian Traymor , Jay Karnes also guest stars . The band Jane 's Addiction 's Dave Navarro guest starred in the episode `` Funny Valentine '' as a sound engineer ( instead of a musician ) , named Ferrari who is a part of the entourage for one of hip - hop 's rising stars . Ferrari witnesses a crime , but refuses to rat out his friend . Navarro hinted at his appearance on Twitter prior before TV Guide announced it , `` On my way to NYC to hang out with Detective Benson for a day , '' he tweeted about star Mariska Hargitay . Jeffrey Tambor guest starred in `` Funny Valentine '' as well , in a role that 's a change of pace for the actor . Tambor has been cast as Ben Cohen , an attorney hired to defend a popular hip - hop artist after his arrest by the SVU . While Tambor 's TV characters are often quite bizarre , Cohen is described as being no - nonsense and perhaps a bit overconfident in the popularity of his star client in court . BD Wong guest starred as Dr. George Huang in the 19th episode entitled `` Born Psychopath '' . This was Wong 's second appearance on the show after his departure in season 12 . Eion Bailey guest starred in the episode , `` Traumatic Wound '' ( May 1 , 2013 ) , as former Military veteran , who might hold the key to why as a young girl who was attacked at a concert . Jeffrey Tambor reprised his role as attorney , Ben Cohen , in this episode . In the May 8 episode , Fin 's Narcotics past caught up with him , when a friend ( 2 Chainz ) needed a helping hand and landed Fin in trouble , which prompted a return visit for Kathryn Erbe as Lt. Alexandra Eames . This episode also guest starred : Emilio Rivera , Yul Vazquez and Cathy Moriarty . Richard Thomas starred in the May 15 episode , `` Brief Interlude '' , as a husband and father , whose wife , Kerry Butler , was attacked while attending music festivals in New York City . Pablo Schreiber and Lauren Ambrose guest star in the season finale ( May 22 ) , that starts out as a routine arrest by Detective Rollins and ends up being some much worse . Mike Tyson casting controversy ( edit ) Former boxer , Mike Tyson was arrested for rape in 1991 and was sentenced for 6 years in prison , serving only 3 years . On January 10 , 2013 , NBC announced that former boxer Mike Tyson had been cast to guest star in the episode `` Monster 's Legacy '' . Due to Mike Tyson 's rape conviction in 1992 , this triggered a series of protests by fans and sexual assault survivors , who felt that a TV series whose goal is partly to speak out against sex crimes should not help boost the career of a convicted rapist . At least three Change.org petitions were created to convince NBC to reverse the decision , the most popular one started by Marcie Kaveney . On January 19 , 2013 , Pauley Perrette , a star of NCIS , a fan of SVU and a rape survivor herself , stated her disapproval of the casting choice on Twitter . She included a link to Kaveney 's petition which caused the number of signatures to shoot up to over 15,000 . In an interview with The Wrap Kaveney revealed that `` As soon as I saw it , I was just floored by the news , ' SVU ' is a show I 've followed for a long time ... I think survivors consider this their show '' and stated , `` I do n't know if it 's for ratings or to clean up Mike Tyson 's image . '' In response to the plot summary of `` Monster 's Legacy '' she also opined that giving Tyson this particular sympathetic role is a form of rape apology . `` It 's kind of being a rape apologist , saying ' Maybe he 's had this violent childhood and that 's why he 's become this violent person . ' '' NCIS star Pauley Perrette said via Twitter that she supported the SVU petition to keep Mike Tyson off the series . Further criticism came from Lindy West of Jezebel who wrote on January 25 , 2013 that an appearance by Mike Tyson would be hypocritical to the message of the show : `` In addition to being a colossal display of poor taste , Mike Tyson playing a murderer on SVU is directly counter to the implied mission of the show . Either you 're a genuine advocate for victims , or you do n't give a shit . You do n't get to do both . '' On the same day , the Joyful Heart Foundation released a statement apologizing to the viewers who feel betrayed . While the executives of the JHF reiterated that they have no say over the production of SVU episodes , they indicated that `` We were not aware of this casting choice and we have formally expressed our concerns to the executives and producers at SVU . '' Despite being the foundation 's president , the personal opinion of Mariska Hargitay , whose contract with NBC contains a publicity clause , was not mentioned . Warren Leight began responding to the controversy on January 12 , 2013 , by writing a seven - part tweet `` We understand the casting of Mike Tyson seems inappropriate to some SVU fans . While in no way excusing his past actions , it 's worth noting MT was convicted over twenty years ago , and served his time . In recent years he has found sobriety , and started a foundation to meet the comprehensive needs of children from broken homes . The episode itself deals with many issues , including the ongoing effects of childhood abuse , the possibility of rehabilitation , and the potential for disastrous results when individuals and / or the justice system pre-judge or fail to contextualize . Because of SVU 's subject matter , all of us have a profound sense of our responsibility . Our intent , as always , is to provoke discussion and awareness . We ask you to keep an open mind . Thanks . '' On January 21 , 2013 after receiving further complaints , he followed up with `` ... please know that I 've heard you . When tweets become harassment , I will have to block . Thnx . '' `` I 'm sorry that she has a difference of opinion , but she 's entitled to it , I 'm sorry that she 's not happy . ( But ) I did n't rape nobody or do anything like that , and this lady was n't there to know if I did or not . I do n't trip on that stuff . I 'm not trying to get rich and famous ; I 'm just trying to feed my family . Why should they care ? Since I 'm clean and sober five years , I have n't broken any laws or did any crimes . I 'm just trying to live my life . '' -- Mike Tyson to TV Guide . Mike Tyson , who had already made his excitement known in a tweet , shared his thoughts about the role in a subsequent interview . This took place on January 29 , 2013 , after the petition against his casting had gained momentum . Viewing his character as a separate person and not a fictionalized version of himself , Tyson said , `` I have no emotional connection to the role . As a human being I can relate to it , but it has nothing to do with me . '' He also mentioned being a fan of SVU , calling it `` the most exciting show on TV '' and saying `` My wife ( Lakiha Spicer , whom he wed in 2009 ) and I looked on this show a lot , especially when I was going through my relapse and drug periods . '' In response to the criticism , Tyson maintained , as he has since 1992 , that he was innocent of raping Desiree Washington . With the filming of his episode complete , he also commented that Mariska Hargitay was `` very quiet '' on the set of SVU . `` It focuses on what can happen when there is an emotionally charged rush to judgment and it is , in my opinion , one of our strongest episodes in the last five years . '' -- SVU creator Dick Wolf to Deadline . Adding to the controversy surrounding the casting choice was that the air date originally planned , February 13 , 2013 , coincided with One Billion Rising , a global movement to end violence against women and girls . On January 30 , NBC switched `` Monster 's Legacy '' with `` Secrets Exhumed '' so that Tyson 's episode would air on February 6 instead . Four days before the episode , Law & Order creator Dick Wolf announced that he supported NBC 's decision to produce the episode and hire Mike Tyson to guest star . This angered fans , as he did not acknowledge any of the petitions or ethical concerns . `` Monster 's Legacy '' aired on February 6 , 2013 , becoming Mike Tyson 's first acting appearance not playing himself . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 296 `` Lost Reputation '' Michael Slovis Warren Leight & Julie Martin September 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 26 ) 1401 7.19 The Special Victims Unit is reeling from the fallout after Captain Cragen wakes up with a dead escort - a potential witness in an SVU case - in his bed . Tensions at the precinct are high as the detectives contend with Bureau Chief ADA Paula Foster 's ( Paget Brewster ) investigation of Cragen , as well as the arrival of a tough new captain , Steven Harris ( Adam Baldwin ) . Brian Cassidy ( Dean Winters ) treads an increasingly narrow line as an undercover cop in Bart Ganzel 's ( Peter Jacobson ) escort organization , as Detective Amaro struggles with the case and his marriage . 297 `` Above Suspicion '' Michael Slovis Julie Martin & Warren Leight September 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 26 ) 1402 7.19 The murder case against Cragen continues as Amaro ventures off on his own to find answers -- while trying to deal with his wife separating from him in the process -- and get down to the truth . Meanwhile , a tragic accident happens to one of the detectives , causing Detective Benson to vent her frustration to Captain Harris and IAB. BC - ADA Foster resumes her inquiries , and as she closes the case , Benson and the SVU squad discover a secret of their own . 298 `` Twenty - Five Acts '' Jean de Segonzac Teleplay by : John P. Roche Story by : Warren Leight & Julie Martin October 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 10 ) 1403 6.24 With Cragen still on suspension , the young author of a wildly successful S&M romance novel , Jocelyn Paley ( Anna Chlumsky ) goes home with famous television show host Adam Cain ( Roger Bart ) , who forces himself on her . Detectives Benson and Rollins are paired up by Captain Harris to work to convince the victim to file charges , with the help of new Assistant DA Rafael Barba ( Raúl Esparza ) . As the SVU squad digs into her background to uncover potential trial pitfalls and Barba rushes to push forward with the trial , Amaro uncovers a secret that threatens to destroy the young woman 's career as well as her case . First appearance of Raúl Esparza as ADA Rafael Barba Inspired by the E.L. James erotic novel , Fifty Shades of Grey . 299 `` Acceptable Loss '' Alex Chapple Ed Zuckerman October 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 17 ) 1404 6.25 With Cragen back in the precinct , the Special Victims Unit is in full force and working to expose a sex trafficking operation that enslaves young women . The detectives go undercover and are on the verge of cracking the case when their efforts are halted by Lieutenant Alexandra Eames ( Kathryn Erbe ) , who claims it 's a long - running terrorism case . Benson gets creative with their investigation , while trying not to interfere with Eames ' case . 300 5 `` Manhattan Vigil '' Jean de Segonzac Peter Blauner October 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 24 ) 1405 6.77 In the series ' landmark 300th episode , Wyatt Morris ( Luke Fava ) , a young boy from Morningside Heights , is kidnapped while in the care of his father David ( Hamish Linklater ) , and the investigation reminds Cragen , Benson and Sergeant Munch of an unsolved kidnapping that occurred in the same neighborhood thirteen years ago . While the entire squad races against the clock to find the missing boy , Benson vows to learn from past mistakes to set both cases right . 301 6 `` Friending Emily '' Jim McKay Kevin Fox October 31 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 31 ) 1406 6.05 An underage girl ( Catherine Missal ) disappears after following her older sister ( Taylor Spreitler ) to a college party in Manhattan . The detectives mobilize to recover the missing girl but find themselves thwarted by a high - tech kidnapper using the internet to cover his tracks . As the case hits a dead end , Barba returns with some unlikely help . Meanwhile , Rollins is distracted by the sudden appearance of her very troubled sister Kim ( Lindsay Pulsipher ) , who is causing problems for Amanda . 302 7 `` Vanity 's Bonfire '' Michael Slovis Teleplay by : Gwendolyn Parker Story by : Gwendolyn Parker & Warren Leight November 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 14 ) 1407 5.78 The abduction of a baby named Tessa Leddy from a city playground quickly turns into a custody dispute when the kidnapper , Dia Nobile ( Bijou Phillips ) , swears she is the child 's biological mother . The Leddys claim their daughter was born by a surrogate mother , whom they never met , but later learn that the girl is n't their daughter at all . Nobile also claims the father is a high - powered legal expert , Kent Webster ( Scott Bakula ) , who is married to a cancer stricken wife ( Jessica Hecht ) , sending the unit on an investigation that forever changes the lives of two unsuspecting families . Inspired by scandals surrounding Senator John Edwards . 303 8 `` Lessons Learned '' Alex Chapple Teleplay by : Ed Zuckerman & John P. Roche Story by : Julie Martin & Ed Zuckerman November 21 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 21 ) 1408 5.20 A professor 's unusual encounter with Amaro sends the SVU on an investigation into reports of sexual abuse at a prestigious private school . Stonewalled by the school board , Benson and Barba enlist former students and Professor Walter Tompkins ( Elliott Gould ) , a retired teacher , to help reveal a massive cover - up as more victims emerge . As the detectives manage to get their hands on key evidence linked to one of the victims , the school throws up a roadblock in court until another former student comes forward . Inspired by the Penn State child sex abuse scandal and the Horace Mann School abuse scandal . 304 9 `` Dreams Deferred '' Michael Smith Julie Martin & Warren Leight December 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 05 ) 1409 6.16 When a man goes on a killing rampage through New York , FBI Agent Cantwell ( Jason Gedrick ) calls upon the SVU squad to get information from the man 's last known contact , a prostitute named Jeannie Kerns ( Patricia Arquette ) , who was involved in one of Benson 's old cases . As the detectives work with her to track down the killer , they find themselves drawn into her world and must fight to save her life . 305 10 `` Presumed Guilty '' Courtney Hunt Kevin Fox January 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 02 ) 1410 7.73 The SVU 's holiday celebrations are disrupted when Detective Tutuola 's ex-brother - in - law ( Erik Laray Harvey ) is arrested for assaulting a priest ( Denis O'Hare ) . Convinced of his innocence despite his criminal record , Fin asks the detectives to find evidence that exonerates him , and in the process , a buried church scandal begins to unravel . 306 11 `` Beautiful Frame '' Jean de Segonzac Peter Blauner January 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 09 ) 1411 8.42 When a rape victim ( Yvonne Zima ) in an SVU case is arrested for the murder of her ex-boyfriend ( Joseph Masi ) , Suffolk County DA Pam James ( Jane Kaczmarek ) lands the case and swiftly brings charges against the young woman . Benson questions the circumstances of the arrest and gathers enough evidence for Barba to levy charges in Manhattan against another suspect ( Enver Gjokaj ) . The two ambitious DA 's square off in separate trials for the same murder , hoping to get a conviction before the other derails their case . 307 12 `` Criminal Hatred '' Adam Bernstein Ed Zuckerman January 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 30 ) 1412 6.42 When the SVU detectives arrest a man ( Max Carpenter ) who targets and brutally attacks other men , specifically those who are gay , Barba tries a difficult murder case against an unpredictable defense attorney ( Nia Vardalos ) . 308 13 `` Monster 's Legacy '' Jean de Segonzac Teleplay by : John P. Roche Story by : Warren Leight & Julie Martin February 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 06 ) 1413 5.23 After discovering multiple convicted felons could have been victims of sexual assault , Benson asks Bayard Ellis ( Andre Braugher ) to reopen the case of a murderer on death row , Reggie Rhodes ( Mike Tyson ) and secrets about his childhood , as well as his murder trial are revealed . 309 14 `` Secrets Exhumed '' Laura Belsey Warren Leight & Julie Martin February 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 13 ) 1414 6.35 After Munch brings in a 1980s cold case , the detectives fly to Miami to apprehend the suspect ( Harold Perrineau ) . When FBI Agent Dana Lewis ( Marcia Gay Harden ) tells them that the Manhattan case could be connected to several unsolved cases across the country , she returns to New York to partner with SVU to get a confession . When Benson and Amaro begin to have doubts about the legitimacy of the confession , a shocking secret threatens the life of Agent Lewis . Episode inspired by the Murder of Sherri Rasmussen by Stephanie Lazarus . 310 15 `` Deadly Ambition '' Jim McKay Teleplay by : Warren Leight & Julie Martin Story by : Peter Blauner & Kevin Fox February 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 20 ) 1415 5.61 Rollins comes home to find her sister ( Lindsay Pulsipher ) back in New York , beaten and pregnant by her boyfriend ( Theis Weckesser ) . When the boyfriend comes to the apartment unexpectedly , Rollins must take drastic action , which opens an investigation led by IAB Lt. Ed Tucker ( Robert John Burke ) , that soon places Rollins ' job in jeopardy . Special appearance by Carolyn McCormick as Dr. Elizabeth Olivet 311 16 `` Funny Valentine '' Jean de Segonzac Gwendolyn Parker February 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 27 ) 1416 5.44 When promising singer Micha Green ( Tiffany Robinson ) is attacked by her hip - hop star boyfriend ( Roca ) , the detectives and Barba work to build a case . Despite Benson 's efforts , Green refuses to aid in the prosecution and continues to put herself in harm 's way . As the case spirals into a media frenzy , Micha and those close to her pay the ultimate price . 312 17 `` Undercover Blue '' Michael Smith Ed Zuckerman & Aaron Tracy March 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 20 ) 1417 5.51 As the trial against pimp Bart Ganzel is set to begin , Detective Cassidy is accused of raping a woman while he was undercover . ADA Derek Strauss ( Greg Germann ) takes the case and pushes hard for a quick win . Cassidy 's lawyer uses unusual tactics to prove Cassidy 's innocence , which have life - changing consequences for Amaro . 313 18 `` Legitimate Rape '' Jonathan Herron Kevin Fox & Peter Blauner March 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 27 ) 1418 6.61 A sports reporter ( Lauren Cohan ) seeks Benson 's help to accuse a cameraman ( David Marciano ) of rape , but only agrees to press charges after she discovers the man is stalking her . But before the trial begins , she learns she is pregnant and Barba must contend with controversial defense tactics as a result . 314 19 `` Born Psychopath '' Alex Chapple Julie Martin & Warren Leight April 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 03 ) 1419 6.34 When the detectives are called in to investigate suspicious injuries on a young girl , a closer look at her family reveals a mother ( Hope Davis ) struggling to control her violent 10 - year - old son ( Ethan Cutkosky ) . With help from the visiting Dr. Huang ( B.D. Wong ) , the SVU squad tries to determine the appropriate treatment for the boy , but the situation turns increasingly dangerous for both the family and the detectives . 315 20 `` Girl Dishonored '' Holly Dale Teleplay by : Robert Brooks Cohen Story by : Warren Leight & Julie Martin April 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 24 ) 1420 7.35 When the SVU investigates a rape allegation of a sorority pledge ( Colby Minifie ) on a college campus , their attempts at piecing together the crime are hindered by fraternity brothers and campus security . A deeper look uncovers more assault victims and school administrators who were willing to look the other way . When more tragedy strikes , Rollins and Barba become determined to put an end to the widespread university culture of protecting their own . 316 21 `` Traumatic Wound '' Alex Zakrzewski Gwendolyn Parker & John P. Roche May 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 01 ) 1421 5.72 A teenage girl ( Lola Kirke ) is brutally assaulted when a concert turns into a mob scene . After getting mixed accounts of the incident , Amaro zeros in on a security guard , Frank Patterson ( Eion Bailey ) , who is a war veteran seemingly suffering from PTSD . When the case goes to trial , Frank suddenly remembers a key piece of testimony , which helps Barba convict the perpetrators . 317 22 `` Poisoned Motive '' Arthur W. Forney Teleplay by : Julie Martin & Ed Zuckerman Story by : Warren Leight May 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 08 ) 1422 6.91 When two surprise sniper attacks on the NYPD leave the SVU scrambling for answers , Tutuola recognizes a link between the shootings and his past cases as a narcotics detective . After reconnecting with his former partner to search for a motive , more violence occurs , prompting assistance from Lieutenant Eames ( Kathryn Erbe ) to track down the killer . 318 23 `` Brief Interlude '' Kevin Bray Teleplay by : Peter Blauner & Kevin Fox Story by : Peter Blauner & Kevin Fox & Pedro Garcia May 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 15 ) 1423 6.48 Benson and Amaro are called in when an unconscious woman ( Kerry Butler ) with physical trauma is found near the Mayor 's home . With the woman in a coma , the detectives must piece together her identity and prior whereabouts , and they uncover a wild side to this seemingly normal wife and mother of two young boys . 319 24 `` Her Negotiation '' Norberto Barba Julie Martin & Warren Leight May 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 22 ) 1424 6.66 After making a seemingly routine arrest of a man exposing himself in Central Park , Rollins has a bad feeling about the suspect ( Pablo Schreiber ) and calls upon the entire squad to help . With no way of immediately identifying the man , he outplays the detectives at every turn and becomes wanted for a heinous crime . A shocking theory comes to light and Barba is unable to get his conviction , which puts Benson in harm 's way . Ratings ( edit ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit was moved back to NBC Wednesdays at 9 : 00PM ( Eastern ) / 8 : 00PM ( Central ) for the 2012 - 13 network television season , its lead - ins being new comedies , Guys With Kids and Animal Practice ( which was canceled by NBC on October 18 , 2012 , Whitney replacing it in November ) . SVU weekly airs up against the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) comedies Modern Family and Suburgatory with FOX 's The X Factor and in the Winter , American Idol , Supernatural on CW , and CBS 's veteran drama Criminal Minds ( this occurring for the third time SVU has been pushed back to 9 : 00PM ( Eastern ) . Season fourteen premiered ( episodes : `` Lost Reputation & Above Suspicion '' ) fairly well earning approximately 7.19 million total viewers with a 2.1 in the age 18 - 49 demographic with a 6 % share . The series ' 300th episode ( `` Manhattan Vigil '' ) was watched by approximately 6.77 million total viewers and earned a 1.9 in the age 18 - 49 demographic with a 5 % share . Leading into Thanksgiving , SVU saw a sharp decline in the 18 - 49 demographic with the episode `` Lesson 's Learned '' , which earned a 1.3 with a 4 % share , it rebounded to 1.6 in the 18 - 49 age demo with a 4 % share with its fall finale episode , `` Dreams Deferred '' ; in the first half - hour the comedy Modern Family on ABC was a repeat . SVU surged at the start of 2013 with the episode `` Presumed Guilty '' , to 7.73 million total viewers and a 2.2 in the age 18 - 49 demo with a 6 % share , coming in first place in its time slot ; NBC and FOX being the only networks that night airing original episodes ; ABC , CBS , and CW aired repeats . The following week , `` Beautiful Frame '' saw a series high in overall viewership in over a year with 8.42 million total viewers . As of December 6 , 2012 , SVU averaged a 1.7 18 - 49 rating in Live + same day that Fall , airing with virtually no lead - in ( NBC 's struggling Wednesday comedy block ) , SVU had improved its challenging Wednesday 9 PM slot by 55 % in adults 18 - 49 year - to - year but the network aired the now - defunct Harry 's Law in the hour last fall . In Live + 7 , SVU averaged a 2.6 / 7 in 18 - 49 and 8.6 million viewers this season up to that point . No . Title Original air date Timeslot Rank Age 18 - 49 ( Rating / Share ) U.S. Viewers ( millions ) `` Lost Reputation '' September 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 26 ) 3rd 2.1 / 6 % 7.19 `` Above Suspicion '' September 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 26 ) 2nd 2.1 / 6 % 7.19 `` Twenty - Five Acts '' October 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 10 ) 3rd 1.8 / 5 % 6.24 `` Acceptable Loss '' October 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 17 ) 4th 1.6 / 4 % 6.25 5 `` Manhattan Vigil '' October 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 24 ) 4th 1.9 / 5 % 6.77 6 `` Friending Emily '' October 31 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 31 ) 4th 1.7 / 5 % 6.05 7 `` Vanity 's Bonfire '' November 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 14 ) 4th 1.7 / 4 % 5.78 8 `` Lessons Learned '' November 21 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 21 ) 4th 1.3 / 4 % 5.20 9 `` Dreams Deferred '' December 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 05 ) 4th 1.6 / 4 % 6.16 10 `` Presumed Guilty '' January 2 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 02 ) 1st 2.2 / 6 % 7.73 11 `` Beautiful Frame '' January 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 09 ) 3rd 2.1 / 5 % 8.42 12 `` Criminal Hatred '' January 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 30 ) 2nd 1.7 / 4 % 6.42 13 `` Monster 's Legacy '' February 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 06 ) 4th 1.5 / 4 % 5.23 14 `` Secrets Exhumed '' February 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 13 ) 4th 1.5 / 4 % 6.35 15 `` Deadly Ambition '' February 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 20 ) 4th 1.6 / 4 % 5.61 16 `` Funny Valentine '' February 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 27 ) 4th 1.6 / 4 % 5.44 17 `` Undercover Blue '' March 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 20 ) 4th 1.6 / 4 % 5.51 18 `` Legitimate Rape '' March 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 27 ) 3rd 1.7 / 5 % 6.61 19 `` Born Psychopath '' April 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 03 ) 4th 1.6 / 4 % 6.34 20 `` Girl Dishonored '' April 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 24 ) 2nd 1.9 / 5 % 7.35 21 `` Traumatic Wound '' May 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 01 ) 4th 1.5 / 4 % 5.72 22 `` Poisoned Motive '' May 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 08 ) 4th 1.9 / 5 % 6.91 23 `` Brief Interlude '' May 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 15 ) 4th 1.5 / 4 % 6.48 24 `` Her Negotiation '' May 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 22 ) 4th 1.7 / 5 % 6.66 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 14 , 2012 ) . `` NBC Announces Fall 2012 Premiere Dates for ' Grimm ' , ' Revolution ' , ' The Voice , ' ' Animal Practice ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 9 , 2012 ) . `` NBC Renews ' Law & Order : SVU ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 10 , 2011 ) . `` Ice - T Staying Put on Law & Order : SVU , Inks New Two - Year Contract '' . TVLine . Mail.com Media . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( April 20 , 2012 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' Star Mariska Hargitay Inks New Deal With Universal Television ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / FINALLEVEL : We 're back ! # SVU Season 14 '' . Ice - T. July 23 , 2012 . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' cliffhanger : EP Warren Leight on what 's next for Cragen and the squad '' . Zap2It . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2012 . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dawn , Randee ( July 30 , 2012 ) . `` ' SVU ' to wrap up bloody finale with two - parter 14th season premiere '' . MSNBC / Today . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Adam ( September 24 , 2012 ) . `` Law & Order SVU Boss on Season 14 : `` Everybody Has Secrets '' `` . TV Guide . Retrieved September 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / Mariska : Ca n't believe we started filming ... '' Mariska Hargitay . September 17 , 2012 . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / TheDannyPino : @ Mariska @ MRbelzer @ dannflorek ... '' Danny Pino . September 17 , 2012 . Retrieved September 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Starr , Michael ( October 29 , 2012 ) . `` Sandy slams biz ; Production halted on New York - based shows '' . New York Post . Retrieved October 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / Warren Leight : SVU cast and crew seem to be safe ... '' Warren Leight . October 30 , 2012 . Retrieved October 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / FINALLEVEL : SANDY Update : SVU production ... '' Ice - T. November 1 , 2012 . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ . , Lynn Elber & Natalie Rotman ( November 1 , 2012 ) . `` Broadway lights go up in post-Sandy NYC '' . NECN . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( November 1 , 2012 ) . `` Hurricane Sandy : Most New York Studios Unscathed , But Chelsea Piers Not So Lucky '' . The Wrap . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / FINALLEVEL : Just made it to the SVU set ... '' Ice - T. November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / Warren Leight : `` # SVU cast and crew somehow resumed shooting ... '' Warren Leight . November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Production Blog : SVU vs. Hurricane Sandy '' . NBC . December 6 , 2012 . Retrieved December 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( November 6 , 2012 ) . `` NBC Orders 2 Additional Episodes Of ' Law & Order : SVU ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 19 , 2013 ) . `` NBC Announces Season Finale Dates for ' Revolution ' , ' Community ' , ' Parks and Recreation ' , ' Chicago Fire ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Raftery , Liz ( July 18 , 2012 ) . `` Criminal Minds ' Paget Brewster Lands Guest Spot on SVU '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / Warren Leight : `` Cassidy may bloom in Spring . '' `` . Warren Leight . January 4 , 2013 . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Rudolph , Ileane ( August 21 , 2012 ) . `` Paget Brewster 's Guest Spot on Law & Order : SVU Goes Head - to - Head With Criminal Minds '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Adam ( July 22 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : Law & Order : SVU Casts Adam Baldwin as Cragen 's Replacement ! '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Starr , Michael ( August 8 , 2012 ) . `` Sue Simmons makes acting debut playing herself on ' Law & Order : SVU ' '' . New York Post . Retrieved August 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( August 2 , 2012 ) . `` Law & Order : SVU Arrests Revenge 's Roger Bart , Veep 's Anna Chlumsky '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( August 14 , 2012 ) . `` Law & Order Scoop : Kathryn Erbe Bringing Criminal Intent 's Eames to SVU This Fall ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ross , Robyn ( August 14 , 2012 ) . `` Law & Order : Criminal Intent 's Kathryn Erbe to Reprise Role on SVU '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( September 21 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive Law & Order : SVU Preview : Milestone Episode Will Reward Sharp - Eyed Fans '' . TV Line . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ . , Kimberly Roots & Megan Masters ( September 19 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive SVU Clip : Benson Meets Cragen 's Strange Bedfellow ! Plus 300th Ep Casting Scoop '' . TV Line . Retrieved September 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Adam . `` Exclusive : SVU Books True Blood Alum to Play Rollins ' Sister ! '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Stanhope , Kate . `` Law & Order : SVU Exclusive : Malcolm in the Middle Mom to Battle DA Barba '' . TV Guide . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Elber , Lynn ( October 10 , 2012 ) . `` ' Law & Order ' Drama Turns a Few Shades of ' Grey ' '' . Xfinity . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hermitt , Joe ( November 15 , 2012 ) . `` ' Law & Order SVU ' episode to mimic Jerry Sandusky case '' . Penn Live . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / Warren Leight : Do n't tell anyone : Charles Grodin , Elliot Gould , Buck Henry ... '' Warren Leight . November 20 , 2012 . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / Warren Leight : Attention Broadway reporters : Raul Esparza , Frank Wood , ... '' Warren Leight . November 20 , 2012 . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( November 6 , 2012 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' Enlists Patricia Arquette , Anne Meara '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( December 3 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : Law & Order : SVU Recruits True Blood 's Denis O'Hare -- But There 's a Twist ! '' . TV Guide . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt . `` Law & Order : SVU Scoop : Sons of Anarchy ' s Theo Rossi Is Out for Justice '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan ( January 8 , 2013 ) . `` FIRST LOOK : Yvonne Zima guests on SVU '' . Soap Central . Retrieved January 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nia Vardalos On ' Law And Order : SVU ' : Actress Books Guest Role '' . The Huffington Post . January 2 , 2013 . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( January 29 , 2013 ) . `` Law & Order : SVU Scoop : Dave Navarro to Make Trouble for the Squad '' . TV Guide . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Keck , William ( January 29 , 2013 ) . `` Keck 's Exclusives : Arrested Development Star Books SVU '' . TV Guide . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : LAW & ORDER : SVU on NBC - Wednesday , April 3 , 2013 '' . TV Scoop . March 29 , 2013 . Retrieved March 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Listings TheFutonCritic.com - The Web 's Best Television Resource '' . TheFutonCritic.com. 2013 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Listings TheFutonCritic.com - The Web 's Best Television Resource '' . TheFutonCritic.com. 2013 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Listings TheFutonCritic.com - The Web 's Best Television Resource '' . TheFutonCritic.com. 2013 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Listings TheFutonCritic.com - The Web 's Best Television Resource '' . TheFutonCritic.com. 2013 - 05 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 10 , 2013 ) . `` Mike Tyson To Play Convicted Murderer On ' Law & Order : SVU ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Raftery , Liz ( January 12 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : Law & Order : SVU Fans Petition Against Tyson '' . TV Guide . Retrieved January 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Duncan , Tess ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` Keep Mike Tyson Off of Law & Order SVU ! '' . Bust Magazine . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Twitter / Pauley Perrette : Yes , as a # rape , # domesticviolence survivor , I also agree with this ... '' Pauley Perrette . January 19 , 2013 . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Moraes , Lisa ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` Controversy erupts over ' Law & Order : SVU ' casting guest - star Mike Tyson '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Molloy , Tim ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` Should Mike Tyson Be on ' SVU ' After Rape Conviction ? Petition Says No '' . The Wrap . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ West , Lindy ( January 25 , 2013 ) . `` Why in God 's Name Is Mike Tyson , Convicted Rapist , Guest Starring on Law & Order : SVU ? '' . Jezebel . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zambuto , Maile ( January 25 , 2013 ) . `` Response to Concerns Over Casting of Mike Tyson on Law & Order : Special Victims Unit '' . The Joyful Heart Foundation . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / Warren Leight : `` first of seven . 1 ) We understand the casting of Mike Tyson ... '' `` . Warren Leight . January 12 , 2013 . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / Warren Leight : `` 2 of 7 ) While in no way excusing his past actions ... '' `` . Warren Leight . January 12 , 2013 . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / Warren Leight : `` 3 of 7 ) In recent years he has found sobriety ... '' `` . Warren Leight . January 12 , 2013 . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / Warren Leight : `` 4 of 7 ) The episode itself deals with many issues ... '' `` . Warren Leight . January 12 , 2013 . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / Warren Leight : `` 5 of 7 ) and the potential for disastrous results when individuals '' `` . Warren Leight . January 12 , 2013 . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / Warren Leight : `` 6 of 7 ) Because of SVU 's subject matter ... '' `` . Warren Leight . January 12 , 2013 . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / Warren Leight : `` 7 of 7 ) Our intent , as always , is to provoke discussion and awareness ... '' `` . Warren Leight . January 12 , 2013 . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Keck , William ( January 29 , 2013 ) . `` Keck 's Exclusives : Mike Tyson Discusses His Controversial Role on Law & Order : SVU '' . TV Guide . Retrieved January 29 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 2 , 2013 ) . `` ' Law & Order ' Boss Dick Wolf Praises ' SVU ' Episode Featuring Mike Tyson '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` NBC moves Mike Tyson ' Law & Order : SVU ' episode up a week '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina ( February 1 , 2013 ) . `` Mike Tyson on ' Law & Order : SVU ' : Should a convicted rapist guest star on a sex crimes show ? '' . Zap2It . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Strecker , Erin ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Mike Tyson to guest on ' Law & Order : SVU ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 27 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' X Factor ' , ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' Adjusted Up , ' The Neighbors ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jeffery , Morgan ( September 27 , 2012 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' to air ' 50 Shades of Grey ' - inspired episode '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 11 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' , ' Survivor ' , ' The Neighbors ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustments for ' Arrow ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2012 . Retrieved October 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 18 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Animal Practice ' Adjusted Up ; ' CSI ' Adjusted Down Plus Unscrambled FOX Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2012 . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 25 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' Guys With Kids ' , ' Criminal Minds ' , & ' Law and Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up + World Series Game 1 Final Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2012 . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 1 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Neighbors ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' CSI ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' 30 Rock ' , ' Guys With Kids ' , & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 15 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' Law & Order : SVU ' , & ' CSI ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dooling , Doug ( November 14 , 2012 ) . `` Sandusky Scandal to be Featured on Law & Order '' . Onward State . Retrieved November 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel ( November 26 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' CSI ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 7 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' Rises to Tie Series Debut , ' The X Factor ' Dips + ' The Middle ' & ' Arrow ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 4 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Law & Order : SVU ' and ' Nashville ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 10 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' People s Choice Awards ' , ' The Neighbors ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Up ; ' Suburgatory ' & ' I Get That A Lot ' Adjusted Down ( Updated ) '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Super Bowl 's Greatest Commercials ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Supernatural ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Modern Family ' , ' The Neighbors ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Law and Order : SVU Season 14 Review `` Secrets Exhumed '' - Cold Case `` . TV Equals . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Press , Associated ( 2012 - 02 - 15 ) . `` Weeping widower of woman murdered 26 years ago tells of regret over love triangle that led his former lover ¿ LAPD detective Stephanie Lazarus ¿ to kill his wife Daily Mail Online '' . Dailymail.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Most Frustrating SVU Moments - Law & Order : SVU - Previously.TV Forums '' . Forums.previously.tv. 2014 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 14 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' CSI ' , ' Suburgatory ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 21 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Survivor ' , ' Guys With Kids ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 28 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' , ' American Idol ' , & ' CSI ' Adjusted Up ; ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' Supernatural ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Survivor ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Whitney ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Survivor ' & ' Arrow ' Adjusted Up ; ' Whitney ' and ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' American Idol ' & ' SVU ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara . `` TV Ratings Wednesday : ' American Idol ' , ' CSI ' ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Survivor ' Hit Lows , Soft Premiere for ' Family Tools ' , ' Nashville ' Ties ' Chicago Fire ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' American Idol ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Family Tools ' , ' Survivor ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' MasterChef ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' How To Live With Your Parents ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 18 , 2012 ) . `` ' Animal Practice ' Canceled by NBC , Replaced by ' Whitney ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2012 . Retrieved October 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 13 , 2012 ) . `` NBC 2012 - 13 Season Schedule Announced : Includes Fall Cycle of ' The Voice , ' ' Community ' on Friday & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Posted 1 : 52 pm , February 7 , 2013 , by TV By The Numbers ( 2013 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Supernatural ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Modern Family ' , ' The Neighbors ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Down TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com Page 168476 '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 17 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Posted 1 : 30 pm , February 14 , 2013 , by TV By The Numbers ( 2013 - 02 - 14 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' CSI ' , ' Suburgatory ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Down TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com Page 169419 '' . Tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 17 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) External links ( edit ) Official episode guide Season 14 episodes at TVGuide.com Season 14 episodes at MSN.com Season 14 episodes at TV.com Season 14 episodes at IMDb.com ( hide ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Characters Detectives Elliot Stabler Olivia Benson John Munch Monique Jeffries Fin Tutuola Chester Lake Nick Amaro Amanda Rollins Dominick Carisi Jr . Commanding officers Donald Cragen Olivia Benson Assistant District Attorneys Alexandra Cabot Casey Novak Kim Greylek Rafael Barba Doctors George Huang Melinda Warner Other characters Barry Moredock Brian Cassidy Elizabeth Donnelly Michael Cutter Sonya Paxton Jack McCoy Seasons Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Notable episodes `` Payback '' `` 911 '' `` Authority '' `` Cold '' `` Zebras '' `` Behave '' `` Smoked '' `` Scorched Earth '' `` Justice Denied '' `` Father Dearest '' `` Rhodium Nights '' `` Lost Reputation '' `` Above Suspicion '' `` Acceptable Loss '' `` Manhattan Vigil '' `` Comic Perversion '' `` Glasgowman 's Wrath '' `` Chicago Crossover '' See also Cast members Awards and nominations Law & Order franchise Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Law_%26_Order:_Special_Victims_Unit_(season_14)&oldid=828299051 '' Categories : Law & Order : Special Victims Unit episodes 2012 American television seasons 2013 American television seasons Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Italiano Nederlands Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 19 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what episode of law and order svu is mike tyson in	[ "Adding to the controversy surrounding the casting choice was that the air date originally planned, February 13, 2013, coincided with One Billion Rising, a global movement to end violence against women and girls. On January 30, NBC switched \"Monster's Legacy\" with \"Secrets Exhumed\" so that Tyson's episode would air on February 6 instead.[66][67] Four days before the episode, Law & Order creator Dick Wolf announced that he supported NBC's decision to produce the episode and hire Mike Tyson to guest star.[65] This angered fans, as he did not acknowledge any of the petitions or ethical concerns. \"Monster's Legacy\" aired on February 6, 2013, becoming Mike Tyson's first acting appearance not playing himself.[68]" ]	[ "Monster's Legacy" ]
4431988213620032776	Said the actress to the bishop	Said the actress to the bishop - wikipedia Said the actress to the bishop Jump to : navigation , search The phrase `` Said the actress to the bishop '' is a colloquial and vulgar British exclamation , offering humour by serving as a punch line that exposes an unintended double entendre . An equivalent phrase in North America is `` that 's what she said '' . Each phrase is an example of a Wellerism , exposing a second meaning of what precedes it . The versatility of such phrases , and their popularity , lead some to consider them clichéd . Contents ( hide ) 1 History and variations 2 That 's what she said ! 3 Notable usage in culture 4 References 5 External links History and variations ( edit ) Fictional character Michael Scott , played by Steve Carell , popularized the phrase `` that 's what she said '' in the notable sitcom The Office . The term , or its variant `` as the actress said to the bishop '' , may have been used as far back as Edwardian times , and is apparently British in origin . The phrase is frequently used by the fictional character Simon Templar ( alias `` The Saint '' ) in a long - running series of mystery books by Leslie Charteris . The phrase first appears in the inaugural Saint novel Meet the Tiger , published in 1928 . The version `` as the girl said to the soldier '' appears in a recorded sound test for Alfred Hitchcock 's 1929 film Blackmail . Kingsley Amis uses the line in his 1954 novel Lucky Jim , where a woman offering relationship advice to Jim Dixon says `` I ca n't show you , as the actress said to the bishop . '' The usage of this term in the 21st century has been interchanged from `` she '' to `` he '' in some instances to acknowledge homosexuality , such as the phrase , `` That 's what he said ! '' . This was especially used by Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) in The Office as well as Donald Trump ( Alec Baldwin ) in a Saturday Night Live skit in November 2017 . That 's what she said ! ( edit ) By 1973 , `` that 's what she said '' had already been characterized as an `` ancient one - liner '' . In the early 1990s , it was popularized as a recurring joke in the Saturday Night Live sketch `` Wayne 's World '' . In the movie of the same name , the character , Wayne Campbell , uses the phrase after his partner Garth says , `` Hey , are you through yet ? ' Cause I 'm getting tired of holding this '' , in regard to a picture he is holding . An 1896 recording by Len Spencer of the song `` All Coons Look Alike to Me '' includes the suggestive line `` That 's what she said , yeah . '' In the original BBC version of The Office , Ricky Gervais 's character David Brent frequently used the phrase `` as the actress said to the bishop '' as an inappropriate joke . When the show was adapted for American audiences , also under the title `` The Office '' , the phrase was translated to `` that 's what she said '' for Steve Carell 's character Michael Scott . `` That 's what she said '' ( with an emphasis on the word `` she '' ) became a catchphrase of The Office and was used for the show 's `` That 's What She Said '' Sweepstakes . The phrase `` that 's what she said '' was more often used after his colleagues would make innocent comments such as , `` that 's a mouthful '' and `` that looks hard '' . It was also used after he himself made an innocent comment such as , `` it squeaks when you bang it '' and `` can you make that straighter '' . The title character on the US TV show Archer , after several seasons of using `` phrasing ! '' to draw attention to double entendres , briefly toyed with `` ... said Ripley to the android Bishop '' , a reference to both this phrase and the 1986 film Aliens . Matthew R. Meier of West Chester University of Pennsylvania and Christopher A. Medjesky of the University of Findlay have recently argued that `` such off - hand , common remarks such as `` that 's what she said '' jokes are deeply entrenched in modern society , and contribute to humorizing and legitimizing sexual misconduct . '' Notable usage in culture ( edit ) One of the more notable usages of the phrase `` that 's what she said '' has been used in the sitcom The Office by fictional character Michael Scott on numerous occasions , thoroughly defining his personality to the public eye . The phrase has been used multiple times throughout the latter seasons of the sitcom . `` It squeaks when you bang it . That 's what she said . '' `` You should put your mouth on that . That 's what she said . '' `` I need two men on this . That 's what she said ... No time ! But she did . No time ! '' `` That 's what she said '' was used in a contemporary Saturday Night Live parody involving President Donald Trump portrayed by Alec Baldwin and a dispute regarding corruption with his cabinet . `` And you were directly under her the entire time . '' `` That 's what she said . '' `` Excuse me ? '' `` I 'm glad we put that matter to bed . '' `` That 's what she said ! '' In 2017 , the terminology was used again in Saturday Night Live by Alec Baldwin who portrayed Donald Trump in `` Paul Manafort 's House Cold Open '' . `` I would never do that to you '' `` That 's what she said . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The British Equivalent of ' That 's What She Said ' Today I Found Out ^ Jump up to : International ' that 's what she said ' day . Newsvine . February 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` That 's What She Said ? Yeah , Give It A Rest '' The Verge . GQ online Jump up ^ Partridge , Eric ( 1982 ) . A Dictionary of Catch Phrases ( 2 ed . ) . London : Routledge . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 05916 - 9 . Jump up ^ Nicholas Graham ( 2010 - 06 - 10 ) . `` Hitchcock 's ' That 's What She Said ' Joke Is Its First Known Recording ! ( video ) '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Addeo , Edmond G. ; Burger , Robert E. ( 1973 ) . EgoSpeak : Why No One Listens to You . Chilton Books . ISBN 0801958938 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 28 . The cheapest shot of all , of course , is the ancient one - liner , `` That 's what she said '' This reply can be used after virtually any remark , however innocent , and the speaker can summon up some hint of double - entendre . Jump up ^ https://archive.org/details/LenSpencer-01-10 Jump up ^ The Office Launches ' That 's What She Said ' Sweepstakes . Buddy TV . Jump up ^ Do commonplace jokes normalize sexual misconduct experiences ? . AlphaGalileo 13 November 2017 . Jump up ^ The Office US ( 2017 - 07 - 15 ) , Every That 's What She Said Ever - The Office US , retrieved 2017 - 11 - 27 Jump up ^ Saturday Night Live ( 2017 - 11 - 04 ) , Paul Manafort 's House Cold Open - SNL , retrieved 2017 - 11 - 27 External links ( edit ) The dictionary definition of as the actress said to the bishop at Wiktionary The dictionary definition of that 's what she said at Wiktionary Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Said_the_actress_to_the_bishop&oldid=819321644 '' Categories : English phrases Quotations from film and television Catchphrases Hidden categories : All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk ქართული Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 18 : 54 . About Wikipedia	where does the that's what she said joke come from	[]	[]
8166900218467460686	The Last Song (film)	The Last Song ( film ) - wikipedia The Last Song ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Last Song Theatrical release poster Directed by Julie Anne Robinson Produced by Adam Shankman Jennifer Gibgot Screenplay by Nicholas Sparks Jeff Van Wie Based on The Last Song by Nicholas Sparks Starring Miley Cyrus Liam Hemsworth Bobby Coleman Kelly Preston Greg Kinnear Music by Aaron Zigman Cinematography John Lindley Edited by Nancy Richardson Production company Touchstone Pictures Offspring Entertainment Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date March 31 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 31 ) Running time 107 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $20 million Box office $89 million The Last Song is a 2010 American coming of age teen romantic drama film developed alongside Nicholas Sparks ' 2009 novel of the same name . The film was directed by Julie Anne Robinson in her feature film directorial debut and co-written by Sparks and Jeff Van Wie . The Last Song stars Miley Cyrus , Liam Hemsworth , and Greg Kinnear and follows a troubled teenager as she reconnects with her estranged father and falls in love during a summer in a quiet Southern United States beach town . Sparks was approached to write both the film 's screenplay and the novel . Sparks completed the screenplay in January 2009 , prior to the completion of the novel , making The Last Song his first script to be optioned for film . The setting , originally in North Carolina like the novel , relocated to Georgia after the states had campaigned for months to host production . Upon beginning production in Tybee Island , Georgia and nearby Savannah , The Last Song became the first movie to be both filmed and set in Tybee Island . Filming lasted from June 15 to August 18 , 2009 with much of it occurring on the island 's beach and pier . The Last Song was released by Touchstone Pictures on March 31 , 2010 . Upon release , the film received a negative response from critics , particularly towards its screenplay and casting . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing and title 3.3 Casting 3.4 Post-production 4 Filming 4.1 Move to Georgia 4.2 Sets 4.3 Shooting schedule 4.4 Loggerhead sea turtles 5 Soundtrack 5.1 Track listing 5.2 Charts 5.3 Singles 6 Release 6.1 Marketing 6.2 Home media 7 Reception 7.1 Box office 7.2 Critical response 7.3 Accolades 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) At seventeen , Veronica `` Ronnie '' Miller ( Miley Cyrus ) remains as rebellious as she was the day her parents divorced and her father moved to North Carolina three years prior . Once a classical piano child prodigy under the tutelage of her father , Steve Miller ( Greg Kinnear ) , Ronnie now ignores the instrument and has not spoken with her father since he left . While Juilliard School has been interested in her since she was young , Ronnie refuses to attend . Steve now has the chance to reconnect with his estranged daughter when her mother , Kim Miller ( Kelly Preston ) sends the rebellious teen and her younger brother , Jonah ( Bobby Coleman ) , to spend the summer with him . Steve , a former Juilliard School professor and concert pianist , lives a quiet life in Wrightsville Beach , the small beach town in North Carolina where he grew up , working on a stained glass window for the local church to replace the one the church lost in a fire . According to the locals , it was Steve who had ( accidentally ) set fire to the church one night . After arrival , Ronnie becomes miserable , defiant , and defensive toward all those around her , including handsome , popular Will Blakelee ( Liam Hemsworth ) whose introduction involved crashing into her during a volleyball match , and accidentally spilling Ronnie 's strawberry shake on her . She shrugs him off and meets Blaze , an outcast who lives with her boyfriend Marcus . While at a beach campfire , Marcus hits on Ronnie and Blaze mistakes this for Ronnie flirting with him . Angered by this , Blaze later frames Ronnie for shoplifting , causing her arrest . Later on , Ronnie discovers a Loggerhead Sea Turtle nest at the beach by her house and while protecting it , she meets Will again on his volunteer work for the aquarium . After a night of staying up to defend the turtle eggs from predators with Will , she discovers he is deeper than she expected , and begins to develop feelings for him . The next day , Will takes Ronnie to where he works to show her the aquarium . After they leave to the beach , Ashley shows up and tells Ronnie about Will 's past relationships and how taking them to see the aquarium was routine of his , making Ronnie doubtful of her feelings toward him . Will finds her at the turtle 's nest and they have an argument about his past relationships . When Ronnie suggests she does not want to be another girl on the list and that they should end their relationship for good , Will embraces her and they kiss passionately , proving his feelings for her as akin to his quoting she 's `` not like the other girls . '' Marcus breaks up with Blaze because he wants Ronnie , which leads him and Will to fight at Megan 's wedding party . Ronnie soon hears the rumor that her father burned down the church from some locals . Distraught , she goes to Will and laments about the situation . Will , knowing that it was actually his friend Scott who while playing around set fire to the church , is overcome by guilt and goes to Steve to apologize . When Ronnie comes in hearing this , she walks out and Will follows where they have an argument and break up . Will leaves . Fall arrives and Jonah returns to New York for the school year . Ronnie stays behind to take care of their father , who revealed to Ronnie & Jonah during the summer that he is terminally ill . Leading a slow life , she tries to make up for the time with her father that she 's lost . She continues work on a composition he had been writing ( titled `` For Ronnie '' ) , after losing the steadiness of his hands due to his illness . He dies just as she finishes it . At his funeral she stands to make a speech but declares that no words could ever be able to show how wonderful her father really was . Instead , she decides to share with them the song she helped finish . Before she sits down to play , sunlight shines through the stained glass window . Ronnie smiles and says `` Hi , Daddy , '' remembering what she overheard her father tell Jonah earlier in the movie ; that whenever light shines through the window , it 's him . Blaze and other townsfolk offer Ronnie sympathy and kind words after the funeral outside . Later on , while talking to the attendants , she runs into Will . He says that he liked the song she played and that he knows her dad did too and Ronnie thanks him for coming . Having decided to attend Juilliard , Ronnie is packing up to return to New York when she sees Will standing outside . She goes outside to see him and Will apologizes to her for everything that had happened and Ronnie forgives him . Will surprises Ronnie by revealing that he will be transferring to Columbia in order to be with her and they passionately kiss . The end credits show Ronnie driving away in her car and smiling to herself . Cast ( edit ) From left to right , cast members Adam Barnett , Nick Lashaway , and Carly Chaikin make their way to the filming of the bonfire scene under the Tybee Island pavilion on July 30 , 2009 . Miley Cyrus as Veronica `` Ronnie '' L. Miller , an angry , rebellious 17 - year - old forced to spend a summer with her estranged father . She later falls in love with Will . Liam Hemsworth as Will Blakelee , a popular and skilled beach volleyball player , Will aspires to attend a top university and volunteers at the Georgia Aquarium . He is Ronnie 's love interest . Greg Kinnear as Steve Miller , Ronnie and Jonah 's father and former Juilliard School professor and concert pianist who moved to Georgia after his divorce . During the summer , Steve reconnects with Ronnie through their mutual love of music . With Jonah 's help , Steve also works to reconstruct the centerpiece of the local church , a stained glass window , after the original was destroyed in a fire . He later dies of cancer . Kelly Preston as Kim Miller , Ronnie and Jonah 's mother who raised her children in New York City after her divorce . Bobby Coleman as Jonah Miller , Ronnie 's younger brother sent along with his elder sister to Tybee Island . Nick Lashaway as Marcus , Blaze 's abusive boyfriend and the leader of a gang of thugs who hustle money from beach carnival crowds through spectacular fire juggling performances . Carly Chaikin as Blaze , a rebel who befriends Ronnie when she is sent to Georgia . Blaze betrays Ronnie when she frames Ronnie for shoplifting a watch , but they eventually became friends again . Adam Barnett as Teddy , a young thug adept at hacky sack and juggling , skills he uses as part of Marcus ' crew to hustle money . Nick Searcy as Tom Blakelee , Will 's father . Melissa Ordway as Ashley , Will 's snobby ex-girlfriend . Carrie Malabre as Cassie , Ashley 's best friend who aids Ashley in antagonizing Ronnie . Rhoda Griffis as a Doctor Lance E. Nichols as Pastor Charlie Harris , the kind , devout Pastor of the local church . He was Steve 's first piano teacher , parental figure , and best friend while Steve was growing up . Hallock Beals as Scott , Will 's best friend who ends up creating trouble between Will and Ronnie . Stephanie Leigh Schlund as Megan Blakelee , Will 's elder sister who is engaged to be married . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Actress Miley Cyrus sits in make - up on set . The Last Song began when Disney executive Jason Reed met with Miley Cyrus to discuss her future career plans . At the time , Cyrus had been known mainly for starring as a pop star on Disney Channel 's Hannah Montana , a children 's television series that had expanded into a globally successful media franchise . As the series neared its end , Disney hoped to create a star vehicle to help Cyrus break out of the pop persona she had developed through the franchise and to introduce Cyrus to older audiences . During her meeting with Reed , Cyrus expressed a desire to film a movie similar to A Walk to Remember , a 2002 film based on a novel by Nicholas Sparks . A Walk to Remember helped Mandy Moore , then a teen pop star much like Cyrus , launch an acting career . Disney called Adam Shankman , director of A Walk to Remember , who signed on to produce the potential Cyrus film along with his sister and Offspring Entertainment production company partner , Jennifer Gibgot . Tish Cyrus , Cyrus ' mother and co-manager , became the film 's executive producer . Cyrus ' acting representation , United Talent Agency , then contacted Sparks , also a UTA client , to ask if he had plans for a novel appropriate for a film adaptation starring Cyrus . At the time , Sparks had been wrapping up The Lucky One and beginning to ponder an original plot for his next book . The author told himself he could `` either go younger than 20 or older than 50 '' , having recently written about every age in between . Wary of venturing above 50 again after his best - seller The Notebook , Sparks had already been leaning toward writing a teenage story when he received a phone call from Gibgot on behalf of the film in August 2008 . Sparks recalled , `` Jennifer asked if I had anything laying around ? I said no , but funny you should say that ... '' Sparks returned with a premise by the end of July 2008 . Once the proposal had been agreed upon by Cyrus , her family , and Offspring Entertainment , Sparks , with the aid of co-screenplay writer Jeff Van Wie , completed the screenplay before starting the book . Sparks explained that such an arrangement was necessary in order to accommodate filming in summer 2009 , as Disney had scheduled , but that `` this is similar to the way it 's gone with movies based on my novels ; it 's just out of order . '' Sparks and Van Wie completed the first draft of the screenplay in December 2008 , the first rewrite later that month , and the second and final rewrite in January 2009 . Both rewrites took approximately one or two days , and Sparks found them relatively simple . The finished screenplay was approximately 100 pages long . While The Last Song is not the first screenplay Sparks has written , it is his first to be optioned for film . The novel was completed in June 2009 , the same time shooting for the film began , and was published on September 8 , 2009 by Grand Central Publishing . The plot of the film and novel remained secret throughout development . Director Julie Anne Robinson talks to stunt coordinator Cal Johnson while Liam Hemsworth is coached on beach volleyball . Julie Anne Robinson signed on to direct the film in May 2009 , attracted by the emotion present in the story . The Last Song is Robinson 's first feature film , although she is a veteran of television and theater . Robinson previously helmed episodes of American series such as Weeds and Grey 's Anatomy and earned a Golden Globe nomination and a BAFTA award for her work on the BBC series Viva Blackpool . In a June 2009 blog entry , Cyrus said she had `` always been a fan of Nicholas Sparks '' and that she had been waiting to do a production separate from the Hannah Montana franchise `` for a long time '' , but had not found the time to do so due to her TV show , music , tours , and Hannah Montana : The Movie . In order to film The Last Song , Cyrus ' contract for season four of Hannah Montana included an extra long hiatus . Writing and title ( edit ) Recognizing the popularity of A Walk to Remember as both a novel and film , Sparks `` put all ( his ) thoughts into that , trying to make the story as different from A Walk to Remember as ( he could ) , but try to capture the same feelings . '' Sparks ' experiences as a father and as a high school track and field coach also helped shape the plot , and characters Jonah Miller and Will Blakelee are respectively based on Sparks ' sons Landon and Miles . Sparks felt Ronnie was the hardest character to write for because he had `` never been a 17 - year - old , angry teenage girl '' . Ronnie became a composite character inspired by several young women Sparks has known , such as his nieces . Cyrus herself influenced Ronnie fairly little , although her singing career did inspire the musical elements of the story . Ronnie plays only the piano and Cyrus only sings a small amount in the film , though she does contribute to its soundtrack . Disney did not give Sparks limitations on the topics featured in The Last Song , which include underage drinking , infidelity , and terminal illness but Sparks says that Disney desired to work with him in part because `` they 've read my novels . My teenagers ... do n't do bad things . I just do n't write that . I do n't write about adultery , I do n't write profanity ... I 'll certainly have love scenes in my novels , but they 're always between consenting adults . '' Still , Sparks acknowledges that elements of the screenplay may have been toned down by the director or the studio after he finished . As dictated by the Writers Guild of America , Sparks receives full credit for his work although the amount of his original screenplay retained in the film is uncertain . For example , Sparks says the character of Marcus , leader of the gang of thugs , was likely altered for the film . The project remained nameless for several months after Sparks ' initial meeting with Disney in July 2008 . Sparks wrote in a September 2008 online chat that `` I have the idea completed , but no title . That 's common for me though . Titles come last . '' The film was referred to by the working title `` Untitled Miley Cyrus Project '' In March 2009 , Variety magazine called `` The Last Song '' a `` tentative '' title . Casting ( edit ) Cyrus chose the name `` Ronnie '' for her character in honor of her grandfather , Ron Cyrus , who died in 2006 . Unknown to many the character had first been named `` Kirby '' by Sparks and later changed to `` Hilary '' . New interviews with Sparks reveal he imagined Cyrus in the role `` only a little '' during the writing process . The completion of the screenplay , concerned Sparks that Cyrus would not be able to successfully execute the role : `` The first thing I thought when I finished the screenplay was , wow , I hope she can do this , this is a tough role because I 'm bringing you through a whole gamut of emotion and you 're just a 16 - year - old girl who 's done the Disney Channel . Are you able to do this as an actress ? '' , After visiting the set and watching Cyrus film , Sparks ' worries abated . To play the New York teen , Cyrus worked with a dialect coach to lose her Southern accent and learned to play classical piano . After she completed filming , Cyrus said that in a case of life imitating art , she had matured and `` changed a lot '' over the course of her summer in Georgia , similar to the way Ronnie does in the film . `` Showing this movie , I feel like I 'm really showing a part of my growth as a person as well . So I 'm really excited for people to see it . '' In April 2009 , Disney officials chose Rafi Gavron for the part of Will Blakelee , but switched to Australian actor Liam Hemsworth by May . On May 18 , 2009 , the decision to cast Greg Kinnear as Steve Miller was made final . Kelly Preston 's part as Kim is the first role she has accepted since the death of her son , Jett Travolta . After being introduced to Cal Johnson , the film 's stunt coordinator , Adam Barnett landed the role of Teddy in May 2009 due to his pre-developed talent in juggling and hackey sack . Post-production ( edit ) The Last Song entered post-production following the end of filming on August 18 , 2009 . Automated dialogue replacement took place in mid-September ; Beals and Chaikin stated they had gone in to record on September 11 and September 18 respectively . Chaikin said she had worked for five and a half hours . The director 's cut was presented to the studio on October 1 , 2009 . The Motion Picture Association of America reviewed the film and issued it a PG rating for `` thematic material , some violence , sensuality and mild language '' three weeks later . Filming ( edit ) Move to Georgia ( edit ) Nobody knows what 's going to happen ( ... ) Georgia wants them badly , and we want them badly , and by Monday , there 'll be four or five other states that want them badly . -- Bev Perdue , Governor of North Carolina The Last Song had originally been set in Wrightsville Beach and Wilmington in North Carolina . Though they wished to shoot on location , filmmakers also examined three other states and identified Georgia as the next best filming site . Georgia 's housing prices were higher , but the state 's filming incentive package refunded 30 % of production costs such as gasoline , pencils , and salaries . North Carolina 's package refunded 15 % and excluded salaries of over $1 million . Still , Disney remained interested in North Carolina and offered to film there if the state would reduce the amount the company would save in Georgia , approximately $1 million , in half . North Carolina officials searched for ways to accomplish this , including applying unsuccessfully for state and Golden LEAF Foundation grants . They also introduced legislation to improve the state 's refund to 25 % , which eventually passed on August 27 , 2009 . Disney decided to work within existing incentive laws and agreed to film in North Carolina as long as the film rights they had bought from Sparks counted as a production cost , thereby saving the company an additional $125,000 to $225,000 . Then - North Carolina Governor Bev Perdue set up a press conference on April 1 , 2009 to announce N.C. 's victory . North Carolina tax collectors refused to consider the film rights , forcing Perdue to cancel the conference at the last second . `` I was hopeful to say that it was coming and now I do n't know that I 'll get to say that , '' Perdue said . `` Nobody knows what 's going to happen ( ... ) I do n't know what figures they got from Georgia , but Georgia wants them badly , and we want them badly , and by Monday ( April 6 , 2009 ) , there 'll be four or five other states that want them badly . '' Johnny Griffin , director of the Wilmington Regional Film Commission , explains : `` Disney makes feature films . They also make television series ; they make individual movies for the Disney Channel . By losing this one project , in essence , we 've lost all of those opportunities . '' He also notes the loss of jobs and tourism filming would have created . On April 9 , 2009 , after three months of deliberation , the decision to relocate to Georgia was made final . To determine the specific town , location scouts scoured the state for an aged , isolated , oceanfront property to use as the Miller family 's home in the film . After another three months and the discovery of the `` Adams Cottage '' on the southern tip of Tybee Island , Tybee and neighboring locations became the sites of filming in late March , with the intention of masquerading the area as Wilmington and Wrightsville Beach , North Carolina. , The locale proved too unique to disguise . `` We had a hard time trying to hide the fact that this was Tybee and Savannah was Savannah , '' said Bass Hampton , the film 's location director . Filmmakers convinced the screenwriters to change the setting of the film and to Tybee Island , thus allowing them to incorporate landmarks such as the Tybee Island Light Station and the Savannah Historic District . The setting of Sparks ' novel remained in North Carolina . Though other movies have been filmed in Tybee Island , The Last Song is the first to be both filmed and set in Tybee Island . With the city 's name plastered on everything from police cars to businesses , Georgia officials predict a lasting effect on the economy . In addition , The Last Song is estimated to have brought up to 500 summer jobs to Georgia , $8 million to local businesses , and $17.5 million to state businesses . Sets ( edit ) The Last Song crew members install propane pipes and gas lines to create a controlled burn for the bonfire scene . Nelson Coates is the production designer for The Last Song , responsible for all visual aspects of the movie . Coates , who was nominated for an Emmy Award for his work on the Stephen King television miniseries The Stand , arrived 11 weeks prior to the start of filming to do prep work . While most of the filming took place on the natural Tybee Island beach or on pre-constructed private property , Coates oversaw the re-painting of the pier and the construction of the carnival and church . Location scouts had searched the entirety of Georgia for an aged , isolated oceanfront property to use as a home for the Millers for nearly three months before scout Andy Young came across the `` Adams Cottage '' on the southern end of Tybee Island . `` It was getting down to zero hour , '' said Young . `` Often , it 's about the house . It can be a character itself in the movie . '' The house 's owner , Sam Adams , welcomed filming as `` an opportunity to sort of immortalize the house , '' in case it is destroyed by storms . The two - story , six bedroom house was built by Adams ' great - grandfather in 1918 and was made entirely out of hard pine wood with very few painted surfaces . According to Savannah Morning News reporter Lesley Conn , it `` was built in classic rambling beach style ( ... designed ) to allow ocean breezes to sweep through wide , wraparound porches into cool , heart - pine rooms . '' The church set was built over a six - week period in a vacant lot on the corner of 13th Street and Sixth Avenue , near residential homes . The one - room , 2,000 - square - foot ( 190 m ) building seats approximately 80 people and is estimated to be worth $250,000 to $350,000 . Special - effects coordinator Will Purcell subdued concerns about the church burning scene by stating that the building would not actually be set on fire . The intended menacing effect is `` all camera angles . It is a safe environment for actors to do their work . '' Several techniques were used to simulate the fire , including the use of propane pipes to shoot flames through the church windows . At the end of filming , Cyrus hoped to fly the church set back to her family 's estate in Tennessee . Disney agreed to donate the building to the island after Tybee officials lobbied to keep it , with the condition that its connection to The Last Song not be advertised . The set will be moved to a new location and brought up to code for use as a non-denominational chapel for island weddings ; renovations are expected to cost approximately $600,000 . Shooting schedule ( edit ) Remnants of the carnival set , such as these flags and light strings , were re-established to create the illusion that the beach scenes filmed in late July had taken place during the festival filmed in June . Cyrus ' busy schedule necessitated that filming take place over the summer . Sparks noted , `` She 's got a fall music tour and then she 's back filming Hannah Montana in the spring again . So the only time she had free in her schedule was over the summer . '' Principal photography began on June 15 , 2009 and finished on August 18 , 2009 . Filming did not take place during weekends . On the first day of production , Cyrus and Hemsworth filmed a kiss in the ocean . Other scenes which took place in June included the carnival and volleyball tournament , both of which were filmed on the beach near the Tybee Island pier . Filming at the pier wrapped up on June 23 , 2009 after shooting the scene in which Kim drops off Ronnie and Jonah to live with Steve . Scenes of the church fire were shot on July 10 , 2009 . Filming at the Georgia Tech Savannah campus began on July 16 . Kinnear finished taping on July 17 , 2009 . Wedding scenes and a key driving scene were filmed at the Wormsloe Historic Site between July 20 and July 23 for twelve hours each day . Driving scenes in Isle of Hope , Georgia continued to the 28 . By July 30 , the movie had returned to Tybee Island for more beach scenes . Chaikin 's character framed Cyrus ' for stealing a watch on August 6 . On August 10 , Hemsworth performed an oil change and Cyrus browsed an upscale boutique in downtown Savannah for the movie . The funeral was filmed from August 11 , 2009 to August 13 , 2009 at the church set in Tybee Island . On August 15 , further church burning scenes took place . The wrap party was held on the 16 , and the cast and crew arrived in Atlanta , Georgia the following day to spend the last days of filming at the Georgia Aquarium . After analyzing the area on the 17th , the movie began shooting in public areas at dawn on the 18th to avoid crowds . Once the aquarium opened to the public at 10 : 00 , filming shifted to behind - the - scenes areas . Loggerhead sea turtles ( edit ) The loggerhead sea turtle hatchlings featured in the film were stragglers collected from nests on Tybee and Sapelo Island . Due to the conflicting personalities of his protagonist couple , Sparks faced difficulty in finding a vehicle that would draw Will and Ronnie to spend time together . `` It had to be during the summer , she ( Ronnie ) had to be new in town , and whatever happened had to start in June and end in August . Because you always want a conclusion , '' said Sparks of his requirements . He mentioned summer camp or a summer job as typical vehicles used in books , but dismissed them as unoriginal and boring . `` So it 's got to be original , it 's got to be interesting , and at the same time it 's got to be universal , that you feel like it could happen to anybody . '' Sparks eventually chose to have Will and Ronnie bond over a loggerhead sea turtle nest , knowing that Loggerhead eggs often hatch in August . The scene of the hatching nest took place during the first week of August and involved 26 live loggerhead sea turtle hatchlings . Sea turtle hatchlings have an innate sense to head toward the ocean water as soon as they are born , so scenes of the nest hatching had to be taken swiftly . Said Mike Dodd of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources , the biologist who supervised the scene , the hatchlings `` did all they know how to do : They crawled down to the water and swam off . '' Sparks told an interviewer he suspected filmmakers would digitally add more turtles to the scene . At the time of filming , the loggerhead sea turtle was listed as a threatened species . The environmentally friendly theme was an added bonus to Tybee Island , which was then promoting ecotourism . Soundtrack ( edit ) The Last Song : Original Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Various Artists Released March 23 , 2010 Recorded 2009 Genre Pop Length 59 : 25 Label Hollywood Records Producer Various Artists Singles from The Last Song : Original Soundtrack `` When I Look at You '' Released : March 26 , 2010 `` I Hope You Find It '' Released : March 23 , 2010 `` When I Look at You '' , song by Miley Cyrus , was originally from her EP The Time of Our Lives released August 31 , 2009 , but was included on the soundtrack because it fit the movie well . The song is used in the background of the film 's trailer . At the launch of his album Cradlesong on June 30 , 2009 , Rob Thomas told the New York Daily News , `` My buddy Adam Shankman , who just directed Miley 's movie , called me on the phone the other day and was like , ' You have to write a song for this movie . ' ... I would definitely write a song for her ( Cyrus ) . '' In the end , however , Thomas was unable to contribute music to The Last Song , citing `` scheduling problems '' as the reason . The soundtrack features a track by Casey McPherson , frontman of the band Alpha Rev which signed with Disney 's Hollywood Records in August 2008 . Variety magazine 's Anthony D'Alessandro notes that the use of soundtracks as `` launch pads '' for new Disney artists is a common practice . `` A Different Side of Me '' by Allstar Weekend was also included on the soundtrack . They are a group newly signed to Hollywood Records after winning the N.B.T. Competition through the Disney Channel . The soundtrack was released in the U.S. on March 23 , 2010 . Though not featured on soundtrack , Snow Patrol 's 2006 single `` Shut Your Eyes '' and Feist 's `` I Feel It All '' also appear in the film . The soundtrack had a major increase in sales in the week of the DVD release . The soundtrack peaked at # 104 on the Billboard 200 albums chart . Track listing ( edit ) Standard Edition No . Title Writer ( s ) Recording Artist ( s ) Length 1 . `` Tyrant '' Andrew Brown , Zachary Filkins , Ryan Tedder OneRepublic 5 : 04 2 . `` Bring on the Comets '' Mark Guidry , Mark Palgy , Craig Pfunder VHS Or Beta 4 : 02 3 . `` Setting Sun '' Finlay Beaton , Stuart Macleod , Joel Quartermain Eskimo Joe 3 : 49 4 . `` When I Look at You '' John Shanks , Hillary Lindsey Miley Cyrus 4 : 09 5 . `` Brooklyn Blurs '' Alex Wong , Devon Copley The Paper Raincoat 4 : 15 6 . `` Can You Tell '' Milo Bonacci , Alexandra Lawn , Wesley Miles , John Pike , Mathieu Santos , Rebecca Zeller Ra Ra Riot 2 : 41 7 . `` Down the Line '' José González José González 3 : 10 8 . `` Each Coming Night '' Sam Beam Iron & Wine 3 : 25 9 . `` I Hope You Find It '' Jeffrey Steele , Steven Robson Miley Cyrus 3 : 55 10 . `` She Will Be Loved '' Adam Levine , James Valentine Maroon 5 4 : 16 11 . `` New Morning '' Casey McPherson Alpha Rev 3 : 44 12 . `` Broke Down Hearted Wonderland '' Edwin McCain , Maia Sharp , Pete Riley , Kevin Kinney Edwin McCain 3 : 02 13 . `` A Different Side of Me '' Nathan Darmody , Zachary Porter , Thomas Norris Allstar Weekend 3 : 08 14 . `` No Matter What '' Sydnee Duran , Dave Bassett Valora 3 : 22 15 . `` Heart of Stone '' Sune Rose Wagner The Raveonettes 3 : 55 16 . `` Steve 's Theme '' Aaron Zigman Aaron Zigman 3 : 18 17 . `` I Feel it All '' Feist Feist 3 : 42 Total length : 59 : 25 Charts ( edit ) Charts ( 2010 ) Peak position Billboard 200 80 Singles ( edit ) `` When I Look at You '' was released as a single on February 16 , 2010 . It has peaked at # 16 on the US Hot 100 and # 24 on the Canadian Hot 100 . `` I Hope You Find It '' is a track from the album . It received a large amount of digital downloads after the album was made available for online purchase . It debuted at # 8 on Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart in the week ending April 10 , 2010 and peaked at # 5 a week later before it dropped out in the week ending April 24 , 2010 . In September 2013 , the song received media attention for being covered by Cher for her 26th studio album Closer to the Truth . Release ( edit ) Cyrus sings `` When I Look at You '' during her Wonder World Tour while facing a screen playing a film clip of Will and Ronnie . Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures originally scheduled The Last Song for wide release on January 8 , 2010 , but was delayed from January 8 , 2010 to March 31 , 2010 . Marketing ( edit ) Upon the release of the novel on September 8 , Sparks began a book tour reaching around 13 cities and gave several interviews . During these events , he discussed writing both the novel and the screenplay . Cyrus and Walt Disney Studios Chairman Dick Cook discussed the film on September 11 , 2009 at the first D23 Expo . The first clips from the film appeared online on September 11 , 2009 , interspersed within one version of the `` When I Look at You '' music video . The film 's first trailer was integrated into Cyrus ' Wonder World Tour and premiered during the tour 's opening night on September 14 , 2009 in Portland , Oregon . Midway through each concert , the trailer was shown on large video screens surrounding the stage . After it finished , Cyrus played a white piano and sang `` When I Look at You '' while film clips continued to play on the screens behind her . On November 16 , 2009 , the first three film stills were released via the film 's Facebook page . The following day , the film 's trailer premiered online . The film 's premiere was held in Los Angeles on March 25 , 2010 . Cyrus was originally planned to go to the UK premiere of the film , but due to the April 14 , 2010 eruption of the volcano Eyjafjallajökull that blanketed Europe in volcanic ash and grounded all flights to and from the continent , she was unable to attend . Home Media ( edit ) The Last Song was released on DVD and Blu - ray on August 17 , 2010 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Last Song performed well for when it was released for the first time , garnering $5,125,103 on approximately 3,300 screens at 2,673 theaters for an average of $1,917 per theater . It has grossed $62,950,384 in North America and $26,091,272 in other territories for a worldwide total of $89,041,656 . In its opening weekend , the film grossed $16,007,426 , finishing fourth at the box office behind Clash of the Titans ( $61,235,105 ) , Why Did I Get Married Too ? ( $29,289,537 ) and How to Train Your Dragon ( $29,010,044 ) . Critical response ( edit ) The Last Song was panned by critics . Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , gives the film an average of 4 / 10 and a rating of 20 % based on 116 reviews . The critical consensus is summarized : `` As shamelessly manipulative as any Nicholas Sparks production , The Last Song is done no favors by its miscast and over matched star , Miley Cyrus . '' Metacritic , which assigns normalized ratings to films , The Last Song holds a `` generally unfavorable '' score of 33 % based on 27 reviews . Reviewers were critical of Sparks ' and Van Wie 's screenplay and formulaic storyline . Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle says the screenplay 's faults include several `` scenes that make no emotional sense '' and claims , `` The plot construction is weak . Incidents do n't flow one into the next . '' When reviewing Cyrus 's performance , critics acknowledged her stage presence , but were frequently critical of her acting abilities . Jay Stone of The Ottawa Citizen says Cyrus 's portrayal of angry Ronnie `` consist ( s ) of pouting and sneering ( ... ) Cyrus does n't have a lot of range , but she does have presence . '' Rob Nelson of Variety writes , `` Cyrus , alas , has n't yet learned not to act ( ... ) But she does show off her considerable chops as a pianist and remains reasonably likable throughout . '' A.O. Scott of The New York Times believes that although `` her Hannah Montana persona has a certain aggressive charm '' , in The Last Song she `` play - act ( s ) rather than exploring the motives and feelings of her character . '' Roger Ebert gave the film a mixed 2.5 / 4 . He praised the acting and directing , but derided the plot and Sparks 's writing . Kinnear 's performance has been widely praised . A.O. Scott writes , `` it 's nice to see Mr. Kinnear play an entirely sympathetic character for a change ( but ) his slyness and subtlety seem wasted in a project that has no interest in either . '' Michael Phillips of The Chicago Tribune writes , `` Reliably honest and affecting , ( Kinnear ) fights off the waves of corn in much the same way that Tibetan monk defied the tsunami in 2012 . '' Glen Whipp of the Associated Press writes , `` Kinnear lends the movie a dignity it does n't deserve '' . Stone advises , `` I 'd watch out for Liam Hemsworth '' . Stephen Witty of The Star - Ledger commends `` newcomer Carly Chaikin ( who ) plays the `` bad girl '' ( ... ) with an exciting mixture of wildness and vulnerability . Halfway in , I began wishing desperately that Chaikin was playing the lead . '' Reception for Coleman was mixed ; Jeff Vice of `` Deseret News '' calls him a `` hammy irritant '' while Jon Bream of the Star Tribune writes , `` The most memorable acting is by Coleman , 12 ( ... who ) gets a lot of great lines and delivers them with aplomb '' . Despite the negative reviews from critics , the movie was well received from fans and audiences with a 66 % fresh score on Rotten Tomatoes and with an average of a 7 / 10 . Accolades ( edit ) Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Drama The Last Song cast and crew Nominated Choice Movie Actress : Drama Miley Cyrus Nominated Choice Movie Breakout Star : Male Liam Hemsworth Won Choice Movie : Liplock Miley Cyrus & Liam Hemsworth Nominated Choice Movie : Chemistry Miley Cyrus & Liam Hemsworth Nominated Choice Movie : Dance Scene Miley Cyrus & Liam Hemsworth Nominated Choice Movie : Hissy Fit Miley Cyrus Won Choice Music : Love Song When I Look At You Won Kids ' Choice Awards 2011 Favorite Movie Actress Miley Cyrus Won Golden Raspberry Award Worst Actress Miley Cyrus Nominated Nickelodeon Australian Kids ' Choice Awards 2010 Favorite Movie Actress Miley Cyrus Won Cutest Couple Miley Cyrus & Liam Hemsworth Nominated Favorite Kiss Miley Cyrus & Liam Hemsworth Won References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Last Song ( 2010 ) -- Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved April 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Song Nicholas Sparks '' . Little , Brown and Company . Hachette Livre . Retrieved June 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mark Morrissey & Associates ( 2009 ) . `` Liam Hemsworth '' . MarkMorrissey.com . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2010 . Retrieved June 23 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Borys , Kit ( June 16 , 2009 ) . `` Miley Cyrus gets parents for ' Last Song ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Company . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2009 . Retrieved June 19 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : DeYoung , Bill ( August 14 , 2009 ) . `` It 's a wrap : Nicholas Sparks on ' The Last Song ' '' . ConnectSavannah.com . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2010 . Retrieved August 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Borys , Kit ( June 16 , 2009 ) . `` Kinnear , Preston join Cyrus in Last Song '' . Reuters . Thomson Reuters . Retrieved August 10 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Touchstone Pictures ( June 17 , 2009 ) . `` Touchstone Pictures `` The Last Song '' Kicks Off Production in Georgia `` . HollywoodOutbreak.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Last Song '' . March 31 , 2010 . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 -- via IMDb . ^ Jump up to : Sparks , Nicholas ( September 8 , 2009 ) . The Last Song . Grand Central Publishing . ISBN 0 - 446 - 54756 - 5 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 16 , 2009 ) . `` Carly Chaikin '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved June 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Cyrus , Miley ( August 6 , 2009 ) . `` Scene with Chaikin '' . MileyWorld . Self - published . Archived from the original ( using WebCite ) on November 13 , 2009 . Retrieved November 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Barnett , Adam ( 2009 ) . `` Projects '' . Adam-Barnett.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Searcy , Nick ( May 20 , 2009 ) . `` Nick cast in Disney 's `` The Last Song '' `` . Nicksearcy.com . Self - published . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Little , Ken ( August 21 , 2009 ) . `` Local Actress Lands Role in `` The Last Song '' `` . Greater Wilmington Business Journal . American City Business Journals . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Beals , Hallock ( 2009 ) . `` Hallock Beals Filmography '' . HallockBeals.com . Self - published . Retrieved June 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Taylor ( interviewer ) , Hallock Beals ( June 16 , 2009 ) . miley cyrus the last song 411 day 2 ( Interview ) . Savannah , Georgia : YouTube . Event occurs at 0.34 -- 1.41 . uK9nKWflsfo . Retrieved August 7 , 2009 . `` Miley plays a rebellious teenager who gets sent out to live with her dad for the summer in `` Wilmington , North Carolina '' and , yeah , she gets mixed up in a bunch of misadventures '' - Hallock Beals `` I play Scott , who 's the jealous best friend of Miley 's love interest and I sort of stir the pot with them and kinda screw up their relationship . '' - Hallock Beals ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Michael ( September 16 , 2008 ) . `` Miley Cyrus to star in Disney film '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2010 . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Lavis , Slavo ( November 17 , 2009 ) . `` Miley Cyrus ' New Grown - Up Role '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Yahoo !. Retrieved November 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( June 16 , 2009 ) . `` Kinnear , Preston join Cyrus in ' Song ' '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved July 10 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Scott , A.O. ( January 25 , 2002 ) . `` Film in Review ; ' A Walk to Remember ' '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved August 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Michael ( March 31 , 2009 ) . `` Robinson to Direct Cyrus ' Song ' '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved June 19 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Sparks , Nicholas ( 2009 ) . `` Nicholas Sparks on Nicholas Sparks '' . Nicholassparks.com . Self - published . Retrieved August 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( June 4 , 2009 ) . `` Miley moseys over to CAA '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( July 14 , 2009 ) . `` Miley Cyrus gets ' Wings ' at Disney '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved August 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Sparks , Nicholas ( 2009 ) . `` The Last Song Notes on Writing '' . Nicholassparks.com . Self - published . Retrieved September 14 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Olsen , George ( September 7 , 2009 ) . `` The Last Song -- Nicholas Sparks '' . PulicBroadcasting.net . Public Radio East . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2010 . Retrieved March 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McGee , David ( June 14 , 2009 ) . `` Best - Selling Novelist Nicholas Sparks Charms A Bristol Crowd With His Life Story '' . TriCities.com . Media General . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sparks , Nicholas ( 2009 ) . `` The Last Song '' . Nicholassparks.com . Self - published . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2009 . Retrieved August 14 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Grove , Martin A. ( March 19 , 2010 ) . `` ' Last Song ' sparked Nicholas Sparks novel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . e5 Global Media . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2010 . Retrieved March 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cyrus , Miley ( June 13 , 2009 ) . `` A New Start '' . MileyWorld . Self - published . Archived from the original ( using WebCite ) on November 13 , 2009 . Retrieved November 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Snead , Elizabeth ( June 2 , 2009 ) . `` Miley Cyrus signs on for another season of ' Hannah Montana ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved July 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nicholas Sparks interview '' . Sun Journal . August 4 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2010 . Retrieved August 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Steelman , Ben ( September 21 , 2009 ) . `` Author Nicholas Sparks sets film in his ideal Wrightsville Beach '' . The Star - News . New York Times Company . Retrieved September 23 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Thompsen , Melinda M. ( September 15 , 2009 ) . `` Review : Miley Cyrus Rocks the Rose Garden as She Kicks off Tour in Portland '' . The Oregonian . Advance Publications . Retrieved September 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sparks , Nicholas ( October 17 , 2008 ) . `` Nicholas Sparks , Author of `` Nights in Rodanthe '' and `` The Notebook '' `` . The Washington Post . The Washington Post Company . Retrieved August 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Untitled Miley Cyrus Project '' . Blockbuster Inc . Retrieved October 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( March 20 , 2009 ) . `` Disney Proteges Moving On '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved August 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Miley Cyrus works on her accent for ' The Last Song ' '' . Sawf News . May 21 , 2009 . Retrieved October 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Germain , David ( January 11 , 2010 ) . `` 2010 films : Iron Man , Shrek , Toy Story , Harry Potter , Twilight gang return '' . The Canadian Press . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2010 . Retrieved January 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Wood , Mikael ( September 23 , 2009 ) . `` Live review : Miley Cyrus ' ' Wonder World ' concert at Staples Center '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved September 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , James ( September 17 , 2009 ) . `` Miley Cyrus On Her Film ' Last Song ' : ' Art Really Does Imitate Life ' '' . MTV News . MTV . Retrieved September 17 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Conn , Leslie ( May 19 , 2009 ) . `` Casting for Miley Cyrus movie under way '' . Savannah Morning News . Morris Communications . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2009 . Retrieved July 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Silverman , Stephen M. ( June 19 , 2009 ) . `` Kelly Preston Back to Work -- with Miley Cyrus '' . People . Time Inc . Retrieved July 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Barnett , Adam ( 2009 ) . `` Robert Adam Barnett '' . Adam-Barnett.com . Self - published . ^ Jump up to : Mach , Tuquyen ( June 8 , 2009 ) . `` Filming for New Miley Cyrus Movie Starts Monday '' . WSAV - TV . Media General . Retrieved June 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Beals , Hallock ( September 11 , 2009 ) . `` Twitter / Hallock Beals : going to do ADR on the las ... '' . Twitter . Self - published . Archived from the original ( using WebCite ) on October 29 , 2009 . Retrieved September 17 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Chaikin , Carly ( September 18 , 2009 ) . `` The Last Song '' . CarlyChaikin.blogspot.com . Self - published . Archived from the original ( using WebCite ) on October 29 , 2009 . Retrieved September 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Shankman , Adam ( September 30 , 2009 ) . `` Twitter / Adam Shankman : showing the cut of the las ... '' . Twitter . Self - published . Archived from the original ( using WebCite ) on October 29 , 2009 . Retrieved September 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` New Ratings Issued from the MPAA '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2009 . Retrieved October 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Waggoner , Martha ( April 1 , 2009 ) . `` Miley Cyrus to Make a New Movie ... But Where ? '' . USA Today . Associated Press . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Hotz , Amy ( May 22 , 2009 ) . `` Film Incentive Bills Aim to Keep Crews in State '' . The Star News . New York Times Company . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2010 . Retrieved March 15 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Cox , Jonathon B. ( June 9 , 2009 ) . `` When N.C. could n't sweeten deal , the Mouse walked '' . The News & Observer . The McClatchy Company . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2010 . Retrieved December 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Gary D. ( August 27 , 2009 ) . `` NC governor Signs Film Credit Bill from Lawmakers '' . Yahoo ! Finance . Associated Press . Retrieved August 27 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Conn , Lesley ( June 7 , 2009 ) . `` Tybee Gets Set for Filming of Miley Movie '' . Savannah Morning News . Morris Communications . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2010 . Retrieved August 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Bynum , Russ ( June 8 , 2009 ) . `` Miley Cyrus Movie Starts Filming in Ga . Next Week '' . ABC News . Associated Press . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Logana , Don ( August 6 , 2009 ) . `` No Sign of Miley Yet '' . WTOC - TV . Raycom Media . Retrieved August 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Logana , Don ( April 10 , 2009 ) . `` Miley Cyrus Disney movie to be filmed in Savannah '' . WTOC - TV . Raycom Media . Retrieved July 8 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Gutschke , Laura ( July 18 , 2009 ) . `` Production Designer Nelson Coates has a long list of Hollywood Credits '' . Abilene Reporter - News . The E.W. Scripps Company . Retrieved August 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Ruberti , Melanie ( October 6 , 2009 ) . `` Tybee residents and businesses prepare for Hollywood '' . WTOC - TV . Tybee Island , Georigia : Raycom Media . Retrieved June 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Hempel , Randi ( June 11 , 2009 ) . `` Owner of Miley Cyrus Movie House Talks to News 3 '' . WSAV - TV . Media General . Retrieved July 18 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Wittish , Rich ( October 21 , 2009 ) . `` Island Hopping : From movie fantasy to Tybee reality '' . Savannah Morning News . Morris Communications . Retrieved October 21 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Goldman , Emily ( July 4 , 2009 ) . `` All smoke , no real fire in store for movie church '' . Savannah Morning News . Morris Communications . Retrieved July 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Conn , Lesley ( January 6 , 2010 ) . `` Tybee saves movie chapel '' . Savannah Morning News . Morris Communications . Retrieved February 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Malkin , Marc ( June 18 , 2009 ) . `` Miley Cyrus : Who 's That Boy She Was Kissing ? '' . E ! : Entertainment Television . Comcast . Retrieved August 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hempel , Randi ( June 29 , 2009 ) . `` Miley Cyrus Movie : What Stays on Tybee ? '' . WSAV - TV . Media General . Retrieved August 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Logana , Don ( June 23 , 2009 ) . `` Filming for Miley Cyrus movie wraps up on Tybee Island '' . WTOC - TV . Raycom Media . Retrieved August 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hempel , Randi ( June 15 , 2009 ) . `` Miley Movie : Church Scenes & Tybee Island Firefighters '' . WSAV - TV . Media General . Jump up ^ `` Miley Cyrus movie relocates to Georgia Tech 's Savannah campus '' . Savannah Morning News . Morris Communications . July 17 , 2009 . Retrieved August 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ryan Seacrest , Miley Cyrus ( July 16 , 2009 ) . On Air with Ryan Seacrest . Los Angeles : On Air with Ryan Seacrest ( radio ) . Event occurs at 2 : 11 -- 3 : 22 . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2011 . Retrieved August 7 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Goldman , Emily ( July 16 , 2009 ) . `` Local jazz band to perform in ' Last Song ' wedding scene '' . Savannah Morning News . Morris Communications . Retrieved August 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ WTOC staff ( June 23 , 2009 ) . `` Miley Cyrus filming closes Wormsloe and Ferguson Ave '' . WTOC - TV . Raycom Media . Retrieved August 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Adams , Cate Mafera ( July 24 , 2009 ) . `` Miley Movie Filming Moves to Wormsloe '' . Savannah Morning News . Morris Communications . Retrieved August 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Savannah Spotted ( July 30 , 2009 ) . `` Miley Cyrus is on Tybee '' . Savannah Morning News . Morris Communications . Retrieved August 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Savannah Morning News ( August 11 , 2009 ) . `` Miley Moves to the Mainland '' . Savannah Morning News . Morris Communications . Retrieved August 11 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Miley Movie Films in Multiple Locations in Savannah . WTOC - TV ( News broadcast ) . Savannah , Georgia : Raycom Media . August 10 , 2009 . Event occurs at 2 : 11 -- 2 : 25 . Miley was n't scheduled to be in any of the scenes at the car shop but was to run into the dress shop and try on a variety of dresses there . The cast and crew will be back out on Tybee Island for the next three days . ^ Jump up to : Logana , Don ( August 14 , 2009 ) . `` Miley Movie Wraps Up Filming on Tybee '' . WTOC - TV . Raycom Media . Retrieved August 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stoynoff , Natasha ( August 21 , 2009 ) . `` Miley Cyrus Spotted Kissing Ausie Actor '' . People . Retrieved August 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Eldredge , Richard ( August 19 , 2009 ) . `` Behind - the - scenes on ' Song ' as Cyrus Swims with Sharks '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved August 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Landers , Mary ( August 15 , 2009 ) . `` Tybee Turtles Hatch '' . Savannah Morning News . Morris Communications . Retrieved October 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Conant , Therese A. ; Peter H. Dutton ; Tomoharu Eguchi ; Sheryan P. Epperly ; Christina C. Fahy ; Matthew H. Godfrey ; Sandra L. MacPherson ; Earl E. Possardt ; Barbara A. Schroeder ; Jeffrey A. Seminoff ; Melissa L. Snover ; Carrie M. Upite ; Blair E. Witherington ( August 2009 ) . `` Loggerhead Sea Turtle ( Caretta Caretta ) 2009 Status Review Under the U.S. Endangered Species Act '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved August 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Schreffler , Laura ; Amanda Sidman ( July 3 , 2009 ) . `` Rob Thomas making sweet music for Miley Cyrus ' new movie '' . Daily News ( New York ) . Retrieved July 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Josh Armstrong ( September 9 , 2009 ) . `` Rob Thomas rocks Cradlesong '' . KnowTheArtist.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 7 , 2010 ) . `` Disney Music Aids Films '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Retrieved February 4 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Last Song : Various : MP3 Downloads '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard - Music Charts , News , Photos & Video '' . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/artist/311278/miley+cyrus/chart Jump up ^ `` The Last Song '' . ComingSoon.net . CraveOnline . Retrieved May 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Depp unveils ' Pirates 4 ' details at D23 '' . Variety . Associated Press . September 11 , 2009 . Retrieved September 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Harrington , Jim ( September 19 , 2009 ) . `` Concert Review : Miley Cyrus Leaves Hannah Montana Behind at Oakland Show '' . Oakland Tribune . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved September 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rich , Katie ( November 16 , 2009 ) . `` First Images Of Miley Cyrus And Liam Hemsworth In The Last Song '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved November 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Big Time Rush . `` '' The Last Song '' Sweepstakes `` . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2010 . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Karina Mitchell ( April 2 , 2010 ) . `` '' The Last Song '' Hits High Note at the Box Office `` . CBS News . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.webcitation.org/5og1IlDvJ?url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=lastsong.htm Jump up ^ `` ' Last Song ' Opens Solidly on Wednesday '' . Box Office Mojo. April 1 , 2010 . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Last Song ( 2010 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved May 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Song '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( March 31 , 2010 ) . `` Movie review : One - note actress in ' Last Song ' '' . Sfgate.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Review : The Last Song '' . Montrealgazette.com . March 30 , 2010 . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rob Nelson ( March 30 , 2010 ) . `` The Last Song '' . Variety.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : A.O. Scott ( March 31 , 2010 ) . `` Movie Review -- The Last Song -- Summer Love , a Sea of Trouble '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20100330/REVIEWS/100339997/1023 Jump up ^ Michael Phillips ( March 30 , 2010 ) . `` ' Last Song ' : Same old Sparks romance , this time starring Miley '' . chicagotribune.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Whipp , Glenn ( October 29 , 2009 ) . `` ' The Last Song ' plays the same old tune '' . Boston / AP . Retrieved October 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Touchstone Pictures . `` ' The Last Song ' review : It 's Young Love Inc. , and hard to buy -- Movies with Stephen Whitty '' . NJ.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Movie review : Nicholas Sparks ' ' The Last Song ' is out of tune '' . Deseret News . March 30 , 2010 . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ John Bream . `` ' Last Song ' puts a pouty face on Smiley Miley '' . StarTribune.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Last Song '' . March 31 , 2010 . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 -- via IMDb . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Last Song ( film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Last Song ( film ) The Last Song on IMDb The Last Song at AllMovie The Last Song at Rotten Tomatoes The Last Song at Metacritic The Last Song at Box Office Mojo ( hide ) Nicholas Sparks Novels The Notebook ( 1996 ) Message in a Bottle ( 1998 ) A Walk to Remember ( 1999 ) The Rescue ( 2000 ) A Bend in the Road ( 2001 ) Nights in Rodanthe ( 2002 ) The Guardian ( 2003 ) The Wedding ( 2003 ) True Believer ( 2005 ) At First Sight ( 2006 ) Dear John ( 2006 ) The Choice ( 2007 ) The Lucky One ( 2008 ) The Last Song ( 2009 ) Safe Haven ( 2010 ) The Best of Me ( 2011 ) The Longest Ride ( 2013 ) See Me ( 2015 ) Two by Two ( 2016 ) Non-fiction Wokini : A Lakota Journey to Happiness and Self - Understanding ( 1990 ) Three Weeks with My Brother ( 2004 ) Film adaptations Message in a Bottle ( 1999 ) A Walk to Remember ( 2002 ) The Notebook ( 2004 ) Nights in Rodanthe ( 2008 ) Dear John ( 2010 ) The Last Song ( 2010 ) The Lucky One ( 2012 ) Safe Haven ( 2013 ) The Best of Me ( 2014 ) The Longest Ride ( 2015 ) The Choice ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Last_Song_(film)&oldid=800859648 '' Categories : 2010 films English - language films 2010s drama films American coming - of - age films American films American romantic drama films American teen drama films American teen romance films American teen films Directorial debut films Films based on works by Nicholas Sparks Films based on romance novels Films set in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Films shot in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Touchstone Pictures films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Use mdy dates from August 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 03 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the dad live in the last song	[ "At seventeen, Veronica \"Ronnie\" Miller (Miley Cyrus) remains as rebellious as she was the day her parents divorced and her father moved to North Carolina three years prior. Once a classical piano child prodigy under the tutelage of her father, Steve Miller (Greg Kinnear), Ronnie now ignores the instrument and has not spoken with her father since he left. While Juilliard School has been interested in her since she was young, Ronnie refuses to attend." ]	[ "North Carolina" ]
8852302546545493092	Naming of the Americas	Naming of the Americas - wikipedia Naming of the Americas Jump to : navigation , search The naming of the Americas , or America occurred shortly after Christopher Columbus 's voyage to the Americas in 1492 . It is generally accepted that the name derives from Amerigo Vespucci , the Italian explorer , who explored the new continents in the following years . However , some have suggested other explanations , such as the theory that it was named after Richard Amerike of Bristol . Contents ( hide ) 1 Usage 2 Earliest use of name 3 Amerigo Vespucci 4 Named after a Nicaraguan mountain range 5 Richard Amerike 6 Native naming of the continent 7 Notes 8 Bibliography 9 External links Usage ( edit ) In modern English , North and South America are generally considered separate continents , and taken together are called the Americas in the plural , parallel to similar situations such as the Carolinas . When conceived as a unitary continent , the form is generally the continent of America in the singular . However , without a clarifying context , singular America in English commonly refers to the United States of America . Earliest use of name ( edit ) World map of Waldseemüller ( Germany , 1507 ) , which first used the name America ( in the lower - left section , over South America ) The earliest known use of the name America dates to April 25 , 1507 , where it was applied to what is now known as South America . It appears on a small globe map with twelve time zones , together with the largest wall map made to date , both created by the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller in Saint - Dié - des - Vosges in France . These were the first maps to show the Americas as a land mass separate from Asia . An accompanying book , Cosmographiae Introductio , anonymous but apparently written by Waldseemüller 's collaborator Matthias Ringmann , states , `` I do not see what right any one would have to object to calling this part ( that is , the South American mainland ) , after Americus who discovered it and who is a man of intelligence , Amerigen , that is , the Land of Americus , or America : since both Europa and Asia got their names from women '' . Amerigo Vespucci ( edit ) Americus Vesputius was the Latinized version of the explorer Amerigo Vespucci 's name , the forename being an old Italianization ( compare modern Italian Enrico ) of Medieval Latin Emericus ( see Saint Emeric of Hungary ) , from the Germanic forenames Amalric and Emmerich ( however , the Old High German name Haimirich may also be a source ) , from Proto - Germanic * amal ( `` vigor , bravery '' ) or * heim ( `` home '' ) + * rik ( `` ruler '' ) . Amerigo Vespucci ( March 9 , 1454 -- February 22 , 1512 ) was an Italian explorer , financier , navigator and cartographer who first postulated that Brazil and the West Indies did not represent Asia 's eastern outskirts as initially conjectured from Columbus ' voyages , but instead constituted an entirely separate landmass hitherto unknown to the Europeans . Vespucci was apparently unaware of the use of his name to refer to the new landmass , as Waldseemüller 's maps did not reach Spain until a few years after his death . Ringmann may have been misled into crediting Vespucci by the widely published Soderini Letter , a sensationalized version of one of Vespucci 's actual letters reporting on the mapping of the South American coast , which glamorized his discoveries and implied that he had recognized that South America was a continent separate from Asia ; in fact , it is not known what Vespucci believed on this count , and he may have died believing , like Columbus , that he had reached the East Indies in Asia rather than a new continent . Spain officially refused to accept the name America for two centuries , saying that Columbus should get credit , and Waldseemüller 's later maps , after Ringmann 's death , did not include it ; however , usage was established when Gerardus Mercator applied the name to the entire New World in his 1538 world map . Acceptance may have been aided by the `` natural poetic counterpart '' that the name America made with Asia , Africa , and Europa . Named after a nicaraguan mountain range ( edit ) In 1875 , Jules Marcou suggested that the name America derives from indigenous American languages where `` Amerrique '' originally named a prominent mountain range in present - day Nicaragua . In this view , Native speakers shared this indigenous word with Columbus and members of his crew , and Columbus made landfall in the vicinity of these mountains on his fourth voyage . The name America then spread via oral means throughout Europe relatively quickly even reaching the cartographer Waldseemüller who was preparing a map of newly reported lands for publication in 1507 . Waldseemüller 's work in the area of denomination takes on a different aspect in this view : The baptismal passage in the Cosmographiae Introductio has commonly been read as argument , in which the author said that he was naming the newly discovered continent in honor of Vespucci and saw no reason for objections . But , as etymologist Joy Rea has suggested , it could also be read as an explanation , in which he indicates that he has heard the New World was called America , and the only explanation lay in Vespucci 's name . Among the reasons proponents give in adopting this theory include the recognition of `` the simple fact that place names usually originate informally in the spoken word and first circulate that way , not in the printed word . '' In addition , Waldseemüller not only is exonerated from the charge of having arrogated to himself the privilege of naming lands , which privilege was reserved to monarchs and actual explorers , but also is freed from the charge of violating the long - established and virtually inviolable ancient European tradition of using only the first name of royal individuals as opposed to the last name of commoners ( such as Vespucci ) in bestowing names to lands . Richard Amerike ( edit ) A Bristol antiquarian Alfred Hudd suggested in 1908 that the name was derived from the surname `` Amerike '' or `` ap Meryk '' and was used on early British maps that have since been lost . Richard ap Meryk , anglicised to Richard Amerike ( or Ameryk ) ( c. 1445 -- 1503 ) was a wealthy English merchant , royal customs officer and sheriff of Bristol . According to some historians , he was the principal owner of the Matthew , the ship sailed by John Cabot during his voyage of exploration to North America in 1497 . The idea that Richard Amerike was a ' principal supporter ' of Cabot has gained popular currency in the 21st century . There is no known evidence to support this . Similarly , and contrary to a recent tradition that names Amerike as principal owner and main funder of the Matthew , Cabot 's ship of 1497 , academic enquiry does not connect Amerike with the ship . Her ownership at that date remains uncertain . Macdonald asserts that caravel was specifically built for the Atlantic crossing . Hudd proposed his theory in a paper which was read at 21 May 1908 meeting of the Clifton Antiquarian Club , and which appeared in Volume 7 of the club 's Proceedings . In `` Richard Ameryk and the name America , '' Hudd discussed the 1497 discovery of North America by John Cabot , an Italian who had sailed on behalf of England . Upon his return to England after his first ( 1497 ) and second ( 1498 -- 1499 ) voyages , Cabot received two pension payments from King Henry VII . Of the two customs officials at the Port of Bristol who were responsible for handing over the money to Cabot , the more senior was Richard Ameryk ( High Sheriff of Bristol in 1503 ) . Hudd postulated that Cabot named the land that he had discovered after Ameryk , from whom he received the pension conferred by the king . He stated that Cabot had a reputation for being free with gifts to his friends , such that his expression of gratitude to the official would not be unexpected . Further , Hudd used a quote from a late 15th - century manuscript ( a calendar of Bristol events ) , the original of which had been lost in an 1860 Bristol fire , that indicated the name America was already known in Bristol in 1497 . This year ( 1497 ) , on St. John the Baptist 's day ( June 24th ) , the land of America was found by the merchants of Bristow , in a ship of Bristowe called the ' Mathew , ' the which said ship departed from the port of Bristowe the 2nd of May and came home again the 6th August following . Hudd reasoned that the scholars of the 1507 Cosmographiae Introductio , unfamiliar with Richard Ameryk , assumed that the name America , which he claimed had been in use for ten years , was based on Amerigo Vespucci and , therefore , mistakenly transferred the honour from Ameryk to Vespucci . While Hudd 's speculation has found support from some authors , there is no strong evidence to substantiate his theory that Cabot named America after Richard Ameryk . Moreover , because Amerike 's coat of arms was similar to the flag later adopted by the independent United States , a legend grew that the North American continent had been named for him rather than for Amerigo Vespucci . It is not widely accepted . Native Naming of the continent ( edit ) Naming the continent after a European colonizer is seen by some civil society groups as problematic . In 1977 , the World Council of Indigenous Peoples ( Consejo Mundial de Pueblos Indígenas ) proposed using the term Abya Yala instead of `` America '' when referring to the continent . There are also names in other indigenous languages such as Ixachilan and Runa Pacha . Some scholars have picked up the term with a reference to the illegitimacy of colonialism . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` America . '' The Oxford Companion to the English Language ( ISBN 0 - 19 - 214183 - X ) . McArthur , Tom , ed. , 1992 . New York : Oxford University Press , p. 33 : `` ( 16c : from the feminine of Americus , the Latinized first name of the explorer Amerigo Vespucci ( 1454 -- 1512 ) . The name America first appeared on a map in 1507 by the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller , referring to the area now called Brazil ) . Since the 16c , a name of the western hemisphere , often in the plural Americas and more or less synonymous with the New World . Since the 18c , a name of the United States of America . The second sense is now primary in English : ... However , the term is open to uncertainties : ... '' ^ Jump up to : `` Universalis cosmographia secundum Ptholomaei traditionem et Americi Vespucii alioru ( m ) que lustrationes '' . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2009 . Retrieved September 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martin Waldseemüller . `` Universalis cosmographia secundum Ptholomaei traditionem et Americi Vespucii alioru ( m ) que lustrationes '' . Washington , DC : Library of Congress . LCCN 2003626426 . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Toby Lester , December ( 2009 ) . `` Putting America on the Map '' . Smithsonian. 40 : 9 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Henry ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) . Surnames of the United Kingdom : A Concise Etymological Dictionary . Genealogical Publishing Com . ISBN 9780806301716 . Jump up ^ `` UK Magazine The map that changed the world '' . BBC News . October 28 , 2009 . Retrieved July 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` '' Origin of the Name America '' by Jules Marcou , The Atlantic Monthly , March 1875 `` . UNZ.org . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` '' Origin of the Name America '' by Jules Marcou , The Atlantic Monthly , March 1875 `` . UNZ.org . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Naming of America '' . www.uhmc.sunysb.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Rea , Joy ( 1964 - 01 - 01 ) . `` On the Naming of America '' . American Speech. 39 ( 1 ) : 42 -- 50 . doi : 10.2307 / 453925 . Jump up ^ `` '' Origin of the Name America '' by Jules Marcou , The Atlantic Monthly , March 1875 `` . UNZ.org . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Macdonald , Peter ( 17 February 2011 ) . `` BBC History in Depth ; The Naming of America ; Richard Amerike '' . BBC History website . BBC . Retrieved 24 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Evan T. Jones , `` The Matthew of Bristol and the financiers of John Cabot 's 1497 voyage to North America '' , English Historical Review ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Macdonald , Peter ( 1997 ) , Cabot & the Naming of America , Bristol : Petmac Publications , p. 29 , ISBN 0 - 9527009 - 2 - 1 ^ Jump up to : `` The Naming of America : Fragments We 've Shored Against Ourselves '' . uhmc.sunysb.edu . Jonathan Cohen , Stony Brook University . Retrieved 10 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Macdonald 1997 , p. 46 Jump up ^ Macdonald 1997 , p. 33 ^ Jump up to : Alfred E. Hudd , F.S.A. , Hon . Secretary . `` Richard Ameryk and the name America '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the Clifton Antiquarian Club . VII : 8 -- 24 . Retrieved 11 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Quinn , David B. ( 1990 ) . Explorers and Colonies : America , 1500 - 1625 . A&C Black . p. 398 . ISBN 9781852850241 . Retrieved 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Julia Roth . Latein / Amerika , in : Susan Arndt and Nadja Ofuatey - Alazard : Wie Rassismus aus Wörtern spricht . Unrast - Verlag . Bibliography ( edit ) The Columbus Myth : Did Men of Bristol Reach America before Columbus ? Ian Wilson ( 1974 ; reprint 1991 : ISBN 0 - 671 - 71167 - 9 ) Terra Incognita : The True Story of How America Got Its Name , Rodney Broome ( US 2001 : ISBN 0 - 944638 - 22 - 8 ) Amerike : The Briton America Is Named After , Rodney Broome ( UK 2002 : ISBN 0 - 7509 - 2909 - X ) External links ( edit ) `` The man who inspired America ? '' , BBC Features , 29 April 2002 Jonathan Cohen , `` It 's All in a Name '' , Bristol TImes `` Bristol Voyages '' , Heritage 100 Welsh Heroes Website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naming_of_the_Americas&oldid=832834704 '' Categories : Americas Etymologies of geographic names Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Inconsistent articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 07 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how did the new land get the name america	[]	[]
-4192796438663111183	Andes	Andes - wikipedia Andes This article is about the mountain range in South America . For other uses , see Andes ( disambiguation ) . Andes Mountain Range Quechua : Anti ( s / kuna ) The Andes mountain range as seen from a plane , between Santiago de Chile and Mendoza , Argentina , in summer . Highest point Peak Aconcagua ( Las Heras Department , Mendoza , Argentina ) Elevation 6,961 m ( 22,838 ft ) Coordinates 32 ° S 70 ° W / 32 ° S 70 ° W / - 32 ; - 70 Coordinates : 32 ° S 70 ° W / 32 ° S 70 ° W / - 32 ; - 70 Length 7,000 km ( 4,300 mi ) Width 500 km ( 310 mi ) Geography Map of South America showing the Andes running along the entire western part ( roughly parallel to the Pacific coast ) of the continent Countries List ( show ) Argentina Bolivia Chile Colombia Ecuador Peru Venezuela The Andes or Andean Mountains ( Spanish : Cordillera de los Andes ) are the longest continental mountain range in the world . They form a continuous highland along the western edge of South America . This range is about 7,000 km ( 4,300 mi ) long , about 200 to 700 km ( 120 to 430 mi ) wide ( widest between 18 ° south and 20 ° south latitude ) , and of an average height of about 4,000 m ( 13,000 ft ) . The Andes extend from north to south through seven South American countries : Venezuela , Colombia , Ecuador , Peru , Bolivia , Chile and Argentina . Along their length , the Andes are split into several ranges , which are separated by intermediate depressions . The Andes are the location of several high plateaus -- some of which host major cities such as Quito , Bogotá , Arequipa , Medellín , Sucre , Mérida and La Paz . The Altiplano plateau is the world 's second - highest after the Tibetan plateau . These ranges are in turn grouped into three major divisions based on climate : the Tropical Andes , the Dry Andes , and the Wet Andes . The Andes are the world 's highest mountain range outside Asia . The highest mountain outside Asia , Mount Aconcagua , in Argentina , rises to an elevation of about 6,961 m ( 22,838 ft ) above sea level . The peak of Chimborazo in the Ecuadorian Andes is farther from the Earth 's center than any other location on the Earth 's surface , due to the equatorial bulge resulting from the Earth 's rotation . The world 's highest volcanoes are in the Andes , including Ojos del Salado on the Chile - Argentina border , which rises to 6,893 m ( 22,615 ft ) . The Andes are also part of the American Cordillera , a chain of mountain ranges ( cordillera ) that consists of an almost continuous sequence of mountain ranges that form the western `` backbone '' of North America , Central America , South America and Antarctica . `` Cono de Arita '' in the Puna de Atacama , Salta ( Argentina ) Aerial view of Aconcagua Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Geography 3 Geology 3.1 Orogeny 3.2 Volcanism 3.3 Ore deposits and evaporates 4 Climate and hydrology 5 Flora 6 Fauna 7 Human activity 7.1 Cities 7.2 Transportation 7.3 Agriculture 7.4 Irrigation 7.5 Mining 8 Peaks 8.1 Argentina 8.2 Border between Argentina and Chile 8.3 Bolivia 8.4 Border between Bolivia and Chile 8.5 Chile 8.6 Colombia 8.7 Ecuador 8.8 Peru 8.9 Venezuela 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 External links Etymology ( edit ) The etymology of the word Andes has been debated . The majority consensus is that it derives from the Quechua word anti , which means `` east '' as in Antisuyu ( Quechua for `` east region '' ) , one of the four regions of the Inca Empire . Geography ( edit ) Aerial view of Valle Carbajal in the Fuegian Andes The Andes can be divided into three sections : The Southern Andes ( south of Llullaillaco ) in Argentina and Chile ; The Central Andes in Ecuador , Peru , and Bolivia The Northern Andes ( north of the Nudo de Pasto ) in Venezuela and Colombia , which consist of three parallel ranges , the western , central , and eastern ( the cordillera occidental , central , and oriental ) . In the northern part of the Andes , the isolated Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta range is often considered to be part of the Andes . The term cordillera comes from the Spanish word `` cordel '' , meaning `` rope '' . The Andes range is about 200 km ( 124 mi ) wide throughout its length , except in the Bolivian flexure where it is about 640 kilometres ( 398 mi ) wide . The Leeward Antilles islands Aruba , Bonaire , and Curaçao , which lie in the Caribbean Sea off the coast of Venezuela , were thought to represent the submerged peaks of the extreme northern edge of the Andes range , but ongoing geological studies indicate that such a simplification does not do justice to the complex tectonic boundary between the South American and Caribbean plates . Geology ( edit ) Geology of the Andes Orogenies Pampean orogeny Famatinian orogeny Gondwanide orogeny Andean orogeny Fold - thrust belts Central Andean Patagonian Batholiths Peruvian Coastal North Patagonian South Patagonian Subducted structures Antarctic Plate Carnegie Ridge Chile Rise Farallon Plate ( formerly ) Juan Fernández Ridge Nazca Plate Nazca Ridge Faults Gastre Liquiñe - Ofqui Magallanes - Fagnano Andean Volcanic Belt Northern Zone Peruvian flat - slab Central Zone Pampean flat - slab Southern Zone Patagonian Gap Austral Zone Paleogeographic terminology Arequipa - Antofalla Chilenia Chiloé Block Cuyania Iapetus Ocean Madre de Dios Terrane Mejillonia Pampia This box : view talk edit The Andes are a Mesozoic -- Tertiary orogenic belt of mountains along the Pacific Ring of Fire , a zone of volcanic activity that encompasses the Pacific rim of the Americas as well as the Asia - Pacific region . The Andes are the result of plate tectonics processes , caused by the subduction of oceanic crust beneath the South American Plate . The main cause of the rise of the Andes is the compression of the western rim of the South American Plate due to the subduction of the Nazca Plate and the Antarctic Plate . To the east , the Andes range is bounded by several sedimentary basins , such as Orinoco , Amazon Basin , Madre de Dios and Gran Chaco , that separate the Andes from the ancient cratons in eastern South America . In the south , the Andes share a long boundary with the former Patagonia Terrane . To the west , the Andes end at the Pacific Ocean , although the Peru - Chile trench can be considered their ultimate western limit . From a geographical approach , the Andes are considered to have their western boundaries marked by the appearance of coastal lowlands and a less rugged topography . The Andes Mountains also contain large quantities of iron ore located in many mountains within the range . The Andean orogen has a series of bends or oroclines . The Bolivian Orocline is a seaward concave bending in the coast of South America and the Andes Mountains at about 18 ° S. At this point the orientation of the Andes turns from Northwest in Peru to South in Chile and Argentina . The Andean segment north and south of the orocline have been rotated 15 ° to 20 ° counter clockwise and clockwise respectively . The Bolivian Orocline area overlaps with the area of maximum width of the Altiplano Plateau and according to Isacks ( 1988 ) the orocline is related to crustal shortening . The specific point at 18 ° S where the coastline bends is known as the `` Arica Elbow '' . Further south lies the Maipo Orocline or Maipo Transition Zone located between 30 ° S and 38 ° S with a break in trend at 33 ° S. Near the southern tip of the Andes lies the Patagonian orocline . Orogeny ( edit ) Main article : Andean orogeny The western rim of the South American Plate has been the place of several pre-Andean orogenies since at least the late Proterozoic and early Paleozoic , when several terranes and microcontinents collided and amalgamated with the ancient cratons of eastern South America , by then the South American part of Gondwana . The formation of the modern Andes began with the events of the Triassic when Pangaea began to break up that resulted in developing several rifts . The development continued through the Jurassic Period . It was during the Cretaceous Period that the Andes began to take their present form , by the uplifting , faulting and folding of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks of the ancient cratons to the east . The rise of the Andes has not been constant , where different regions have had different degrees of tectonic stress , uplift , and erosion . Tectonic forces above the subduction zone along the entire west coast of South America where the Nazca Plate and a part of the Antarctic Plate are sliding beneath the South American Plate continue to produce an ongoing orogenic event resulting in minor to major earthquakes and volcanic eruptions to this day . In the extreme south a major transform fault separates Tierra del Fuego from the small Scotia Plate . Across the 1,000 km ( 620 mi ) wide Drake Passage lie the mountains of the Antarctic Peninsula south of the Scotia Plate which appear to be a continuation of the Andes chain . The regions immediately east of the Andes experience a series of changes resulting from the Andean orogeny . Parts of the Sunsás Orogen in Amazonian craton disappeared from the surface of earth being overridden by the Andes . The Sierras de Córdoba , where the effects of the ancient Pampean orogeny can be observed , owe their modern uplift and relief to the Andean orogeny in the Tertiary . Further south in southern Patagonia the onset of the Andean orogeny caused the Magallanes Basin to evolve from being an extensional back - arc basin in the Mesozoic to being a compressional foreland basin in the Cenozoic . Volcanism ( edit ) Main article : Andean Volcanic Belt Rift valley near Quilotoa , Ecuador Aerial photograph showing the high plains of the Andes Mountains in the foreground , with a line of young volcanoes facing the much lower Atacama Desert The Andes range has many active volcanoes , which are distributed in four volcanic zones separated by areas of inactivity . The Andean volcanism is a result of subduction of the Nazca Plate and Antarctic Plate underneath the South American Plate . The belt is subdivided into four main volcanic zones that are separated from each other by volcanic gaps . The volcanoes of the belt are diverse in terms of activity style , products and morphology . While some differences can be explained by which volcanic zone a volcano belongs to , there are significant differences inside volcanic zones and even between neighbouring volcanoes . Despite being a type location for calc - alkalic and subduction volcanism , the Andean Volcanic Belt has a large range of volcano - tectonic settings , such as rift systems and extensional zones , transpressional faults , subduction of mid-ocean ridges and seamount chains apart from a large range of crustal thicknesses and magma ascent paths , and different amount of crustal assimilations . Ore deposits and evaporates ( edit ) The Andes Mountains host large ore and salt deposits and some of their eastern fold and thrust belt acts as traps for commercially exploitable amounts of hydrocarbons . In the forelands of the Atacama desert some of the largest porphyry copper mineralizations occurs making Chile and Peru the first and second largest exporters of copper in the world . Porphyry copper in the western slopes of the Andes has been generated by hydrothermal fluids ( mostly water ) during the cooling of plutons or volcanic systems . The porphyry mineralization further benefited from the dry climate that let them largely out of the disturbing actions of meteoric water . The dry climate in the central western Andes has also led to the creation of extensive saltpeter deposits which were extensively mined until the invention of synthetic nitrates . Yet another result of the dry climate are the salars of Atacama and Uyuni , the first one being the largest source of lithium today and the second the world 's largest reserve of the element . Early Mesozoic and Neogene plutonism in Bolivia 's Cordillera Central created the Bolivian tin belt as well as the famous , now depleted , deposits of Cerro Rico de Potosí . Climate and hydrology ( edit ) See also : Tropical Andes , Dry Andes , and Wet Andes Central Andes Bolivian Andes The climate in the Andes varies greatly depending on latitude , altitude , and proximity to the sea . Temperature , atmospheric pressure and humidity decrease in higher elevations . The southern section is rainy and cool , the central section is dry . The northern Andes are typically rainy and warm , with an average temperature of 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) in Colombia . The climate is known to change drastically in rather short distances . Rainforests exist just miles away from the snow - covered peak Cotopaxi . The mountains have a large effect on the temperatures of nearby areas . The snow line depends on the location . It is at between 4,500 and 4,800 m ( 14,800 and 15,700 ft ) in the tropical Ecuadorian , Colombian , Venezuelan , and northern Peruvian Andes , rising to 4,800 -- 5,200 m ( 15,700 -- 17,100 ft ) in the drier mountains of southern Peru south to northern Chile south to about 30 ° S , then descending to 4,500 m ( 14,760 ft ) on Aconcagua at 32 ° S , 2,000 m ( 6,600 ft ) at 40 ° S , 500 m ( 1,640 ft ) at 50 ° S , and only 300 m ( 980 ft ) in Tierra del Fuego at 55 ° S ; from 50 ° S , several of the larger glaciers descend to sea level . The Andes of Chile and Argentina can be divided in two climatic and glaciological zones : the Dry Andes and the Wet Andes . Since the Dry Andes extend from the latitudes of Atacama Desert to the area of Maule River , precipitation is more sporadic and there are strong temperature oscillations . The line of equilibrium may shift drastically over short periods of time , leaving a whole glacier in the ablation area or in the accumulation area . In the high Andes of central Chile and Mendoza Province , rock glaciers are larger and more common than glaciers ; this is due to the high exposure to solar radiation . Though precipitation increases with the height , there are semiarid conditions in the nearly 7000 m towering highest mountains of the Andes . This dry steppe climate is considered to be typical of the subtropical position at 32 -- 34 ° S . The valley bottoms have no woods , just dwarf scrub . The largest glaciers , as e.g. the Plomo glacier and the Horcones glaciers do not even reach 10 km in length and have an only insignificant ice thickness . At glacial times , however , c. 20 000 years ago , the glaciers were over ten times longer . On the east side of this section of the Mendozina Andes they flowed down to 2060 m and on the west side to c. 1220 m asl . The massifs of Cerro Aconcagua ( 6,961 m ) , Cerro Tupungato ( 6,550 m ) and Nevado Juncal ( 6,110 m ) are tens of kilometres away from each other and were connected by a joint ice stream network . The Andes ' dendritic glacier arms , i.e. components of valley glaciers , were up to 112.5 km long , over 1020 , i.e. 1250 m thick and overspanned a vertical distance of 5150 altitude metres . The climatic glacier snowline ( ELA ) was lowered from currently 4600 m to 3200 m at glacial times . Flora ( edit ) Laguna de Sonso tropical dry forest in Northern Andes The Andean region cuts across several natural and floristic regions due to its extension from Caribbean Venezuela to cold , windy and wet Cape Horn passing through the hyperarid Atacama Desert . Rainforests and tropical dry forests used to encircle much of the northern Andes but are now greatly diminished , especially in the Chocó and inter-Andean valleys of Colombia . As a direct opposite of the humid Andean slopes are the relatively dry Andean slopes in most of western Peru , Chile and Argentina . Along with several Interandean Valles , they are typically dominated by deciduous woodland , shrub and xeric vegetation , reaching the extreme in the slopes near the virtually lifeless Atacama Desert . About 30,000 species of vascular plants live in the Andes , with roughly half being endemic to the region , surpassing the diversity of any other hotspot . The small tree Cinchona pubescens , a source of quinine which is used to treat malaria , is found widely in the Andes as far south as Bolivia . Other important crops that originated from the Andes are tobacco and potatoes . The high - altitude Polylepis forests and woodlands are found in the Andean areas of Colombia , Ecuador , Peru , Bolivia and Chile . These trees , by locals referred to as Queñua , Yagual and other names , can be found at altitudes of 4,500 m ( 14,760 ft ) above sea level . It remains unclear if the patchy distribution of these forests and woodlands is natural , or the result of clearing which began during the Incan period . Regardless , in modern times the clearance has accelerated , and the trees are now considered to be highly endangered , with some believing that as little as 10 % of the original woodland remains . Fauna ( edit ) A male Andean cock - of - the - rock , a species found in humid Andean forests and the national bird of Peru Herds of alpacas near Ausangate mountain Main article : Fauna of the Andes The Andes are rich in fauna : With almost 3,500 species , of which roughly 2 / 3 are endemic to the region , the Andes are the most important region in the world for amphibians . The diversity of animals in the Andes is high , with almost 600 species of mammals ( 13 % endemic ) , more than 1,700 species of birds ( about 1 / 3 endemic ) , more than 600 species of reptile ( about 45 % endemic ) , and almost 400 species of fish ( about 1 / 3 endemic ) . The vicuña and guanaco can be found living in the Altiplano , while the closely related domesticated llama and alpaca are widely kept by locals as pack animals and for their meat and wool . The crepuscular ( active during dawn and dusk ) chinchillas , two threatened members of the rodent order , inhabit the Andes ' alpine regions . The Andean condor , the largest bird of its kind in the Western Hemisphere , occurs throughout much of the Andes but generally in very low densities . Other animals found in the relatively open habitats of the high Andes include the huemul , cougar , foxes in the genus Pseudalopex , and , for birds , certain species of tinamous ( notably members of the genus Nothoprocta ) , Andean goose , giant coot , flamingos ( mainly associated with hypersaline lakes ) , lesser rhea , Andean flicker , diademed sandpiper - plover , miners , sierra - finches and diuca - finches . Lake Titicaca hosts several endemics , among them the highly endangered Titicaca flightless grebe and Titicaca water frog . A few species of hummingbirds , notably some hillstars , can be seen at altitudes above 4,000 m ( 13,100 ft ) , but far higher diversities can be found at lower altitudes , especially in the humid Andean forests ( `` cloud forests '' ) growing on slopes in Colombia , Ecuador , Peru , Bolivia and far northwestern Argentina . These forest - types , which includes the Yungas and parts of the Chocó , are very rich in flora and fauna , although few large mammals exist , exceptions being the threatened mountain tapir , spectacled bear and yellow - tailed woolly monkey . Birds of humid Andean forests include mountain - toucans , quetzals and the Andean cock - of - the - rock , while mixed species flocks dominated by tanagers and furnariids commonly are seen -- in contrast to several vocal but typically cryptic species of wrens , tapaculos and antpittas . A number of species such as the royal cinclodes and white - browed tit - spinetail are associated with Polylepis , and consequently also threatened . Human activity ( edit ) See also : Cultural periods of Peru , Inca Empire , Viceroyalty of Peru , and Andean states This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Andes Mountains form a north - south axis of cultural influences . A long series of cultural development culminated in the expansion of the Inca civilization and Inca Empire in the central Andes during the 15th century . The Incas formed this civilization through imperialistic militarism as well as careful and meticulous governmental management . The government sponsored the construction of aqueducts and roads in addition to preexisting installations . Some of these constructions are still in existence today . Devastated by European diseases to which they had no immunity and civil wars , in 1532 the Incas were defeated by an alliance composed of tens of thousands of allies from nations they had subjugated ( e.g. Huancas , Chachapoyas , Cañaris ) and a small army of 180 Spaniards led by Francisco Pizarro . One of the few Inca sites the Spanish never found in their conquest was Machu Picchu , which lay hidden on a peak on the eastern edge of the Andes where they descend to the Amazon . The main surviving languages of the Andean peoples are those of the Quechua and Aymara language families . Woodbine Parish and Joseph Barclay Pentland surveyed a large part of the Bolivian Andes from 1826 to 1827 . Cities ( edit ) La Paz , Bolivia is the highest capital city in the world Santiago de Chile In modern times , the largest cities in the Andes are Bogotá , Colombia , with a population of about eight million , Santiago , Chile , and Medellin , Colombia . Lima is a coastal city adjacent to the Andes and is the largest city of all Andean countries . It is the seat of the Andean Community of Nations . La Paz , Bolivia 's seat of government , is the highest capital city in the world , at an elevation of approximately 3,650 m ( 11,975 ft ) . Parts of the La Paz conurbation , including the city of El Alto , extend up to 4,200 m ( 13,780 ft ) . Other cities in or near the Andes include Arequipa , Cusco , Huancayo , Cajamarca , Juliaca , Huánuco , Huaraz , and Puno in Peru ; Quito , Cuenca , Ambato , Loja , Riobamba , and Ibarra in Ecuador ; Cochabamba , Oruro , Sucre , and Tarija in Bolivia ; Mendoza , Tucumán , Salta , and San Juan in Argentina ; Calama and Rancagua in Chile ; Cali , Cúcuta , Bucaramanga , Ibagué , Pereira , Pasto , Palmira , Popayán , Tunja , Villavicencio , and Manizales in Colombia ; and Barquisimeto , San Cristóbal , Mérida , and Valera in Venezuela . The cities of Caracas , Valencia , and Maracay are in the Venezuelan Coastal Range , which is a debatable extension of the Andes at the northern extreme of South America . Transportation ( edit ) Cities and large towns are connected with asphalt - paved roads , while smaller towns are often connected by dirt roads , which may require a four - wheel - drive vehicle . Venezuelan Andes in Mérida The rough terrain has historically put the costs of building highways and railroads that cross the Andes out of reach of most neighboring countries , even with modern civil engineering practices . For example , the main crossover of the Andes between Argentina and Chile is still accomplished through the Paso Internacional Los Libertadores . Only recently the ends of some highways that came rather close to one another from the east and the west have been connected . Much of the transportation of passengers is done via aircraft . However , there is one railroad that connects Chile with Argentina via the Andes , and there are others that make the same connection via southern Bolivia . See railroad maps of that region . There is one or more highways in Bolivia that cross the Andes . Some of these were built during a period of war between Bolivia and Paraguay , in order to transport Bolivian troops and their supplies to the war front in the lowlands of southeastern Bolivia and western Paraguay . For decades , Chile claimed ownership of land on the eastern side of the Andes . However , these claims were given up in about 1870 during the War of the Pacific between Chile , the allied Bolivia and Peru , in a diplomatic deal to keep Argentina out of the war . The Chilean Army and Chilean Navy defeated the combined forces of Bolivia and Peru , and Chile took over Bolivia 's only province on the Pacific Coast , some land from Peru that was returned to Peru decades later . Bolivia has been a completely landlocked country ever since . It mostly uses seaports in eastern Argentina and Uruguay for international trade because its diplomatic relations with Chile have been suspended since 1978 . Because of the tortuous terrain in places , villages and towns in the mountains -- to which travel via motorized vehicles are of little use -- are still located in the high Andes of Argentina , Bolivia , Peru , and Ecuador . Locally , the relatives of the camel , the llama , and the alpaca continue to carry out important uses as pack animals , but this use has generally diminished in modern times . Donkeys , mules , and horses are also useful . Agriculture ( edit ) Peruvian farmers sowing maize and beans See also : Andean Agriculture , Incan agriculture , and Vertical archipelago The ancient peoples of the Andes such as the Incas have practiced irrigation techniques for over 6,000 years . Because of the mountain slopes , terracing has been a common practice . Terracing , however , was only extensively employed after Incan imperial expansions to fuel their expanding realm . The potato holds a very important role as an internally consumed staple crop . Maize was also an important crop for these people , and was used for the production of chicha , important to Andean native people . Currently , tobacco , cotton and coffee are the main export crops . Coca , despite eradication programmes in some countries , remains an important crop for legal local use in a mildly stimulating herbal tea , and , both controversially and illegally , for the production of cocaine . Irrigation ( edit ) Irrigating land in the Peruvian Andes In unirrigated land , pasture is the most common type of land use . In the rainy season ( summer ) , part of the rangeland is used for cropping ( mainly potatoes , barley , broad beans and wheat ) . Irrigation is helpful in advancing the sowing data of the summer crops which guarantees an early yield in the period of food shortage . Also , by early sowing , maize can be cultivated higher up in the mountains ( till 3800 m ) . In addition it makes cropping in the dry season ( winter ) possible and allows the cultivation of frost resistant vegetable crops like onion and carrot . Mining ( edit ) The Andes rose to fame for their mineral wealth during the Spanish conquest of South America . Although Andean Amerindian peoples crafted ceremonial jewelry of gold and other metals the mineralizations of the Andes were first mined in large scale after the Spanish arrival . Potosí in present - day Bolivia and Cerro de Pasco in Peru were one of the principal mines of the Spanish Empire in the New World . Río de la Plata and Argentina derive their names from the silver of Potosí . Currently , mining in the Andes of Chile and Peru places these countries as the first and third major producers of copper in the world . Peru also contains the 4th largest goldmine in the world : the Yanacocha . The Bolivian Andes produce principally tin although historically silver mining had a huge impact on the economy of 17th century Europe . There is a long history of mining in the Andes , from the Spanish silver mines in Potosí in the 16th century to the vast current porphyry copper deposits of Chuquicamata and Escondida in Chile and Toquepala in Peru . Other metals including iron , gold and tin in addition to non-metallic resources are important . Chilean huasos , 19th century The mountain Huayna Picchu overlooks the Inca estate ( land ) of Machu Picchu . Peaks ( edit ) Main article : List of mountains in the Andes This list contains some of the major peaks in the Andes mountain range . The highest peak is Aconcagua of Argentina ( see below ) . Argentina ( edit ) See also : List of mountains in Argentina Aconcagua , 6,961 m ( 22,838 ft ) Cerro Bonete , 6,759 m ( 22,175 ft ) Galán , 5,912 m ( 19,396 ft ) Mercedario , 6,720 m ( 22,047 ft ) Pissis , 6,795 m ( 22,293 ft ) Llao Llao Hotel with the Andes in the background , in the city of Bariloche , Argentina The Aconcagua , Argentina , the highest mountain in the Americas and in the entire world outside the Himalayas El Chaltén , Argentina / Chile Mount Fitz Roy Argentina / Chile Border between Argentina and Chile ( edit ) Cerro Bayo , 5,401 m ( 17,720 ft ) Cerro Fitz Roy , 3,375 m ( 11,073 ft ) or 3,405 m , Patagonia , also known as Cerro Chaltén Cerro Escorial , 5,447 m ( 17,871 ft ) Cordón del Azufre , 5,463 m ( 17,923 ft ) Falso Azufre , 5,890 m ( 19,324 ft ) Incahuasi , 6,620 m ( 21,719 ft ) Lastarria , 5,697 m ( 18,691 ft ) Llullaillaco , 6,739 m ( 22,110 ft ) Maipo , 5,264 m ( 17,270 ft ) Marmolejo , 6,110 m ( 20,046 ft ) Ojos del Salado , 6,893 m ( 22,615 ft ) Olca , 5,407 m ( 17,740 ft ) Sierra Nevada de Lagunas Bravas , 6,127 m ( 20,102 ft ) Socompa , 6,051 m ( 19,852 ft ) Nevado Tres Cruces , 6,749 m ( 22,142 ft ) ( south summit ) ( III Region ) Tronador , 3,491 m ( 11,453 ft ) Tupungato , 6,570 m ( 21,555 ft ) Nacimiento , 6,492 m ( 21,299 ft ) Bolivia ( edit ) Janq'u Uma , 6,427 m ( 21,086 ft ) Cabaraya , 5,860 m ( 19,226 ft ) Chacaltaya , 5,421 m ( 17,785 ft ) Wayna Potosí , 6,088 m ( 19,974 ft ) Illampu , 6,368 m ( 20,892 ft ) Illimani , 6,438 m ( 21,122 ft ) Laram Q'awa , 5,520 m ( 18,110 ft ) Macizo de Pacuni , 5,400 m ( 17,720 ft ) Nevado Anallajsi , 5,750 m ( 18,865 ft ) Nevado Sajama , 6,542 m ( 21,463 ft ) Patilla Pata , 5,300 m ( 17,390 ft ) Tata Sabaya , 5,430 m ( 17,815 ft ) Illampu , Bolivia Illimani , Bolivia Sajama , Bolivia Wayna Potosí , Bolivia Border between Bolivia and Chile ( edit ) Acotango , 6,052 m ( 19,856 ft ) Michincha , 5,305 m ( 17,405 ft ) Iru Phutunqu , 5,163 m ( 16,939 ft ) Licancabur , 5,920 m ( 19,423 ft ) Olca , 5,407 m ( 17,740 ft ) Parinacota , 6,348 m ( 20,827 ft ) Paruma , 5,420 m ( 17,782 ft ) Pomerape , 6,282 m ( 20,610 ft ) Licancabur , Bolivia / Chile Parinacota , Bolivia / Chile Chile ( edit ) Main article : List of mountains in Chile Monte San Valentin , 4,058 m ( 13,314 ft ) Cerro Paine Grande , 2,884 m ( 9,462 ft ) Cerro Macá , c. 2,300 m ( 7,546 ft ) Monte Darwin , c. 2,500 m ( 8,202 ft ) Volcan Hudson , c. 1,900 m ( 6,234 ft ) Cerro Castillo Dynevor , c. 1,100 m ( 3,609 ft ) Mount Tarn , c. 825 m ( 2,707 ft ) Polleras , c. 5,993 m ( 19,662 ft ) Acamarachi , c. 6,046 m ( 19,836 ft ) Santiago de Chile on the western slopes of a snowcapped Andes View of Cuernos del Paine in Torres del Paine National Park Colombia ( edit ) Nevado del Huila , 5,365 m ( 17,602 ft ) Nevado del Ruiz , 5,321 m ( 17,457 ft ) Nevado del Tolima , 5,205 m ( 17,077 ft ) Pico Pan de Azucar , 5,200 m ( 17,060 ft ) Ritacuba Negra , 5,320 m ( 17,454 ft ) Nevado del Cumbal , 4,764 m ( 15,630 ft ) Cerro Negro de Mayasquer , 4,445 m ( 14,583 ft ) Ritacuba Blanco , 5,410 m ( 17,749 ft ) Nevado del Quindío , 5,215 m ( 17,110 ft ) Purace , 4,655 m ( 15,272 ft ) Santa Isabel , 4,955 m ( 16,257 ft ) Doña Juana , 4,150 m ( 13,615 ft ) Galeras , 4,276 m ( 14,029 ft ) Azufral . 4,070 m ( 13,353 ft ) Ritacuba Blanco , the highest peak of Cordillera Oriental , Colombia . Nevado del Ruiz , Colombia Ecuador ( edit ) Antisana , 5,752 m ( 18,871 ft ) Cayambe , 5,790 m ( 18,996 ft ) Chimborazo , 6,268 m ( 20,564 ft ) Corazón , 4,790 m ( 15,715 ft ) Cotopaxi , 5,897 m ( 19,347 ft ) El Altar , 5,320 m ( 17,454 ft ) Illiniza , 5,248 m ( 17,218 ft ) Pichincha , 4,784 m ( 15,696 ft ) Quilotoa , 3,914 m ( 12,841 ft ) Reventador , 3,562 m ( 11,686 ft ) Sangay , 5,230 m ( 17,159 ft ) Tungurahua , 5,023 m ( 16,480 ft ) Chimborazo near Riobamba , Ecuador Tungurahua , Ecuador Cayambe , Ecuador El Altar , Ecuador Cotopaxi , Ecuador Andes near Otavalo , Ecuador Pichincha Volcano , an active stratovolcano in the Ecuadorian Andes , photographed from the Historic Center of Quito Imbabura Volcano , Ecuador , an inactive stratovolcano Peru ( edit ) Alpamayo , 5,947 m ( 19,511 ft ) Artesonraju , 6,025 m ( 19,767 ft ) Carnicero , 5,960 m ( 19,554 ft ) Chumpe , 6,106 m ( 20,033 ft ) Coropuna , 6,377 m ( 20,922 ft ) El Misti , 5,822 m ( 19,101 ft ) El Toro , 5,830 m ( 19,127 ft ) Huandoy , 6,395 m ( 20,981 ft ) Huascarán , 6,768 m ( 22,205 ft ) Jirishanca , 6,094 m ( 19,993 ft ) Pumasillo , 5,991 m ( 19,656 ft ) Rasac , 6,040 m ( 19,816 ft ) Rondoy , 5,870 m ( 19,259 ft ) Sarapo , 6,127 m ( 20,102 ft ) Salcantay , 6,271 m ( 20,574 ft ) Seria Norte , 5,860 m ( 19,226 ft ) Siula Grande , 6,344 m ( 20,814 ft ) Huaytapallana , 5,557 m ( 18,232 ft ) Yerupaja , 6,635 m ( 21,768 ft ) Yerupaja Chico , 6,089 m ( 19,977 ft ) Alpamayo , Peru Chachani and El Misti , Peru Huandoy , Peru Yerupaja , Peru Venezuela ( edit ) Pico Bolívar , 5,007 m ( 16,427 ft ) Pico Humboldt , 4,940 m ( 16,207 ft ) Pico Bonpland , 4,880 m ( 16,010 ft ) Pico La Concha , 4,920 m ( 16,142 ft ) Pico Piedras Blancas , 4,740 m ( 15,551 ft ) Pico El Águila , 4,180 m ( 13,714 ft ) Pico El Toro 4,729 m ( 15,515 ft ) Pico El León 4,740 m ( 15,551 ft ) Pico Mucuñuque 4,609 m ( 15,121 ft ) Pico Bolívar , Venezuela Pico Humboldt , Venezuela Pico El León , Venezuela Snow in the Pico Humboldt , Venezuela Pico Pan de Azúcar , Venezuela See also ( edit ) Andean Geology -- a scientific journal Andesite line Apu ( god ) Cordillera Mountains in the Philippines List of longest mountain chains on Earth Mountain Passes of the Andes Rocky Mountains Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Teofilo Laime Ajacopa , Diccionario Bilingüe Iskay simipi yuyayk'ancha , La Paz , 2007 ( Quechua - Spanish dictionary ) Jump up ^ `` CORDILLERA '' . etimologias.dechile.net . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Miller , Meghan S. ; Levander , Alan ; Niu , Fenglin ; Li , Aibing ( 2008 - 06 - 23 ) . `` Upper mantle structure beneath the Caribbean - South American plate boundary from surface wave tomography '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Geophysical Research . 114 : B01312 . Bibcode : 2009JGRB ... 114.1312 M . doi : 10.1029 / 2007JB005507 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Isacks , Bryan L. ( 1988 ) , `` Uplift of the Central Andean Plateau and Bending of the Bolivian Orocline '' ( PDF ) , Journal of Geophysical Research , 93 ( B4 ) : 3211 -- 3231 , Bibcode : 1988JGR ... 93.3211 I , doi : 10.1029 / jb093ib04p03211 ^ Jump up to : Kley , J. ( 1999 ) , `` Geologic and geometric constraints on a kinematic model of the Bolivian orocline '' , Journal of South American Earth Sciences , 12 ( 2 ) : 221 -- 235 , Bibcode : 1999JSAES ... 12 ... 221K , doi : 10.1016 / s0895 - 9811 ( 99 ) 00015 - 2 Jump up ^ Beck , Myrl E. ( 1987 ) , `` Tectonic rotations on the leading edge of South America : The Bolivian orocline revisited '' , Geology , 15 ( 9 ) : 806 -- 808 , Bibcode : 1987Geo ... 15 ... 806B , doi : 10.1130 / 0091 - 7613 ( 1987 ) 15 < 806 : trotle > 2.0.co ; 2 Jump up ^ Prezzi , Claudia B. ; Vilas , Juan F. ( 1998 ) . `` New evidence of clockwise vertical axis rotations south of the Arica elbow ( Argentine Puna ) '' . Tectonophysics. 292 : 85 -- 100 . Bibcode : 1998Tectp. 292 ... 85P . doi : 10.1016 / s0040 - 1951 ( 98 ) 00058 - 4 . Jump up ^ Arriagada , César ; Ferrando , Rodolfo ; Córdova , Loreto ; Morata , Diego ; Roperch , Pierrick ( 2013 ) , `` The Maipo Orocline : A first scale structural feature in the Miocene to Recent geodynamic evolution in the central Chilean Andes '' ( PDF ) , Andean Geology , 40 ( 3 ) : 419 -- 437 Jump up ^ Charrier , Reynaldo ; Pinto , Luisa ; Rodríguez , María Pía ( 2006 ) . `` 3 . Tectonostratigraphic evolution of the Andean Orogen in Chile '' . In Moreno , Teresa ; Gibbons , Wes . Geology of Chile . Geological Society of London . pp. 5 -- 19 . ISBN 9781862392199 . Jump up ^ Santos , J.O.S. ; Rizzotto , G.J. ; Potter , P.E. ; McNaughton , N.J. ; Matos , R.S. ; Hartmann , L.A. ; Chemale Jr. , F. ; Quadros , M.E.S. ( 2008 ) . `` Age and autochthonous evolution of the Sunsás Orogen in West Amazon Craton based on mapping and U -- Pb geochronology '' . Precambrian Research . 165 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 120 -- 152 . Bibcode : 2008PreR ... 165 ... 120S . doi : 10.1016 / j. precamres. 2008.06. 009 . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Rapela , C.W. ; Pankhurst , R.J ; Casquet , C. ; Baldo , E. ; Saavedra , J. ; Galindo , C. ; Fanning , C.M. ( 1998 ) . `` The Pampean Orogeny of the southern proto - Andes : Cambrian continental collision in the Sierras de Córdoba '' ( PDF ) . In Pankhurst , R.J ; Rapela , C.W. The Proto - Andean Margin of Gondwana. 142 . Geological Society , London , Special Publications . pp. 181 -- 217 . Retrieved 7 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilson , T.J. ( 1991 ) . `` Transition from back - arc to foreland basin development in the southernmost Andes : Stratigraphic record from the Ultima Esperanza District , Chile '' . Geological Society of America Bulletin . 103 ( 1 ) : 98 -- 111 . Bibcode : 1991GSAB ... 103 ... 98W . doi : 10.1130 / 0016 - 7606 ( 1991 ) 103 < 0098 : tfbatf > 2.3.co ; 2 . Jump up ^ `` Climate of the Andes '' . Archived from the original on 14 December 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ Jan - Christoph Otto , Joachim Götz , Markus Keuschnig , Ingo Hartmeyer , Dario Trombotto , and Lothar Schrott ( 2010 ) . Geomorphological and geophysical investigation of a complex rock glacier system -- Morenas Coloradas valley ( Cordon del Plata , Mendoza , Argentina ) ^ Jump up to : Kuhle , M. ( 2011 ) : The High - Glacial ( Last Glacial Maximum ) Glacier Cover of the Aconcagua Group and Adjacent Massifs in the Mendoza Andes ( South America ) with a Closer Look at Further Empirical Evidence . Development in Quaternary Science , Vol. 15 ( Quaternary Glaciation -- Extent and Chronology , A Closer Look , Eds : Ehlers , J. ; Gibbard , P.L. ; Hughes , P.D. ) , 735 -- 738 . ( Elsevier B.V. , Amsterdam ) . Jump up ^ Brüggen , J. ( 1929 ) : Zur Glazialgeologie der chilenischen Anden . Geol . Rundsch. 20 , 1 -- 35 , Berlin . Jump up ^ Kuhle , M. ( 1984 ) : Spuren hocheiszeitlicher Gletscherbedeckung in der Aconcagua - Gruppe ( 32 -- 33 ° S ) . In : Zentralblatt für Geologie und Paläontologie Teil 1 11 / 12 , Verhandlungsblatt des Südamerika - Symposiums 1984 in Bamberg : 1635 -- 1646 . Jump up ^ Kuhle , M. ( 1986 ) : Die Vergletscherung Tibets und die Entstehung von Eiszeiten . In : Spektrum der Wissenschaft 9 / 86 : 42 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Kuhle , M. ( 1987 ) : Subtropical Mountain - and Highland - Glaciation as Ice Age Triggers and the Waning of the Glacial Periods in the Pleistocene . In : GeoJournal 14 ( 4 ) ; Kluwer , Dordrecht / Boston / London : 393 -- 421 . Jump up ^ Kuhle , M. ( 1988 ) : Subtropical Mountain - and Highland - Glaciation as Ice Age Triggers and the Waning of the Glacial Periods in the Pleistocene . In : Chinese Translation Bulletin of Glaciology and Geocryology 5 ( 4 ) : 1 -- 17 ( in Chinese language ) . Jump up ^ Kuhle , M. ( 1989 ) : Ice - Marginal Ramps : An Indicator of Semiarid Piedmont Glaciations . In : GeoJournal 18 ; Kluwer , Dordrecht / Boston / London : 223 -- 238 . Jump up ^ Kuhle , M. ( 1990 ) : Ice Marginal Ramps and Alluvial Fans in Semi-Arid Mountains : Convergence and Difference . In : Rachocki , A.H. , Church , M. ( eds . ) : Alluvial fans -- A field approach . John Wiley & Sons Ltd , Chester - New York - Brisbane - Toronto - Singapore : 55 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Kuhle , M. ( 1990 ) : The Probability of Proof in Geomorphology -- an Example of the Application of Information Theory to a New Kind of Glacigenic Morphological Type , the Ice - marginal Ramp ( Bortensander ) . In : GeoJournal 21 ( 3 ) ; Kluwer , Dordrecht / Boston / London : 195 -- 222 . Jump up ^ Kuhle , M. ( 2004 ) : The Last Glacial Maximum ( LGM ) glacier cover of the Aconcagua group and adjacent massifs in the Mendoza Andes ( South America ) . In : Ehlers , J. , Gibbard , P.L. ( Eds . ) , Quaternary Glaciation -- Extent and Chronology . Part III : South America , Asia , Africa , Australia , Antarctica . Development in Quaternary Science , vol . 2c . Elsevier B.V. , Amsterdam , pp. 75 -- 81 . Jump up ^ `` Tropical and Subtropical Dry Broadleaf Forest Ecoregions '' . wwf.panda.org . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Tropical Andes Archived 2010 - 08 - 21 at the Wayback Machine . -- biodiversityhotspots.org Jump up ^ `` Pants of the Andies '' . Archived from the original on 15 December 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Eisenberg , J.F. ; & Redford , K.H. ( 2000 ) . Mammals of the Neotropics , Volume 3 : The Central Neotropics : Ecuador , Peru , Bolivia , Brazil . ISBN 978 - 0226195421 ^ Jump up to : Eisenberg , J.F. ; & Redford , K.H. ( 1992 ) . Mammals of the Neotropics , Volume 2 : The Southern Cone : Chile , Argentina , Uruguay , Paraguay . ISBN 978 - 0226706825 ^ Jump up to : Fjeldsaa , J. ; & Krabbe , N. ( 1990 ) . Birds of the High Andes : A Manual to the Birds of the Temperate Zone of the Andes and Patagonia , South America . ISBN 978 - 8788757163 Jump up ^ Stuart , Hoffmann , Chanson , Cox , Berridge , Ramani and Young , editors ( 2008 ) . Threatened Amphibians of the World . ISBN 978 - 84 - 96553 - 41 - 5 Jump up ^ D'Altroy , Terence N. The Incas . Blackwell Publishing , 2003 Jump up ^ Andes travel map Jump up ^ `` Jujuy apuesta a captar las cargas de Brasil en tránsito hacia Chile by Emiliano Galli '' . La Nación newspaper . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ W. van Immerzeel , 1989 . Irrigation and erosion / flood control at high altitudes in the Andes . Published in Annual Report 1989 , p. 8 -- 24 , International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement , Wageningen , The Netherlands . On line : ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Information on Argentina '' . Argentine Embassy London . References ( edit ) Oncken , O. et al. ( 2006 ) . The Andes . Active Subduction Orogeny . Springer : Berlin . DOI : 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 540 - 48684 - 8 Biggar , J. ( 2005 ) . The Andes : A Guide For Climbers . 3rd . edition . Andes : Kirkcudbrightshire . ISBN 0 - 9536087 - 2 - 7 de Roy , T. ( 2005 ) . The Andes : As the Condor Flies . Firefly books : Richmond Hill . ISBN 1 - 55407 - 070 - 8 Fjeldså , J. & N. Krabbe ( 1990 ) . The Birds of the High Andes . Zoological Museum , University of Copenhagen : Copenhagen . ISBN 87 - 88757 - 16 - 1 Fjeldså , J. & M. Kessler ( 1996 ) . Conserving the biological diversity of Polylepis woodlands of the highlands on Peru and Bolivia , a contribution to sustainable natural resource management in the Andes . NORDECO : Copenhagen . ISBN 978 - 87 - 986168 - 0 - 1 Bibliography ( edit ) Biggar , John ( 2005 ) . The Andes : A Guide for Climbers ( 3 ed . ) . Scotland : Andes Publishing . ISBN 0 - 9536087 - 2 - 7 . Darack , Ed ( 2001 ) . Wild Winds : Adventures in the Highest Andes . Cordee / DPP . ISBN 978 - 1884980817 . External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Andes . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Andes . 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-6905724369424930143	The Good Doctor (TV series)	The Good Doctor ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Good Doctor ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search For the 2013 South Korean TV series on which this series is based , see Good Doctor ( TV series ) . The Good Doctor Genre Medical drama Based on Good Doctor by Park Jae - bum Developed by David Shore Starring Freddie Highmore Nicholas Gonzalez Antonia Thomas Chuku Modu Beau Garrett Hill Harper Richard Schiff Tamlyn Tomita Composer ( s ) Dan Romer Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 18 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) David Shore Seth Gordon Daniel Dae Kim Erin Gunn David Kim Sebastian Lee Mike Listo Thomas L. Moran Producer ( s ) Ron French Freddie Highmore Konshik Yu Min Soo Kee Shawn Williamson Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia Camera setup Single - camera Running time 41 -- 44 minutes Production company ( s ) Shore Z Productions 3AD EnterMedia ABC Studios Sony Pictures Television Distributor Sony Pictures Television Release Original network ABC Picture format 720p ( HDTV ) Audio format 5.1 surround sound Original release September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Related shows Good Doctor External links Official website The Good Doctor is an American medical drama television series based on the 2013 award - winning South Korean series of the same name . Daniel Dae Kim , the actor , first noticed the series and bought the rights for his production company . He began adapting the series and eventually shopped it to CBS , his home network in 2015 . CBS decided against creating a pilot . Because Kim felt so strongly about the series , he bought back the rights from CBS . Eventually , Sony Pictures Television and Kim worked out a deal and brought on David Shore , creator of the Fox hit medical drama , House , to develop the series . The show is produced by Sony Pictures Television and ABC Studios , in association with production companies Shore Z Productions , 3AD , and Entermedia . David Shore serves as showrunner and Daniel Dae Kim is an executive producer for the show . The series stars Freddie Highmore as Shaun Murphy , a young savant autistic surgical resident at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital . Antonia Thomas , Nicholas Gonzalez , Beau Garrett , Hill Harper , Richard Schiff , and Tamlyn Tomita also star in the show . The series received a put pilot commitment at ABC after a previous attempted series did not move forward at CBS Television Studios in 2015 ; The Good Doctor was ordered to series in May 2017 . On October 3 , 2017 , ABC picked up the series for a full season of 18 episodes . The series is primarily filmed in Vancouver , British Columbia . In March 2018 , ABC renewed the series for a second season . The series debuted on September 25 , 2017 . The Good Doctor has received mixed to positive reviews from critics , with particular praise given to Highmore 's performance , and strong television ratings . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Notable guests 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Broadcast 5.2 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Ratings 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) The series follows Shaun Murphy , a young surgeon with autism and savant syndrome from the mid-size city of Casper , Wyoming , where he had a troubled childhood . He relocates to San Jose , California , to work at the prestigious San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Freddie Highmore as Dr. Shaun Murphy , a surgical resident with autism and savant syndrome . His savant abilities include near - photographic recall and the ability to note minute details and changes . He is portrayed in flashbacks to his teen years by Graham Verchere . Nicholas Gonzalez as Dr. Neil Melendez : Attending Cardiothoracic surgeon in charge of surgical residents . He is also engaged to Jessica Preston until episode 12 . Antonia Thomas as Dr. Claire Browne , a surgical resident who forms a special connection with Shaun . Chuku Modu as Dr. Jared Kalu , a surgical resident from a wealthy family . Beau Garrett as Jessica Preston : The hospital in - house attorney and Vice President of Risk Management . She is the granddaughter of the hospital founder and a friend of Dr. Glassman . Hill Harper as Dr. Marcus Andrews , Chief of surgery and board member . Richard Schiff as Dr. Aaron Glassman , President of the San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital , who has been a mentor and good friend of Shaun since he was 14 . Tamlyn Tomita as Allegra Aoki , Chairman and Vice President of the foundation that controls the hospital . Recurring ( edit ) Dylan Kingwell as Steve Murphy : Shaun 's younger brother ( in flashbacks ) . He also portrays Evan Gallico , a boy in the present that resembles Shaun 's brother and is suffering from stage 4 Osteosarcoma . Graham Verchere as a young Shaun Murphy in flashbacks . Paige Spara as Lea : Shaun 's love interest / former neighbor . Christina Chang as Dr. Audrey Lim Chris D'Elia as Kenny , Shaun 's new neighbor , who moves into Lea 's apartment . Fiona Gubelmann as Dr. Morgan Reznick , a new resident ( joins the cast for five episodes with the possibility of becoming a regular in season 2 ) . As a resident , Morgan will turn out to be a rival for Claire . ( debuted in `` She '' ) . Will Yun Lee as Dr. Alex Park , an ex-cop who decided to become a doctor ( debuted in `` Heartfelt '' ) . Notable guests ( edit ) Irene Keng as Dr. Elle McLean , a surgical resident ( only appears in the pilot , however had series regular status for said episode ) Jasika Nicole as Carly Eve Gordon as Nurse Fryday Eric Winter as Matt Coyle , a suave doctor who charms the hospital 's staff , until he makes explicit advances towards one of them . Marsha Thomason as Dr. Isabel Barnes , Marcus ' wife . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Burnt Food '' Seth Gordon David Shore September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) 11.22 On the way to begin his surgical residency at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital , Dr. Shaun Murphy witnesses an airport sign fall and shatter glass onto a young boy . With his unique ability to visualize the internal body and using improvised methods and tools , Shaun is able to stabilize the boy . In a hospital board meeting , Dr. Aaron Glassman , president of the hospital , tries to convince the board to hire Shaun , despite his autism . Flashbacks give us a picture of Shaun 's childhood and his motivation for becoming a doctor . `` Mount Rushmore '' Mike Listo David Shore October 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 02 ) 10.93 Dr. Neil Melendez is doing rounds with Dr. Claire Browne and Dr. Jared Kalu . Melendez calls out Shaun for arriving late on his first full day . A middle aged woman is brought into the ER with abdominal pain . Shaun immediately diagnoses a malignant tumor . As punishment for lateness , Shaun is assigned ' scut work ' , where his attention to detail in his gets him in trouble . After rechecking a discharged young girl 's test results , Shaun races to her home , annoying her parents over the late hour , but eventually saving the girl 's life . `` Oliver '' John Dahl William Rotko October 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 10.69 Shaun and Claire fly to San Francisco Municipal Hospital to get a liver for a transplant patient . After learning they are unable fly back due to bad weather , they resort to a police escort . At the Hospital , Chuck , the recipient of the liver , is discovered to have alcohol in his system , a development that could void his eligibility for the transplant . Chuck later confesses that he had a drink at his daughter 's graduation . In order to protect its reputation and its future patients , the hospital decides to deny Chuck the liver . To their dismay , Shaun and Claire arrive back , having kept the liver viable , only to find out that it is to be taken to a patient at another hospital . `` Pipes '' Steven DePaul Thomas L. Moran October 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) 10.60 Barb Allen , 22 weeks pregnant , and her husband come to St. Bonaventure , hoping the doctors can save her baby . A large non-cancerous tumor is growing so on the fetus and must be removed in order to save the baby . Despite the serious risks to both her and the baby , Barb insists on surgery . Shaun and Claire are assigned scut work as punishment . Their patient , Olivia , is experiencing severe pain in her genital area caused by an abscess . When they attempt to drain the abscess , a fibroid tumor is found to be wrapped around a nerve , and the surgery to remove it will cut off all feeling in Olivia 's genitals . 5 `` Point Three Percent '' Larry Teng David Hoselton October 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 23 ) 10.39 Shaun notices a young boy with an indubitable resemblance to his deceased brother Steve , forming a bond with him . The boy 's name is actually Evan and he was brought to the hospital by his parents for reportedly breaking an arm ; unbeknownst to Evan , he is in fact suffering from stage 4 Osteosarcoma . The other doctors try to diagnose a 66 - year old man , brought to the hospital by his estranged son , with an allergy causing him to convulse violently . Claire and Jared determine that the man is suffering from Echinococcus , a cystic form of tapeworms . 6 `` Not Fake '' Michael Patrick Jann Simran Baidwan October 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 30 ) 10.60 Shaun and the rest of the residents are working the graveyard shift when numerous casualties from a wedding bus crash come in . Among the victims are a woman with severe , visible burns , on whom Jared tries an experimental procedure , and a young man with a severely damaged leg . Tensions arise between the patients parents and fiancée over the best choice for treatment ; his parents want to amputate the leg , his fiancée is in favour of an experimental bone - replacement procedure . After treating a patient , Claire realises that a woman has been left behind at the crash site . 7 `` 22 Steps '' David Straiton Johanna Lee November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) 10.14 Shaun encounters Liam , an autistic patient brought in to the hospital . Having to face prejudice from the young man 's parents , Dr. Melendez defends him for the first time and acknowledges his exceptional abilities . On Dr. Glassman 's directive , Claire continues with therapy sessions in order to curb her guilt over inadvertently causing the death of a patient . Jared deals with a 73 - year - old man with severe chest pains thus needing urgent medical attention and a pacemaker ; but the patient states his desire is to die . 8 `` Apple '' Nestor Carbonell David Renaud November 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 20 ) 9.97 While shopping at a grocery mart for apples , a robbery takes place . With Shaun 's communication limitations , he puts the lives of two customers on a first date at risk , leading to a young woman getting shot . Shaun 's neighbor Lea hugs him after he admits that he made a mistake with someone getting hurt . During surgery , Dr. Lim questions Claire 's ability to not let her emotions get the better of her because of a racist patient . This leads to an argument between the two with Dr. Lim ordering Claire to leave the operating room . Claire puts her emotions in check to save the life of the racist patient much to the satisfaction and delight of Dr. Lim . 9 `` Intangibles '' Bronwen Hughes Karen Struck November 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 27 ) 9.25 The team takes on the case of a young boy from the Congo who has severe congenital heart anomalies ; Murphy 's latest encounter with his neighbor Lea has him confused . He takes flirting lessons from Claire and notes and charts what he sees in regards to the `` flirting trifecta '' . Meanwhile , Claire along with a lab tech search for a misplaced tissue sample from a woman with possible throat cancer . 10 `` Sacrifice '' Michael Patrick Jann Lloyd Gilyard Jr . December 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 04 ) 9.03 Shaun has reluctantly agreed to Dr. Glassman 's repeated suggestions to meet with a therapist , but ultimately changes his mind after a new patient , Bobby Otto , convinces Shaun to stop letting people tell him what to do . Claire runs into an uncomfortable situation with Dr. Matt Coyle , who makes unwanted sexual advances toward her during a patient consultation . Jared finds out and physically threatens him . As a result , Jared is fired . After a tense dinner with Jessica , her father and Dr. Melendez , Jessica states that she does n't want to have children . 11 `` Islands Part One '' Bill D'Elia Thomas L. Moran & William Rotko January 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 08 ) 8.30 Shaun and Lea embark on an impromptu road trip . Shaun drives , drinks Tequila , sings karaoke , all for the first time , and experiences his first kiss with Lea . Melendez and Andrews operate on conjoined twins , one of whom needs a kidney . Complications develop and the operation to separate them , planned for six months after the kidney surgery , must be done immediately . The operation goes well until it 's discovered the twins have not awakened from the surgery . Melendez decides it 's more important to be with Jessica and that he can be a `` father '' in other ways . 12 `` Islands Part Two '' Cherie Nowlan Thomas L. Moran & William Rotko January 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 15 ) 9.33 Shaun returns to the hospital after his trip and gives Dr. Glassman his two weeks ' notice , intending on moving to Hershey to be with Lea . The twins suffer complications from their surgery ; Katie is not getting enough blood flow to the brain , while Jenny 's heart is failing . Despite the doctors ' best efforts to save both twins , Jenny dies on the operating table . Jessica is forced to look into previous misconduct at the hospital in which white doctors were only warned instead of fired , after allegations of racism by Kalu 's lawyer ; as a result , Jared is reinstated . Jessica tells Melendez that she wants to break up because she feels like she is standing in his way of being a father . 13 `` Seven Reasons '' Mike Listo David Shore & David Hoselton January 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 22 ) 9.61 While treating a Muslim patient , Shaun senses she is lying and makes controversial claims about how she sustained her injuries . Melendez punctures the bronchus of the patient during surgery and is put under investigation after Shaun questions if his personal life is affecting his work . While Claire assists in a surgery on a stroke patient who had an aneurysm with Dr. Lim , she learns that Coyle got a new job and a raise . They inform the patient 's wife that he needs surgery or he will die , but she refuses to conset until Claire explains the reality of the situation . Shaun asks Glassman to be friends , but Glassman decides to give him his own space and not be friends , which upsets Shaun . 14 `` She '' Seth Gordon Simran Baidwan February 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 05 ) 9.63 The four residents including the new Dr. Morgan Reznick are paired off in competition ; Reznick and Browne with Melendez , Murphy and Kalu with Lim . Murphy and Kalu are faced with a gender dysphoric patient , Quinn , which leads to friction when Murphy claims people can only be their biological gender . Murphy and Kalu determine that Quinn has testicular cancer along with fragile bones caused by puberty blockers . Browne and Reznick tend to a male patient that has contracted a superbug resistant to all medication , as a result of taking leftover persciption medication for the wrong purpose . Drs . Andrews and Barnes see a fertility specialist as they are having trouble concieving . 15 `` Heartfelt '' Regina King Thomas L. Moran & Johanna Lee February 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 26 ) 7.82 A female teen goes through a risky surgery to implant a sternum so she can live a normal life without being confined to her house . A young male teen initially rejects the idea of having a convicted killer 's liver transplanted in him , but without it he has a day to live . A former 15 year veteran cop turned doctor , Alex Park , is skeptical of the convict , Boris 's , motives . Allegra talks to Dr. Andrews about a young wealthy donor , Aidan Coulter , but Andrews says being involved with him might give people the wrong idea and that she used sex to solicit donations . At a fundraiser , Jared tells Claire he loved her and thought maybe she would one day love him , but came to the realization that is n't true leaving the status of their relationship unknown . 16 `` Pain '' Allison Liddi - Brown William L. Rotko & David Renaud March 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 12 ) 9.88 Shaun , Claire , and Alex assist Melendez with one of his first patients , a man named Hunter who was paralyzed in a motorcycle accident ten years prior . Jared , Morgan , and Andrews attend a patient who has an infection caused by plastic surgery . Claire 's estranged mother shows up at the hospital in an attempt to reconnect . Andrews sees an infertility specialist that tells him there is a surgery that could help him with his sperm count , but that there is a risk of impotence . Alex does a background check on Kenny which sheds light on his criminal past leading him to suggest Shaun is being used by him . 17 `` Smile '' Bill D'Elia David Hoselton & Karen Struck March 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 19 ) 9.03 Shaun and Alex treat teenaged Gretchen 's Mobius Syndrome , enabling her to smile ; Andrews persuades an insurance executive to cover the surgery . Morgan and Claire 's patient , `` Lucy Callard , '' is actually an identity thief who let her insurance lapse to pay her son 's college tuition and failed to fill her post-operative antibiotic prescription due to fear of discovery . Morgan convinces the real Lucy Callard , a painkiller addict , to enter rehab ; Claire gains the trust of the imposter , Beatrice , who dies of an infection . Jared romantically pursues his burn - victim patient , Celez , after she completes her treatment ; he is also offered a job in Denver . Kenny takes advantage of Shaun . Shaun urges Glassman to date hospital barista Debbie ( played by Richard Schiff 's real life wife ) ; they hit it off over their interest in classic cars , but Glassman suddenly experiences aphasia at the end of their dinner date . 18 `` More '' Mike Listo David Shore & Lloyd Gilyard , Jr . March 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 26 ) 9.52 Glassman tells Shaun that he has an inoperable glioma and eighteen months to live . Glassman accepts his death , but agrees to additional imaging for Shaun 's sake ; this yields a worse prognosis of four months to live . Glassman takes Shaun to a park his late daughter loved so they can enjoy the time Glassman has left . Shaun determines how a minimally invasive biopsy could be performed ; Glassman is diagnosed with an operable form of cancer ; he will pursue treatment . Collegiate patient Caden suffers a complication after treatment for a fraternity hazing injury . Jared and Alex question Caden 's friend , but Jared is put off by Alex 's distrustful nature . Shaun determines that he erred in clamping Caden 's artery . He proposes a risky procedure to save Caden 's life and offers to take full responsibility for performing it , but Melendez decides they will perform it together . Caden survives and Melendez invites the team out for drinks , which Morgan finds perverse ; Melendez hopes a doctor supports her when she inevitably kills a patient . Shaun decides he must admit his mistake to Andrews , even though Glassman staked his position on Shaun 's success ; Glassman leaves the decision up to Shaun , and accompanies him to meet with Andrews . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In May 2014 , CBS Television Studios began development on an American remake of the hit South Korean medical drama Good Doctor with Daniel Dae Kim as producer . Kim explained the appeal of adapting the series as `` something that can fit into a recognizable world , with a breadth of characters that can be explored in the long run '' . The story of a pediatric surgeon with autism was to be set in Boston and projected to air in August 2015 . However , CBS did not pick up the project and it moved to Sony Pictures Television , with a put pilot commitment from ABC in October 2016 . The series is developed by David Shore , who is executive producing alongside Kim , Sebastian Lee , and David Kim . ABC officially ordered the series to pilot in January 2017 . On May 11 , 2017 , ABC ordered the show to series as a co-production with Sony Pictures Television and ABC Studios , and it was officially picked up for a full season of 18 episodes on October 3 , 2017 . On March 7 , 2018 , ABC renewed the series for a second season . It will premiere in the fall of 2018 Casting ( edit ) On February 17 , 2017 , Antonia Thomas was cast as Dr. Claire Browne , a strong - willed and talented doctor who forms a special connection with Shaun . A week later , Freddie Highmore was cast in the lead role as Dr. Shaun Murphy , a young surgeon with autism ; and Nicholas Gonzalez was cast as Dr. Neil Melendez , the boss of the surgical residents at the hospital . The next month , Chuku Modu was cast as resident Dr. Jared Kalu ( originally Dr. Jared Unger ) ; Hill Harper as head of surgery Dr. Marcus Andrews ( originally Dr. Horace Andrews ) ; Irene Keng as resident Dr. Elle McLean ; and Richard Schiff was cast as Dr. Aaron Glassman ( originally Dr. Ira Glassman ) , the hospital president and Shaun 's mentor . Schiff was shortly followed by Beau Garrett as hospital board member Jessica Preston and a friend of Dr. Glassman . In September 2017 , Tamlyn Tomita was promoted to the principal cast as Allegra Aoki . In April 2018 , it was revealed that Will Yun Lee , Fiona Gubelmann , Christina Chang , and Paige Spara had been promoted to series regulars for the second season , after recurring in the first as Alex , Morgan , Audrey , and Lea , respectively . In addition , it was announced that Modu would not return for the second season . The Surrey , British Columbia city hall serves as the fictional San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital in exterior shots . Filming ( edit ) Production on the pilot took place from March 21 to April 6 , 2017 in Vancouver , British Columbia . Filming for the rest of the season began on July 26 , 2017 , and concluded on March 1 , 2018 . Music ( edit ) Dan Romer serves as the primary composer for the series . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The Good Doctor began airing on September 25 , 2017 , on ABC in the United States , and on CTV in Canada . Sky Living acquired the broadcast rights for the United Kingdom and Ireland . Seven Network airs the series in Australia . Wowow , the largest Japanese private satellite and pay - per - view television network in Japan acquired the rights to broadcast the series beginning in April 2018 . In the Netherlands , the series began airing on January 29 , 2018 , on RTL 4 and on video - on - demand service Videoland . Marketing ( edit ) A full - length trailer was released for ABC 's May 2017 Upfront presentation , which / Film 's Ethan Anderton described the concept as feeling like `` House meets Rain Man , that just might be enough to make it interesting '' . However , he questioned `` how long can audiences be entranced by both the brilliance of ( Highmore 's ) character 's savant skills and the difficulties that come from his autism in the workplace . '' Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter felt the trailer was `` both kinda progressive and really dated '' . He added , `` Too much felt on - the - nose -- especially Hill Harper as the main character 's detractor and Richard Schiff as his noble defender '' , while also commentating that `` On - the - nose / premise is how you have to trailer a show like this , and maybe spaced out over 43 minutes it wo n't grate . '' Ben Travers and Steve Greene for IndieWire called it `` a serious trailer for a serious subject . The first glimpse of Highmore 's character hints that they 're toeing the line between presenting a thoughtful depiction of his condition and using his perceptive abilities as a kind of secret weapon . '' The trailer had been viewed over 25.4 million times after a week of its release , including over 22 million views on Facebook . The pilot was screened at ABC 's PaleyFest event on September 9 , 2017 . On March 22 , 2018 , members of the cast as well as executive producers Shore and Kim attended the 35th annual PaleyFest LA to promote the series , along with a screening of the season finale of the first season . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Burnt Food '' September 25 , 2017 2.2 / 9 11.22 2.2 7.86 4.4 19.21 `` Mount Rushmore '' October 2 , 2017 2.2 / 9 10.93 2.1 7.21 4.3 18.12 `` Oliver '' October 9 , 2017 2.0 / 7 10.69 2.2 7.53 4.2 18.22 `` Pipes '' October 16 , 2017 2.0 / 8 10.60 2.1 7.34 4.1 17.96 5 `` Point Three Percent '' October 23 , 2017 1.8 / 7 10.39 2.0 7.10 3.8 17.50 6 `` Not Fake '' October 30 , 2017 1.9 / 7 10.60 2.0 6.93 3.9 17.51 7 `` 22 Steps '' November 13 , 2017 1.9 / 7 10.14 1.9 6.92 3.8 17.14 8 `` Apple '' November 20 , 2017 1.8 / 7 9.97 1.8 6.98 3.6 16.99 9 `` Intangibles '' November 27 , 2017 1.7 / 7 9.25 1.8 6.66 3.5 15.91 10 `` Sacrifice '' December 4 , 2017 1.6 / 7 9.03 1.8 6.67 3.4 15.74 11 `` Islands Part One '' January 8 , 2018 1.6 / 6 8.30 1.8 7.10 3.4 15.40 12 `` Islands Part Two '' January 15 , 2018 1.7 / 6 9.33 1.8 6.66 3.5 16.00 13 `` Seven Reasons '' January 22 , 2018 1.7 / 7 9.61 1.9 6.91 3.6 16.53 14 `` She '' February 5 , 2018 1.7 / 7 9.63 1.8 7.07 3.5 16.71 15 `` Heartfelt '' February 26 , 2018 1.3 / 5 7.82 1.8 6.84 3.1 14.66 16 `` Pain '' March 12 , 2018 1.8 / 7 9.88 1.5 6.23 3.3 16.12 17 `` Smile '' March 19 , 2018 1.6 / 6 9.03 1.5 6.39 3.1 15.42 18 `` More '' March 26 , 2018 1.7 / 6 9.52 1.6 6.32 3.3 15.85 The series premiere earned a 2.2 / 9 rating in the 18 - to 49 - year - old demographic , with 11.22 million total viewers , making it the most watched Monday drama debut on ABC in 21 years , since Dangerous Minds in September 1996 , and the highest rated Monday drama in the 18 -- 49 demographic in 8.5 years , since Castle in March 2009 . Factoring live plus seven - day ratings , the pilot was watched by a total of 19.2 million viewers and set a record for DVR viewers with 7.9 million , surpassing the record of 7.67 million set by the pilot of Designated Survivor in 2016 . According to TV Guide 's November 13 - 26 issue , the October 9 episode attracted 18.2 million viewers , beating out both NCIS and The Big Bang Theory for the most viewed primetime show that week . Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 58 % approval rating with an average rating of 5.49 / 10 based on 38 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` The Good Doctor 's heavy - handed bedside manner undermines a solid lead performance , but under all the emotionally manipulative gimmickry , there 's still plenty of room to improve . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 53 out of 100 based on 15 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Giving his first impression of the series ' pilot for TVLine , Matt Webb Mitovich stated , `` The Good Doctor boasts great DNA ... ( and ) has the potential to be a refreshingly thought - provoking hospital drama , based on the buttons pushed in the pilot alone . '' He enjoyed the `` warm dynamic '' of Schiff and Highmore , while describing Thomas ' character as `` our emotional ' in ' to Shaun 's distinct , distant world '' . He noted that `` it takes a while to build up momentum '' , but concluded that `` the very final scene packs quite a punch , as Dr. Murphy unwittingly puts a colleague on notice '' . The New York Times television critic , James Poniewozik , notes in his Critic 's Notebook column , that for the most part the drama is a `` hospital melodrama with whiz - bang medical science , a dash of intra-staff romance and shameless sentimentality . '' Discussing the main characters of Dr. Aaron Glassman ( Richard Schiff ) and Dr. Shaun Murphy ( Freddie Highmore ) , however , Poniewozik writes that `` Mr. Schiff is convincing in the role and Mr. Highmore is striking in his . '' Speaking of Freddie Highmore 's Golden Globe nomination on Monday , December 11 , 2017 , for his role in The Good Doctor , Laura Bradley , writing for Vanity Fair says : `` ... Freddie Highmore received the awards recognition that has long and unjustly eluded him ... '' Bradley feels that Highmore 's performance has been `` the central key '' to the show 's enormous success and while the show had lukewarm reviews , most critics have praised Highmore 's work . Accolades ( edit ) Year Association Nominee Result Ref . 2018 Golden Globe Awards Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Freddie Highmore Nominated Humanitas Prize 60 - Minute Category David Shore Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Koblin , John ( November 19 , 2017 ) . `` How ABC Found a surprise Hit in `` The Good Doctor '' `` . The New York Times . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Good Doctor Medical Drama Starring Bates Motel 's Freddie Highmore Ordered to Series at ABC '' . TV Line . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2017 . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' : Freddie Highmore & ' HTGAWM 's Nicholas Gonzalez Cast '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : The Good Doctor ( @ GoodDoctorABC ) ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` # TheGoodDoctor cast at their first table read ! # TBT '' ( Tweet ) . 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Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' CMA Country Christmas , ' ' Good Doctor , ' ' Pentatonix Christmas ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ABC , NBC adjust down with football pre-emptions : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' and ' Supergirl ' rerun adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Gifted ' finale , ' The Good Doctor ' and all others hold : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . 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TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hyo - won , Lee ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` Daniel Dae Kim Wants to Bring North Korean Defector Story to Screen ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Dae Kim to remake ' Good Doctor ' for CBS '' . The Korea Times . August 31 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee , Sun - min ( September 1 , 2014 ) . `` ' Good Doctor ' to be adapted '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2014 . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` ABC Lands ' The Good Doctor ' Medical Drama From David Shore & Daniel Dae Kim '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Orders Drama Pilots ' The Good Doctor ' & ' Doomsday ' From David Shore , Daniel Dae Kim & Carol Mendesohn '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' Drama Starring Freddie Highmore Picked Up To Series By ABC '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' Gets Full - Season Order From ABC After 2 Airings '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ; Hipes , Patrick ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' Renewed For Season 2 At ABC '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' : Will Yun Lee , Fiona Gubelmann , Christina Chang & Paige Spara Promoted To Series Regulars , Chuku Modu Not Returning For Season 2 '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2018 . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pizarro , Sal ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` How San Jose in ' The Good Doctor ' compares to the real thing '' . The Mercury News . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Takeuchi , Craig ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Filming in Vancouver : Liam Neeson , Jeremy Piven , Sandra Oh , Freddie Highmore , and more '' . Inside Vancouver . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` Pilot Locations 2017 : NY , Vancouver & Atlanta Tick Up ; LA , Toronto , Chicago Slip '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DGC BC Production List '' ( PDF ) . Directors Guild of Canada . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 14 , 2017 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Romer , Dan ( @ Dan_romer ) ( September 25 , 2017 ) . `` I scored @ GoodDoctorABC and it 's premiering tonight at 10 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates For TGIT , ' Black - ish ' , ' The Good Doctor ' & ' The Gospel Of Kevin ' , Which Gets New Title '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CTV and CTV Two Fall 2017 Premiere Dates Announced # # # CTV is Home of Television 's Most - Anticipated Debuts of the Year '' ( Press release ) . Bell Media . August 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New US drama The Good Doctor coming exclusively to Sky Living in the UK and Ireland '' ( Press release ) . Sky plc . 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Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' premiere makes solid gains in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' goes from low to ... less low : Week 16 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' and ' This Is Us ' on top again : Week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2018 . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2018 . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' scores highest in week 26 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2018 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' premiere sets a record in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Young Sheldon ' & ' Good Doctor ' Debut To Strong Ratings As New TV Season Starts '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' premiere got the largest DVR bounce on record '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rudolph , Ileane ( November 2017 ) . `` Off the Charts '' . TV Guide . Vol . November 13 - 26 . pp. 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ `` The Good Doctor : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Good Doctor : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ABC 's The Good Doctor : Our Fall TV First Impression '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2017 . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( 2017 - 11 - 12 ) . `` On ' The Good Doctor , ' the Anti-Antihero Is In '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` How The Good Doctor finally won Freddie Highmore a Golden Globe Nom '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` How The Good Doctor Finally Won Freddie Highmore a Golden Globe Nom '' . Variety . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes Winners : Complete List '' . Variety . January 7 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2018 . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` Humanitas Prize Winners Include ' Mudbound ' , ' The Post ' & ' Lady Bird ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Good Doctor on IMDb ( hide ) ABC programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 20 / 20 ( since 1978 ) 20 / 20 : In an Instant ( since 2015 ) The $100,000 Pyramid ( since 2016 ) Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( since 2013 ) Alex , Inc. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays dr murphy in the good doctor	[ "\nFreddie Highmore as Dr. Shaun Murphy, a surgical resident with autism and savant syndrome.[3] His savant abilities include near-photographic recall and the ability to note minute details and changes. He is portrayed in flashbacks to his teen years by Graham Verchere.[4]\nNicholas Gonzalez as Dr. Neil Melendez: Attending Cardiothoracic surgeon in charge of surgical residents.[3] He is also engaged to Jessica Preston until episode 12.\nAntonia Thomas as Dr. Claire Browne, a surgical resident who forms a special connection with Shaun.[5]\nChuku Modu as Dr. Jared Kalu, a surgical resident from a wealthy family.[6]\nBeau Garrett as Jessica Preston: The hospital in-house attorney and Vice President of Risk Management. She is the granddaughter of the hospital founder and a friend of Dr. Glassman.[7]\nHill Harper as Dr. Marcus Andrews, Chief of surgery and board member.[8]\nRichard Schiff as Dr. Aaron Glassman, President of the San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital, who has been a mentor and good friend of Shaun since he was 14.[9][10]\nTamlyn Tomita as Allegra Aoki, Chairman and Vice President of the foundation that controls the hospital.[11]\n" ]	[ "Freddie Highmore" ]
7403615204669977074	Lonely Mountain	Lonely Mountain - wikipedia Lonely Mountain This article is about the fictional mountain . For the mountain in Thailand , see Phu Thok . For the album , see Lonely Mountain ( album ) . Lonely Mountain Artist 's depiction of the Lonely Mountain Thrór 's map of the Lonely Mountain J.R.R. Tolkien 's legendarium location Other name ( s ) Erebor Type Isolated mountain Ruler Kings of Durin 's Folk : ( 1 ) T.A. 1999 - c. 2200 , ( 2 ) 2590 - 2770 , ( 3 ) 2941 - Fourth Age ; Smaug T.A. 2770 - 2941 Notable locations the Chamber of Thrór , Dale , the Front Gate , the Great Hall , Ravenhill , the secret door Location Northeast of Mirkwood Founder Thráin I In J.R.R. Tolkien 's Middle - earth legendarium , the Lonely Mountain ( Sindarin Erebor ) is a mountain in the north of Rhovanion . It is the source of the Celduin River , and the location of the Kingdom under the Mountain . The town of Dale lies in a vale on its southern slopes . The Sindarin name `` Erebor '' is evidently a translation of `` Lonely Mountain . '' It does not appear in The Hobbit , where the mountain is called by the English name throughout . `` Erebor '' occurs only once in the narrative text of The Lord of the Rings , in chapter 9 , book V of The Return of the King ( `` The Last Debate '' ) . It is also found once in the summary of The Hobbit in the Prologue . Contents 1 Internal history 1.1 Natural history 1.2 Origins of the Kingdom under the Mountain 1.3 Erebor in The Hobbit 1.4 Erebor in The Lord of the Rings 2 Adaptations 3 Namesakes 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Internal history ( edit ) Natural history ( edit ) Erebor stood hundreds of miles from the nearest mountain range . Tolkien 's map shown in The Hobbit shows the mountain with six ridges stretching out from a central peak that was snowcapped well into spring . The whole mountain was perhaps ten miles in diameter ; it contained fabulous lodes of gold and jewels . The mountain was the habitat for a variety of plants and animals , including thrushes , crows , snails and pines ; some of these were endemic sub-species . Perhaps the most well - known were the ravens of Ravenhill , a spur of the mountain . Some wildlife survived the Desolation of Smaug , a dragon who invaded the Mountain and dominated its surrounds for nearly 200 years in the Third Age . Origins of the Kingdom under the Mountain ( edit ) Erebor became the home of the Folk of Durin , a clan of Dwarves known as the Longbeards , after they were driven from their ancestral home of Khazad - dûm . In the latter days of the Third Age , this Kingdom under the Mountain held one of the largest dwarvish treasure hoards in Middle - earth . Dale , a town of Men built between the two southern spurs of Erebor , formed an economically symbiotic relationship with the dwarves . The Kingdom under the Mountain was founded by Thráin I the Old , who discovered the Arkenstone there . His son , Thorin I , left the mountain with much of the Folk of Durin to live in the Ered Mithrin ( Grey Mountains ) on account of the great riches to be found in that range . After dragons plundered their hoards , the Longbeards , led now by Thrór , a descendant of Thorin , returned to Erebor to take up the title King under the Mountain . Under Thrór 's reign , Erebor became a great stronghold where the dwarves became a numerous and prosperous people . The Dwarves of Erebor were at that time well known for the making of matchless weapons and armour , and there was great demand for their work by the surrounding peoples . The Longbeards amassed a large treasure hoard during this time . Erebor in the Hobbit ( edit ) In 2770 T.A. , while the young Thorin II Oakenshield was out hunting , the dragon Smaug flew south from the Grey Mountains , killed all the dwarves he could find , and destroyed the town of Dale . Smaug then took over the mountain , using the dwarves ' hoard as a bed . King Thrór , his son Thráin II , and several companions escaped death by a secret door . Although Thrór and Thráin later perished , Thorin lived in exile in the Ered Luin until , by chance , he met the wizard Gandalf . Together they formed a plan to reclaim the mountain . Gandalf insisted that burglary was the best approach and recommended the hobbit Bilbo Baggins , whom he represented to be a professional thief . Thus Bilbo , Thorin , and Thorin 's company of twelve other Dwarves travelled to the Lonely Mountain to regain the treasure . They planned to use the secret door , whose key Gandalf had managed to obtain from Thráin , whom he had found at the point of death in the pits of Dol Guldur . On Durin 's Day , when the setting sun and the last moon of autumn were in the sky together , the day 's last sunlight would fall on the door and expose its keyhole so that it could be unlocked . By a fortunate coincidence , this happened soon after Bilbo and the dwarves arrived , and the hobbit was able to enter the mountain and steal a golden cup . Smaug , enraged by the theft , emerged from the mountain and destroyed Lake - town , which he thought to be the source of the `` thieves '' . During this attack Smaug was slain by Bard the Bowman , and Thorin claimed the mountain . However , the Men of Esgaroth , supported by Thranduil and the Elves of Mirkwood , demanded a part of the dragon 's hoard as recompense for the destruction . Thorin , mad with greed , refused all claims and sent word to his second cousin Dáin II Ironfoot , chief of the Dwarves of the Iron Hills , who brought reinforcements to the aid of Thorin and Company . Before the battle began , however , an army of orcs and wargs descended on Erebor . Dwarves , elves , and men joined ranks against them , which led to the Battle of the Five Armies . During the battle , Thorin 's nephews Fíli and Kíli were slain , and Thorin himself was mortally injured and died shortly afterwards . The title of King under the Mountain passed to Dáin . Erebor in the Lord of the Rings ( edit ) With the restoration of the Kingdom under the Mountain the area became prosperous again . Dale was rebuilt under Bard 's leadership , and dwarves and men reforged their friendship . Some of the Dwarves , led by Balin , left Erebor to reclaim the ancient Dwarvish Kingdom of Khazad - dûm ( also known as Moria ) . They established a colony there but five years later Balin was killed by an Orc , and soon after Moria was overrun by Orcs and the rest of the Dwarves were killed . Gimli , a dwarf of Erebor and the son of Glóin , one of Thorin 's 12 companions , was chosen to represent his people in the Fellowship of the Ring and helped Aragorn II regain the throne of Gondor . During the War of the Ring , a messenger from Mordor twice came to Erebor , asking for assistance in finding the One Ring and offering three of the seven Dwarf rings and Moria , but Dáin refused . Dale was overrun by Sauron 's northern army , and many dwarves and men took refuge in Erebor , which was promptly surrounded . Dáin II was killed before the gates of Erebor defending the body of his fallen ally King Brand of Dale . Dáin was succeeded by his son Thorin III Stonehelm , who along with King Bard II withstood the siege and later routed Sauron 's forces . In The Quest of Erebor , Gandalf related that although Sauron 's main thrust was directed against Gondor , the restoration of the Kingdom Under the Mountain provided a bulwark against Sauron 's northern allies , who otherwise could have done great harm in Arnor and the Shire . Adaptations ( edit ) The Lonely Mountain board game in play The Lonely Mountain : Lair of Smaug the Dragon is a board game produced in 1985 by Iron Crown Enterprises , designed by Coleman Charlton , which features groups of adventurers , either Dwarves , Elves , Orcs or Men entering Smaug 's Lair to capture his treasure before he awakens . `` Erebor '' , specifically the southern spurs of the Mountain and Dale , is a playable map in The Lord of the Rings : The Battle for Middle - earth II . It has three gates , including the one Tolkien described and two which can not be closed , to allow those playing as invading forces to easily enter the stronghold . The Lonely Mountain appears in the Peter Jackson motion picture adaptations of The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey , The Desolation of Smaug , and The Battle of the Five Armies . Namesakes ( edit ) The International Astronomical Union names all mountains on Saturn 's moon Titan after mountains in Tolkien 's work . In 2012 , they named a Titanean mountain `` Erebor Mons '' after the Lonely Mountain . See also ( edit ) Middle - earth portal The Quest of Erebor References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. , The Hobbit , 4th edition , George Allen & Unwin 1978 , ch. I p. 28 ; ISBN 0 - 04 - 823147 - 9 Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. , The Hobbit , 4th edition , George Allen & Unwin 1978 , ch. XIII p. 208 ; ISBN 0 - 04 - 823147 - 9 Jump up ^ Fonstad , Karen Wynn . The Atlas of Middle - earth ( Revised Edition ) . Houghton Mifflin Company . New York . 1991 . pp. 110 - 1 Jump up ^ Newsboard , Fellowship Follows , White Dwarf ( magazine ) # 57 , September , 1984 p45 Jump up ^ International Astronomical Union . `` Categories for Naming Features on Planets and Satellites '' . Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature . Accessed Nov 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ International Astronomical Union . `` Erebor Mons '' . Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature . Accessed Nov 14 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Harper , Amelia ( 2006 ) . `` Lonely Mountain ( Erebor ) '' . In Drout , Michael D.C. J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia : Scholarship and Critical Assessment . Routledge . pp. 384 -- 385 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 96942 - 5 . Erebor ( Lonely Mountain ) at the Encyclopedia of Arda Dwarves from J.R.R. Tolkien 's legendarium Dwarves Fathers of the Dwarves Balin Dáin II Ironfoot Durin ( s ) Gimli Thorin II Oakenshield Thráin II Related Iron Hills Khazad - dûm Khuzdul Lonely Mountain Minor places in Beleriand Mountains from Tolkien 's legendarium Misty Mountains Caradhras Iron Hills Lonely Mountain Mount Doom White Mountains Realms from Tolkien 's legendarium during the Third Age Men Arnor Bree - land Dale Dol Amroth Éothéod Esgaroth Gondor Harad Rhovanion Rhûn Rohan Umbar The Elves Lindon Lothlórien Northern Mirkwood Rivendell The Dwarves Erebor Iron Hills Khazad - dûm The Hobbits Bree - land Gladden Fields The Shire The Ents Fangorn The Enemy Angmar Dol Guldur Isengard Mordor Minas Morgul Related Minor places in Middle - earth Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lonely_Mountain&oldid=854888561 '' Categories : Middle - earth mountains Middle - earth realms Fictional kingdoms Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Eesti Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Nederlands Norsk Occitan Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 August 2018 , at 13 : 49 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what happened to the lonely mountain after the hobbit	[]	[]
-4809790374523815560	Adrianne Curry	Adrianne Curry - wikipedia Adrianne Curry Jump to : navigation , search Adrianne Curry Curry at the benefit for Wounded Warriors at the Playboy Mansion in Los Angeles , California on May 16 , 2009 . Adrianne Marie Curry ( 1982 - 08 - 06 ) August 6 , 1982 ( age 35 ) Joliet , Illinois , U.S. Occupation Model television personality spokeswoman Years active 2003 -- present Height 5'10 '' ( 1.78 ) Spouse ( s ) Christopher Knight ( m . 2006 ; div. 2013 ) Adrianne Marie Curry ( born August 6 , 1982 ) is an American model and reality television personality . She is of Italian descent . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 1.1 Modeling 1.2 Television and film 2 Personal life 3 Filmography 3.1 Producer 4 References 5 External links Career ( edit ) Modeling ( edit ) Curry during the filming of My Fair Brady Curry won the first cycle of America 's Next Top Model . She was signed to Wilhelmina Models in New York City . She has modeled for several magazines , including Life & Style Weekly , Us Weekly , Star , OK ! , Stuff , People , Maxim ( and made the Maxim Hot 100 list in 2005 ) , Spanish Marie Claire , Von Dutch , Von Dutch Watches , Salon City , Macy 's , Famous Stars and Straps , Lucky , Ed Hardy , Kinis Bikinis , Beverly Hills Choppers , and Merit Diamonds . Curry 's runway shows include Anne Bowen Spring 2005 , Jaime Pressly , Pamela Anderson 's line , Ed Hardy , Von Dutch , and Christopher Deane . She has appeared in a commercial for the Merit Diamonds Sirena Collection that ran from November 2004 to January 2006 . She appeared on the cover and in a nude pictorial for the American edition Playboy in February 2006 . She returned for a second cover and nude pictorial in the January 2008 issue . Curry made Playboy 's 2008 top 25 sexiest women , along with the top 100 Playboy spreads 2008 edition . In late 2006 , Curry modeled for a technological demo created by Nvidia to showcase their video cards . She is a spokesmodel for The Flex Belt with Denise Richards . Television and film ( edit ) Curry at Crobar Nightclub Chicago in October 2008 Curry was a co-host on the television game show Ballbreakers . In 2006 , she appeared on Gameshow Marathon as a celebrity panelist on the Match Game episode . She starred in `` Rock Me Baby '' ( 2004 ) and Half & Half ( 2003 ) on UPN . Curry also appeared on Dirt starring Courteney Cox , with whom she shared scenes . She appeared in rock band 's The Click Five music video `` Just the Girl '' , along with husband Christopher Knight . Curry appeared on VH1 's celeb science fiction reality show Celebrity Paranormal Project in 2006 , along with her husband , and on WE TV 's From Russia with Love that documented her trip to Russia and aired November 2007 . She has also starred in the films Fallen Angels , Light Years Away and `` Jack Rio . '' In early 2005 , Curry appeared on VH1 's fourth season of The Surreal Life . After the season ended , Curry and fellow house guest Knight began dating , and later moved in together . On September 11 , 2005 , VH1 began airing My Fair Brady , a show that documented their life together and paid her an estimated US $450,000 . The show led her to being featured in Maxim 's Hot 100 , a list of the `` hottest '' women on earth and ranked # 100 on the Maxim Hot 100 Women of 2005 . Season 3 of My Fair Brady began airing on January 21 , 2008 and focused on Curry 's breast enhancement surgery and Knight 's competing ( and contrary ) desire to start a family . In June , 2008 , Curry and her family and friends appeared on NBC 's Celebrity Family Feud . Between November and December 2010 , Curry worked as the `` Resident Celebrity Gamer '' panelist judge on the second series of The Tester , a reality program on the PlayStation Network . She has returned to the panel in the third series which began on the 7th February 2012 . Curry hosted live coverage of Blizzcon for Direct TV in 2011 , as well as Hosting live from E3 for Namco Bandai in both 2011 and 2012 . Most recently , Curry has teamed up with comic book legend Stan Lee to create her show `` Superfans '' for his new YouTube channel , Stan Lee 's World of Heroes . `` Superfans '' began airing each week on YouTube in October 2012 . Personal Life ( edit ) Christopher Knight proposed to Curry on the season finale of My Fair Brady , on VH1 , which aired on November 6 , 2005 . The show was renewed for a second season that began in June 2006 , and focused on the couple 's wedding preparations . The couple wed in Curry 's hometown of Joliet , Illinois on May 29 , 2006 , in a gothic - style wedding . Says Curry of the goth - themed ceremony , `` I wanted to go as Gothic as I could and as traditional as I could without ruffling anyone 's feathers ... I wanted to have a black dress ... but I knew it would break my grandmother 's heart . '' In 2007 , Curry and Knight appeared on the Dr. Phil Show to discuss their marital issues on an episode dealing with large age gaps in relationships . Dr. Phil predicted that their style of arguing , particularly Knight 's hurtful comments , was a strong predictor of impending divorce in couples . The couple announced their separation on May 29 , 2011 . The couple filed for divorce on August 19 , 2011 and it became final in 2013 . At the 2014 San Diego Comic Con , when a friend was sexually assaulted , Curry ( who was costumed as Catwoman ) defended the victim by counter-attacking the assailant , hitting him with the hilt of her bullwhip . She quickly drove the attacker away . Curry was named one of the top ten most popular cosplayers in 2014 . Filmography ( edit ) America 's Next Top Model ( Reality Series ) ( 2003 ) As herself ( Won ) Half & Half ( TV series ) ( 2003 ) as Roberta Hot Properties ( TV series ) ( 2005 ) as Danushka E ! True Hollywood Story ( 2006 ) as herself Jack Rio ( 2008 ) as Lisa The Tester ( Reality Series ) ( 2010 -- 2012 ) as herself ( judge ) Bridalplasty ( 2010 ) as herself Tales of Halloween ( 2015 ) as herself ( cameo ) Producer ( edit ) My Fair Brady ( co-producer ) ( 5 episodes , 2008 ) Chris & Adrianne Do Russia ( 2007 ) ( TV ) ( co-executive producer ) My Antonio ( 2009 ) ( TV ) ( associate producer ) Adrianne Curry 's Superfans ( 2012 ) ( executive producer , co-creator , host ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` My Fair Brady - Cast Bios '' . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` SO excited ! My familia is having a reunion. Guest of honor will be my grandma. Last of her italian siblings . Gonna be at least 100 people easy '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adrianne Curry - Model - Manhattan Beach , California , US '' . ModelMayhem.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ PR NewsWire Archived May 2 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... PR NewsWire . Retrieved on 2012 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ Maxim Online -- Adrianne Curry Jump up ^ `` FreeJose.com '' . Maxim Magazine Hot 100 Women of 2005 . Archived from the original on 26 January 2007 . Retrieved January 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Christopher Knight & Adrianne Curry to marry tomorrow '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Messageboards -- 09 / 21 Does Age Matter ? . Dr. Phil.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 06 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Adrianne Curry and Christopher 's Knight Split '' . Jump up ^ `` Brady Bunch star Christopher Knight files for divorce from Adrianne Curry '' . Daily Mail . London . August 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Mandy ( April 26 , 2013 ) . `` Adrianne Curry finally divorced from Christopher Knight '' . The Examiner . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 -- via wn.com . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Kate ( 2014 - 07 - 28 ) . `` Adrianne Curry Defends Cosplayer from Sexual Assault at Comic Con '' . GameSkinny.com . Guild Launch LLC . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Of The Most Popular Cosplayers In The World '' . therichest . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Adrianne Curry . Adrianne Curry on IMDb Adrianne Curry on Twitter Adrianne Curry at the Fashion Model Directory New title America 's Next Top Model winner Cycle 1 ( 2003 ) Succeeded by Yoanna House Adrianne Curry related articles America 's Next Top Model Cycles 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 All - Stars ( 17 ) British Invasion ( 18 ) College Edition ( 19 ) Guys & Girls 20 21 22 23 24 Contestants Winners Adrianne Curry Yoanna House Eva Pigford Naima Mora Nicole Linkletter Danielle Evans CariDee English Jaslene Gonzalez Saleisha Stowers Whitney Thompson McKey Sullivan Teyona Anderson Nicole Fox Krista White Ann Ward Brittani Kline Lisa D'Amato Sophie Sumner Laura James Jourdan Miller Keith Carlos Nyle DiMarco India Gants Finalists Elyse Sewell Mercedes Scelba - Shorte Yaya DaCosta Bre Scullark Jade Cole Melrose Bickerstaff Eugena Washington Renee DeWitt Chantal Jones Anya Kop Fatima Siad Analeigh Tipton Allison Harvard Laura Kirkpatrick Leila Goldkuhl Other alumni Toccara Jones Kim Stolz Cassandra Whitehead Anchal Joseph Heather Kuzmich Lisa Jackson Dominique Reighard Isis King Celia Ammerman Natalie Pack Jane Randall Esther Petrack AzMarie Livingston Jasmia Robinson Chantelle Young Related series Modelville ( 2008 ) Stylista ( 2008 ) True Beauty ( 2009 -- 2010 ) VH1 original programming Former 2000s debuts America 's Most Smartest Model ( 2007 ) Breaking Bonaduce ( 2005 -- 06 ) Brooke Knows Best ( 2008 -- 09 ) But Can They Sing ? 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-2249057143007527880	Sub-Saharan Africa	Sub-Saharan Africa - wikipedia Sub-Saharan Africa Jump to : navigation , search Dark and lighter green : Definition of `` Sub-Saharan Africa '' as used in the statistics of the United Nations institutions . Lighter green : However , Sudan is classified as North Africa by the United Nations Statistics Division . Red : Arab states in Africa ( Arab League and UNESCO ) . Simplified climatic map of Africa : Sub-Saharan Africa consists of the Sahel and the Horn of Africa in the north ( yellow ) , the tropical savannas ( light green ) and the tropical rainforests ( dark green ) of Equatorial Africa , and the arid Kalahari Basin ( yellow ) and the `` Mediterranean '' south coast ( olive ) of Southern Africa . The numbers shown correspond to the dates of all Iron Age artifacts associated with the Bantu expansion . Sub-Saharan Africa is , geographically , the area of the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara . According to the UN , it consists of all African countries that are fully or partially located south of the Sahara . It contrasts with North Africa , whose territories are part of the League of Arab states within the Arab world . Somalia , Djibouti , Comoros and Mauritania are geographically in Sub-Saharan Africa , but are likewise Arab states and part of the Arab world . The Sahel is the transitional zone in between the Sahara and the tropical savanna of the Sudan region and farther south the forest - savanna mosaic of tropical Africa . Since probably 3500 BCE , the Saharan and Sub-Saharan regions of Africa have been separated by the extremely harsh climate of the sparsely populated Sahara , forming an effective barrier interrupted by only the Nile in Sudan , though the Nile was blocked by the river 's cataracts . The Sahara pump theory explains how flora and fauna ( including Homo sapiens ) left Africa to penetrate the Middle East and beyond . African pluvial periods are associated with a `` wet Sahara '' phase during which larger lakes and more rivers existed . The use of the term has been criticized because it refers to the South only by cartography conventions and projects a connotation of inferiority ; a vestige of colonialism , which some say , divided Africa into European terms of homogeneity . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Climate zones and ecoregions 3 History 3.1 Prehistory 3.2 Central Africa 3.3 Horn of Africa 3.4 Southern Africa 3.5 Southeast Africa 3.6 Sudan 3.7 Western Africa 4 Demographics 4.1 Population 4.2 Languages and ethnic groups 4.2. 1 Afroasiatic 4.2. 2 Khoisan 4.2. 3 Niger -- Congo 4.2. 4 Nilo - Saharan 5 Economy 5.1 Energy and power 5.2 Media 5.3 Infrastructure 5.4 Oil and minerals 5.5 Agriculture 6 Education 7 Health care 8 Religion 9 Culture 10 Music 11 Art 12 Cuisine 13 Clothing 14 Sports 15 Tourism 16 List of countries and regional organization 16.1 Central Africa 16.2 East Africa 16.2. 1 Horn of Africa 16.2. 2 Southeast Africa 16.3 Southern Africa 16.4 Sudan 16.5 West Africa 17 See also 18 Notes 19 References 20 Further reading 21 External links Etymology ( edit ) Ethnographic map of Africa , from Meyers Blitz - Lexikon ( 1932 ) . Geographers historically divided the region into several distinct ethnographic sections based on each area 's respective inhabitants . Commentators in Arabic in the medieval period used the general term bilâd as - sûdân ( `` Land of the Blacks '' ) for the vast Sudan region ( an expression denoting West and Central Africa ) , or sometimes extending from the coast of West Africa to Western Sudan . Its equivalent in Southeast Africa was Zanj ( `` Country of the Blacks '' ) , which was situated in the vicinity of the Great Lakes region . The geographers drew an explicit ethnographic distinction between the Sudan region and its analogue Zanj , from the area to their extreme east on the Red Sea coast in the Horn of Africa . In modern - day Ethiopia and Eritrea was Al - Habash or Abyssinia , which was inhabited by the Habash or Abyssinians , who were the forebears of the Habesha . In northern Somalia was Barbara or the Bilad al - Barbar ( `` Land of the Berbers '' ) , which was inhabited by the Eastern Baribah or Barbaroi , as the ancestors of the Somalis were referred to by medieval Arab and ancient Greek geographers , respectively . In the 19th and 20th centuries , the populations south of the Sahara were divided into three broad ancestral groups : Hamites and Semites in the Horn of Africa and Sahel related to those in North Africa , who spoke languages belonging to the Afroasiatic family ; Negroes in most of the rest of the subcontinent ( hence , the former toponym Black Africa for Tropical Africa ) , who spoke languages belonging to the Niger - Congo and Nilo - Saharan families ; and Khoisan in Southern Africa , who spoke languages belonging to the Khoisan family . Climate zones and ecoregions ( edit ) Further information : Afrotropic ecozone ; Tropical and subtropical grasslands , savannas , and shrublands ; and List of tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests ecoregions Climate zones of Africa , showing the ecological break between the hot desert climate of North Africa and the Horn of Africa ( red ) , the hot semi-arid climate of the Sahel and areas surrounding deserts ( orange ) and the tropical climate of Central and Western Africa ( blue ) . Southern Africa has a transition to semi-tropical or temperate climates ( green ) , and more desert or semi-arid regions , centered on Namibia and Botswana . Sub-Saharan Africa has a wide variety of climate zones or biomes . South Africa and the Democratic Republic of the Congo in particular are considered Megadiverse countries . The Sahel shoots across all of Africa at a latitude of about 10 ° to 15 ° N. Countries that include parts of the Sahara Desert proper in their northern territories and parts of the Sahel in their southern region include Mauritania , Mali , Niger , Chad and Sudan . The Sahel has a hot semi-arid climate . South of the Sahel , there is a belt of savanna , ( Guinean forest - savanna mosaic , Northern Congolese forest - savanna mosaic ) widening to include most of South Sudan and Ethiopia in the east ( East Sudanese savanna ) . The Horn of Africa globally includes hot desert climate along the coast but hot semi-arid climate can be found much more in the interior , contrasting with savannah and moist broadleaf forests in the interior of Ethiopia . Tropical Africa encompasses tropical rainforest stretching along the southern coast of West Africa and across most of Central Africa ( the Congo ) west of the African Great Lakes The Eastern Miombo woodlands are an ecoregion of Tanzania , Malawi , and Mozambique . The Serengeti ecosystem is located in northwestern Tanzania and extends to southwestern Kenya . The Kalahari Basin includes the Kalahari Desert surrounded by a belt of semi-desert . The Bushveld is a tropical savanna ecoregion of Southern Africa . The Karoo is a semi-desert in western South Africa . History ( edit ) Main article : History of Africa Prehistory ( edit ) Stone chopping tool from Olduvai Gorge According to paleontology , early hominid skull anatomy was similar to that of their close cousins , the great African forest apes , gorilla and chimpanzee , but they had adopted a bipedal locomotion and freed hands , giving them a crucial advantage enabling them to live in both forested areas and on the open savanna at a time when Africa was drying up , with savanna encroaching on forested areas . This occurred 10 million to 5 million years ago . By 3 million years ago several australopithecine hominid species had developed throughout southern , eastern and central Africa . They were tool users rather than tool manufacturers . The next major evolutionary step occurred around 2.3 million BCE , when primitive stone tools were used to scavenge the carcasses of animals killed by other predators , both for their meat and their marrow . In hunting , H. habilis was most likely not capable of competing with large predators and was more prey than hunter , although H. habilis probably did steal eggs from nests and may have been able to catch small game and weakened larger prey such as cubs and older animals . The tools were classed as Oldowan . Roughly 1.8 million years ago , Homo ergaster first appeared in the fossil record in Africa . From Homo ergaster , Homo erectus ( upright man ) evolved 1.5 million years ago . Some of the earlier representatives of this species were small - brained and used primitive stone tools , much like H. habilis . The brain later grew in size , and H. erectus eventually developed a more complex stone tool technology called the Acheulean . Potentially the first hominid to engage in hunting , H. erectus mastered the art of making fire . They were the first hominids to leave Africa , going on to colonize the entire Old World , and perhaps later on giving rise to Homo floresiensis . Although some recent writers suggest that H. georgicus , a H. habilis descendant , was the first and most primitive hominid to ever live outside Africa , many scientists consider H. georgicus to be an early and primitive member of the H. erectus species . The fossil record shows Homo sapiens living in southern and eastern Africa anywhere from 100,000 to 150,000 years ago . Between 50,000 and 60,000 years ago , their expansion out of Africa launched the colonization of the planet by modern humans . By 10,000 BCE , Homo sapiens had spread to all corners of the world . This dispersal of the human species is suggested by linguistic , cultural and genetic evidence . After the Sahara became a desert , it did not present a totally impenetrable barrier for travelers between north and south because of the application of animal husbandry towards carrying water , food , and supplies across the desert . Prior to the introduction of the camel , the use of oxen , mule , and horses for desert crossing was common , and trade routes followed chains of oases that were strung across the desert . The trans - saharan trade was in full motion by 500 BCE with Carthage being a major economic force for its establishment . It is thought that the camel was first brought to Egypt after the Persian Empire conquered Egypt in 525 BCE , although large herds did not become common enough in North Africa for camels to be the pack animal of choice for the trans - saharan trade . Central Africa ( edit ) Main article : Central Africa Nzinga Mbande , queen of the Bantu Ndongo and Matamba kingdoms Archaeological finds in Central Africa provide evidence of human settlement that may date back over 10 000 years . According to Zangato and Holl , there is evidence of iron - smelting in the Central African Republic and Cameroon that may date back to 3000 to 2500 BCE . Extensive walled sites and settlements have recently been found in Zilum , Chad . The area is located approximately 60 km ( 37 mi ) southwest of Lake Chad , and has been radiocarbon dated to the first millennium BCE . Trade and improved agricultural techniques supported more sophisticated societies , leading to the early civilizations of Sao , Kanem , Bornu , Shilluk , Baguirmi , and Wadai . Following the Bantu Migration into Central Africa , during the 14th century , the Luba Kingdom in southeast Congo came about under a king whose political authority derived from religious , spiritual legitimacy . The kingdom controlled agriculture and regional trade of salt and iron from the north and copper from the Zambian / Congo copper belt . Rival kingship factions which split from the Luba Kingdom later moved among the Lunda people , marrying into its elite and laying the foundation of the Lunda Empire in the 16th century . The ruling dynasty centralised authority among the Lunda under the Mwata Yamyo or Mwaant Yaav . The Mwata Yamyo 's legitimacy , like that of the Luba king , came from being viewed as a spiritual religious guardian . This imperial cult or system of divine kings was spread to most of central Africa by rivals in kingship migrating and forming new states . Many new states received legitimacy by claiming descent from the Lunda dynasties . The Kingdom of Kongo existed from the Atlantic west to the Kwango river to the east . During the 15th century , the Bakongo farming community was united with its capital at M'banza - Kongo , under the king title , Manikongo . Other significant states and peoples included the Kuba Kingdom , producers of the famous raffia cloth , the Eastern Lunda , Bemba , Burundi , Rwanda , and the Kingdom of Ndongo . Horn of Africa ( edit ) Main article : Horn of Africa § History Further information : History of Ethiopia , History of Somalia , History of Eritrea , History of Djibouti , and Ethiopian historiography Stone city of Gondershe , Somalia The Axumite Empire spanned the southern Sahara , south Arabia and the Sahel along the western shore of the Red Sea . Located in northern Ethiopia and Eritrea , Aksum was deeply involved in the trade network between India and the Mediterranean . Growing from the proto - Aksumite Iron Age period circa the 4th century BCE , it rose to prominence by the 1st century CE . The Aksumites constructed monolithic stelae to cover the graves of their kings , such as King Ezana 's Stele . The later Zagwe dynasty , established in the 12th century , built churches out of solid rock . These rock - hewn structures include the Church of St. George at Lalibela . Fasilides Castle , Ethiopia In ancient Somalia , city - states flourished such as Opone , Mosyllon and Malao that competed with the Sabaeans , Parthians and Axumites for the wealthy Indo -- Greco -- Roman trade . In the Middle Ages , several powerful Somali empires dominated the regional trade including the Ajuran Sultanate , which excelled in hydraulic engineering and fortress building , the Sultanate of Adal , whose General Ahmed Gurey was the first African commander in history to use cannon warfare on the continent during Adal 's conquest of the Ethiopian Empire , and the Geledi Sultanate , whose military dominance forced governors of the Omani empire north of the city of Lamu to pay tribute to the Somali Sultan Ahmed Yusuf . In the late 19th century after the Berlin conference had ended , European empires sailed with their armies to the Horn of Africa . The imperial armies in Somalia alarmed the Dervish leader Mohammed Abdullah Hassan , who gathered Somali soldiers from across the Horn of Africa and began one of the longest anti-colonial wars known as the Somaliland Campaign . Southern Africa ( edit ) Main article : History of Southern Africa Further information : Kingdom of Mutapa Great Zimbabwe : Tower in the Great Enclosure Settlements of Bantu - speaking peoples , who were iron - using agriculturists and herdsmen , were already present south of the Limpopo River by the 4th or 5th century displacing and absorbing the original Khoisan speakers . They slowly moved south , and the earliest ironworks in modern - day KwaZulu - Natal Province are believed to date from around 1050 . The southernmost group was the Xhosa people , whose language incorporates certain linguistic traits from the earlier Khoisan inhabitants . They reached the Fish River in today 's Eastern Cape Province . Monomotapa was a medieval kingdom ( c. 1250 -- 1629 ) , which existed between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers of Southern Africa in the territory of modern - day Zimbabwe and Mozambique . Its old capital was located at Great Zimbabwe . In 1487 , Bartolomeu Dias became the first European to reach the southernmost tip of Africa . In 1652 , a victualling station was established at the Cape of Good Hope by Jan van Riebeeck on behalf of the Dutch East India Company . For most of the 17th and 18th centuries , the slowly expanding settlement was a Dutch possession . Great Britain seized the Cape of Good Hope area in 1795 , ostensibly to prevent it from falling into the hands of the French but also to use Cape Town in particular as a stop on the route to Australia and India . It was later returned to the Dutch in 1803 , but soon afterwards the Dutch East India Company declared bankruptcy , and the British annexed the Cape Colony in 1806 . The Zulu Kingdom was a Southern African tribal state in what is now KwaZulu - Natal in southeastern South Africa . The small kingdom gained world fame during and after the Anglo - Zulu War . During the 1950s and early 1960s , most Sub-Saharan African nations achieved independence from colonial rule . Southeast Africa ( edit ) Further information : Southeast Africa According to the theory of recent African origin of modern humans , the mainstream position held within the scientific community , all humans originate from either Southeast Africa or the Horn of Africa . During the first millennium CE , Nilotic and Bantu - speaking peoples moved into the region , and the latter now account for three - quarters of Kenya 's population . The Tongoni Ruins south of Tanga in Tanzania On the coastal section of Southeast Africa , a mixed Bantu community developed through contact with Muslim Arab and Persian traders , leading to the development of the mixed Arab , Persian and African Swahili City States . The Swahili culture that emerged from these exchanges evinces many Arab and Islamic influences not seen in traditional Bantu culture , as do the many Afro - Arab members of the Bantu Swahili people . With its original speech community centered on the coastal parts of Tanzania ( particularly Zanzibar ) and Kenya -- a seaboard referred to as the Swahili Coast -- the Bantu Swahili language contains many Arabic loan - words as a consequence of these interactions . The earliest Bantu inhabitants of the Southeast coast of Kenya and Tanzania encountered by these later Arab and Persian settlers have been variously identified with the trading settlements of Rhapta , Azania and Menouthias referenced in early Greek and Chinese writings from 50 CE to 500 CE , ultimately giving rise to the name for Tanzania . These early writings perhaps document the first wave of Bantu settlers to reach Southeast Africa during their migration . Between the 14th and 15th centuries , large medieval Southeast African kingdoms and states emerged , such as the Buganda and Karagwe kingdoms of Uganda and Tanzania . During the early 1960s , the Southeast African nations achieved independence from colonial rule . Sudan ( edit ) Further information : History of Sudan Sphinx of the Nubian Emperor Taharqa Nubia in present - day Northern Sudan and southernmost of Egypt , was referred to as `` Aethiopia '' ( `` land of the burnt face '' ) by the Greeks . Nubia at her greatest phase is considered Sub-Saharan Africa 's oldest urban civilisation . Nubia was a major source of gold for the ancient world . Nubians built famous structures and numerous pyramids . Sudan , the site of ancient Nubia , has more pyramids than anywhere in the world . Western Africa ( edit ) Main article : History of West Africa Further information : Ghana Empire , Mali Empire , Songhay Empire , Kingdom of Benin , and Kingdom of Nri Nok sculpture , terracotta , Louvre The Bantu expansion is a major migration movement originating in West Africa around 2500 BCE , reaching East and Central Africa by 1000 BCE and Southern Africa by the early centuries CE . The Djenné - Djenno city - state flourished from 250 BCE to 900 CE and was influential to the development of the Ghana Empire . The Nok culture is known from a type of terracotta figure found in Nigeria , dating to between 500 BCE and 200 CE . There were a number of medieval empires of the southern Sahara and the Sahel , based on trans - Saharan trade , including the Ghana Empire and the Mali Empire , Songhai Empire , the Kanem Empire and the subsequent Bornu Empire . They built stone structures like in Tichit , but mainly constructed in adobe . The Great Mosque of Djenne is most reflective of Sahelian architecture and is the largest adobe building in the world . Fortifications were significant in West Africa ; the Walls of Benin were one of the largest man - made structures in the world . In the forest zone , several states and empires emerged . The Ashanti Empire arose in the 16th century in modern - day Ghana and Ivory Coast . The Kingdom of Nri , was established by the Igbo in the 11th century . Nri was famous for having a priest - king who wielded no military power . Nri was a rare African state which was a haven for freed slaves and outcasts who sought refuge in their territory . Other major states included the kingdoms of Ifẹ and Oyo in the western block of Nigeria which became prominent about 700 -- 900 and 1400 respectively , and center of Yoruba culture . The Yoruba 's built massive mud walls around their cities , the most famous being Sungbo 's Eredo . Another prominent kingdom in southwestern Nigeria was the Kingdom of Benin 9th -- 11th century whose power lasted between the 15th and 19th century and was one of the greatest Empires of African history documented all over the world . Their dominance reached as far as the well - known city of Eko which was named Lagos by the Portuguese traders and other early European settlers . The Edo speaking people of Benin are known for their famous bronze casting and rich coral , wealth , ancient science and technology and the Walls of Benin , which is the largest man - made structure in the world . In the 18th century , the Oyo and the Aro confederacy were responsible for most of the slaves exported from Nigeria , with Great Britain , France and Portugal shipping the majority of the slaves . Following the Napoleonic Wars , the British expanded trade with the Nigerian interior . In 1885 , British claims to a West African sphere of influence received international recognition , and in the following year the Royal Niger Company was chartered under the leadership of Sir George Taubman Goldie . In 1900 , the company 's territory came under the control of the British Government , which moved to consolidate its hold over the area of modern Nigeria . On 1 January 1901 , Nigeria became a British protectorate , part of the British Empire , the foremost world power at the time . By 1960 , most of the region achieved independence from colonial rule . Demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of Africa Population ( edit ) Population density in Africa , 2006 Fertility rates and life expectancy in Sub-Saharan Africa According to the 2017 revision of the World Population Prospects , the population of sub-Saharan Africa was 995,694,907 in 2016 . The current growth rate is 2.3 % . The UN predicts for the region a population between 1.5 and 2 billion by 2050 with a population density of 80 per km compared to 170 for Western Europe , 140 for Asia and 30 for the Americas . Sub-Saharan African countries top the list of countries and territories by fertility rate with 40 of the highest 50 , all with TFR greater than 4 in 2008 . All are above the world average except South Africa and Seychelles . More than 40 % of the population in sub-Saharan countries is younger than 15 years old , as well as in Sudan , with the exception of South Africa . Country Population Area ( km ) Literacy ( M / F ) GDP per Capita Trans ( Rank / Score ) Life ( Exp . ) HDI EODBR / SAB PFI ( RANK / MARK ) Angola 18,498,000 1,246,700 82.9 % / 54.2 % 6000 168 / 2 42.4 0.486 172 / 171 132 / 58 , 43 Burundi 8,988,091 27,830 67.3 % / 52.2 % 101 168 / 1.8 49 0.316 176 / 130 103 / 29 , 00 Democratic Republic of the Congo 68,692,542 2,345,410 80.9 % / 54.1 % 91 162 / 11.9 46.1 0.286 182 / 152 146 / 53 , 50 Cameroon 18,879,301 475,440 77 % / 59.8 % 687 146 / 2.2 50.3 0.482 171 / 174 109 / 30 , 50 Central African Republic 4,511,488 622,984 64.8 % / 33.5 % 22 158 / 2.8 44.4 0.343 183 / 159 80 / 17 , 75 Chad 10,329,208 1,284,000 40.8 % / 12.8 % 266 175 / 1.6 50.6 0.328 178 / 182 132 / 44 , 50 Republic of the Congo 3,700,000 342,000 90.5 % / 79.0 % 1,145 162 / 1.9 54.8 0.533 N / A 116 / 34 , 25 Equatorial Guinea 633,441 28,051 93.4 % / 80.3 % 7,470 168 / 1.8 51.1 0.537 170 / 178 158 / 65 , 50 Gabon 1,514,993 267,667 88.5 % / 79.7 % 4,263 106 / 2.9 56.7 0.674 158 / 152 129 / 43 , 50 Kenya 39,002,772 582,650 77.7 % / 70.2 976 146 / 2.2 57.8 0.519 95 / 124 96 / 25 , 00 Nigeria 174,507,539 923,768 84.4 % / 72.7 % 6,204 136 / 27 57 0.504 131 / 120 112 / 34.24 Rwanda 10,473,282 26,338 71.4 % / 59.8 % 263 89 / 3.3 46.8 0.429 67 / 11 157 / 64 , 67 São Tomé and Príncipe 212,679 1,001 92.2 % / 77.9 % N / A 111 / 2.8 65.2 0.509 180 / 140 NA Tanzania 44,928,923 945,087 77.5 % / 62.2 % 339 126 / 2.6 51.9 0.466 131 / 120 NA / 15 , 50 Uganda 32,369,558 236,040 76.8 % / 57.7 274 130 / 2.5 50.7 0.446 112 / 129 86 / 21 , 50 Sudan 31,894,000 1,886,068 79.6 % / 60.8 % 2,500 176 / 1.5 62.57 0.408 154 / 118 148 / 54 , 00 South Sudan 8,260,490 619,745 Djibouti 516,055 23,000 N / A 817 111 / 2.8 54.5 0.430 163 / 177 110 / 31 , 00 Eritrea 5,647,168 121,320 N / A 160 126 / 2.6 57.3 0.349 175 / 181 175 / 115 , 50 Ethiopia 85,237,338 1,127,127 50 % / 28.8 % 161 120 / 2.7 52.5 0.363 107 / 93 140 / 49 , 00 Somalia 9,832,017 637,657 N / A N / A 180 / 1.1 47.7 N / A N / A 164 / 77 , 50 Botswana 1,990,876 600,370 80.4 % / 81.8 % 8,532 37 / 5.6 49.8 0.633 45 / 83 62 / 15 , 50 Comoros 752,438 2,170 N / A 382 143 / 2.3 63.2 0.433 162 / 168 82 / 19 , 00 Lesotho 2,130,819 30,355 73.7 % / 90.3 % 528 89 / 3.3 42.9 0.450 130 / 131 99 / 27 , 50 Madagascar 19,625,000 587,041 76.5 % / 65.3 % 238 99 / 3.0 59 0.480 134 / 12 134 / 45 , 83 Malawi 14,268,711 118,480 N / A 145 89 / 3.3 47.6 0.400 132 / 128 62 / 15 , 50 Mauritius 1,284,264 2,040 88.2 % / 80.5 % 4,522 42 / 5.4 73.2 0.728 17 / 10 51 / 14 , 00 Mozambique 21,669,278 801,590 N / A 330 130 / 2.5 42.5 0.322 135 / 96 82 / 19 , 00 Namibia 2,108,665 825,418 86.8 % / 83.6 % 2166 56 / 4.5 52.5 0.625 66 / 123 35 / 9 , 00 Seychelles 87,476 455 91.4 % / 92.3 % 7,005 54 / 4.8 72.2 0.773 111 / 81 72 / 16 , 00 South Africa 52,981,991 1,219,912 N / A 3,562 55 / 4.7 50.7 0.619 34 / 67 33 / 8 , 50 Swaziland 1,123,913 17,363 80.9 % / 78.3 % 1,297 79 / 3.6 40.8 0.522 115 / 158 144 / 52 , 50 Zambia 11,862,740 752,614 N / A 371 99 / 3.0 41.7 0.430 90 / 94 97 / 26 , 75 Zimbabwe 11,392,629 390,580 92.7 % / 86.2 % N / A 146 / 2.2 42.7 0.376 159 / 155 136 / 46 , 50 Benin 8,791,832 112,620 47.9 % / 42.3 % 323 106 / 2.9 56.2 0.427 172 / 155 97 / 26 , 75 Mali 12,666,987 1,240,000 32.7 % / 15.9 % 290 111 / 2.8 53.8 0.359 156 / 139 38 / 8 , 00 Burkina Faso 15,730,977 274,200 25.3 % 1,360 79 / 3.6 51 0.331 150 / 116 N / A Cape Verde 499,000 322,462 Ivory Coast 20,617,068 322,463 Gambia 1,782,893 11,295 Ghana 24,200,000 238,535 Guinea 10,057,975 245,857 Guinea - Bissau 1,647,000 36,125 Liberia 4,128,572 111,369 Mauritania 3,359,185 1,030,700 Niger 17,129,076 1,267,000 Senegal 12,855,153 196,712 Sierra Leone 6,190,280 71,740 Togo 7,154,237 56,785 GDP per Capita ( 2006 in dollars ( US $ ) ) , Life ( Exp . ) ( Life Expectancy 2006 ) , Literacy ( Male / Female 2006 ) , Trans ( Transparency 2009 ) , HDI ( Human Development Index ) , EODBR ( Ease of Doing Business Rank June 2008 through May 2009 ) , SAB ( Starting a Business June 2008 through May 2009 ) , PFI ( Press Freedom Index 2009 ) Languages and ethnic groups ( edit ) Further information : Languages of Africa and List of African ethnic groups Map showing the traditional language families spoken in Africa : Afroasiatic Austronesian Indo - European Khoisan Niger - Congo Nilo - Saharan A San man ( Khoisan ) An Afrikaner family ( Indo - European ) Saho women ( Afroasiatic ) Maasai women and children ( Nilo - Saharan ) Yoruba drummers ( Niger - Congo ) Sub-Saharan Africa contains over 1,000 languages , which is around 1 / 6 of the world 's total . Afroasiatic ( edit ) With the exception of the extinct Sumerian ( a language isolate ) of Mesopotamia , Afro - Asiatic has the oldest documented history of any language family in the world . Egyptian was recorded as early as 3200 BCE . The Semitic branch was recorded as early as 2900 BCE in the form of the Akkadian language of Mesopotamia ( Assyria and Babylonia ) and circa 2500 BCE in the form of the Eblaite language of north eastern Syria . The distribution of the Afroasiatic languages within Africa is principally concentrated in North Africa and the Horn of Africa . Languages belonging to the family 's Berber branch are mainly spoken in the north , with its speech area extending into the Sahel ( northern Mauritania , northern Mali , northern Niger ) . The Cushitic branch of Afroasiatic is centered in the Horn , and is also spoken in the Nile Valley and parts of the African Great Lakes region . Additionally , the Semitic branch of the family , in the form of Arabic , is widely spoken in the parts of Africa that are within the Arab world . South Semitic languages are also spoken in parts of the Horn of Africa ( Ethiopia , Eritrea ) . The Chadic branch is distributed in Central and West Africa . Hausa , its most widely spoken language , serves as a lingua franca in West Africa ( Niger , Ghana , Togo , Benin , Cameroon , and Chad ) . Khoisan ( edit ) The several families lumped under the term Khoi - San include languages indigenous to Southern Africa and Tanzania , though some , such as the Khoi languages , appear to have moved to their current locations not long before the Bantu expansion . In Southern Africa , their speakers are the Khoikhoi and San ( Bushmen ) , in Southeast Africa , the Sandawe and Hadza . Niger -- Congo ( edit ) The Niger -- Congo family is the largest in the world in terms of the number of languages ( 1,436 ) it contains . The vast majority of languages of this family are tonal such as Yoruba , and Igbo , However , others such as Fulani and Wolof are not . A major branch of Niger -- Congo languages is the Bantu family , which covers a greater geographic area than the rest of the family put together . Bantu speakers represent the majority of inhabitants in southern , central and southeastern Africa , though San , Pygmy , and Nilotic groups , respectively , can also be found in those regions . Bantu - speakers can also be found in parts of Central Africa such as the Gabon , Equatorial Guinea and southern Cameroon . Swahili , a Bantu language with many Arabic , Persian and other Middle Eastern and South Asian loan words , developed as a lingua franca for trade between the different peoples in southeastern Africa . In the Kalahari Desert of Southern Africa , the distinct people known as Bushmen ( also `` San '' , closely related to , but distinct from `` Hottentots '' ) have long been present . The San evince unique physical traits , and are the indigenous people of southern Africa . Pygmies are the pre-Bantu indigenous peoples of Central Africa . Nilo - Saharan ( edit ) The Nilo - Saharan languages are concentrated in the upper parts of the Chari and Nile rivers of Central Africa and Southeast Africa . They are principally spoken by Nilotic peoples and are also spoken in Sudan among the Fur , Masalit , Nubian and Zaghawa peoples and in West and Central Africa among the Songhai , Zarma and Kanuri . The Old Nubian language is also a member of this family . Major languages of Africa by region , family and number of primary language speakers in millions : Central Africa Niger -- Congo , Bantu Lingala Kinyarwanda : 12 Kongo : 5 + Tshiluba Kirundi Nilo - Saharan Nubian : 5 + Fur : 5 + Zaghawa Masalit Niger -- Congo Kordofanian languages Nuba Horn of Africa Afro - Asiatic Semitic Amharic : 20 + Tigrinya : 5 Cushitic Somali : 10 -- 15 Oromo : 30 -- 35 Nilo - Saharan : < 1 Gumuz Anuak Kunama Nara Niger -- Congo : < 1 Zigula Southeast Africa Niger -- Congo , Bantu : Swahili : 5 -- 10 Gikuyu : 9 Ganda : 6 Luhya : 6 Austronesian Malagasy : 20 + Niger - Congo , Ubangian Gbaya : 2 Banda : 1 -- 2 Zande Nilo - Saharan Kanuri : 10 Luo : 5 Sara : 3 -- 4 Kalenjin : 5 Dinka Nuer Shilluk Maasai : 1 -- 2 Southern Africa Niger -- Congo , Bantu Zulu : 10 Xhosa : 8 Shona : 7 Sotho : 5 Tswana : 4 Umbundu : 4 Northern Sotho : 4 Chichewa : 8 Makua : 8 Indo - European Germanic Afrikaans : 7 -- 10 Romance Portuguese : 14 West Africa Niger -- Congo Benue -- Congo Ibibio ( Nigeria ) : 7 Volta -- Niger Igbo ( Nigeria ) : 30 -- 35 Yoruba : 40 Kwa : Akan ( Ghana , Ivory Coast ) : 20 -- 25 Gur More : 5 Senegambian Fula ( West Africa ) : 40 Wolof : 8 Afro - Asiatic Chadic Hausa : 50 Nilo - Saharan Saharan Kanuri : 10 Songhai : 5 Zarma : 5 Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Africa The Athlone Power Station in Cape Town , South Africa In the mid-2010s , private capital flows to Sub-Saharan Africa -- primarily from the BRICs , private - sector investment portfolios , and remittances -- began to exceed official development assistance . As of 2011 , Africa is one of the fastest developing regions in the world . Six of the world 's ten fastest - growing economies over the previous decade were situated below the Sahara , with the remaining four in East and Central Asia . Between 2011 and 2015 , the economic growth rate of the average nation in Africa is expected to surpass that of the average nation in Asia . Sub-Saharan Africa is by then projected to contribute seven out of the ten fastest growing economies in the world . According to the World Bank , the economic growth rate in the region had risen to 4.7 % in 2013 , with a rate of 5.2 % forecasted for 2014 . This continued rise was attributed to increasing investment in infrastructure and resources as well as steady expenditure per household . Energy and power ( edit ) Main article : Mineral industry of Africa Oil production by country ( with other key actors of African or oil economy ) Rank Area bb / day Year Like ... _ W : World 85540000 2007 est . 01 E : Russia 9980000 2007 est . 02 Ar : Saudi Arb 9200000 2008 est . 04 As : Libya 4725000 2008 est . Iran 10 Af : Nigeria / Africa 2352000 2011 est . Norway 15 Af : Algeria 2173000 2007 est . 16 Af : Angola 1910000 2008 est . 17 Af : Egypt 1845000 2007 est . 27 Af : Tunisia 664000 2007 est . Australia 31 Af : Sudan 466100 2007 est . Ecuador 33 Af : Eq. Guinea 368500 2007 est . Vietnam 38 Af : DR Congo 261000 2008 est . 39 Af : Gabon 243900 2007 est . 40 Af : Sth Africa 199100 2007 est . 45 Af : Chad 156000 2008 est . Germany 53 Af : Cameroon 87400 2008 est . France 56 E : France 71400 2007 60 Af : Ivory Coast 54400 2008 est . _ Af : Africa 10780400 2011 Russia Source : CIA.gov , World Facts Book > Oil exporters . As of 2009 , fifty percent of Africa is rural with no access to electricity . Africa generates 47 GW of electricity , less than 0.6 % of the global market share . Many countries are affected by power shortages . Because of rising prices in commodities such as coal and oil , thermal sources of energy are proving to be too expensive for power generation . Sub-Saharan Africa is expected to build additional hydropower generation capacity of at least 20,165 MW by 2014 . The region has the potential to generate 1,750 TWh of energy , of which only 7 % has been explored . The failure to exploit its full energy potential is largely due to significant underinvestment , as at least four times as much ( approximately $23 billion a year ) and what is currently spent is invested in operating high cost power systems and not on expanding the infrastructure . African governments are taking advantage of the readily available water resources to broaden their energy mix . Hydro Turbine Markets in Sub-Saharan Africa generated revenues of $120.0 million in 2007 and is estimated to reach $425.0 million . Asian countries , notably China , India , and Japan , are playing an active role in power projects across the African continent . The majority of these power projects are hydro - based because of China 's vast experience in the construction of hydro - power projects and part of the Energy & Power Growth Partnership Services programme . With electrification numbers , Sub-Saharan Africa with access to the Sahara and being in the tropical zones has massive potential for solar photovoltaic electrical potential . Six hundred million people could be served with electricity based on its photovoltaic potential . China is promising to train 10,000 technicians from Africa and other developing countries in the use of solar energy technologies over the next five years . Training African technicians to use solar power is part of the China - Africa science and technology cooperation agreement signed by Chinese science minister Xu Guanhua and African counterparts during premier Wen Jiabao 's visit to Ethiopia in December 2003 . The New Partnership for Africa 's Development ( NEPAD ) is developing an integrated , continent - wide energy strategy . This has been funded by , amongst others , the African Development Bank ( AfDB ) and the EU - Africa Infrastructure Trust Fund . These projects must be sustainable , involve a cross-border dimension and / or have a regional impact , involve public and private capital , contribute to poverty alleviation and economic development , involve at least one country in Sub-Saharan Africa . Media ( edit ) Radio is the major source of information in Sub-Saharan Africa . Average coverage stands at more than a third of the population . Countries such as Gabon , Seychelles , and South Africa boast almost 100 % penetration . Only five countries -- Burundi , Djibouti , Eritrea , Ethiopia , and Somalia -- still have a penetration of less than 10 % . Broadband penetration outside of South Africa has been limited where it is exorbitantly expensive . Access to the internet via cell phones is on the rise . Television is the second major source of information . Because of power shortages , the spread of television viewing has been limited . Eight percent have television , a total of 62 million . But those in the television industry view the region as an untapped green market . Digital television and pay for service are on the rise . Infrastructure ( edit ) See also : Water supply and sanitation in Sub-Saharan Africa Skyline of Libreville , Gabon According to researchers at the Overseas Development Institute , the lack of infrastructure in many developing countries represents one of the most significant limitations to economic growth and achievement of the Millennium Development Goals ( MDGs ) . Less than 40 % of rural Africans live within two kilometers of an all - season road , the lowest level of rural accessibility in the developing world . Spending on roads averages just below 2 % of GDP with varying degree among countries . This compares with 1 % of GDP that is typical in industrialised countries , and 2 -- 3 % of GDP found in fast - growing emerging economies . Although the level of effort is high relative to the size of Africa 's economies , it remains little in absolute terms , with low - income countries spending an average of about US $7 per capita per year . Infrastructure investments and maintenance can be very expensive , especially in such as areas as landlocked , rural and sparsely populated countries in Africa . Downtown Luanda , Angola Infrastructure investments contributed to Africa 's growth , and increased investment is necessary to maintain growth and tackle poverty . The returns to investment in infrastructure are very significant , with on average 30 -- 40 % returns for telecommunications ( ICT ) investments , over 40 % for electricity generation and 80 % for roads . In Africa , it is argued that in order to meet the MDGs by 2015 infrastructure investments would need to reach about 15 % of GDP ( around $93 billion a year ) . Currently , the source of financing varies significantly across sectors . Some sectors are dominated by state spending , others by overseas development aid ( ODA ) and yet others by private investors . In Sub-Saharan Africa , the state spends around $9.4 billion out of a total of $24.9 billion . In irrigation , SSA states represent almost all spending ; in transport and energy a majority of investment is state spending ; in ICT and water supply and sanitation , the private sector represents the majority of capital expenditure . Overall , aid , the private sector and non-OECD financiers between them exceed state spending . The private sector spending alone equals state capital expenditure , though the majority is focused on ICT infrastructure investments . External financing increased from $7 billion ( 2002 ) to $27 billion ( 2009 ) . China , in particular , has emerged as an important investor . Oil and Minerals ( edit ) Phenakite from the Jos Plateau , Plateau State , Nigeria The region is a major exporter to the world of gold , uranium , chrome , vanadium , antimony , coltan , bauxite , iron ore , copper and manganese . South Africa is a major exporter of manganese as well as Chromium . A 2001 estimate is that 42 % of the world 's reserves of chromium may be found in South Africa . South Africa is the largest producer of platinum , with 80 % of the total world 's annual mine production and 88 % of the world 's platinum reserve . Sub-Saharan Africa produces 33 % of the world 's bauxite with Guinea as the major supplier . Zambia is a major producer of copper . Democratic Republic of Congo is a major source of coltan . Production from Congo is very small but has 80 % of proven reserves . Sub-saharan Africa is a major producer of gold , producing up to 30 % of global production . Major suppliers are South Africa , Ghana , Zimbabwe , Tanzania , Guinea , and Mali . South Africa had been first in the world in terms of gold production since 1905 , but in 2007 it moved to second place , according to GFMS , the precious metals consultancy . Uranium is major commodity from the region . Significant suppliers are Niger , Namibia , and South Africa . Namibia was the number one supplier from Sub-Saharan Africa in 2008 . The region produces 49 % of the world 's diamonds . By 2015 , it is estimated that 25 % of North American oil will be from Sub-Saharan Africa , ahead of the Middle East . Sub-Saharan Africa has been the focus of an intense race for oil by the West , China , India , and other emerging economies , even though it holds only 10 % of proven oil reserves , less than the Middle East . This race has been referred to as the second Scramble for Africa . All reasons for this global scramble come from the reserves ' economic benefits . Transportation cost is low and no pipelines have to be laid as in Central Asia . Almost all reserves are offshore , so political turmoil within the host country will not directly interfere with operations . Sub-Saharan oil is viscous , with a very low sulfur content . This quickens the refining process and effectively reduces costs . New sources of oil are being located in Sub-Saharan Africa more frequently than anywhere else . Of all new sources of oil , 1⁄3 are in Sub-Saharan Africa . Agriculture ( edit ) Agricultural fields in Rwanda 's Eastern Province Sub-Saharan Africa has more variety of grains than anywhere in the world . Between 13,000 and 11,000 BCE wild grains began to be collected as a source of food in the cataract region of the Nile , south of Egypt . The collecting of wild grains as source of food spread to Syria , parts of Turkey , and Iran by the eleventh millennium BCE . By the tenth and ninth millennia southwest Asians domesticated their wild grains , wheat , and barley after the notion of collecting wild grains spread from the Nile . Numerous crops have been domesticated in the region and spread to other parts of the world . These crops included sorghum , castor beans , coffee , cotton okra , black - eyed peas , watermelon , gourd , and pearl millet . Other domesticated crops included teff , enset , African rice , yams , kola nuts , oil palm , and raffia palm . Domesticated animals include the guinea fowl and the donkey . The Naute Fruit Farm at the Naute Dam outside of Keetmanshoop , Namibia Agriculture represents 20 % to 30 % of GDP and 50 % of exports . In some cases , 60 % to 90 % of the labor force are employed in agriculture . Most agricultural activity is subsistence farming . This has made agricultural activity vulnerable to climate change and global warming . Biotechnology has been advocated to create high yield , pest and environmentally resistant crops in the hands of small farmers . The Bill and Melinda Gates foundation is a strong advocate and donor to this cause . Biotechnology and GM crops have met resistance both by natives and environmental groups . Cash crops include cotton , coffee , tea , cocoa , sugar , and tobacco . The OECD says Africa has the potential to become an agricultural superbloc if it can unlock the wealth of the savannahs by allowing farmers to use their land as collateral for credit . There is such international interest in Sub-Saharan agriculture , that the World Bank increased its financing of African agricultural programs to $1.3 billion in the 2011 fiscal year . Recently , there has been a trend to purchase large tracts of land in Sub-Sahara for agricultural use by developing countries . Early in 2009 , George Soros highlighted a new farmland buying frenzy caused by growing population , scarce water supplies and climate change . Chinese interests bought up large swathes of Senegal to supply it with sesame . Aggressive moves by China , South Korea and Gulf states to buy vast tracts of agricultural land in Sub-Saharan Africa could soon be limited by a new global international protocol . Education ( edit ) The University of Botswana 's Earth Science building in Gaborone , Botswana Forty percent of African scientists live in OECD countries , predominantly in Europe , the United States and Canada . This has been described as an African brain drain . According to Naledi Pandor , the South African Minister of Science and Technology , even with the drain enrollments in Sub-Saharan African universities tripled between 1991 and 2005 , expanding at an annual rate of 8.7 % , which is one of the highest regional growth rates in the world . In the last 10 to 15 years interest in pursuing university level degrees abroad has increased . In some OECD countries , like the United States , Sub-Saharan Africans are the most educated immigrant group . The University of Antananarivo in Antananarivo , Madagascar According to the CIA , low global literacy rates are concentrated in Sub-Saharan Africa , West Asia and South Asia . However , the literacy rates in Sub-Saharan Africa vary significantly between countries . The highest registered literacy rate in the region is in Zimbabwe ( 90.7 % ; 2003 est . ) , while the lowest literacy rate is in South Sudan ( 27 % ) . Sub-Saharan African countries spent an average of 0.3 % of their GDP on science and technology on in 2007 . This represents an increase from US $1.8 billion in 2002 to US $2.8 billion in 2007 , a 50 % increase in spending . Health care ( edit ) Further information : HIV / AIDS in Africa The Komfo Anokye Hospital in Kumasi , Ghana In 1987 , the Bamako Initiative conference organised by the World Health Organization was held in Bamako , the capital of Mali , and helped reshape the health policy of Sub-Saharan Africa . The new strategy dramatically increased accessibility through community - based healthcare reform , resulting in more efficient and equitable provision of services . A comprehensive approach strategy was extended to all areas of health care , with subsequent improvement in the health care indicators and improvement in health care efficiency and cost . In 2011 , Sub-Saharan Africa was home to 69 % of all people living with HIV / AIDS worldwide . In response , a number of initiatives have been launched to educate the public on HIV / AIDS . Among these are combination prevention programmes , considered to be the most effective initiative , the abstinence , be faithful , use a condom campaign , and the Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation 's outreach programs . According to a 2013 special report issued by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV / AIDS ( UNAIDS ) , the number of HIV positive people in Africa receiving anti-retroviral treatment in 2012 was over seven times the number receiving treatment in 2005 , with an almost 1 million added in the last year alone . The number of AIDS - related deaths in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2011 was 33 percent less than the number in 2005 . The number of new HIV infections in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2011 was 25 percent less than the number in 2001 . Estimated prevalence in % of HIV among young adults ( 15 -- 49 ) per country as of 2011 . Malaria is an endemic illness in Sub-Saharan Africa , where the majority of malaria cases and deaths worldwide occur . Routine immunization has been introduced in order to prevent measles . Onchocerciasis ( `` river blindness '' ) , a common cause of blindness , is also endemic to parts of the region . More than 99 % of people affected by the illness worldwide live in 31 countries therein . In response , the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control ( APOC ) was launched in 1995 with the aim of controlling the disease . Maternal mortality is another challenge , with more than half of maternal deaths in the world occurring in Sub-Saharan Africa . However , there has generally been progress here as well , as a number of countries in the region have halved their levels of maternal mortality since 1990 . Additionally , the African Union in July 2003 ratified the Maputo Protocol , which pledges to prohibit female genital mutilation ( FGM ) . National health systems vary between countries . In Ghana , most health care is provided by the government and largely administered by the Ministry of Health and Ghana Health Services . The healthcare system has five levels of providers : health posts which are first level primary care for rural areas , health centers and clinics , district hospitals , regional hospitals and tertiary hospitals . These programs are funded by the government of Ghana , financial credits , Internally Generated Fund ( IGF ) , and Donors - pooled Health Fund . Religion ( edit ) Further information : Religion in Africa , Christianity in Africa , Islam in Africa , Hinduism in Africa , and African traditional religion The Bujumbura Cathedral in Bujumbura , Burundi Mosque in Nouakchott , Mauritania African countries below the Sahara are largely Christian , while those above the Sahara , in North Africa , are predominantly Islamic . There are also Muslim majorities in parts of the Horn of Africa ( Djibouti and Somalia ) and in the Sahel and Sudan regions ( the Gambia , Sierra Leone , Guinea , Mali , Niger and Senegal ) , as well as significant Muslim communities in Ethiopia and Eritrea , and on the Swahili Coast ( Tanzania and Kenya ) . Mauritius is the only country in Africa to have a Hindu majority . Traditional African religions can be broken down into linguistic cultural groups , with common themes . Among Niger -- Congo - speakers is a belief in a creator God ; ancestor spirits ; territorial spirits ; evil caused by human ill will and neglecting ancestor spirits ; priest of territorial spirits . New world religions such as Santería , Vodun , and Candomblé , would be derived from this world view . Among Nilo - Saharan speakers is the belief in Divinity ; evil is caused by divine judgement and retribution ; prophets as middlemen between Divinity and man . Among Afro - Asiatic - speakers is henotheism , the belief in one 's own gods but accepting the existence of other gods ; evil here is caused by malevolent spirits . The Semitic Abrahamic religion of Judaism is comparable to the latter world view . San religion is non-theistic but a belief in a Spirit or Power of existence which can be tapped in a trance - dance ; trance - healers . Traditional religions in Sub-Saharan Africa often display complex ontology , cosmology and metaphysics . Mythologies , for example , demonstrated the difficulty fathers of creation had in bringing about order from chaos . Order is what is right and natural and any deviation is chaos . Cosmology and ontology is also neither simple or linear . It defines duality , the material and immaterial , male and female , heaven and earth . Common principles of being and becoming are widespread : Among the Dogon , the principle of Amma ( being ) and Nummo ( becoming ) , and among the Bambara , Pemba ( being ) and Faro ( becoming ) . Ifá divination and its four digit binary code West Africa Akan mythology Ashanti mythology ( Ghana ) Dahomey ( Fon ) mythology Efik mythology ( Nigeria , Cameroon ) Igbo mythology ( Nigeria , Cameroon ) Serer religion and Serer creation myth ( Senegal , Gambia and Mauritania ) Yoruba mythology ( Nigeria , Benin ) Central Africa Dinka mythology ( South Sudan ) Lotuko mythology ( South Sudan ) Bushongo mythology ( Congo ) Bambuti ( Pygmy ) mythology ( Congo ) Lugbara mythology ( Congo ) Southeast Africa Akamba mythology ( eastern Kenya ) Masai mythology ( Kenya , Tanzania ) Southern Africa Khoisan religion Lozi mythology ( Zambia ) Tumbuka mythology ( Malawi ) Zulu mythology ( South Africa ) Sub-Saharan traditional divination systems display great sophistication . For example , the bamana sand divination uses well established symbolic codes that can be reproduced using four bits or marks . A binary system of one or two marks are combined . Random outcomes are generated using a fractal recursive process . It is analogous to a digital circuit but can be reproduced on any surface with one or two marks . This system is widespread in Sub-Saharan Africa . Culture ( edit ) Sub-Saharan Africa is diverse , with many communities and villages , each with their own beliefs and traditions . Traditional African Societies are communal , they believe that the needs of the many far out weigh an individual needs and achievements . Basically , an individual 's keep must be shared with other extended family members . Extended families are made up of various individuals and families who have shared responsibilities within the community . This extended family is one of the core aspects of every African community . `` An African will refer to an older person as auntie or uncle . Siblings of parents will be called father or mother rather than uncle and aunt . Cousins will be called brother or sister '' . This system can be very difficult for outsiders to understand ; however , it is no less important . `` Also reflecting their communal ethic , Africans are reluctant to stand out in a crowd or to appear different from their neighbors or colleagues , a result of social pressure to avoid offense to group standards and traditions . '' Women also have a very important role in African culture because they take care of the house and children . Traditionally `` men do the heavy work of clearing and plowing the land , women sow the seeds , tend the fields , harvest the crops , haul the water , and bear the major burden for growing the family 's food '' . Despite their work in the fields women are expected to be subservient to men in some African cultures . `` When young women migrate to cities , this imbalance between the sexes , as well as financial need , often causes young women of lower economic status , who lack education and job training , to have sexual relationships with older men who are established in their work or profession and can afford to support a girlfriend or two '' . Music ( edit ) Further information : Music of Africa and African popular music A traditional polyrhythmic kalimba Traditional Sub-Saharan African music is as diverse as the region 's various populations . The common perception of Sub-Saharan African music is that it is rhythmic music centered around the drums . It is partially true . A large part of Sub-Saharan music , mainly among speakers of Niger -- Congo and Nilo - Saharan languages , is rhythmic and centered around the drum . Sub-Saharan music is polyrhythmic , usually consisting of multiple rhythms in one composition . Dance involves moving multiple body parts . These aspect of Sub-Saharan music has been transferred to the new world by enslaved Sub-Saharan Africans and can be seen in its influence on music forms as Samba , Jazz , Rhythm and Blues , Rock & Roll , Salsa , Reggae and Rap music . But Sub-Saharan music involves a lot of music with strings , horns , and very little poly - rhythms . Music from the eastern sahel and along the nile , among the Nilo - Saharan , made extensive use of strings and horns in ancient times . Among the Afro - Asiatics , we see extensive use of string instruments . Dancing involve swaying body movements and footwork . Among the San is extensive use of string instruments with emphasis on footwork . Modern Sub-Saharan African music has been influence by music from the New World ( Jazz , Salsa , Rhythm and Blues etc . ) vice versa being influenced by enslaved Sub-Saharan Africans . Popular styles are Mbalax in Senegal and Gambia , Highlife in Ghana , Zoblazo in Ivory Coast , Makossa in Cameroon , Soukous in the Democratic Republic of Congo , Kizomba in Angola , and Mbaqanga in South Africa . New World styles like Salsa , R&B / Rap , Reggae , and Zouk also have widespread popularity . Art ( edit ) Further information : African art Two Bambara Chiwara c. late 19th early 20th centuries . Female ( left ) and male Vertical styles . The oldest abstract art in the world is a shell necklace , dated to 82,000 years in the Cave of Pigeons in Taforalt , eastern Morocco . The second oldest abstract form of art and the oldest rock art is found in the Blombos Cave at the Cape in South Africa , dated 77,000 years . Sub-Saharan Africa has some of the oldest and most varied style of rock art in the world . Although Sub-Saharan African art is very diverse there are some common themes . One is the use of the human figure . Second , there is a preference for sculpture . Sub-Saharan African art is meant to be experienced in three dimensions , not two . A house is meant to be experienced from all angles . Third , art is meant to be performed . Sub-Saharan Africans have specific name for masks . The name incorporates the sculpture , the dance , and the spirit that incorporates the mask . The name denotes all three elements . Fourth , art that serves a practical function , utilitarian . The artist and craftsman are not separate . A sculpture shaped like a hand can be used as a stool . Fifth , the use of fractals or non-linear scaling . The shape of the whole is the shape of the parts at different scales . Before the discovery of fractal geometry ) , Leopold Sedar Senghor , Senegal 's first president , referred to this as `` dynamic symmetry . '' William Fagg , the British art historian , compared it to the logarithmic mapping of natural growth by biologist D'Arcy Thompson . Lastly , Sub-Saharan African art is visually abstract , instead of naturalistic . Sub-Saharan African art represents spiritual notions , social norms , ideas , values , etc . An artist might exaggerated the head of a sculpture in relations to the body not because he does not know anatomy but because he wants to illustrate that the head is the seat of knowledge and wisdom . The visual abstraction of African art was very influential in the works of modernist artist like Pablo Picasso , Henri Matisse , and Jacques Lipchitz . Cuisine ( edit ) Further information : African cuisine A plate of fufu accompanied with peanut soup Sub-Saharan African cuisine like everything about Africa is very diverse . A lot of regional overlapping occurs , but there are dominant elements region by region . West African cuisine can be described as starchy , flavorfully spicey . Dishes include fufu , kenkey , couscous , garri , foutou , and banku . Ingredients are of native starchy tubers , yams , cocoyams , and cassava . Grains include millet , sorghum , and rice , usually in the sahel , are incorporated . Oils include palm oil and shea butter ( sahel ) . One finds recipes that mixes fish and meat . Beverages are palm wine ( sweet or sour ) and millet beer . Roasting , baking , boiling , frying , mashing , and spicing are all cooking techniques . Ugali and cabbage Southeast African cuisine especially those of the Swahilis reflects its Islamic , geographical Indian Ocean cultural links . Dishes include ugali , sukumi wiki , and halva . Spices such as curry , saffron , cloves , cinnamon , pomegranate juice , cardamon , ghee , and sage are used , especially among Muslims . Meat includes cattle , sheep , and goats , but is rarely eaten since its viewed as currency and wealth . In the Horn of Africa , pork and non-fish seafood is avoided by Christians and Muslims . Dairy products and all meats are avoided during lent by Ethiopians . Maize ( corn ) is a major staple . Cornmeal is used to make ugali , a popular dish with different names . Teff is used to make injera or canjeero ( Somali ) bread . Other important foods include enset , noog , lentils , rice , banana , leafy greens , chiles , peppers , coconut milk and tomatoes . Beverages are coffee ( domesticated in Ethiopia ) , chai tea , fermented beer from banana or millet . Cooking techniques include roasting and marinating . This meal , consisting of injera and several kinds of wat ( stew ) , is typical of Ethiopian and Eritrean cuisine . Central African cuisine connects with all major regions of Sub-Saharan Africa : Its cuisine reflects that . Ugali and fufu are eaten in the region . Central African cuisine is very starchy and spicy hot . Dominant crops include plantains , cassava , peanuts , chillis , and okra . Meats include beef , chicken , and sometimes exotic meats called bush meat ( antelope , warthog , crocodile ) . Widespread spicy hot fish cuisine is one of the differentiating aspects . Mushroom is sometimes used as a meat substitute . Traditional Southern African cuisine surrounds meat . Traditional society typically focused on raising , sheep , goats , and especially cattle . Dishes include braai ( barbecue meat ) , sadza , bogobe , pap ( fermented cornmeal ) , milk products ( buttermilk , yoghurt ) . Crops utilised are sorghum , maize ( corn ) , pumpkin beans , leafy greens , and cabbage . Beverages include ting ( fermented sorghum or maize ) , milk , chibuku ( milky beer ) . Influences from the Indian and Malay community can be seen its use of curries , sambals , pickled fish , fish stews , chutney , and samosa . European influences can be seen in cuisines like biltong ( dried beef strips ) , potjies ( stews of maize , onions , tomatoes ) , French wines , and crueler or koeksister ( sugar syrup cookie ) . Clothing ( edit ) Further information : Clothing in Africa The Ashanti Kente cloth patterns Like most of the world , Sub-Saharan Africans have adopted Western - style clothing . In some country like Zambia , used Western clothing has flooded markets , causing great angst in the retail community . Sub-Saharan Africa boasts its own traditional clothing style . Cotton seems to be the dominant material . In East Africa , one finds extensive use of cotton clothing . Shemma , shama , and kuta are types of Ethiopian clothing . Kanga are Swahili cloth that comes in rectangular shapes , made of pure cotton , and put together to make clothing . Kitenges are similar to kangas and kikoy , but are of a thicker cloth , and have an edging only on a long side . Kenya , Uganda , Tanzania , and South Sudan are some of the African countries where kitenge is worn . In Malawi , Namibia and Zambia , kitenge is known as Chitenge . One of the unique materials , which is not a fiber and is used to make clothing is barkcloth , an innovation of the Baganda people of Uganda . It came from the Mutuba tree ( Ficus natalensis ) . On Madagascar a type of draped cloth called lamba is worn . Kangas In West Africa , again cotton is the material of choice . In the Sahel and other parts of West Africa the boubou and kaftan style of clothing are featured . Kente cloth is created by the Akan people of Ghana and Ivory Coast , from silk of the various moth species in West Africa . Kente comes from the Ashanti twi word kenten which means basket . It is sometimes used to make dashiki and kufi . Adire is a type of Yoruba cloth that is starch resistant . Raffia cloth and barkcloth are also utilised in the region . In Central Africa , the Kuba people developed raffia cloth from the raffia plant fibers . It was widely used in the region . Barkcloth was also extensively used . In Southern Africa one finds numerous uses of animal hide and skins for clothing . The Ndau in central Mozambique and the Shona mix hide with barkcloth and cotton cloth . Cotton cloth is referred to as machira . Xhosa , Tswana , Sotho , and Swazi also made extensive use of hides . Hides come from cattle , sheep , goat , and elephant . Leopard skins were coveted and were a symbol of kingship in Zulu society . Skins were tanned to form leather , dyed , and embedded with beads . Sports ( edit ) The Stade Félix Houphouët - Boigny in Abidjan , Ivory Coast Football ( soccer ) is the most popular sport in Sub-Saharan Africa . Sub-Saharan men are its main patrons . Major competitions include the African Champions League , a competition for the best clubs on the continent and the Confederation Cup , a competition primarily for the national cup winner of each African country . The Africa Cup of Nations is a competition of 16 national teams from various African countries held every two years . South Africa hosted the 2010 FIFA World Cup , a first for a Sub-Saharan country . In 2010 , Cameroon played in the World Cup for the sixth time , which is the current record for a Sub-Saharan team . In 1996 Nigeria won the Olympic gold for football . In 2000 Cameroon maintained the continent 's supremacy by winning the title too . Momentous achievements for Sub-Saharan African football . Famous Sub-Saharan football stars include Abedi Pele , Emmanuel Adebayor , George Weah , Michael Essien , Didier Drogba , Roger Milla , Nwankwo Kanu , Jay - Jay Okocha , Bruce Grobbelaar , Samuel Eto'o , Kolo Touré , Yaya Touré , Sadio Mané and Pierre - Emerick Aubameyang . The most talented Sub-Saharan African football players find themselves courted and sought after by European leagues . There are currently more than 1000 Africans playing for European clubs . Sub-Saharan Africans have found themselves the target of racism by European fans . FIFA has been trying hard to crack down on racist outburst during games . The Namibia rugby team Rugby is also popular in Sub-Saharan Africa . The Confederation of African Rugby governs rugby games in the region . South Africa is a major force in the game and won the Rugby World Cup in 1995 and in 2007 . Africa is also allotted one guaranteed qualifying place in the Rugby World Cup . Boxing is also a popular sport . Battling Siki the first world champion to come out of Sub-Saharan Africa . Countries such as Nigeria , Ghana and South Africa have produced numerous professional world champions such as Dick Tiger , Hogan Bassey , Gerrie Coetzee , Samuel Peter , Azumah Nelson and Jake Matlala . Cricket has a following . The African Cricket Association is an international body which oversees cricket in African countries . South Africa and Zimbabwe have their own governing bodies . In 2003 the Cricket World Cup was held in South Africa , first time it was held in Sub-Saharan Africa . Over the years , Ethiopia and Kenya have produced many notable long - distance athletes . Each country has federations that identify and cultivate top talent . Athletes from Ethiopia and Kenya hold , save for two exceptions , all the men 's outdoor records for Olympic distance events from 800m to the marathon . Famous runners include Haile Gebrselassie , Kenenisa Bekele , Paul Tergat , and John Cheruiyot Korir . Tourism ( edit ) The development of tourism in this region has been identified as having the ability to create jobs and improve the economy . South Africa , Namibia , Mauritius , Botswana , Ghana , Cape Verde , Tanzania , and Kenya have been identified as having well developed tourism industries . Cape Town and the surrounding area is very popular with tourists . List of countries and regional organization ( edit ) Geo - political map of Africa divided for ethnomusicological purposes , after Alan P. Merriam , 1959 . Only seven African countries are not geopolitically a part of Sub-Saharan Africa : Algeria , Egypt , Libya , Morocco , Tunisia , Western Sahara ( claimed by Morocco ) and Sudan ; they form the UN subregion of Northern Africa , which also makes up the largest bloc of the Arab World . Nevertheless , some international organisations include Sudan as part of Sub-Saharan Africa . Although a long - standing member of the Arab League , Sudan has around 30 % non-Arab populations in the west ( Darfur , Masalit , Zaghawa ) , far north ( Nubian ) and south ( Kordofan , Nuba ) . Mauritania and Niger only include a band of the Sahel along their southern borders . All other African countries have at least significant portions of their territory within Sub-Saharan Africa . Central Africa ( edit ) Central Africa Middle Africa ( UN subregion ) Central African Federation ( defunct ) South Sudan cap . Juba cur . Sudanese pound ( SDG ) lang . English ECCAS ( Economic Community of Central African States ) Angola ( also in SADC ) cap . Luanda cur . Angolan kwanza ( Kz ) lang . Portuguese Burundi ( also in EAC ) cap . Bujumbura cur . Burundian franc ( FBu ) lang. French Democratic Republic of the Congo ( also in SADC ) cap . Kinshasa cur . Congolese franc ( FC ) lang . Kurundi , French Rwanda ( also in EAC ) cap . Kigali cur . Rwandan franc ( RF ) lang . Kinyarwanda , French , English São Tomé and Príncipe cap . São Tomé cur . São Tomé and Príncipe dobra ( Db ) lang . Portuguese CEMAC ( Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa ) Cameroon cap . Yaoundé cur . Central African CFA franc ( FCFA ) lang . English , French Central African Republic cap . Bangui cur . Central African CFA franc ( FCFA ) lang . Sango , French Chad cap . N'Djamena cur . Central African CFA franc ( FCFA ) lang. French , Arabic Republic of the Congo cap . Brazzaville cur . Central African CFA franc ( FCFA ) lang. French Equatorial Guinea cap . Malabo cur . Central African CFA franc ( FCFA ) lang . Spanish , French Gabon cap . Libreville cur . Central African CFA franc ( FCFA ) lang. French East Africa ( edit ) Eastern Africa ( UN subregion ) East African Community Central African Federation ( defunct ) Geographic East Africa , including the UN subregion and East African Community Horn of Africa ( edit ) Djibouti cap . Djibouti cur . Djiboutian franc ( Fdj ) lang . Arabic , French Eritrea cap . Asmara cur . Eritrean nakfa ( Nfk ) ' lang . ' Tigrinya , Arabic , Italian , English Ethiopia cap . Addis Ababa cur . Ethiopian birr ( Br ) lang . Amharic Somalia cap . Mogadishu cur . Somali shilling ( So.Sh ) lang . Somali , Arabic Southeast Africa ( edit ) EAC Burundi ( also in ECCAS ) cap . Bujumbura cur . Burundian franc ( FBu ) lang . Kirundi , French Kenya cap . Nairobi cur . Kenyan shilling ( KSh ) lang . Swahili , English Rwanda ( also in ECCAS ) cap . Kigali cur . Rwandan franc ( RF ) lang . Kinyarwanda , French , English Tanzania ( also in SADC ) cap . Dodoma cur . Tanzanian shilling ( x / y ) lang . Swahili , English Uganda cap . Kampala cur . Ugandan shilling ( USh ) lang . Swahili , English Southern Africa ( edit ) Southern Africa ( UN subregion ) geographic , including above Southern African Development Community ( SADC ) SADC ( Southern African Development Community ) Angola ( also in ECCAS ) cap . Luanda cur . Angolan kwanza ( Kz ) lang . Portuguese Botswana cap . Gaborone cur . Botswana pula ( P ) lang . Tswana , English Comoros cap . Moroni cur . Comorian franc ( CF ) lang . Comorian , Arabic , French Lesotho cap . Maseru cur . Lesotho loti ( L ) ( M ) lang . Sesotho , English Madagascar cap . Antananarivo cur . Malagasy ariary ( MGA ) lang . Malagasy , French Malawi cap . Lilongwe cur . Malawian kwacha ( MK ) lang . English Mauritius cap . Port Louis cur . Mauritian rupee ( R ) lang . English Mozambique cap . Maputo cur . Mozambican metical ( MTn ) lang . Portuguese Namibia cap . Windhoek cur . Namibian dollar ( N $ ) lang . English Seychelles cap . Victoria cur . Seychellois rupee ( SR ) ( SRe ) lang . Seychellois Creole , English , French South Africa cap . Bloemfontein , Cape Town , Pretoria cur . South African rand ( R ) lang. 11 official languages Swaziland cap . Mbabane cur . Swazi lilangeni ( L ) ( E ) lang . SiSwati , English Zambia cap . Lusaka cur . Zambian kwacha ( ZK ) lang . English Zimbabwe cap . Harare cur . Zimbabwean dollar ( $ ) lang . English Sudan ( edit ) Depending on classification Sudan is often not considered part of Sub-Saharan Africa , as it is considered part of North Africa . Sudan cap . Khartoum cur . Sudanese pound ( SDG ) lang . Arabic and English West Africa ( edit ) Western Africa ( UN subregion ) Maghreb Mauritania cap . Nouakchott cur . Mauritanian ouguiya ( UM ) ( sometimes , like Sudan , considered part of North Africa ) ECOWAS ( Economic Community of West African States ) Ivory Coast cap . Abidjan , Yamoussoukro cur . West African CFA franc ( CFA ) The Gambia cap . Banjul cur . Gambian dalasi ( D ) Ghana ' cap . Accra cur . Ghanaian cedi ( GH ₵ ) Guinea cap . Conakry cur . Guinean franc ( FG ) Liberia cap . Monrovia cur . Liberian dollar ( L $ ) Nigeria cap . Abuja cur . Nigerian naira ( N ) Sierra Leone cap . Freetown cur . Sierra Leonean leone ( Le ) UEMOA ( West African Economic and Monetary Union ) Benin cap . Porto - Novo cur . West African CFA franc ( CFA ) Burkina Faso cap . Ouagadougou cur . West African CFA franc ( CFA ) Ivory Coast cap . Abidjan , Yamoussoukro cur . West African CFA franc ( CFA ) Guinea - Bissau cap . Bissau cur . West African CFA franc ( CFA ) Mali cap . Bamako cur . West African CFA franc ( CFA ) Niger cap . Niamey cur . West African CFA franc ( CFA ) Senegal cap . Dakar cur . West African CFA franc ( CFA ) Togo cap . Lomé cur . West African CFA franc ( CFA ) See also ( edit ) Geography of Africa Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Composition of macro geographical ( continental ) regions , geographical sub-regions , and selected economic and other groupings '' . United Nations Statistics Division . 11 February 2013 . Retrieved 20 July 2013 . `` The designation sub-Saharan Africa is commonly used to indicate all of Africa except northern Africa , with the Sudan included in sub-Saharan Africa . '' Jump up ^ `` Political definition of `` Major regions '' , according to the UN `` . Archived from the original on 20 April 2010 . Retrieved 15 December 2010 . Jump up ^ League of Arab States `` Arab States '' . UNESCO . Infosamak . `` Centre for Marketing , Information and Advisory Services for Fishery Products in the Arab Region '' . Infosamak . Halim Barakat , The Arab World : Society , Culture , and State , ( University of California Press : 1993 ) , p. 80 Khair El - Din Haseeb et al. , The Future of the Arab Nation : Challenges and Options , 1 edition ( Routledge : 1991 ) , p. 54 John Markakis , Resource conflict in the Horn of Africa , ( Sage : 1998 ) , p. 39 Ḥagai Erlikh , The struggle over Eritrea , 1962 -- 1978 : war and revolution in the Horn of Africa , ( Hoover Institution Press : 1983 ) , p. 59 Randall Fegley , Eritrea , ( Clio Press : 1995 ) , p. mxxxviii Michael Frishkopf , Music and Media in the Arab World , ( American University in Cairo Press : 2010 ) , p. 61 Jump up ^ `` Sahara 's Abrupt Desertification Started by Changes in Earth 's Orbit , Accelerated by Atmospheric and Vegetation Feedbacks '' , Science Daily . Jump up ^ Claussen , Mark ; Kubatzki , Claudia ; Brovkin , Victor ; Ganopolski , Andrey ; Hoelzmann , Philipp ; Pachur , Hans - Joachim ( 1999 ) . `` Simulation of an Abrupt Change in Saharan Vegetation in the Mid-Holocene '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 26 ( 14 ) : 2037 -- 40 . Bibcode : 1999GeoRL ... 26.2037 C . doi : 10.1029 / 1999GL900494 . `` Sahara 's Abrupt Desertification Started By Changes In Earth 's Orbit , Accelerated By Atmospheric And Vegetation Feedbacks '' . Science Daily . Science Daily . 12 July 1999 . Jump up ^ van Zinderen - Bakker E.M. ( 14 April 1962 ) . `` A Late - Glacial and Post-Glacial Climatic Correlation between East Africa and Europe '' . Nature . 194 ( 4824 ) : 201 -- 03 . Bibcode : 1962Natur. 194 ... 201V . doi : 10.1038 / 194201a0 . Jump up ^ Herbert Ekwe - Ekwe ( 2 May 2014 ) . `` What exactly does ' sub-Sahara Africa ' mean ? '' . Pambazuka News . Jump up ^ `` Contemptuousness Of A `` Sub-Saharan Africa '' By Chika Onyeani `` . Africannewsworld . Archived from the original on 27 September 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Raunig , Walter ( 2005 ) . Afrikas Horn : Akten der Ersten Internationalen Littmann - Konferenz 2 . bis 5 . Mai 2002 in München . Otto Harrassowitz Verlag . p. 130 . ISBN 3 - 447 - 05175 - 2 . ancient Arabic geography had quite a fixed pattern in listing the countries from the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean : These are al - Misr ( Egypt ) -- al - Muqurra ( or other designations for Nubian kingdoms ) -- al - Habasha ( Abyssinia ) -- Barbara ( Berber , i.e. the Somali coast ) -- Zanj ( Azania , i.e. the country of the `` blacks '' ) . Correspondingly almost all these terms ( or as I believe : all of them ! ) also appear in ancient and medieval Chinese geography Jump up ^ International Association for the History of Religions ( 1959 ) , Numen , Leiden : EJ Brill , p. 131 , West Africa may be taken as the country stretching from Senegal in the west , to the Cameroons in the east ; sometimes it has been called the central and western Sudan , the Bilad as - Sūdan , ' Land of the Blacks ' , of the Arabs ^ Jump up to : Nehemia Levtzion , Randall Lee Pouwels , The History of Islam in Africa , ( Ohio University Press , 2000 ) , p. 255 . Jump up ^ Sven Rubenson , The survival of Ethiopian independence , ( Tsehai , 2003 ) , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Jonah Blank , Mullahs on the mainframe : Islam and modernity among the Daudi Bohras , ( University of Chicago Press , 2001 ) , p. 163 . Jump up ^ F.R.C. Bagley et al. , The Last Great Muslim Empires , ( Brill : 1997 ) , p. 174 Jump up ^ Bethwell A. Ogot , Zamani : A Survey of East African History , ( East African Publishing House : 1974 ) , p. 104 Jump up ^ James Hastings , Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics Part 12 : V. 12 , ( Kessinger Publishing , LLC : 2003 ) , p. 490 Jump up ^ Edgar Harry Brookes , Amry Vandenbosch ( 1964 ) . The city of God and the city of man in Africa . University of Kentucky Press . pp. Chapter 3 . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . About two - thirds of the population speaks Negritic and one - third Hamitic and Semitic languages . The former are found in central , or tropical , and southern Africa ; the latter in Ethiopia , the Sahara region , and the northern part of the continent . Tropical Africa is often spoken of as `` Black Africa . '' Jump up ^ Cole , Sonia Mary ( 1963 ) . Races of Man . British Museum . pp. 111 , 78 -- 80 , 112 -- 121 , 121 -- 124 . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Shillington , Kevin ( 2005 ) . History of Africa , Rev. 2nd Ed . New York : Palgrave Macmillan , p. 2 , ISBN 0 - 333 - 59957 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Shillington , Kevin ( 2005 ) . History of Africa , Rev. 2nd Ed . New York : Palgrave Macmillan , pp. 2 -- 3 , ISBN 0 - 333 - 59957 - 8 . Jump up ^ Shillington , Kevin ( 2005 ) . History of Africa , Rev. 2nd Ed . New York : Palgrave Macmillan , p. 3 , ISBN 0 - 333 - 59957 - 8 . Jump up ^ The genetic studies by Luca Cavalli - Sforza are considered pioneering in tracing the spread of modern humans from Africa . Jump up ^ Tishkoff SA , Reed FA , Friedlaender FR , et al. ( May 2009 ) . `` The genetic structure and history of Africans and African Americans '' . Science . 324 ( 5930 ) : 1035 -- 44 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1172257 . PMC 2947357 . PMID 19407144 . Jump up ^ Stearns , Peter N. ( 2001 ) The Encyclopedia of World History , Houghton Mifflin Books . p. 16 . ISBN 0 - 395 - 65237 - 5 . Jump up ^ Collins , Robert O. and Burns , James . M ( 2007 ) . A History of Sub-saharan Africa . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , p. 62 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 86746 - 7 Jump up ^ Davidson , Basil . Africa History , Themes and Outlines , revised and expanded edition . New York : Simon & Schuster , p. 54 , ISBN 0 - 684 - 82667 - 4 . Jump up ^ Shillington , Kevin ( 2005 ) . History of Africa , Rev. 2nd Ed . New York : Palgrave Macmillan , p. 47 , ISBN 0 - 333 - 59957 - 8 . Jump up ^ McEvedy , Colin ( 1980 ) Atlas of African History , p. 44 . ISBN 0 - 87196 - 480 - 5 . Jump up ^ Philippe Lavachery ; et al. ( 2012 ) . Komé - Kribi : Rescue Archaeology Along the Chad - Cameroon Oil Pipeline . Jump up ^ É . Zangato ; A.F.C. Holl ( 2010 ) . `` On the Iron Front : New Evidence from North - Central '' . Africa Journal of African Archaeology. 8 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 23 . doi : 10.3213 / 1612 - 1651 - 10153 . Jump up ^ J. Cameron Monroe . Akinwumi Ogundiran , Power and Landscape in Atlantic West Africa : Archeological Perspectives . p. 316 . , citing Magnavita 2004 ; Magnavita et al. 2004 , 2006 ; Magnavita and Schleifer 2004 . Jump up ^ Peter Mitchell et al. , The Oxford Handbook of African Archeology ( 2013 ) , p. 855 : `` The relatively recent discovery of extensive walled settlements at the transition from the Neolithic to the Early Iron Age in the Chad Basin ( Magnavita et al. , 2006 ) indicates what enormous sites and processes may still await recognition . '' Jump up ^ Appiah & Gates 2010 , p. 254 . ^ Jump up to : Shillington , Kevin ( 2005 ) . History of Africa , Rev. 2nd Ed . New York : Palgrave Macmillan , pp. 138 -- 39 , 142 , ISBN 0 - 333 - 59957 - 8 . Jump up ^ Oman in history By Peter Vine Page 324 Jump up ^ Shaping of Somali society Lee Cassanelli pg. 92 Jump up ^ Futuh Al Habash Shibab ad Din Jump up ^ Sudan Notes and Records -- 147 Jump up ^ M. Martin , Phyllis and O'Meara , Patrick ( 1995 ) . Africa 3rd edition , Bloomington and Indianapolis : Indiana University Press , p. 156 , ISBN 0 - 253 - 32916 - 7 . Jump up ^ Hua Liu , et al . A Geographically Explicit Genetic Model of Worldwide Human - Settlement History . The American Journal of Human Genetics , volume 79 ( 2006 ) , pp. 230 -- 37 , Jump up ^ James De Vere Allen ( 1993 ) . Swahili Origins : Swahili Culture & the Shungwaya Phenomenon . Jump up ^ Daniel Don Nanjira , African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy : From Antiquity to the 21st Century , ABC - CLIO , 2010 , p. 114 Jump up ^ Jens Finke ( 2010 ) . The Rough Guide to Tanzania . Jump up ^ Casson , Lionel ( 1989 ) . The Periplus Maris Erythraei . Lionel Casson . ( Translation by H. Frisk , 1927 , with updates and improvements and detailed notes ) . Princeton , Princeton University Press . Jump up ^ Chami , F.A. ( 1999 ) . `` The Early Iron Age on Mafia island and its relationship with the mainland . '' Azania Vol . XXXIV 1999 , pp. 1 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Chami , Felix A. 2002 . `` The Egypto - Graeco - Romans and Paanchea / Azania : sailing in the Erythraean Sea . '' From : Red Sea Trade and Travel . The British Museum . Sunday 6 October 2002 . Organised by The Society for Arabian Studies Jump up ^ `` Weilue : The Peoples of the West '' . Depts.washington.edu. 2004 - 05 - 23 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Miller , J. Innes. 1969 . Chapter 8 : `` The Cinnamon Route '' . In : The Spice Trade of the Roman Empire . Oxford : University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 814264 - 1 Jump up ^ books.google.com/books ? id = Ua_tAAAAMAAJ Jump up ^ Hill , John E. 2004 . `` The Peoples of the West from the Weilue by Yu Huan 魚豢 : A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 CE '' . Archived from the original on 15 March 2005 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 17 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Draft annotated English translation . See especially Section 15 on Zesan = Azania and notes . Jump up ^ Evelyne Jone Rich ; Immanuel Maurice Wallerstein ( 1971 ) . Africa : Tradition and Change . p. 124 . ISBN 9780394009384 . Jump up ^ W.H. Ingrams ( 1967 ) . Zanzibar : Its History and Its People . p. 24 . Jump up ^ Mary Fitzpatrick ; Tim Bewer ( 2012 ) . Lonely Planet Tanzania . Jump up ^ Rhonda M. Gonzales ( 30 August 2009 ) . Societies , religion , and history : central - east Tanzanians and the world they created , c. 200 BCE to 1800 CE . Columbia University Press . p. 222 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 14242 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Roland Oliver , et al. `` Africa South of the Equator , '' in Africa Since 1800 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press , 2005 , pp. 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Lloyd A. ( 1989 ) . Romans and blacks . Taylor & Francis . p. 57 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 03185 - 0 . Jump up ^ Mokhtar ( editor ) , AnciGent Civilizations of Africa Vo. II , General History of Africa , UNESCO , 1990 Jump up ^ Davidson , Basil . Africa History , Themes and Outlines , revised and expanded edition . New York : Simon & Schuster , pp. 87 -- 107 , ISBN 0 - 684 - 82667 - 4 . Jump up ^ Wesler , Kit W. ( 1998 ) . Historical archaeology in Nigeria . Africa World Press . pp. 143 -- 44 . ISBN 0 - 86543 - 610 - X , 9780865436107 . Jump up ^ Pearce , Fred . African Queen . New Scientist , 11 September 1999 , Issue 2203 . Jump up ^ `` The Slave Trade '' . Countrystudies.us . Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects -- Population Division '' . Esa.un.org. 2015 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Fertility rate , total ( births per woman ) Data '' . data.worldbank.org . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 21 . Jump up ^ According to the CIA Factbook : Angola , Benin , Burundi , Burkina Faso , the Central African Republic , Cameroon , Chad , the Republic of Congo , the Democratic Republic of Congo , Djibouti , Equatorial Guinea , Eritrea , Ethiopia , Gabon , the Gambia , Ghana , Guinea , Guinea - Bissau , Kenya , Liberia , Madagascar , Malawi , Mali , Mauritania , Mozambique , Namibia , Nigeria , Rwanda , Senegal , Sierra Leone , Somalia , Sudan , Swaziland , Tanzania , Togo , Uganda , and Zambia ^ Jump up to : ( 2009 ) . Africa Development Indicators 2008 / 2009 : From the World Bank Africa Database African Development Indicators . World Bank Publications , p. 28 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8213 - 7787 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Research -- CPI -- Overview '' . Transparency.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ World Bank . Doing Business 2010 , Economy Ranking Jump up ^ `` National Literacy Survey '' . National Bureau of Statistics . June 2010 . Archived from the original on 17 September 2015 . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sudan '' . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . Cia.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Bowden , Rob ( 2007 ) . Africa South of the Sahara . Coughlan Publishing : p. 37 , ISBN 1 - 4034 - 9910 - 1 . Jump up ^ Brown , Keith and Ogilvie , Sarah ( 2008 ) . Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world Concise Encyclopedias of Language and Linguistics Series . Elsevier , p. 12 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 08 - 087774 - 7 . Jump up ^ Maaroufi , Youssef . `` Recensement général de la population et de l'habitat 2004 '' . Jump up ^ African Languages at Michigan State University ( ASC ) Michigan State University `` . Isp.msu.edu. 2010 - 10 - 08 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2010 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 30 Jump up ^ Peek , Philip M. and Yankah , Kwesi ( 2004 ) . African folklore : an encyclopedia . London : ( Rourledge ) Taylor & Francis , p. 205 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 93933 - X , 9780415939331 Jump up ^ Schneider , Edgar Werner and Kortmann , Bernd ( 2004 ) . A handbook of varieties of English : a multimedia reference tool , Volume 1 . Berlin : Walter de Gruyter , pp. 867 -- 68 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 017532 - 5 . Jump up ^ Güldemann , Tom and Edward D. Elderkin ( forthcoming ) `` On external genealogical relationships of the Khoe family '' . In Brenzinger , Matthias and Christa König ( eds . ) , Khoisan languages and linguistics : the Riezlern symposium 2003 . Quellen zur Khoisan - Forschung 17 . Köln : Rüdiger Köppe . Jump up ^ Bellwood , Peter S. ( 2005 ) . First farmers : the origins of agricultural societies . Wiley - Blackwell , p. 218 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 20566 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` DRC '' . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved 16 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rwanda '' . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Angola '' . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved 18 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Republic of the Congo '' . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved 18 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Burundi '' . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Memories of Utopia -- Infoshop , World Bank '' ( PDF ) . secid.org . South East Consortium for International Development . 31 May 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 April 2012 . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Darfur Relief and Documentation Centre ( 2010 ) . 5th Population and Housing Census in Sudan -- An Incomplete Exercise Archived 15 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine ... Geneva : DRDC . Retrieved 16 November 2014 . Jump up ^ John A. Shoup ( 2011 ) . Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East . p. 333 . `` The Zaghawa is one of the major divisions of the Beri peoples who live in western Sudan and eastern Chad , and their language , also called Zaghawa , belongs to the Saharan branch of the Nilo - Saharan language group . '' Jump up ^ `` Sudan '' . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Summary and Statistical Report of the 2007 : Population and Housing Census Results '' ( PDF ) . New York City : United Nations Population Fund . 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 March 2009 . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Eritrea '' . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Report on minority groups in Somalia '' ( PDF ) . somraf.org . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 October 2013 . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Somalia '' . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kenya '' . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Uganda '' . CIA World Factbook. 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Ethnologue , most of them are native speakers ^ Jump up to : `` Central African Republic '' . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` South Sudan '' . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nigeria '' . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Niger '' . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chad '' Archived 26 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine ... CIA World Factbook . Retrieved 16 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Census '' . www.knbs.or.ke . Kenya National Bureau of Statistics . 2009 . Archived from the original on 2 February 2014 . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Maasai of Kenya and Tanzania '' . The Language Journal . 2012 - 04 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` South Africa '' . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved 16 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Botswana '' . CIA World Factbook. 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Malawi '' . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved 16 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Zambia '' . CIA World Factbook. 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mozambique '' . CIA World Factbook. 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Future of Portuguese '' . BB Portuguese . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Senegal '' . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Gambia '' . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cameroon '' . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mali '' . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Pugliese , Jessica ( 2 January 2014 ) . `` Rethinking Financing for Development in Sub-Saharan Africa '' . brookings.edu . Retrieved 5 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Africa 's impressive growth '' . The Economist. 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Africa 's impressive growth '' . World Bank . 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Creamer Media Reporter ( 12 November 2009 ) . `` Africa 's energy problems threatens growth , says Nepad CEO '' . www.engineeringnews.co.za . Engineering News . Archived from the original on 4 June 2013 . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Christian K.M. Kingombe 2011 . Mapping the new infrastructure financing landscape Archived 18 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... London : Overseas Development Institute Jump up ^ `` Creamer Media '' ( PDF ) . Us-cdn.creamermedia.co.za . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ RedOrbit.com Redorbit Archived 20 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Flatow , Ira . Could Africa Leapfrog The U.S. In Solar Power ? . Science Friday 6 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Hepeng , Jia ( 20 August 2004 ) . `` China to train developing nations in solar technologies '' . scidev.net . ^ Jump up to : English , Cynthia . Radio the Chief Medium for News in Sub-Saharan Africa . Gallup 23 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Africa Calling : Cellphone usage sees record rise . Mail&Guardian : 23 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Aker , Jenny C. ( 2008 ) . `` Can You Hear Me Now ? '' How Cell Phones are Transforming Markets in Sub-Saharan Africa , Center for Global Development . Jump up ^ `` MG.co.za '' . MG.co.za. 23 December 2009 . Jump up ^ Pfanner , Eric . Competition increases for pay TV in sub-Saharan Africa . New York Times 6 August 2007 . ^ Jump up to : John J. Saul and Colin Leys , Sub-Saharan Africa in Global Capitalism , Monthly Review , 1999 , Volume 51 , Issue 03 ( July -- August ) ^ Jump up to : Fred Magdoff , Twenty - First - Century Land Grabs : Accumulation by Agricultural Dispossession , Monthly Review , 2013 , Volume 65 , Issue 06 ( November ) Jump up ^ Ken Gwilliam , Vivien Foster , Rodrigo Archondo - Callao , Cecilia Briceño - Garmendia , Alberto Nogales , and Kavita Sethi ( 2008 ) . Africa infrastructure country diagnostic , Roads in Sub-Saharan Africa . World Bank and the SSATP : p. 4 Jump up ^ Lisa A. Corathers ( January 2009 ) . `` Manganese '' ( PDF ) . Minerals.usgs.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 19 . Land - based manganese resources are large but irregularly distributed ; those of the United States are very low grade and have potentially high extraction costs . South Africa accounts for about 80 % of the world 's identified manganese resources , and Ukraine accounts for 10 % . Jump up ^ John F. Papp ( 2001 ) . `` Chromium '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Geological Survey Minerals Yearbook . Minerals.usgs.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 19 . About 42 % of world reserves and about 75 % of the world reserve base are located in South Africa . Jump up ^ Vronsky ( May 1 , 1997 ) . `` Platinum : The Rich Man 's Gold '' . Gold-Eagle.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ E. Lee Bray ( January 2009 ) . `` Bauxite and Alumina '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Geological Survey , Mineral Commodity Summaries . Minerals.usgs.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Daniel L. Edelstein ( January 2009 ) . `` Copper '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Geological Survey , Mineral Commodity Summaries . Minerals.usgs.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` From the SelectedWorks of Maheta Matteo : From `` Blood Diamond '' to `` Blood Coltan '' : Should International Corporations Pay the Price for the Rape of the DR Congo ? `` . Works.bepress.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` MBendi.com '' . MBendi.com . Jump up ^ `` World-Nuclear.org '' . World-Nuclear.org . Jump up ^ Ghazvinian , John ( 2008 ) . Untapped : The Scramble for Africa 's Oil . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , pp. 1 -- 16 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 15 - 603372 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Christopher Ehret , ( 2002 ) . The Civilization of Africa . University of Virginia Press : Charlottesville , p. 98 , ISBN 0 - 8139 - 2085 - X . Jump up ^ Vandaveer , Chelsie ( 2006 ) . What was the cotton of Kush ? Archived 14 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine . KillerPlants.com , Plants That Change History Archive . Jump up ^ National Research Council ( U.S. ) . Board on Science and Technology for International Development ( 1996 ) . Lost Crops of Africa : Grains . National Academy Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 309 - 04990 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` WorldDefenseReview.com '' . WorldDefenseReview.com . Jump up ^ Business24-7.ae Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Evans , Ambrose ( 12 October 2009 ) . `` Blogspot.com '' . Tradeafrica.blogspot.com . Jump up ^ `` Africa Regional Brief '' ( PDF ) . World Bank . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Mathiason , Nick ( 2 November 2009 ) . `` Global protocol could limit Sub-Saharan land grab '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 9 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gabara , Nthambeleni ( 12 November 2009 ) . `` Developed nations should invest in African universities '' . buanews.gov.za . BuaNews Online . Archived from the original on 23 February 2012 . Retrieved 16 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World '' . CIA Factbook . Jump up ^ Nordling , Linda ( 29 October 2009 ) . `` Africa Analysis : Progress on science spending ? '' . scidev.net . Jump up ^ `` South Africa 's Investment in Research and Development on the Rise '' ( Press release ) . Department of Science and Technology . 22 June 2006 . Archived from the original on 27 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` User fees for health : a background '' . Archived from the original on 28 November 2006 . Retrieved 28 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Knippenberg R , Alihonou E , Soucat A , et al. ( June 1997 ) . `` Implementation of the Bamako Initiative : strategies in Benin and Guinea '' . The International Journal of Health Planning and Management . 12 ( Suppl 1 ) : S29 -- 47 . doi : 10.1002 / ( SICI ) 1099 - 1751 ( 199706 ) 12 : 1 + < S29 : : AID - HPM465 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - U . PMID 10173105 . Jump up ^ `` Manageable Bamako Initiative schemes '' . Archived from the original on 8 October 2007 . Retrieved 28 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` World Aids Day 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Unaids.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation : What we do '' . Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation . Archived from the original on 16 January 2013 . Retrieved 27 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UNAIDS reports more than 7 million people now on HIV treatment across Africa -- with nearly 1 million added in the last year -- while new HIV infections and deaths from AIDS continue to fall '' . Joint United Nations Programme on HIV / AIDS . 21 May 2013 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Special Report : How Africa Turned AIDS Around '' ( PDF ) . Joint United Nations Programme on HIV / AIDS . 2013 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic 2012 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 13 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AIDSinfo '' . UNAIDS . Retrieved 4 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` WHO Malaria '' . Who.int . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Verguet S , Jassat W , Hedberg C , Tollman S , Jamison DT , Hofman KJ ( February 2012 ) . `` Measles control in Sub-Saharan Africa : South Africa as a case study '' . Vaccine. 30 ( 9 ) : 1594 -- 600 . doi : 10.1016 / j. vaccine. 2011.12. 123 . PMID 22230581 . ^ Jump up to : `` WHO Onchocerciasis '' . Who.int . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` WHO Maternal mortality '' . Who.int . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Emma Bonino , `` A brutal custom : Join forces to banish the mutilation of women '' , The New York Times , 15 September 2004 ; Charlotte Feldman - Jacobs , `` Commemorating International Day of Zero Tolerance to Female Genital Mutilation '' , Population Reference Bureau , February 2009 . Jump up ^ Canagarajah , Sudharshan ; Ye , Xiao ( April 2001 ) . Public Health and Education Spending in Ghana in 1992 - 98 ( PDF ) . World Bank Publication . p. 21 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica . Britannica Book of the Year 2003 . Encyclopædia Britannica , ( 2003 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 85229 - 956 - 2 p. 306 However , Southern Africa is predominantly Christian . According to the Encyclopædia Britannica , as of mid-2002 , there were 376,453,000 Christians , 329,869,000 Muslims and 98,734,000 people who practiced traditional religions in Africa . Ian S. Markham , ( A World Religions Reader . Cambridge , MA : Blackwell Publishers , 1996 . ) is cited by Morehouse University as giving the mid-1990s figure of 278,250,800 Muslims in Africa , but still as 40.8 % of the total . These numbers are estimates and remain a matter of conjecture . See Amadu Jacky Kaba . The spread of Christianity and Islam in Africa : a survey and analysis of the numbers and percentages of Christians , Muslims and those who practice indigenous religions . The Western Journal of Black Studies , Vol 29 , Number 2 , June 2005 . Discusses the estimations of various almanacs and encyclopedium , placing Britannica 's estimate as the most agreed figure . Notes the figure presented at the World Christian Encyclopedia , summarised here , as being an outlier . On rates of growth , Islam and Pentecostal Christianity are highest , see : The List : The World 's Fastest - Growing Religions , Foreign Policy , May 2007 . Jump up ^ Baldick , Julian ( 1997 ) . Black God : the Afroasiatic roots of the Jewish , Christian , and Muslim religions . Syracuse University Press : ISBN 0 - 8156 - 0522 - 6 Jump up ^ Christopher Ehret , ( 2002 ) . The Civilizations of Africa . Charlottesville : University of Virginia , pp. 102 -- 03 , ISBN 0 - 8139 - 2085 - X . Jump up ^ Davidson , Basil ( 1969 ) . The African Genius , An Introduction to African Social and Cultural History . Little Brown and Company : Boston , pp. 168 -- 80 . LCCN 70 - 80751 . Jump up ^ Eglash , Ron : `` African Fractals : Modern computing and indigenous design . '' Rutgers 1999 ISBN 0 - 8135 - 2613 - 2 Jump up ^ Richmond , Yale ; Gestrin , Phyllis ( 2009 ) . Into Africa : a guide to Sub-Saharan culture and diversity . Boston : Intercultural Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 931930 - 91 - 8 . Jump up ^ Bowden , Rob ( 2007 ) . Africa South of the Sahara . Coughlan Publishing : p. 40 , ISBN 1 - 4034 - 9910 - 1 . Jump up ^ Christopher Ehret , ( 2002 ) . The Civilizations of Africa . Charlottesville : University of Virginia , p. 103 , ISBN 0 - 8139 - 2085 - X . Jump up ^ `` ScienceDaily.com '' . ScienceDaily.com. 18 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ' Oldest ' prehistoric art unearthed '' . BBC News . 10 January 2002 . Retrieved 9 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` > TARA -- Trust for African Rock Art : Rock Art in Africa '' . 6 January 2009 . Archived from the original on 6 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` African Influences in Modern Art Thematic Essay Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History The Metropolitan Museum of Art '' . Metmuseum.org. 2014 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Alexandre , Marc ( 1998 ) . World Bank Publication : DC . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8213 - 4195 - 7 Jump up ^ `` Intangible Heritage Home -- - intangible heritage -- Culture Sector '' . UNESCO . Jump up ^ Yoshida , Reiko . Proclamation 2005 : Barcloth making in Uganda Unesco : Intangible Cultural Heritage ( Uganda ) 13 May 2009 ^ Jump up to : http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ho/11/sfc/ho_1999.522.15.htm Jump up ^ `` About.com '' . Goafrica.about.com . Jump up ^ `` AllAfrica.com '' . AllAfrica.com. 16 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` European Soccer 's Racism Problem '' . Deutsche Welle . Deutsche Welle. 2 December 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Men 's outdoor world records '' . iaaf.org . Retrieved 26 October 2013 . As can be seen : 800m is Kenya ; 5000m is Ethiopia ; 10000m is Ethiopia ; marathon is Kenya . The two exceptions are the 1500m and 3000m steeplechase records , though the latter is held by Stephen Cherono , who was born and raised in Kenya . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ross and Dugas , Jonathan . Sport 's great rivalries : Kenya vs. Ethiopia , and a one - sided battle ( at least on the track ) , The Science of Sport , 14 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tourism in Africa : Harnessing Tourism for Growth and Improved Livelihoods '' ( PDF ) . Worldbank.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa : Political Issues : Constitution : Provincial Government '' . BBC . 2014 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Malik , Nesrine ( 23 November 2009 ) . `` ' Nubian monkey ' song and Arab racism '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 9 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Towson.edu Archived 3 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Worldbank.org '' . Web.worldbank.org. 27 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` CDCdevelopmentSolutions.org '' . CDCdevelopmentSolutions.org . Archived from the original on 20 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Where We Work U.S. Agency for International Development '' . Usaid.gov. 2012 - 05 - 29 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Transparency.org Archived 13 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` U.N. doubles force in turbulent South Sudan ( UPDATE 2 '' . UPI.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 29 . References ( edit ) Taking Action to Reduce Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa , World Bank Publications ( 1997 ) , ISBN 0 - 8213 - 3698 - 3 . Further reading ( edit ) Chido , Diane E. From Chaos to Cohesion : A Regional Approach to Security , Stability , and Development in Sub-Saharan Africa . Carlisle , Pa. : Strategic Studies Institute and U.S. Army War College Press , 2013 . Petringa , Maria : Brazza , A Life for Africa . Bloomington , Indiana : AuthorHouse , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4259 - 1198 - 0 Wm . Roger Louis and Jean Stengers : E.D. Morel 's History of the Congo Reform Movement , Clarendon Press Oxford , 1968 . External links ( edit ) African People Website 50 Factoids about Sub-Saharan Africa The Story of Africa -- BBC World Service ( hide ) Regions of the world Regions of Africa Central Africa Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Cape Lopez Mayombe Igboland Mbaise Maputaland Pool Malebo Congo Basin Chad Basin Congolese rainforests Ouaddaï highlands Ennedi Plateau East Africa African Great Lakes Albertine Rift East African Rift Great Rift Valley Gregory Rift Rift Valley lakes Swahili coast Virunga Mountains Zanj Horn of Africa Afar Triangle Al - Habash Barbara Danakil Alps Danakil Desert Ethiopian Highlands Gulf of Aden Gulf of Tadjoura Indian Ocean islands Comoros Islands North Africa Maghreb Barbary Coast Bashmur Ancient Libya Atlas Mountains Nile Valley Cataracts of the Nile Darfur Gulf of Aqaba Lower Egypt Lower Nubia Middle Egypt Nile Delta Nuba Mountains Nubia The Sudans Upper Egypt Western Sahara West Africa Pepper Coast Gold Coast Slave Coast Ivory Coast Cape Palmas Cape Mesurado Guinea 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Kazakh Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Mongolian - Manchurian grassland Wild Fields Yedisan Muravsky Trail Ural Ural Mountains Volga region Idel - Ural Kolyma Transbaikal Pryazovia Bjarmaland Kuban Zalesye Ingria Novorossiya Gornaya Shoriya Tulgas Iranian Plateau Altai Mountains Pamir Mountains Tian Shan Badakhshan Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Mount Imeon Mongolian Plateau Western Regions Taklamakan Desert Karakoram Trans - Karakoram Tract Siachen Glacier North Inner Asia Northeast Far East Russian Far East Okhotsk - Manchurian taiga Extreme North Siberia Baikalia ( Lake Baikal ) Transbaikal Khatanga Gulf Baraba steppe Kamchatka Peninsula Amur Basin Yenisei Gulf Yenisei Basin Beringia Sikhote - Alin East Japanese archipelago Northeastern Japan Arc Sakhalin Island Arc Korean Peninsula Gobi Desert Taklamakan Desert Greater Khingan Mongolian Plateau Inner Asia Inner Mongolia Outer Mongolia China proper Manchuria Outer Manchuria Inner Manchuria Northeast China Plain Mongolian - Manchurian grassland North China Plain Yan Mountains Kunlun Mountains Liaodong Peninsula Himalayas Tibetan Plateau Tibet Tarim Basin Northern Silk Road Hexi Corridor Nanzhong Lingnan Liangguang Jiangnan Jianghuai Guanzhong Huizhou Wu Jiaozhou Zhongyuan Shaannan Ordos Loop Loess Plateau Shaanbei Hamgyong Mountains Central Mountain Range Japanese Alps Suzuka Mountains Leizhou Peninsula Gulf of Tonkin Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Yenisei Basin Altai Mountains Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass West Greater Middle East MENA MENASA Middle East Red Sea Caspian Sea Mediterranean Sea Zagros Mountains Persian Gulf Pirate Coast Strait of Hormuz Greater and Lesser Tunbs Al - Faw Peninsula Gulf of Oman Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Aden Balochistan Arabian Peninsula Najd Hejaz Tihamah Eastern Arabia South Arabia Hadhramaut Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert Tigris -- Euphrates Mesopotamia Upper Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia Sawad Nineveh plains Akkad ( region ) Babylonia Canaan Aram Eber - Nari Suhum Eastern Mediterranean Mashriq Kurdistan Levant Southern Levant Transjordan Jordan Rift Valley Levantine Sea Golan Heights Hula Valley Gaza Strip West Bank Galilee Gilead Judea Samaria Arabah Anti-Lebanon Mountains Sinai Peninsula Arabian Desert Syrian Desert Fertile Crescent Azerbaijan Syria Palestine Iranian Plateau Armenian Highlands Caucasus Caucasus Mountains Greater Caucasus Lesser Caucasus North Caucasus South Caucasus Kur - Araz Lowland Lankaran Lowland Alborz Absheron Peninsula Anatolia Cilicia Cappadocia Alpide belt South Greater India Indian subcontinent Himalayas Hindu Kush Western Ghats Eastern Ghats Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Pashtunistan Punjab Balochistan Kashmir Kashmir Valley Pir Panjal Range Thar Desert Indus Valley Indus River Delta Indus Valley Desert Indo - Gangetic Plain Eastern coastal plains Western Coastal Plains Meghalaya subtropical forests MENASA Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows Doab Bagar tract Great Rann of Kutch Little Rann of Kutch Deccan Plateau Coromandel Coast Konkan False Divi Point Hindi Belt Ladakh Aksai Chin Gilgit - Baltistan Baltistan Shigar Valley Karakoram Saltoro Mountains Siachen Glacier Bay of Bengal Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Mannar Trans - Karakoram Tract Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Lakshadweep Andaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman Islands Nicobar Islands Maldive Islands Alpide belt Southeast Mainland Indochina Malay Peninsula Maritime Peninsular Malaysia Sunda Islands Greater Sunda Islands Lesser Sunda Islands Indonesian Archipelago Timor New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula Philippine Archipelago Luzon Visayas Mindanao Leyte Gulf Gulf of Thailand East Indies Nanyang Alpide belt Asia - Pacific Tropical Asia Ring of Fire Regions of Europe North Nordic Northwestern Scandinavia Scandinavian Peninsula Fennoscandia Baltoscandia Sápmi West Nordic Baltic Baltic Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Iceland Faroe Islands East Danubian countries Prussia Galicia Volhynia Donbass Sloboda Ukraine Sambia Peninsula Amber Coast Curonian Spit Izyum Trail Lithuania Minor Nemunas Delta Baltic Baltic Sea Vyborg Bay Karelia East Karelia Karelian Isthmus Lokhaniemi Southeastern Balkans Aegean Islands Gulf of Chania North Caucasus Greater Caucasus Kabardia European Russia Southern Russia Central Baltic Baltic Sea Alpine states Alpide belt Mitteleuropa Visegrád Group West Benelux Low Countries Northwest British Isles English Channel Channel Islands Cotentin Peninsula Normandy Brittany Gulf of Lion Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Pyrenees Alpide belt South Italian Peninsula Insular Italy Tuscan Archipelago Aegadian Islands Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Gibraltar Arc Southeastern Mediterranean Crimea Alpide belt Germanic Celtic Slavic countries Uralic European Plain Eurasian Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Wild Fields Pannonian Basin Great Hungarian Plain Little Hungarian Plain Eastern Slovak Lowland Regions of North America Canada Eastern Canada Western Canada Canadian Prairies Central Canada Northern Canada Atlantic Canada The Maritimes French Canada English Canada Acadia Acadian Peninsula Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor Peace River Country Cypress Hills Palliser 's Triangle Canadian Shield Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Newfoundland ( island ) Vancouver Island Gulf Islands Strait of Georgia Canadian Arctic Archipelago Labrador Peninsula Gaspé Peninsula Avalon Peninsula Bay de Verde Peninsula Brodeur Peninsula Melville Peninsula Bruce Peninsula Banks Peninsula ( Nunavut ) Cook Peninsula Gulf of Boothia Georgian Bay Hudson Bay James Bay Greenland United States Pacific Northwest Inland Northwest Northeast New England Mid-Atlantic Commonwealth West Midwest Upper Midwest Mountain States Intermountain West Basin and Range Province Oregon Trail Mormon Corridor Calumet Region Southwest Old Southwest Llano Estacado Central United States Tallgrass prairie 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-8043406213014446434	Samsung Galaxy S8	Samsung Galaxy S8 - wikipedia Samsung Galaxy S8 Jump to : navigation , search Samsung Galaxy S8 Samsung Galaxy S8+ Samsung Galaxy S8 Active Samsung Galaxy S8 and the S8+ Codename Project Dream Cruiser ( Galaxy S8 Active ) Brand Samsung Galaxy Manufacturer Samsung Electronics Slogan Unbox Your Phone Series Galaxy S First released 21 April 2017 ; 8 months ago ( 2017 - 04 - 21 ) Availability by country 21 April 2017 ( show ) South Korea Canada United States Taiwan 28 April 2017 ( show ) Australia Ireland Russia United Kingdom 29 April 2017 ( show ) Singapore 5 May 2017 ( show ) Malaysia Philippines New Zealand Thailand 12 May 2017 ( show ) Brazil 18 May 2017 ( show ) China 25 May 2017 ( show ) Hong Kong 8 June 2017 ( show ) Japan Predecessor Samsung Galaxy S7 / S7 Edge Related Samsung Galaxy Note 8 Type Smartphone Form factor Slate S8 : 148.9 mm × 68.1 mm × 8.0 mm ( 5.86 in × 2.68 in × 0.31 in ) S8+ : 159.5 mm × 73.4 mm × 8.1 mm ( 6.28 in × 2.89 in × 0.32 in ) Weight S8 : 155 g ( 5.5 oz ) S8+ : 173 g ( 6.1 oz ) Operating system Original : Android 7.0 `` Nougat '' with Samsung Experience System on chip Global : Exynos 8895 USA and China : Qualcomm Snapdragon 835 CPU Exynos : Octa - core ( 4 × 7009230000000000000 ♠ 2.3 GHz M2 Mongoose & 4 × 7009170000000000000 ♠ 1.7 GHz ) Cortex - A53 ( GTS ) Snapdragon : Octa - core ( 4 × 7009235000000000000 ♠ 2.35 GHz Kryo & 4 × 7009190000000000000 ♠ 1.9 GHz Kryo ) GPU Exynos : Mali - G71 MP20 Snapdragon : Adreno 540 Memory 4 or 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 GB LPDDR4X RAM Storage 64 or 7012102400000000000 ♠ 128 GB UFS 2.1 / UFS 2.0 in some devices Removable storage microSDXC , expandable up to 7012204800000000000 ♠ 256 GB Battery Non-removable S8 : 7003300000000000000 ♠ 3000 mAh S8+ : 7003350000000000000 ♠ 3500 mAh Data inputs Sensors : Accelerometer Barometer Fingerprint scanner Iris scanner Geomagnetic sensor Gyroscope Hall sensor Proximity sensor Other : Physical sound volume keys Bixby key Display 2960 × 1440 1440p OLED display , S8 : 5.8 in ( 150 mm ) , 7002225000000000000 ♠ 225 ppcm ( 572 ppi ) S8+ : 6.2 in ( 160 mm ) , 7002208000000000000 ♠ 208 ppcm ( 7002529000000000000 ♠ 529 ppi ) Rear camera 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 MP ( 6994140000000000000 ♠ 1.4 μm ) , f / 1.7 , OIS , 4K at 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 fps , 1080p at 7001600000000000000 ♠ 60 fps , 720p at 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 fps , slow motion 720p at 7002240000000000000 ♠ 240 fps Front camera 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 MP , autofocus Website www.samsung.com/global/galaxy/galaxy-s8/ References The Samsung Galaxy S8 , Samsung Galaxy S8+ ( shortened to S8 and S8+ , respectively ) and Samsung Galaxy S8 Active are Android smartphones produced by Samsung Electronics as part of the Samsung Galaxy S series . The S8 and S8+ were unveiled on 29 March 2017 and directly succeed the Samsung Galaxy S7 and S7 Edge , with a North American release on 21 April 2017 and international rollout throughout April and May . The S8 Active was announced on 8 August 2017 , and is exclusive to certain U.S. cellular carriers . The S8 and S8+ contain upgraded hardware and major design changes over the S7 line , including larger screens with a taller aspect ratio and curved sides on both the smaller and larger models , iris and face recognition , a new suite of virtual assistant features known as Bixby ( along with a new dedicated physical button for launching the assistant ) , and Samsung DeX , a docking station accessory that allows the phones to be used with a desktop interface with keyboard and mouse input support . The S8 Active features tougher materials designed for protection against shock , shatter , water and dust , with a metal frame and a rugged , tough texture for improved grip . The Active 's screen measures the same size as the standard S8 model , but loses the curved edges in favor of a metal frame . The S8 and S8+ received mostly positive reviews . Their design and form factor received praise , while critics also liked the updated software and camera optimizations . They received criticism for duplicate software apps , lackluster Bixby features at launch , for the placement of the fingerprint sensor on the rear next to the camera and for poor biometric options for unlocking the phone . Videos published after the phones ' release have proven that the devices ' facial and iris scanners can be fooled by suitable photographs of the user . The S8 and S8+ were in high demand at release . During the pre-order period , a record one million units were booked in South Korea , and overall sales numbers were 30 % higher than the Galaxy S7 . However , subsequent reports in May announced sales of over five million units , a notably lower first - month sales number than previous Galaxy S series models . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Specifications 2.1 Hardware 2.2 Software 3 Reception 4 Sales 5 Issues 5.1 White balance 5.2 Random restarts 5.3 Insecure facial recognition 5.4 Insecure iris recognition 5.5 SMS message reception failures 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Prior to its official announcement , media outlets reported on rumors and information from industry insiders . In December 2016 , SamMobile reported that the Galaxy S8 would not feature a 3.5 mm headphone jack , later reported to be a false rumor . In January 2017 , The Guardian reported on bigger screens for both of the two phone sizes , with edge - to - edge `` infinity '' displays and very limited bezels , and an iris scanner . Additionally , The Guardian stated that the phones would come with 64 gigabytes of storage and support microSD cards , use USB - C connectors , and feature a `` Bixby '' intelligent personal assistant . Soon after , VentureBeat revealed photos of the phones and additional details , including the lack of physical navigation and home buttons , in which the fingerprint sensor was moved to the back of the phone . Evan Blass tweeted in mid-March about color options for the phones . The Galaxy S8 and S8+ were officially unveiled on 29 March 2017 , with pre-orders beginning 30 March and official U.S. release on 21 April 2017 . Following Best Buy retail listings in March , Samsung opened pre-orders for unlocked U.S. handsets on 9 May 2017 , with availability starting 31 May . The devices have also been released internationally . On 21 April 2017 , they were made available in South Korea , Canada , and Taiwan . On 28 April , they were made available in the United Kingdom , Australia , Ireland , and Russia . followed by Singapore one day later . On 5 May , they were made available in Malaysia . New Zealand , India , the Philippines , and Thailand . followed by Brazil on 12 May . On 25 May , they were made available in China , and Hong Kong . On 8 June , they were made available in Japan . In July 2017 , pictures of the Galaxy S8 Active was leaked on Reddit , and the following month , U.S. cellular carrier AT&T `` accidentally '' confirmed its existence through a document in a promotional campaign . It officially became available for pre-order , exclusively through AT&T , on 8 August 2017 , with in - store purchase available 11 August . VentureBeat reported in late September that the device would also become available through T - Mobile in November , and Samsung subsequently confirmed both T - Mobile and Sprint availability in early November . Specifications ( edit ) Hardware ( edit ) The Galaxy S8 and S8+ both feature 1440p OLED displays , with an 18.5 : 9 aspect ratio taller than the 16 : 9 ratio used by the majority of smartphones ; the S8 has a 5.8 - inch panel , while the S8+ uses a larger 6.2 - inch panel . The displays on both devices curve along the side bezels of the device , with minimal bezels that Samsung markets as an `` Infinity Display '' , and the display panel itself has rounded edges . They use DCI - P3 , offering what screen - testing website DisplayMate describes as the largest native color gamut , highest peak brightness , highest contrast rating in ambient light , highest screen resolution , lowest reflectance , and highest contrast ratio . The S8 features an octa - core Exynos system - on - chip and 4 GB of RAM ; models in North American markets utilize the Qualcomm Snapdragon 835 instead . Both chips are manufactured by Samsung with a 10 nm process . They contain 64 GB of internal storage , expandable via microSD card . The Galaxy S8 is one of the first smartphones to support Bluetooth 5 , supporting new capabilities such as connecting two wireless headphones to the device at once . It is also bundled with Harman AKG earbuds . Both smartphones have improved satellite navigation over the predecessors by including Galileo receivers . In the United States , the S8 and S8+ are available in black , gray and silver color options , whereas gold and blue are available internationally . The blue option was made available in the U.S. in July 2017 . Unlike past Galaxy S series models , the S8 line does not feature physical navigation keys , electing to use on - screen keys instead . However , unlike other implementations , the home button can still be activated if it is hidden or the screen is off . The S8 's display features pressure sensitivity limited to the home button . To prevent the home button from burn - in damage , its position moves slightly . While The Verge claims that the S8 uses exactly the same 12 - megapixel rear camera as the S7 , though with software improvements , a report from PhoneArena claims that the phones carry new , custom camera modules . The front - facing camera was upgraded to an 8 - megapixel sensor with autofocus . The S8 features fingerprint and iris scanners ; the fingerprint reader is relocated to the rear of the device , next to the camera , due to the removal of the physical home button . In addition to an iris scanner , the S8 also features face - scanning as an option to unlock the phone . Face recognition technology had previously been implemented in earlier models since the Galaxy S III . The S8 and S8+ use non-removable 3000 and 3500 mAh batteries respectively ; Samsung stated that it had engineered the batteries to retain their capacity for a longer period of time than previous models . The S8 supports AirFuel Inductive ( formerly PMA ) and Qi wireless charging standards . Due to the recalls of the Samsung Galaxy Note 7 , Samsung said in a press conference it is committed to stricter quality control and safety testing procedures on all of the company 's future products . Samsung also launched a Galaxy S8+ with 128 GB of storage and 6 GB of RAM exclusively in China and South Korea , and a bundle offer in the countries provides both the exclusive model and the Samsung DeX docking station . The unique variant was also released in India in June 2017 . The Galaxy S8 Active features a rugged design and significantly tougher materials , being `` shock , shatter , water , and dust resistant '' . It has a metal frame and a bumper to protect from shocks , while the back is fitted with a `` rugged , tough texture for a secure grip '' . Its screen also measures 5.8 inches , the size of the regular S8 , and has quad HD Super AMOLED with an 18.5 : 9 aspect ratio , but loses the `` infinity '' edge compared to the standard models . The S8 Active comes in gray and gold color options . Software ( edit ) The Galaxy S8 runs Android 7.0 `` Nougat '' with the proprietary Samsung Experience ( formerly TouchWiz ) user interface and software suite . The software features a suite of assistant functions known as `` Bixby '' , which is designed primarily to interact with Samsung 's bundled applications and other supported services . The feature allows the use of voice commands to perform phone functions , can generate cards shown on a home screen page ( replacing the Flipboard integration formerly featured ) based on a user 's interactions , and perform searches utilizing object recognition via the camera . Bixby will support third - party integration via an SDK . The S8 supports the use of a docking station known as Samsung DeX to access a PC - like desktop environment on an external display , with support for mouse and keyboard input . On 21 April 2017 , coinciding with the phone 's official retail date , reports surfaced that the default music player on the Galaxy S8 would be Google Play Music , continuing a trend that started with the S7 in 2016 . However , for the S8 , Samsung partnered with Google to incorporate additional exclusive features into the app , including the ability to upload up to 100,000 tracks to the service 's cloud storage , an increase from the 50,000 tracks users are normally allowed to upload . Additionally , new users get a three - month free trial to the service , the same as given to users who purchase Google 's own Pixel smartphone . Furthermore , Google stated that more Samsung - exclusive features will be added to the app in the future , and that the Bixby assistant will also be supported by the app . Bixby replaces S Voice , the voice recognition technology previously found in Samsung Galaxy models . In May 2017 , Google announced that the Galaxy S8 and S8+ will support the company 's Daydream virtual reality platform after Samsung rolls out a software update scheduled for mid-2017 . In July 2017 , Verizon began rolling out an update for its devices , with support for Daydream . The Galaxy S8 was one of the first Android phones to support ARCore , Google 's augmented reality engine . Reception ( edit ) The S8 Active , released in August 2017 , is a more rugged version of the S8 Dan Seifert of The Verge praised the design of the Galaxy S8 , describing it as a `` stunning device to look at and hold '' that was `` refined and polished to a literal shine '' , and adding that it `` truly does n't look like any other phone you might have used before '' . The hardware of the device was described as `` practically flawless '' . Seifert also liked the new software , writing that `` Samsung is known less for polish and more for clumsiness . In a refreshing change of pace , the software on the S8 is , dare I say , good ( sic ) '' . However , he criticized the Bixby assistant , writing that `` in its current state , it does n't do much at all '' , and also criticized the amount of duplicate apps . Regarding performance , he wrote that the S8 was `` fast and responsive , but so is virtually every other premium phone you can buy , and the S8 is n't noticeably faster or quicker than a Google Pixel , LG G6 , or iPhone 7 '' . Fellow Verge reporter Vlad Savov felt that the placement of the fingerprint sensor was `` a perplexing decision if we consider it as a deliberate design choice '' , but noted reports from Korea claiming that Samsung had originally intended for the fingerprint reader to be built directly into the screen , but was unable to reach a desirable implementation in time for release . The Verge wrote that `` Samsung 's six - month - old S8 has cutting edge features and design with fewer issues than other Android phones '' like the Google Pixel 2 and LG V30 , and that the `` OLED screen stretches to the edges of the device and curves on its sides in an almost liquid fashion . It makes the S8 look just as fresh today as it did when it debuted '' , and pointing out that the S8 's popularity and carrier support guaranteed plenty of third - party accessories . Chris Velazco of Engadget similarly praised the design , stating that `` from their rounded edges to their precisely formed metal - and - glass bodies , they feel like smaller , sleeker versions of the Galaxy Note 7 '' , and also praised the display as being simply `` awesome '' . Velazco also praised the software , calling Samsung 's added interface `` subtle and thoughtful in its design choices '' . While noting that the Bixby assistant was n't ready yet , he did compliment the promised voice features as being more granular than those offered through Siri or Google Assistant , and wrote that `` With that kind of complexity involved , maybe it 's no surprise this stuff is n't done yet '' . Also praising performance and the camera , though noting that `` The 12 - megapixel sensors on the back have n't changed much since last year . That 's not a bad thing since they were great cameras to start with '' , Velazco summarized his review by writing that the devices `` are n't perfect , but they 're as close as Samsung has ever gotten '' . Brandon Russell of TechnoBuffalo claimed that the camera could not beat Google 's Pixel smartphone . Ron Amadeo of Ars Technica noted that the device 's unusual aspect ratio resulted in pillarboxing when watching 16 : 9 video without zooming or stretching it . He complimented the feel of the S8 , calling it `` perfected '' , but criticized the glass back for being `` more fragile '' and that `` Glossy , slippery glass does n't feel as good in your hand as metal does , either . For the top - tier premium price tag , we 'd prefer Samsung to put in the extra work and use a metal back '' . He criticized the biometric options for unlocking the phones , writing that `` There 's an iris scanner , a fingerprint reader , and face unlock . The problem is none of them are any good '' , and also criticized duplicate apps , writing that `` most of which ca n't be removed and are n't very compelling '' . Additionally , he criticized Bixby , calling it `` an odd addition '' due to the phone 's Google Assistant functionality already present . Prior to the phone 's official announcement , reports suggested that Bixby would support `` 7 - 8 languages '' at launch . Later reports after the phone 's announcement clarified that Bixby would only support Korean and American English languages at its release , though noting that more languages would be coming `` in the following months '' . In mid-April , The Wall Street Journal reported that Bixby would be launched without support for American English . On 19 July 2017 , Samsung announced that Bixby had begun rolling out to Galaxy S8 users in the United States . Sales ( edit ) The Samsung Galaxy S8 and Galaxy S8+ broke pre-order records in South Korea , with more than 720,000 units booked in one week , a notable increase from the 100,000 units of the Galaxy S7 and 200,000 units of the Note 7 . By mid-April , the number had increased to one million pre-orders . On 24 April 2017 , Samsung announced that sales of the Galaxy S8 was its `` best ever '' . Although it did not release specific sales numbers , it announced that sales of the S8 were 30 % higher year - over-year than the Galaxy S7 . Subsequent reports in May announced that Samsung had sold over five million units . Jon Fingas of Engadget wrote that , although Samsung advertised its pre-order records , sales comparisons to other models on the market were difficult due to unannounced sales figures . However , a report from AppleInsider took a comparison look at previous Galaxy S models ' first - month sales , writing that the Galaxy S7 saw 7 - 9 million units shipped in its first month , and the Galaxy S4 sold 10 million . The publication further wrote that `` Each year since reaching Peak Galaxy in 2014 , Samsung has floated the idea that its new model has outpaced sales , shipments ( or sometimes `` preorders '' ) of the previous edition , but in reality Galaxy S sales -- and subsequently Samsung Mobile profits -- have actually never recovered since the Galaxy S4 `` . Issues ( edit ) White balance ( edit ) Prior to the official release , it was reported that some Galaxy S8 displays had a bad white balance , causing them to exhibit a reddish tint . Samsung stated that the Galaxy S8 was `` built with an adaptive display that optimizes the colour range , saturation , and sharpness depending on the environment '' , but noted that the device 's operating system provides settings for manually adjusting the display 's appearance and white balance . On 21 April , Samsung stated that the red tinting was purely a software issue , and would be patched in a future update . The Investor reported that Samsung would replace the affected devices if a software update did not fix the issue . Updates in various regions started rolling out in early May , fixing the issue . Random restarts ( edit ) Reports surfaced at the end of April that some Galaxy S8 devices were `` restarting by themselves '' . Samsung has not yet commented on the issue . Insecure facial recognition ( edit ) Shortly after the phone 's unveiling , bloggers produced a video showing that the Galaxy S8 's facial recognition scanner could be tricked to unlock the phone by showing it a photo of the user . In a statement to Business Insider , a Samsung spokesperson stated that `` Facial recognition is a convenient action to open your phone -- similar to the ' swipe to unlock ' action . We offer the highest level of biometric authentication -- fingerprint and iris -- to lock your phone and authenticate access to Samsung Pay or Secure Folder '' . Insecure iris recognition ( edit ) In May 2017 , researchers from the Chaos Computer Club posted a video showing that the S8 's iris recognition system can be fooled with a contact lens and a suitable photograph of an eye . Samsung told BBC News that it was `` aware of the issue '' , and stated that `` If there is a potential vulnerability or the advent of a new method that challenges our efforts to ensure security at any time , we will respond as quickly as possible to resolve the issue '' . SMS message reception failures ( edit ) In October 2017 , Galaxy S8 users reported on Reddit that they were unable to receive SMS messages , with no fix available and without any comment from Samsung . See also ( edit ) Comparison of Samsung Galaxy S smartphones Comparison of smartphones Samsung Galaxy S series References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Smith , Chris ( 24 May 2017 ) . `` The Galaxy S8 may be a huge hit , but Samsung is already working on the next big thing '' . BGR . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved 18 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Buckley , Sean ( 29 March 2017 ) . `` Samsung 's ' unbox your phone ' event gave us a phone that 's still a box '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved 19 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Samsung Galaxy S8 Specifications '' . Samsung . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Chris ( 29 March 2017 ) . `` Galaxy S8 and Galaxy S8+ : The full specs '' . BGR . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung Exynos 8895 Octa '' . NotebookCheck . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Qualcomm Snapdragon 835 ( 8998 ) '' . NotebookCheck . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ D. , Luis ( 8 May 2017 ) . `` Lots of Snapdragon 835 Galaxy S8 units apparently have UFS 2.0 instead of newer UFS 2.1 memory . Should you care ? '' . PhoneArena . Retrieved 13 May 2017 . Jump up ^ F. , Adnan ( 6 December 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Galaxy S8 is not going to feature a 3.5 mm headphone jack '' . SamMobile . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Ruddock , David ( 13 January 2017 ) . `` Rumor : The Galaxy S8 will have a headphone jack after all '' . Android Police . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gibbs , Samuel ( 24 January 2017 ) . `` Samsung Galaxy S8 to have bigger ' infinity ' display , insiders say '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Siegal , Jacob ( 24 January 2017 ) . `` In - depth Galaxy S8 report details new ' infinity display ' and more '' . BGR . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Villas - Boas , Antonio ( 24 January 2017 ) . `` A new leak just revealed pretty much everything about Samsung 's next big smartphone , the Galaxy S8 '' . Business Insider . Axel Springer SE . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Blass , Evan ( 26 January 2017 ) . `` This is the Samsung Galaxy S8 , launching March 29 '' . VentureBeat . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Chris ( 26 January 2017 ) . `` This is the first image of the Samsung Galaxy S8 '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Amadeo , Ron ( 26 January 2017 ) . `` Galaxy S8 gets pictured : No home button , huge 5.8 - and 6.2 - inch displays '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Dunn , Jeff ( 19 March 2017 ) . `` The latest Samsung Galaxy S8 leak claims to show different color options for the upcoming phones '' . Business Insider . Axel Springer SE . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Heisler , Yoni ( 20 March 2017 ) . `` Leaked Galaxy S8 photos show range of new color options '' . BGR . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bohn , Dieter ( 29 March 2017 ) . `` This is the Samsung Galaxy S8 , coming April 21st '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Velazco , Chris ( 29 March 2017 ) . `` The Galaxy S8 and S8+ pack big changes into gorgeous bodies '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Chris ( 29 March 2017 ) . `` Samsung 's Galaxy S8 and S8 Plus will be available unlocked from Best Buy in May '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Statt , Nick ( 9 May 2017 ) . `` Samsung opens US preorders for unlocked Galaxy S8 and S8 Plus '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Haselton , Todd ( 9 May 2017 ) . `` Samsung just announced a version of the Galaxy S8 that international travelers should love '' . CNBC . NBCUniversal News Group . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ F. , Adnan ( 23 March 2017 ) . `` Galaxy S8 release date for South Korea said to be April 21 '' . SamMobile . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Behar , Rose ( 29 March 2017 ) . `` Samsung Galaxy S8 and S8+ Canadian pricing and availability '' . MobileSyrup . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Liao , George ( 30 March 2017 ) . `` Samsung introduces flagship Galaxy S8 and S8+ '' . Taiwan News . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung Galaxy S8 and S8+ : UK price , release date and pre-order information '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . 30 March 2017 . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Campbell ( 30 March 2017 ) . `` Samsung Galaxy S8 : Australian Pricing And Release Date '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Curtis , Sophie ( 31 March 2017 ) . `` Samsung Galaxy S8 : Irish release date , price , specs and features of Samsung 's new flagship smartphone '' . Daily Mirror . Trinity Mirror . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ N , Nuzhat ( 19 April 2017 ) . `` Samsung Galaxy S8 and S8+ pre-orders begin in Russia , priced 54,990 and 59,990 rubles '' . The Android Soul . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Hongzuo , Liu ( 16 April 2017 ) . `` Samsung Galaxy S8 and S8+ available in Singapore from 29 April 2017 '' . Singapore Hardware Zone . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Loi , Elissa ( 6 April 2017 ) . `` This is when the Samsung Galaxy S8 and S8+ will hit Malaysia '' . Stuff.co.nz . Haymarket Media Group . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Pilcher , Pat ( 3 April 2017 ) . `` Review : Samsung Galaxy S8 '' . Stuff.co.nz . Fairfax New Zealand . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung Galaxy S8 Launched in India Starting Rs . 57,900 , Available From May 5 : Highlights '' . Gadgets360 . NDTV. 19 April 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Gonzales , Gelo ( 11 July 2017 ) . `` Samsung Galaxy S8 arrives in PH on May 5 '' . Rappler . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung confirms release date of Galaxy S8 and S8 Plus in Thailand '' . ThaiTech. 29 April 2017 . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ N , Nuzhat ( 20 April 2017 ) . `` Galaxy S8 and S8+ Brazil release set for May 12 , priced R $ 3,599 and R $ 3,959 '' . The Android Soul . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Onawole , Habeeb ( 4 May 2017 ) . `` Samsung Galaxy S8 China Release Date and Pricing '' . Gizmochina . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Sin , Ben ( 2 May 2017 ) . `` Samsung Galaxy S8 full review : at HK $5,698 it 's pricey but there 's a lot to like , from its feel to its look to its processing power '' . South China Morning Post . News Corporation . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Koguchi , Takahiro ( 8 June 2017 ) . `` Galaxy S8 / S8+ 、国内販売が本日開始. ドコモと au が取り扱い '' . Engadget ( in Japanese ) . Oath Inc . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Duino , Justin ( 23 July 2017 ) . `` Samsung Galaxy S8 Active : Leaked images show replacement of customizable Active key w / Bixby button '' . 9to5Google . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Gartenberg , Chaim ( 24 July 2017 ) . `` Samsung 's Galaxy S8 Active looks like a more boring S8 '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Gartenberg , Chaim ( 3 August 2017 ) . `` AT&T accidentally confirmed Samsung 's Galaxy S8 Active '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Gottsegen , Gordon ( 3 August 2017 ) . `` AT&T ' confirms ' Galaxy S8 Active ahead of announcement '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ong , Thuy ( 7 August 2017 ) . `` Samsung 's Galaxy S8 Active will be available for preorder tomorrow '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Blass , Evan ( 28 September 2017 ) . `` Samsung Galaxy S8 Active escapes AT&T 's orbit , headed to T - Mobile '' . VentureBeat . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Blass , Evan ( 7 November 2017 ) . `` Samsung confirms Galaxy S8 Active 's November release on T - Mobile and Sprint '' . VentureBeat . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Chris ( 4 April 2017 ) . `` Expert says Galaxy S8 has best phone display ever , and that 's great news for the iPhone 8 '' . BGR . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved 13 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Hruska , Joel ( 4 April 2017 ) . `` The Samsung Galaxy S8 's display is the best you can buy : DisplayMate '' . ExtremeTech . Ziff Davis . Retrieved 13 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Simon , Michael ( 24 January 2017 ) . `` Report : Snapdragon 835 will launch first in Galaxy S8 , others have to wait '' . PC World . International Data Group . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Kane , Sean ( 29 March 2017 ) . `` The Samsung Galaxy S8 is the first phone with Bluetooth 5.0 '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Gartenberg , Chaim ( 29 March 2017 ) . `` The Galaxy S8 will come bundled with a pair of $99 wired Harman AKG headphones '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Alvarez , Edgar ( 29 March 2017 ) . `` Every Galaxy S8 comes with a pair of $99 AKG earbuds '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Carman , Ashley ( 19 July 2017 ) . `` Samsung 's coral blue Galaxy S8 and S8 Plus will be released in the US on July 21st '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Gottsegen , Gordon ( 19 July 2017 ) . `` Coral blue Galaxy S8 splashes down July 21 , with deals '' . CNET . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Kastrenakes , Jacob ( 29 March 2017 ) . `` Samsung 's Galaxy S8 has a pressure - sensitive home button built into the screen '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Vincent , James ( 28 April 2017 ) . `` The Galaxy S8 's home button moves , and there 's a good reason for it '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 28 April 2017 . Jump up ^ LeFebvre , Rob ( 28 April 2017 ) . `` The Galaxy S8 's home button shifts to prevent screen burn '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved 28 April 2017 . Jump up ^ P. , Daniel ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` Galaxy S8 and S8+ come with new Sony IMX333 and Samsung camera sensors '' . PhoneArena . Retrieved September 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Segan , Sascha ( 29 March 2017 ) . `` Samsung Galaxy S8 '' . PC Magazine . Ziff Davis . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Carman , Ashley ( 29 March 2017 ) . `` The Galaxy S8 's face - scanning feature might make you forget about its misplaced fingerprint scanner '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Bader , Daniel ( 3 April 2017 ) . `` The Galaxy S8 has face recognition and iris scanning , and you have to choose one '' . Android Central . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Dylan ( 4 May 2012 ) . `` Samsung unveils Galaxy S III smartphone with face , voice recognition '' . CNN . Retrieved 7 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Walter , Derek ( 2 September 2016 ) . `` Everything you need to know about wireless charging '' . TechHive . International Data Group . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Goode , Lauren ( 22 January 2017 ) . `` This is how Samsung plans to prevent future phones from catching fire '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Gartenberg , Chaim ( 6 April 2017 ) . `` Samsung is selling an S8 Plus with 128GB of storage and 6GB of RAM , but only in Asia '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilhelm , Parker . `` There 's a Samsung Galaxy S8 with 6GB of RAM -- but no you ca n't have it '' . TechRadar . Future plc . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung Galaxy S8+ 6GB RAM , 128GB Storage Variant Goes on Sale in India '' . Gadgets360 . NDTV. 9 June 2017 . Retrieved 11 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( 29 March 2017 ) . `` Samsung 's Galaxy S8 can turn into a PC with its DeX dock '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Chris ( 21 April 2017 ) . `` Samsung will use Google Play Music as the default music app on its devices '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Ingraham , Nathan ( 21 April 2017 ) . `` Galaxy S8 owners can upload 100,000 songs to Google Play Music '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Reigh , Brian . `` We need to talk about Samsung 's Bixby '' . Android Authority . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Garun , Natt ( 17 May 2017 ) . `` Samsung Galaxy S8 and S8 Plus gain Google Daydream support this summer '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Matney , Lucas ( 17 May 2017 ) . `` Daydream VR support is coming to Samsung 's Galaxy S8 and S8 Plus this summer '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Schoon , Ben ( 25 July 2017 ) . `` Daydream VR lands on the Verizon Samsung Galaxy S8 / S8+ in latest update '' . 9to5Google . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Reigh , Brian ( 25 July 2017 ) . `` Verizon Galaxy S8 and Galaxy S8 Plus getting Daydream support '' . Android Authority . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Statt , Nick ( 18 October 2017 ) . `` Samsung partners with Google to bring ARCore platform to Galaxy devices '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Li , Abner ( 18 October 2017 ) . `` Samsung adopts Google 's ARCore platform , coming to Galaxy Note 8 , S8+ , future devices '' . 9to5Google . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Seifert , Dan ( 18 April 2017 ) . `` Samsung Galaxy S8 review : Ahead of the curve '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Savov , Vlad ( 1 April 2017 ) . `` The Galaxy S8 's misplaced fingerprint scanner was probably a last - minute change '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Velazco , Chris ( 18 April 2017 ) . `` Samsung Galaxy S8 and S8 Plus review : Redemption is here '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Russell , Brandon ( 15 May 2017 ) . `` The Galaxy S8 's camera could n't beat the Google Pixel '' . TechnoBuffalo . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Amadeo , Ron ( 21 April 2017 ) . `` Galaxy S8 review : Gorgeous new hardware , same Samsung gimmicks '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . Jump up ^ F. , Adnan ( 7 February 2017 ) . `` Galaxy S8 ′ s Bixby AI assistant will have support for 7 - 8 languages '' . SamMobile . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ F. , Adnan ( 30 March 2017 ) . `` Bixby wo n't have support for British English at launch '' . SamMobile . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Hall , Chris ( 29 March 2017 ) . `` Bixby , Samsung 's smart AI , launches on the Galaxy S8 but only supports US English and Korean '' . Pocket - lint . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin , Timothy W. ( 12 April 2017 ) . `` Samsung to Delay Launch of English - Language Version of Virtual Assistant '' . The Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Machkovech , Sam ( 12 April 2017 ) . `` Samsung 's new voice assistant wo n't understand English when Galaxy S8 launches '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Chris ( 19 July 2017 ) . `` Bixby voice support is rolling out to US Samsung Galaxy S8 users today '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Russell , Jon ( 18 July 2017 ) . `` Samsung 's Bixby assistant finally comes to the Galaxy S8 and S8+ in the US '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Galaxy S8 pre-orders in South Korea hit 720,000 units in a week '' . GSMArena. 13 April 2017 . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Rutnik , Mitja . `` Update : Galaxy S8 pre-orders now at 728,000 , higher than Galaxy S7 '' . Android Authority . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Pham , Sherisse ( 19 April 2017 ) . `` Samsung 's Galaxy S8 is super hot in South Korea '' . CNN Tech . CNN . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Rutnik , Mitja . `` Record - breaking Galaxy S8 pre-orders top 1 million in South Korea '' . Android Authority . Retrieved 23 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch , Chris ( 24 April 2017 ) . `` Samsung says Galaxy S8 preorders were its best ever and promises software fixes '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Ingraham , Nathan ( 24 April 2017 ) . `` Samsung 's Galaxy S8 hits sales records despite the Note 7 's flameout '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved 24 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Alex ( 16 May 2017 ) . `` Samsung Galaxy S8 global sales top 5m '' . The Investor . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Mu - Hyun , Cho ( 16 May 2017 ) . `` Samsung sells 5 million Galaxy S8 , S8 Plus units '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Fingas , Jon ( 16 May 2017 ) . `` Samsung sold over 5 million Galaxy S8 phones '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved 18 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Dilger , Daniel Eran ( 16 May 2017 ) . `` Samsung 's 5 million Galaxy S8 sales far below 2014 's S4 peak '' . AppleInsider . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Amadeo , Ron ( 24 April 2017 ) . `` Samsung Galaxy S8 to get software patch for `` red tint '' issue `` . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Mu - Hyun , Cho ( 18 April 2017 ) . `` Samsung confirms Galaxy S8 red display issue '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Moon , Mariella ( 19 April 2017 ) . `` Early Galaxy S8 owners complain of red - tinted screens '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Ji - hye , Shin ( 21 April 2017 ) . `` Samsung to update Galaxy S8 software for red screen '' . The Korea Herald . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Young - won , Kim ( 21 April 2017 ) . `` Samsung plans software update for Galaxy S8 to address reddish screens '' . The Investor . Retrieved 22 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Jonnalagadda , Harish ( 1 May 2017 ) . `` Galaxy S8 and S8+ update to fix red tint issue is now rolling out in India and Europe '' . Android Central . Mobile Nations . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Bader , Daniel ( 8 May 2017 ) . `` Telus and Bell rolling out Galaxy S8 and S8+ ' red tint ' fix '' . Android Central . Mobile Nations . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Mills , Chris ( 2 May 2017 ) . `` The fix for the Galaxy S8 's screen problem has finally reached the US '' . BGR . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Scott Adam . `` Some Galaxy S8s are restarting by themselves '' . Android Authority . Retrieved 29 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Cipriani , Jason ( 28 April 2017 ) . `` Samsung Galaxy S8 users complain of random restarts '' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 29 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Carman , Ashley ( 31 March 2017 ) . `` The Galaxy S8 's facial scanner can , unsurprisingly , be tricked with a photo '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Amadeo , Ron ( 31 March 2017 ) . `` Galaxy S8 face recognition already defeated with a simple picture '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Chowdhry , Amit ( 31 March 2017 ) . `` Samsung Acknowledges Galaxy S8 Facial Recognition Security Limitations '' . Forbes . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Ip , Chris ( 23 May 2017 ) . `` The Galaxy S8 iris scanner can be hacked with aging tech '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Samsung S8 ' eye security ' fooled by photo '' . BBC News . BBC . 23 May 2017 . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Gibbs , Samuel ( 9 October 2017 ) . `` Galaxy S8 : Samsung users complain of SMS messages that fail to arrive '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Retrieved 5 December 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Preceded by Galaxy S7 / Edge Galaxy S8 / S8+ 2017 Most recent Samsung phones by series A127 A167 A177 A300 ( Galaxy A3 ( 2015 ) ) A310 ( Galaxy A3 ( 2016 ) ) A320 ( Galaxy A3 ( 2017 ) ) A460 A500 ( Galaxy A5 ( 2015 ) ) A510 ( Galaxy A5 ( 2016 ) ) A520 ( Galaxy A5 ( 2017 ) ) A503 ( The Drift ) A640 A700 ( Galaxy A7 ( 2015 ) ) A710 ( Galaxy A7 ( 2016 ) ) A720 ( Galaxy A7 ( 2017 ) ) A767 ( Propel ) A800 ( Galaxy A8 ( 2015 ) ) A810 ( Galaxy A8 ( 2016 ) ) A877 ( Impression ) Galaxy A9 ( 2016 ) A940 B450 B5200 B5310 ( Genio Slide , Corby Pro ) B7330 ( Omnia Pro ) D500 D600 D807 D900 E250 E250i E715 E900 E1107 ( Crest Solar / Solar Guru ) E1120 E1170 E2130 ( Guru ) E3210 ( Hero ) F210 F480 ( Tocco ) F700 G350E ( Galaxy Star 2 ) G386F ( Galaxy Core LTE ) G388F ( Galaxy Xcover 3 ) G600 G750x ( Galaxy Mega 2 ) G800 G810 G800x ( Galaxy S5 Mini ) G850x ( Galaxy Alpha ) G890A ( Galaxy S6 Active ) G900x ( Galaxy S5 ) G920x ( Galaxy S6 ) G925x ( Galaxy S6 Edge ) G928x ( Galaxy S6 Edge+ ) G930x ( Galaxy S7 ) G935x ( Galaxy S7 Edge ) G1000 G7100 ( Galaxy Grand 2 ) G950x ( Galaxy S8 ) G955x ( Galaxy S8 Plus ) i300 ( Palm OS ) i300 ( Windows Mobile ) i330 i500 i550 i600 i607 ( BlackJack ) i617 ( BlackJack II ) i627 ( Propel Pro ) i637 ( Jack ) i667 ( Focus 2 ) i700 i760 i770 i847 ( Rugby Smart ) i900 ( Omnia ) i907 ( Epix ) i917 ( Focus ) i927 ( Captivate Glide ) i937 ( Focus S ) i997 ( Infuse 4G ) i5500 ( Galaxy 5 ) i5700 ( Galaxy Spica ) i5800 ( Galaxy 3 ) i7500 ( Galaxy ) i8000 ( Omnia II ) i8150 ( Galaxy W ) i8160 ( Galaxy Ace 2 ) i8190 ( Galaxy S3 mini ) i8520 ( Galaxy Beam i8520 ) i8530 ( Galaxy Beam ) i8550 ( Galaxy Win ) i8730 ( Galaxy Express ) i9000 ( Galaxy S ) i9001 ( Galaxy S Plus ) i9070 ( Galaxy S Advance ) i9080 / i9082 ( Galaxy Grand ) i9100 ( Galaxy S II ) i9105 ( Galaxy S II Plus ) i9250 ( Galaxy Nexus ) i9150 ( Galaxy Mega 5.8 ) i9190 / i9192 / i9195 ( Galaxy S4 Mini ) i9200 ( Galaxy Mega 6.3 ) i9295 ( Galaxy S4 Active ) i9300 / i9305 ( Galaxy S III ) i9500 / i9505 / i9506 ( Galaxy S4 ) J J J1 Ace Neo J2 J3 J5 J5 ( 2016 ) J7 J7 ( 2016 ) M100 M300 M310 M520 M540 ( Rant ) M550 ( Exclaim ) M620 ( Upstage ) M800 ( Instinct ) M810 ( Instinct S30 ) M900 ( Moment ) M910 ( Intercept ) M920 ( Transform ) M7500 ( Emporio Armani ) N270 N7000 ( Galaxy Note ) N7100 ( Galaxy Note II ) N9000 ( Galaxy Note 3 ) N7500 ( Galaxy Note 3 Neo ) N9100 ( Galaxy Note 4 ) N9200 ( Galaxy Note 5 ) N9300 ( Galaxy Note 7 ) N9500 ( Galaxy Note 8 ) P520 R810 ( Finesse ) S3650 ( Corby / Corby Classic ) S5230 ( Star ) S5280 ( Galaxy Star ) S5300 ( Galaxy Pocket ) S5310 / S5312 ( Galaxy Pocket Neo ) S5360 ( Galaxy Y ) S5570 ( Galaxy Mini ) S5660 ( Galaxy Gio ) S5670 ( Galaxy Fit ) S5690 ( Galaxy Xcover ) S5830 ( Galaxy Ace ) S6310 ( Galaxy Young ) S6500 ( Galaxy Mini 2 ) S6810 ( Galaxy Fame ) S7270 ( Galaxy Ace 3 ) S7500 ( Galaxy Ace Plus ) S7530 ( Omnia M ) S7560 ( Galaxy Trend ) S7560M ( Galaxy Ace II x ) S7562 ( Galaxy S Duos ) S7582 ( Galaxy S Duos 2 ) S7710 ( Galaxy Xcover 2 ) S8000 ( Jet ) S8300 ( UltraTOUCH ) S8500 ( Wave ) S8530 ( Wave II ) T100 T409 T459 ( Gravity ) T559 ( Comeback ) T639 T669 ( Gravity T ) T699 ( Galaxy S Relay 4G ) T729 ( Blast ) T749 ( Highlight ) T819 T919 ( Behold ) T939 ( Behold II ) U U450 ( Intensity ) U460 ( Intensity 2 ) U470 ( Juke ) U485 ( Intensity 3 ) U520 U600 U700 U740 ( Alias ) U750 ( Alias 2 / Zeal ) U800 ( Soul ) U940 ( Glyde ) U960 ( Rogue ) X X200 X480 X427m X820 Z Z1 Z2 Z3 Series / other Ativ Galaxy Gravity Minikit Omnia Rugby REX Google Nexus ( for Nexus S ) SGH for GSM Handset SCH for CDMA ( non-Sprint ) Handset SPH for CDMA ( Sprint ) Handset GT for Global Telecommunications SM for Samsung Mobile Samsung smartphones by operating system Android Captivate Glide Droid Charge Exhibit 4G Galaxy Galaxy 3 Galaxy 5 Galaxy A A3 2016 2017 A5 2016 2017 A7 2016 2017 A8 2016 A9 A9 Pro Galaxy Ace Plus Galaxy Alpha Galaxy Beam i8520 i8530 Galaxy Core LTE Galaxy E E5 E7 Galaxy Express Galaxy Fame Galaxy Fit Galaxy Gio Galaxy J J1 2016 Mini J2 J5 2016 J7 2016 Galaxy Mini Galaxy Nexus Galaxy Pocket Duos Neo Galaxy Portal Galaxy Prevail Galaxy R Galaxy S ( Duos Duos 2 Duos 3 Plus Advance ) S II Plus S III Mini Relay 4G S4 Mini Active Zoom S5 Mini Active Sport S6 / S6 Edge / S6 Edge+ Active S7 / S7 Edge S8 / S8+ Galaxy Spica Galaxy Star Galaxy W ( Exhibit II 4G ) Galaxy Y ( Duos Pro Duos ) Galaxy Young Galaxy Grand Max Galaxy Win Galaxy Mega Galaxy Note ( Original II Neo Edge 5 7 8 ) Galaxy Round Infuse 4G Intercept Moment Nexus S Replenish Rugby Smart Transform T - Mobile Sidekick 4G Symbian iNNOV8 ( i8510 ) Omnia HD ( i8910 ) Windows Mobile Omnia Omnia II Omnia Lite Omnia Pro ( B7610 B7330 ) Windows Phone Focus Focus Flash Focus S Focus 2 Omnia 7 Omnia W Omnia M Ativ S Ativ Odyssey Ativ SE Tizen ZEQ 9000 Z1 Z2 Z3 Bada Wave II S8500 Wave II S8530 LiMo M1 Vodafone Palm OS SPH - i500 SPH - i300 Samsung Galaxy S series Smartphones Galaxy S L I9003 Plus Player Advance Duos Duos 2 Duos 3 Galaxy S II Galaxy S III Mini Galaxy S4 Mini Active Zoom Galaxy S5 Mini Galaxy S6 Active Galaxy S7 Galaxy S8 Tablets Tab S 8.4 Tab S 10.5 Tab S2 8.0 Tab S2 9.7 Android smartphones Acer beTouch E110 Liquid A1 Liquid E Liquid Metal Alcatel OT - 980 OT - 990 Asus PadFone ZenFone BlackBerry Priv DTEK50 DTEK60 KEYone Google Android Dev Phone Play editions Nexus One Galaxy 5 6 5X 6P Android One Pixel Pixel 2 HTC Amaze 4G Aria ChaCha Desire Eye 620 HD X Z Dream Droid Incredible 4G LTE HTC Inspire Evo 4G Shift 4G Design 4G 3D 4G LTE Explorer Hero / Droid Eris Incredible S / Droid Incredible 2 J Butterfly / Droid DNA Legend Magic One series V X One One ( M8 ) One M9 One Mini One Mini 2 One Max HTC 10 Raider 4G Rezound Salsa Sensation T - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the galaxy s8+ come out	[ "The Samsung Galaxy S8, Samsung Galaxy S8+ (shortened to S8 and S8+, respectively) and Samsung Galaxy S8 Active are Android smartphones produced by Samsung Electronics as part of the Samsung Galaxy S series. The S8 and S8+ were unveiled on 29 March 2017 and directly succeed the Samsung Galaxy S7 and S7 Edge, with a North American release on 21 April 2017 and international rollout throughout April and May. The S8 Active was announced on 8 August 2017, and is exclusive to certain U.S. cellular carriers." ]	[ "21 April 2017" ]
-3185926862589135695	It Must Have Been Love	It Must Have Been Love - wikipedia It Must Have Been Love Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song by Roxette . For the song by Magnum , see Wings of Heaven . `` It Must Have Been Love ( Christmas for the Broken Hearted ) '' Single by Roxette B - side `` Turn to Me '' Released 2 December 1987 Recorded November 1987 Genre Pop Length 4 : 48 Label EMI Songwriter ( s ) Per Gessle Producer ( s ) Clarence Öfwerman Roxette singles chronology `` I Want You '' ( 1987 ) `` It Must Have Been Love ( Christmas for the Broken Hearted ) '' ( 1987 ) `` I Call Your Name '' ( 1988 ) `` I Want You '' ( 1987 ) `` It Must Have Been Love ( Christmas for the Broken Hearted ) '' ( 1987 ) `` I Call Your Name '' ( 1988 ) `` It Must Have Been Love '' is a song written by Per Gessle and performed by the Swedish pop duo Roxette . The ballad became the duo 's third number one hit in the United States , and is one of their best selling releases , being certified gold or platinum in a number of countries . Four different versions of the song have been officially released . The original 1987 track was followed by the most successful incarnation of the song , a slightly edited version -- omitting the Christmas references -- which was created for the soundtrack to the 1990 movie Pretty Woman . During the `` Join the Joyride ! World Tour '' in 1991 , the band recorded a country music version of the track in Los Angeles , which was included on their 1992 album Tourism . A Spanish - language version of the Pretty Woman recording was released on their 1996 compilation Baladas en español . Finally , an orchestral live performance from the band 's 2009 concert at Night of the Proms was included on their 2012 studio album , Travelling . Contents ( hide ) 1 Original release ( 1987 ) 1.1 Music video 1.2 Formats and track listings 1.3 Charts 2 Re-release ( 1990 ) 2.1 Chart performance 2.2 Accolades 2.3 Music video 2.4 Formats and track listings 2.5 Charts 2.5. 1 Weekly charts 2.5. 2 Year - end charts 2.5. 3 Decade - end charts 2.6 Certifications 3 `` No sé si es amor '' ( 1997 ) 3.1 Formats and track listings 3.2 Charts 4 25th anniversary reissue ( 2015 ) 4.1 Formats and track listings 5 Credits and personnel 6 Shirley Clamp version 7 References 8 External links Original release ( 1987 ) ( edit ) The song was first released as `` It Must Have Been Love ( Christmas for the Broken Hearted ) '' in December 1987 . It was composed after EMI Germany asked the duo to `` come up with an intelligent Christmas single '' . It became a top five hit in Sweden , but was not released internationally . This version of the song was never included on any Roxette studio album until the 1997 re-release of their debut Pearls of Passion ( 1986 ) . Music video ( edit ) A performance from a Swedish TV chart show in 1987 acted as the song 's first music video . It features Fredriksson and Gessle sitting on a couch on a stage , lip - syncing to the song . Formats and track listings ( edit ) All songs written and composed by Per Gessle , except where noted . 7 '' single ( Sweden 1362887 ) `` It Must Have Been Love ( Christmas for the Broken Hearted ) '' -- 4 : 48 `` Turn to Me '' -- 2 : 58 ( Music by Marie Fredriksson ) Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1987 ) Peak position Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Re-release ( 1990 ) ( edit ) `` It Must Have Been Love '' Single by Roxette from the album Pretty Woman Soundtrack Released 20 May 1990 Genre Pop Length 4 : 20 Label EMI Songwriter ( s ) Per Gessle Roxette singles chronology `` Dangerous '' ( 1989 ) `` It Must Have Been Love '' ( 1990 ) `` Joyride '' ( 1991 ) `` Dangerous '' ( 1989 ) `` It Must Have Been Love '' ( 1990 ) `` Joyride '' ( 1991 ) Music video `` It Must Have Been Love '' on YouTube During a run of increasingly successful singles from the duo 's 1988 album Look Sharp ! , Touchstone Pictures approached Roxette and their label about contributing a song to the soundtrack of the upcoming romantic comedy release Pretty Woman , starring Richard Gere and then - Oscar nominee Julia Roberts . The film was released in March 1990 and went on to make more than US $460 million at the worldwide box office . The corresponding soundtrack album was also a commercial success , which was certified triple - platinum in the US . The soundtrack went on to sell more than nine million copies worldwide . Chart performance ( edit ) A re-written and edited version of the track -- the lyric `` It 's a hard Christmas day '' was changed to `` It 's a hard winters day '' , and twenty seconds were removed from the intro -- became an international hit during the summer of 1990 . It was not the first single released from the Pretty Woman soundtrack , but it became the most successful , spending two weeks at the top spot of the Billboard Hot 100 in June . The song was certified Gold by the RIAA for sales in excess of 500,000 copies in the US . At the end of the year , Billboard listed it as the second most successful single of 1990 , behind Wilson Phillips ' `` Hold On '' . The single peaked at number three in the UK -- their highest peaking single there . It stayed on the UK Singles Chart for 14 weeks , and was certified silver by the BPI for sales in excess of 200,000 copies . The song was re-released in the UK and Ireland in September 1993 , peaking at number ten in both countries . It became Roxette 's second of three number one singles in Australia , spending two weeks at the top spot in July 1990 . The song was a massive hit in Norway , where it spent twelve weeks at number one . In Switzerland , the song spent three non-consecutive weeks at number one , and a further five weeks at number two -- being held off the top spot in those weeks by Matthias Reim 's `` Verdammt , ich lieb ' dich '' . It also reached number one in Canada , Poland and Spain , and the top five in Austria , Belgium , Ireland , Japan , the Netherlands , New Zealand and Germany , where it spent nine months in the top 75 . Accolades ( edit ) In 2005 , Gessle received an award from BMI after the song 's four millionth radio play . In 2014 , he received an updated award from the same organization after its five millionth radio play . Music video ( edit ) The second video was directed by Doug Freel and was shot in a warehouse . It included clips from Pretty Woman , with Fredriksson singing and playing piano and Gessle playing guitar between various prop changes . There is also an alternate version of the video , without the movie scenes , which was available solely on the VHS The Videos . According to Fredriksson , shooting this video was a surreal experience , as Freel `` wanted all movements in slow motion , so I had to lip - sync the vocals at double speed . My first lesson in how to sing an emotional ballad Mickey Mouse style . '' As of August 2017 , this video has more than 240 million views on YouTube . Formats and track listings ( edit ) All songs were written and composed by Gessle , except `` Cry '' , music by Fredriksson and Gessle . Australian cassette and 7 '' single ( US2399 ) EU cassette and 7 '' single ( Germany 006 - 1363807 UK EM141 ) `` It Must Have Been Love '' -- 4 : 20 `` Paint '' -- 3 : 29 US and Canada cassette ( 4JM - 50283 ) `` It Must Have Been Love '' -- 4 : 20 `` Chances '' -- 4 : 07 EU 12 '' single ( Germany 060 - 1363806 UK EM141 ) Japanese 3 '' CD single ( TODP - 2194 ) `` It Must Have Been Love '' -- 4 : 20 `` Paint '' -- 3 : 29 `` Cry '' ( Live from Himmelstalundshallen , Norrköping on 16 December 1988 ) -- 5 : 42 UK CD single ( CDEM141 ) `` It Must Have Been Love '' -- 4 : 20 `` Paint '' -- 3 : 29 `` Cry '' ( Live from Norrköping ) -- 5 : 42 `` Surrender '' ( Live from Norrköping on 16 December 1988 ) -- 3 : 07 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 7 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 5 Italy ( FIMI ) 13 Japan International ( Oricon ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Poland ( ZPAV ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 50 ) Spain ( AFYVE ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 6 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Radio & Records CHR / Pop Airplay Chart Chart ( 1993 ) Peak position Ireland ( IRMA ) 10 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 10 Chart ( 2012 ) Peak position Canada Hot Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 67 Chart ( 2016 ) Peak position France ( SNEP ) 117 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 ) Position Australian Singles ( ARIA ) Austrian Singles ( Ö3 ) 10 Belgian Singles ( Ultratop Flanders ) 14 Brazilian Singles ( ABPD ) 12 Canadian Singles ( RPM ) 11 Dutch Singles ( Top 40 ) Dutch Singles ( Top 100 ) 17 German Singles ( GfK ) 15 Italian Singles ( FIMI ) 48 New Zealand Singles ( Recorded Music NZ ) 8 Swiss Singles ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 5 UK Singles ( OCC ) 19 US Billboard Hot 100 US Singles ( Cashbox ) 6 Chart ( 1993 ) Position UK Singles ( OCC ) 100 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1990 -- 99 ) Position European Singles ( Europarade ) 52 German Singles ( GfK ) 119 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 25,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 250,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Gold 25,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 500,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone `` No sé si es amor '' ( 1997 ) ( edit ) `` No sé si es amor '' Single by Roxette from the album Baladas en español B - side `` Directamente a ti '' ( `` Run to You '' ) Released 28 January 1997 Songwriter ( s ) Per Gessle & Luis Escolar Roxette singles chronology `` Un día sin ti '' ( 1996 ) `` No sé si es amor '' ( 1997 ) `` Wish I Could Fly '' ( 1999 ) `` Un día sin ti '' ( 1996 ) `` No sé si es amor '' ( 1997 ) `` Wish I Could Fly '' ( 1999 ) Roxette released a Spanish - language compilation album , Baladas en español , in 1996 . It consisted of twelve of their down - tempo singles and album tracks , which were translated by Spanish songwriter Luis Gomez - Escolar , who would later co-write the Ricky Martin hit `` Livin ' la Vida Loca '' . The album was only released in Spanish and Portuguese - speaking territories . A translated version of `` It Must Have Been Love '' , titled `` No sé si es amor '' , was released in early 1997 as the album 's second and final single . Formats and track listings ( edit ) Music and original lyrics by Per Gessle . Spanish lyrics by Luis G. Escolar . CD single ( EU 8652802 ) `` No sé si es amor '' ( `` It Must Have Been Love '' ) -- 4 : 41 `` Directamente a ti '' ( `` Run to You '' ) -- 3 : 30 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1997 ) Peak position Spain Top 40 Radio ( AFYVE ) 6 25th anniversary reissue ( 2015 ) ( edit ) On the twenty - fifth anniversary of the song 's release on the Pretty Woman soundtrack , Parlophone released a limited edition red - coloured vinyl on 19 May 2015 . This single included the Pretty Woman version of the song , backed with the original 1987 release and the Los Angeles - studio performance ( minus the live intro recorded in Santiago , Chile ) from their 1992 album Tourism . The latter features pedal steel guitar performed by Greg Leisz , who is best known for his work with k.d. lang . The single was released on digital download stores from 23 March . Formats and track listings ( edit ) All songs written and composed by Per Gessle . 12 '' single ( Sweden 0724386504715 ) `` It Must Have Been Love '' -- 4 : 18 `` It Must Have Been Love ( Christmas for the Broken Hearted ) '' -- 4 : 47 `` It Must Have Been Love '' ( L.A. Version ) -- 4 : 45 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from the liner notes of the 25th anniversary vinyl re-release . Original studio version Engineered by Per Gessle , Clarence Öfwerman , Anders Herrlin and Alar Suurna Mixed by Alar Suurna ( 1987 ) and Humberto Gatica ( 1990 ) Vocals , piano -- Marie Fredriksson Lyricist , composer , backing vocals -- Per Gessle Guitars -- Jonas Isacsson Synclavier , keyboards , programming , production -- Clarence Öfwerman Drums -- Pelle Alsing L.A. version Recorded at Ocean Way Recording , Los Angeles in March 1992 and EMI Studios , Stockholm in May 1992 Engineered by Mike Ross and Rail Rogut Vocals -- Marie Fredriksson Harmonica -- Per Gessle Electric guitar -- Jonas Isacsson Acoustic guitar -- Mats MP Persson Pedal steel guitar -- Greg Leisz Bass -- Anders Herrlin Keyboards -- Clarence Öfwerman Drums -- Pelle Alsing Tambourine -- Alar Suurna Shirley Clamp version ( edit ) In 2006 , Swedish pop singer Shirley Clamp recorded a cover version of the song called `` När kärleken föds '' ( `` When Love is Born '' ) , it peaked at # 6 at the Swedish singles chart . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Roxette - Chart History on the Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Digital booklet '' . Do n't Bore Us , Get to the Chorus ( liner notes ) . Roxette . Stockholm , Sweden : EMI Records . 1995 . 7243 836203 2 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` swedishcharts.com - Roxette - It Must Have Been Love '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pearls of Passion by Roxette on Apple Music '' . iTunes . Apple Music . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ballad & Pop Hits - The Complete Video Collection ( DVD liner notes ) . Roxette . EMI. 2003 . 7243 4 90946 9 7 . ^ Jump up to : Mackie , Drew ( 25 June 2015 ) . `` Roxette 's It Must Have Been Love , 25 Years Later '' . People . Time Inc . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Woman ( 1990 ) - Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum - RIAA '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 19 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roxette Bio Roxette Career '' . MTV . Viacom . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Roxette -- It Must Have Been Love '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 20 April 2012 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard.com Year End Charts - Year End Singles - 1990 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on 2 January 2007 . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roxette : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` British single certifications -- Roxette -- It Must Have Been Love '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 20 April 2012 . Enter It Must Have Been Love in the search field and then press Enter . ^ Jump up to : `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Roxette '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 3 August 2013 ) . `` ARIA Singles Report : Avicii Is Longest Number One Swedish Act Since Roxette '' . Noise11 . Paul Cashmere . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Roxette -- It Must Have Been Love '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Swisscharts.com -- Roxette -- It Must Have Been Love '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Roxette -- It Must Have Been Love '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 BMI awards '' . BMI. 28 November 2005 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Marc ( 14 October 2014 ) . `` Nile Rogers , Ellie Goulding Honored at BMI London Awards '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Roxette ( 4 March 2009 ) . `` Roxette - It Must Have Been Love '' . Retrieved 11 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Roxette -- It Must Have Been Love '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Roxette -- It Must Have Been Love '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Roxette -- It Must Have Been Love '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 1268 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Finnish Singles Charts 1961 - 1995 : Elokuu 1990 August '' . Suomen virallinen singlelista . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hit Parade Italia - Top Annuali Single : 1990 '' ( in Italian ) . Federation of the Italian Music Industry . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Songs from the Year 1990 '' . tsort.info . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Roxette search results '' ( in Dutch ) Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Roxette -- It Must Have Been Love '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Roxette -- It Must Have Been Love '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lista Przebojów Trójki Polskie Radio Online Notowanie nr438 '' . Polskie Radio . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Salaverri , Fernando ( September 2005 ) . Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959 -- 2002 ( 1st ed . ) . Spain : Fundación Autor - SGAE . ISBN 84 - 8048 - 639 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Roxette -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Roxette . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Roxette -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Roxette . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ http://wweb.uta.edu/faculty/gghunt/charts/roxette.html Jump up ^ `` Roxette Chart History Canada Hot Digital Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 7 July 2012 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Roxette -- It Must Have Been Love '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End of Year Charts - Top 50 Singles 1990 '' . ARIA Charts . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Alle Rechte Jahreshitparade 1990 '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Archived from the original on 17 December 2013 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1990 '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Retrieved 15 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hit Tracks of 1990 '' . RPM . RPM Library Archives . 22 December 1990 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` De Single Top 100 1990 Over '' ( PDF ) ( in Dutch ) . Radio 538 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jaahroverzichten 1990 '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 1990 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 1990 '' ( in German ) . Swiss Music Charts . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 of 1990 - UK Music Charts '' . UK Charts . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 of 1993 - UK Music Charts '' . UK Charts . Retrieved 21 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA End Of Year Singles 1990 Top 50 Australian Singles Chart '' . ARIA Charts . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Roxette -- It Must Have Been Love '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved 20 April 2012 . Enter Roxette in the field Interpret . Enter It Must Have Been Love in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Roxette ; ' It Must Have Been Love ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 20 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 1987 − 1998 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Roxette - Discography '' . Roxette.se . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Roxette - It Must Have Been Love - 25th Anniversary '' . Amazon Music . Amazon.com . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` It Must Have Been Love - Single by Roxette on Apple Music '' . Apple Music . Apple . Retrieved 20 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Digital booklet '' . It Must Have Been Love ( liner notes ) . Roxette . London , United Kingdom : Parlophone Records . 2015 . 0724386504715 . Jump up ^ Swedishcharts - När kärleken föds ( It Must Have Been Love ) at the Swedish singles chart External links ( edit ) `` It Must Have Been Love '' music video on YouTube , EMIMUSIC Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Hold On '' by Wilson Phillips Billboard Hot 100 number one single June 16 , 1990 - June 23 , 1990 Succeeded by `` Step by Step '' by New Kids on the Block Preceded by `` All I Wanna Do Is Make Love to You '' by Heart Australian ARIA Singles Chart number one single July 7 -- 21 , 1990 Succeeded by `` U Ca n't Touch This '' by MC Hammer Preceded by `` Verdammt , ich lieb ' dich '' by Matthias Reim Swiss number - one single 7 October 1990 - 20 October 1990 ( 2 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Tom 's Diner '' by DNA featuring Suzanne Vega Preceded by `` Tom 's Diner '' by DNA featuring Suzanne Vega Swiss number - one single 28 October 1990 - 3 November 1990 ( top again , 1 week ) Succeeded by `` I 've Been Thinking About You '' by Londonbeat Roxette Per Gessle Marie Fredriksson Studio albums Pearls of Passion Look Sharp ! Joyride Tourism Crash ! Boom ! Bang ! Have a Nice Day Room Service Charm School Travelling Good Karma Compilations Rarities Do n't Bore Us , Get to the Chorus ! Baladas en español The Ballad Hits The Pop Hits A Collection of Roxette Hits : Their 20 Greatest Songs ! The Rox Box / Roxette 86 -- 06 The Biggest Hits XXX The RoxBox ! : A Collection of Roxette 's Greatest Songs Remix albums Dance Passion Live albums Live : Traveling the World Videography Sweden Live Look Sharp Live The Videos Live - Ism Do n't Bore Us , Get to the Chorus ! -- Roxette 's Greatest Video Hits Crash ! Boom ! Live ! All Videos Ever Made & More ! Ballad & Pop Hits Concert tours Rock runt riket Tour Look Sharp ! Live Tour Join the Joyride ! Tour Crash ! Boom ! Bang ! Tour Room Service Tour The Neverending World Tour Related articles Discography Songs Clarence Öfwerman Christoffer Lundquist Gyllene Tider The Lonely Boys Helena Josefsson Dea Norberg Book : Roxette Roxette singles Pearls of Passion `` Neverending Love '' `` Goodbye to You '' `` Soul Deep '' `` I Call Your Name '' Look Sharp ! `` Dressed for Success '' `` Listen to Your Heart '' `` Chances '' `` The Look '' `` Dangerous '' Joyride `` Joyride '' `` Fading Like a Flower ( Every Time You Leave ) '' `` The Big L . '' `` Spending My Time '' `` Church of Your Heart '' Tourism `` How Do You Do ! '' `` Queen of Rain '' `` Fingertips ' 93 '' Crash ! Boom ! Bang ! `` Sleeping in My Car '' `` Crash ! Boom ! Bang ! '' `` Fireworks '' `` Run to You '' `` Vulnerable '' Do n't Bore Us , Get to the Chorus ! `` You Do n't Understand Me '' `` The Look ' 95 '' `` June Afternoon '' `` She Does n't Live Here Anymore '' Baladas en español `` Un día sin ti '' `` No sé si es amor '' Have a Nice Day `` Wish I Could Fly '' `` Anyone '' `` Stars '' `` Salvation '' Room Service `` The Centre of the Heart '' `` Real Sugar '' `` Milk and Toast and Honey '' Charm School `` She 's Got Nothing On ( But the Radio ) '' `` Speak to Me '' `` Way Out '' Travelling `` It 's Possible '' Good Karma `` It Just Happens '' `` Some Other Summer '' `` Why Do n't You Bring Me Flowers ? '' Soundtrack `` It Must Have Been Love '' `` Almost Unreal '' Other `` A Thing About You '' `` Opportunity Nox '' `` One Wish '' `` Reveal '' `` The Sweet Hello , the Sad Goodbye '' ( Bassflow Remake ) `` The Look '' ( 2015 Remake ) Related articles Singles discography Book : Roxette Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It_Must_Have_Been_Love&oldid=803849297 '' Categories : 1987 singles 1990 singles 1993 singles 2006 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Roxette songs Shirley Clamp songs Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Switzerland RPM Top Singles number - one singles Songs written by Per Gessle Pop ballads Swedish Christmas songs 1987 songs Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Italiano ქართული Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 01 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sang it must have been love but it's over now	[ "\"It Must Have Been Love\" is a song written by Per Gessle and performed by the Swedish pop duo Roxette. The ballad became the duo's third number one hit in the United States,[1] and is one of their best selling releases, being certified gold or platinum in a number of countries." ]	[ "the Swedish pop duo Roxette" ]
209159153948208724	Mount Arafat	Mount Arafat - Wikipedia Mount Arafat Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the mountain . For the Islamic day of fasting prior to Eid - al - Adha , see Day of Arafa . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mount Arafat Plain of Arafat Pilgrims supplicating on the Plains of Arafat Mount Arafat or Mount Arafah ( Arabic : جبل عرفات ‎ transliterated Jabal ' Arafāt ) is a granite hill east of Makkah in the plain of Arafat . Arafat is a plain about 20 km ( 12 mi ) southeast of Makkah . Mount Arafat reaches about 70 m ( 230 ft ) in height and is also known as the Mount of Mercy ( Jabal ar - Rahmah ) . According to Islamic tradition , the hill is the place where the Islamic prophet Muhammed stood and delivered the Farewell Sermon to the Muslims who had accompanied him for the Hajj towards the end of his life . Muslims also say that it is also the place where the Adam and Eve landed on earth after falling from Heaven . It is the place where Adam was forgiven , hence it is also known as Jabl - ar - Rahmah ( the Mount of Mercy ) . A pillar is erected to show the place where the aforementioned took place . On the 9th of the month of Dhu al - Hijjah pilgrims go to Arafat from Mina , for the most important part of the Hajj . The Khutbah of Hajj is narrated and Zuhr prayer and Asr prayer are prayed together . The pilgrims spend the whole day on the mountain to supplicate to Allah to forgive their sins and to pray for personal strength in the future . Contents ( hide ) 1 Hajj 2 In literature 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Hajj ( edit ) Arafah rituals end at sunset and pilgrims then move to Muzdalifah for Maghrib Prayer and a shortened Isha prayer and for a short rest . The level area surrounding the hill is called the Plain of Arafat . The term Mount Arafah is sometimes applied to this entire area . It is an important place in Islam because during the Hajj , pilgrims spend the afternoon there on the ninth day of Dhul Hijjah ( ذو الحجة ) . Failure to be present in the plain of Arafat on the required day invalidates the pilgrimage . Since late 2010 , this place is served by Makkah Metro . On a normal Hajj , it would be around 21 km ( 13 mi ) to walk . In literature ( edit ) The hill is also referenced in James Joyce 's novel Finnegans Wake . See also ( edit ) Saudi Arabia portal Hajj Du'a Arafah References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` خرائط Google '' . خرائط Google . Jump up ^ `` Finnegans Wake '' . www.finwake.com . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 18 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Mount Arafat at Wikimedia Commons Coordinates : 21 ° 21 ′ 17 '' N 39 ° 59 ′ 03 '' E / 21.354741 ° N 39.984049 ° E / 21.354741 ; 39.984049 People and things in the Quran ( hide ) Characters God in Islam ( Allah ) Names of God found in the Quran Angels Israfil Izra'il / Azrael ( Malak al - Mawt ) Jibra'il / Gabriel ( Al - Ruh al - Amin ) and Holy Spirit ( Al - Ruh al - Qudus ) and Al - Ruh ( The Spirit ) Maalik Mika'il Harut and Marut Jinns Iblīs / Devil Shaitan / Satan Ifrit ( and Marid ) Qareen In Heaven ( Jannah ) Ghilman and Wildan Houri In Hell ( Jahannam ) Zabaniyya Zaqqum Prophets and apostles ( messengers ) of God Mentioned Ādam / Adam Alyasa ' / Elisha Ayyub / Job Dawud / David Dhul - Kifl / Ezekiel ? Harun / Aaron Hud / Eber ? Ibrahim / Abraham ( Khalilullah ) Idris / Enoch ? Ilyas / Elijah Imran / Joachim ( father of Maryam ) Isa / Jesus Isḥaq / Isaac Isma'il / Ishmael Dhabih Ullah Lut / Lot Muhammad or Ahmad / Paraclete Musa / Moses ( Kalimullah ) Nuh / Noah Saleh / Shelah ? Shuaib / Jethro Sulayman / Solomon Uzair / Ezra ? Yahya / John the Baptist Yaqub / Jacob ( Israel ) Yunus / Jonah ( Dhul - Nun , Sahib al - Hut ) Yūsuf / Joseph Zakariya / Zechariah Implied Ermia / Jeremiah Samuel Yusha ' ibn Nūn / Joshua Good people ( before Islam ) Mentioned Dhul - Qarnayn Luqman Maryam / Mary ( mother of Isa ) Talut / Saul Implicitly mentioned Asiyah bint Muzahim / Bithiah ? ( wife of Fir'aun ) Asif ibn Barkhiya Bilquis ( Queen of Saba / Sheba ) Believer of Fir'aun Family ( Hizbil / Hizqil ibn Sabura ) Beniamin / Benjamin Habib the Carpenter ( believer of Ya - Sin ) Kaleb / Caleb Khidr Magicians of Fir'aun Simon Cephas / Simon Peter Other people ( before Islam ) Mentioned Āzar ( uncle of Ibrahim ) Fir'aun / Pharaoh Haman Jalut / Goliath Qarun / Korah Sāmiri Implicitly mentioned Abraha Bal'am / Balaam Barṣīṣā Nebuchadnezzar II Nimrod Potiphar ( Al - Aziz ) Shaddad Simeon ( son of Ya'qub ) Slayers of Saleh 's she - camel ( Qaddar ibn Salif and Musda ' ibn Dahr ) Valid ibn Rayyan ( king of Egypt in the account of Yūsuf ) Zuleika ( wife of al - Aziz ) Mentioned people ( after inception of Islam ) Abū Lahab Zayd ibn Harithah Relatives of prophets Specified good relatives Daughters of Lut / Lot ( Ritha , Za'ura , et al . ) Elizabeth or ' Ishā ' ( wife of Zakariya ) Habil / Abel ( son of Adam ) Hawwa ' / Eve ( wife of Adam ) Kulthum / Miriam ( sister of Musa ) Saffurah / Zipporah ( wife of Musa ) and Layya ( Saffura 's sister ) Sarah ( wife of Ibrahim , mother of Isḥaq ) Yukabed / Jochebed ( mother of Musa ) Non-specified good relatives Abiona / Amtelai daughter of Karnebo ( mother of Ibrahim ) Bathsheba ( wife of Dawud ) Muhammad 's wives Daughters of Muhammad Hājar / Hagar ( wife of Ibrahim , mother of Isma'il ) Hannah / Anne daughter of Faquz ( mother of Maryam ) Imran / Amram ( father of Musa ) Lamech ( father of Nuh ) Rāhil / Rachel ( wife of Ya'qub ) Rahma / Dinah ( wife of Ayyub ) Shamkha bint Anush / Betenos ( mother of Nuh ) Son of Luqman Other relatives Brothers of Yūsuf Children of Ayyub Dead son of Sulaiman Qabil / Cain ? Tārah / Terah ( father of Ibrahim ) Umm Jamil ( wife of Abu Lahab ) Wali'ah or Wa'ilah / Waala ? ( wife of Nuh ) Walihah or Wahilah ( wife of Lut ) Yam or Kan'an ( son of Nuh ) Groups and tribes Tribes and ethnicities Mentioned ' Ād ( people of Hud ) Arabs and Ajam Children of Israel / Israelites Companions of the Rass People of Saba ' / Sheba People of Shu'aib ( people of Madyan and people of Aykah / Wood ) People of Tubba ' Quraysh Romans Thamud ( people of Saleh , companions of Hijr ) Ya'juj and Ma'juj / Gog and Magog Implicitly mentioned Ahl al - Bayt Amalek Banu Hashim Banu Nadir Banu Qaynuqa Banu Qurayza Iranian people Umayyad Dynasty Groups Mentioned Christian apostles Disciples of Jesus Companions of Noah 's Ark Companions of Sabbath ( Aşḥāb al - Sabt ) Companions of the Cave / Seven Sleepers and Companions of al - Raqaim Companions of the Elephant People of al - Ukhdūd People of the City ( People of Ya - Sin ) People of the Burned Garden ( Aşḥāb al - Jannah ) Ulu'l azm prophets Implicitly mentioned Ahl al - Suffa ( People of the Verandah ) Aus and Khazraj Copts Hezbollah Muhajirun ( The emigrants ) and Ansar ( The helpers ) Ummah of Islam ( Ummah of Muhammad ) Religious groups Ahl al - dhimmah ( Dhimmi ) Christians ( People of Injil ) Jews Kafir ( Infidels ) Majus Zoroastrians Munafiq Hypocrites Mushrik Polytheists Muslims People of the Book ( ‎ ′ Ahl al - Kitāb ) Sabians Ahbār ( Jewish scholars ) Qissis ( Christian priest ) Rabbani / Rabbi Ruhban ( Christian monks ) Locations , entities and events Locations Mentioned Ahqāf Al - Aqsa Mosque Arafat and Mash'ar al - Harām Bābil / Babylon Badr Door of Hittah Hijr / Hegra Holy Land ( Palestine and Levant ) Hunayn Iram Ka'bah / Kaaba ( Bayt al - Harām / Sacred House , Bayt al - ' Atīq / Ancient House ) Madyan / Midian Madinah / Medina ( formerly Yathrib ) Majma ' al - Bahrain Makkah / Mecca ( Umm al - Qura , Balad al - Amin , Bakkah ) Maqām Ibrahim Masjid al - Dirar Masjid al - Haram Mount Judi Mu'tafikat ( Sodom ) Rass Saba ' / Sheba Al - Safa and Al - Marwah Tur Sinā ' / Mount Sinai and Jabal al - Tur Egypt Valley of Tuwa Implicitly mentioned Antioch Antakya Ayla Barrier of Dhul - Qarnayn Bayt al - Muqaddas and ' Ariha Black Stone ( Al - Ḥajar al - Aswad ) and Al - Hijr of Isma'il Canaan Cave of Hira and Cave of Thawr Cave of Seven Sleepers Dār al - Nadwa Hudaybiyyah Jordan River Ma'rib Dam Masjid al - Nabawi ( Prophet 's Mosque ) Mesopotamia Nile River Nineveh Palestine River Paradise of Shaddad Quba Mosque Sinai Desert and Tīh Desert Ta'if Religious locations Bay'a ( Church ) Mihrab Monastery Mosque Salat ( Synagogue ) Non-human physical entities Religious texts Injil / Gospel Quran Suhuf - i Ibrahim ( Scrolls of Abraham ) Tawrat / Torah , Suhuf - i - Musa ( Scrolls of Moses ) and Tablets of Stone Zabur Related animals Cow of Israelites and Golden calf Dog of Seven Sleepers Fish of Yunis Hoopoe of Sulayman She - Camel of Saleh Related objects Forbidden fruit of Adam Heavenly Food of Christian Apostles Noah 's Ark Staff of Musa Tabut al - Sakina ( Casket of Shekhinah ) Throne of Bilqis Trumpet of Israfil Mentioned idols ( cult images ) Baal Lāt , ' Uzza and Manāt Wadd , Suwa ' , Yaghuth , Ya'uq and Nasr ( Jibt and Taghut Ansāb ) Events Battle of Badr Battle of Hunayn Battle of Khaybar Battle of Tabouk Battle of the Trench ( Battle of the Confederates ) Battle of Uhud Conquest of Mecca Hadith of the pond of Khumm Incident of Ifk Layla al - Mabit Mubahala The Farewell Pilgrimage ( Hujja al - Wada ' ) Treaty of Hudaybiyyah Umrah al - Qaza Yawm al - Dār Note : The names are sorted alphabetically . Standard form : Islamic name / Biblical name ( title or relationship ) Hajj topics Every year , from the eighth to the twelfth day of Dhu al - Hijjah . Preparation Ihram Miqat Dhu'l - Hulayfah Juhfah Yalamlam Sequence Tawaf Zamzam Well Safa and Marwa Mina Mount Arafat Muzdalifah Rami al - Jamarat Eid al - Adha Tawaf al - Ifadah Tawaf al - Wida Mosques Great Mosque of Mecca Al - Masjid an - Nabawi Masjid - u-Shajarah Rabigh History This article about the geography of Saudi Arabia is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This Islam - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Arafat&oldid=805461382 '' Categories : Mountains of Saudi Arabia Geography of Mecca Hajj Saudi Arabia geography stubs Islam stubs Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Arabic - language text Coordinates on Wikidata All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Башҡортса Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Кыргызча Лакку Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Português Русский Simple English தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2017 , at 15 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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4011716228446944010	List of Itazura na Kiss episodes	List of Itazura na kiss episodes - wikipedia List of Itazura na kiss episodes Jump to : navigation , search The following is the list of episodes from the anime adaptation of an unfinished manga series Itazura na Kiss . The anime adaptation is distinct from the manga itself . It is revealed that the intended finale of the manga by the late author Kaoru Tada will be conceptualized in the anime for the first time with plot details provided by her husband . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Anime adaptation episode list 3 References 4 External links Overview ( edit ) The anime contains 25 episodes . The episodes are directed by Osamu Yamazaki and produced by TMS Entertainment . The episodes started airing on 4 April 2008 on TBS . Subsequently , Sun TV began airing the episodes from 15 April 2008 and Chubu - Nippon Broadcasting Co. , Ltd on 9 April 2008 . As the manga only ran until volume 23 , the ending remained unfinished . The anime adaption after episode 22 is not included in the unfinished manga . Three pieces of theme music are used for the episodes ; one opening theme and two ending themes . The opening theme , `` Kimi , Meguru , Boku '' is performed by Motohiro Hata . The first ending theme , `` Kataomoi Fighter '' is sung by GO ! GO ! 7188 , while the second ending theme , `` Jikan yo Tomare '' is performed by AZU featuring Seamo starting in episode 13 . The song was also featured briefly during episode 10 . Anime adaptation episode list ( edit ) # Title Original airdate 01 `` Fate 's Prank '' `` Unmei no Itazura '' ( 運命のイタズラ ) 4 April 2008 Kotoko , from the lowly F - Class , has a crush on Irie , who is the top - ranked student from A-Class . After many years , she collects her courage and confesses to him , only to be bluntly turned down . Irie even goes so far as to say he hates stupid girls ( meaning her ) and does n't even read her confession letter . When an earthquake strikes Tokyo , her house is the only one damaged . A friend of Kotoko 's father jumps at the opportunity to lend a hand , and in a surprising turn of events they end up living at Irie 's house . 02 `` Living Together is Dangerous '' `` Abunai Doukyo Seikatsu '' ( アブない同居生活 ) 9 April 2008 While walking to school together , Irie tells Kotoko that he does n't care for her , and when Kotoko is pushed off the train at the wrong station Irie does not help her , saying he hates absent - minded girls even more than stupid ones . Using an embarrassing childhood picture , Kotoko blackmails Irie into tutoring her on the next exam , saying she 'll hand over the picture if she makes it into the top 50 scores among the students . As they study , the two of them get to know each other better , and Irie 's mother hands Kotoko a good luck charm for the test . Kotoko misses the train again , but this time Irie helps her . After the test , Kotoko makes it to the 50th spot , while Irie ranks number one . Kotoko opens the charm to reveal a picture of the two of them sleeping peacefully while studying . Her friends find out and end up teasing Irie , who angrily turns on Kotoko . 03 `` Baton Touch of Love '' `` Koi no batontacchi '' ( 恋のバトンタッチ ) 16 April 2008 Kotoko falls asleep with a confession letter in her hand . When Irie walks in to tell her it 's her turn in the shower , he impulsively decides to read the letter . Later at the school sports festival , Kotoko and Irie end up competing against each other in the relay race . Just as Irie sprints across the finish line , Kotoko gets pushed and falls in front of him and she gets run over . Kin steams as Irie carries her to the nurse . Irie embarrassingly recites the letter she wrote to him ; before he gets to the last part where she had written that she loves him , she jumps up and slaps him . Then Kin jumps in the room and proceeds to boast of his passion for Kotoko . Irie replies that people 's feelings can change , the person you hate might become the person you love . 04 `` Throbbing Summer Vacation '' `` Dokki doki na natsuyasumi '' ( ドッキドキな夏休み ) 23 April 2008 Kotoko , Irie and friends visit Waterland . While Irie 's getting ice cream , Yuuki ends up sinking in the pool , and Kotoko saves him . Irie overhears about the rescue , rushes back to Yuuki , and is pleased at Kotoko 's actions . Later , Kotoko gets a cramp in her leg while on the water slide , and this time it is Irie 's opportunity to save her from drowning . After dinner , Kotoko retreats to her room to finish her summer homework , but runs into trouble . She sneaks into Irie 's room to get the answers , instead she finds the diary where Yuuki writes how he feels about her ( an annoying dummy ) ; she rewrites it and moves on to find Irie 's homework . But Irie notices her actions , proceeds to tease her , pretends to want to have sex with her , muttering that a genius can sometimes turn into a monster , and afterward he makes it up by helping her with her homework . 05 `` The Crucial Moment ! Class F 's Winter Battle '' `` Gakeppuchi ! F Gumi Fuyu no Jin '' ( ガケっぷち ! F 組冬の陣 ) 30 April 2008 The final exams starts next week , and the results decide whether or not the F - class students make it into college . After having received prior assistance from Naoki with her and her friends ' schoolwork , much to Irie 's annoyance . Kotoko is cajoled to get Naoki to tutor the whole of Class F so they can pass their finals . With Naoki 's help , the whole of Class F passes their finals ( with the exception of Kinnosuke who is too proud to receive any help from Irie . ) When it is Christmas Day the class chips in to get a gift for Irie which ends up being a Kotoko doll . Kotoko on the other hand works really hard as a waitress to buy Irie 's Christmas present . 06 `` Chocolates , Exams , and The Jinx '' `` Choco to Juken to Ekibyougami '' ( チョコと受験と疫病神 ) 7 May 2008 It 's Valentines Day soon , Irie 's mother helps Kotoko make homemade chocolate , but Kotoko fails to give them to Irie . Later on , Naoki goes to take the entrance exam to Tokyo University . Kotoko sets off to accompany him to the venue ; however , the plot twists when Kotoko 's health takes a turn for the worse . Irie abandons the exam in order to bring Kotoko to the hospital . After this incident , Kotoko tries to leave the Irie household blaming herself for ruining Irie 's chance of getting into Tokyo University . As she tries to leave , Irie talks to her saying he could have made it in time to do the exam but he did n't , as he wants to go to the same college as Kotoko since she is `` interesting to have around '' . After deciding to stay , Kotoko makes more chocolate for Irie , but he rejects saying he does n't like sweet things . 07 `` Spiteful Kiss '' `` Ijiwaru na KISS '' ( イジワルな Kiss ) 14 May 2008 Having missed the entrance exams for Tokyo University , Naoki decides to go with the school 's escalator system . After the graduation ceremony , the F and A classes bump into each other during their farewell dinners . An exchange of heated words soon ensues when Naoki puts Kotoko down in front of everyone triggering her to show Irie 's childhood photo of him dressed as a girl to the others and Irie drags her out into a dark alley . While in a heated argument , Kotoko says she will forget about Irie and he replies by saying just try then he kisses her and after the kiss he sticks his tongue out and says `` Serves you right '' and departs . 08 `` The Campus Life I 've Longed For ! ? '' `` Akogare no kyanpasu raifu ! ? '' ( 憧れのキャンパスライフ ! ? ) 21 May 2008 The first day of college has finally arrived and Kotoko finds it hard to forget her kiss with Irie . Just as she thinks she 's finally secured a place in Naoki 's heart , an obstacle arises in the form of Yuko Matsumoto - smart , beautiful , and talented . After finding out Yuuko Matsumoto and Irie have joined the tennis club , she joins the club as well . 09 `` Aim for a Date ! '' `` Deeto o nerae ! '' ( デートをねらえ ! ) 28 May 2008 Joining the tennis club turns out to be the worst decision of Kotoko 's college life . The grueling practice , the painful injuries and the complete feeling of incompetence would be worth it ... if only Naoki would show up to practice ! ! Meanwhile , Kotoko works up the courage to ask Naoki to the latest romantic movie , but Naoki refuses . Kotoko decides to go to the movie anyway but is shocked to see Naoki there with none other than Yuko Matsumoto ! ? Can Kotoko really compete ? 10 `` Goodbye Rainy Day '' `` Sayonara reinii dei '' ( さよならレイニーデイ ) 4 June 2008 Kotoko 's father has decided that him and Kotoko have overstayed their welcome , and so the time has finally come for Kotoko to leave the Irie 's ! How will Kotoko manage ? Has she lost her only advantage to winning Naoki 's heart ! ? The next day Kotoko goes to Irie 's house to pass by , but hears a crashing sound inside and finds Irie 's little brother with stomach pains and vomiting . He is admitted to a hospital and released one week later . At the end of the episode Kotoko ends up moving back with Irie . 11 `` Kiss , Kiss , Kiss in a Dream '' `` Yume de kiss Kiss Kiss '' ( 夢で kiss Kiss Kiss ) 11 June 2008 Naoki begins thinking about what he wants to do with his life and about the future of the family business . For spring break , Kotoko and Sudou goes to Romance Village to be closer to Naoki and Matsumoto . However , the experience is n't as `` romantic '' as it may seem . Kotoko dreams that Irie kisses her and Yuuki is hiding behind the tree where she was sleeping . 12 `` Mismatched Hearts '' `` Surechigau haato tachi '' ( すれ違うハートたち ) 25 June 2008 Irie tells his father he does not wish to take over his company , instead he wants to become a doctor . Irie 's dad has a heart attack after he hears this . When the company employees come to see Irie senior in hospital , one of them requests a marriage interview with Irie . Irie meets Chris and decides to marry her . Kotoko decides to give up on Irie after she overhears him telling oba - chan that he likes Chris . Kotoko goes on a date with Kin and he officially proposes to her . 13 `` Love Period '' `` Koi no piriodo '' ( 恋のピリオド ) 2 July 2008 Worried over how to answer Kin , Kotoko talks to her dad about what he thinks about her getting married to Kin . Kotoko 's father suggests that they leave Irie 's place , Kotoko agrees . Irie brings Chris home to meet his family , Oba - chan acts very stuck - up , even Yuuki does n't seem to be too happy about Irie marrying Chris , he confronts Irie and comments that Irie is in love with someone else . Oba is very upset while talking to her husband in hospital saying she was sure Irie loved Kotoko but now he 's marrying Chris , Yuuki comes in and claims that the only one Irie - kun loves is Kotoko . Kotoko skips Tennis to go and see Kin and plans to say yes to his marriage proposal . Kotoko 's two friends catch up to Irie and Matsumoto talking and explain that Kotoko is not with them because she went to see Kin and give him an answer regarding his marriage proposal . When Irie hears about this , he runs off . Meanwhile , Kin requests Kotoko 's answer but she is unable to give him one and asks for more time . Kin becomes angry and says he will force Kotoko to forget Irie and grabs onto her . She yells ' Irie - kun ' as she tries to push Kind away and he falls to the floor crying . Kotoko runs out into the rain , realizing she will never forget about Irie no matter what . As she accepts this , she runs into Irie . 14 `` Greatest Kiss '' `` Saikyou no Kiss '' ( 最強の Kiss ) 9 July 2008 Kotoko feels guilty for having led Kinnosuke on . As she walks in the rain , she encounters Irie , who reveals he had been waiting for her . As they walk home , Irie questions Kotoko about her answer to Kin . When she replies it is none of his business , Irie asks her if she loves Kin . When she tries to say that she does , Irie gets angry and yells at her that she only loves him and that she can not love anyone else . Kotoko starts to cry and admits that he is right , but does n't have a choice since he does n't love her . Irie abruptly kisses her , confessing his love for her . They then walk home together , where Irie announces his proposal to the Irie family and to Kotoko 's father . After getting permission , he ties up all the loose ends with his father , Chris , Kinnosuke , and Chris ' father . Irie 's mother rushes their wedding , and they get married within two weeks of Irie 's proposal , much to Irie 's annoyance . 15 `` Honeymoon Panic ! '' `` Hanemuun Panikku ! '' ( ハネムンパンイク ) 16 July 2008 Now married , Kotoko and Naoki head off to Hawaii for their honeymoon . They soon become acquainted with fellow newlyweds Horiuchi Mary ( Mari ) and Takumi . Things start to get ugly when Mary decides to interfere with Kotoko and Naoki 's relationship , by inviting Naoki everywhere she goes . Whole honeymoon passes in bad mood for Kotoko and Takumi , both sad because they did n't have time to be with their loved ones . Last day of honeymoon Kotoko suggests to Naoki that they could spend the last day alone together , and he agrees . When Mary realises that , she pretends to be sick in her room , which results with Takumi calling Naoki for help . As Naoki is examining Mary , he touches her belly , and Kotoko , filled with jealousy yells at him not to touch her . Naoki gets mad , and replies that she 'll have to hold her jealousy down if she wants to be doctors wife , which makes Kotoko run out in tears . Takumi goes to get medications , Mary reveals her true intentions and confesses to Naoki , who immediately rejects her . When Takumi got back he heard her saying that she will separate them , and slaps her , which makes her starting to respect him , and they promise each other they will be happy together . Meanwhile , Naoki finds Kotoko , who was lost . They spend the last night happily together , the episode ends showing them kissing ( in bed ) . 16 `` Chasing after Happiness '' `` Oikake te happi nesu '' ( 追いかけてハピネス ) 23 July 2008 Chris is about to return to England , but still harbors strong feelings for Kinnosuke . Feeling sympathetic towards Chris , Kotoko decides to help her in her quest to win Kinnosuke 's heart by preparing him a birthday party . But things , naturally , went wrong , and Kinnosuke hurts Chris feelings . Later , he finally confesses that he has feelings for her , and runs to the airport - and just as it seemed Chris is gone , she comes back , saying she just could n't leave , and kissing Kinnosuke by surprise , which he pretty much liked . When Kotoko gets back home , Oba goes all over her , announcing that Kotoko is probably pregnant , because she felt nausea in the morning . When Naoki hears that , he takes her to the doctor , where they realize it was false alarm . Then he reminds Kotoko on her test , and she realizes that she forgot to look at the results . It turns out that she made it , and also with highest score of all others . Then Naoki , as promised , takes her on a date . 17 `` Enviable New Face '' `` Netama re sou na NEW feisu '' ( ねたまれそうな NEW フェイス ) 2 August 2008 It 's Kotoko 's first day of learning how to be a nurse and she meets and becomes friends with 4 new people : Kikyou Motoki ( a transgender nurse ) , Shinagawa Marina , Kamogari Keita ( a male nurse who later harbours feelings for Kotoko ) , and the lovable Ogura Tomoko . She then finds out that Marina , Motoki , and Tomoko all love Naoki , and all hate his wife who happens to be Kotoko . Unable to bring herself to say she is Naoki 's wife she plays along with their plan to find out who Naoki 's wife is . Later on they go to Naoki and Kotoko 's house and try to find out who it is . Kotoko frustrated with keeping the secret is about to tell them that she is Naoki 's wife , however all three of them see Naoki walking up to the house with Mastumoto Yuuko and of course believe she is Naoki 's wife . Astounded by her beauty and class Marina , Motoki , and Tomoko give up on Naoki , leaving Kotoko unhappy about the fact that they think Yuuko is Naoki 's wife . The next day however Naoki comes into her classroom and tells her about some shopping requests . When he leaves , everyone is speechless and Kotoko begins apologize for deceiving them . However finding out that Kotoko is Naoki 's wife , they are filled with joy and now have their hopes up again . Kotoko feels quite insulted by this . Later at dinner , Marina , Motoki , and Tomoko group around Naoki while Kotoko is drinking with Keita . After yelling at Keita , due to being drunk , she falls asleep . Naoki is about to take her home , but Keita , furious about Naoki not caring about Kotoko 's needs , yells at him . The next day when Keita sees Kotoko working as hard as she can , he lets her use his arm to practice on blood pressure . While Kotoko is getting ready , Keita begins to blush showing he has feelings for her . At the end of the episode Naoki sees Keita and Kotoko together laughing and begins to get jealous . 18 `` Ill mannered triangle '' `` Fukigen na toraianguru '' ( 不機嫌なトライアングル ) 9 August 2008 Kotoko is still learning the tricks and trades of becoming a nurse . But she faints during a practice autopsy which results in Keita saving her . When he lays Kotoko down on the bed , he suddenly felt the urge to kiss her , Naoki sees this and decides to confront Keita . Keita however strongly believes that Naoki treats Kotoko with no respect and ignores Naoki 's words . Then the story shows Irie staring passionately at the unconscious Kotoko , but a nurse came in with the request of Dr. Irie . Kotoko wakes up shortly after and returns to home with Keita , and meets Irie 's mother halfway . Naoki 's mother seems to notice that Keita is much more chivalrous to Kotoko than the cold - hearted Naoki and decides to find out more about Keita . After sneaking into the college and gaining information from other students , Keita is just a nice guy and even Naoki 's mother believes that anyone would choose Keita over Naoki . The end of the episode shows Keita concerned about Kotoko going back to Naoki , and asking her to leave Naoki for her own good , as he believes Naoki does not love her . 19 `` Crazy For YOU '' `` Crazy For You '' 16 August 2008 Irie starts to ignore Kotoko due to being overly jealous of Keita . During lunch one day , Chris gets burned by oil , and Kinnosuke , refusing to hand her over to anyone else , admits his feelings and devotion and proposes to Chris . Chris , after some persuasion due to insecurity , accepts . When Kotoko gets very fed - up of his behaviour she gets very upset and starts throwing books at him and saying that Keita was right Irie does n't care about her and that Keita thinks about her more than Irie does and that Keita was serious , Irie slaps Kotoko , Kotoko yells that she 's had enough and runs away , she ends up at Tomoko 's house . Kotoko 's dad talks to Irie about how things had been between him and Kotoko 's late mother . The next day in the lunch room Keita talks to Kotoko asking her to live with him now that she 's run away from home , when Kotoko declines Keita confesses that he is in love with Kotoko , and she should not go back to someone who does not love her , Kotoko tries to defend Irie but Keita questions if Irie came after her , and just as Kotoko is feeling like Keita is right , Irie runs in claiming Keita is wrong and that he was only being the way he was because he was feeling jealous of Keita , explaining that he ( Irie ) has never felt jealous or sad before so he did n't know what to do , he confesses that he can work through it all with Kotoko by his side , Kotoko still teary , questions Irie if it 's ok for her to be by his side , Irie smiles at her saying that 's what he wants , Kotoko runs to him and hugs him , the whole school breaks into cheers and congratulates them . And Keita walks out admitting defeat . Later , Irie is seen kissing Kotoko in their bedroom . 20 `` The Nightingale Pledge '' `` Naichingeeru no chikai '' ( ナイチンゲールの誓い ) 23 August 2008 When Kotoko announces to Irie that during the capping ceremony / graduation all the male students in the medical department are to present flowers to the nurses they like , he tells Kotoko that he wo n't be able to make it to the ceremony because of a meeting and that the whole flower giving idea was stupid . Then Kotoko is selected as the representative for her class and has to recite the Nightingale Pledge because she is Irie 's wife and because nobody except Moto volunteered but since the head nurse knows that Moto is a male and the tradition was to have female nurses to recite the Pledge , he was n't selected . Afterward , Kotoko practices memorizing the Pledge but has trouble when Moto walks by reciting the entire Pledge perfectly . At that moment , Kotoko realizes that Moto really did want to be a female nurse because of an old movie he saw so she schemes a plan with him . Towards the end of the ceremony , Moto shows up wearing a female nurse uniform . The head nurse tells him to go get changed but Kotoko and the rest of the class objected so the nurse ended up capping Moto . Kotoko recites the Pledge perfectly and afterward , she stays behind in the cathedral and Irie shows up , shocking Kotoko . Irie apologizes to Kotoko because he did n't make it in time for the ceremony , Kotoko tells him it 's ok and they hug . Four years later , Kotoko is a full fledged nurse but still acts like a novice since she runs in the halls and is n't perfunctory . Her patient is an `` old hag '' because she makes Kotoko run errands . The patient also secretly took pictures of Irie and when Kotoko took a picture of Irie that her patient took , the patient tells the head nurse that Kotoko was stealing . The head nurse chastises her and sends her off . As Kotoko walks by Keita and his patient Kotoko realizes that Keita 's patient is in love with him even though he denies it . When she joins Moto and the other nurses , they tell Kotoko that Nobuhiro , a movie star , was in the waiting area . They drag Kotoko to find Nobuhiro and when they were standing in front of the TV a guy tells them to move and then they realize that the guy was Nobuhiro . They beg for his autograph but Nobuhiro tells them to stop bothering him . Kotoko stands up to him and Nobuhiro hugs her and says , `` I miss you . Kotoko - san . '' However , Kotoko has no idea who he is , and is shocked . 21 `` The Glass Boy '' `` Garasu no shōnen '' ( ガラスの少年 ) 30 August 2008 Nobuhiro turns out to be Yuuki 's friend Non from back when Yuuki was admitted into hospital . However , he has changed very much due to his loneliness from growing up in the hospital . Kotoko manages to talk to Non and makes him realize how many people care for him . 22 `` The Best Gift '' `` Saikou no purezento '' ( 最高のプレゼント ) 3 September 2008 It is Kotoko 's birthday and Irie takes her out for the night . Irie and Kotoko are very ' lovey dovey ' in this episode . Irie and Kotoko pull an all - nighter at the hospital as a lot of emergencies came in , Kotoko stayed even though she seemed to have a fever . When Kotoko returns home in the morning , Oba - chan looks worried over her appearance and asks her if she 's alright , Kotoko thinks she 's running a slight fever , but Irie asks everyone to wait a moment , he asks Kotoko if she 's pregnant , Oba - chan and Yuuki both get a shock and yell ' what ! '. The episode is left at a cliffhanger . 23 `` You , Go Around , Me '' `` Kimi , meguru , boku '' ( キミ、メグル、ボク ) 11 September 2008 After visiting the hospital , it is confirmed that Kotoko is indeed pregnant by three months . Oba - san throws a party , Kotoko and Irie 's fathers both look up baby names , even Yuuki is excited though he tries not to show it , but is later seen with toys for the baby . After the party , Kotoko and Irie enter their bedroom , Kotoko is a bit worried and questions Irie on what he thinks about her being pregnant , if he 's happy about it or not . Irie calls her an idiot and hugs her saying he is very happy . Going into work , Kotoko 's friends put her into doubt about Irie 's loyalty to her . As Kotoko spies on him ( with Oba - san spying on both Kotoko and Irie ) she sees him talking and laughing along with a young nurse . Kotoko then sees Irie talking to Yuuko Matsumoto who it seems has been admitted to hospital . Later , while walking home , Kotoko questions him about the young nurse , Irie mentions the young nurse is cute , Kotoko seems to feel down after hearing that . The next day Kotoko spies on Irie and the young nurse as they visit Yuuko Matsumoto , who sees Kotoko standing outside , Kotoko covers up by saying she was worried about Yuuko . Irie talks to the young nurse using ' chan ' after her name , Kotoko gets all jealous , but her jealousy is cut short as Sudo - senpai rushes into Yuuko 's room and bumps into Kotoko on the way in , therefore ending her jealousy trance . Later when their shift is over , Irie reassures Kotoko 's doubts of him , and catches her as she 's about to fall down the stairs . As they stand there , Kotoko 's friends spy on them . As Kin announces that he is going to marry Chris , two men in black walk into the restaurant , it seems Chris ' mother is here , she grabs Kin 's face and takes time to examine him , then tells Chris that Kin is a very handsome man , also saying that Kin should come to England to marries Chris , but Kin disagrees . Back at the hospital , Matsumoto Yuuko is giving Sudu - san and Kotoko a hard time , as she tries to go back to work . When Sudo gets angry at her for not thinking of her own health he slaps her , causing Yuuko to punch him in the face as she walks out in an angry fit with Kotoko chasing after her , when Yuuko tells Kotoko to leave her alone as she 's going back to work , Kotoko questions her and asks if Yuuko is going to work still dressed in her pyjamas . As they return to Yuuko 's room they overhear Sudo - san talking to Irie about Yuuko . Yuuko then returns to her bed saying she will be staying until she gets better . Kotoko and Irie - kun return home , Oba - san calls Irie over and tells him that she is very upset with him , showing him all the photos she took of him talking to other nurses . Kotoko and Irie enter their bedroom and Kotoko says that Oba was just worried , but Kotoko stops talking mid-sentence , Irie asks what 's wrong . Kotoko answered him that it seems that the baby in her womb is moving . 24 `` Happy Love Carnival '' `` Happii Rabu Kaanibaru '' ( ハッピーラブカーニバル ) 18 September 2008 Kotoko is messing around with her C - cup breasts . She later on goes to see Kin and finds out that Chris is 3 months pregnant . Kotoko , after coming back home , tells Irie about the news . She later does n't feel good and thinks it is because of the iron tablets she 's been taking to replenish her blood . She does n't tell Irie about this because she does n't want to disturb him while he 's writing his thesis . The next day , Kotoko and her friends are discussing when Kotoko is going to take maternal leave . She refuses quickly , stating that she wants to work as much as possible and goes to see Irie . Later on , her friends from work go home and leave Kotoko to walk home with Irie but he informs her that he will be working late that evening as he wants to do more of his thesis . Kotoko is on the subway where she thinks that she feels a bit light - headed . As she is walking up the steps from the subway she collapses at the top not feeling well , she is spotted and then an ambulance is called , Kotoko is unconscious . Irie is then seen writing when his mobile phone starts ringing . He is running through to the hospital where Kotoko is , all of the family is there . It turns out she was exerting herself too much during pregnancy . One month later Kotoko persuades Irie to go to pregnancy classes with Kin and Chris . It 's there where she goes into labor . Kotoko , Irie and Oba - san are at the vending machines at the hospital when Matsumoto is rushed in with Sudou . She has been coughing up blood due to her illness . Irie has no option but to operate and that 's when Kotoko gives birth , with Irie missing it . They have a baby girl and call her Kotomi . Four years later it is clear that Kotoko and Kotomi are rivals for Irie 's love . 25 `` Hello Again '' `` Haroo Agein '' ( ハローアゲイン ) 25 September 2008 Kotoko , Naoki and their daughter Kotomi go to Naoki 's grandparents home . On the train , Naoki has a flashback to when he and Kotoko visited there after their marriage . Kotoko arrives there feeling excited about spending time with Irie alone , but is deeply disappointed when she finds out that he had lied to her and that they are not alone . In fact , they are staying with Irie 's grandfather . Everyone in the family ( excluding Irie 's grandmother ) gives Kotoko a hard time . But , with the help of Irie 's grandfather 's spirit , who also tells her to bring her baby the next time she visits , she overcomes the difficulty and gains the family 's approval of her being Irie 's wife . Back in present day , Kotomi , Kotoko and Irie arrive . While walking down the path to the house Kotomi meets the spirit of her great - grandfather and cheerfully waves to him . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Itazura na Kiss Anime to Show Creator 's Planned Ending '' . Anime News Network . 2008 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 16 . External links ( edit ) Itazura na Kiss ( anime ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia Official `` Itazura na Kiss '' ( TV anime ) website ( in Japanese ) Itazura na Kiss anime adaptation announced ( hide ) Itazura na Kiss by Kaoru Tada Anime List of Itazura na Kiss episodes Television series Japan Itazura na Kiss ( 1996 ) Mischievous Kiss : Love in Tokyo ( 2013 ) Mischievous Kiss 2 : Love in Tokyo ( 2014 ) Taiwan It Started with a Kiss ( 2005 -- 2006 ) They Kiss Again ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Miss in Kiss ( 2016 - 2017 ) South Korea Playful Kiss ( 2010 ) Thailand Kiss Me ( 2015 ) Films Mischievous Kiss : The Movie - High School ( 2016 ) Mischievous Kiss : The Movie - Campus ( 2017 ) Mischievous Kiss : The Movie - The Proposal ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Itazura_na_Kiss_episodes&oldid=784288284 '' Categories : Lists of anime episodes Itazura na Kiss Hidden categories : Articles with Japanese - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Português Edit links This page was last edited on 7 June 2017 , at 13 : 40 . About Wikipedia	when does irie fall in love with kotoko	[ "\n\n#\nTitle\nOriginal airdate\n\n\n\n\n\n01\n\"Fate's Prank\"\n\"Unmei no Itazura\" (運命のイタズラ) \n4 April 2008\n\n\nKotoko, from the lowly F-Class, has a crush on Irie, who is the top-ranked student from A-Class. After many years, she collects her courage and confesses to him, only to be bluntly turned down. Irie even goes so far as to say he hates stupid girls (meaning her) and doesn't even read her confession letter. When an earthquake strikes Tokyo, her house is the only one damaged. A friend of Kotoko's father jumps at the opportunity to lend a hand, and in a surprising turn of events they end up living at Irie's house. \n\n\n02\n\"Living Together is Dangerous\"\n\"Abunai Doukyo Seikatsu\" (アブない同居生活) \n9 April 2008\n\n\nWhile walking to school together, Irie tells Kotoko that he doesn't care for her, and when Kotoko is pushed off the train at the wrong station Irie does not help her, saying he hates absent-minded girls even more than stupid ones. Using an embarrassing childhood picture, Kotoko blackmails Irie into tutoring her on the next exam, saying she'll hand over the picture if she makes it into the top 50 scores among the students. As they study, the two of them get to know each other better, and Irie's mother hands Kotoko a good luck charm for the test. Kotoko misses the train again, but this time Irie helps her. After the test, Kotoko makes it to the 50th spot, while Irie ranks number one. Kotoko opens the charm to reveal a picture of the two of them sleeping peacefully while studying. Her friends find out and end up teasing Irie, who angrily turns on Kotoko. \n\n\n03\n\"Baton Touch of Love\"\n\"Koi no batontacchi\" (恋のバトンタッチ) \n16 April 2008\n\n\nKotoko falls asleep with a confession letter in her hand. When Irie walks in to tell her it's her turn in the shower, he impulsively decides to read the letter. Later at the school sports festival, Kotoko and Irie end up competing against each other in the relay race. Just as Irie sprints across the finish line, Kotoko gets pushed and falls in front of him and she gets run over. Kin steams as Irie carries her to the nurse. Irie embarrassingly recites the letter she wrote to him; before he gets to the last part where she had written that she loves him, she jumps up and slaps him. Then Kin jumps in the room and proceeds to boast of his passion for Kotoko. Irie replies that people's feelings can change, the person you hate might become the person you love. \n\n\n04\n\"Throbbing Summer Vacation\"\n\"Dokki doki na natsuyasumi\" (ドッキドキな夏休み) \n23 April 2008\n\n\nKotoko, Irie and friends visit Waterland. While Irie's getting ice cream, Yuuki ends up sinking in the pool, and Kotoko saves him. Irie overhears about the rescue, rushes back to Yuuki, and is pleased at Kotoko's actions. Later, Kotoko gets a cramp in her leg while on the water slide, and this time it is Irie's opportunity to save her from drowning. After dinner, Kotoko retreats to her room to finish her summer homework, but runs into trouble. She sneaks into Irie's room to get the answers, instead she finds the diary where Yuuki writes how he feels about her (an annoying dummy); she rewrites it and moves on to find Irie's homework. But Irie notices her actions, proceeds to tease her, pretends to want to have sex with her, muttering that a genius can sometimes turn into a monster, and afterward he makes it up by helping her with her homework. \n\n\n05\n\"The Crucial Moment! Class F's Winter Battle\"\n\"Gakeppuchi! F Gumi Fuyu no Jin\" (ガケっぷち!F組冬の陣) \n30 April 2008\n\n\nThe final exams starts next week, and the results decide whether or not the F-class students make it into college. After having received prior assistance from Naoki with her and her friends' schoolwork, much to Irie's annoyance. Kotoko is cajoled to get Naoki to tutor the whole of Class F so they can pass their finals. With Naoki's help, the whole of Class F passes their finals (with the exception of Kinnosuke who is too proud to receive any help from Irie.) When it is Christmas Day the class chips in to get a gift for Irie which ends up being a Kotoko doll. Kotoko on the other hand works really hard as a waitress to buy Irie's Christmas present. \n\n\n06\n\"Chocolates, Exams, and The Jinx\"\n\"Choco to Juken to Ekibyougami\" (チョコと受験と疫病神) \n7 May 2008\n\n\nIt's Valentines Day soon, Irie's mother helps Kotoko make homemade chocolate, but Kotoko fails to give them to Irie. Later on, Naoki goes to take the entrance exam to Tokyo University. Kotoko sets off to accompany him to the venue; however, the plot twists when Kotoko's health takes a turn for the worse. Irie abandons the exam in order to bring Kotoko to the hospital. After this incident, Kotoko tries to leave the Irie household blaming herself for ruining Irie's chance of getting into Tokyo University. As she tries to leave, Irie talks to her saying he could have made it in time to do the exam but he didn't, as he wants to go to the same college as Kotoko since she is \"interesting to have around\". After deciding to stay, Kotoko makes more chocolate for Irie, but he rejects saying he doesn't like sweet things. \n\n\n07\n\"Spiteful Kiss\"\n\"Ijiwaru na KISS\" (イジワルなKiss) \n14 May 2008\n\n\nHaving missed the entrance exams for Tokyo University, Naoki decides to go with the school's escalator system. After the graduation ceremony, the F and A classes bump into each other during their farewell dinners. An exchange of heated words soon ensues when Naoki puts Kotoko down in front of everyone triggering her to show Irie's childhood photo of him dressed as a girl to the others and Irie drags her out into a dark alley. While in a heated argument, Kotoko says she will forget about Irie and he replies by saying just try then he kisses her and after the kiss he sticks his tongue out and says \"Serves you right\" and departs. \n\n\n08\n\"The Campus Life I've Longed For!?\"\n\"Akogare no kyanpasu raifu!?\" (憧れのキャンパスライフ!?) \n21 May 2008\n\n\nThe first day of college has finally arrived and Kotoko finds it hard to forget her kiss with Irie. Just as she thinks she's finally secured a place in Naoki's heart, an obstacle arises in the form of Yuko Matsumoto- smart, beautiful, and talented. After finding out Yuuko Matsumoto and Irie have joined the tennis club, she joins the club as well. \n\n\n09\n\"Aim for a Date!\"\n\"Deeto o nerae!\" (デートをねらえ!) \n28 May 2008\n\n\nJoining the tennis club turns out to be the worst decision of Kotoko's college life. The grueling practice, the painful injuries and the complete feeling of incompetence would be worth it...if only Naoki would show up to practice!! Meanwhile, Kotoko works up the courage to ask Naoki to the latest romantic movie, but Naoki refuses. Kotoko decides to go to the movie anyway but is shocked to see Naoki there with none other than Yuko Matsumoto!? Can Kotoko really compete? \n\n\n10\n\"Goodbye Rainy Day\"\n\"Sayonara reinii·dei\" (さよならレイニー·デイ) \n4 June 2008\n\n\nKotoko's father has decided that him and Kotoko have overstayed their welcome, and so the time has finally come for Kotoko to leave the Irie's! How will Kotoko manage? Has she lost her only advantage to winning Naoki's heart!? The next day Kotoko goes to Irie's house to pass by, but hears a crashing sound inside and finds Irie's little brother with stomach pains and vomiting. He is admitted to a hospital and released one week later. At the end of the episode Kotoko ends up moving back with Irie. \n\n\n11\n\"Kiss, Kiss, Kiss in a Dream\"\n\"Yume de kiss·Kiss·Kiss\" (夢でkiss·Kiss·Kiss) \n11 June 2008\n\n\nNaoki begins thinking about what he wants to do with his life and about the future of the family business. For spring break, Kotoko and Sudou goes to Romance Village to be closer to Naoki and Matsumoto. However, the experience isn't as \"romantic\" as it may seem. Kotoko dreams that Irie kisses her and Yuuki is hiding behind the tree where she was sleeping. \n\n\n12\n\"Mismatched Hearts\"\n\"Surechigau haato tachi\" (すれ違うハートたち) \n25 June 2008\n\n\nIrie tells his father he does not wish to take over his company, instead he wants to become a doctor. Irie's dad has a heart attack after he hears this. When the company employees come to see Irie senior in hospital, one of them requests a marriage interview with Irie. Irie meets Chris and decides to marry her. Kotoko decides to give up on Irie after she overhears him telling oba-chan that he likes Chris. Kotoko goes on a date with Kin and he officially proposes to her. \n\n\n13\n\"Love Period\"\n\"Koi no piriodo\" (恋のピリオド) \n2 July 2008\n\n\nWorried over how to answer Kin, Kotoko talks to her dad about what he thinks about her getting married to Kin. Kotoko's father suggests that they leave Irie's place, Kotoko agrees. Irie brings Chris home to meet his family, Oba-chan acts very stuck-up, even Yuuki doesn't seem to be too happy about Irie marrying Chris, he confronts Irie and comments that Irie is in love with someone else. Oba is very upset while talking to her husband in hospital saying she was sure Irie loved Kotoko but now he's marrying Chris, Yuuki comes in and claims that the only one Irie-kun loves is Kotoko. Kotoko skips Tennis to go and see Kin and plans to say yes to his marriage proposal. Kotoko's two friends catch up to Irie and Matsumoto talking and explain that Kotoko is not with them because she went to see Kin and give him an answer regarding his marriage proposal. When Irie hears about this, he runs off. Meanwhile, Kin requests Kotoko's answer but she is unable to give him one and asks for more time. Kin becomes angry and says he will force Kotoko to forget Irie and grabs onto her. She yells 'Irie-kun' as she tries to push Kind away and he falls to the floor crying. Kotoko runs out into the rain, realizing she will never forget about Irie no matter what. As she accepts this, she runs into Irie. \n\n\n14\n\"Greatest Kiss\"\n\"Saikyou no Kiss\" (最強のKiss) \n9 July 2008\n\n\nKotoko feels guilty for having led Kinnosuke on. As she walks in the rain, she encounters Irie, who reveals he had been waiting for her. As they walk home, Irie questions Kotoko about her answer to Kin. When she replies it is none of his business, Irie asks her if she loves Kin. When she tries to say that she does, Irie gets angry and yells at her that she only loves him and that she cannot love anyone else. Kotoko starts to cry and admits that he is right, but doesn't have a choice since he doesn't love her. Irie abruptly kisses her, confessing his love for her. They then walk home together, where Irie announces his proposal to the Irie family and to Kotoko's father. After getting permission, he ties up all the loose ends with his father, Chris, Kinnosuke, and Chris' father. Irie's mother rushes their wedding, and they get married within two weeks of Irie's proposal, much to Irie's annoyance. \n\n\n15\n\"Honeymoon Panic!\"\n\"Hanemuun·Panikku!\" (ハネムンパンイク) \n16 July 2008\n\n\nNow married, Kotoko and Naoki head off to Hawaii for their honeymoon. They soon become acquainted with fellow newlyweds Horiuchi Mary (Mari) and Takumi. Things start to get ugly when Mary decides to interfere with Kotoko and Naoki's relationship, by inviting Naoki everywhere she goes. Whole honeymoon passes in bad mood for Kotoko and Takumi, both sad because they didn't have time to be with their loved ones. Last day of honeymoon Kotoko suggests to Naoki that they could spend the last day alone together, and he agrees. When Mary realises that, she pretends to be sick in her room, which results with Takumi calling Naoki for help. As Naoki is examining Mary, he touches her belly, and Kotoko, filled with jealousy yells at him not to touch her. Naoki gets mad, and replies that she'll have to hold her jealousy down if she wants to be doctors wife, which makes Kotoko run out in tears. Takumi goes to get medications, Mary reveals her true intentions and confesses to Naoki, who immediately rejects her. When Takumi got back he heard her saying that she will separate them, and slaps her, which makes her starting to respect him, and they promise each other they will be happy together. Meanwhile, Naoki finds Kotoko, who was lost. They spend the last night happily together, the episode ends showing them kissing (in bed). \n\n\n16\n\"Chasing after Happiness\"\n\"Oikake te happi nesu\" (追いかけてハピネス) \n23 July 2008\n\n\nChris is about to return to England, but still harbors strong feelings for Kinnosuke. Feeling sympathetic towards Chris, Kotoko decides to help her in her quest to win Kinnosuke's heart by preparing him a birthday party. But things, naturally, went wrong, and Kinnosuke hurts Chris feelings. Later, he finally confesses that he has feelings for her, and runs to the airport - and just as it seemed Chris is gone, she comes back, saying she just couldn't leave, and kissing Kinnosuke by surprise, which he pretty much liked. When Kotoko gets back home, Oba goes all over her, announcing that Kotoko is probably pregnant, because she felt nausea in the morning. When Naoki hears that, he takes her to the doctor, where they realize it was false alarm. Then he reminds Kotoko on her test, and she realizes that she forgot to look at the results. It turns out that she made it, and also with highest score of all others. Then Naoki, as promised, takes her on a date. \n\n\n17\n\"Enviable New Face\"\n\"Netama re sou na NEW feisu\" (ねたまれそうなNEWフェイス) \n2 August 2008\n\n\nIt's Kotoko's first day of learning how to be a nurse and she meets and becomes friends with 4 new people: Kikyou Motoki (a transgender nurse), Shinagawa Marina, Kamogari Keita (a male nurse who later harbours feelings for Kotoko), and the lovable Ogura Tomoko. She then finds out that Marina, Motoki, and Tomoko all love Naoki, and all hate his wife who happens to be Kotoko. Unable to bring herself to say she is Naoki's wife she plays along with their plan to find out who Naoki's wife is. Later on they go to Naoki and Kotoko's house and try to find out who it is. Kotoko frustrated with keeping the secret is about to tell them that she is Naoki's wife, however all three of them see Naoki walking up to the house with Mastumoto Yuuko and of course believe she is Naoki's wife. Astounded by her beauty and class Marina, Motoki, and Tomoko give up on Naoki, leaving Kotoko unhappy about the fact that they think Yuuko is Naoki's wife. The next day however Naoki comes into her classroom and tells her about some shopping requests. When he leaves, everyone is speechless and Kotoko begins apologize for deceiving them. However finding out that Kotoko is Naoki's wife, they are filled with joy and now have their hopes up again. Kotoko feels quite insulted by this. Later at dinner, Marina, Motoki, and Tomoko group around Naoki while Kotoko is drinking with Keita. After yelling at Keita, due to being drunk, she falls asleep. Naoki is about to take her home, but Keita, furious about Naoki not caring about Kotoko's needs, yells at him. The next day when Keita sees Kotoko working as hard as she can, he lets her use his arm to practice on blood pressure. While Kotoko is getting ready, Keita begins to blush showing he has feelings for her. At the end of the episode Naoki sees Keita and Kotoko together laughing and begins to get jealous. \n\n\n18\n\"Ill mannered triangle\"\n\"Fukigen na toraianguru\" (不機嫌なトライアングル) \n9 August 2008\n\n\nKotoko is still learning the tricks and trades of becoming a nurse. But she faints during a practice autopsy which results in Keita saving her. When he lays Kotoko down on the bed, he suddenly felt the urge to kiss her, Naoki sees this and decides to confront Keita. Keita however strongly believes that Naoki treats Kotoko with no respect and ignores Naoki's words. Then the story shows Irie staring passionately at the unconscious Kotoko, but a nurse came in with the request of Dr. Irie. Kotoko wakes up shortly after and returns to home with Keita, and meets Irie's mother halfway. Naoki's mother seems to notice that Keita is much more chivalrous to Kotoko than the cold-hearted Naoki and decides to find out more about Keita. After sneaking into the college and gaining information from other students, Keita is just a nice guy and even Naoki's mother believes that anyone would choose Keita over Naoki. The end of the episode shows Keita concerned about Kotoko going back to Naoki, and asking her to leave Naoki for her own good, as he believes Naoki does not love her. \n\n\n19\n\"Crazy For YOU\"\n\"Crazy For You\" \n16 August 2008\n\n\nIrie starts to ignore Kotoko due to being overly jealous of Keita. During lunch one day, Chris gets burned by oil, and Kinnosuke, refusing to hand her over to anyone else, admits his feelings and devotion and proposes to Chris. Chris, after some persuasion due to insecurity, accepts. When Kotoko gets very fed-up of his behaviour she gets very upset and starts throwing books at him and saying that Keita was right Irie doesn't care about her and that Keita thinks about her more than Irie does and that Keita was serious, Irie slaps Kotoko, Kotoko yells that she's had enough and runs away, she ends up at Tomoko's house. Kotoko's dad talks to Irie about how things had been between him and Kotoko's late mother. The next day in the lunch room Keita talks to Kotoko asking her to live with him now that she's run away from home, when Kotoko declines Keita confesses that he is in love with Kotoko, and she should not go back to someone who does not love her, Kotoko tries to defend Irie but Keita questions if Irie came after her, and just as Kotoko is feeling like Keita is right, Irie runs in claiming Keita is wrong and that he was only being the way he was because he was feeling jealous of Keita, explaining that he (Irie) has never felt jealous or sad before so he didn't know what to do, he confesses that he can work through it all with Kotoko by his side, Kotoko still teary, questions Irie if it's ok for her to be by his side, Irie smiles at her saying that's what he wants, Kotoko runs to him and hugs him, the whole school breaks into cheers and congratulates them. And Keita walks out admitting defeat. Later, Irie is seen kissing Kotoko in their bedroom. \n\n\n20\n\"The Nightingale Pledge\"\n\"Naichingeeru no chikai\" (ナイチンゲールの誓い) \n23 August 2008\n\n\nWhen Kotoko announces to Irie that during the capping ceremony/graduation all the male students in the medical department are to present flowers to the nurses they like, he tells Kotoko that he won't be able to make it to the ceremony because of a meeting and that the whole flower giving idea was stupid. Then Kotoko is selected as the representative for her class and has to recite the Nightingale Pledge because she is Irie's wife and because nobody except Moto volunteered but since the head nurse knows that Moto is a male and the tradition was to have female nurses to recite the Pledge, he wasn't selected. Afterward, Kotoko practices memorizing the Pledge but has trouble when Moto walks by reciting the entire Pledge perfectly. At that moment, Kotoko realizes that Moto really did want to be a female nurse because of an old movie he saw so she schemes a plan with him. Towards the end of the ceremony, Moto shows up wearing a female nurse uniform. The head nurse tells him to go get changed but Kotoko and the rest of the class objected so the nurse ended up capping Moto. Kotoko recites the Pledge perfectly and afterward, she stays behind in the cathedral and Irie shows up, shocking Kotoko. Irie apologizes to Kotoko because he didn't make it in time for the ceremony, Kotoko tells him it's ok and they hug. Four years later, Kotoko is a full fledged nurse but still acts like a novice since she runs in the halls and isn't perfunctory. Her patient is an \"old hag\" because she makes Kotoko run errands. The patient also secretly took pictures of Irie and when Kotoko took a picture of Irie that her patient took, the patient tells the head nurse that Kotoko was stealing. The head nurse chastises her and sends her off. As Kotoko walks by Keita and his patient Kotoko realizes that Keita's patient is in love with him even though he denies it. When she joins Moto and the other nurses, they tell Kotoko that Nobuhiro, a movie star, was in the waiting area. They drag Kotoko to find Nobuhiro and when they were standing in front of the TV a guy tells them to move and then they realize that the guy was Nobuhiro. They beg for his autograph but Nobuhiro tells them to stop bothering him. Kotoko stands up to him and Nobuhiro hugs her and says, \"I miss you. Kotoko-san.\" However, Kotoko has no idea who he is, and is shocked. \n\n\n21\n\"The Glass Boy\"\n\"Garasu no shōnen\" (ガラスの少年) \n30 August 2008\n\n\nNobuhiro turns out to be Yuuki's friend Non from back when Yuuki was admitted into hospital. However, he has changed very much due to his loneliness from growing up in the hospital. Kotoko manages to talk to Non and makes him realize how many people care for him. \n\n\n22\n\"The Best Gift\"\n\"Saikou no purezento\" (最高のプレゼント) \n3 September 2008\n\n\nIt is Kotoko's birthday and Irie takes her out for the night. Irie and Kotoko are very 'lovey dovey' in this episode. Irie and Kotoko pull an all-nighter at the hospital as a lot of emergencies came in, Kotoko stayed even though she seemed to have a fever. When Kotoko returns home in the morning, Oba-chan looks worried over her appearance and asks her if she's alright, Kotoko thinks she's running a slight fever, but Irie asks everyone to wait a moment, he asks Kotoko if she's pregnant, Oba-chan and Yuuki both get a shock and yell 'what!'.The episode is left at a cliffhanger. \n\n\n23\n\"You, Go Around, Me\"\n\"Kimi, meguru, boku\" (キミ、メグル、ボク) \n11 September 2008\n\n\nAfter visiting the hospital, it is confirmed that Kotoko is indeed pregnant by three months. Oba-san throws a party, Kotoko and Irie's fathers both look up baby names, even Yuuki is excited though he tries not to show it, but is later seen with toys for the baby. After the party, Kotoko and Irie enter their bedroom, Kotoko is a bit worried and questions Irie on what he thinks about her being pregnant, if he's happy about it or not. Irie calls her an idiot and hugs her saying he is very happy. Going into work, Kotoko's friends put her into doubt about Irie's loyalty to her. As Kotoko spies on him (with Oba-san spying on both Kotoko and Irie) she sees him talking and laughing along with a young nurse. Kotoko then sees Irie talking to Yuuko Matsumoto who it seems has been admitted to hospital. Later, while walking home, Kotoko questions him about the young nurse, Irie mentions the young nurse is cute, Kotoko seems to feel down after hearing that. The next day Kotoko spies on Irie and the young nurse as they visit Yuuko Matsumoto, who sees Kotoko standing outside, Kotoko covers up by saying she was worried about Yuuko. Irie talks to the young nurse using 'chan' after her name, Kotoko gets all jealous, but her jealousy is cut short as Sudo-senpai rushes into Yuuko's room and bumps into Kotoko on the way in, therefore ending her jealousy trance. Later when their shift is over, Irie reassures Kotoko's doubts of him, and catches her as she's about to fall down the stairs. As they stand there, Kotoko's friends spy on them. As Kin announces that he is going to marry Chris, two men in black walk into the restaurant, it seems Chris' mother is here, she grabs Kin's face and takes time to examine him, then tells Chris that Kin is a very handsome man, also saying that Kin should come to England to marries Chris, but Kin disagrees. Back at the hospital, Matsumoto Yuuko is giving Sudu-san and Kotoko a hard time, as she tries to go back to work. When Sudo gets angry at her for not thinking of her own health he slaps her, causing Yuuko to punch him in the face as she walks out in an angry fit with Kotoko chasing after her, when Yuuko tells Kotoko to leave her alone as she's going back to work, Kotoko questions her and asks if Yuuko is going to work still dressed in her pyjamas. As they return to Yuuko's room they overhear Sudo-san talking to Irie about Yuuko. Yuuko then returns to her bed saying she will be staying until she gets better. Kotoko and Irie-kun return home, Oba-san calls Irie over and tells him that she is very upset with him, showing him all the photos she took of him talking to other nurses. Kotoko and Irie enter their bedroom and Kotoko says that Oba was just worried, but Kotoko stops talking mid-sentence, Irie asks what's wrong. Kotoko answered him that it seems that the baby in her womb is moving. \n\n\n24\n\"Happy Love Carnival\"\n\"Happii Rabu Kaanibaru\" (ハッピー·ラブ·カーニバル) \n18 September 2008\n\n\nKotoko is messing around with her C-cup breasts. She later on goes to see Kin and finds out that Chris is 3 months pregnant. Kotoko, after coming back home, tells Irie about the news. She later doesn't feel good and thinks it is because of the iron tablets she's been taking to replenish her blood. She doesn't tell Irie about this because she doesn't want to disturb him while he's writing his thesis. The next day, Kotoko and her friends are discussing when Kotoko is going to take maternal leave. She refuses quickly, stating that she wants to work as much as possible and goes to see Irie. Later on, her friends from work go home and leave Kotoko to walk home with Irie but he informs her that he will be working late that evening as he wants to do more of his thesis. Kotoko is on the subway where she thinks that she feels a bit light-headed. As she is walking up the steps from the subway she collapses at the top not feeling well, she is spotted and then an ambulance is called, Kotoko is unconscious. Irie is then seen writing when his mobile phone starts ringing. He is running through to the hospital where Kotoko is, all of the family is there. It turns out she was exerting herself too much during pregnancy. One month later Kotoko persuades Irie to go to pregnancy classes with Kin and Chris. It's there where she goes into labor. Kotoko, Irie and Oba-san are at the vending machines at the hospital when Matsumoto is rushed in with Sudou. She has been coughing up blood due to her illness. Irie has no option but to operate and that's when Kotoko gives birth, with Irie missing it. They have a baby girl and call her Kotomi. Four years later it is clear that Kotoko and Kotomi are rivals for Irie's love. \n\n\n25\n\"Hello Again\"\n\"Haroo Agein\" (ハロー·アゲイン) \n25 September 2008\n\n\nKotoko, Naoki and their daughter Kotomi go to Naoki's grandparents home. On the train, Naoki has a flashback to when he and Kotoko visited there after their marriage. Kotoko arrives there feeling excited about spending time with Irie alone, but is deeply disappointed when she finds out that he had lied to her and that they are not alone. In fact, they are staying with Irie's grandfather. Everyone in the family (excluding Irie's grandmother) gives Kotoko a hard time. But, with the help of Irie's grandfather's spirit, who also tells her to bring her baby the next time she visits, she overcomes the difficulty and gains the family's approval of her being Irie's wife. Back in present day, Kotomi, Kotoko and Irie arrive. While walking down the path to the house Kotomi meets the spirit of her great-grandfather and cheerfully waves to him. \n\n" ]	[ "Baton Touch of Love\"" ]
-2741074160908754103	The Arkansas Traveler (song)	The Arkansas Traveler ( song ) - wikipedia The Arkansas Traveler ( song ) `` Baby bumblebee '' redirects here . For the popular song by Henry I. Marshall and Stanley Murphy , see Be My Little Baby Bumble Bee . Piano score for a portion of The Arkansas Traveler . While the song was originally composed on a fiddle , it has since been rewritten for several different instruments and occasions . `` The Arkansas Traveler '' was the state song of Arkansas from 1949 to 1963 ; it has been the state historical song since 1987 . The music was composed in the 19th century by Colonel Sanford C. ' Sandy ' Faulkner ( 1806 -- 1874 ) ; the current official lyrics were written by a committee in 1947 in preparation for its naming as the state song . Arkansas ' other official state songs are `` Arkansas '' ( state anthem ) as well as `` Arkansas ( You Run Deep In Me ) '' & `` Oh , Arkansas '' ( both state songs ) . Arkansas Traveler Tune for Arkansas Traveler Problems playing this file ? See media help . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lyrics 1.1 Official version 1.2 Peter Pan version 1.3 Albert Bigelow Paine 's 1st version 1.4 Albert Bigelow Paine 's 2nd version 2 Uses in film 3 Vaudeville 4 In other media 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Lyrics ( edit ) The song is traditionally known to have had several versions of lyrics , which are much older than the copyrighted song . The official lyrics as the state historical song of Arkansas are copyrighted and can be found on the website of the Arkansas Secretary of State . Official version ( edit ) Composed by the Arkansas State Song Selection Committee in 1947 . Far and far away down in Arkansas , There lived a squatter with a stubborn jaw . His nose was ruby red and his whiskers gray . And he would sit and fiddle all the night and all the day . Came a traveler down the valley , asked if he could find a bed . Yes , try the road , the kindly squatter said . Then , could you point me out the way to find a tavern or an Inn ? Quite a little piece I reckon , tho I 've never been ! And , when the rain came down on the cabin floor , The squatter only fiddled all the more . Why do n't you mend your roof , said the traveler bold . How can I mend my cabin when the rain is wet and cold ? Squatter pick a sunny morning when the air is dry and nice , Patch up your cabin , that is my advice . The squatter shook his hoary head , and answered with a stubborn air , Cabin never leaks a drop when days are bright and fair ! Peter pan version ( edit ) Oh , once upon a time in Arkansas , An old man sat in his little cabin door And fiddled at a tune that he liked to hear , A jolly old tune that he played by ear . It was raining hard , but the fiddler did n't care , He sawed away at the popular air , Tho ' his rooftree leaked like a waterfall , That did n't seem to bother the man at all . A traveler was riding by that day , And stopped to hear him a-practicing away ; The cabin was a-float and his feet were wet , But still the old man did n't seem to fret . So the stranger said `` Now the way it seems to me , You 'd better mend your roof , '' said he . But the old man said as he played away , `` I could n't mend it now , it 's a rainy day . '' The traveler replied , `` That 's all quite true , But this , I think , is the thing to do ; Get busy on a day that is fair and bright , Then patch the old roof till it 's good and tight . '' But the old man kept on a-playing at his reel , And tapped the ground with his leathery heel . `` Get along , '' said he , `` for you give me a pain ; My cabin never leaks when it does n't rain . '' Albert bigelow paine 's 1st version ( edit ) from The Arkansaw Bear : A Tale of Fanciful Adventure . The second version is the original version . The first version is the version taught to Northern school Children . Oh , ' twas down in the woods of the Arkansaw , And the night was cloudy and the wind was raw , And he did n't have a bed , and he did n't have a bite , And if he had n't fiddled , he 'd a travelled all night . But he came to a cabin , and an old gray man , And says he , `` Where am I going ? Now tell me if you can . '' `` Oh , we 'll have a little music first and then some supper , too , But before we have the supper we will play the music through . You 'll forget about your supper , you 'll forget about your home , You 'll forget you ever started out in Arkansaw to roam . '' Now the old man sat a-fiddling by the little cabin door , And the tune was pretty lively , and he played it o'er and o'er , And the stranger sat a-list'ning and a-wond'ring what to do , As he fiddled and he fiddled , but he never played it through . Then the stranger asked the fiddler , `` Wo n't you play the rest for me ? '' `` Do n't know it , '' says the fiddler . `` Play it for yourself ! '' says he . Then the stranger took the fiddle , with a riddy - diddle - diddle , And the strings began to tingle at the jingle of the bow , While the old man sat and listened , and his eyes with pleasure glistened , As he shouted , `` Hallelujah ! And hurray for Joe ! '' Albert bigelow paine 's 2nd version ( edit ) Oh , there was a little boy and his name was Bo , Went out into the woods when the moon was low , And he met an old bear who was hungry for a snack , And his folks are still a-waiting for Bosephus to come back . For the boy became the teacher of this kind and gentle creature Who can play upon the fiddle in a very skillful way . And they 'll never , ever sever , and they 'll travel on forever , Bosephus and the fiddle and the old black bear . = = = Traditional children 's version = = = = = = Alternate Children 's version I 'm bringin ' home a baby bumblebee Wo n't my mommy be so proud of me I 'm bringin ' home a baby bumblebee -- Ow ! It stung me ! I 'm squishin ' up my baby bumblebee Wo n't my mommy be so proud of me I 'm squishin ' up my baby bumblebee - Yuck ! It 's dirty ! I 'm lickin ' up my baby bumble bee Wo n't my mommy be so proud of me I 'm lickin ' up my baby bumble bee - Ick ! I feel sick ! I 'm throwin ' up my baby bumble bee Wo n't my mommy be so proud of me I 'm throwin ' up my baby bumble bee - Oh ! What a mess ! I 'm wipin ' up my baby bumble bee Wo n't my mommy be so proud of me I 'm wipin ' up my baby bumble bee - Oops ! Mommy 's new towel ! I 'm wringin ' out my baby bumble bee Wo n't my mommy be so proud of me I 'm wringin ' out my baby bumble bee - Bye - bye baby bumblebee ! Alternate Children 's version I 'm bringin ' home a baby bumblebee Wo n't my mommy be so proud of me I 'm bringin ' home a baby bumblebee -- Ow ! He stung me ! I 'm bringin ' home my baby dinosaur Wo n't my mommy kick him out the door ? I 'm bringin ' home my baby dinosaur - Ouch ! He kicked me ! I 'm bringin ' home my baby hippopotamus Wo n't my mommy fuss , and fuss , and fuss ? I 'm bringin ' home my baby hippopotamus - Ouch ! He swallowed me ! Uses in film ( edit ) `` The Arkansas Traveler '' was frequently featured in animated cartoons in the 1930s and 1940s , most prolifically by Carl Stalling in music he composed for the Merrie Melodies and Looney Tunes series . It usually was played , sloppily , when a yokel , hillbilly , or `` country bumpkin '' character would appear on screen . A slow version of the `` Bringing home a baby bumble - bee '' version is sung by Beaky Buzzard in the short The Bashful Buzzard . The popularity and joyfulness of `` The Arkansas Traveler '' was attested to in the 1932 Academy Award - winning Laurel and Hardy short , The Music Box . In this film , the boys labored to haul a player piano up a long flight of stairs and into a house through a bedroom window . Near the conclusion of their adventure , as they are starting to clean up their mess surrounding the newly installed piano , Stan and Ollie play a roll of `` Patriotic Melodies '' . They dance with much grace and amusement to `` The Arkansas Traveler '' , followed briefly by `` Dixie '' . Marvin Hatley , who composed Laurel and Hardy 's `` Cuckoo '' theme song , was the pianist for this sequence ; the player piano was not real . Vaudeville ( edit ) Currier and Ives print , depicting `` The Turning of the Tune '' in The Arkansas Traveler . `` The Arkansas Traveler '' was a popular comedy sketch on the vaudeville circuit . It revolved around the encounter of a ( usually lost ) traveling city person with a local , wise - cracking fiddle player . Various jokes at the expense of the `` city slicker '' were interspersed with instrumental versions of the song . In many versions , the city person is also a fiddle player , and as the sketch progresses , eventually learns the tune and plays along with the country bumpkin . The contemporary singer Michelle Shocked includes a vaudeville - style version of `` Arkansas Traveler '' on her 1992 album of the same name . Jerry Garcia and David Grisman also do a version on their 1993 album Not for Kids Only . In other media ( edit ) Dan Hornsby Original Arkansas Traveler Part 1 ( with Clayton McMichen , Columbia 15253D ) 1920s version for Columbia Records and Original Arkansas Traveler Part 2 ( with Clayton McMichen , Columbia 15253D ) Charles Ives uses the tune in his theater orchestra piece called `` Country Band '' March . Eck Robertson and Henry C. Gilliland 's 1922 recording of `` Arkansaw Traveler '' ( sic ) ( Victor 18956 ) was selected for the 2002 National Recording Registry . The song is the centerpiece of The Legend of the Arkansas Traveler , a short `` Concert Paraphrase on an Old American Fiddle Tune '' for orchestra composed by Harl McDonald in 1939 . Children 's entertainer Raffi used the melody of `` The Arkansas Traveler '' for the song `` Peanut Butter Sandwich , '' which appears on his album Singable Songs for the Very Young . The `` Baby Bumblebee '' version was sung on two episodes of Barney & Friends , and one video from its predecessor , Barney and the Backyard Gang . Pete Seeger recorded the vaudeville version of `` Arkansas Traveler '' for his 1954 album `` Frontier Ballads '' The Jukebox Band perform their version of this song in a Shining Time Station episode , Win , Lose or Draw . See also ( edit ) List of U.S. state songs The Ant and the Grasshopper References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The National Recording Registry 2002 Jump up ^ `` The Legend of the Arkansas Traveler '' , National Symphony program notes Jump up ^ http://www.folkways.si.edu/pete-seeger/frontier-ballads/historical-song/music/album/smithsonian External links ( edit ) `` The Arkansas Traveler '' , plot summary of a play from the 1850s based on the story . Lyrics and audio of `` The Arkansas Traveler '' , Arkansas Secretary of State website Arkansas Code ( Section 1 - 4 - 116 , State songs and anthem ) `` Arkansas Traveler '' , ' 1956 Florida Folk Festival ( Music from the Florida Folklife Collection CD , available for public use from the Florida State Archives . ) `` The Arkansas Traveler sketch in Vaudeville '' , America 's Library Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Arkansas_Traveler_(song)&oldid=846447935 '' Categories : United States state songs Music of Arkansas Symbols of Arkansas United States National Recording Registry recordings 19th - century songs Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Year of song missing Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 21 : 04 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the song of the traveler written	[]	[]
-8874586848406346263	List of tallest structures	List of tallest structures - wikipedia List of tallest structures Jump to : navigation , search See also : List of tallest buildings and structures and List of tallest freestanding structures This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( show ) Map all coordinates using OSM Map all coordinates using Google Export all coordinates as KML Export all coordinates as GPX Map all microformatted coordinates Place data as RDF In 1974 , the Warsaw radio tower was erected , at 646.38 m ( 2,121 ft ) becoming the tallest structure in the world of its time . It collapsed in 1991 because an error occurred in exchanging the guy - wires . Tallest Structures in the world . The tallest structure in the world is the Burj Khalifa skyscraper at 829.8 m ( 2,722 ft ) . Listed are the tallest structures in the world : guyed masts ( such as telecommunication masts ) , self supporting towers ( such as the CN Tower ) , skyscrapers ( such as the Willis Tower ) , oil platforms , electricity transmission towers , and bridge support towers . This list is organized by absolute height . See List of tallest buildings and structures , List of tallest freestanding structures and List of tallest buildings and List of tallest towers for additional information about these types of structures . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 2 List by height 2.1 Structures ( past or present ) 600 m and taller ( 1,969 ft ) 2.2 Structures ( past or present ) between 550 and 600 m ( 1,804 ft and 1,969 ft ) 2.3 Structures ( past or present ) between 500 and 550 m ( 1,640 and 1,804 ft ) 2.4 Structures taller than 500 metres ( 1,640 ft ) under construction 3 On hold 4 List by continent 4.1 Current 4.2 All time 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Terminology ( edit ) Terminological and listing criteria follow Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat definitions . Guyed masts are differentiated from towers - the latter not featuring any guy wires or other support structures ; and buildings are differentiated from towers - the former having at least 50 % of occupiable floor space although both are self supporting structures . List by height ( edit ) indicates a structure that is no longer standing . indicates a guyed mast . This list includes structures with a minimum height of 500 metres ( 1,640 ft ) to keep the list to a reasonable length . List of tallest structures in the world - 300 to 400 metres and List of tallest structures in the world - 400 to 500 metres contain shorter structures . For all structures the pinnacle height is given , so the height of skyscrapers may differ from the values at List of skyscrapers . Tension - leg platforms are not included . Structures ( past or present ) 600 m and taller ( 1,969 ft ) ( edit ) Name Pinnacle height Year Structure type Main use Country Town Remarks Coordinates Burj Khalifa 829.8 m ( 2,722 ft ) Skyscraper Office , hotel , residential United Arab Emirates Dubai Tallest man - made structure in the world 25 ° 11 ′ 50.0 '' N 55 ° 16 ′ 26.6 '' E / 25.197222 ° N 55.274056 ° E / 25.197222 ; 55.274056 ( Burj Dubai ) Warsaw Radio Mast 646.4 m ( 2,121 ft ) 1972 -- 1974 Guyed mast LF transmission Poland Gąbin - Konstantynów , Masovian Voivodeship Insulated ; collapsed on August 8 , 1991 during guy wire exchange 52 ° 22 ′ 3.74 '' N 19 ° 48 ′ 8.73 '' E / 52.3677056 ° N 19.8024250 ° E / 52.3677056 ; 19.8024250 ( Warsaw Radio Mast ) Tokyo Skytree 634.0 m ( 2,080.1 ft ) 2012 Steel tower Observation , VHF - UHF transmission Japan Tokyo Topped out on March 18 , 2011 , tallest structure in Japan 35 ° 42 ′ 36.5 '' N 139 ° 48 ′ 39 '' E / 35.710139 ° N 139.81083 ° E / 35.710139 ; 139.81083 ( Tokyo Skytree ) Shanghai Tower 632.0 m ( 2,073.5 ft ) 2013 Skyscraper Residential , observation China Shanghai Completed , topped out in August 2013 . Tallest structure in China and second tallest skyscraper in the world . 31 ° 14 ′ 7.8 '' N 121 ° 30 ′ 3.6 '' E / 31.235500 ° N 121.501000 ° E / 31.235500 ; 121.501000 ( Shanghai Tower ) KVLY - TV mast 628.8 m ( 2,063 ft ) 1963 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Blanchard , North Dakota Tallest mast in the world 47 ° 20 ′ 31.85 '' N 97 ° 17 ′ 21.13 '' W / 47.3421806 ° N 97.2892028 ° W / 47.3421806 ; - 97.2892028 ( KVLY - TV mast ) KRDK - TV mast 627.8 m ( 2,060 ft ) 1998 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Galesburg , North Dakota Rebuilt after collapses on February 14 , 1968 and April 6 , 1997 47 ° 16 ′ 45 '' N 97 ° 20 ′ 27 '' W / 47.27917 ° N 97.34083 ° W / 47.27917 ; - 97.34083 ( KXJB - TV mast ) KXTV / KOVR tower 624.5 m ( 2,049 ft ) 2000 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Walnut Grove , California Tallest structure in California 38 ° 14 ′ 23.2 '' N 121 ° 30 ′ 05.7 '' W / 38.239778 ° N 121.501583 ° W / 38.239778 ; - 121.501583 ( KXTV / KOVR Tower ) Petronius Platform 610 m ( 2,000 ft ) 2000 Offshore platform Oil drilling United States Petronius field , Gulf of Mexico Located appr. 210 kilometers ( 130 mi ) southeast of New Orleans 29 ° 06 ′ 30 '' N 87 ° 56 ′ 30 '' W / 29.10833 ° N 87.94167 ° W / 29.10833 ; - 87.94167 KATV tower 609.6 m ( 2,000 ft ) 1965 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Redfield , Arkansas was tallest structure in Arkansas , collapsed on January 11 , 2008 34 ° 28 ′ 24.0 '' N 92 ° 12 ′ 11 '' W / 34.473333 ° N 92.20306 ° W / 34.473333 ; - 92.20306 ( KATV Tower ) KCAU TV Tower 609.6 m ( 2,000 ft ) 1965 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Sioux City , Iowa Tallest structure in Iowa ( equal ) 42 ° 35 ′ 11.0 '' N 96 ° 13 ′ 57 '' W / 42.586389 ° N 96.23250 ° W / 42.586389 ; - 96.23250 ( KCAU TV Tower ) WECT tower 609.6 m ( 2,000 ft ) 1969 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Colly Township , North Carolina Demolished on September 20 , 2012 . Was once the tallest structure in North Carolina 34 ° 34 ′ 44.0 '' N 78 ° 26 ′ 12 '' W / 34.578889 ° N 78.43667 ° W / 34.578889 ; - 78.43667 ( WECT TV6 Tower ) KCCI Tower 609.6 m ( 2,000 ft ) 1972 Guyed mast VHF - TV , FM radio transmission United States Alleman , Iowa Tallest structure in Iowa ( equal ) 41 ° 48 ′ 33.0 '' N 93 ° 36 ′ 53 '' W / 41.809167 ° N 93.61472 ° W / 41.809167 ; - 93.61472 ( WHO - TV , KDIN - TV , WOI - FM Tower ) Des Moines Hearst - Argyle Television Tower Alleman 609.6 m ( 2,000 ft ) Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Alleman , Iowa Tallest structure in Iowa ( equal ) 41 ° 48 ′ 35.0 '' N 93 ° 37 ′ 17 '' W / 41.809722 ° N 93.62139 ° W / 41.809722 ; - 93.62139 ( Des Moines Hearst - Argyle Television Tower Alleman ) Diversified Communications Tower 609.6 m ( 2,000 ft ) 1981 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Floyd Dale , South Carolina Tallest structure in South Carolina ( equal ) 34 ° 22 ′ 03.0 '' N 79 ° 19 ′ 48 '' W / 34.367500 ° N 79.33000 ° W / 34.367500 ; - 79.33000 ( Diversified Communications Tower ) AFLAC Tower 609.6 m ( 2,000 ft ) 1984 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Rowley , Iowa Tallest structure in Iowa ( equal ) 42 ° 24 ′ 02.0 '' N 91 ° 50 ′ 37 '' W / 42.400556 ° N 91.84361 ° W / 42.400556 ; - 91.84361 ( AFLAC Tower ) WBTV - Tower 609.6 m ( 2,000 ft ) 1984 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Dallas , North Carolina Tallest structure in North Carolina ( equal ) 35 ° 21 ′ 51.0 '' N 81 ° 11 ′ 12 '' W / 35.364167 ° N 81.18667 ° W / 35.364167 ; - 81.18667 ( WBTV - Tower ) KTVO - TV Tower 609.6 m ( 2,000 ft ) ? Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Missouri Collapsed June 2 , 1988 40 ° 31 ′ 47 '' N 92 ° 26 ′ 29 '' W / 40.52972 ° N 92.44139 ° W / 40.52972 ; - 92.44139 ( KTVO ) Hearst - Argyle Tower 609.6 m ( 2,000 ft ) 1985 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Walnut Grove , California 38 ° 15 ′ 52.1 '' N 121 ° 29 ′ 25.5 '' W / 38.264472 ° N 121.490417 ° W / 38.264472 ; - 121.490417 ( Hearst - Argyle Tower ) WTTO Tower 609.6 m ( 2,000 ft ) 1986 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Windham Springs , Alabama Tallest structure in Alabama 33 ° 28 ′ 51.0 '' N 87 ° 24 ′ 03 '' W / 33.480833 ° N 87.40083 ° W / 33.480833 ; - 87.40083 ( WTTO Tower ) WCSC - Tower 609.6 m ( 2,000 ft ) 1986 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Awendaw , South Carolina Tallest structure in South Carolina ( equal ) 32 ° 55 ′ 29.0 '' N 79 ° 41 ′ 57 '' W / 32.924722 ° N 79.69917 ° W / 32.924722 ; - 79.69917 ( WCSC - Tower ) WCTV Tower 609.6 m ( 2,000 ft ) Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Metcalf , Georgia Tallest structure in Georgia 30 ° 40 ′ 14.0 '' N 83 ° 56 ′ 26 '' W / 30.670556 ° N 83.94056 ° W / 30.670556 ; - 83.94056 ( WCTV Tower ) WRAL HDTV Mast 609.6 m ( 2,000 ft ) ( orig . 609.3 m ) 1991 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Auburn , North Carolina Rebuild of 2 masts which collapsed in December 1989 35 ° 40 ′ 35.1 '' N 78 ° 32 ′ 07.2 '' W / 35.676417 ° N 78.535333 ° W / 35.676417 ; - 78.535333 ( WRAL HDTV Mast ) TV Alabama Tower 609.6 m ( 2,000 ft ) Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Windham Springs , Alabama Tallest structure in Alabama 33 ° 28 ′ 48.0 '' N 87 ° 25 ′ 50 '' W / 33.480000 ° N 87.43056 ° W / 33.480000 ; - 87.43056 ( TV Alabama Tower ) KDLT Tower 609.6 m ( 2,000 ft ) 1998 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Rowena , South Dakota Tallest structure in South Dakota 43 ° 30 ′ 18.0 '' N 96 ° 33 ′ 23 '' W / 43.505000 ° N 96.55639 ° W / 43.505000 ; - 96.55639 ( KDLT Tower ) KMOS TV Tower 609.6 m ( 2,000 ft ) 2002 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Syracuse , Missouri Tallest structure in Missouri ; also called Rohn tower . 38 ° 37 ′ 36.0 '' N 92 ° 52 ′ 04 '' W / 38.626667 ° N 92.86778 ° W / 38.626667 ; - 92.86778 ( KMOS TV Tower ) Winnie Cumulus Broadcasting Tower 609.6 m ( 2,000 ft ) 2005 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Winnie , Texas Tallest structure in Texas ( equal ) 29 ° 56 ′ 09.8 '' N 94 ° 30 ′ 39.4 '' W / 29.936056 ° N 94.510944 ° W / 29.936056 ; - 94.510944 ( Winnie Cumulus Broadcasting Tower ) Liberman Broadcasting Tower Era 609.6 m ( 2,000 ft ) 2006 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Era , Texas Tallest structure in Texas ( equal ) 33 ° 29 ′ 05.5 '' N 97 ° 24 ′ 44.8 '' W / 33.484861 ° N 97.412444 ° W / 33.484861 ; - 97.412444 ( Liberman Broadcasting Tower Era ) WEAU - Tower 609.6 m ( 2,000 ft ) 2012 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Fairchild , Wisconsin Tallest structure in Wisconsin ; original built in 1966 , collapsed during ice & wind storm on March 22 , 2011 ; replacement , still at 2,000 feet , began service January 4 , 2012 44 ° 39 ′ 50.0 '' N 90 ° 57 ′ 41 '' W / 44.663889 ° N 90.96139 ° W / 44.663889 ; - 90.96139 ( WEAU - Tower ) Perry Broadcasting Tower 609.5 m ( 2,000 ft ) Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Alfalfa , Oklahoma Tallest structure in Oklahoma 35 ° 15 ′ 03.8 '' N 98 ° 36 ′ 53.8 '' W / 35.251056 ° N 98.614944 ° W / 35.251056 ; - 98.614944 ( Perry Broadcasting Tower ) KY3 Tower 609.4 m ( 1,999 ft ) 2000 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Fordland , Missouri 37 ° 10 ′ 26.0 '' N 92 ° 56 ′ 28.1 '' W / 37.173889 ° N 92.941139 ° W / 37.173889 ; - 92.941139 ( KY3 Tower ) SpectraSite Tower Thomasville 609.4 m ( 1,999 ft ) 2002 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Thomasville , Georgia 30 ° 40 ′ 50.3 '' N 83 ° 58 ′ 20.6 '' W / 30.680639 ° N 83.972389 ° W / 30.680639 ; - 83.972389 ( SpectraSite Tower Thomasville ) Pegasus Broadcasting Tower 609.4 m ( 1,999 ft ) ? Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Metcalf , Georgia 30 ° 40 ′ 52.0 '' N 83 ° 58 ′ 21 '' W / 30.681111 ° N 83.97250 ° W / 30.681111 ; - 83.97250 KLDE Tower 609.3 m ( 1,999 ft ) 1986 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Liverpool , Texas also known as Clear Channel Broadcasting Tower , TX 29 ° 17 ′ 17.0 '' N 95 ° 13 ′ 54 '' W / 29.288056 ° N 95.23167 ° W / 29.288056 ; - 95.23167 ( KLDE Tower ) WCKW / KSTE - Tower 609.3 m ( 1,999 ft ) 1988 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Vacherie , Louisiana Tallest structure in Louisiana ; also known as Clear Channel Broadcasting Tower , LA 29 ° 57 ′ 11.0 '' N 90 ° 43 ′ 26 '' W / 29.953056 ° N 90.72389 ° W / 29.953056 ; - 90.72389 ( WCKW / KSTE - Tower ) American Towers Tower Elkhart 609.3 m ( 1,999 ft ) 2001 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Elkhart , Iowa 41 ° 49 ′ 48.0 '' N 93 ° 36 ′ 54.6 '' W / 41.830000 ° N 93.615167 ° W / 41.830000 ; - 93.615167 ( American Towers Tower Elkhart ) Salem Radio Properties Tower 609.3 m ( 1,999 ft ) 2002 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Collinsville , Texas 33 ° 32 ′ 08.4 '' N 96 ° 49 ′ 55 '' W / 33.535667 ° N 96.83194 ° W / 33.535667 ; - 96.83194 ( Salem Radio Properties Tower ) Stowell Cumulus Broadcasting Tower 609.3 m ( 1,999 ft ) 2001 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Stowell , Texas Built , although mentioned in FCC - list as granted 29 ° 41 ′ 52.5 '' N 94 ° 24 ′ 9.3 '' W / 29.697917 ° N 94.402583 ° W / 29.697917 ; - 94.402583 ( Stowell Cumulus Broadcasting Tower ) WLBT Tower 609 m ( 1,998 ft ) 1999 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Raymond , Mississippi Tallest structure in Mississippi 32 ° 12 ′ 49.9 '' N 90 ° 22 ′ 56.5 '' W / 32.213861 ° N 90.382361 ° W / 32.213861 ; - 90.382361 ( WLBT Tower ) KYTV Tower 2 608.4 m ( 1,996 ft ) 1973 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Marshfield , Missouri also known as American Tower Management 37 ° 13 ′ 09.4 '' N 92 ° 56 ′ 57.4 '' W / 37.219278 ° N 92.949278 ° W / 37.219278 ; - 92.949278 ( KYTV Tower 2 ) SpectraSite Tower Raymond 608.4 m ( 1,996 ft ) ? Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Raymond , Mississippi 32 ° 12 ′ 11.9 '' N 90 ° 23 ′ 34.8 '' W / 32.203306 ° N 90.393000 ° W / 32.203306 ; - 90.393000 ( SpectraSite Tower Raymond ) Hoyt Radio Tower 608.38 m ( 1,996.0 ft ) 2003 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Hoyt , Colorado Tallest structure in Colorado 39 ° 55 ′ 21.8 '' N 103 ° 58 ′ 20.2 '' W / 39.922722 ° N 103.972278 ° W / 39.922722 ; - 103.972278 ( Hoyt Radio Tower ) Service Broadcasting Tower Decatur 608.1 m ( 1,995 ft ) 2000 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Decatur , Texas 33 ° 23 ′ 12.0 '' N 97 ° 33 ′ 58 '' W / 33.386667 ° N 97.56611 ° W / 33.386667 ; - 97.56611 ( Service Broadcasting Tower Decatur ) WTVD Tower 607.8 m ( 1,994 ft ) 1978 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Auburn , North Carolina 35 ° 40 ′ 06.0 '' N 78 ° 31 ′ 58 '' W / 35.668333 ° N 78.53278 ° W / 35.668333 ; - 78.53278 ( WTVD Tower ) Channel 40 Tower 607.8 m ( 1,994 ft ) 1985 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Walnut Grove , California 38 ° 16 ′ 21.4 '' N 121 ° 30 ′ 21.6 '' W / 38.272611 ° N 121.506000 ° W / 38.272611 ; - 121.506000 ( Channel 40 Tower ) Liberman Broadcasting Tower Devers 607.7 m ( 1,994 ft ) 2006 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Devers , Texas 30 ° 01 ′ 02.2 '' N 94 ° 32 ′ 47.9 '' W / 30.017278 ° N 94.546639 ° W / 30.017278 ; - 94.546639 ( Liberman Broadcasting Tower Devers ) KHYS Tower 607.2 m ( 1,992 ft ) Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Devers , Texas dismantled 30 ° 03 ′ 07.0 '' N 94 ° 31 ′ 39 '' W / 30.051944 ° N 94.52750 ° W / 30.051944 ; - 94.52750 ( KHYS Tower ) Clear Channel Broadcasting Tower Devers 607 m ( 1,991 ft ) 1988 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Devers , Texas 30 ° 03 ′ 06.0 '' N 94 ° 31 ′ 38 '' W / 30.051667 ° N 94.52722 ° W / 30.051667 ; - 94.52722 ( Clear Channel Broadcasting Tower Devers ) Media General Tower 607 m ( 1,991 ft ) Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Awendaw , South Carolina 32 ° 56 ′ 25.0 '' N 79 ° 41 ′ 44 '' W / 32.940278 ° N 79.69556 ° W / 32.940278 ; - 79.69556 ( Media General Tower ) Eastern North Carolina Broadcasting Tower 606.2 m ( 1,989 ft ) 1980 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Trenton , North Carolina 35 ° 06 ′ 16.0 '' N 77 ° 20 ′ 11 '' W / 35.104444 ° N 77.33639 ° W / 35.104444 ; - 77.33639 ( Eastern North Carolina Broadcasting Tower ) WNCN Tower 606.2 m ( 1,989 ft ) 2000 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Garner , North Carolina 35 ° 40 ′ 29.0 '' N 78 ° 31 ′ 39.0 '' W / 35.674722 ° N 78.527500 ° W / 35.674722 ; - 78.527500 ( WNCN Tower ) KELO TV Tower 605 m ( 1,985 ft ) Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Rowena , South Dakota 43 ° 31 ′ 07.0 '' N 96 ° 32 ′ 06 '' W / 43.518611 ° N 96.53500 ° W / 43.518611 ; - 96.53500 ( KELO TV Tower ) WITN Tower 605 m ( 1,985 ft ) 1979 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Grifton , North Carolina also known as Gray Television Tower 35 ° 21 ′ 56.0 '' N 77 ° 23 ′ 37.0 '' W / 35.365556 ° N 77.393611 ° W / 35.365556 ; - 77.393611 ( WITN Tower ) Noe Corp Tower 604.7 m ( 1,984 ft ) 1998 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Columbia , Louisiana 32 ° 11 ′ 51.0 '' N 92 ° 04 ′ 14 '' W / 32.197500 ° N 92.07056 ° W / 32.197500 ; - 92.07056 ( Noe Corp Tower ) Pappas Telecasting Tower 603.6 m ( 1,980 ft ) 2000 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Plymouth County , Iowa 42 ° 35 ′ 12.0 '' N 96 ° 13 ′ 19.0 '' W / 42.586667 ° N 96.221944 ° W / 42.586667 ; - 96.221944 ( Pappas Telecasting Tower ) KHOU - TV Tower 602 m ( 1,975 ft ) 1992 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Missouri City , Texas 29 ° 33 ′ 41.0 '' N 95 ° 30 ′ 05 '' W / 29.561389 ° N 95.50139 ° W / 29.561389 ; - 95.50139 ( KHOU - TV Tower ) Richland Towers Tower Missouri City 601.3 m ( 1,973 ft ) 2001 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Missouri City , Texas 29 ° 34 ′ 16.0 '' N 95 ° 30 ′ 38 '' W / 29.571111 ° N 95.51056 ° W / 29.571111 ; - 95.51056 ( Richland Towers Tower Missouri City ) KSWB - TV Tower 601 m ( 1,972 ft ) 1984 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States San Diego , California 32 ° 41 ′ 47 '' N 116 ° 56 ′ 10 '' W / 32.69639 ° N 116.93611 ° W / 32.69639 ; - 116.93611 ( KSWB - TV_Tower ) Abraj Al Bait Hotel Tower 601 m ( 1,972 ft ) 2011 Skyscraper Hotel , residential Saudi Arabia Mecca Tallest structure in Saudi Arabia 21 ° 25 ′ 08 '' N 39 ° 49 ′ 35 '' E / 21.41889 ° N 39.82639 ° E / 21.41889 ; 39.82639 ( Abraj Al Bait Hotel Tower ) Senior Road Tower 600.7 m ( 1,971 ft ) Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Missouri City , Texas 29 ° 34 ′ 35.0 '' N 95 ° 30 ′ 37 '' W / 29.576389 ° N 95.51028 ° W / 29.576389 ; - 95.51028 ( Senior Road Tower ) KTRK - TV Tower 600.5 m ( 1,970 ft ) 1982 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Missouri City , Texas 29 ° 34 ′ 28.0 '' N 95 ° 29 ′ 38 '' W / 29.574444 ° N 95.49389 ° W / 29.574444 ; - 95.49389 ( KTRK - TV Tower ) Houston Tower Joint Venture Tower 600.5 m ( 1,970 ft ) 1985 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Missouri City , Texas 29 ° 34 ′ 07.0 '' N 95 ° 29 ′ 58 '' W / 29.568611 ° N 95.49944 ° W / 29.568611 ; - 95.49944 ( Houston Tower Joint Venture Tower ) American Towers Tower Missouri City 600.5 m ( 1,970 ft ) 2000 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Missouri City , Texas 29 ° 33 ′ 45.1 '' N 95 ° 30 ′ 35.7 '' W / 29.562528 ° N 95.509917 ° W / 29.562528 ; - 95.509917 ( American Towers Tower Missouri City ) Fox - TV Tower 600.4 m ( 1,970 ft ) 1982 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Missouri City , Texas 29 ° 34 ′ 29.0 '' N 95 ° 29 ′ 38 '' W / 29.574722 ° N 95.49389 ° W / 29.574722 ; - 95.49389 ( Fox - TV Tower ) KTVE - Tower 600.4 m ( 1,970 ft ) Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Bolding , Arkansas also known as SpectraSite Tower Bolding ; tallest structure in Arkansas 33 ° 04 ′ 41.0 '' N 92 ° 13 ′ 41 '' W / 33.078056 ° N 92.22806 ° W / 33.078056 ; - 92.22806 ( KTVE - Tower ) Mississippi Telecasting Tower 600 m ( 1,969 ft ) 1982 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Inverness , Mississippi 33 ° 22 ′ 23.0 '' N 90 ° 32 ′ 25 '' W / 33.373056 ° N 90.54028 ° W / 33.373056 ; - 90.54028 ( Mississippi Telecasting Tower ) WCNC - TV Tower 600 m ( 1,969 ft ) 1992 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Dallas , North Carolina 35 ° 20 ′ 49.4 '' N 81 ° 10 ′ 14.2 '' W / 35.347056 ° N 81.170611 ° W / 35.347056 ; - 81.170611 ( WCNC - TV Tower ) Capstar Radio Tower 600 m ( 1,969 ft ) 2001 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Middlesex , North Carolina 35 ° 49 ′ 54.0 '' N 78 ° 08 ′ 49 '' W / 35.831667 ° N 78.14694 ° W / 35.831667 ; - 78.14694 ( Capstar Radio Tower ) Canton Tower 600 m ( 1,969 ft ) 2009 Concrete tower Observation , VHF - UHF transmission China Guangzhou 23 ° 06 ′ 32.55 '' N 113 ° 19 ′ 9.29 '' E / 23.1090417 ° N 113.3192472 ° E / 23.1090417 ; 113.3192472 ( Canton Tower ) WPDE - TV Tower 600 m ( 1,969 ft ) 1980 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission United States Dillon , South Carolina 34 ° 21 ′ 53.0 '' N 79 ° 19 ′ 49 '' W / 34.364722 ° N 79.33028 ° W / 34.364722 ; - 79.33028 ( WPDE - TV Tower ) Structures ( past or present ) between 550 and 600 m ( 1,804 ft and 1,969 ft ) ( edit ) Name Pinnacle height Year Structure type Main use Country Town Remarks Coordinates KDUH - TV Mast Hemingford 599 m ( 1,965 ft ) 1969 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Hemingford , Nebraska collapsed on September 24 , 2003 42 ° 10 ′ 21.0 '' N 103 ° 13 ′ 59 '' W / 42.172500 ° N 103.23306 ° W / 42.172500 ; - 103.23306 ( KDUH / CH4 TV Mast ) American Towers Tower Liverpool 598.3 m ( 1,963 ft ) 1992 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Liverpool , Texas 29 ° 17 ′ 56.8 '' N 95 ° 14 ′ 12.1 '' W / 29.299111 ° N 95.236694 ° W / 29.299111 ; - 95.236694 ( American Towers Tower Liverpool ) Media General Tower Dillon 598 m ( 1,962 ft ) 2001 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Dillon , South Carolina 34 ° 22 ′ 05.0 '' N 79 ° 19 ′ 20 '' W / 34.368056 ° N 79.32222 ° W / 34.368056 ; - 79.32222 ( Media General Tower Dillon ) Duffy - Shamrock Joint Venture Tower 597.4 m ( 1,960 ft ) 1990 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Bertram , Texas 30 ° 43 ′ 34.7 '' N 97 ° 59 ′ 24.1 '' W / 30.726306 ° N 97.990028 ° W / 30.726306 ; - 97.990028 ( Duffy - Shamrock Joint Venture Tower ) AMFM Tower Collinsville 597.4 m ( 1,960 ft ) 2002 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Collinsville , Texas 33 ° 33 ′ 37.0 '' N 96 ° 57 ′ 35 '' W / 33.560278 ° N 96.95972 ° W / 33.560278 ; - 96.95972 ( AMFM Tower Collinsville ) KOLR / KOZK Tower 597.3 m ( 1,960 ft ) ( orig . 609.6 m ) 1971 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Fordland , Missouri also known as KYTV Tower 1 37 ° 10 ′ 11.0 '' N 92 ° 56 ′ 31 '' W / 37.169722 ° N 92.94194 ° W / 37.169722 ; - 92.94194 ( KOLR / KOZK Tower ) Cosmos Broadcasting Tower Winnabow 595.6 m ( 1,954 ft ) 1981 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Winnabow , North Carolina 34 ° 07 ′ 54.0 '' N 78 ° 11 ′ 16 '' W / 34.131667 ° N 78.18778 ° W / 34.131667 ; - 78.18778 ( Cosmos Broadcasting Tower Winnabow ) Spectra Site Communications Tower Robertsdale 592.6 m ( 1,944 ft ) 2001 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Robertsdale , Alabama 30 ° 36 ′ 41.0 '' N 87 ° 36 ′ 26.4 '' W / 30.611389 ° N 87.607333 ° W / 30.611389 ; - 87.607333 ( Spectra Site Communications Tower Robertsdale ) CBC Real Estate Co. Inc Tower 592.4 m ( 1,944 ft ) 1985 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Dallas , North Carolina 35 ° 21 ′ 44.5 '' N 81 ° 09 ′ 18.3 '' W / 35.362361 ° N 81.155083 ° W / 35.362361 ; - 81.155083 ( CBC Real Estate Co. Inc Tower ) Cosmos Broadcasting Tower Grady 589.8 m ( 1,935 ft ) 1977 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Grady , Alabama 31 ° 58 ′ 29.0 '' N 86 ° 09 ′ 44 '' W / 31.974722 ° N 86.16222 ° W / 31.974722 ; - 86.16222 ( Cosmos Broadcasting Tower Grady ) American Towers Tower Columbia 587.9 m ( 1,929 ft ) 1986 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Columbia , Louisiana 32 ° 05 ′ 42.6 '' N 92 ° 10 ′ 34.3 '' W / 32.095167 ° N 92.176194 ° W / 32.095167 ; - 92.176194 ( American Towers Tower Columbia ) Sonsinger Management Tower 587.6 m ( 1,928 ft ) 1988 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Splendora , Texas also known as KKHT Radio Mast 30 ° 13 ′ 54.0 '' N 95 ° 07 ′ 27 '' W / 30.231667 ° N 95.12417 ° W / 30.231667 ; - 95.12417 ( Sonsinger Management Tower ) Cedar Rapids TV Tower 587.3 m ( 1,927 ft ) Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Walker , Iowa 42 ° 18 ′ 59.0 '' N 91 ° 51 ′ 31 '' W / 42.316389 ° N 91.85861 ° W / 42.316389 ; - 91.85861 ( Cedar Rapids TV Tower ) Channel 6 Tower Eddy 586.4 m ( 1,924 ft ) 1981 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Eddy , Texas 31 ° 16 ′ 25.0 '' N 97 ° 13 ′ 15 '' W / 31.273611 ° N 97.22083 ° W / 31.273611 ; - 97.22083 ( Channel 6 Tower Eddy ) Entravision Texas Tower 585.2 m ( 1,920 ft ) 1998 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Greenwood , Texas 33 ° 26 ′ 13.0 '' N 97 ° 29 ′ 06 '' W / 33.436944 ° N 97.48500 ° W / 33.436944 ; - 97.48500 ( Entravision Texas Tower ) Multimedia Associates Tower 584 m ( 1,916 ft ) 1999 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Rio Grande City , Texas 26 ° 31 ′ 02.0 '' N 98 ° 39 ′ 08 '' W / 26.517222 ° N 98.65222 ° W / 26.517222 ; - 98.65222 ( Multimedia Associates Tower ) American Towers Tower Randleman 583.4 m ( 1,914 ft ) Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Randleman , North Carolina 35 ° 52 ′ 13.5 '' N 79 ° 50 ′ 24 '' W / 35.870417 ° N 79.84000 ° W / 35.870417 ; - 79.84000 ( American Towers Tower Randleman ) KTUL Tower Coweta 581.8 m ( 1,909 ft ) 1988 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Coweta , Oklahoma 35 ° 58 ′ 08.0 '' N 95 ° 36 ′ 56 '' W / 35.968889 ° N 95.61556 ° W / 35.968889 ; - 95.61556 ( KTUL Tower Coweta ) American Towers Tower Robertsdale 579.9 m ( 1,903 ft ) Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Robertsdale , Alabama 30 ° 36 ′ 45.4 '' N 87 ° 38 ′ 41.6 '' W / 30.612611 ° N 87.644889 ° W / 30.612611 ; - 87.644889 ( American Towers Tower Robertsdale ) Baldpate Platform 579.7 m ( 1,902 ft ) 1998 Offshore platform Oil drilling U.S. Garden Banks , Gulf of Mexico Located about 193 km ( 120 mi ) off Louisiana coast WTVY - TV Tower 579.42 m ( 1,901.0 ft ) 1978 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Bethlehem , Florida Tallest structure in Florida 30 ° 55 ′ 12.0 '' N 85 ° 44 ′ 30 '' W / 30.920000 ° N 85.74167 ° W / 30.920000 ; - 85.74167 ( WDJR - FM Tower ) Clear Channel Broadcasting Tower Redfield 578.8 m ( 1,899 ft ) 1985 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Redfield , Arkansas 34 ° 26 ′ 31.0 '' N 92 ° 13 ′ 04 '' W / 34.441944 ° N 92.21778 ° W / 34.441944 ; - 92.21778 ( Clear Channel Broadcasting Tower Redfield ) WFMY Tower 575.9 m ( 1,889 ft ) 2002 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Greensboro , North Carolina 35 ° 52 ′ 13.5 '' N 79 ° 50 ′ 24 '' W / 35.870417 ° N 79.84000 ° W / 35.870417 ; - 79.84000 ( WFMY Tower ) Cox Radio Tower 572.8 m ( 1,879 ft ) 2000 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Shepherd , Texas 30 ° 32 ′ 07.0 '' N 95 ° 01 ′ 05 '' W / 30.535278 ° N 95.01806 ° W / 30.535278 ; - 95.01806 ( Cox Radio Tower ) Media General Tower Spanish Fort 572.7 m ( 1,879 ft ) 1986 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Spanish Fort , Alabama 30 ° 41 ′ 21.0 '' N 87 ° 49 ′ 49 '' W / 30.689167 ° N 87.83028 ° W / 30.689167 ; - 87.83028 ( Media General Tower Spanish Fort ) WFTV Tower Saint Cloud 571.1 m ( 1,874 ft ) 2000 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Saint Cloud , Florida 28 ° 16 ′ 45.3 '' N 81 ° 01 ′ 24 '' W / 28.279250 ° N 81.02333 ° W / 28.279250 ; - 81.02333 ( WFTV ) Capstar Radio Operating Gray Court Tower 567.1 m ( 1,861 ft ) 1980 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Gray Court , South Carolina demolished , no longer in FCC list KLKN Tower 565.1 m ( 1,854 ft ) 1965 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Genoa , Nebraska 41 ° 32 ′ 28.0 '' N 97 ° 40 ′ 46 '' W / 41.541111 ° N 97.67944 ° W / 41.541111 ; - 97.67944 ( KLKN Tower ) Pinnacle Towers Tower Princeton 561.3 m ( 1,842 ft ) 1993 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Princeton , Florida 25 ° 32 ′ 25.0 '' N 80 ° 28 ′ 06 '' W / 25.540278 ° N 80.46833 ° W / 25.540278 ; - 80.46833 ( Pinnacle Towers Tower Princeton ) WTVJ Tower Princeton 561.1 m ( 1,841 ft ) 1993 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Princeton , Florida 25 ° 32 ′ 25.0 '' N 80 ° 28 ′ 06 '' W / 25.540278 ° N 80.46833 ° W / 25.540278 ; - 80.46833 ( WTVJ Tower Princeton ) Pappas Partnership Stations Tower Gretna 559.6 m ( 1,836 ft ) 1985 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Gretna , Nebraska 41 ° 04 ′ 15.9 '' N 96 ° 13 ′ 32.3 '' W / 41.071083 ° N 96.225639 ° W / 41.071083 ; - 96.225639 KBIM Tower 559.02 m ( 1,834.1 ft ) 1965 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Roswell , New Mexico 33 ° 03 ′ 20.0 '' N 103 ° 49 ′ 14 '' W / 33.055556 ° N 103.82056 ° W / 33.055556 ; - 103.82056 ( KBIM Tower ) Tulsa Tower Joint Venture Tower Oneta 559 m ( 1,834 ft ) 1984 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Oneta , Oklahoma 36 ° 01 ′ 15.0 '' N 95 ° 40 ′ 33 '' W / 36.020833 ° N 95.67583 ° W / 36.020833 ; - 95.67583 ( Tulsa Tower Joint Venture Tower Oneta ) KTBS Tower 556.5 m ( 1,826 ft ) 2003 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Shreveport , Louisiana 32 ° 41 ′ 7 '' N 93 ° 56 ′ 1 '' W / 32.68528 ° N 93.93361 ° W / 32.68528 ; - 93.93361 ( KTBS Tower ) Lotte World Tower 555.7 metres ( 1,823 ft ) 2016 Skyscraper Hotel , residential South Korea Seoul CN Tower 553 m ( 1,814 ft ) 1976 Concrete tower Observation , VHF - UHF transmission Canada Toronto , Ontario Tallest freestanding structure in the Western Hemisphere 43 ° 38 ′ 33.22 '' N 79 ° 23 ′ 13.41 '' W / 43.6425611 ° N 79.3870583 ° W / 43.6425611 ; - 79.3870583 ( CN Tower ) Structures ( past or present ) between 500 and 550 m ( 1,640 and 1,804 ft ) ( edit ) Name Pinnacle height Year Structure type Main use Country Town Remarks Coordinates SBA Towers Tower Hayneville 547.7 m ( 1,797 ft ) 1989 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Hayneville , Alabama 32 ° 08 ′ 30.2 '' N 86 ° 44 ′ 42.1 '' W / 32.141722 ° N 86.745028 ° W / 32.141722 ; - 86.745028 ( SBA Towers Tower Hayneville ) Channel 32 Limited Partnership Tower 547.7 m ( 1,797 ft ) 1990 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Hayneville , Alabama 32 ° 08 ′ 31.0 '' N 86 ° 44 ′ 42.0 '' W / 32.141944 ° N 86.745000 ° W / 32.141944 ; - 86.745000 ( Channel 32 Limited Partnership Tower ) KATC Tower Kaplan 546.6 m ( 1,793 ft ) 1978 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Kaplan , Louisiana 30 ° 02 ′ 20.0 '' N 92 ° 22 ′ 15 '' W / 30.038889 ° N 92.37083 ° W / 30.038889 ; - 92.37083 ( KATC Tower Kaplan ) Cosmos Broadcasting Tower Egypt 546.5 m ( 1,793 ft ) 1981 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Egypt , Arkansas 35 ° 53 ′ 22.0 '' N 90 ° 56 ′ 08 '' W / 35.889444 ° N 90.93556 ° W / 35.889444 ; - 90.93556 ( Cosmos Broadcasting Tower Egypt ) Raycom Media Tower Mooringsport 545.8 m ( 1,791 ft ) Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Mooringsport , Louisiana 32 ° 40 ′ 29.0 '' N 93 ° 56 ′ 01 '' W / 32.674722 ° N 93.93361 ° W / 32.674722 ; - 93.93361 ( Raycom Media Tower Mooringsport ) Pinnacle Towers Tower Mooringsport 542.8 m ( 1,781 ft ) 1985 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Mooringsport , Louisiana 32 ° 39 ′ 58.0 '' N 93 ° 55 ′ 59 '' W / 32.666111 ° N 93.93306 ° W / 32.666111 ; - 93.93306 ( Pinnacle Towers Tower Mooringsport ) Salem Radio Tower 542.2 m ( 1,779 ft ) 2005 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Bold Springs , Georgia 33 ° 52 ′ 02.3 '' N 083 ° 49 ′ 44.0 '' W / 33.867306 ° N 83.828889 ° W / 33.867306 ; - 83.828889 ( Salem Radio Tower ) One World Trade Center 541.3 m ( 1,776 ft ) 2013 Skyscraper Office , VHF - UHF transmission U.S. New York City Tallest skyscraper in the Western Hemisphere 40 ° 42 ′ 42 '' N 74 ° 0 ′ 45 '' W / 40.71167 ° N 74.01250 ° W / 40.71167 ; - 74.01250 ( World Trade Center ) Branch Young Broadcasting Tower 541 m ( 1,775 ft ) ? Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Branch , Louisiana 30 ° 19 ′ 18 '' N 92 ° 16 ′ 58 '' W / 30.32167 ° N 92.28278 ° W / 30.32167 ; - 92.28278 ( Branch Young Broadcasting Tower ) Ostankino Tower 540.1 m ( 1,772 ft ) 1967 Concrete tower Observation , VHF - UHF transmission Russia Moscow 2000 fire led to renovation , tallest structure in Russia 55 ° 49 ′ 10.94 '' N 37 ° 36 ′ 41.79 '' E / 55.8197056 ° N 37.6116083 ° E / 55.8197056 ; 37.6116083 ( Ostankino Tower ) KLFY TV Tower Maxie 540.1 m ( 1,772 ft ) 1970 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Maxie , Louisiana 30 ° 19 ′ 21.0 '' N 92 ° 22 ′ 40 '' W / 30.322500 ° N 92.37778 ° W / 30.322500 ; - 92.37778 ( KLFY TV Tower Maxie ) Cusseta Richland Towers Tower 538.2 m ( 1,766 ft ) 2005 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Cusseta , Georgia 32 ° 19 ′ 16.4 '' N 84 ° 47 ′ 28.2 '' W / 32.321222 ° N 84.791167 ° W / 32.321222 ; - 84.791167 ( Cusseta Richland Towers Tower ) Cox Radio Tower Braselton 538 m ( 1,765 ft ) 1984 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Braselton , Georgia 34 ° 07 ′ 32.0 '' N 83 ° 51 ′ 32 '' W / 34.125556 ° N 83.85889 ° W / 34.125556 ; - 83.85889 ( Cox Radio Tower Braselton ) American Towers Tower Eglin 537.7 m ( 1,764 ft ) 2001 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Elgin , South Carolina also known as WOLO TV Tower 34 ° 06 ′ 58.4 '' N 80 ° 45 ′ 49.9 '' W / 34.116222 ° N 80.763861 ° W / 34.116222 ; - 80.763861 ( American Towers Tower Eglin ) Alabama Telecasters Tower 535.5 m ( 1,757 ft ) 1995 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Gordonsville , Alabama 32 ° 08 ′ 58.0 '' N 86 ° 46 ′ 51 '' W / 32.149444 ° N 86.78083 ° W / 32.149444 ; - 86.78083 ( Alabama Telecasters Tower ) WIMZ - FM Tower 534.01 m ( 1,752.0 ft ) 1963 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Knoxville , Tennessee also known as WBIR TV mast , tallest structure in world , 1963 35 ° 59 ′ 44.41 '' N 83 ° 57 ′ 23.20 '' W / 35.9956694 ° N 83.9564444 ° W / 35.9956694 ; - 83.9564444 ( WIMZ - FM - Tower ) WUOT - FM Tower 534.0 m ( 1,752.0 ft ) 2003 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Knoxville , Tennessee 36 ° 08 ′ 05.49 '' N 83 ° 43 ′ 28.01 '' W / 36.1348583 ° N 83.7244472 ° W / 36.1348583 ; - 83.7244472 ( WIMZ - FM - Tower ) Capitol Broadcasting Tower Broadway 533.1 m ( 1,749 ft ) 1985 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Broadway , North Carolina dismantled 35 ° 30 ′ 45.0 '' N 78 ° 58 ′ 40 '' W / 35.512500 ° N 78.97778 ° W / 35.512500 ; - 78.97778 ( Capitol Broadcasting Tower Broadway ) Capitol Broadcasting Tower Columbia 533.1 m ( 1,749 ft ) 2000 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Columbia , North Carolina 35 ° 30 ′ 44.0 '' N 78 ° 58 ′ 41 '' W / 35.512222 ° N 78.97806 ° W / 35.512222 ; - 78.97806 ( Capitol Broadcasting Tower Columbia ) WTVM / WRBL - TV & WVRK - FM Tower 533 m ( 1,749 ft ) 1962 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Cusseta , Georgia also known as WTVM TV mast , tallest structure in world , 1962 -- 1963 32 ° 19 ′ 25.09 '' N 84 ° 46 ′ 45.07 '' W / 32.3236361 ° N 84.7791861 ° W / 32.3236361 ; - 84.7791861 ( WTVM / WRBL - TV & WVRK - FM Tower ) WAVE - Mast 530.05 m ( 1,739.0 ft ) 1990 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. La Grange , Kentucky 38 ° 27 ′ 23.0 '' N 85 ° 25 ′ 28 '' W / 38.456389 ° N 85.42444 ° W / 38.456389 ; - 85.42444 ( WAVE - Mast ) CTF Finance Centre 530 m ( 1,740 ft ) 2015 Skyscraper Hotel , residential , office China Guangzhou topped - out in 2014 23 ° 07 ′ 13 '' N 113 ° 19 ′ 14 '' E / 23.12028 ° N 113.32056 ° E / 23.12028 ; 113.32056 ( CTF Finance Centre ) Louisiana Television Broadcasting Tower Sunshine 529.4 m ( 1,737 ft ) 1972 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Sunshine , Louisiana 30 ° 17 ′ 49.0 '' N 91 ° 11 ′ 37 '' W / 30.296944 ° N 91.19361 ° W / 30.296944 ; - 91.19361 ( Louisiana Television Broadcasting Tower Sunshine ) Bullwinkle Platform 529.1 m ( 1,736 ft ) 1989 Offshore platform Oil drilling U.S. Manatee Field , Gulf of Mexico Located about 260 kilometers ( 160 mi ) southwest of New Orleans Pinnacle Towers Tower Addis 528.8 m ( 1,735 ft ) 1986 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Addis , Louisiana 30 ° 19 ′ 35.0 '' N 91 ° 16 ′ 36 '' W / 30.326389 ° N 91.27667 ° W / 30.326389 ; - 91.27667 ( Pinnacle Towers Tower Addis ) Richland Towers Tower Cedar Hill 527.6 m ( 1,731 ft ) Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Cedar Hill , Texas 32 ° 35 ′ 02.7 '' N 96 ° 57 ′ 48.8 '' W / 32.584083 ° N 96.963556 ° W / 32.584083 ; - 96.963556 ( Richland Towers Tower Cedar Hill ) Willis Tower ( formerly Sears Tower ) 527.3 m ( 1,730 ft ) Skyscraper Office , observation , VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Chicago , Illinois Tallest building in world , 1974 -- 1998 41 ° 52 ′ 44.1 '' N 87 ° 38 ′ 10.2 '' W / 41.878917 ° N 87.636167 ° W / 41.878917 ; - 87.636167 ( Sears Tower ) World Trade Center , Tower 1 526.3 m ( 1,727 ft ) 1973 Skyscraper Office , VHF - UHF transmission U.S. New York City destroyed on September 11 , 2001 40 ° 42 ′ 42 '' N 74 ° 0 ′ 45 '' W / 40.71167 ° N 74.01250 ° W / 40.71167 ; - 74.01250 ( World Trade Center ) WAFB Tower Baton Rouge 525.8 m ( 1,725 ft ) 1965 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Baton Rouge , Louisiana 30 ° 21 ′ 59.0 '' N 91 ° 12 ′ 47 '' W / 30.366389 ° N 91.21306 ° W / 30.366389 ; - 91.21306 ( WAFB Tower Baton Rouge ) Goldin Finance 117 525 metres ( 1,722 ft ) 2015 Unfinished skyscraper Office China Goldin Finance 117 Skyscraper under - construction . Expected full height is 596.6 metres ( 1,957 ft ) . 39 ° 5 ′ 21 '' N 117 ° 4 ′ 49 '' E / 39.08917 ° N 117.08028 ° E / 39.08917 ; 117.08028 ( Goldin Finance 117 ) WAEO Tower 524.5 m ( 1,721 ft ) 1966 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Starks , Wisconsin destroyed on November 17 , 1968 in aircraft collision Media Venture Tower 522.5 m ( 1,714 ft ) 1999 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Fincher , Florida 30 ° 40 ′ 07.0 '' N 83 ° 58 ′ 10 '' W / 30.668611 ° N 83.96944 ° W / 30.668611 ; - 83.96944 ( Media Venture Tower ) Media Venture Management Tower Fincher 522.5 m ( 1,714 ft ) 1999 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Fincher , Florida Orlando Hearst Argyle Television Tower 522.5 m ( 1,714 ft ) 1980 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Orange City , Florida Height today 510.5 metres 28 ° 56 ′ 16.0 '' N 81 ° 18 ′ 57.0 '' W / 28.937778 ° N 81.315833 ° W / 28.937778 ; - 81.315833 ( Orlando Hearst Argyle Television Tower ) Pinnacle Towers Tower Moody 522.4 m ( 1,714 ft ) 1988 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Moody , Texas 31 ° 18 ′ 54.0 '' N 97 ° 19 ′ 37 '' W / 31.315000 ° N 97.32694 ° W / 31.315000 ; - 97.32694 ( Pinnacle Towers Tower Moody ) Clear Channel Broadcasting Tower Rosinton 520.3 m ( 1,707 ft ) 1981 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Rosinton , Alabama Pacific and Southern Company Tower Lugoff 520.2 m ( 1,707 ft ) 1985 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Lugoff , South Carolina 34 ° 05 ′ 50.0 '' N 80 ° 45 ′ 50 '' W / 34.097222 ° N 80.76389 ° W / 34.097222 ; - 80.76389 ( Pacific and Southern Company Tower Lugoff ) Young Broadcasting Tower Garden City 519.7 m ( 1,705 ft ) 1978 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Garden City , South Dakota 44 ° 57 ′ 56.0 '' N 97 ° 35 ′ 23 '' W / 44.965556 ° N 97.58972 ° W / 44.965556 ; - 97.58972 ( Young Broadcasting Tower Garden City ) Gray Television Tower Carlos 519.7 m ( 1,705 ft ) Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Carlos , Texas 30 ° 33 ′ 17.0 '' N 96 ° 01 ′ 52 '' W / 30.554722 ° N 96.03111 ° W / 30.554722 ; - 96.03111 ( Gray Television Tower Carlos ) South Dakota Public Broadcasting Network Tower 516.7 m ( 1,695 ft ) Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Faith , South Dakota 45 ° 03 ′ 14.0 '' N 102 ° 15 ′ 49 '' W / 45.053889 ° N 102.26361 ° W / 45.053889 ; - 102.26361 ( South Dakota Public Broadcasting Network Tower ) Spectra Site Communications Tower Orange City 516.6 m ( 1,695 ft ) 1984 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Orange City , Florida Height reduced to 512.7 metres 28 ° 55 ′ 11.1 '' N 81 ° 19 ′ 07 '' W / 28.919750 ° N 81.31861 ° W / 28.919750 ; - 81.31861 ( Spectra Site Communications Tower Orange City ) Christmas Brown Road Tower 516.6 m ( 1,695 ft ) 2001 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Christmas , Florida 28 ° 36 ′ 36.0 '' N 81 ° 03 ′ 34.0 '' W / 28.610000 ° N 81.059444 ° W / 28.610000 ; - 81.059444 ( Christmas Brown Road Tower ) Gray Television Tower Madill 516.3 m ( 1,694 ft ) 1984 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Madill , Oklahoma 34 ° 01 ′ 58.0 '' N 96 ° 48 ′ 01 '' W / 34.032778 ° N 96.80028 ° W / 34.032778 ; - 96.80028 ( Gray Television Tower Madill ) American Tower Christmas 513.3 m ( 1,684 ft ) 2001 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Christmas , Florida 28 ° 34 ′ 53.0 '' N 81 ° 04 ′ 29 '' W / 28.581389 ° N 81.07472 ° W / 28.581389 ; - 81.07472 ( American Tower Christmas ) Richland Towers Bithlo 512.7 m ( 1,682 ft ) 2002 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Bithlo , Florida 28 ° 35 ′ 12.6 '' N 81 ° 04 ′ 57.5 '' W / 28.586833 ° N 81.082639 ° W / 28.586833 ; - 81.082639 ( Richland Towers Bithlo ) Northland Television Tower Rhinelander 512.6 m ( 1,682 ft ) 1979 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Rhinelander , Wisconsin 45 ° 40 ′ 03.0 '' N 89 ° 12 ′ 29 '' W / 45.667500 ° N 89.20806 ° W / 45.667500 ; - 89.20806 ( Northland Television Tower Rhinelander ) Gray Television Tower Moody 511.8 m ( 1,679 ft ) 1978 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Moody , Texas 31 ° 19 ′ 20.0 '' N 97 ° 19 ′ 03 '' W / 31.322222 ° N 97.31750 ° W / 31.322222 ; - 97.31750 ( Gray Television Tower Moody ) KFVS TV Mast 511.1 m ( 1,677 ft ) 1960 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Cape Girardeau County , Missouri Tallest structure in the world 1960 -- 1961 37 ° 25 ′ 44.5 '' N 89 ° 30 ′ 13.84 '' W / 37.429028 ° N 89.5038444 ° W / 37.429028 ; - 89.5038444 ( KFVS TV Mast ) Taipei 101 509.2 m ( 1,671 ft ) Skyscraper Office , observation , VHF - UHF transmission Taiwan Taipei Tallest building in the world 2004 -- 2007 25 ° 02 ′ 01 '' N 121 ° 33 ′ 52 '' E / 25.03361 ° N 121.56444 ° E / 25.03361 ; 121.56444 ( Taipei 101 ) Cox Radio Tower Verna 508.1 m ( 1,667 ft ) Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Verna , Florida 27 ° 24 ′ 31.2 '' N 82 ° 14 ′ 59.3 '' W / 27.408667 ° N 82.249806 ° W / 27.408667 ; - 82.249806 ( Cox Radio Tower Verna ) WMTW TV Mast 508.1 m ( 1,667 ft ) 2001 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Baldwin , Maine 43 ° 50 ′ 44.0 '' N 70 ° 45 ′ 41 '' W / 43.845556 ° N 70.76139 ° W / 43.845556 ; - 70.76139 ( WMTW TV Mast ) American Towers Tower Cedar Hill 506.2 m ( 1,661 ft ) 1999 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Cedar Hill , Texas 32 ° 35 ′ 20.0 '' N 96 ° 58 ′ 05.9 '' W / 32.588889 ° N 96.968306 ° W / 32.588889 ; - 96.968306 ( American Towers Tower Cedar Hill ) American Towers Tower Oklahoma City 502 m ( 1,647 ft ) 1999 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Oklahoma City , Oklahoma 35 ° 35 ′ 52.1 '' N 97 ° 29 ′ 23.2 '' W / 35.597806 ° N 97.489778 ° W / 35.597806 ; - 97.489778 ( American Towers Tower Oklahoma City ) University of North Carolina Tower 500.5 m ( 1,642 ft ) 2000 Guyed mast VHF - UHF transmission U.S. Columbia , North Carolina 35 ° 54 ′ 01.0 '' N 76 ° 20 ′ 44 '' W / 35.900278 ° N 76.34556 ° W / 35.900278 ; - 76.34556 ( University of North Carolina Tower ) Structures taller than 500 metres ( 1,640 ft ) under construction ( edit ) This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . This is an incomplete list of structures under construction that are projected to be taller than 500 metres ( 1,640 ft ) and have current height under 500 metres ( 1,640 ft ) . It does not include on - hold or topped - out structures . Name Pinnacle height planned Year completion expected Structure type Country Town Jeddah Tower 1,008 metres ( 3,307 ft ) 2020 Skyscraper Saudi Arabia Jeddah Iconic Tower Grand 734 metres ( 2,408 ft ) 2021 Skyscraper Bangladesh Dhaka Wuhan Greenland Center 636 metres ( 2,087 ft ) 2018 Skyscraper China Wuhan Al - Aman World Capital Centre 625 metres ( 2,051 ft ) 2020 Skyscraper Sri Lanka Colombo KL118 Tower 610 metres ( 2,001 ft ) 2019 Skyscraper Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Pearl of the North 568 metres ( 1,864 ft ) 2018 Skyscraper China Shenyang Tianjin Chow Tai Fook Binhai Center 530 metres ( 1,739 ft ) 2018 Skyscraper China Tianjin China Zun 528 metres ( 1,732 ft ) 2018 Skyscraper China Beijing Dalian Greenland Center 518 metres ( 1,699 ft ) 2018 Skyscraper China Dalian On hold ( edit ) Structures that are on hold for financial reasons or conflict . Name Height City Floor count Year ( est . ) Const . start Sky City ( Changsha ) 838 metres ( 2,749 ft ) Changsha 202 cancelled -- Suzhou Zhongnan Center 729 metres ( 2,392 ft ) Suzhou - on hold 2014 India Tower 700 metres ( 2,300 ft ) Mumbai 126 cancelled Doha Convention Center Tower 551 metres ( 1,808 ft ) Doha 112 cancelled 2009 Pentominium 516 metres ( 1,693 ft ) Dubai 122 ? ? ? 2009 Busan Lotte World Tower 510.1 metres ( 1,674 ft ) Busan 107 ? ? ? 2011 Burj Al Alam 510 metres ( 1,670 ft ) Dubai 108 cancelled -- Al Quds Endowment Tower 495 metres ( 1,624 ft ) Doha 100 ? ? ? 2009 Jialing Fanying Tower 468 metres ( 1,535 ft ) Chongqing 99 ? ? ? 2012 Dubai Towers Doha 431 metres ( 1,414 ft ) Doha 88 ? ? ? 2007 List by continent ( edit ) Current ( edit ) The following table is a list of the current tallest structures by each continent ( listed by geographic size ) : Continent Structure Height Year Country Asia Burj Khalifa 829.8 m ( 2,722 ft ) 2009 United Arab Emirates Africa Nador transmitter 380 m ( 1,247 ft ) 1972 Morocco North America KVLY - TV mast 629 m ( 2,064 ft ) 1963 United States South America Amazon Tall Tower Observatory 325 m ( 1,066 ft ) 2015 Brazil Europe Ostankino Tower 540.1 m ( 1,772 ft ) 1967 Russia Australia Naval Communication Station Harold E. Holt 387 m ( 1,270 ft ) 1967 Australia Oceania VLF transmitter Lualualei 458 m ( 1,503 ft ) 1972 United States ( Hawaii ) All time ( edit ) The following table is a list of the all time tallest structures by each continent ( listed by geographic size ) : Continent Structure Height Year Country Asia Burj Khalifa 829.8 m ( 2,722 ft ) 2009 United Arab Emirates Africa OMEGA transmitter Chabrier 428 m ( 1,404 ft ) 1976 Réunion ( France ) North America KVLY - TV mast 629 m ( 2,064 ft ) 1963 United States South America Omega Tower Trelew 366 m ( 1,201 ft ) 1971 Argentina Europe Warsaw radio mast 646 m ( 2,119 ft ) Poland Australia VLF Transmitter Woodside 432 m ( 1,417 ft ) 1971 Australia Oceania VLF transmitter Lualualei 458 m ( 1,503 ft ) 1972 United States ( Hawaii ) See also ( edit ) Architecture portal Lists portal List of tallest structures in the world -- 400 to 500 metres List of tallest structures in the world -- 300 to 400 metres List of famous transmission sites List of European medium wave transmitters List of tallest freestanding structures in the world List of world 's tallest bridges List of world 's tallest dams List of cities with most skyscrapers List of statues by height References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Tokyo Skytree website '' ( in Japanese ) . Tobu Railway Co. , Ltd . & Tobu Tower Skytree Co. , Ltd . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 08 . Jump up ^ ASR Registration 1018564 Jump up ^ `` Demolition crews take down 2,000 ft . TV tower '' . WECT . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ ASR Registration 1025917 Jump up ^ ASR Registration 1242072 ^ Jump up to : ASR Registration Search Jump up ^ ASR Registration 1213478 Jump up ^ ASR Registration 1052083 Jump up ^ ASR Registration 1035413 Jump up ^ ASR Registration 1040815 Jump up ^ ASR Registration 1001294 Jump up ^ ASR Registration 1001558 Jump up ^ Asif Showkat Kallol . `` Govt to float tender for Iconic Tower construction '' . dhakatribune.com . Retrieved June 01 , 2017 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Abdul Rahim Harmachi . `` Bangladesh to sign deal with US firm Kali Pradip Chaudhury Group for 142 - storied building '' . bdnews24.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Year completed External links ( edit ) World Federation of Great Towers Skyscrapers diagrams and forum Skyscrapers database Search for Radio Masts and Towers in the U.S. Tallest buildings and structures Buildings Overview History Skyscraper Storey By region Africa Asia South Europe Balkans Baltic states Scandinavia Oceania South America Latin America By country Albania Algeria Argentina Australia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Bosnia and Herzegovina Brazil Bulgaria Cambodia Canada Chile China Colombia Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Ecuador Egypt Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hong Kong Iceland India Indonesia Israel Italy Japan Kazakhstan Kuwait Latvia Lebanon Lithuania Macau Macedonia , Republic of Malaysia Malta Mexico Mongolia Morocco Netherlands Nigeria North Korea Norway Pakistan Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Slovenia South Africa South Korea Spain Sweden Republic of China Tanzania Thailand Turkey Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Vietnam Zimbabwe By other British Empire and Commonwealth European Union Lists 100 + floors Architects Buildings by height to roof Cities with most high - rise buildings Cities with most skyscrapers Churches Orthodox Early skyscrapers Educational Future Hospitals Hotels Most expensive Residential Supertall Twin buildings Voluntarily demolished Structures ( of any type ) By region Africa Europe Middle East South America former Soviet Union former Yugoslavia By country Albania Algeria Australia Austria Bahrain Belgium Bulgaria Canada China Czech Republic Denmark Egypt Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Ireland Italy Japan Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Romania Saudi Arabia Serbia Slovakia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sweden Switzerland Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan United Kingdom United States By other Commonwealth of Nations Lists 300 to 400 metres 400 to 500 metres Before the 20th century Bridges Chimneys Dams Freestanding Lighthouses Statues Towers Twin structures Related topics Additionally guyed tower Air traffic obstacle All buildings and structures Antenna height considerations Architectural engineering Construction Early skyscrapers Height restriction laws Oil platform Partially guyed tower Tower block Structural extremes Tallest Buildings Structures Bridges Chimneys Churches Orthodox Cities Dams Oil platforms Educational Freestanding Hospitals Hotels Lighthouses Residential Statues Towers Twin buildings and structures Largest Buildings Churches City squares Dams Domes Hotels Mosques Palace Power stations hydroelectric Shopping malls Hindu temples Longest Buildings Bridges arched cable - stayed cantilevered continuous truss masonry arch suspension Churches Tunnels Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_tallest_structures&oldid=800220343 '' Categories : Lists of tallest structures Lists of buildings and structures Towers Guyed masts Construction records Lists of tallest structures by region Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 errors : dates Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from June 2013 Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2008 Incomplete lists from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Français Italiano Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Simple English Slovenčina Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 04 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the tallest radio tower in the world	[ "\nKVLY-TV mast\n628.8 m (2,063 ft)\n1963\nGuyed mast\nVHF-UHF transmission\n United States\nBlanchard, North Dakota\nTallest mast in the world\n47°20′31.85″N 97°17′21.13″W / 47.3421806°N 97.2892028°W / 47.3421806; -97.2892028 (KVLY-TV mast)\n" ]	[ "KVLY-TV mast" ]
-7556876321215557787	Southern Colonies	Southern colonies - wikipedia Southern colonies Jump to : navigation , search Map of the Southern colonies , with the proclamation line of 1763 shown in red . The Southern Colonies within British America consisted of the Province of Maryland , the Colony of Virginia , the Province of Carolina ( in 1712 split into North and South Carolina ) and the Province of Georgia . In 1763 , the newly created colonies of East Florida and West Florida would be added to the Southern Colonies by Great Britain . These colonies would become the historical core of what would become the Southern United States , or `` Dixie '' . The colonies developed prosperous economies based on the cultivation of cash crops , such as tobacco , indigo , and rice . A side effect of the cultivation of these crops was the presence of slavery in significantly higher proportions than in other parts of British America . Contents ( hide ) 1 Georgia 2 Maryland 3 Virginia 4 See also 5 References Georgia ( edit ) The British colony of Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe on February 12 , 1733 . The colony was administered by the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America under a charter issued by ( and named for ) King George II . The Trustees implemented an elaborate plan for the settlement of the colony , known as the Oglethorpe Plan , which envisioned an agrarian society of yeoman farmers and prohibited slavery . In 1742 the colony was invaded by the Spanish during the War of Jenkins ' Ear . In 1752 , after the government failed to renew subsidies that had helped support the colony , the Trustees turned over control to the Crown . Georgia became a Crown colony , with a governor appointed by the king . The Province of Georgia was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution by signing the 1776 Declaration of Independence . After the war , Georgia became the fourth state of the Union after ratifying the Constitution on January 2 . The warm climate and swampy lands make it perfect for growing crops such as tobacco , rice , and sugar . Maryland ( edit ) George Calvert received a charter from King Charles I to found the colony of Maryland in 1632 . When George Calvert died , his son , Cecilius Calvert , later known as Lord Baltimore , became the proprietor . Calvert came from a wealthy Catholic family and was the first individual ( rather than a joint - stock company ) to receive a grant from the Crown . He received a grant for a large tract of land north of the Potomac river and on either side of Chesapeake Bay . Calvert planned on creating a haven for English Catholics , most of which were well - to - do nobles such as himself who could not worship in public . He planned on creating an agrarian manorial society where each noble would have a large manor and tenants would work in the fields and on other tasks . However , with extremely cheap land prices , many Protestants moved to Maryland and bought land for themselves . They soon became a majority of the population , and in 1642 religious tension began to erupt . Calvert was forced to take control and pass the Maryland Toleration Act in 1649 , making Maryland the second colony to have freedom of worship , after Rhode Island . However , the Act did little to help religious peace . In 1654 , Protestants barred Catholics from voting , ousted a pro-tolerance Governor , and repealed the Toleration Act . Maryland stayed Protestant until Calvert again took control of the colony in 1658 . Virginia ( edit ) The Colony of Virginia ( also known frequently as the Virginia Colony or the Province of Virginia , and occasionally as the Dominion and Colony of Virginia ) was an English colony in North America which existed briefly during the 16th century , and then continuously from 1607 until the American Revolution ( as a British colony after 1707 ) . The name Virginia was first applied by Sir Walter Raleigh and Queen Elizabeth I in 1584 . Jamestown was the first town created by the Virginia colony . After the English Civil War in the mid 17th century , the Virginia Colony was nicknamed `` The Old Dominion '' by King Charles II for its perceived loyalty to the English monarchy during the era of the Commonwealth of England . While other colonies were being founded , Virginia continued to grow . Tobacco planters held the best land near the coast , so new settlers pushed inland . Sir William Berkeley , the colony 's governor , sent explorers over the Blue Ridge Mountains to open up the back country of Virginia to settlement . After independence from Great Britain in 1776 , the Virginia Colony became the Commonwealth of Virginia , one of the original thirteen states of the United States , adopting as its official slogan `` The Old Dominion '' . The states of West Virginia , Kentucky , Indiana and Illinois , and portions of Ohio , were all later created from the territory encompassed earlier by the Colony of Virginia . See also ( edit ) Thirteen Colonies Middle Colonies Mid-Atlantic Chesapeake Colonies Colonial history of the United States New England Colonies Confederate States of America Southern United States Dixie South Atlantic States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Southern Colonies '' . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 17 . Jump up ^ Boyer , Paul S. ( 2004 ) . The Enduring Vision , 5th Edition . The Enduring Vision . Houghton - Mifflin . p. 64 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 28065 - 0 . Jump up ^ West , Jean M. `` The Devil 's Blue Dye and Slavery '' . Slavery in America . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Boyer , Paul S. ( 2004 ) . The Enduring Vision , 5th Edition . The Enduring Vision . Houghton - Mifflin . p. 77 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 28065 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` This Day in Georgia History - February 1 '' . Retrieved 13 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Trustee Georgia , 1732 -- 1752 '' . Georgiaencyclopedia.org . July 27 , 2009 . Retrieved October 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Browne , William Hand ( 1890 ) . George Calvert and Cecil Calvert : Barons Baltimore of Baltimore . New York : Dodd , Mead , and Company . p. 17 Jump up ^ `` Maryland : History , Geography , Population , and State Facts '' . Info please . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Boyer , Paul S. ( 2004 ) . The Enduring Vision , 5th Edition . The Enduring Vision . Houghton - Mifflin . pp. 68 -- 69 . ISBN 0 - 618 - 28065 - 0 . Jump up ^ The Royal Government in Virginia , 1624 - 1775 , Volume 84 , Issue 1 , Percy Scott Flippin , Wallace Everett Caldwell , p. 288 ( hide ) The Thirteen Colonies of Colonial America New England Colonies Middle Colonies Chesapeake Colonies Southern Colonies Connecticut Delaware Georgia Maryland Massachusetts Bay New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina Pennsylvania Rhode Island and Providence Plantations South Carolina Virginia Earlier English colonial entities Carolina East Jersey New England New Haven Plymouth West Jersey Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southern_Colonies&oldid=800829885 '' Categories : Colonial United States ( British ) Colonization history of the United States Thirteen Colonies Former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas History of the Southern United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Occitan Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 23 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who held social and political power in the southern colonies	[]	[]
8498274032677827174	Major League Baseball luxury tax	Major League Baseball luxury tax - wikipedia Major League Baseball luxury tax Major League Baseball has a luxury tax , called the `` competitive balance tax '' , in place of a salary cap in order to level the spending an individual team can spend on their roster . In many other professional sports leagues in North America there is a salary cap that limits what each team can spend on their players . If a league lacks a salary cap or a luxury tax , any team can spend all the money they can afford on players . This means teams with more limited financial resources can not afford the top talent , putting them at a competitive disadvantage against rich teams . Major League Baseball implemented the `` competitive balance tax '' in 1997 to keep a competitive balance in the league . At the beginning of each year , a threshold is set by the Commissioner 's Office of Major League Baseball that limits how much a team can spend on their players . In Major League Baseball , the `` competitive balance tax '' allows teams to go over the threshold , but at a premium . The goal of this is to encourage big spending but to still maintain balance in competition . Major League Baseball 's tax has undergone several changes since 1997 . Contents 1 History of the Major League Baseball Luxury Tax 1.1 1997 -- 1999 1.2 2002 -- present 1.3 Allocation of Taxes Paid 2 Other MLB Revenue Sharing Policies 3 Reaction Across the League 4 Efficacy 5 Proof a tax works 6 References History of the Major League Baseball luxury tax ( edit ) 1997 -- 1999 ( edit ) The 1994 Major League Baseball season was cut short due to the Major League Baseball strike . A primary source of conflict leading to the strike was the tremendous power club owners had over the salaries of players on their respective teams . Small market teams felt handcuffed by their relatively anemic budgets while players from larger market teams were unwilling to accept the substantial pay cuts that a salary cap would likely have imposed . This resulted in a compromise in the Collective Bargaining Agreement of 1996 , which imposed Major League Baseball 's first luxury tax . The first agreement stated that the top five salary teams in each year would pay a 34 % fine on each dollar a team spent beyond halfway between the salaries of the 5th and 6th team . For example , if the 5th highest salary team had a payroll of $100 million and the 6th highest salary team had a payroll of $98 million , the top 5 teams would pay 34 % on each dollar they spent over $99 million . Here is the amount of money each team paid from 1997 to 1999 , when this system was in place . MLB Team 1998 1999 Total Baltimore Orioles $4,030,228 $3,138,621 $3,475,048 $10,643,897 New York Yankees $4,431,180 $684,390 $4,804,081 $9,919,651 Los Angeles Dodgers $0 $49,593 $2,663,079 $2,712,672 Boston Red Sox $0 $2,184,734 $21,226 $2,205,960 Cleveland Indians $2,069,496 $0 $0 $2,065,496 Atlanta Braves $1,299,957 $495,625 $0 $1,795,582 New York Mets $0 $0 $1,137,992 $1,137,992 Florida Marlins $139,607 $0 $0 $139,607 Total $11,966,468 $6,552,963 $12,101,426 $30,618,857 2002 -- present ( edit ) The system today is based on the 2002 collective bargaining agreement . The luxury tax was eliminated from 2000 - 2002 , and the MLB brought it back with a new change to the system . Instead of putting a level between the 5th and 6th team , they decided to set a threshold that a team could not pass without a fee . This allowed teams to control their own fate more , as they were not being compared to other teams . This meant they would get punished only if they passed a certain level , rather than if they were in the top 5 in the year for salary . The 2002 CBA set the threshold for the 2003 - 2006 seasons , was updated for the 2007 - 2012 seasons in the 2006 CBA , and was updated again for the 2013 - 2016 seasons in the 2012 CBA . The 2016 CBA has set the threshold for the 2017 - 2021 seasons . The tax threshold for the 2003 - 2021 seasons are in the table below . Year Threshold 2003 $117,000,000 $120,500,000 2005 $128,000,000 2006 $136,500,000 2007 $148,000,000 2008 $155,000,000 2009 $162,000,000 $170,000,000 2011 $178,000,000 2012 $178,000,000 2013 $178,000,000 2014 $189,000,000 2015 $189,000,000 2016 $189,000,000 2017 $195,000,000 2018 $197,000,000 2019 $206,000,000 2020 $208,000,000 2021 $210,000,000 Just as with the old system , teams would have to pay a percentage of every dollar by which their payroll exceeded the set threshold . Under the 2002 and 2006 CBAs , the agreement brought about a progressive taxation system . They agreed that first time offenders would pay a fee of 17.5 % of excess payrolls ( later increased to 22.5 % ) , second time offenders would pay 30 % , and third time offenders would pay 40 % . In the 2012 CBA , after seeing teams go over more than three times , the agreement added a 50 % taxation level when teams went over the limit four or more times . Under the 2016 CBA , first time offenders would pay a fee of 20 % on the dollar , second time offenders would pay a 30 % on the dollar , and third or subsequent time offenders would have to pay 50 % on the dollar ( These offenses must be in consecutive years for these percentages . If a team falls below the threshold one year the penalty re-sets the next year to the `` first offense '' ) . From 2003 - 2017 , in every year at least one team has surpassed the tax threshold ; only eight different teams have passed the threshold in that period . Below is a breakdown of how much each team has paid since the inception of the new competitive balance tax in 2003 . Team Years surpassed Total tax paid New York Yankees 2003 - 2017 $319.6 MM Los Angeles Dodgers 2013 - 2017 $149.7 MM Boston Red Sox 2004 - 2007 , 2010 - 2011 , 2015 -- 2016 $25.1 MM Detroit Tigers 2008 , 2016 - 2017 $9.0 MM San Francisco Giants 2015 - 2017 $8.8 MM Chicago Cubs 2016 $2.96 MM Washington Nationals 2017 $1.45 MM Los Angeles Angels $927,059 Allocation of taxes paid ( edit ) On December 2nd in each contract year the Commissioner 's Office notifies every team that exceeded the tax threshold that they must pay their tax by January 21st of the following calendar year . The Commissioner 's Office then redistributes this money in a standard manner . The first $13 million will be used to defray clubs ' funding obligations under the MLB Players Benefits Agreements . Of the remaining sum , 50 % of the remaining proceeds collected for each Contract Year , with accrued interest , will be used to fund player compensation as described in the MLB Players Benefits Plan Agreements and the other 50 % shall be distributed to clubs that did not exceed the Base Tax Threshold in that Contract Year . Other MLB revenue sharing policies ( edit ) Major League Baseball also has policies improving the competitive balance off of the field . As a part of their base plan of revenue sharing , each team sends in 31 % of their local net revenues into a putative pool . Local net revenues is described as gross revenue from ticket sales , concessions , etc. minus central revenue from television and radio deals minus actual stadium expenses . This pool will then be distributed equally to all 30 teams , regardless of how much each paid . Teams that paid more than they were distributed are labeled as payors and teams paid more than they contributed were labeled as payees . This system is a direct way for poorer teams to get more money from the richer teams to level the competitive balance . Reaction across the League ( edit ) The effectiveness of this tax is still uncertain among MLB owners , as they take different approaches to the situation . Because of increasing tax levels when the cap is exceeded in consecutive years , there is an incentive to re-set to the year one tax rate . That increasing incremental penalty can affect a team 's decision regarding whether to retain a key player when they are already over the threshold , as they may be averse to paying a substantial fee . Some owners have stated that they will spend whatever they want as long as it is beneficial to the team , whereas others admit that it can handicap the team a lot in the long run . Efficacy ( edit ) The efficacy can be viewed in two different ways . As the years have gone on , the tax payments have increased into substantial amounts . According to USA Today Sports , more teams have come close or surpassed the tax threshold in the recent years as salaries have risen , especially in the past few seasons , despite owners wanting to stay below the tax threshold . However , in 2015 , teams in the middle of the payroll pack winning playoff games , as well as the World Series , as none of the teams that went over the tax threshold won a playoff game . This contrasts strongly with dominance of the Atlanta Braves and New York Yankees dynasties in the 1990s . Despite the success in 2015 , the efficacy could be an outlier . According to fivethirtyeight 's Noah Davis and Michael Lopez , despite the new system , cash buys more wins now than they did in the past . They also state that some teams win less when they spend more , proving there is no strong correlation between payroll and performance . Proof a tax works ( edit ) In professional sports , there is a want for a competitive balance from the commissioner 's office , as they do not want the same teams to win every year , because of concern that failing teams will go bankrupt , making the league 's market smaller . A study in the Academy of Business Journal back in 2013 shows a relationship between all 30 MLB teams ' winning percentage , team salaries , operating income , operating profit margin , gross profit and team revenue from 2002 - 2010 . This study purports to have proven that there is no difference in profit when there is a payroll increase , but there is a significant increase in winning percentage with an increase in payroll , so therefore teams can spend as they have to help their teams win , and general managers will prioritize wins over profits , allowing teams with more favorable revenue situations to spend more , leading to imbalance . Major League Baseball 's luxury tax is justified by a working paper from the University of Zurich . The paper develops a game - theoretic model that addresses the effects of a luxury tax on competitive balance , team profits , and social welfare . This model has half the teams above a certain tax threshold , and the other half below . The teams above would pay taxable balance from their excess amount , and it would be redistributed to the teams below . This research proved that the small teams could have a larger salary than before , and the larger teams would not be affected as much . In other words , the total salaries of the league increased , helping the players , and the competitive balance and social welfare grew , helping the fans . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Luxury Tax FanGraphs Sabermetrics Library '' . www.fangraphs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` MLB 's Evolving Luxury Tax FanGraphs Baseball '' . www.fangraphs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Orinick , Steve . `` Baseball Competitive Balance `` Luxury '' Tax `` . www.stevetheump.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 - 2021 Basic Agreement '' ( PDF ) . MLBPlayers.com . December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 CBA '' . espn.com . December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Todd , Jeff ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` Six teams set to pay luxury tax '' . mlbtraderumors.com . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Justin ( May 1 , 2012 ) . `` To Share or Not To Share : Revenue Sharing Structures in Professional Sports '' . Texas Review of Entertainment and Sports Law . Jump up ^ Lampe , Nick . `` How is the luxury tax affecting this offseason ? '' . Beyond the Box Score . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dodgers ' tax bill comes due at record $43.7 million '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ Davis , Noah ( 2015 - 07 - 08 ) . `` Do n't Be Fooled By Baseball 's Small - Budget Success Stories '' . FiveThirtyEight . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Susan Logan ; Dennis , Steven A. ( March 1 , 2013 ) . `` Performance or Profit : A Dilemma for Major League Baseball '' . Academy of Business Research Journal . Jump up ^ Dietl , Helmut M. ; Lang , Markus ; Werner , Stephan ( June 2009 ) . `` The Effect of Competitive Balance , Club Profits , and Social Welfare in Sports Leagues '' . Institute for Strategy and Business Economics University of Zurich . Baseball portal Major League Baseball ( 2018 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Schedule Spring training Opening Day Jackie Robinson Day Civil Rights Game All - Star Game Interleague play International games Players Weekend World Baseball Classic Postseason World Series Champions AL AL Champions ALCS ALDS NL NL Champions NLCS NLDS Wild Card Game Appearances Streaks Droughts Series Business Draft Rule 5 Players Association Highest paid players Luxury tax Lockouts / strikes Winter Meetings Hot stove league Transactions Media Logo Radio Television MLB.com MLB Advanced Media Minor League Baseball Authentication Program Miscellaneous Instant replay Team uniforms Stadiums Mascots Rivalries Players investigated for domestic violence History History AL Seasons Tie - breakers Tie - breaking procedures Records Awards Retired numbers Hall of Fame Steroid usage Drug policy suspensions Mitchell Report Juiced Vindicated Biogenesis baseball scandal BALCO scandal Game of Shadows Barry Bonds perjury case Timeline Timeline of Major League Baseball History of team nicknames Dead - ball era Live - ball era Golden age of baseball Defunct and relocated teams Relocation of the 1950s -- 60s Expansion 1961 1962 1969 1977 1998 Commissioner : Rob Manfred League Presidents AL NL Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Major_League_Baseball_luxury_tax&oldid=859992937 '' Categories : Major League Baseball rules Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 September 2018 , at 17 : 00 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	what is the luxury tax in major league baseball	[]	[]
-3743738186136724979	Labor Day	Labor Day - Wikipedia Labor Day This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 9 September 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the U.S. holiday . For the similarly named holiday in other countries , see Labour Day . For other uses , see Labor Day ( disambiguation ) . Labor Day Labor Day Parade in New York 's Union Square , 1882 Observed by United States Type National Celebrations Parades , barbecues Date First Monday in September 2016 date September 5 ( 2016 - 09 - 05 ) 2017 date September 4 ( 2017 - 09 - 04 ) 2018 date September 3 ( 2018 - 09 - 03 ) 2019 date September 2 ( 2019 - 09 - 02 ) Frequency Annual Related to Labour Day Labor Day in the United States is a public holiday celebrated on the first Monday in September . It honors the American labor movement and the contributions that workers have made to the strength , prosperity , laws and well - being of the country . It is the Monday of the long weekend known as Labor Day Weekend and it is considered the unofficial end of summer in the United States . It is recognized as a federal holiday . Beginning in the late 19th century , as the trade union and labor movements grew , trade unionists proposed that a day be set aside to celebrate labor . `` Labor Day '' was promoted by the Central Labor Union and the Knights of Labor , which organized the first parade in New York City . In 1887 , Oregon was the first state of the United States to make it an official public holiday . By the time it became an official federal holiday in 1894 , thirty U.S. states officially celebrated Labor Day . Canada 's Labour Day is also celebrated on the first Monday of September . More than 80 countries celebrate International Workers ' Day on May 1 -- the ancient European holiday of May Day -- and several countries have chosen their own dates for Labour Day . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Celebrations 3 Unofficial end of summer 4 Labor Day sales 5 Dates 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links History ( edit ) Beginning in the late 19th century , as the trade union and labor movements grew , different groups of trade unionists chose a variety of days on which to celebrate labor . In the United States a September holiday called Labor Day was first proposed in the 1880s . An early history of the holiday dates the event 's origins to a General Assembly of the Knights of Labor convened in New York City in September 1882 . In conjunction with this clandestine Knights assembly a public parade of various labor organizations was held on September 5 under the auspices of the Central Labor Union ( CLU ) of New York . Secretary of the CLU Matthew Maguire is credited for first proposing that a national Labor Day holiday subsequently be held on the first Monday of each September in the aftermath of this successful public demonstration . An alternative thesis is maintained that Peter J. McGuire of the American Federation of Labor put forward the first proposal in May 1882 , after witnessing the annual labour festival held in Toronto , Canada . There was disagreement among labor unions at this time about when a holiday celebrating workers should be . Many advocated for May 1st . However , President Cleveland was concerned that a labor holiday on May 1st would be a commemoration of the Haymarket Affair of May 1886 , as it eventually was under the name International Workers ' Day . In 1887 , he publicly supported the September Labor Day holiday . In 1887 Oregon became the first state of the United States to make Labor Day an official public holiday . By the time it became an official federal holiday in 1894 , thirty U.S. states officially celebrated Labor Day . Following the deaths of workers at the hands of United States Army and United States Marshals Service during the Pullman Strike of 1894 in Chicago , the United States Congress unanimously voted to approve legislation to make Labor Day a national holiday and President Grover Cleveland signed it into law six days after the end of the strike . Cleveland supported the creation of the national holiday in an attempt to shore up support among trade unions following the Pullman Strike . The date of May 1 ( an ancient European holiday known as May Day ) was an alternative date , celebrated then ( and now ) as International Workers ' Day , but President Cleveland was concerned that observance of Labor Day on May 1 would encourage Haymarket - style protests and would strengthen socialist and anarchist movements that , though distinct from one another , had rallied to commemorate the Haymarket Affair on International Workers ' Day . All U.S. states , the District of Columbia , and the United States territories have made Labor Day a statutory holiday . Celebrations ( edit ) The form for the celebration of Labor Day was outlined in the first proposal for the holiday : A street parade to exhibit to the public `` the strength and esprit de corps of the trade and labor organizations '' , followed by a festival for the workers and their friends and families . This became the pattern for Labor Day celebrations . Speeches by prominent men and women were introduced later , as more emphasis was placed upon the civil significance of the holiday . Still later , by a resolution of the American Federation of Labor convention of 1909 , the Sunday preceding Labor Day was adopted as Labor Sunday and dedicated to the spiritual and educational aspects of the Labor movement . Unofficial end of summer ( edit ) Labor Day is called the `` unofficial end of summer '' because it marks the end of the cultural summer season . Many take their two - week vacations during the two weeks ending Labor Day weekend . Many fall activities , such as school and sports begin about this time . In the United States , many school districts resume classes around the Labor Day holiday weekend ( see First day of school ) . Most begin the week before , making Labor Day weekend the first three - day weekend of the school calendar , while others return the Tuesday following Labor Day , allowing families one final getaway before the school year begins . Many districts across the Midwest are opting to begin school after Labor Day . In the U.S. state of Virginia , the amusement park industry has successfully lobbied for legislation requiring most school districts in the state to have their first day of school after Labor Day , in order to give families another weekend to visit amusement parks in the state . The relevant statute has been nicknamed the `` Kings Dominion law '' after one such park . In Minnesota the State Fair ends on Labor Day . Under state law public schools normally do not begin under after the holiday . Allowing time for school children to show 4 - H projects at the Fair has been given as one reason for this timing . In U.S. sports , Labor Day weekend marks the beginning of many fall sports . National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) teams usually play their first games that weekend and the National Football League ( NFL ) traditionally play their kickoff game the Thursday following Labor Day . The Southern 500 NASCAR auto race has been held on Labor Day weekend at Darlington Raceway in Darlington , South Carolina from 1950 to 2003 and since 2015 . At Indianapolis Raceway Park , the National Hot Rod Association hold their finals of the NHRA U.S. Nationals drag race that weekend . Labor Day is the middle point between weeks one and two of the U.S. Open Tennis Championships held in Flushing Meadows , New York . In fashion , Labor Day is ( or was ) considered the last day when it is acceptable to wear white or seersucker . The `` unofficial beginning of summer '' in the U.S. is Memorial Day at the end of May . Labor Day sales ( edit ) To take advantage of large numbers of potential customers with time to shop , Labor Day has become an important weekend for discounts and allowances by many retailers in the United States , especially for back - to - school sales . Some retailers claim it is one of the largest sale dates of the year , second only to the Christmas season 's Black Friday . Dates ( edit ) Year Labor Day 1900 1928 1956 1984 2012 2040 2068 2096 September 3 1901 1929 1957 1985 2013 2041 2069 2097 September 2 1902 1930 1958 1986 2014 2042 2070 2098 September 1 1903 1931 1959 2015 2043 2071 2099 September 7 1904 1932 1960 2016 2044 2072 September 5 1905 1933 1961 2017 2045 2073 September 4 1906 1934 1962 2018 2046 2074 September 3 1907 1935 1963 1991 2019 2047 2075 September 2 1908 1936 1964 2020 2048 2076 September 7 1909 1937 1965 2021 2049 2077 September 6 1910 1938 1966 2022 2050 2078 September 5 1911 1939 1967 1995 2023 2051 2079 September 4 1912 1940 1968 2024 2052 2080 September 2 1913 1941 1969 2025 2053 2081 September 1 1914 1942 1970 1998 2026 2054 2082 September 7 1915 1943 1971 1999 2027 2055 2083 September 6 1916 1944 1972 2000 2028 2056 2084 September 4 1917 1945 1973 2029 2057 2085 September 3 1918 1946 2002 2030 2058 2086 September 2 1919 1947 2003 2031 2059 2087 September 1 1920 1948 1976 2032 2060 2088 2100 September 6 1921 1949 1977 2005 2033 2061 2089 2101 September 5 1922 1950 1978 2006 2034 2062 2090 2102 September 4 1923 1951 1979 2007 2035 2063 2091 2103 September 3 1924 1952 1980 2008 2036 2064 2092 2104 September 1 1925 1953 1981 2009 2037 2065 2093 2105 September 7 1926 1954 1982 2038 2066 2094 2106 September 6 1927 1955 2011 2039 2067 2095 2107 September 5 See also ( edit ) United States labor law Labor history of the United States Labor unions in the United States Workers ' Memorial Day Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The gap is caused by the fact that , under the Gregorian Calendar , the year 2100 is not a leap year , not being divisible by 400 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Bridgemen 's magazine . International Association of Bridge . Structural and Ornamental Iron Workers . 1921 . pp. 443 -- 44 . Retrieved 4 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Origin of Labor Day , '' Cincinnati Tribune , Sept. 1 , 1895 , Special Labor Day supplement , pg. 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` United States Department of Labor : The History of Labor Day '' . Retrieved 2 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Canadian Encyclopedia : Origins of Labour Day '' . Retrieved 5 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Knights of Labor '' . Progressive Historians. 3 September 2007 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` On May Day and Occupy in the USA '' . The Leading Light . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 28 . Jump up ^ Foner , Philip S. ( 1986 ) . May Day : A Short History of the International Workers ' Holiday , 1886 -- 1986 . New York : International Publishers . pp. 41 -- 43 . ISBN 0 - 7178 - 0624 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Online NewsHour : Origins of Labor Day -- September 2 , 1996 '' . PBS . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Brendan I. Koerner . `` Why do we get Labor Day off '' . Slate Magazine . Jump up ^ Sally Kohn ( September 1 , 2014 ) . Why Labor Day was a political move . CNN . Retrieved September 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Labor Day marks unofficial end of rainy summer '' . WBIR - TV10 . September 2 , 2013 . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Charles , C.M. ; Senter , Gail W. ( 2008 ) . Elementary classroom management . Pearson / Allyn and Bacon . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 205 - 51071 - 9 . Retrieved 4 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Freed , Benjamin ( August 25 , 2014 ) . `` '' Kings Dominion Law '' Still Reigns in Virginia `` . Washingtonian . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Minneapolis Public Schools Commonly asked questions Jump up ^ Laura FitzPatrick ( September 8 , 2009 ) . `` Why We Ca n't Wear White After Labor Day '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved February 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bell , Johnathan ( May 9 , 2011 ) . `` An Introduction to Seersucker for Men '' . Guy Style Guide . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Glenn . `` Daytime wedding after Labor Day : Is it OK to wear a light beige suit to a daytime wedding after Labor Day ? '' . GQ . The Style Guy . Retrieved 2 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Labor Day Intention Still Holds Meaning '' . Tri Parish Times . August 30 , 2012 . Retrieved 31 August 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Green , James ( 2007 ) . Death In the Haymarket : A Story of Chicago , the First Labor Movement and the Bombing that Divided Gilded Age America . Anchor . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 3322 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Labor Day in the United States . History of Labor Day , History of Artists and Writers Unions , Rare Labor Related Comic Books Labor Day is May 1 : Today is a boss 's holiday . Jacobin . September 7 , 2015 . Today Belongs to Workers . Jacobin . September 5 , 2016 . `` Labor Day '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . Federal holidays in the United States Current New Year 's Day Birthday of Martin Luther King Jr . Washington 's Birthday Memorial Day Independence Day Labor Day Columbus Day Veterans Day Thanksgiving Day Christmas Day Former The Eighth ( 1828 -- 1861 ) Victory Day ( 1948 -- 1975 ) Proposed Flag Day ( 1950 ) Election Day ( 1993 ) Malcolm X Day ( 1993 -- 1994 ) Democracy Day ( 2005 , 2014 ) Cesar Chavez Day ( 2008 ) Susan B. Anthony Day ( 2011 ) Native American Day ( 2013 ) Holidays , observances , and celebrations in the United States January New Year 's Day ( federal ) Martin Luther King Jr . 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See also : Lists of holidays , Hallmark holidays , public holidays in the United States , New Jersey , New York , Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands . Official holidays of the New York Stock Exchange Whole days New Year 's Day Martin Luther King Jr . Day Washington 's Birthday Good Friday Memorial Day Independence Day Labor Day Thanksgiving Day Christmas Day Partial days Day before Independence Day Day after Thanksgiving Christmas Eve Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Labor_Day&oldid=799781355 '' Categories : Labor in the United States Public holidays in the United States Recurring events established in 1882 Movable September observances Summer holidays 1882 establishments in the United States Federal holidays in the United States Hidden categories : Use American English from September 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Holidays and observances by scheduling ( nth weekday of the month ) Infobox holiday with missing field Infobox holiday ( other ) All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from September 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська ייִדיש 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 20 : 20 . 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About Wikipedia	what president made labor day a national holiday	[ "Following the deaths of workers at the hands of United States Army and United States Marshals Service during the Pullman Strike of 1894 in Chicago, the United States Congress unanimously voted to approve legislation to make Labor Day a national holiday and President Grover Cleveland signed it into law six days after the end of the strike.[8] Cleveland supported the creation of the national holiday in an attempt to shore up support among trade unions following the Pullman Strike.[9] The date of May 1 (an ancient European holiday known as May Day) was an alternative date, celebrated then (and now) as International Workers' Day, but President Cleveland was concerned that observance of Labor Day on May 1 would encourage Haymarket-style protests and would strengthen socialist and anarchist movements that, though distinct from one another, had rallied to commemorate the Haymarket Affair on International Workers' Day.[9][10]" ]	[ "President Grover Cleveland" ]
2738411748190673539	Wonders of the World	Wonders of the World - wikipedia Wonders of the World This article is about natural and constructed phenomena and structures of the world . For other uses of `` Wonders of the World '' , see Wonders of the World ( disambiguation ) . The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World ( from left to right , top to bottom ) : Great Pyramid of Giza , Hanging Gardens of Babylon , Temple of Artemis at Ephesus , Statue of Zeus at Olympia , Mausoleum at Halicarnassus ( also known as the Mausoleum of Mausolus ) , Colossus of Rhodes , and the Lighthouse of Alexandria as depicted by 16th - century Dutch artist Maarten van Heemskerck . Map of the Wonders of the World ( interactive map ) Various lists of the Wonders of the World have been compiled from antiquity to the present day , to catalogue the world 's most spectacular natural wonders and manmade structures . The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World is the first known list of the most remarkable creations of classical antiquity ; it was based on guidebooks popular among Hellenic sightseers and only includes works located around the Mediterranean rim and in Mesopotamia . The number seven was chosen because the Greeks believed it represented perfection and plenty , and because it was the number of the five planets known anciently , plus the sun and moon . Many similar lists have been made . Contents 1 Seven Wonders of the Ancient World 2 Lists from other eras 3 Recent lists 3.1 American Society of Civil Engineers 3.2 USA Today 's New Seven Wonders 3.3 Seven Natural Wonders of the World 3.4 New7Wonders of the World 3.5 New7Wonders of Nature 3.6 New7Wonders Cities 3.7 Seven Wonders of the Underwater World 3.8 Seven Wonders of the Industrial World 3.9 Seven Wonders of the World film 3.10 Seven Wonders of the Solar System 3.11 Other lists of wonders of the world 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Seven Wonders of the ancient World Main article : Seven Wonders of the Ancient World The Great Pyramid of Giza , the only wonder of the ancient world still in existence The Colosseum in Rome The Great Wall of China Hagia Sophia Stonehenge Machu Picchu Taj Mahal Empire State Building Golden Gate Bridge The Victoria Falls contain the largest sheet of falling water in the world in terms of area The Great Barrier Reef CN Tower Chichen Itza Ely Cathedral Old City of Jerusalem The Aurora Borealis or Northern Lights Grand Canyon The London sewerage system 's original Abbey Mills pumping station The Sydney Opera House The historian Herodotus ( 484 -- ca . 425 BC ) and the scholar Callimachus of Cyrene ( ca . 305 -- 240 BC ) , at the Museum of Alexandria , made early lists of seven wonders . Their writings have not survived , except as references . The classic seven wonders were : Colossus of Rhodes Great Pyramid of Giza Hanging Gardens of Babylon Lighthouse of Alexandria Mausoleum at Halicarnassus Statue of Zeus at Olympia Temple of Artemis at Ephesus The only ancient world wonder that still exists is the Great Pyramid of Giza . Lists from other eras In the 19th and early 20th centuries , some writers wrote their own lists with names such as Wonders of the Middle Ages , Seven Wonders of the Middle Ages , Seven Wonders of the Medieval Mind , and Architectural Wonders of the Middle Ages . However , it is unlikely that these lists originated in the Middle Ages , because the word `` medieval '' was not invented until the Enlightenment - era , and the concept of a Middle Age did not become popular until the 16th century . Brewer 's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable refers to them as `` later list ( s ) '' , suggesting the lists were created after the Middle Ages . Many of the structures on these lists were built much earlier than the Medieval Ages but were well known . Typically representative are : Catacombs of Kom el Shoqafa Colosseum Great Wall of China Hagia Sophia Leaning Tower of Pisa Porcelain Tower of Nanjing Stonehenge Other sites sometimes included on such lists : Cairo Citadel Cluny Abbey Ely Cathedral Taj Mahal Recent lists Following in the tradition of the classical list , modern people and organisations have made their own lists of wonderful things ancient and modern . Some of the most notable lists are presented below . American Society of Civil Engineers In 1994 , the American Society of Civil Engineers compiled a list of Seven Wonders of the Modern World , paying tribute to the `` greatest civil engineering achievements of the 20th century '' . Wonder Date started Date finished Location Significance Channel Tunnel December 1 , 1987 May 6 , 1994 Strait of Dover , between the United Kingdom and France The longest undersea portion of any tunnel in the world . CN Tower February 6 , 1973 June 26 , 1976 Toronto , Ontario , Canada Tallest freestanding structure in the world 1976 -- 2007 . Empire State Building March 17 , 1930 April 11 , 1931 New York City , New York , U.S. Tallest structure in the world 1931 -- 1954 , Tallest freestanding structure in the world 1931 -- 1967 , Tallest Building in the world 1931 -- 1970 . First building with 100 + stories . Golden Gate Bridge January 5 , 1933 May 27 , 1937 Golden Gate Strait , north of San Francisco , California , U.S. The longest suspension bridge main span in the world from 1937 to 1964 . Itaipu Dam January 1970 May 5 , 1984 Paraná River , between Brazil and Paraguay The largest operating hydroelectric facility in the world in terms of annual energy generation . Delta and Zuiderzee Works 1920 May 10 , 1997 Zeeland , South Holland , North Holland , Friesland and Flevoland , Netherlands The largest hydraulic engineering project undertaken by the Netherlands during the twentieth century . Panama Canal January 1 , 1880 January 7 , 1914 Isthmus of Panama One of the largest and most difficult engineering projects ever undertaken . USA Today 's New Seven Wonders In November 2006 the American national newspaper USA Today and the American television show Good Morning America revealed a new list of New Seven Wonders as chosen by six judges . An eighth wonder was chosen on November 24 , 2006 from viewer feedback . Number Wonder Location Potala Palace Lhasa , Tibet , China Old City of Jerusalem Jerusalem Polar ice caps Polar regions Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument Hawaii , United States 5 Internet Earth 6 Mayan ruins Yucatán Peninsula , México 7 Great Migration of Serengeti and Masai Mara Tanzania and Kenya 8 Grand Canyon ( viewer - chosen eighth wonder ) Arizona , United States Seven natural Wonders of the World Similar to the other lists of wonders , there is no consensus on a list of seven natural wonders of the world , and there has been debate over how large the list should be . One of the many existing lists was compiled by CNN : Aurora Grand Canyon Great Barrier Reef Harbor of Rio de Janeiro Mount Everest Parícutin volcano Victoria Falls New7Wonders of the World In 2001 an initiative was started by the Swiss corporation New7Wonders Foundation to choose the New7Wonders of the World from a selection of 200 existing monuments . Twenty - one finalists were announced January 1 , 2006 . Egyptians were not happy that the only surviving original wonder , the Great Pyramid of Giza , would have to compete with the likes of the Statue of Liberty , the Sydney Opera House , and other landmarks , calling the project absurd . In response , Giza was named an honorary Candidate . The results were announced on July 7 , 2007 , in Lisbon , Portugal : Wonder Date of construction Location Great Wall of China Since 7th century BC China Petra c. 100 BC Jordan Christ the Redeemer Opened October 12 , 1931 Brazil Machu Picchu c . AD 1450 Peru Chichen Itza c . AD 600 Mexico Colosseum Completed AD 80 Italy Taj Mahal Completed c . AD 1648 India Great Pyramid of Giza ( honorary candidate ) Completed c. 2560 BC Egypt New7Wonders of Nature New7Wonders of Nature ( 2007 -- 11 ) , a contemporary effort to create a list of seven natural wonders chosen through a global poll , was organized by the same group as the New7Wonders of the World campaign . Iguazu Falls Hạ Long Bay Jeju Island Puerto Princesa Underground River Table Mountain Komodo Amazon rainforest New7Wonders Cities New7Wonders Cities is the third global vote organized by New7Wonders . Durban , South Africa Vigan , The Philippines Havana , Cuba Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia Beirut , Lebanon Doha , Qatar La Paz , Bolivia Seven Wonders of the Underwater World The Seven Underwater Wonders of the World was a list drawn up by CEDAM International , an American - based non-profit group for divers , dedicated to ocean preservation and research . In 1989 CEDAM brought together a panel of marine scientists , including Dr. Eugenie Clark , to pick underwater areas which they considered to be worthy of protection . The results were announced at The National Aquarium in Washington DC by actor Lloyd Bridges , star of TV 's Sea Hunt : Palau Belize Barrier Reef Great Barrier Reef Deep - Sea Vents Galápagos Islands Lake Baikal Northern Red Sea Seven Wonders of the Industrial World British author Deborah Cadbury wrote Seven Wonders of the Industrial World , a book telling the stories of seven great feats of engineering of the 19th and early 20th centuries . In 2003 , the BBC aired a seven - part docudrama exploring the same feats , with Cadbury as a producer . Each episode dramatised the construction of one of the following industrial wonders : SS Great Eastern Bell Rock Lighthouse Brooklyn Bridge London sewerage system First Transcontinental Railroad Panama Canal Hoover Dam Seven Wonders of the World film Seven Wonders of the World is a 1956 film in which Lowell Thomas searches the world for natural and man made wonders and invites the audience to try to update the ancient Greek Wonders of the World list . Seven Wonders of the Solar System In a 1999 article , Astronomy magazine listed the `` Seven Wonders of the Solar System '' . This article was later made into a video . Enceladus , a moon of Saturn The Great red spot of Jupiter The Asteroid belt The surface of the Sun The Oceans of Earth The Rings of Saturn Olympus Mons on Mars Other lists of Wonders of the World Numerous other authors and organisations have composed lists of the wonders of the world . For example : British biographer , science writer , and novelist Ronald W. Clark published a book of man - made and natural wonders titled Wonders of the World , which lists 52 wonders , one for each week of the year . Travel writer Howard Hillman published two books on the subject , one with 10 man - made wonders , and one with 10 natural wonders . See also Eighth Wonder of the World National Seven Wonders Seven Wonders of Canada Seven Wonders of Colombia Seven Wonders of Poland Seven Wonders of Portugal Seven Natural Wonders of Romania Seven Wonders of Russia Seven Wonders of Ukraine Seven Wonders of Wales 12 Treasures of Spain Seven Wonders of Fore ( Fore Abbey , Ireland ) World Heritage List -- a list of over 900 sites deemed by UNESCO to be of `` outstanding universal value '' Geography portal Notes Jump up ^ Both the USA Today article and the Good Morning America broadcast described this wonder as `` Jerusalem 's Old City , Israel . '' The Old City is located in East Jerusalem , which is claimed by both the State of Israel and the State of Palestine . The UN and most countries do not recognize Israel 's claim to East Jerusalem , taking the position that the final status of Jerusalem is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority . See Positions on Jerusalem for more information . References Jump up ^ Anon. ( 1993 ) . The Oxford Illustrated Encyclopedia ( First ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University . ^ Jump up to : Evans , IH ( reviser ( 1975 ) . Brewer 's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable ( Centenary edition Fourth impression ( corrected ) ed . ) . London : Cassell . p. 1163 . ^ Jump up to : Hereward Carrington ( 1880 -- 1958 ) . The Seven Wonders of the World : ancient , medieval and modern `` , reprinted in the Carington Collection ( 2003 ) . ISBN 0 - 7661 - 4378 - 3 . Jump up ^ The Carrington Collection . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Latham , Edward ( 1904 ) . A Dictionary of Names , Nicknames and Surnames , of Persons , Places and Things . p. 280 . OCLC 01038938 . Jump up ^ Miller , Francis Trevelyan ; Woodrow , Wilson ; Taft , William Howard ; Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1915 ) . America , the Land We Love . p. 201 . OCLC 00334597 . Jump up ^ The Complete Idiot 's Guide to the Crusades. 2001 . p. 153 . Jump up ^ `` Cluny Abbey '' . The Catholic Encyclopedia . 16 . 1913 . p. 74 . OCLC 06974688 . Jump up ^ The Rough Guide To England . 1994 . p. 596 . Jump up ^ Palpa , as You Like it . p. 67 . Jump up ^ `` American Society of Civil Engineers Seven Wonders '' . ASCE.org . July 19 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ American Society of Civil Engineers . `` Seven Wonders of the Modern World '' . ASCE.org . Jump up ^ `` New Seven Wonders panel '' . USA Today . October 27 , 2006 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Clark , Jayne ( December 22 , 2006 ) . `` The world 's 8th wonder : Readers pick the Grand Canyon '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Natural Wonders '' . CNN . November 11 , 1997 . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2006 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The multimedia campaign to choose the New 7 Wonders of the World is in its final stage '' . New7Wonders . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2007 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New 7 Wonders of the World Campaign announced 21 finalist candidates '' . New7Wonders . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2006 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt 's pyramids out of seven wonders contest '' . Daily News Egypt . April 20 , 2007 . Retrieved 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Reuters via ABC News Australia `` Opera House snubbed as new Wonders unveiled '' 7 July 2007 `` . Australia : ABC . July 8 , 2007 . Retrieved July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Great Wall of China '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ `` Underwater Wonders of the World '' . Wonderclub . Retrieved August 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kumar , Manjit ( 7 November 2003 ) . `` Review : Seven Wonders of the Industrial World by Deborah Cadbury '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Cadbury , Deborah ( 17 February 2011 ) . `` British History in Depth : Seven Wonders of the Industrial World '' . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Seven Wonders of the Solar System Video : '' . Aaa.org. 1999 . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Clark , Ronald W. ( 1980 ) . Wonders of the World . Artus Publishing Company Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 668 - 04932 - 0 . Jump up ^ Hillman , Howard . World 's Top 10 Man - made Travel Wonders . Hillman Quality Publications . Retrieved July 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hillman , Howard . World 's Top 10 Natural Travel Wonders . Hillman Quality Publications . Retrieved July 7 , 2007 . Further reading Ash , Russell ( 2000 ) . Great Wonders of the World . Dorling Kindersley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7513 - 2886 - 8 . Cox , Reg & Morris , Neil & Field , James ( October 2000 ) . The Seven Wonders of the Medieval World ( Library ed . ) . Chelsea House Publications . ISBN 0 - 7910 - 6047 - 0 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Cox , Reg & Morris , Neil ( October 2000 ) . The Seven Wonders of the Modern World ( Library ed . ) . Chelsea House Publications . ISBN 0 - 7910 - 6048 - 9 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) D'Epiro , Peter & Pinkowish , Mary Desmond ( December 1 , 1998 ) . What Are the Seven Wonders of the World ? and 100 Other Great Cultural Lists . Anchor . ISBN 0 - 385 - 49062 - 3 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Morris , Neil ( December 30 , 2002 ) . The Seven Wonders of the Natural World . Chrysalis Books . ISBN 1 - 84138 - 495 - X . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Seven Wonders of the World . Africa portal Ancient Egypt portal Netherlands portal Australia portal Latin America portal Ecology portal Gardening portal Religion portal Queensland portal Ancient Greece portal San Francisco Bay Area portal Grand Canyon portal 77 Wonders of the World in 360 ° A list of world wonders linking the ancient 7 Wonders of the World and the World Heritage List by UNESCO Seven Wonders of the Ancient World The Seven Wonders Great Pyramid of Giza Hanging Gardens of Babylon Statue of Zeus at Olympia Temple of Artemis Mausoleum at Halicarnassus Colossus of Rhodes Lighthouse of Alexandria Related Wonders of the World Seven Wonders of the World ( 1956 film ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wonders_of_the_World&oldid=862909355 '' Categories : Ancient history Cultural lists Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from February 2012 CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch বাংলা Български Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά فارسی ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Latviešu Limburgs Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Nordfriisk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Walon ייִדיש 中文 40 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2018 , at 13 : 57 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who named the seven wonders of the world	[ "The historian Herodotus (484 – ca. 425 BC) and the scholar Callimachus of Cyrene (ca. 305–240 BC), at the Museum of Alexandria, made early lists of seven wonders. Their writings have not survived, except as references.\n", "The historian Herodotus (484 – ca. 425 BC) and the scholar Callimachus of Cyrene (ca. 305–240 BC), at the Museum of Alexandria, made early lists of seven wonders. Their writings have not survived, except as references.\n" ]	[ "Herodotus", "Callimachus of Cyrene" ]
-9206477503946555534	Gap analysis	Gap analysis - wikipedia Gap analysis Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Gap analysis ( disambiguation ) . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia 's layout guidelines . Please help by editing the article to make improvements to the overall structure . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In management literature , gap analysis involves the comparison of actual performance with potential or desired performance . If an organization does not make the best use of current resources , or forgoes investment in capital or technology , it may produce or perform below its potential . This concept is similar to an economy 's production being below the production possibilities frontier . Gap analysis identifies gaps between the optimized allocation and integration of the inputs ( resources ) , and the current allocation - level . This may reveal areas that can be improved . Gap analysis involves determining , documenting , and approving the difference between business requirements and current capabilities . Gap analysis naturally flows from benchmarking and from other assessments . Once the general expectation of performance in an industry is understood , it is possible to compare that expectation with the company 's current level of performance . This comparison becomes the gap analysis . Such analysis can be performed at the strategic or at the operational level of an organization . Gap analysis is a formal study of what a business is doing currently and where it wants to go in the future . It can be conducted , in different perspectives , as follows : Organization ( e.g. , Human Resources ) Business direction Business processes Information technology Gap analysis provides a foundation for measuring investment of time , money and human resources required to achieve a particular outcome ( e.g. to turn the salary payment process from paper - based to paperless with the use of a system ) . Note that `` GAP analysis '' has also been used as a means of classifying how well a product or solution meets a targeted need or set of requirements . In this case , `` GAP '' can be used as a ranking of `` Good '' , `` Average '' or `` Poor '' . ( This terminology appears in the PRINCE2 project management publication from the OGC ( Office of Government Commerce ) . ) The need for new products or additions to existing lines may emerge from portfolio analysis , in particular from the use of the Boston Consulting Group Growth - share matrix -- or the need may emerge from the regular process of following trends in the requirements of consumers . At some point , a gap emerges between what existing products offer and what the consumer demands . The organization must fill that gap to survive and grow . Gap analysis can identify gaps in the market . Thus , comparing forecast profits to desired profits reveals the planning gap . This represents a goal for new activities in general , and new products in particular . The planning gap can be divided into three main elements : Contents ( hide ) 1 Usage gap 2 Existing usage 3 Product gap 4 Use to develop a better process 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Usage gap ( edit ) The usage gap is the gap between the total potential for the market and actual current usage by all consumers in the market . Data for this calculation includes : Market usage Existing usage Existing usage ( edit ) Existing consumer usage makes up the total current market , from which market shares , for example , are calculated . It usually derives from marketing research , most accurately from panel research , but also from adhoc work . Sometimes it may be available from figures that governments or industries have collected . However , these are often based on categories that make bureaucratic sense but are less helpful in marketing terms . The ' usage gap ' is thus : usage gap = market potential -- existing usage This is an important calculation . Many , if not most , marketers accept existing market size -- suitably projected their forecast timescales -- as the boundary for expansion plans . Though this is often the most realistic assumption , it may impose an unnecessary limit on horizons . For example : the original market for video - recorders was limited to professional users who could afford high prices . Only after some time did the technology extend to the mass market . In the public sector , where service providers usually enjoy a monopoly , the usage gap is probably the most important factor in activity development . However , persuading more consumers to take up family benefits , for example , is probably more important to the relevant government department than opening more local offices . Usage gap is most important for brand leaders . If a company has a significant share of the whole market , they may find it worthwhile to invest in making the market bigger . This option is not generally open to minor players , though they may still profit by targeting specific offerings as market extensions . All other gaps relate to the difference between existing sales ( market share ) and total sales of the market as a whole . The difference is the competitor share . These gaps therefore , relate to competitive activity . Product gap ( edit ) The product gap -- also called the segment or positioning gap -- is that part of the market a particular organization is excluded from because of product or service characteristics . This may be because the market is segmented and the organization does not have offerings in some segments , or because the organization positions its offerings in a way that effectively excludes certain potential consumers -- because competitive offerings are much better placed for these consumers . This segmentation may result from deliberate policy . Segmentation and positioning are powerful marketing techniques , but the trade - off -- against better focus -- is that market segments may effectively be put beyond reach . On the other hand , product gap can occur by default ; the organization has thought out its positioning , its offerings drifted to a particular market segment . The product gap may be the main element of the planning gap where an organization can have productive input ; hence the emphasis on the importance of correct positioning . Use to develop a better process ( edit ) A gap analysis can also be used to analyze gaps in processes and the gulf between the existing outcome and the desired outcome . This step process can be illustrated by the example below : Identify the existing process : fishing by using fishing rods Identify the existing outcome : we can manage to catch 20 fish per day Identify the desired outcome : we want to catch 100 fish per day Identify and document the gap : it is a difference of 80 fish Identify the process to achieve the desired outcome : we can use an alternative method such as using a fishing net Develop the means to fill the gap : acquire and use a fishing net Develop and prioritize Requirements to bridge the gap A gap analysis can also be used to compare one process to others performed elsewhere , which are often identified through benchmarking . In this usage , one compares each process side - by - side and step - by - step and then notes the differences . One then analyzes each deviation to determine if there is any benefit to changing to the alternate process . The results of this analysis ( in the context of the benefits and detriments of changing processes ) may support the maintenance of the current process , the wholesale adoption of an alternate process , or a fusion of different aspects of each process . See also ( edit ) Capability ( systems engineering ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Business Analyst Do We Need a Mature GAP Analysis ? '' . Clients.criticalimpact.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 01 . External links ( edit ) Batimes.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gap_analysis&oldid=797666069 '' Categories : Product management Business planning Project management Engineering Systems engineering Software requirements Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing reorganization from May 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Norsk Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2017 , at 14 : 25 . About Wikipedia	define the gap and make recommendations for bridging the gap	[]	[]
5304650371946760659	Times Square Ball	Times Square ball - wikipedia Times Square ball Times Square New Year 's Eve ball drop The ball resting atop One Times Square in 2011 Genre New Year 's Eve event Date ( s ) December 31st Begins 5 : 58 PM EST Ends 12 : 20 AM EST Frequency Annually Location ( s ) Times Square , New York City Inaugurated 1907 Founder Adolph Ochs Organized by Times Square Alliance Countdown Entertainment Website timessquareball.net The Times Square Ball is a time ball located in New York City 's Times Square . Located on the roof of One Times Square , the ball is a prominent part of a New Year 's Eve celebration in Times Square commonly referred to as the ball drop , where the ball descends 141 feet ( 43 m ) in 60 seconds down a specially designed flagpole , beginning at 11 : 59 : 00 p.m. ET , and resting at midnight to signal the start of the new year . In recent years , the festivities have been preceded by live entertainment , including performances by musicians . The event was first organized by Adolph Ochs , owner of The New York Times newspaper , as a successor to a series of New Year 's Eve fireworks displays he held at the building to promote its status as the new headquarters of the Times , while the ball itself was designed by Artkraft Strauss . First held on December 31 , 1907 , to welcome 1908 , the ball drop has been held annually since , except in 1942 and 1943 in observance of wartime blackouts . The ball 's design has been updated over the years to reflect improvements in lighting technology ; the ball was initially constructed from wood and iron , and lit with 100 incandescent light bulbs . The current incarnation features a computerized LED lighting system and an outer surface consisting of triangular crystal panels . These panels contain inscriptions representing a yearly theme . Since 2009 , the current ball has been displayed atop One Times Square year - round , while the original , smaller version of the current ball that was used in 2008 has been on display inside the Times Square visitor 's center . The event is organized by the Times Square Alliance and Countdown Entertainment , a company led by Jeff Strauss , and is among the most notable New Year 's celebrations internationally : it is attended by at least 1 million spectators yearly , and is nationally televised as part of New Year 's Eve specials broadcast by a number of networks and cable channels . The prevalence of the Times Square ball drop has inspired similar `` drops '' at other local New Year 's Eve events across the country ; while some use balls , some instead drop objects that represent local culture or history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Events 1.1 Event organization 1.2 Festivities 1.3 Past Songs Before The Ball Drop 1.4 The New Years Countdown Timer 1.5 Cleanup 2 History 2.1 Beginnings ( 1907 -- 1908 ) 2.2 The second and third balls ( 1920 -- 98 ) 2.3 Into the new millennium ( 1999 -- 2007 ) 2.4 Present day ( 2008 -- present ) 2.5 Weather at midnight 3 Broadcasting 3.1 Past broadcasts 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Events ( edit ) Event organization ( edit ) Spectators celebrate the arrival of 2013 . Oswaldo San Andres and Lillianne Perez join Michael Bloomberg in activating the drop for 2007 . To facilitate the arrival of attendees , Times Square is closed to traffic beginning in the late afternoon on New Year 's Eve . The square is then divided into different viewing sections referred to as `` pens '' , into which attendees are directed sequentially upon arrival . Security is strictly enforced by the New York City Police Department ( NYPD ) , even more so since the 2001 -- 02 edition in the wake of the September 11 attacks . Attendees are required to pass through security checkpoints before they are assigned a pen , and are prohibited from bringing backpacks or alcohol to the event . Security was increased further for 2017 -- 18 edition due to recent incidents such as the truck attack in New York on October 31 , and the Route 91 Harvest festival shootings in Las Vegas ; these included additional patrols of Times Square hotels , rooftop patrol squads and counter-snipers , and the installation of reflective markers on buildings to help officers identify the location of elevated shooters . Festivities ( edit ) Festivities formally begin in the early evening with the raising of the ball at around 6 : 00 p.m. ET , upon the conclusion of the 20 - second `` 6 Hours to Go '' countdown at 5 : 59 : 40 . Party favors are distributed to attendees , which have historically included large balloons , hats , and other items branded with the event 's corporate sponsors . The hours before the drop are preceded by hourly countdowns for the arrival of the new year in other countries , along with live music performances by popular musicians . Some of these performances are organized by , and aired on New Year 's Eve television specials which are broadcast from Times Square . The drop itself occurs at 11 : 59 p.m. -- the last minute of the year , and is ceremonially `` activated '' by a dignitary or celebrity joined on - stage by the current Mayor of New York City , Bill de Blasio ; formerly Rudy Giuliani from 1995 - 96 until 2001 - 02 , and Michael Bloomberg from 2002 - 03 until 2012 - 13 . The conclusion of the drop is followed by fireworks shot from the roof of One Times Square , along with the playing of `` Auld Lang Syne '' by Guy Lombardo , `` Theme from New York , New York '' by Frank Sinatra , `` America the Beautiful '' by Ray Charles , `` What a Wonderful World '' by Louis Armstrong , and `` Over the Rainbow '' by IZ . The current Mayor of New York City has been joined by a special guest , selected yearly to recognize their community involvement or significance , in ceremonially `` activating '' the ball drop by pressing a button , resembling a smaller version of the ball itself , at exactly one minute to midnight . The button itself does not actually trigger the drop ; that is done from a control room , synchronized using a government time signal . Special guests who have activated the ball drop have included : 1995 - 1996 Rudy Giuliani And Donna Hanover 1996 -- 1997 : Oseola McCarty 1997 -- 1998 : A group of five winners from a school essay contest honoring New York City 's centennial 1998 -- 1999 : Chinese gymnast Sang Lan ( who was injured during the 1998 Goodwill Games and was being rehabilitated in New York City ) 1999 -- 2000 : Dr. Mary Ann Hopkins from Doctors Without Borders 2000 -- 2001 : Muhammad Ali 2001 -- 2002 : Rudy Giuliani and Judith Nathan ; this was Giuliani 's final act as mayor . Michael Bloomberg officially became the new Mayor of New York City upon the beginning of 2002 , and took his oath of office shortly after midnight . 2002 -- 2003 : Christopher and Dana Reeve 2003 -- 2004 : Cyndi Lauper , along with Shoshana Johnson -- the first female American prisoner of war belonging to an ethnic minority 2004 -- 2005 : Secretary of State Colin Powell 2005 -- 2006 : Jazz musician Wynton Marsalis 2006 -- 2007 : A group of eight United States Armed Forces members 2007 -- 2008 : Karolina Wierzchowska , an Iraq War veteran and New York City Police Academy valedictorian 2008 -- 2009 : Bill and Hillary Clinton 2009 -- 2010 : Twelve students from New York City high schools on the U.S. News & World Report `` America 's Best High Schools Top 100 ' Gold Medal ' List '' 2010 -- 2011 : Former Staff sergeant Salvatore Giunta 2011 -- 2012 : Musician Lady Gaga 2012 -- 2013 : The Rockettes 2013 -- 2014 : U.S. Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor . 2014 -- 2015 : Cuban - American musician Jencarlos Canela , joined by a group of refugees who emigrated to New York City , in partnership with the International Rescue Committee 2015 -- 2016 : Hugh Evans 2016 -- 2017 : United Nations Secretary - General Ban Ki - moon ; this was Ban Ki - moon 's final act as UN Secretary - General , as António Guterres took office on January 1 , 2017 . 2017 -- 2018 : Tarana Burke 2018 -- 2019 : Michael Jordan Since the 2005 -- 06 edition of the event , the drop has been directly preceded by the playing of John Lennon 's song `` Imagine '' . Until 2009 -- 2010 , the original recording was used ; since 2010 -- 2011 , the song has been performed by a guest musician ; 2010 -- 2011 : Taio Cruz 2011 -- 2012 : CeeLo Green 2012 -- 2013 : Train 2013 -- 2014 : Melissa Etheridge 2014 -- 2015 : O.A.R. 2015 -- 2016 : Jessie J 2016 -- 2017 : Rachel Platten 2017 -- 2018 : Andy Grammer 2018 -- 2019 : Andrew Bird Past Songs Before The Ball Drop ( edit ) 1999 - 2000 & 2000 - 01 : Ascent Of Time By Peabody Symphony Orchestra 2001 - 02 : God Bless America By Irving Berlin 2002 - 03 & 2003 - 04 : God Bless the U.S.A. By Lee Greenwood Or American Idol 2004 - 05 : Love Train By The O'Jays The New Years Countdown Timer ( edit ) 1996 - 97 & 1997 - 98 : ITT Tech Glowing Fireworks Countdown 1998 - 99 : The Discover Card Countdown Timer 1999 - 2000 2000 - 01 2001 - 02 2002 - 03 & 2007 - 08 Discover Card Millennium Countdown 2000 - 01 : Global Discover Card Countdown 2001 - 02 : The 9 / 11 NYE Countdown 2002 - 03 : The Golden Bells New Years Countdown 2003 - 04 : The Father Time Clock Countdown 2004 - 05 : The Discover Card Red Board NYE Countdown 2005 - 06 : No Discover Card Countdown , But They Used It At The Coca - Cola Billboard 2006 - 07 : The Target NYE Countdown 2007 - 08 : Toshiba Test Card New Years Countdown 2008 - 09 : The Toshiba Circuit Countdown 2009 - 10 : The Clock Countdown 2010 - 11 - 2017 - 18 : The Pendulum Countdown 2018 - 19 - Present : The Bubly Sparkling Water New Year 's Official Countdown Cleanup ( edit ) After the conclusion of the festivities and the dispersal of attendees , cleanup is performed overnight to remove confetti and other debris from Times Square before it is re-opened to the public the following morning . Few traces of the previous night 's celebration remain after the cleanup process is completed : following the 2013 -- 14 drop , the New York City Department of Sanitation estimated that by 8 : 00 a.m. , it had cleared over 50 tons of refuse from Times Square , using 190 workers from their own crews and the Times Square Alliance . History ( edit ) Beginnings ( 1907 -- 1908 ) ( edit ) The first New Year 's Eve celebration in Times Square was held on December 31 , 1904 ; The New York Times ' owner , Adolph Ochs , decided to celebrate the opening of the newspaper 's new headquarters , One Times Square , with a New Year 's fireworks show on the roof of the building to welcome 1905 . Close to 200,000 people attended the event , displacing traditional celebrations that had normally been held at Trinity Church . However , following several years of fireworks shows , Ochs wanted a bigger spectacle at the building to draw more attention to the area . The newspaper 's chief electrician , Walter F. Palmer , suggested using a time ball , after seeing one used on the nearby Western Union Building . Ochs hired sign designer Artkraft Strauss to construct a ball for the celebration ; it was built from iron and wood , electrically lit with one hundred incandescent light bulbs , weighed 700 pounds ( 320 kg ) , and measured 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) in diameter . The ball was hoisted on the building 's flagpole with rope by a team of six men . Once it hit the roof of the building , the ball was designed to complete an electric circuit to light a 5 - foot tall sign indicating the new year , and trigger a fireworks show . The first ever `` ball drop '' was held on December 31 , 1907 , welcoming the year 1908 . In 1913 , only eight years after it moved to One Times Square , the Times moved its corporate headquarters to 229 West 43rd Street . The Times still maintained ownership of the tower , however , and Strauss continued to organize future editions of the drop . The second and third balls ( 1920 -- 98 ) ( edit ) The original ball was retired in 1920 in favor of a second design ; the second ball remained 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) in diameter , but was now constructed from iron , weighing 400 pounds ( 180 kg ) . The ball drop was placed on hiatus for New Year 's Eve 1942 and 1943 due to wartime lighting restrictions during World War II . Instead , a moment of silence was observed at midnight in Times Square , accompanied by the sound of church bells and chimes played from sound trucks . The second ball was retired in favor of a third design in 1955 ; again , it maintained the same diameter of its predecessors , but was now constructed from aluminium , and weighed 150 pounds ( 68 kg ) . In 1981 , the third ball was revamped in honor of the I Love New York campaign , with red lightbulbs and a green stem to give it the appearance of an apple . For 1988 , organizers acknowledged the addition of a leap second earlier that day ( leap seconds are appended at midnight UTC , which is five hours before midnight in New York ) by extending the drop to 61 seconds , and by including a special one - second light show during the extra second . The original white lightbulbs returned to the ball for 1989 , but were replaced by red , white , and blue bulbs in 1991 to salute the troops of Operation Desert Shield . The third ball was revamped again in 1995 for 1996 , adding a computerized lighting system with 180 halogen bulbs and 144 strobe lights , and over 12,000 rhinestones . Lighting designer Barry Arnold stated that the changes were `` something ( that ) had to be done to make this event more spectacular as we approach the millennium . '' The drop itself became computerized through the use of an electric winch synced with the National Institute of Standards and Technology 's time signal ; the new system was not without issues , however , as a glitch caused the ball to pause for a short moment halfway through its descent . After its 44th use in 1999 , the third ball was retired and placed on display at the Atlanta headquarters of Jamestown Group , owners of One Times Square . Most recent incarnations The fourth ball ( on display at Waterford Crystal 's headquarters in Ireland ) The 2008 ball ( on display at Times Square Visitors Center ) The current ball , as seen in 2009 Into the New millennium ( 1999 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) On December 28 , 1998 , during a press conference attended by New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani , organizers announced that the third ball would be retired for the arrival of the new millennium , and replaced by a new design constructed by Waterford Crystal . The year 2000 celebrations introduced more prominent sponsorship to the drop ; companies such as Discover Card , Korbel Champagne , and Panasonic were announced as official sponsors of the festivities in Times Square . The city also announced that Ron Silver would lead a committee known as `` NYC 2000 '' , which was in charge of organizing events across the city for year 2000 celebrations . A full day of festivities was held at Times Square to celebrate the arrival of the year 2000 , which included concerts and hourly cultural presentations with parades of puppets designed by Michael Curry , representing countries entering the new year at that hour . Organizers expected a total attendance exceeding 2 million spectators . The fourth ball , measuring 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) in diameter and weighing 1,070 pounds ( 490 kg ) , incorporated a total of over 600 halogen bulbs , 504 triangle - shaped crystal panels provided by Waterford , 96 strobe lights , and spinning , pyramid - shaped mirrors . The ball was constructed at Waterford 's factory in Ireland , and was then shipped to New York City , where the lighting system and motorized mirrors were installed . Many of the triangles were inscribed with `` Hope '' - themed designs changing yearly , such as `` Hope for Fellowship '' , `` Hope for Wisdom '' , `` Hope for Unity '' , `` Hope for Courage '' , and `` Hope for Abundance '' . For 2002 , as part of the theme `` Hope for Healing '' , 195 of the ball 's panels were engraved with the names of nations and organizations who were affected by or were involved in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks . In December 2011 , the `` Hope for Healing '' panels were accepted into the collection of the National September 11 Museum . Present day ( 2008 -- Present ) ( edit ) In honor of the ball drop 's centennial anniversary , a brand new fifth design debuted for New Year 's Eve 2008 . Once again manufactured by Waterford Crystal with a diameter of 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) , but weighing 1,212 pounds ( 550 kg ) , it used LED lamps provided by Philips ( which can produce 16,777,216 or 2 colors ) , with computerized lighting patterns developed by the New York City - based lighting firm Focus Lighting . The ball featured 9,576 energy - efficient bulbs that consumed the same amount of electricity as only 10 toasters . The 2008 ball was only used once , and was placed on display at the Times Square Visitors Center following the event . For 2009 , a larger version of the fifth ball was introduced -- an icosahedral geodesic sphere lit by 32,256 LED lamps . Its diameter is twice as wide as the 2008 ball , at 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) , and contains 2,688 Waterford Crystal panels , with a weight of 11,875 pounds ( 5,386 kg ) . It was designed to be weatherproof , as the ball would now be displayed atop One Times Square nearly year - round following the celebrations . Yearly themes for the ball 's crystal panels continued ; from 2008 to 2013 , the ball contained crystal patterns that were part of a Waterford series known as `` World of Celebration '' , including themes such as `` Let There Be Light '' and `` Let There Be Peace '' . For 2014 , all the ball 's panels were replaced , marking a new theme series known as `` Greatest Gifts '' , beginning with `` Gift of Imagination '' . The numerical sign indicating the year ( which remains atop the tower along with the ball itself ) uses Philips LED lamps . For 2014 , the final two digits of the sign used bulbs from the company 's `` Hue '' line of multi-color LED lamps , allowing them to have computerized lighting cues . Weather at midnight ( edit ) According to the National Weather Service , from 1907 to 2016 , the average temperature at midnight in Central Park was 34 ° F ( 1 ° C ) . The coldest event was in 1917 when the temperature was 1 ° F ( − 17 ° C ) and the wind chill was − 18 ° F ( − 28 ° C ) . The warmest temperature was 58 ° F ( 14 ° C ) , in 1965 and 1972 . It has snowed during the ball drop just seven times out of 111 events ( one being light snow ) -- 1926 , 1934 , 1948 , 1952 , 1961 , 1967 , and 2009 -- and it has rained multiple times . Festivities in 2018 were the second - coldest on record due to an arctic air mass , forecast at 9 ° F ( − 13 ° C ) ( − 4 ° F ( − 20 ° C ) after wind chill ) . Broadcasting ( edit ) ABC News ' presence at Times Square for ABC 2000 Today As a public event , the festivities and ball drop are often broadcast on television . As of 2016 - 17 , a host feed of 21 cameras across Times Square is provided to broadcasters to incorporate into their coverage . The event is covered as part of New Year 's Eve television specials on several major U.S. television networks . By far the most notable of these is Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve ; created , produced , and originally hosted by the entertainer Dick Clark until his death in 2012 , and currently hosted by Ryan Seacrest and Jenny McCarthy , the program first aired on NBC in 1972 before moving to ABC , where it has been broadcast ever since . New Year 's Rockin ' Eve has consistently been the most - watched New Year 's Eve special in the U.S. annually , peaking at 25.6 million viewers for its 2018 edition . Following the death of Dick Clark in April 2012 , a crystal engraved with his name was added to the 2013 ball in tribute . Across the remaining networks , NBC broadcasts New Year 's Eve with Carson Daly , hosted from Times Square by Carson Daly of The Voice and Last Call while Fox has aired New Year 's specials covering Times Square with rotating hosts and themes , which were broadcast primarily under the title New Year 's Eve Live until 2014 . From 2015 to 2017 , Fox broadcast Pitbull 's New Year 's Revolution from Miami instead , but returned to New York - oriented coverage hosted by Steve Harvey for 2018 . Spanish - language network Univision broadcasts ¡ Feliz ! , hosted by Raúl de Molina of El Gordo y La Flaca . On cable , CNN carries coverage of the festivities , known as New Year 's Eve Live , which was historically hosted by Anderson Cooper and Kathy Griffin from Times Square . Griffin was removed from her role in 2017 after she published a controversial political photo ; she was replaced by Andy Cohen for 2018 . Fox News carries All - American New Year , which was most recently hosted by Elisabeth Hasselbeck and Bill Hemmer from Times Square . Since 2008 - 09 , an official webcast of the ball drop and its associated festivities has been produced , streamed via Livestream.com . Past broadcasts ( edit ) Beginning in the 1940s , NBC broadcast coverage from Times Square anchored by Ben Grauer on both radio and television . Its coverage was later incorporated into special episodes of The Tonight Show , continuing through Johnny Carson and Jay Leno 's tenures on the program . NBC would introduce a dedicated special , New Year 's Eve with Carson Daly , beginning in 2004 . From 1956 to 1976 , CBS was well known for its television coverage of the festivities hosted by bandleader Guy Lombardo from the ballroom of the Waldorf - Astoria Hotel in New York City , featuring his band 's famous rendition of `` Auld Lang Syne '' at midnight . After Lombardo 's death in 1977 , CBS and the Royal Canadians , now led by Victor Lombardo , attempted to continue the special . However , Guy 's absence and the growing popularity of ABC 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve prompted CBS to eventually drop the band entirely . The Royal Canadians were replaced by a new special , Happy New Year , America , which ran in various formats with different hosts ( such as Paul Anka , Donny Osmond , Andy Williams , Paul Shaffer , and Montel Williams ) until it was discontinued after 1996 . CBS , barring a special America 's Millennium broadcast for 2000 , has no longer broadcast any national New Year 's programming since . For 2000 , in lieu of New Year 's Rockin ' Eve , ABC News covered the festivities as part of its day - long telecast , ABC 2000 Today . Hosted by Peter Jennings , the broadcast featured coverage of millennium festivities from around the world , including those in New York City . Jennings was joined by Dick Clark as a special correspondent for coverage from Times Square . MTV had broadcast coverage originating from the network 's Times Square studios at One Astor Plaza . For 2011 , MTV also held its own ball drop in Seaside Heights , New Jersey , the setting of its popular reality series Jersey Shore , featuring cast member Snooki lowered inside a giant `` hamster ball '' . Originally , MTV planned to hold the drop within its studio in Times Square , but the network was asked by city officials to conduct the drop elsewhere . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michael Bloomberg , whose mayoral term ended at midnight , did not attend , and celebrated privately with his family instead . Unlike Bloomberg 's inauguration in 2002 , which was held shortly after midnight , Bill de Blasio was inaugurated in a ceremony the following morning at Gracie Mansion . Jump up ^ Cee - Lo 's performance was criticized by fans for his change of the lyric `` And no religion too '' to `` And all religion 's true '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Nearly 800 Hard At Work On Times Square New Year 's Eve Celebration '' . CBS New York . Retrieved December 31 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` NYC ball drop goes ' green ' on 100th anniversary '' . CNN . December 31 , 2007 . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Countdown to Times Square party ; 1 million expected '' . CNN . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Year 's Eve security main focus for NYPD '' . CNN . December 30 , 2011 . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mueller , Benjamin ( 2017 - 12 - 28 ) . `` In Wake of Attacks , Tighter Security for Times Square on New Year 's Eve '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` For New Year 's Eve , the Tie - Ins Erupt '' . The New York Times . December 13 , 2010 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Very Confetti New Year 's '' . Time . January 2 , 2007 . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mansfield , Brian ( December 26 , 2013 ) . `` Etheridge added to Times Square New Year 's Eve lineup '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` MAYOR GIULIANI ANNOUNCES NEW TRADITION FOR NEW YEAR 'S EVE : COMMUNITY HERO TO LEAD TIMES SQUARE CELEBRATION '' . City of New York . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Balkin , Adam ( December 30 , 2003 ) . `` Technology Helps Times Square New Year 's Eve Ball Drop Run Smoothly '' . NY1 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2013 . Retrieved April 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Across America , traditions of ham hocks , Watch Nights and the Times Square ball '' . NBCNews.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CITY KEEPS THE BALL ROLLING IT 'S ANOTHER ROUND IN TIMES SQ . FOR SEASONED PARTYERS '' . New York Daily News . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` On the ball : Sang Lan was in the spotlight on New Year 's ... '' Chicago Tribune . January 5 , 1999 . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DOCTORS WITHOUT BORDERS TO JOIN TIMES SQUARE BALL DROP DURING NEW YEARS EVE FESTIVITIES '' . City of New York . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ali To Drop Ball On New Year 's '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Inaugural Address Of Mayor Michael Bloomberg '' . Gotham Gazette . January 1 , 2002 . Retrieved April 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Huge Times Square Crowd Watches Ball Drop '' . Fox News . Associated Press . January 1 , 2003 . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bloomberg Announces Special Guest For New Year 's 2004 Celebration In New York '' . Life . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Regis , Colin Powell ring in New Year 's with'energy , enthusiasm ' '' . USA Today . January 1 , 2005 . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Neither rain nor snow slows Times Sq . party '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Military Service Members Honored at Time Square Celebration '' . Navy.mil . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Times Square New Year 's gala turns 100 '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Revelers ring in 2009 in Times Square '' . Associated Press . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Best High Schools Heads to Times Square '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sgt . Salvatore Giunta in NYC for New Year 's Eve '' . Associated Press . Retrieved November 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga to perform on New Year 's Eve in Times Square '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Seifman , David ( December 28 , 2012 ) . `` Rockettes to join Mayor Bloomberg on New Year 's Eve '' . New York Post . Retrieved December 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nearly 800 Hard At Work On Times Square New Year 's Eve Celebration '' . CBS New York . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Costa , Robert ( December 30 , 2013 ) . `` Sotomayor to officiate at Times Square New Year 's Eve '' . Washington Post . Retrieved December 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brrr - Braving the Ball Drop '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved January 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Year 's In Times Square : Jencarlos Canela Will Be The First Latino To Push Ball Drop Countdown Button '' . Latin Times . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Crystal Ball Nearly Ready For New Year 's Eve In Times Square '' . CBSNewYork.com . CBS Radio . Retrieved December 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Activist to Help Drop Crystal Ball In Times Square '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 31 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` António Guterres appointed next UN Secretary - General by acclamation '' . United Nations . United Nations News Service . 13 October 2016 . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.N. secretary - general to kick off Times Square New Year 's Eve countdown '' . NBC News . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Founder of `` Me Too '' Movement , Tarana Burke , to be Special Guest of Times Square New Year 's Eve '' ( PDF ) . timessquarenyc.org . Times Square Alliance . 18 December 2017 . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Gael Fashingbauer ( January 1 , 2012 ) . `` Fans angry that Cee Lo changed ' Imagine ' lyrics '' . msnbc.com . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2012 . Retrieved April 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Golgowski , Nina ( January 1 , 2012 ) . `` Cee Lo Green changes lyrics to Lennon 's Imagine to include pro-religion message enraging fans '' . The Daily Mail . London . Retrieved April 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cruz To Perform ' Imagine ' During New Year 's Celebration '' . CBSNewYork.com . Retrieved December 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Live Times Square New Year 's Eve Webcast : Watch Train , Cassadee Pope '' . Billboard.com . Retrieved December 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Year 's Eve Organizers Release Star - Studded Roster Of Musical Talent Set To Perform Live In Times Square '' . TimesSquareNYC.org . Times Square Alliance . Retrieved December 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Workers To Install 288 New Waterford Crystals On New Year 's Eve Ball '' . CBS New York . CBS Radio . Retrieved 27 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Times Square Alliance : Gavin DeGraw and Rachel Platten to Headline Musical Lineup for Times Square New Year 's Eve Live , Commercial - Free Webcast and TV Pool Feed '' . TimesSquareNYC.org . Times Square Alliance . Retrieved December 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Multi-Platinum Pop Singer and Songwriter Andy Grammer to Headline Musical Lineup for Times Square New Year 's Eve Live , Commercial - Free Webcast and TV Pool Feed '' ( PDF ) . timessquarenyc.org . Times Square Alliance . 18 December 2017 . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Crews Clean Up Times Square After New Year 's Celebration '' . CBSNewYork.com . CBS Radio . 1 January 2014 . Retrieved 30 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Feuer , Alan ( December 27 , 2009 ) . `` Deconstructed -- Times Square Ball -- Lots of Sparkle for a Swift Fall '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kushner , David ( December 30 , 1999 ) . `` This New Year 's Eve , Technology Will Drop the Ball '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` History of Times Square '' . London : The Telegraph . July 27 , 2011 . Retrieved January 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Crump , William D. ( 2014 ) . Encyclopedia of New Year 's Holidays Worldwide . McFarland . p. 242 . ISBN 9781476607481 . Jump up ^ McFadden , Robert D. ( December 31 , 1987 ) . `` ' 88 Countdown : 3 , 2 , 1 , Leap Second , 0 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Sutton , Larry . `` Bigger Ball to Peg Square '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Barron , James ( December 31 , 2009 ) . `` When Party Is Over , the Ball Lands Here '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goodnough , Abby ( December 29 , 1998 ) . `` Here Comes 2000 , With Sponsors , Too ; Official Products in the Right Place : Millennial Partying in Times Sq '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Tina ( December 30 , 1999 ) . `` There 's Another Countdown Before the Famed ' 10 , 9 , 8 ... ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Year Theme Right On The Ball '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NATIONAL SEPTEMBER 11 MEMORIAL MUSEUM TO ACCEPT SPECIAL COLLECTION OF WATERFORD CRYSTAL TRIANGLES FROM 2001 / 2002 TIMES SQUARE BALL '' ( PDF ) . nat . Retrieved 29 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Year 's Eve Preparations Under Way In Times Square '' . CBSNewYork.com . Retrieved December 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Waterford and Times Square New Year 's Eve Reveal `` Gift of Imagination '' Crystal Design as Part of New 10 - Year `` Greatest Gifts '' Series `` . Waterford Crystal press release . Retrieved December 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Philips hue to Mark Colorful Start to 2014 at Times Square New Year 's Eve Celebration '' ( Press release ) . Philips . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New Year 's Eve / Ball Drop Weather at Central Park '' ( PDF ) . National Weather Service Forecast Office New York , New York . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Times Square braces for one of coldest New Year 's Eve parties on record '' . The Guardian . Associated Press . 2017 - 12 - 31 . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Theresa Waldrop ; Catherine E. Shoichet . `` New year brings record cold across US '' . CNN.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Meet the Team Behind Times Square New Year 's Eve '' . TV Technology . NewBay Media . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stelter , Brian ( December 31 , 2011 ) . `` 4 Decades Later , He Still Counts '' . New York Times . p . C1 . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Barmash , Jerry . `` Marking New Year 's Eve at Times Square Without Dick Clark '' . FishbowlNY . Retrieved December 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( January 1 , 2018 ) . `` Ratings : Ryan Seacrest 's Rockin ' Eve Hits All - Time Highs , Fox 's Steve Harvey a Big Improvement Over Pitbull '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Levin , Gary ( January 4 , 2012 ) . `` Nielsens : Clark 's ' Rockin ' Eve , ' football start year well '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Countdown to 2012 : What to watch on New Year 's Eve '' . The Daily Caller . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ring in the new year with Ryan , Carson or Anderson '' . Bradenton Herald . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2013 . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pitbull to Host New Year 's Eve Live Show for Fox '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fox Swaps Pitbull for Steve Harvey on New Year 's Eve '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) . `` CNN Will Replace Kathy Griffin With Andy Cohen for New Year 's Eve '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` TV highlights : Networks compete for most entertaining New Year 's show '' . Washington Post . December 30 , 2013 . Retrieved December 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Taub , Erica A. ( December 24 , 2009 ) . `` New Year 's Eve in Times Square Is Now a Webcast '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shriver , Jerry ( December 27 , 2007 ) . `` Extra-bright ball to drop at Times Square '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Oldenberg , Ann ( December 29 , 2005 ) . `` Battle of Times Square '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Stephen ( December 31 , 1999 ) . `` New Year 's song remains ingrained in public mind '' . The Orange County Register . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Collins , Scott ( December 25 , 2006 ) . `` Past , Present , and ... Future ? '' . Los Angeles Times . p . E1 . Jump up ^ Moore , Frazier ( December 26 , 2001 ) . `` Next week to be 25th New Year 's Eve without Guy Lombardo '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Associated Press . Retrieved January 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Terry , Carol Burton . `` New Guy Lombardo ? Dick Clark sees New Year 's tradition '' . The Milwaukee Sentinel . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bobbin , Jay ( December 28 , 2000 ) . `` Dick Clark offers longer New Year 's Eve special '' . Ellensburg Daily Record . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Snooki ' dropped ' from Times Square New Year 's Eve celebration '' . Staten Island Advance . December 30 , 2010 . Retrieved October 8 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to New Year celebrations in Times Square . Official website New Year 's Eve on the Times Square Alliance website hide New Year 's Eve and New Year 's Day Events America 's Party First Night Hogmanay New Year 's Eve in London Objects dropped on New Year 's Eve Peach Drop Pelican Drop Réveillon de Copacabana Sydney New Year 's Eve The Possum Drop Times Square Ball Vienna New Year 's Concert Sports College Football Playoff bowls Rose Orange Sugar Fiesta Cotton Peach Citrus Bowl Gator Bowl Outback Bowl Tour de Ski Four Hills Tournament NHL Winter Classic Spengler Cup Final IIHF World U20 Championship Saint Silvester Road Race New Year Sprint Nos Galan road race Parades Tournament of Roses Parade London 's New Year 's Day Parade Florida Citrus Parade Mummers Parade Television New Year 's Rockin ' Eve Fox 's New Year 's Eve with Steve Harvey New Year 's Eve with Carson Daly New Year Live CNN New Year 's Eve Live ¡ Feliz ! MTV New Year 's The Big Fat Quiz of the Year Bye Bye Dinner for One Happy New Year , America Hogmanay Live Hootenanny Kōhaku Uta Gassen Little Blue Light Only an Excuse ? Red Bull New Year No Limits Rudolph 's Shiny New Year Scotch and Wry Silvesterstadl `` Silvesterpunsch `` 2000 Today ( US , Ireland ) Happy New Year , Charlie Brown ! First Night 2013 with Jamie Kennedy Music `` Auld Lang Syne '' `` Happy New Year '' `` What Are You Doing New Year 's Eve ? '' `` Levy - Dew '' `` New Year 's Day '' Related topics New Year films Gregorian calendar Baby New Year Calennig Hogmanay Holiday season Leap second Guy Lombardo New Year 's resolution New Year tree Saint Sylvester 's Day Vasilopita Watchnight service Coordinates : 40 ° 45 ′ 23 '' N 73 ° 59 ′ 11 '' W / 40.7564 ° N 73.9865 ° W / 40.7564 ; - 73.9865 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Times_Square_Ball&oldid=850567287 '' Categories : Culture of New York City New Year celebrations Recurring events established in 1907 Times Square Winter traditions Festivals established in 1907 December events 1907 establishments in New York ( state ) Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use mdy dates from January 2015 Good articles Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский Simple English Suomi ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 17 : 24 ( UTC ) . 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3017104237835969610	Ciprofloxacin	Ciprofloxacin - wikipedia Ciprofloxacin Jump to : navigation , search `` Cipro '' redirects here . For the Rome Metro station , see Cipro ( Rome Metro ) . Ciprofloxacin Clinical data Trade names Ciloxan , Cipro , Neofloxin , others AHFS / Drugs.com Monograph MedlinePlus a688016 License data US FDA : Ciprofloxacin Pregnancy category AU : B3 US : C ( Risk not ruled out ) Routes of administration By mouth , intravenous , topical ( ear drops , eye drops ) Drug class Fluoroquinolone ATC code J01MA02 ( WHO ) S01AE03 ( WHO ) S02AA15 ( WHO ) S03AA07 ( WHO ) Legal status Legal status AU : S4 ( Prescription only ) UK : POM ( Prescription only ) US : ℞ - only Pharmacokinetic data Bioavailability 70 % Protein binding 30 % Metabolism Liver ( incl . CYP1A2 ) Biological half - life 3.5 hours Excretion Kidney Identifiers IUPAC name ( show ) 1 - cyclopropyl - 6 - fluoro - 4 - oxo - 7 - ( piperazin - 1 - yl ) - quinoline - 3 - carboxylic acid CAS Number 85721 - 33 - 1 PubChem CID 2764 DrugBank DB00537 ChemSpider 2662 UNII 5E8K9I0O4U KEGG D00186 ChEBI CHEBI : 100241 ChEMBL CHEMBL8 NIAID ChemDB 001992 ECHA InfoCard 100.123. 026 Chemical and physical data Formula C H FN O Molar mass 331.346 g / mol 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image SMILES ( show ) c1c2c ( cc ( c1F ) N3CCNCC3 ) n ( cc ( c2 = O ) C ( = O ) O ) C4CC4 InChI ( show ) InChI = 1S / C17H18FN3O3 / c18 - 13 - 7 - 11 - 14 ( 8 - 15 ( 13 ) 20 - 5 - 3 - 19 - 4 - 6 - 20 ) 21 ( 10 - 1 - 2 - 10 ) 9 - 12 ( 16 ( 11 ) 22 ) 17 ( 23 ) 24 / h7 - 10 , 19H , 1 - 6H2 , ( H , 23 , 24 ) Key : MYSWGUAQZAJSOK - UHFFFAOYSA - N ( verify ) Ciprofloxacin is an antibiotic used to treat a number of bacterial infections . This includes bone and joint infections , intra abdominal infections , certain type of infectious diarrhea , respiratory tract infections , skin infections , typhoid fever , and urinary tract infections , among others . For some infections it is used in addition to other antibiotics . It can be taken by mouth , in eye drops , or intravenously . Common side effects include nausea , vomiting , diarrhea and rash . Ciprofloxacin increases the risk of tendon rupture and worsening muscle weakness in people with the neurological disorder myasthenia gravis . Rates of side effects appear to be higher than some groups of antibiotics such as cephalosporins but lower than others such as clindamycin . Studies in other animals raise concerns regarding use in pregnancy . No problems were identified , however , in the children of a small number of women who took the medication . It appears to be safe during breastfeeding . It is a second - generation fluoroquinolone with a broad spectrum of activity that usually results in the death of the bacteria . Ciprofloxacin was introduced in 1987 . It is on the World Health Organization 's List of Essential Medicines , the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system . It is available as a generic medication and not very expensive . The wholesale cost in the developing world is between 0.03 and 0.13 USD a dose . In the United States it is sold for about 0.40 USD per dose . Contents ( hide ) 1 Medical uses 1.1 Pregnancy 1.2 Breastfeeding 1.3 Children 1.4 Spectrum of activity 1.5 Bacterial resistance 2 Contraindications 3 Side effects 3.1 Tendinitis 3.2 Nervous system 3.3 Cancer 3.4 Other 4 Overdose 5 Interactions 6 Mechanism of action 7 Pharmacokinetics 8 Chemical properties 9 Usage 10 History 11 Society and culture 11.1 Cost 11.2 Generic equivalents 11.3 Available forms 11.4 Litigation 12 Research directions 13 References 14 External links Medical uses ( edit ) Ciprofloxacin is used to treat a wide variety of infections , including infections of bones and joints , endocarditis , gastroenteritis , malignant otitis externa , respiratory tract infections , cellulitis , urinary tract infections , prostatitis , anthrax , and chancroid . Ciprofloxacin only treats bacterial infections ; it does not treat viral infections such as the common cold . For certain uses including acute sinusitis , lower respiratory tract infections and uncomplicated gonorrhea , ciprofloxacin is not considered a first - line agent . Ciprofloxacin occupies an important role in treatment guidelines issued by major medical societies for the treatment of serious infections , especially those likely to be caused by Gram - negative bacteria , including Pseudomonas aeruginosa . For example , ciprofloxacin in combination with metronidazole is one of several first - line antibiotic regimens recommended by the Infectious Diseases Society of America for the treatment of community - acquired abdominal infections in adults . It also features prominently in treatment guidelines for acute pyelonephritis , complicated or hospital - acquired urinary tract infection , acute or chronic prostatitis , certain types of endocarditis , certain skin infections , and prosthetic joint infections . In other cases , treatment guidelines are more restrictive , recommending in most cases that older , narrower - spectrum drugs be used as first - line therapy for less severe infections to minimize fluoroquinolone - resistance development . For example , the Infectious Diseases Society of America recommends the use of ciprofloxacin and other fluoroquinolones in urinary tract infections be reserved to cases of proven or expected resistance to narrower - spectrum drugs such as nitrofurantoin or trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole . The European Association of Urology recommends ciprofloxacin as an alternative regimen for the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections , but cautions that the potential for `` adverse events have to be considered '' . Although approved by regulatory authorities for the treatment of respiratory infections , ciprofloxacin is not recommended for respiratory infections by most treatment guidelines due in part to its modest activity against the common respiratory pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae . `` Respiratory quinolones '' such as levofloxacin , having greater activity against this pathogen , are recommended as first line agents for the treatment of community - acquired pneumonia in patients with important co-morbidities and in patients requiring hospitalization ( Infectious Diseases Society of America 2007 ) . Similarly , ciprofloxacin is not recommended as a first - line treatment for acute sinusitis . Ciprofloxacin is approved for the treatment of gonorrhea in many countries , but this recommendation is widely regarded as obsolete due to resistance development . Pregnancy ( edit ) In the United States ciprofloxacin is pregnancy category C . This category includes drugs for which no adequate and well - controlled studies in human pregnancy exist , and for which animal studies have suggested the potential for harm to the fetus , but potential benefits may warrant use of the drug in pregnant women despite potential risks . An expert review of published data on experiences with ciprofloxacin use during pregnancy by the Teratogen Information System concluded therapeutic doses during pregnancy are unlikely to pose a substantial teratogenic risk ( quantity and quality of data = fair ) , but the data are insufficient to state no risk exists . Two small post-marketing epidemiology studies of mostly short - term , first - trimester exposure found that fluoroquinolones did not increase risk of major malformations , spontaneous abortions , premature birth , or low birth weight . The label notes , however , that these studies are insufficient to reliably evaluate the definitive safety or risk of less common defects by ciprofloxacin in pregnant women and their developing fetuses . Breastfeeding ( edit ) Fluoroquinolones have been reported as present in a mother 's milk and thus passed on to the nursing child . The U.S. FDA recommends that because of the risk of serious adverse reactions ( including articular damage ) in infants nursing from mothers taking ciprofloxacin , a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or discontinue the drug , taking into account the importance of the drug to the mother . Children ( edit ) Oral and intravenous ciprofloxacin are approved by the FDA for use in children for only two indications due to the risk of permanent injury to the musculoskeletal system : 1 ) Inhalational anthrax ( postexposure ) 2 ) Complicated urinary tract infections and pyelonephritis due to Escherichia coli , but never as first - line agents . Current recommendations by the American Academy of Pediatrics note the systemic use of ciprofloxacin in children should be restricted to infections caused by multidrug - resistant pathogens or when no safe or effective alternatives are available . Spectrum of activity ( edit ) Its spectrum of activity includes most strains of bacterial pathogens responsible for community - acquired pneumonias , bronchitis , urinary tract infections , and gastroenteritis . Ciprofloxacin is particularly effective against Gram - negative bacteria ( such as Escherichia coli , Haemophilus influenzae , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Legionella pneumophila , Moraxella catarrhalis , Proteus mirabilis , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ) , but is less effective against Gram - positive bacteria ( such as methicillin - sensitive Staphylococcus aureus , Streptococcus pneumoniae , and Enterococcus faecalis ) than newer fluoroquinolones . Bacterial resistance ( edit ) See also : Antibiotic abuse and Antibiotic resistance As a result of its widespread use to treat minor infections readily treatable with older , narrower spectrum antibiotics , many bacteria have developed resistance to this drug in recent years , leaving it significantly less effective than it would have been otherwise . Resistance to ciprofloxacin and other fluoroquinolones may evolve rapidly , even during a course of treatment . Numerous pathogens , including enterococci , Streptococcus pyogenes and Klebsiella pneumoniae ( quinolone - resistant ) now exhibit resistance . Widespread veterinary usage of the fluoroquinolones , particularly in Europe , has been implicated . Meanwhile , some Burkholderia cepacia , Clostridium innocuum and Enterococcus faecium strains have developed resistance to ciprofloxacin to varying degrees . Fluoroquinolones had become the class of antibiotics most commonly prescribed to adults in 2002 . Nearly half ( 42 % ) of those prescriptions in the U.S. were for conditions not approved by the FDA , such as acute bronchitis , otitis media , and acute upper respiratory tract infection , according to a study supported in part by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality . Additionally , they were commonly prescribed for medical conditions that were not even bacterial to begin with , such as viral infections , or those to which no proven benefit existed . Contraindications ( edit ) Contraindications include : Taking tizanidine at the same time Use by those who are hypersensitive to any member of the quinolone class of antimicrobial agents Ciprofloxacin is also considered to be contraindicated in children ( except for the indications outlined above ) , in pregnancy , to nursing mothers , and in people with epilepsy or other seizure disorders . Side effects ( edit ) Side effects can involve the tendons , muscles , joints , nerves , and the central nervous system . Rates of side effects appear to be higher than with some groups of antibiotics such as cephalosporins but lower than with others such as clindamycin . Compared to other antibiotics some studies find a higher rate of side effects while others find no difference . In trials most of the adverse events were described as mild or moderate in severity , abated soon after the drug was discontinued , and required no treatment . Some side effects may be permanent . Ciprofloxacin was stopped because of an adverse event in 1 % of people treated with the medication by mouth . The most frequently reported drug - related events , from trials of all formulations , all dosages , all drug - therapy durations , and for all indications , were nausea ( 2.5 % ) , diarrhea ( 1.6 % ) , abnormal liver function tests ( 1.3 % ) , vomiting ( 1 % ) , and rash ( 1 % ) . Other adverse events occurred at rates of < 1 % . Tendinitis ( edit ) The black box warning on the U.S. FDA - approved ciprofloxacin label warns of an increased risk of tendinitis and tendon rupture , especially in people who are older than 60 years , people who also use corticosteroids , and people with kidney , lung , or heart transplants . Tendon rupture can occur during therapy or even months after discontinuation of the medication . A case - control study performed using a UK medical care database found that fluoroquinolone use was associated with a 1.9-fold increase in tendon problems . The relative risk increased to 3.2 in those over 60 years of age and to 6.2 in those over the age of 60 who were also taking corticosteroids . Among the 46,766 quinolone users in the study , 38 ( 0.1 % ) cases of Achilles tendon rupture were identified . A study performed using an Italian healthcare database reached qualitatively similar conclusions . Nervous system ( edit ) The 2013 FDA label warns of nervous system effects . Ciprofloxacin , like other fluoroquinolones , is known to trigger seizures or lower the seizure threshold , and may cause other central nervous system side effects . Headache , dizziness , and insomnia have been reported as occurring fairly commonly in postapproval review articles , along with a much lower incidence of serious CNS side effects such as tremors , psychosis , anxiety , hallucinations , paranoia , and suicide attempts , especially at higher doses . Like other fluoroquinolones , it is also known to cause peripheral neuropathy that may be irreversible , such as weakness , burning pain , tingling or numbness . Cancer ( edit ) Ciprofloxacin is active in six of eight in vitro assays used as rapid screens for the detection of genotoxic effects , but is not active in in vivo assays of genotoxicity . Long - term carcinogenicity studies in rats and mice resulted in no carcinogenic or tumorigenic effects due to ciprofloxacin at daily oral dose levels up to 250 and 750 mg / kg to rats and mice , respectively ( about 1.7 and 2.5 times the highest recommended therapeutic dose based upon mg / m ) . Results from photo co-carcinogenicity testing indicate ciprofloxacin does not reduce the time to appearance of UV - induced skin tumors as compared to vehicle control . Other ( edit ) The other black box warning is that ciprofloxacin should not be used in people with myasthenia gravis due to possible exacerbation of muscle weakness which may lead to breathing problems resulting in death or ventilator support . Fluoroquinolones are known to block neuromuscular transmission . Clostridium difficile - associated diarrhea is a serious adverse effect of ciprofloxacin and other fluoroquinolones ; it is unclear whether the risk is higher than with other broad - spectrum antibiotics . A wide range of rare but potentially fatal side effects spontaneously reported to the U.S. FDA or the subject of case reports published in medical journals includes , but is not limited to , toxic epidermal necrolysis , Stevens - Johnson syndrome , abnormal heart rhythms ( torsades de pointes or QT prolongation ) , low blood pressure , allergic pneumonitis , bone marrow suppression , hepatitis or liver failure , and sensitivity to light . The medication should be discontinued if a rash , jaundice , or other sign of hypersensitivity occurs . Children and the elderly are at a much greater risk of experiencing adverse reactions . Overdose ( edit ) Overdose of ciprofloxacin may result in reversible renal toxicity . Treatment of overdose includes emptying of the stomach by induced vomiting or gastric lavage , as well as administration of antacids containing magnesium , aluminum , or calcium to reduce drug absorption . Renal function and urinary pH should be monitored . Important support includes adequate hydration and urine acidification if necessary to prevent crystalluria . Hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis can only remove less than 10 % of ciprofloxacin . Ciprofloxacin may be quantified in plasma or serum to monitor for drug accumulation in patients with hepatic dysfunction or to confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in acute overdose victims . Interactions ( edit ) Ciprofloxacin interacts with certain foods and several other drugs leading to undesirable increases or decreases in the serum levels or distribution of one or both drugs . Ciprofloxacin should not be taken with antacids containing magnesium or aluminum , highly buffered drugs ( sevelamer , lanthanum carbonate , sucralfate , didanosine ) , or with supplements containing calcium , iron , or zinc . It should be taken two hours before or six hours after these products . Magnesium or aluminum antacids turn ciprofloxacin into insoluble salts that are not readily absorbed by the intestinal tract , reducing peak serum concentrations by 90 % or more , leading to therapeutic failure . Additionally , it should not be taken with dairy products or calcium - fortified juices alone , as peak serum concentration and the area under the serum concentration - time curve can be reduced up to 40 % . However , ciprofloxacin may be taken with dairy products or calcium - fortified juices as part of a meal . Ciprofloxacin inhibits the drug - metabolizing enzyme CYP1A2 and thereby can reduce the clearance of drugs metabolized by that enzyme . CYP1A2 substrates that exhibit increased serum levels in ciprofloxacin - treated patients include tizanidine , theophylline , caffeine , methylxanthines , clozapine , olanzapine , and ropinirole . Co-administration of ciprofloxacin with the CYP1A2 substrate tizanidine ( Zanaflex ) is contraindicated due to a 583 % increase in the peak serum concentrations of tizanidine when administered with ciprofloxacin as compared to administration of tizanidine alone . Use of ciprofloxacin is cautioned in patients on theophylline due to its narrow therapeutic index . The authors of one review recommended that patients being treated with ciprofloxacin reduce their caffeine intake . Evidence for significant interactions with several other CYP1A2 substrates such as cyclosporine is equivocal or conflicting . The Committee on Safety of Medicines and the FDA warn that central nervous system adverse effects , including seizure risk , may be increased when NSAIDs are combined with quinolones . The mechanism for this interaction may involve a synergistic increased antagonism of GABA neurotransmission . Altered serum levels of the antiepileptic drugs phenytoin and carbamazepine ( increased and decreased ) have been reported in patients receiving concomitant ciprofloxacin . Ciprofloxacin is a potent inhibitor of CYP1A2 , CYP2D6 , and CYP3A4 . Mechanism of action ( edit ) Ciprofloxacin is a broad - spectrum antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone class . It is active against both Gram - positive and Gram - negative bacteria . It functions by inhibiting DNA gyrase , and a type II topoisomerase , topoisomerase IV , necessary to separate bacterial DNA , thereby inhibiting cell division . Pharmacokinetics ( edit ) Ciprofloxacin for systemic administration is available as immediate - release tablets , extended - release tablets , an oral suspension , and as a solution for intravenous administration . When administered over one hour as an intravenous infusion , ciprofloxacin rapidly distributes into the tissues , with levels in some tissues exceeding those in the serum . Penetration into the central nervous system is relatively modest , with cerebrospinal fluid levels normally less than 10 % of peak serum concentrations . The serum half - life of ciprofloxacin is about 4 -- 6 hours , with 50 - 70 % of an administered dose being excreted in the urine as unmetabolized drug . An additional 10 % is excreted in urine as metabolites . Urinary excretion is virtually complete 24 hours after administration . Dose adjustment is required in the elderly and in those with renal impairment . Ciprofloxacin is weakly bound to serum proteins ( 20 - 40 % ) , but is an inhibitor of the drug - metabolizing enzyme cytochrome P450 1A2 , which leads to the potential for clinically important drug interactions with drugs metabolized by that enzyme . Ciprofloxacin is about 70 % orally available when administered orally , so a slightly higher dose is needed to achieve the same exposure when switching from IV to oral administration The extended release oral tablets allow once - daily administration by releasing the drug more slowly in the gastrointestinal tract . These tablets contain 35 % of the administered dose in an immediate - release form and 65 % in a slow - release matrix . Maximum serum concentrations are achieved between 1 and 4 hours after administration . Compared to the 250 - and 500 - mg immediate - release tablets , the 500 - mg and 1000 - mg XR tablets provide higher C , but the 24 ‐ hour AUCs are equivalent . Ciprofloxacin immediate - release tablets contain ciprofloxacin as the hydrochloride salt , and the XR tablets contain a mixture of the hydrochloride salt as the free base . Chemical properties ( edit ) Ciprofloxacin is 1 - cyclopropyl - 6 - fluoro - 1 , 4 - dihydro - 4 - oxo - 7 - ( 1 - piperazinyl ) - 3 - quinolinecarboxylic acid . Its empirical formula is C H FN O and its molecular weight is 331.4 g / mol . It is a faintly yellowish to light yellow crystalline substance . Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride ( USP ) is the monohydrochloride monohydrate salt of ciprofloxacin . It is a faintly yellowish to light yellow crystalline substance with a molecular weight of 385.8 g / mol . Its empirical formula is C H FN O HCl H O . Usage ( edit ) Ciprofloxacin is the most widely used of the second - generation quinolones . In 2010 , over 20 million prescriptions were written , making it the 35th-most commonly prescribed generic drug and the 5th-most commonly prescribed antibacterial in the U.S. History ( edit ) Ciprofloxacin 250 - mg tablets from Ukraine The first members of the quinolone antibacterial class were relatively low - potency drugs such as nalidixic acid , used mainly in the treatment of urinary tract infections owing to their renal excretion and propensity to be concentrated in urine . In 1979 , the publication of a patent filed by the pharmaceutical arm of Kyorin Seiyaku Kabushiki Kaisha disclosed the discovery of norfloxacin , and the demonstration that certain structural modifications including the attachment of a fluorine atom to the quinolone ring leads to dramatically enhanced antibacterial potency . In the aftermath of this disclosure , several other pharmaceutical companies initiated research and development programs with the goal of discovering additional antibacterial agents of the fluoroquinolone class . The fluoroquinolone program at Bayer focused on examining the effects of very minor changes to the norfloxacin structure . In 1983 , the company published in vitro potency data for ciprofloxacin , a fluoroquinolone antibacterial having a chemical structure differing from that of norfloxacin by the presence of a single carbon atom . This small change led to a two - to 10-fold increase in potency against most strains of Gram - negative bacteria . Importantly , this structural change led to a four-fold improvement in activity against the important Gram - negative pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa , making ciprofloxacin one of the most potent known drugs for the treatment of this intrinsically antibiotic - resistant pathogen . The oral tablet form of ciprofloxacin was approved in October 1987 , just one year after the approval of norfloxacin . In 1991 , the intravenous formulation was introduced . Ciprofloxacin sales reached a peak of about 2 billion euros in 2001 , before Bayer 's patent expired in 2004 , after which annual sales have averaged around € 200 million . Society and culture ( edit ) Cost ( edit ) It is available as a generic medication and not very expensive . Wholesale it costs between 0.03 and 0.13 USD a dose . In the United States it is sold for about 0.40 USD per dose . Generic equivalents ( edit ) On 24 October 2001 , the Prescription Access Litigation ( PAL ) project filed suit to dissolve an agreement between Bayer and three of its competitors which produced generic versions of drugs ( Barr Laboratories , Rugby Laboratories , and Hoechst - Marion - Roussel ) that PAL claimed was blocking access to adequate supplies and cheaper , generic versions of ciprofloxacin . The plaintiffs charged that Bayer Corporation , a unit of Bayer AG , had unlawfully paid the three competing companies a total of $200 million to prevent cheaper , generic versions of ciprofloxacin from being brought to the market , as well as manipulating its price and supply . Numerous other consumer advocacy groups joined the lawsuit . On 15 October 2008 , five years after Bayer 's patent had expired , the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York granted Bayer 's and the other defendants ' motion for summary judgment , holding that any anticompetitive effects caused by the settlement agreements between Bayer and its codefendants were within the exclusionary zone of the patent and thus could not be redressed by federal antitrust law , in effect upholding Bayer 's agreement with its competitors . Available forms ( edit ) Ciprofloxacin for systemic administration is available as immediate - release tablets , as extended - release tablets , as an oral suspension , and as a solution for intravenous infusion . It is also available for local administration as eye drops and ear drops . Litigation ( edit ) A class action was filed against Bayer AG on behalf of employees of the Brentwood Post Office in Washington , D.C. , and workers at the U.S. Capitol , along with employees of American Media , Inc. in Florida and postal workers in general who alleged they suffered serious adverse effects from taking ciprofloxacin ( Cipro ) in the aftermath of the anthrax attacks in 2001 . The action alleged Bayer failed to warn class members of the potential side effects of the drug , thereby violating the Pennsylvania Unfair Trade Practices and Consumer Protection Laws . The class action was defeated and the litigation abandoned by the plaintiffs . A similar action was filed in 2003 in New Jersey by four New Jersey postal workers but was withdrawn for lack of grounds , as workers had been informed of the risks of cipro when they were given the option of taking the drug . Research directions ( edit ) As resistance to cipro has grown , research has been conducted to discover and develop analogs that can be effective against resistant bacteria ; some have been looked at in antiviral models as well . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Zhanel , G.G. ; Fontaine , S ; Adam , H ; Schurek , K ; Mayer , M ; Noreddin , A.M. ; Gin , A.S. ; Rubinstein , E ; Hoban , D.J. ( 2006 ) . `` A Review of New Fluoroquinolones : Focus on their Use in Respiratory Tract Infections '' . Treatments in Respiratory Medicine . 5 ( 6 ) : 437 -- 65 . doi : 10.2165 / 00151829 - 200605060 - 00009 . PMID 17154673 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride '' . The American Society of Health - System Pharmacists . 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Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 23 ( 4 ) : 559 -- 64 . doi : 10.1128 / aac. 23.4. 559 . PMC 184701 . PMID 6222695 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 6 January 2014 . Retrieved 5 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Orange Book Detail Record Search '' . Archived from the original on 6 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` www.sec.gov '' . Archived from the original on 9 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Dan Prochilo for Law360 18 November 2013 Bayer 's $74 M Cipro Pay - For - Delay Deal Approved In Calif . Archived 18 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ( 2008 ) . `` United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit '' ( PDF ) . USA . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 August 2009 . Retrieved 4 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Legal Brief of Postal Employees Cases ( EEOC , MSPB , District Courts ) '' . USA : Postal Reporter . Archived from the original on 21 October 2007 . Retrieved 9 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Los Angeles Times , from wire service reports . 19 October 2003 Postal Workers Sue Over Anthrax Scare Antibiotic Archived 5 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Bill Lewis , President of Trenton Metro Area Local , American Postal Workers Union , AFL - CIO . 7 December 2003 Trenton Metro Area Local : Welcome to Bill 's Corner Archived 23 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Page accessed 23 October 2014 Jump up ^ Zhang , GF ; Liu , X ; Zhang , S ; Pan , B ; Liu , ML ( 1 February 2018 ) . `` Ciprofloxacin derivatives and their antibacterial activities '' . European journal of medicinal chemistry . 146 : 599 -- 612 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ejmech. 2018.01. 078 . PMID 29407984 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ciprofloxacin . Medical portal Ciprofloxacin at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) U.S. National Library of Medicine : Drug Information Portal - Ciprofloxacin Cipro Package Insert Proquin XR Package Insert Ciloxan Package Insert Ciprofloxacin Ophthalmic Antibacterials : nucleic acid inhibitors ( J01E , J01M ) Antifolates ( inhibits purine metabolism , thereby inhibiting DNA and RNA synthesis ) DHFR inhibitor 2 , 4 - Diaminopyrimidine Trimethoprim Brodimoprim Tetroxoprim Iclaprim Sulfonamides ( DHPS inhibitor ) Short - acting Sulfaisodimidine Sulfamethizole Sulfadimidine Sulfapyridine Sulfafurazole Sulfanilamide Prontosil Sulfathiazole Sulfathiourea Intermediate - acting Sulfamethoxazole Sulfadiazine Sulfamoxole Long - acting Sulfadimethoxine Sulfadoxine Sulfalene Sulfametomidine Sulfametoxydiazine Sulfamethoxypyridazine Sulfaperin Sulfamerazine Sulfaphenazole Sulfamazone Other / ungrouped Sulfacetamide Sulfadicramide Sulfametrole Sulfanitran Combinations Trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole Ormetoprim / sulfadimethoxine Other DHPS inhibitors Dapsone Topoisomerase inhibitors / quinolones / ( inhibits DNA replication ) 1st g . Cinoxacin Flumequine Nalidixic acid Oxolinic acid Pipemidic acid Piromidic acid Rosoxacin Fluoro - quinolones 2nd g . Ciprofloxacin Ofloxacin Enoxacin Fleroxacin Lomefloxacin Nadifloxacin Norfloxacin Pefloxacin Rufloxacin 3rd g . Levofloxacin Balofloxacin Grepafloxacin Pazufloxacin Sparfloxacin Temafloxacin Tosufloxacin 4th g . Besifloxacin Delafloxacin Gatifloxacin Finafloxacin Gemifloxacin Moxifloxacin Clinafloxacin Garenoxacin Prulifloxacin Sitafloxacin Trovafloxacin / Alatrofloxacin Vet . Danofloxacin Difloxacin Enrofloxacin Ibafloxacin Marbofloxacin Orbifloxacin Pradofloxacin Sarafloxacin Newer non-fluorinated Nemonoxacin Related ( DG ) Aminocoumarins : Novobiocin Anaerobic DNA inhibitors Nitro - imidazole derivatives Metronidazole Tinidazole Ornidazole Nitrofuran derivatives Nitrofurantoin Furazolidone Nifurtoinol RNA synthesis Rifamycins / RNA polymerase Rifampicin Rifabutin Rifapentine Rifaximin Rifalazil Lipiarmycins Fidaxomicin WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III Piperazines Simple piperazines ( no additional rings ) 1 - Cyclohexylpiperazine Aminoethylpiperazine Diethylcarbamazine HEPPS Midafotel Piperazine PIPES Phenylpiperazines Acaprazine Antrafenine Aripiprazole Batoprazine Bifeprunox BRL - 15,572 Ciprofloxacin CSP - 2503 Dapiprazole DCPP DMPP Diphenylpiperazine Dropropizine EGIS - 12,233 Elopiprazole Eltoprazine Enpiprazole Ensaculin Etoperidone Flesinoxan Fluanisone Flibanserin Fluprazine Itraconazole Ketoconazole Levodropropizine Lorpiprazole mCPP Mefway MeOPP Mepiprazole Naftopidil Naluzotan Naphthylpiperazine Nefazodone Niaprazine Oxypertine Pardoprunox pCPP pFPP Posaconazole S - 14,506 S - 14,671 S - 15,535 SB - 258,585 SB - 271,046 SB - 357,134 SB - 399,885 Sonepiprazole TFMPP Tolpiprazole Trazodone Urapidil Vesnarinone Vilazodone Vortioxetine WAY - 100,135 WAY - 100,635 Benzylpiperazines 2C - B - BZP Befuraline Bifeprunox Buclizine BZP Chlorbenzoxamine DBZP Fipexide Imatinib MBZP MDBZP Meclozine Methoxypiperamide Piberaline Piribedil Sunifiram Trimetazidine Vesnarinone Diphenylalkylpiperazines ( benzhydrylalkylpiperazines ) AD - 1211 Almitrine Amperozide BRL - 15,572 Buclizine BW373U86 Cetirizine Chlorbenzoxamine Chlorcyclizine Cinnarizine Clocinizine Cyclizine DBL - 583 Diphenylmethylpiperazine Dotarizine DPI - 221 DPI - 287 DPI - 3290 GBR - 12,783 GBR - 12,935 GBR - 13,069 GBR - 13,098 GBR - 13,119 Hydroxyzine Lidoflazine Manidipine Meclozine MT - 45 Oxatomide SNC - 80 Vanoxerine Pyrimidinylpiperazines Buspirone Dasatinib Eptapirone Gepirone Ipsapirone Piribedil Prazitone Pyrimidinylpiperazine Revospirone Tandospirone Tirilazad Trimazosin Umespirone Zalospirone Pyridinylpiperazines Atevirdine Azaperone Delavirdine Mirtazapine Pyridinylpiperazine Benzo ( iso ) thiazolyl piperazines Lurasidone Perospirone Revospirone Tiospirone Ziprasidone Tricyclics ( piperazine attached via side chain ) Amoxapine Clopenthixol Clorotepine Clozapine Cyanothepin Doclothepin Docloxythepin Flupentixol Fluphenazine Isofloxythepin Loxapine Meperathiepin Metitepine Octomethothepin Olanzapine Opipramol Oxyclothepin Oxyprothepin Peradithiepin Perathiepin Perazine Perphenazine Pirenzepine Prochlorperazine Thiethylperazine Thiothixene Trifluoperazine Trifluthepin Zuclopenthixol Others / Uncategorized 6 - Nitroquipazine Azimilide Cinepazet Cinepazic acid Cinepazide Cyclohexylpiperazine EGIS - 7625 Hexocyclium Indinavir JNJ - 7777120 Lodenafil Mirodenafil PB - 28 Quipazine Ranolazine SA - 4503 Sildenafil Tadalafil Vardenafil VUF - 6002 Zipeprol Drugs used for diseases of the ear ( S02 ) Infection Acetic acid Aluminium acetotartrate Aluminium triacetate ( Burow 's solution ) Boric acid Chloramphenicol Chlorhexidine Ciprofloxacin Clioquinol Gentamicin Hydrogen peroxide Miconazole Neomycin Nitrofurazone Ofloxacin Polymyxin B Rifamycin Tetracycline Corticosteroids Betamethasone Dexamethasone Fluocinolone acetonide Hydrocortisone Prednisolone Analgesics and anesthetics Lidocaine Cocaine Phenazone GABA receptor modulators Ionotropic GABA Agonists : ( + ) - Catechin Bamaluzole Barbiturates ( e.g. , phenobarbital ) BL - 1020 DAVA Dihydromuscimol GABA Gabamide GABOB Gaboxadol ( THIP ) Homotaurine ( tramiprosate , 3 - APS ) Ibotenic acid iso - THAZ iso - THIP Isoguvacine Isomuscimol Isonipecotic acid Kojic amine Lignans ( e.g. , honokiol ) Methylglyoxal Monastrol Muscimol Nefiracetam Neuroactive steroids ( e.g. , allopregnanolone ) Org 20599 Phenibut Picamilon P4S Progabide Propofol Quisqualamine SL - 75102 TACA TAMP Terpenoids ( e.g. , borneol ) Thiomuscimol Tolgabide ZAPA Positive modulators ( abridged ; see here for a full list ) : α - EMTBL Alcohols ( e.g. , ethanol ) Anabolic steroids Avermectins ( e.g. , ivermectin ) Barbiturates ( e.g. , phenobarbital ) Benzodiazepines ( e.g. , diazepam ) Bromide compounds ( e.g. , potassium bromide ) Carbamates ( e.g. , meprobamate ) Carbamazepine Chloralose Chlormezanone Clomethiazole Dihydroergolines ( e.g. , ergoloid ( dihydroergotoxine ) ) Etazepine Etifoxine Fenamates ( e.g. , mefenamic acid ) Flavonoids ( e.g. , apigenin , hispidulin ) Fluoxetine Flupirtine Imidazoles ( e.g. , etomidate ) Kava constituents ( e.g. , kavain ) Lanthanum Loreclezole Monastrol Neuroactive steroids ( e.g. , allopregnanolone , cholesterol ) Niacin Nicotinamide ( niacinamide ) Nonbenzodiazepines ( e.g. , β - carbolines ( e.g. , abecarnil ) , cyclopyrrolones ( e.g. , zopiclone ) , imidazopyridines ( e.g. , zolpidem ) , pyrazolopyrimidines ( e.g. , zaleplon ) ) Norfluoxetine Petrichloral Phenols ( e.g. , propofol ) Phenytoin Piperidinediones ( e.g. , glutethimide ) Propanidid Pyrazolopyridines ( e.g. , etazolate ) Quinazolinones ( e.g. , methaqualone ) Retigabine ( ezogabine ) ROD - 188 Skullcap constituents ( e.g. , baicalin ) Stiripentol Sulfonylalkanes ( e.g. , sulfonmethane ( sulfonal ) ) Topiramate Valerian constituents ( e.g. , valerenic acid ) Volatiles / gases ( e.g. , chloral hydrate , chloroform , diethyl ether , paraldehyde , sevoflurane ) Antagonists : Bicuculline Coriamyrtin Dihydrosecurinine Gabazine ( SR - 95531 ) Hydrastine Hyenachin ( mellitoxin ) PHP - 501 Pitrazepin Securinine Sinomenine SR - 42641 SR - 95103 Thiocolchicoside Tutin Negative modulators : 1 , 3M1B 3M2B 11 - Ketoprogesterone 17 - Phenylandrostenol α5IA ( LS - 193,268 ) β - CCB β - CCE β - CCM β - CCP β - EMGBL Anabolic steroids Amiloride Anisatin β - Lactams ( e.g. , penicillins , cephalosporins , carbapenems ) Basmisanil Bemegride Bilobalide CHEB Cicutoxin Cloflubicyne Cyclothiazide DHEA DHEA - S Dieldrin ( + ) - DMBB DMCM DMPC EBOB Etbicyphat FG - 7142 ( ZK - 31906 ) Fiproles ( e.g. , fipronil ) Flavonoids ( e.g. , amentoflavone , oroxylin A ) Flumazenil Fluoroquinolones ( e.g. , ciprofloxacin ) Flurothyl Furosemide Iomazenil ( I ) Isoallopregnanolone Isopregnanolone ( sepranolone ) L - 655,708 Laudanosine Leptazol Lindane MaxiPost Morphine Morphine - 3 - glucuronide MRK - 016 Naloxone Naltrexone Nicardipine Nonsteroidal antiandrogens ( e.g. , apalutamide , bicalutamide , enzalutamide , flutamide , nilutamide ) Oenanthotoxin Pentylenetetrazol ( pentetrazol ) Phenylsilatrane Picrotoxin ( i.e. , picrotin and picrotoxinin ) Pregnenolone sulfate Propybicyphat PWZ - 029 Radequinil Ro 15 - 4513 Ro 19 - 4603 RO4882224 RO4938581 Sarmazenil SCS Suritozole TB - 21007 TBOB TBPS TCS - 1105 Terbequinil TETS Thujone U-93631 Zinc ZK - 93426 GABA - ρ Agonists : BL - 1020 CACA CAMP Homohypotaurine GABA GABOB Ibotenic acid Isoguvacine Muscimol N - Chloroacetylcytosine arabinoside Picamilon Progabide TACA TAMP Thiomuscimol Tolgabide Positive modulators : Allopregnanolone Alphaxolone ATHDOC Lanthanides Antagonists : ( S ) - 2 - MeGABA ( S ) - 4 - ACPBPA ( S ) - 4 - ACPCA 2 - MeTACA 3 - APMPA 4 - ACPAM 4 - GBA cis - 3 - ACPBPA CGP - 36742 ( SGS - 742 ) DAVA Gabazine ( SR - 95531 ) Gaboxadol ( THIP ) I4AA Isonipecotic acid Loreclezole P4MPA P4S SKF - 97541 SR - 95318 SR - 95813 TPMPA trans - 3 - ACPBPA ZAPA Negative modulators : 5α - Dihydroprogesterone Bilobalide Loreclezole Picrotoxin ( picrotin , picrotoxinin ) Pregnanolone ROD - 188 THDOC Zinc Metabotropic GABA Agonists : 1 , 4 - Butanediol 4 - Fluorophenibut Aceburic acid Arbaclofen Arbaclofen placarbil Baclofen BL - 1020 GABA Gabamide GABOB GBL GHB GHBAL GHV GVL Isovaline Lesogaberan Phenibut Picamilon Progabide Sodium oxybate SKF - 97,541 SL 75102 Tolgabide Tolibut Positive modulators : ADX - 71441 BHF - 177 BHFF BSPP CGP - 7930 CGP - 13501 GS - 39783 rac - BHFF KK - 92A Antagonists : 2 - Hydroxysaclofen CGP - 35348 CGP - 46381 CGP - 52432 CGP - 54626 CGP - 55845 CGP - 64213 DAVA Homotaurine ( tramiprosate , 3 - APS ) Phaclofen Saclofen SCH - 50911 SKF - 97541 Negative modulators : Compound 14 See also Receptor / signaling modulators GABA receptor positive modulators GABA metabolism / transport modulators Pharmacy and pharmacology portal Medicine portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ciprofloxacin&oldid=827791894 '' Categories : Cyclopropanes Fluoroquinolone antibiotics Otologicals Ophthalmology drugs Piperazines GABAA receptor negative allosteric modulators Bayer AG World Health Organization essential medicines Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text CS1 French - 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-61774533565920632	Virginia City, Nevada	Virginia City , Nevada - wikipedia Virginia City , Nevada `` Virginia City '' redirects here . For other uses , see Virginia City ( disambiguation ) . Census - designated place in Nevada , United States Virginia City , Nevada Census - designated place View of Virginia City , July 2016 Motto ( s ) : `` Step Back in Time '' Virginia City Location within the state of Nevada Coordinates : 39 ° 18 ′ 37 '' N 119 ° 38 ′ 58 '' W / 39.31028 ° N 119.64944 ° W / 39.31028 ; - 119.64944 Coordinates : 39 ° 18 ′ 37 '' N 119 ° 38 ′ 58 '' W / 39.31028 ° N 119.64944 ° W / 39.31028 ; - 119.64944 Country United States State Nevada County Storey Area Total 0.8 sq mi ( 2.2 km ) Land 0.8 sq mi ( 2.2 km ) Water 0 sq mi ( 0 km ) Elevation 6,150 ft ( 1,874 m ) Population ( 2010 ) Total 855 Density 1,000 / sq mi ( 390 / km ) Time zone Pacific ( PST ) ( UTC - 8 ) Summer ( DST ) PDT ( UTC - 7 ) FIPS code 32 - 80000 GNIS feature ID 0856420 Virginia City is a census - designated place ( CDP ) that is the county seat of Storey County , Nevada . It is part of the Reno -- Sparks Metropolitan Statistical Area . Virginia City sprang up as a boomtown with the 1859 discovery of the Comstock Lode , the first major silver deposit discovery in the United States , with numerous mines opening . At the city 's peak of population in the mid-1870s , it had an estimated 25,000 residents . The mines ' output declined after 1878 , and the city itself declined as a result . As of the 2010 Census the population of Virginia City was about 855 , and that of Storey County 4,000 . Contents 1 History 1.1 Great Fire of 1875 1.2 Virginia City and Mark Twain 2 Economy 3 Arts and culture 3.1 Virginia City Hillclimb 3.2 Museums and other points of interest 4 Education 5 Infrastructure 5.1 Railway 6 Notable people 7 In popular culture 8 References 9 Sources 10 External links History ( edit ) View of Virginia City , Nevada , from a nearby hillside , 1867 -- 68 Aerial map of Virginia City , c. 1875 Main article : Comstock Lode Peter O'Riley and Patrick McLaughlin are credited with the discovery of the Comstock Lode . Henry T.P. Comstock 's name was associated with the discovery through his own machinations . According to folklore , James Fennimore , nicknamed Old Virginny Finney , christened the town when he tripped and broke a bottle of whiskey at a saloon entrance in the northern section of Gold Hill , soon to become Virginia City . In another story , the Ophir Diggings were named in honor of Finney as he was `` one of the first discoverers of that mining locality , and one of the most successful prospectors in that region . '' Finney `` was the best judge of placer ground in Gold Canyon , '' locating the quartz footwall of the Ophir on 22 February 1858 , the placers on Little Gold Hill on 28 January 1859 , and the placers below Ophir in 1857 . After the discovery of the Comstock Lode in 1859 , the town developed seemingly overnight on the eastern slopes of Mount Davidson , perched at a 6200 - foot elevation . Below the town were dug intricate tunnels and shafts for silver mining . The Comstock Lode discovery and subsequent growth of Virginia City was unequaled by the history of other precious metal discoveries . By 1876 Nevada produced over half of all the precious metals in the United States . The Comstock produced silver and gold ore valued at hundreds of thousands of dollars . The wealth supported the Northern cause during the American Civil War and flooded the world monetary markets , resulting in economic changes . Virginia City 's silver ore discoveries were not part of the California Gold Rush , which occurred 10 years before . At the time of the discovery of the Comstock Lode , silver was considered the monetary equal of gold , and all production was purchased by the federal government for use in coinage . In 1873 , silver was demonetized by the government , in large part due to the flood of silver into international markets from the silver mines of Virginia City . Timbering the Mines of the Comstock , sketch by Dan DeQuille , 1877 . Technical problems plagued the early mining efforts , requiring the development of new mining technology to support the challenge . German engineer Philip Deidesheimer created a timbering system for mining tunnels called square sets , which enabled the retrieval of huge amounts of silver ore in a safe manner . Square set timbering , roots blowers , stamp mills , the Washoe Pan milling process , Cornish pumps , Burleigh machine drills , wire woven rope , miners ' safety cages and the safety clutch for those cages ; even the Sutro tunnel all had a place in supporting the exploitation of the rich ore body . As technological advancements , these were used many times over in later mining applications . In 1876 one observer reported that in Virginia City , `` every activity has to do with the mining , transportation , or reduction of silver ore , or the melting and assaying of silver bullion . '' Like many cities and towns in Nevada , Virginia City was a mining boomtown ; it developed virtually overnight as a result of miners rushing to the Comstock Lode silver strike of 1859 . But , Virginia City far surpassed all others for its peak of population , technological advancements developed there , and for providing the population base upon which Nevada qualified for statehood . The riches of the Comstock Lode inspired men to hunt for silver mines throughout Nevada and other parts of the American West . Virginia City population increased from 4,000 in 1862 to over 15,000 in 1863 . It fluctuated depending on mining output . US Census figures do not reflect all of these frequent changes . The city included gas and sewer lines , the one hundred room International Hotel with elevator , three theatres , the Maguire Opera House , four churches , and three daily newspapers . Many of the homes and buildings were made of brick . With this center of wealth , many important local politicians and businessmen came from the mining camp . At its peak after the Big Bonanza of 1873 Virginia City had a population of over 25,000 residents and was called the richest city in America . In 1879 , the mines began to play out and the population fell to just under 11,000 . Dominated by San Francisco moneyed interests , Virginia City was heralded as the sophisticated interior partner of San Francisco . `` San Francisco on the coast and Virginia City inland '' became the mantra of west coast Victorian entrepreneurs . Early Virginia City settlers were in large part the backwash from San Francisco and the California Gold Rush , ten years before . Mine owners who made a killing in the Comstock mines spent most of their wealth in San Francisco . A San Francisco stock market existed for the exploitation of Comstock mining . The Bank of California financed building the financial district of San Francisco with money from the Comstock mines . The influence of the Comstock lode rejuvenated what was the ragged little town of 1860 San Francisco . `` Nearly all the profits of the Comstock were invested in San Francisco real estate and in the erection of fine buildings . '' Thus , Virginia City built San Francisco . The Comstock 's success , measured in values of the time period , totaled `` about $400 million . '' Mining and its attraction of population was the economic factor that caused the separation of Nevada territory from Utah , and later justified and supported Nevada statehood . Virginia City in the early 1870s and in 2007 . The church at left is St. Mary 's in the Mountains Catholic Church . It was rebuilt in 1875 after a great fire burned down 90 % of Virginia City . Historic photo is of the pre-fire church . The mining industry dominated Virginia City , making it an industrial center similar to those of the east coast . But the city retained some of its frontier flavor . The social history of the town has emphasized the high number of immigrants among its residents . Miners largely from Cornwall , England , where tin mines had been developed based on hard rock technology , flooded the Comstock . The new English immigrants were one of the largest ethnic groups . Many of the miners who came to the city were Cornish or Irish . In 1870 , Asians were 7.6 % of the population , primarily Chinese workers who settled in many western towns after they had completed construction of the transcontinental railroad . The Chinese filled niche markets , such as laundry workers and cooks . Through time , the numerous independent Comstock mines became consolidated under ownership of large monopolies . A group called the Bank Crowd , dominated by William Sharon in Virginia City and William Ralston in San Francisco , financed the mines and mills of the Comstock until they had a virtual monopoly . By manipulating stock through rumors and false reports of mining wealth , some men made fortunes from the stocks of Virginia City 's mines . When it appeared the Comstock Lode was finished , the city 's population declined sharply , with ten thousand leaving in 1864 and 1865 . By the late 1860s , a group of Irish investors threatened the Bank Crowd 's control . John Mackay and partner James Fair began as common miners , working their way up to management positions in the mines . By purchasing stock in the mines , they realized financial independence . Their partners Flood and O'Brien stayed in San Francisco and speculated in stock . The Irish Big Four , as the men were called , eventually controlled the Consolidated Virginia mine where the Big Bonanza was discovered in 1873 . The next few years were some of the most profitable on the Comstock , as the Bank Crowd lost control to the Irish Big Four . Population reached 25,000 in 1875 . Mining operations were hindered by the extreme temperatures in the mines caused by natural hot springs . In winter the miners would snowshoe to the mines and then have to descend to work in high temperatures . These harsh conditions contributed to a low life expectancy , and earned miners the nickname of Hot Water Plugs . Adolph Sutro built the Sutro Tunnel to drain the hot spring waters to the valley below . But , by the time it was completed in 1879 , the mines had substantially passed the intersection level , as their tunnels had been dug ever deeper . Great fire of 1875 ( edit ) Between 1859 and 1875 , Virginia City had numerous serious fires . The October 26 , 1875 fire , dubbed the Great Fire , caused $12 million in damage . `` The spectacle beggars description ; the world was on fire ... a square mile of roaring flames . '' When a church caught fire , Mackay was heard to say , `` Damn the church ! We can build another if we can keep the fire from going down these shafts . '' Though the Con . Virginia and Ophir hoisting works burned , the fire did not penetrate the Con . Virginia shaft and only reached 400 feet into the Ophir shaft . `` Railroad car wheels were melted '' , `` brick buildings went down like paper boxes '' , and two thousand were left homeless . In ensuing months the city was rebuilt . A majority of the area now designated as the National Historic Landmark historic district dates to this later time period . However , the bonanza period was at an end by 1880 Virginia City and Mark Twain ( edit ) Further information : Mark Twain in Nevada Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1860 2,345 -- 1870 7,048 200.6 % 1880 10,917 54.9 % 1890 6,433 − 41.1 % 1900 2,695 − 58.1 % 1910 2,244 − 16.7 % 1920 1,200 − 46.5 % 1930 590 − 50.8 % 1940 500 − 15.3 % 1950 500 0.0 % 1960 610 22.0 % 1970 600 − 1.6 % 1980 600 0.0 % 920 53.3 % 2000 771 − 16.2 % 855 10.9 % source : View of Virginia City from Boot Hill Virginia City could be considered the birthplace of the pen name of Mark Twain , as it was here in February 1863 that writer Samuel Clemens , then a reporter on the local Territorial Enterprise newspaper , first used the nom de plume . Clemens lived in Virginia City and wrote for the Enterprise from late fall 1862 until May 1864 , when he escaped from a potential duel instigated by a local newspaper editor upset at Clemens ' reporting . Clemens returned to the Comstock region twice on western lecture tours , once in 1866 where he was mugged on the Divide . The muggers relieved Clemens of his watch and his money . The robbery turns out to have been a practical joke played on Clemens by his friends . He did not appreciate the joke , but he did retrieve his belongings -- particularly his gold watch ( worth $300 ) , which had great sentimental value . Clemens mentions the incident in his book Roughing It ( 1872 ) , apparently still sore about it . Clemens ' second lecture tour in 1868 occurred at the time of the hanging of John Millian , who was convicted of murdering Julia Bulette . Economy ( edit ) In the 21st century , Virginia City 's economy is based on tourism . Many residents own and work at the shops in town that cater to tourists , while others seek jobs in the surrounding cities . Virginia City , a National Historic Landmark District , draws more than 2 million visitors per year . It has numerous historic properties that are separately listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The tourism supports an eclectic assortment of fine and casual dining experiences . Many lodging properties offer options to tourists wanting to stay overnight . Several bed and breakfast facilities are based in restored historic homes including : the B Street House Bed and Breakfast , previously the Henry Piper House , which is listed on the National Register ; Edith Palmer 's Country Inn and Core Restaurant in the restored 1860s Cider factory ; and the 1876 Cobb Mansion . Arts and culture ( edit ) Virginia City is home to many interpretive museums and sites , including the Silver Terrace Cemetery , the Fourth Ward School Museum , the Pioneer Cemetery , the Fireman 's Museum , the Way It Was Museum , Piper 's Opera House , the Police Officer 's Museum , St. Mary 's Art Center , and numerous exhibits in businesses throughout town . Virginia City also hosts many unique and authentic event celebrations including cook - offs , parades , and Civil War re-enactments . Virginia City hillclimb ( edit ) There is an annual hillclimb that runs from Silver City to Virginia City via Highway 341 ( a truck route ) that is put on jointly between the Ferrari Club of America Pacific Region and the Northern California Shelby Club . As of 2013 , the event is officially open to performance vehicles of all makes . The event was put on first by Road & Track and the Aston Martin Club , the following year the SCCA took the same route , and later it was picked up by the Ferrari Owners Club . Highway 342 is now the return route for cars that have completed their runs up Highway 341 . The hillclimb covers 5.2 miles ( 8.4 km ) , climbing 1,260 feet ( 380 m ) and passing through 21 corners . Museums and other points of interest ( edit ) Brass Rail Saloon Main article : Virginia City Historic District ( Virginia City , Nevada ) Virginia City retains an authentic historic character with board sidewalks , and numerous restored buildings dating to the 1860s and 1870s . Virginia City is home to many charming and informative museums . The Fourth Ward School Museum brings Comstock history to life in interactive displays , and a restored 1876 classroom . The four - story wooden school is the last one of this type left in the United States . Among the attractions on C Street are the Bucket of Blood Saloon , the Delta Saloon with the Old Globe and Suicide table , the Silver Queen , the Brass Rail Saloon , and the Red Dog Saloon , originally the 1875 Comstock House , located at 76 North C Street . The Red Dog Saloon gave many San Francisco rock musicians their start during the summer of 1965 . Piper 's Opera House occupies the corner of B and Union Streets and is open as a museum when not a host to shows and musical venues of many types . Piper 's Corner Saloon was one of the longest continuously operating saloons of the nineteenth century . St. Mary 's and St. Paul 's churches Points of interest include the Comstock Historic Walking Trail , where hikers can view the Pioneer Cemetery , site of Julia Bulette 's grave , the Combination Mine Shaft , and Sugarloaf Mountain . Other attractions include the Silver State Police Officers ' Museum in the Storey County Courthouse , complete with jail cells from the 1870s ; The Way It Was museum on Sutton and C Streets , the Fireman 's Museum with authentic Victorian firefighting equipment on display , the Chollar Mine tour , Ponderosa Mine Tour , Silver Terrace Cemetery , Presbyterian Church dating to 1862 , St. Mary 's of the Mountain Catholic Church ( c. 1876 ) , St. Paul 's Episcopal Church , and St. Mary 's Art Center , offering lessons and retreats . The restored Virginia and Truckee Railroad horse - drawn carriage tours , trolley tours , walking tours , Storey County Courthouse , Miner 's Union Hall , Knights of Pythias Building , numerous historic shops and homes , the Old Washoe Club , and Miner 's Park are other attractions . Virginia City was declared a National Historic Landmark district in 1961 , and has been carefully preserved to retain its historic character . Also in Virginia City is the Silver Queen Hotel and Wedding Chapel , which is famous for its picture of a woman whose dress is made entirely of silver dollars . The hotel was built in 1876 and includes a saloon . The historic 1864 Union Brewery and saloon on 28 North C Street , frequented by Mark Twain , has been restored and reopened . Education ( edit ) Virginia City has one elementary school ( Hugh Gallagher Elementary School ) , one middle school ( Virginia City Middle School ) , and one high school ( Virginia City High School ) . Infrastructure ( edit ) Railway ( edit ) Main street view , October 2009 The Virginia and Truckee Railroad 's northern terminus is located at Virginia City . A project was started in 1977 to begin rebuilding one of the nation 's `` crookedest railroads '' . The portion of line that has been rebuilt so far stretches south to Carson City and through Gold Hill . The project ran the first steam engine from Carson City on September 5 , 2009 , and continues to provide tourist excursions between Carson City and Virginia City on weekends . Other trains are pulled by historic locomotives on weekdays between Virginia City and Gold Hill on 35 - minute round trips . Notable people ( edit ) Newspaper advertising Lucius Beebe , author , gourmand , photographer , railroad historian , journalist , and syndicated columnist Julia Bulette , English - born prostitute and proprietor of most renowned brothel Charles Clegg , author , photographer , and railroad historian Dan DeQuille , author , journalist , and humorist , was best known for his written accounts of the people , events , and silver mining operations on the Comstock Lode at Virginia City , Nevada , including his non-fiction book History of the Big Bonanza ( American Publishing Company , 1876 ) Alfred Doten , journalist , editor Gold Hill News James Graham Fair , mine owner , partner to John Mackay Harold A. Henry , Los Angeles City Council president , born here John Brayshaw Kaye , poet and politician , worked in the town in the 19th century Richard Kirman Sr. , 17th Governor of Nevada from 1935 to 1939 ; born in Virginia City Ezra F. Kysor , architect in Virginia City from 1865 to 1868 John William Mackay , richest mining millionaire from the Comstock Lode Albert A. Michelson , the first American to receive the Nobel Prize in Physics ( 1907 ) , grew up in this rough mining town , where his father was a merchant Ferdinand Schulze , Prussian immigrant who became a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly W.H.C. Stephenson , Early African American figure , founded Baptist church and advocated black suffrage W. Frank Stewart , silver mine operator and Nevada state senator from 1876 to 1880 Marie Suize ( fr ) , Frenchwoman who operated a wine shop at 7 South B Street ( previously , Albert Mau 's grocery ) selling wines and liquors , and at 140 South C Street after the 1875 fire ; she was arrested in San Francisco in 1871 for being dressed in male clothing Adolph Sutro , industrialist , San Francisco mayor Mark Twain , iconic author , journalist , and humorist , who worked for the local paper and whose novel Roughing It is set in and around the city In popular culture ( edit ) Many tons of rich gold and silver ore , such as the example shown here , built and supported Virginia City Author Louis L'Amour 's novel Comstock Lode is set in Virginia City during the silver rush . Virginia City is near the site of the fictitious Ponderosa Ranch on the Western television drama Bonanza . As such , the show 's characters made visits to the town regularly . The Virginia City depicted on Bonanza was located at RKO Forty Acres in Hollywood . It was the locale of the 1940 film Virginia City , set during the Civil War , and starring Errol Flynn . The city during its mining boom was the setting for most of the 1946 James M. Cain novel Past All Dishonor . Virginia City und die wahre Geschichte des Wilden Westens ( `` Virginia City and the true history of the wild West '' ) , directed by Elmar Bartlmae , is a 2007 German documentary film . In 2004 , Zak Bagans , Nick Groff , and Aaron Goodwin filmed their paranormal investigations at reportedly haunted locations in Virginia City for their 2006 TV series Ghost Adventures . They returned in 2009 , 2011 , and 2018 to film other locations in Virginia City , most notably being the Old Washoe Club . `` Darcy Farrow '' , a folk song written by Steve Gillette and Tom Campbell , mentions Virginia City and other places and landmarks in the area ( including Yerington , the Carson Valley , and the Truckee River ) . The most popular version was performed by John Denver . Virginia City 's Red Dog Saloon was where Janis Joplin , Big Brother and the Holding Company , The Charlatans , the Grateful Dead and others got their start during the summer of 1965 . Happenings at the Red Dog , including a house light show , underpinned the beginning of West Coast hippie culture . A significant portion of Julie Smith 's 1987 novel Huckleberry Fiend , concerning the discovery of a lost section of the manuscript for Mark Twain 's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn , takes place in Virginia City . Remarkably , the actual missing holograph was located only four years after publication . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Virginia City Nevada '' . Virginia City Nevada . Retrieved October 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Profile for Virginia City , Nevada , NV '' . ePodunk . Retrieved October 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Geographic Identifiers : 2010 Demographic Profile Data ( G001 ) : Virginia City CDP , Nevada '' . American Factfinder . Suitland , Maryland : United States Census Bureau . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` DUSTBIN OF HISTORY : THE FASCINATING SAGA OF THE COMSTOCK LODE '' . Today I Found Out . United States . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of the Comstock Lode '' . Awesome Inc . United States : Blogger . March 6 , 2009 . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith 1943 , pp. 7 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Smith 1943 , pp. 13 -- 14 , 16 . ^ Jump up to : Powell 2012 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Smith 1943 , pp. 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Smith 1943 , pp. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Rinella 2007 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Collins2010 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Smith 1943 , p. 289 . Jump up ^ Thomson 2000 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Smith 1943 , p. 295 . Jump up ^ Payton , Philip ( 2007 ) . Making Moonta : The Invention of Australia 's Little Cornwall . Exeter : University of Exeter Press . ISBN 978 - 0859897952 . Jump up ^ Gibson , Campbell ; Jung , Kay . `` Historical Census Statistics On Population Totals By Race , 1790 to 1990 , and By Hispanic Origin , 1970 to 1990 , For Large Cities And Other Urban Places In The United States '' . United States Census Bureau . Suitland , Maryland : Economics and Statistics Administration . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2012 . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith , pp. 14 -- 15 , 49 -- 51 , 60 , 183 . Jump up ^ Smith 1943 , pp. 107 -- 115 . ^ Jump up to : Snell ; Larew 1978 , pp. 2 , 8 , 9 . Jump up ^ Smith 1943 , pp. 192 -- 193 . Jump up ^ Smith 1943 , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Moffatt 1996 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Thomson 2000 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Rinella 2007 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Gaw 1998 , pp. 9 - 12 . Jump up ^ Powers 2006 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Virginia City Hill Climb , official website Jump up ^ `` History of the Hillclimb '' . Virginia City Hillclimb . Virginia City , Nevada . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Red Dod Saloon '' . Red Dog VC . Virginia City , Nevada . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia City Historic District '' ( PDF ) . National Historic Landmark summary listing . National Park Service . Retrieved January 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Accompanying 50 or so photos from 1968 , 1971 , 1978 and other dates ( 8.81 MB ) Jump up ^ `` Silver Queen Hotel and Wedding Chapel '' . Silver Queen Hotel . Virginia City , Nevada . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ned Halley The Wordsworth Dictionary of Drink : An A-Z of Alcoholic Beverages 2005 1840223022 `` Union Brewery restoration of 1864 brewery in Virginia City , Nevada , USA . Had the distinction of being the only brewery in the state . '' Jump up ^ Warren Hinckle , Fredric Hobbs The richest place on earth : the story of Virginia City - 1978 `` Presiding over the ritual was Gordon Lane , proprietor of the Union Brewery Saloon . With ash blond hair ... '' Jump up ^ `` Piper - Beebe House '' . National Park Servicet . Retrieved October 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Doten , Alfred ( 1973 ) . Walter Van Tilburg Clark , ed . The Journals of Alfred Doten , 1849 - 1903 - in 3 Volumes . Reno , Nevada : University of Nevada Press . ASIN B001KUOKDM . ISBN 978 - 0874170320 . Jump up ^ `` Nevada Governor Richard Kirman '' . National Governors Association . United States . Retrieved October 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Smith 1943 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Elmer R. Rusco , `` A Black Doctor on the Comstock , Greasewood Tablettes ( Department of Pathology , University of Nevada School of Medicine , 9 : 2 ( Summer 1998 ) , pp. 1 - 3 . accessed March 10 , 2016 http://faculty.washington.edu/qtaylor/Courses/313_AAW/313_manual_cp_04.htm Jump up ^ Albert Mau 's old store on Mercantile guide and directory for Virginia City , Gold Hill , Silver ... Jump up ^ New address 140 South C Street on Colorado , New Mexico , Utah , Nevada , Wyoming et ... 1884 - 85 Jump up ^ Marie Suize arrested Gold Hill Daily news , 1871 Jump up ^ `` Comstock Lode : A Novel by Louis L'Amour '' . books.google.com . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Past All Dishonor by James M. Cain '' . books.google.com . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia City und die wahre Geschichte des Wilden Westens '' . Doku Me . Germany . Retrieved November 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gillette , Steve ; Campbell , Tom . `` Darcy Farrow Lyrics '' . Compass Rose Music . Bennington , Vermont . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rockin ' at the Red Dog : The Dawn of Psychedelic Rock '' . Amazon.com . Seattle . July 5 , 2005 . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reif , Rita ( February 26 , 1991 ) . `` Twain Manuscript Resolves Huck Finn Mysteries '' . New York Times . New York City : New York Times Company . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Sources ( edit ) David F. Myrick , ed. ( 1958 ) . Reproduction of Thompson and West 's History of Nevada 1881 , with Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of Its Prominent Men and Pioneers . Berkeley , California : Howell - North Books . ASIN B000EDOHLG . Elliott , Russell R. ; Rowley , William D. ( 1987 ) . History of Nevada ( 2nd ed . ) . Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0803267152 . Gaw , Clifford M. ( 1998 ) . `` Eyewitness Account : What Happened on the Divide ? '' . Mark Twain Journal . 36 ( 1 ) : 9 -- 12 . JSTOR 41641442 . Powers , Ron ( 2006 ) . Mark Twain : A Life ( Reprint ed . ) . New York City : Free Press . p. 167 . ISBN 978 - 0743249010 . Hulse , James ( 1981 ) . The Nevada Adventure , a History ( 5th ed . ) . Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0874170672 . James , Ronald M. ( 2012 ) . Virginia City : Secrets of a Western Past ( Historical Archaeology of the American West ) ( Paperback ed . ) . Lincoln , Nebraska : Bison Books . ISBN 978 - 0803238480 . Lord , Eliot ( 2011 ) . ' Comstock Miners and Mining , 1st edition 1883 ( Paperback ed . ) . Charleston , South Carolina : Nabu Press . ISBN 978 - 1175749024 . Makley , Michael J. ( 2009 ) . John Mackay : Silver King in the Gilded Age ( Shepperson Series in Nevada History ) ( 1st ed . ) . Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0874177701 . Mathews , Mary McNair ( 1880 ) . Ten years in Nevada . Washington , D.C. : The Library of Congress . ASIN B003TZK4H2 . Archived at The Library of Congress Mathews , Mary McNair ( 1880 ) . Ten years in Nevada ( 1st ed . ) . Houston : Buffalo , Baker , Jones & Co . ASIN B003SHZ43A . Archived at The Library of Congress Powell , John J. ( 2012 ) . Nevada : The Land of Silver . Charleston , South Carolina : Nabu Press . p. 239 . ISBN 978 - 1276532440 . Rinella , Heidi Knapp ( 2007 ) . Nevada Off the Beaten Path ® ( Off the Beaten Path Series ) ( 6th ed . ) . Guilford , Connecticut : Globe Pequot Press . pp. 73 , 78 . ISBN 978 - 0762742042 . Collins , Charles ( 2010 ) . Mercantile Directory in 1864 ( Paperback ed . ) . Charleston , South Carolina : Nabu Press . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 1175622358 . Snell , Charles ; Larew , Marilynn ( April 21 , 1978 ) . `` National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination : Virginia City Historic District '' . National Park Service : 2 , 8 , 9 . Smith , Grant . H. ( 1943 ) . The History of the Comstock Lode , 1850 - 1920 . Reno , Nevada : University of Nevada Press . pp. 7 -- 16 , 23 -- 24 , 28 -- 29 , 49 -- 51 , 60 , 107 -- 115 , 183 , 192 -- 193 , 231 , 289 , 295 . ASIN B0014AP8GG . Moffatt , Riley ( 1996 ) . Population History of Western U.S. Cities & Towns , 1850 - 1990 ( 1st ed . ) . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press . p. 159 . ISBN 978 - 0810830332 . Stewart , Robert ; Stewart , Mary ( 1962 ) . Adolph Sutro , A Biography ( 1st ed . ) . Berkeley , California : Howell - North Books . ASIN B0007E9EDS . Thomson , David ( 2000 ) . In Nevada : The Land , The People , God , and Chance ( Reprint ed . ) . New York City : Vintage Books . pp. 26 , 35 . ISBN 978 - 0679777588 . De Quille , Dan ( 2013 ) . Mark Diederichsen , ed . History of the Big Bonanza : An Authentic Account of the Discovery , History , and Working of the World Renowned Comstock Silver Lode of Virginia City , Nevada ( 1st ed . ) . Los Angeles : Peruse Press . ISBN 978 - 0615922447 . External links ( edit ) Virginia City , Nevada . Wikisource has the text of an 1879 American Cyclopædia article about Virginia City , Nevada . Virginia City Tourism Commission Three Historic Nevada Cities : Carson City , Reno , Virginia City , a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary City-data.com Piper - Beebe House `` Virginia City '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 24 ( 9th ed . ) . 1888 . `` Virginia City '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . `` Virginia City '' . Collier 's New Encyclopedia . 1921 . Municipalities and communities of Storey County , Nevada , United States County seat : Virginia City CDP Virginia City Unincorporated community Clark Devil 's Gate Gilpin ‡ Gold Hill Lockwood Virginia City Highlands ‡ Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in adjacent county or counties . State of Nevada Carson City ( capital ) Topics Delegations Government History Nevada Territory World War II People Transportation Tourist attractions Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Elections Politics Regions Black Rock Desert Eagle Valley Great Basin Lake Mead Lake Tahoe Las Vegas Valley Mojave Desert Pahranagat Valley Sierra Nevada Trout Creek Mountains Truckee Meadows Metro areas Las Vegas -- Paradise Reno -- Sparks Carson City Counties Churchill Clark Douglas Elko Esmeralda Eureka Humboldt Lander Lincoln Lyon Mineral Nye Pershing Storey Washoe White Pine Cities and communities Alamo Amargosa Valley Austin Baker Battle Mountain Beatty Boulder City Caliente Carlin Carson City Elko Ely Enterprise Eureka Fallon Fernley Gardnerville Ranchos Gerlach Goldfield Hawthorne Henderson Incline Village Las Vegas Laughlin Lovelock Mesquite Minden North Las Vegas Panaca Pahrump Paradise Pioche Primm Rachel Reno Spanish Springs Sparks Spring Creek Spring Valley Stateline Summerlin South Sun Valley Sunrise Manor Tonopah Virginia City West Wendover Winnemucca Whitney Winchester Yerington Former counties Bullfrog Ormsby Roop Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Virginia_City,_Nevada&oldid=854692888 '' Categories : Virginia City , Nevada County seats in Nevada Census - designated places in Storey County , Nevada Mining communities in Nevada Reno -- Sparks metropolitan area History of Storey County , Nevada 1850s in Nevada Populated places established in 1859 1859 establishments in Utah Territory Boot Hill cemeteries Mark Twain Reportedly haunted locations in Nevada Hidden categories : Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata Interlanguage link template link number Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from EB9 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier 's Encyclopedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Bân - lâm - gú Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Italiano Kreyòl ayisyen Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 04 : 04 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what's the population of virginia city nevada	[ "Virginia City sprang up as a boomtown with the 1859 discovery of the Comstock Lode, the first major silver deposit discovery in the United States, with numerous mines opening. At the city's peak of population in the mid-1870s, it had an estimated 25,000 residents. The mines' output declined after 1878, and the city itself declined as a result. As of the 2010 Census the population of Virginia City was about 855,[3] and that of Storey County 4,000.\n" ]	[ "855" ]
-2908947394105090246	Noble Eightfold Path	Noble Eightfold path - wikipedia Noble Eightfold path `` Eightfold Path '' redirects here . For other uses , see Eightfold Path ( disambiguation ) . The eight spoke Dharma wheel symbolizes the Noble Eightfold Path Translations of The Noble Eightfold Path Pali अरियो अट्ठङगिpको मग्गो ( ariyo aṭṭhaṅgiko maggo ) Sanskrit आर्याष्टाङगमार्ग ( āryāooṣṭāṅgamārga ) Bengali অটাঙ্গিক আর্য মার্গ ( Atangik Arjo marg ) Burmese မဂ္ဂင်ရှစ်ပါး ( IPA : ( mɛʔɡɪ̀ɴ ʃɪʔ pá ) ) Chinese 八正道 Japanese 八正道 ( rōmaji : Hasshōdō ) Khmer អរិយដ្ឋង្គិក មគ្គ ( UNGEGN : areyadthangkikameak ) Korean 팔정도 ( RR : Paljeongdo ) Sinhalese ආර්ය අෂ්ටා ◌ ගික මාර්ගය Thai อริยมรรค มี องค์ แปด ( RTGS : Ariya Mugg Paad ) Glossary of Buddhism Part of a series on Buddhism History ( show ) Timeline Gautama Buddha Councils Later Buddhists Dharma Concepts ( show ) Four Noble Truths Five Aggregates Impermanence Suffering Non-self Dependent Origination Middle Way Emptiness Karma Rebirth Saṃsāra Cosmology Buddhist texts ( show ) Buddhavacana Tripiṭaka Mahayana Sutras Pāli Canon Tibetan canon Chinese canon Practices ( show ) Three Jewels Buddhist Paths to liberation Morality Perfections Meditation Philosophical reasoning Mindfulness Wisdom Compassion Aids to Enlightenment Monasticism Laity Nirvāṇa ( show ) Four Stages Arhat Buddha Bodhisattva Traditions ( show ) Theravāda Pāli Mahāyāna Hinayana Chinese Vajrayāna Tibetan Navayana Newar Buddhism by country ( show ) Bhutan Cambodia China India Japan Korea Laos Mongolia Myanmar Russia Sri Lanka Taiwan Thailand Tibet Vietnam Outline Buddhism portal The Noble Eightfold Path ( Pali : ariyo aṭṭhaṅgiko maggo ; Sanskrit : āryāṣṭāṅgamārga ) is an early summary of the path of Buddhist practices leading to liberation from samsara , the painful cycle of rebirth . The Eightfold Path consists of eight practices : right view , right resolve , right speech , right conduct , right livelihood , right effort , right mindfulness , and right samadhi ( ' meditative absorption or union ' ) . In early Buddhism , these practices started with insight ( right view ) , culminating in dhyana or samadhi as the core soteriological practice . In later Buddhism , insight ( Prajñā ) became the central soteriological instrument , leading to a different concept and structure of the path . The Eightfold Path teaches that by restraining oneself , cultivating discipline , and practicing mindfulness and meditation , house - leavers ( monks and nuns ) attain nirvana and stop their craving , clinging and karmic accumulations , thereby ending their rebirth and suffering . The Noble Eightfold Path is one of the principal teachings of Theravada Buddhism , taught to lead to Arhatship . In the Theravada tradition , this path is also summarized as sila ( morality ) , samadhi ( meditation ) and prajna ( insight ) . In Mahayana Buddhism , this path is contrasted with the Bodhisattva path , which is believed to go beyond Arahatship to full Buddhahood . In Buddhist symbolism , the Noble Eightfold Path is often represented by means of the dharma wheel ( dharmachakra ) , in which its eight spokes represent the eight elements of the path . Contents 1 Etymology and nomenclature 2 The Eightfold Path 2.1 Origin 2.2 The Eight Divisions 2.3 Liberation 2.4 Threefold division 2.5 Tenfold Path 3 Further explanation 3.1 Right view 3.1. 1 Theravada 3.2 Right resolve 3.3 Right speech 3.4 Right action 3.5 Right livelihood 3.6 Right effort 3.7 Right mindfulness 3.8 Right Concentration 3.8. 1 Samadhi 3.8. 2 Practice 3.8. 3 Mindfulness 4 Practice 4.1 Order of practice 4.2 Gender 5 Cognitive psychology 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Sources 10 External links Etymology and nomenclature ( edit ) The Pali term ariyo aṭṭhaṅgiko maggo ( Sanskrit : arya astanga marga ) is typically translated in English as `` Noble Eightfold Path '' . This translation is a convention started by the early translators of Buddhist texts into English , just like ariya sacca is translated as Four Noble Truths . However , the phrase does not mean the path is noble , rather that the path is of the noble people ( Pali : arya meaning ' enlightened , noble , precious people ' ) . The term maggo ( Sanskrit : marga ) means `` path '' , while aṭṭhaṅgiko means `` eightfold '' . Thus , an alternate rendering of ariyo aṭṭhaṅgiko maggo is `` eightfold path of the noble ones '' , or `` eightfold Aryan Path '' . All eight elements of the Path begin with the word samyañc ( in Sanskrit ) or sammā ( in Pāli ) which means `` right , proper , as it ought to be , best '' . The Buddhist texts contrast samma with its opposite miccha . The Eightfold path ( edit ) Origin ( edit ) According to Indologist Tilmann Vetter , the description of the Buddhist path may initially have been as simple as the term the middle way . In time , this short description was elaborated , resulting in the description of the eightfold path . Tilmann Vetter and historian Rod Bucknell both note that longer descriptions of `` the path '' can be found in the early texts , which can be condensed into the eightfold path . The eight divisions ( edit ) The eight Buddhist practices in the Noble Eightfold Path are : Right View : our actions have consequences , death is not the end , and our actions and beliefs have consequences after death . The Buddha followed and taught a successful path out of this world and the other world ( heaven and underworld / hell ) . Later on , right view came to explicitly include karma and rebirth , and the importance of the Four Noble Truths , when `` insight '' became central to Buddhist soteriology . Right Resolve or Intention : the giving up home and adopting the life of a religious mendicant in order to follow the path ; this concept aims at peaceful renunciation , into an environment of non-sensuality , non-ill - will ( to loving kindness ) , away from cruelty ( to compassion ) . Such an environment aids contemplation of impermanence , suffering , and non-Self . Right Speech : no lying , no rude speech , no telling one person what another says about him , speaking only that which leads to salvation ; Right Conduct or Action : no killing or injuring , no taking what is not given , no sexual acts , no material desires . Right Livelihood : beg to feed , only possessing what is essential to sustain life ; Right Effort : guard against sensual thoughts ; this concept , states Harvey , aims at preventing unwholesome states that disrupt meditation . Right Mindfulness ( sati ) : in the vipassana movement , sati is interpreted as `` bare attention '' : never be absent minded , being conscious of what one is doing . Yet , originally it has the meaning of `` retention , '' being mindfull of the dhammas ( `` teachings , '' `` elements '' ) that are beneficial to the Buddhist path. ) ) According to Harvey , reflecting Theravada orthodoxy , mindfulness encourages the awareness of the impermanence of body , feeling and mind , as well as to experience the five aggregates ( skandhas ) , the five hindrances , the four True Realities and seven factors of awakening . Right samadhi or Concentration : practicing four stages of meditation ( dhyāna ) culminating into equanimity and mindfulness . Liberation ( edit ) Following the Noble Eightfold Path leads to liberation in the form of nirvana : ( ... ) Just this noble eightfold path : right view , right aspiration , right speech , right action , right livelihood , right effort , right mindfulness , right concentration . That is the ancient path , the ancient road , traveled by the Rightly Self - awakened Ones of former times . I followed that path . Following it , I came to direct knowledge of aging & death , direct knowledge of the origination of aging & death , direct knowledge of the cessation of aging & death , direct knowledge of the path leading to the cessation of aging & death . I followed that path . Following it , I came to direct knowledge of birth ... becoming ... clinging ... craving ... feeling ... contact ... the six sense media ... name - & - form ... consciousness , direct knowledge of the origination of consciousness , direct knowledge of the cessation of consciousness , direct knowledge of the path leading to the cessation of consciousness . I followed that path . -- The Buddha , Nagara Sutta , Samyutta Nikaya ii. 124 , Translated by Thanissaro Bhikkhu Threefold division ( edit ) The Noble Eightfold Path is sometimes divided into three basic divisions , as follows : Division Eightfold Path factors Moral virtue ( Sanskrit : śīla , Pāli : sīla ) 3 . Right speech 4 . Right action 5 . Right livelihood Meditation ( Sanskrit and Pāli : samādhi ) 6 . Right effort 7 . Right mindfulness 8 . Right concentration Insight , wisdom ( Sanskrit : prajñā , Pāli : paññā ) 1 . Right view 2 . Right resolve This order is a later development , when discriminating insight ( prajna ) became central to Buddhist soteriology , and came to be regarded as the culmination of the Buddhist path . Yet , Majjhima Nikaya 117 , Mahācattārīsaka Sutta , describes the first seven practices as requisites for right samadhi . According to Vetter , this may have been the original soteriological practice in early Buddhism . `` Moral virtues '' ( Sanskrit : śīla , Pāli : sīla ) group consists of three paths : right speech , right action and right livelihood . The word śīla though translated by English writers as linked to `` morals or ethics '' , states Bhikkhu Bodhi , is in ancient and medieval Buddhist commentary tradition closer to the concept of discipline and disposition that `` leads to harmony at several levels -- social , psychological , karmic and contemplative '' . Such harmony creates an environment to pursue the meditative steps in the Noble Eightfold Path by reducing social disorder , preventing inner conflict that result from transgressions , favoring future karma - triggered movement through better rebirths , and purifying the mind . The meditation group ( `` samadhi '' ) of the path progresses from moral restraints to training the mind . The goal in this group of the Noble Eightfold Path is to develop clarity and insight into the nature of reality -- dukkha , anicca and anatta , discard negative states and dispel avidya , ultimately attaining nirvana . In the threefold division , prajna ( insight , wisdom ) is presented as the culmination of the path , whereas in the eightfold division the path starts with correct knowledge or insight , which is needed to understand why this path should be followed . Tenfold path ( edit ) In the Mahācattārīsaka Sutta which appears in the Chinese and Pali canons , the Buddha explains that cultivation of the noble eightfold path of a learner leads to the development of two further paths of the Arahants , which are right knowledge , or insight ( sammā - ñāṇa ) , and right liberation , or release ( sammā - vimutti ) . These two factors fall under the category of wisdom ( paññā ) . The Noble Eightfold Path , in the Buddhist traditions , is the direct means to nirvana and brings a release from the cycle of life and death in the realms of samsara . Further explanation ( edit ) Right view ( edit ) See also : View ( Buddhism ) `` Right view '' ( samyak - dṛṣṭi / sammā - diṭṭhi ) or `` right understanding '' explicates that our actions have consequences , that death is not the end , that our actions and beliefs also have consequences after death , and that the Buddha followed and taught a successful path out of this world and the other world ( heaven and underworld or hell ) . Majjhima Nikaya 117 , Mahācattārīsaka Sutta , a text from the Pāli Canon , describes the first seven practices as requisites of right samadhi , starting with right view : Of those , right view is the forerunner ( ... ) And what is the right view with effluents , siding with merit , resulting in acquisitions ? ' There is what is given , what is offered , what is sacrificed . There are fruits , and results of good and bad actions . There is this world and the next world . There is mother and father . There are spontaneously reborn beings ; there are contemplatives and brahmans who faring rightly and practicing rightly , proclaim this world and the next after having directly known and realized it for themselves . ' This is the right view with effluents , siding with merit , resulting in acquisitions . Later on , right view came to explicitly include karma and rebirth , and the importance of the Four Noble Truths , when `` insight '' became central to Buddhist soteriology . This presentation of right view still plays an essential role in Theravada Buddhism . The purpose of right view is to clear one 's path from confusion , misunderstanding , and deluded thinking . It is a means to gain right understanding of reality . In the interpretation of some Buddhist movements , state Religion Studies scholar George Chryssides and author Margaret Wilkins , right view is non-view : as the enlightened become aware that nothing can be expressed in fixed conceptual terms and rigid , dogmatic clinging to concepts is discarded . Theravada ( edit ) Right View can be further subdivided , states translator Bhikkhu Bodhi , into mundane right view and superior or supramundane right view : Mundane right view , knowledge of the fruits of good behavior . Having this type of view will bring merit and will support the favourable rebirth of the sentient being in the realm of samsara . Supramundane ( world - transcending ) right view , the understanding of karma and rebirth , as implicated in the Four Noble Truths , leading to awakening and liberation from rebirths and associated dukkha in the realms of samsara . According to Theravada Buddhism , mundane right view is a teaching that is suitable for lay followers , while supramundane right view , which requires a deeper understanding , is suitable for monastics . Mundane and supramundane right view involve accepting the following doctrines of Buddhism : Karma : Every action of body , speech , and mind has karmic results , and influences the kind of future rebirths and realms a being enters into . Three marks of existence : everything , whether physical or mental , is impermanent ( anicca ) , a source of suffering ( dukkha ) , and lacks a self ( anatta ) . The Four Noble Truths are a means to gaining insights and ending dukkha . Right resolve ( edit ) Right resolve ( samyak - saṃkalpa / sammā saṅkappa ) can also be known as `` right thought '' , `` right intention '' , or `` right aspiration '' . In this factor , the practitioner resolves to leave home , renounce the worldly life and dedicate himself to an ascetic pursuit . In section III. 248 , the Majjhima Nikaya states , And what is right resolve ? Being resolved on renunciation , on freedom from ill will , on harmlessness : This is called right resolve . Like right view , this factor has two levels . At the mundane level , the resolve includes being harmless ( ahimsa ) and refraining from ill will ( avyabadha ) to any being , as this accrues karma and leads to rebirth . At the supramundane level , the factor includes a resolve to consider everything and everyone as impermanent , a source of suffering and without a Self . Right speech ( edit ) Right speech ( samyag - vāc / sammā - vācā ) in most Buddhist texts is presented as four abstentions , such as in the Pali Canon thus : And what is right speech ? Abstaining from lying , from divisive speech , from abusive speech , and from idle chatter : This is called right speech . Instead of the usual `` abstention and refraining from wrong '' terminology , a few texts such as the Samaññaphala Sutta and Kevata Sutta in Digha Nikaya explain this virtue in an active sense , after stating it in the form of an abstention . For example , Samaññaphala Sutta states that a part of a monk 's virtue is that `` he abstains from false speech . He speaks the truth , holds to the truth , is firm , reliable , no deceiver of the world . '' Similarly , the virtue of abstaining from divisive speech is explained as delighting in creating concord . The virtue of abstaining from abusive speech is explained in this Sutta to include affectionate and polite speech that is pleasing to people . The virtue of abstaining from idle chatter is explained as speaking what is connected with the Dhamma goal of his liberation . In the Abhaya - raja - kumara Sutta , the Buddha explains the virtue of right speech in different scenarios , based on its truth value , utility value and emotive content . The Tathagata , states Abhaya Sutta , never speaks anything that is unfactual or factual , untrue or true , disagreeable or agreeable , if that is unbeneficial and unconnected to his goals . Further , adds Abhaya Sutta , the Tathagata speaks the factual , the true , if in case it is disagreeable and unendearing , only if it is beneficial to his goals , but with a sense of proper time . Additionally , adds Abhaya Sutta , the Tathagata , only speaks with a sense of proper time even when what he speaks is the factual , the true , the agreeable , the endearing and what is beneficial to his goals . The Buddha thus explains right speech in the Pali Canon , according to Ganeri , as never speaking something that is not beneficial ; and , only speaking what is true and beneficial , `` when the circumstances are right , whether they are welcome or not '' . Right action ( edit ) Right action ( samyak - karmānta / sammā - kammanta ) is like right speech , expressed as abstentions but in terms of bodily action . In the Pali Canon , this path factor is stated as : And what is right action ? Abstaining from killing , abstaining from stealing , abstaining from sexual misconduct . This is called right action . The prohibition on killing precept in Buddhist scriptures applies to all living beings , states Christopher Gowans , not just human beings . Bhikkhu Bodhi agrees , clarifying that the more accurate rendering of the Pali canon is a prohibition on `` taking life of any sentient being '' , which includes human beings , animals , birds , insects but excludes plants because they are not considered sentient beings . Further , adds Bodhi , this precept refers to intentional killing , as well as any form of intentional harming or torturing any sentient being . This moral virtue in early Buddhist texts , both in context of harm or killing of animals and human beings , is similar to ahimsa precepts found in the texts particularly of Jainism as well as of Hinduism , and has been a subject of significant debate in various Buddhist traditions . The prohibition on stealing in the Pali Canon is an abstention from intentionally taking what is not voluntarily offered by the person to whom that property belongs . This includes , states Bhikkhu Bodhi , taking by stealth , by force , by fraud or by deceit . Both the intention and the act matters , as this precept is grounded on the impact on one 's karma . The prohibition on sexual misconduct in the Noble Eightfold Path , states Tilmann Vetter , refers to `` not performing sexual acts '' . This virtue is more generically explained in the Cunda Kammaraputta Sutta , which teaches that one must abstain from all sensual misconduct , including getting sexually involved with someone unmarried ( anyone protected by parents or by guardians or by siblings ) , and someone married ( protected by husband ) , and someone betrothed to another person , and female convicts or by dhamma . For monastics , the abstention from sensual misconduct means strict celibacy , states Christopher Gowans , while for lay Buddhists this prohibits adultery as well as other forms of sensual misconduct . Later Buddhist texts , states Bhikkhu Bodhi , state that the prohibition on sexual conduct for lay Buddhists includes any sexual involvement with someone married , a girl or woman protected by her parents or relatives , and someone prohibited by dhamma conventions ( such as relatives , nuns and others ) . Right livelihood ( edit ) Right livelihood ( samyag - ājīva / sammā - ājīva ) precept is mentioned in many early Buddhist texts , such as the Mahācattārīsaka Sutta in Majjhima Nikaya as follows : `` And what is right livelihood ? Right livelihood , I tell you , is of two sorts : There is right livelihood with effluents , siding with merit , resulting in acquisitions ; there is right livelihood that is noble , without effluents , transcendent , a factor of the path . `` And what is the right livelihood with effluents , siding with merit , resulting in acquisitions ? There is the case where a disciple of the noble ones abandons wrong livelihood and maintains his life with right livelihood . This is the right livelihood with effluents , siding with merit , resulting in acquisitions . `` And what is the right livelihood that is noble , without effluents , transcendent , a factor of the path ? The abstaining , desisting , abstinence , avoidance of wrong livelihood in one developing the noble path whose mind is noble , whose mind is without effluents , who is fully possessed of the noble path . ( ... ) The early canonical texts state right livelihood as avoiding and abstaining from wrong livelihood . This virtue is further explained in Buddhist texts , states Vetter , as `` living from begging , but not accepting everything and not possessing more than is strictly necessary '' . For lay Buddhists , states Harvey , this precept requires that the livelihood avoid causing suffering to sentient beings by cheating them , or harming or killing them in any way . The Anguttara Nikaya III. 208 , states Harvey , asserts that the right livelihood does not trade in weapons , living beings , meat , alcoholic drink or poison . The same text , in section V. 177 , asserts that this applies to lay Buddhists . This has meant , states Harvey , that raising and trading cattle livestock for slaughter is a breach of `` right livelihood '' precept in the Buddhist tradition , and Buddhist countries lack the mass slaughter houses found in Western countries . Right effort ( edit ) Right effort ( samyag - vyāyāma / sammā - vāyāma ) is presented in the Pali Canon , such as the Sacca - vibhanga Sutta as follows : And what is right effort ? Here the monk arouses his will , puts forth effort , generates energy , exerts his mind , and strives to prevent the arising of evil and unwholesome mental states that have not yet arisen . He arouses his will ... and strives to eliminate evil and unwholesome mental states that have already arisen . He arouses his will ... and strives to generate wholesome mental states that have not yet arisen . He arouses his will , puts forth effort , generates energy , exerts his mind , and strives to maintain wholesome mental states that have already arisen , to keep them free of delusion , to develop , increase , cultivate , and perfect them . This is called right effort . The unwholesome states ( akusala ) are described in the Buddhist texts , as those relating to thoughts , emotions , intentions , and these include pancanivarana ( five hindrances ) -- sensual thoughts , doubts about the path , restlessness , drowsiness , and ill will of any kind . Of these , the Buddhist traditions consider sensual thoughts and ill will needing more right effort . Sensual desire that must be eliminated by effort includes anything related to sights , sounds , smells , tastes and touch . Ill will that must be eliminated by effort includes any form of aversion including hatred , anger , resentment towards anything or anyone . Right mindfulness ( edit ) Main article : Mindfulness ( Buddhism ) In the vipassana movement , mindfulness ( samyak - smṛti / sammā - sati ) is interpreted as `` bare attention '' : never be absent minded , being conscious of what one is doing . Yet , originally it has the meaning of `` retention , '' being mindfull of the dhammas ( `` teachings , '' `` elements '' ) that are beneficial to the Buddhist path . According to Frauwallner , mindfulness was a means to prevent the arising of craving , which resulted simply from contact between the senses and their objects . According to Frauwallner this may have been the Buddha 's original idea . According to Trainor , mindfulness aids one not to crave and cling to any transitory state or thing , by complete and constant awareness of phenomena as impermanent , suffering and without self . The dhyāna - scheme describes mindfulness as appearing in the third and fourth dhyana , after initial concentration of the mind . Gombrich and Wynne note that , while the second jhana denotes a state of absorption , in the third and fourth jhana one comes out of this absorption , being mindfully awareness of objects while being indifferent to them . According to Gombrich , `` the later tradition has falsified the jhana by classifying them as the quintessence of the concentrated , calming kind of meditation , ignoring the other -- and indeed higher -- element . The Satipatthana Sutta describes the contemplation of four domains , namely body , feelings , mind and phenomena . The formula is repeated in other sutras , for example the Sacca - vibhanga Sutta ( MN 141 ) : And what is right mindfulness ? Here the monk remains contemplating the body as body , resolute , aware and mindful , having put aside worldly desire and sadness ; he remains contemplating feelings as feelings ; he remains contemplating mental states as mental states ; he remains contemplating mental objects as mental objects , resolute , aware and mindful , having put aside worldly desire and sadness ; This is called right mindfulness . The Satipatthana Sutta is regarded by the Vipassana movement as the quintessential text on Buddhist meditation , taking ques from it on `` bare attention '' and the contemplation on the observed phenomena as dukkha , anatta and anicca . According to Nanamoli Thera , these `` four contemplations '' cover the five skandhas ( aggregates , heaps ) . According to Grzegorz Polak , the four upassanā have been misunderstood by the developing Buddhist tradition , including Theravada , to refer to four different foundations . According to Polak , the four upassanā do not refer to four different foundations of which one should be aware , but are an alternate description of the jhanas , describing how the samskharas are tranquilized : the six sense - bases which one needs to be aware of ( kāyānupassanā ) ; contemplation on vedanās , which arise with the contact between the senses and their objects ( vedanānupassanā ) ; the altered states of mind to which this practice leads ( cittānupassanā ) ; the development from the five hindrances to the seven factors of enlightenment ( dhammānupassanā ) . Right concentration ( edit ) Main article : Dhyāna in Buddhism Samadhi ( edit ) Samadhi ( samyak - samādhi / sammā - samādhi ) is a common practice in Indian religions . The term samadhi derives from the root sam - a-dha , which means ' to collect ' or ' bring together ' , and thus it is often translated as ' concentration ' or ' unification of mind ' . In the early Buddhist texts , samadhi is also associated with the term `` samatha '' ( calm abiding ) . In the suttas , samadhi is defined as one - pointedness of mind ( Cittass'ekaggatā ) . Buddhagosa defines samadhi as `` the centering of consciousness and consciousness concomitants evenly and rightly on a single object ... the state in virtue of which consciousness and its concomitants remain evenly and rightly on a single object , undistracted and unscattered . '' According to Bhikkhu Bodhi , the right concentration factor is reaching a one - pointedness of mind and unifying all mental factors , but it is not the same as `` a gourmet sitting down to a meal , or a soldier on the battlefield '' who also experience one - pointed concentration . The difference is that the latter have a one - pointed object in focus with complete awareness directed to that object -- the meal or the target , respectively . In contrast , right concentration meditative factor in Buddhism is a state of awareness without any object or subject , and ultimately unto nothingness and emptiness . Practice ( edit ) Bronkhorst notes that neither the Four Noble Truths nor the Noble Eightfold Path discourse provide details of right samadhi . The explanation is to be found in the Canonical texts of Buddhism , in several Suttas , such as the following in Saccavibhanga Sutta : And what is right concentration ? ( i ) Here , the monk , detached from sense - desires , detached from unwholesome states , enters and remains in the first jhana ( level of concentration , Sanskrit : dhyāna ) , in which there is applied and sustained thinking , together with joy and pleasure born of detachment ; ( ii ) And through the subsiding of applied and sustained thinking , with the gaining of inner stillness and oneness of mind , he enters and remains in the second jhana , which is without applied and sustained thinking , and in which there are joy and pleasure born of concentration ; ( iii ) And through the fading of joy , he remains equanimous , mindful and aware , and he experiences in his body the pleasure of which the Noble Ones say : `` equanimous , mindful and dwelling in pleasure '' , and thus he enters and remains in the third jhana ; ( iv ) And through the giving up of pleasure and pain , and through the previous disappearance of happiness and sadness , he enters and remains in the fourth jhana , which is without pleasure and pain , and in which there is pure equanimity and mindfulness . This is called right concentration . Bronkhorst has questioned the historicity and chronology of the description of the four jhanas . Bronkhorst states that this path may be similar to what the Buddha taught , but the details and the form of the description of the jhanas in particular , and possibly other factors , is likely the work of later scholasticism . Bronkhorst notes that description of the third jhana can not have been formulated by the Buddha , since it includes the phrase `` Noble Ones say '' , quoting earlier Buddhists , indicating it was formulated by later Buddists . It is likely that later Buddhist scholars incorporated this , then attributed the details and the path , particularly the insights at the time of liberation , to have been discovered by the Buddha . Mindfulness ( edit ) Although often translated as `` concentration , '' as in the limiting of the attention of the mind on one object , in the fourth dhyana `` equanimity and mindfulness remain , '' and the practice of concentration - meditation may well have been incorporated from non-Buddhist traditions . Vetter notes that samadhi consists of the four stages of dhyana meditation , but ... to put it more accurately , the first dhyana seems to provide , after some time , a state of strong concentration , from which the other stages come forth ; the second stage is called samadhija . Gombrich and Wynne note that , while the second jhana denotes a state of absorption , in the third and fourth jhana one comes out of this absorption , being mindfully awareness of objects while being indifferent to it . According to Gombrich , `` the later tradition has falsified the jhana by classifying them as the quintessence of the concentrated , calming kind of meditation , ignoring the other -- and indeed higher -- element . Practice ( edit ) Order of practice ( edit ) Vetter notes that originally the path culminated in the practice of dhyana / samadhi as the core soteriological practice . According to the Pali and Chinese canon , the samadhi state ( right concentration ) is dependent on the development of preceding path factors : The Blessed One said : `` Now what , monks , is noble right concentration with its supports and requisite conditions ? Any singleness of mind equipped with these seven factors -- right view , right resolve , right speech , right action , right livelihood , right effort , and right mindfulness -- is called noble right concentration with its supports and requisite conditions . -- Maha - cattarisaka Sutta According to the discourses , right view , right resolve , right speech , right action , right livelihood , right effort , and right mindfulness are used as the support and requisite conditions for the practice of right concentration . Understanding of the right view is the preliminary role , and is also the forerunner of the entire Noble Eightfold Path . According to the modern Theravada bhikkhu ( monk ) and scholar Walpola Rahula , the divisions of the noble eightfold path `` are to be developed more or less simultaneously , as far as possible according to the capacity of each individual . They are all linked together and each helps the cultivation of the others . '' Bhikkhu Bodhi explains that these factors are not sequential , but components , and `` with a certain degree of progress all eight factors can be present simultaneously , each supporting the others . However , until that point is reached , some sequence in the unfolding of the path is inevitable . '' The stage in the Path where there is no more learning in Yogachara Abhidharma , state Buswell and Gimello , is identical to Nirvana or Buddhahood , the ultimate goal in Buddhism . Gender ( edit ) According to Bernard Faure , the ancient and medieval Buddhist texts and traditions , like other religions , were almost always unfavorable or discriminatory against women , in terms of their ability to pursue Noble Eightfold Path , attain Buddhahood and nirvana . This issue of presumptions about the `` female religious experience '' is found in Indian texts , in translations into non-Indian languages , and in regional non-Indian commentaries written in East Asian kingdoms such as those in China , Japan and southeast Asia . Yet , like other Indian religions , exceptions and veneration of females is found in Indian Buddhist texts , and female Buddhist deities are likewise described in positive terms and with reverence . Nevertheless , females are seen as polluted with menstruation , sexual intercourse , death and childbirth . Rebirth as a woman is seen in the Buddhist texts as a result of part of past karma , and inferior than that of a man . In some Chinese and Japanese Buddhist texts , the status of female deities are not presented positively , unlike the Indian tradition , states Faure . In the Huangshinu dui Jingang ( Woman Huang explicates the Diamond Sutra ) , a woman admonishes her husband about he slaughtering animals , who attacks her gender and her past karma , implying that `` women go to hell '' not because of her intentions nor actions ( kamma ) , but simply because of the biology of her gender and the bodily functions over which she has no choice . Similar discriminatory presumptions are found in other Buddhist texts such as the Blood Bowl Sutra and the Longer Sukhāvatīvyūha Sūtra . In the Five Obstacles theory of Buddhism , a woman is required to attain rebirth as a man before she can adequately pursue the Eightfold Path and reach perfect Buddhahood . The Lotus Sutra similarly presents the story of the Dragon King 's daughter , who desires to achieve perfect enlightenment . The Sutra states that , `` Her female organs vanished , the male organs became visible , then she appeared as a bodhisattva '' . Gender discrimination worsened during the medieval era in various sub-traditions of Buddhism that independently developed regionally , such as in Japan . Some scholars , such as Kenneth Doo Young Lee , interpret the Lotus Sutra to imply that `` women were capable of gaining salvation '' , either after they first turned into a man , or being reborn in Pure Land realm after following the Path . Peter Harvey lists many Sutras that suggest `` having faded out the mind - set of a woman and developed the mind - set of a man , he was born in his present male form '' , and who then proceeds to follow the Path and became an Arahant . Among Mahayana texts , there is a sutra dedicated to the concept of how a person might be born as a woman . The traditional assertion is that women are more prone to harboring feelings of greed , hatred and delusion than a man . The Buddha responds to this assumption by teaching the method of moral development through which a woman can achieve rebirth as a man . According to Wei - Yi Cheng , the Pali Canon is silent about women 's inferior karma , but have statements and stories that mention the Eightfold Path while advocating female subordination . For example , a goddess reborn in the heavenly realm asserts : When I was born a human being among men I was a daughter - in - law in a wealthy family . I was without anger , obedient to my husband , diligent on the Observance ( days ) . When I was born a human being , young and innocent , with a mind of faith , I delighted my lord . By day and by night I acted to please . Of old ( ... ) . On the fourteenth , fifteenth and eighth ( days ) of the bright fortnight and on a special day of the fortnight well connected with the eightfold ( precepts ) I observed the Observance day with a mind of faith , was one who was faring according to Dhamma with zeal in my heart ... -- Vimanavatthu III. 3.31 , Wei - Yi Cheng Such examples , states Wei - Yi Cheng , include conflating statements about spiritual practice ( Eightfold Path , Dhamma ) and `` obedience to my husband '' and `` by day and by night I acted to please '' , thus implying unquestioned obedience of male authority and female subjugation . Such statements are not isolated , but common , such as in section II. 13 of the Petavatthu which teaches that a woman had to `` put away the thoughts of a woman '' as she pursued the Path and this merit obtained her a better rebirth ; the Jataka stories of the Pali Canon have numerous such stories , as do the Chinese Sutta that assert `` undesirability of womanhood '' . Modern Buddhist nuns have applied Buddhist doctrines such as Pratītyasamutpāda to explain their disagreement with women 's inferior karma in past lives as implied in Samyutta Nikaya 13 , states Wei - Yi Cheng , while asserting that the Path can be practiced by either gender and `` both men and women can become arhant '' . Cognitive psychology ( edit ) The noble eightfold path has been compared to cognitive psychology , wherein states Gil Fronsdal , the right view factor can be interpreted to mean how one 's mind views the world , and how that leads to patterns of thought , intention and actions . In contrast , Peter Randall states that it is the seventh factor or right mindfulness that may be thought in terms of cognitive psychology , wherein the change in thought and behavior are linked . See also ( edit ) Buddhist Paths to liberation Bodhipakkhiyādhammā ( thirty - seven qualities for awakening ) Four Right Exertions Four stages of enlightenment Seven Factors of Enlightenment Three Vajras ( body , speech and mind ) Raja Yoga ( Ashtanga yoga ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ One of those longer sequences , from the CulaHatthipadopama - sutta , the `` Lesser Discourse on the Simile of the Elephant 's Footprints '' , is as follows : Dhammalsaddhalpabbajja : A layman hears a Buddha teach the Dhamma , comes to have faith in him , and decides to take ordination as a monk ; sila : He adopts the moral precepts ; indriyasamvara : He practises `` guarding the six sense - doors '' ; sati - sampajanna : He practises mindfulness and self - possession ( actually described as mindfulness of the body , kāyānussatti ) ; jhana 1 : He finds an isolated spot in which to meditate , purifies his mind of the hindrances ( nwarana ) , and attains the first rupa - jhana ; jhana 2 : He attains the second jhana ; jhana 3 : He attains the third jhana ; jhana 4 : He attains the fourth jhana ; pubbenivasanussati - nana : he recollects his many former existences in samsara ; sattanam cutupapata - nana : he observes the death and rebirth of beings according to their karmas ; dsavakkhaya - nana : He brings about the destruction of the dsavas ( cankers ) , and attains a profound realization of ( as opposed to mere knowledge about ) the four noble truths ; vimutti : He perceives that he is now liberated , that he has done what was to be done . Jump up ^ See also Majjhima Nikaya 44 , Culavedalla Sutta Jump up ^ Quotes : * Vetter : `` Compare AN 10.17. 10 ( Nal . ed. IV p. 320 , 26 ) : `` He has the right views ( sammiiditthiko hotz ) , he does not see things in a wrong way : that which is given exists , that which is sacrificed exists , that which in poured ( into the fire ) exists , the fruit , i.e. retribution for good and evil actions , exists , the world , here , exists , the other world exists , the mother exists , the father exists , beings who appear ( spontaneously ) exist , in the world ascetics and brahmans exist who have gone and followed the right path and who describe this world and the other world from their own experience and realization . '' * Wei - hsün Fu and Wawrytko : `` In the Theravada Buddhist Canon , many episodes appear where the Buddha emphasizes that accepting the reality of an afterlife is a part of having the Right View , the initial wisdom that one must have in pursuit of ( ... ) '' Jump up ^ According to Frauwallner , mindfulness was a means to prevent the arising of craving , which resulted simply from contact between the senses and their objects ; this may have been the Buddha 's original idea ; compare Buddhadasa , Heartwood of the Bodhi - tree , on Pratītyasamutpāda ; and Grzegorz Polak ( 2011 ) , Reexamining Jhana : Towards a Critical Reconstruction of Early Buddhist Soteriology , p. 153 - 156 , 196 - 197 . Jump up ^ Vetter translates it as `` offering into the fire '' . Jump up ^ Original publication : Gombrich , Richard ( 2007 ) , Religious Experience in Early Buddhism , OCHS Library Jump up ^ Original publication : Gombrich , Richard ( 2007 ) , Religious Experience in Early Buddhism , OCHS Library Jump up ^ From The Way of Mindfulness , The Satipatthana Sutta and Its Commentary , Soma Thera ( 1998 ) , ( ... ) For the dull - witted man of the theorizing type ( ditthi carita ) it is convenient to see consciousness ( citta ) in the fairly simple way it is set forth in this discourse , by way of impermanence ( aniccata ) , and by way of such divisions as mind - with - lust ( saragadi vasena ) , in order to reject the notion of permanence ( nicca sañña ) in regard to consciousness . Consciousness is a special condition ( visesa karana ) for the wrong view due to a basic belief in permanence ( niccanti abhinivesa vatthutaya ditthiya ) . The contemplation on consciousness , the Third Arousing of Mindfulness , is the Path to Purity of this type of man . For the keen - witted man of the theorizing type it is convenient to see mental objects or things ( dhamma ) , according to the manifold way set forth in this discourse , by way of perception , sense - impression and so forth ( nivaranadi vasena ) , in order to reject the notion of a soul ( atta sañña ) in regard to mental things . Mental things are special conditions for the wrong view due to a basic belief in a soul ( attanti abhinivesa vatthutaya ditthiya ) . For this type of man the contemplation on mental objects , the Fourth Arousing of Mindfulness , is the Path to Purity . ( ... ) Jump up ^ Vetter and Bronkhorst note that the path starts with right view , which includes insight into anicca , dukkha and anatta . Jump up ^ Note how kāyānupassanā , vedanānupassanā , and cittānupassanā , resemble the five skandhas and the chain of causation as described in the middle part of Pratītyasamutpāda ; while dhammānupassanā refers to mindfulness as retention , calling into mind the beneficial dhammas which are applied to analyse phenomena , and counter the arising of disturbing thoughts and emotions . Jump up ^ Original publication : Gombrich , Richard ( 2007 ) , Religious Experience in Early Buddhism , OCHS Library Jump up ^ The Lotus Sutra , for example , asserts `` A woman 's body is filthy , it is not a Dharma - receptacle . How can you attain unexcelled bodhi ? ... Also a woman 's body even then has five obstacles . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brekke , Torkel . `` The Religious Motivation of the Early Buddhists . '' Journal of the American Academy of Religion , Vol. 67 , No. 4 ( Dec. , 1999 ) , p. 860 Jump up ^ Gethin 1998 , pp. 81 - 83 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson 2013 , pp. 64 - 65 . Jump up ^ Vetter 1988 , p. 11 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Vetter 1988 . Jump up ^ Bronkhorst 1993 . Jump up ^ Raju 1985 , p. 147 -- 151 . Jump up ^ Eliot 2014 , p. 39 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Harvey 2016 , p. 253 -- 255 . Jump up ^ Bhikkhu Bodhi 2010 , p. 1 - 13 . Jump up ^ Paul Williams , Anthony Tribe & Alexander Wynne 2012 , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Harvey , Peter ( 2000 ) . An introduction to Buddhist ethics : foundations , values and issues . Cambridge : Cambridge Univ . Press . pp. 123 -- 4 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 55394 - 6 . Jump up ^ Williams 2002 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Buswell & Lopez 2003 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Williams 2002 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Buswell 2004 , p. 296 . Jump up ^ Khenchen Thrangu Rinpoche ( 2007 ) . Everyday Consciousness and Primordial Awareness. Snow Lion . p. 80 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55939 - 973 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas William Rhys Davids ; William Stede ( 1921 ) . Pali - English Dictionary . Motilal Banarsidass . pp. 695 -- 696 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 1144 - 7 . Jump up ^ Mkhas - grub Dge - legs - dpal - bzaṅ - po ; José Ignacio Cabezón ( 1992 ) . A Dose of Emptiness : An Annotated Translation of the sTong thun chen mo of mKhas grub dGe legs dpal bzang . State University of New York Press . p. 214 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 0729 - 5 . Jump up ^ Chögyam Trungpa ( 2010 ) . The Heart of the Buddha . Shambhala Publications . p. 119 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8348 - 2125 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bucknell 1984 . Jump up ^ Bucknell 1984 , p. 11 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Vetter 1988 , p. 12 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Vetter 1988 , p. 12 ; 77 - 79 . ^ Jump up to : Velez de Cea 2013 , p. 54 . ^ Jump up to : Wei - hsün Fu & Wawrytko 1994 , p. 194 . ^ Jump up to : Victor Gunasekara , The Pāyāsi Sutta : A Commentary and Analysis ^ Jump up to : Vetter 1988 , p. 77 . ^ Jump up to : Harvey 2013 , p. 83 - 84 . ^ Jump up to : Harvey 2013 , p. 83 . ^ Jump up to : Sharf 2014 , p. 941 . ^ Jump up to : Sharf 2014 , p. 942 - 943 . ^ Jump up to : Williams 2000 , p. 45 . 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Jump up ^ `` Taisho Tripitaka Vol. 2 , No. 99 , Sutra 785 '' . Cbeta . Archived from the original on 23 September 2008 . Retrieved 28 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Choong 2000 , p. 141 . Jump up ^ Fuller 2005 , p. 55 - 56 . Jump up ^ Lopez 1995 , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Hirakawa 1990 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Gunaratana 2001 , p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Vetter 1988 , p. 12 with footnote 4 . ^ Jump up to : George Chryssides ; Margaret Wilkins ( 2006 ) . A Reader in New Religious Movements . A&C Black . pp. 248 -- 249 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 6167 - 4 . Jump up ^ Bhikkhu Bodhi . `` The Noble Eightfold Path : The Way to the End of Suffering '' . Access to Insight . Retrieved 10 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Fuller 2005 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Bhikkhu Bodhi ( 2005 ) . In the Buddha 's Words : An Anthology of Discourses from the Pali Canon . Wisdom Publications . pp. 147 , 446 with note 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86171 - 996 - 9 . Jump up ^ Richard Gombrich 2009 , p. 27 - 28 , 103 - 109 . Jump up ^ Keown 2000 , p. 59 , 96 - 97 . Jump up ^ Thanissaro Bhikkhu ( 2005 ) . `` Saccavibhanga Sutta '' . Access to Insight . ^ Jump up to : Damien Keown ; Charles S. Prebish ( 2013 ) . Encyclopedia of Buddhism . Routledge . p. 333 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 98588 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Thanissaro Bhikkhu . `` Saccavibhanga Sutta '' . Access to Insight . Retrieved 6 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Thanissaro Bhikkhu ( 1997 ) . `` Samaññaphala Sutta '' . Access to Insight . Jump up ^ Kalupahana 1992 , p. 105 . ^ Jump up to : Thanissaro Bhikkhu . `` Abhaya Sutta '' . Access to Insight . Retrieved 6 May 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Kalupahana 1992 , p. 50 - 52 . ^ Jump up to : J Ganeri ( 2007 ) . The Concealed Art of the Soul : Theories of Self and Practices of Truth in Indian Ethics and Epistemology . Oxford University Press . pp. 47 -- 48 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 920241 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Roderick Bucknell ; Chris Kang ( 2013 ) . The Meditative Way : Readings in the Theory and Practice of Buddhist Meditation . Routledge . pp. 12 -- 13 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 80408 - 3 . Jump up ^ Christopher Gowans ( 2004 ) . Philosophy of the Buddha : An Introduction . Routledge . pp. 177 -- 178 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 46973 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Bhikkhu Bodhi 2010 , p. 57 - 58 . Jump up ^ Purusottama Bilimoria ; Joseph Prabhu ; Renuka M. Sharma ( 2007 ) . Indian Ethics : Classical traditions and contemporary challenges . Ashgate Publishing . pp. 311 -- 324 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 3301 - 3 . Jump up ^ John Arapura ( 2003 ) . K.R. Sundararajan & Bithika Mukerji , ed . Hindu Spirituality : Postclassical and Modern . Motilal Banarsidass . pp. 392 -- 417 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 208 - 1937 - 5 . Jump up ^ Bhikkhu Bodhi 2010 , p. 58 - 59 . ^ Jump up to : Bhikkhu Bodhi 2010 , p. 59 - 60 . ^ Jump up to : Vetter 1988 , p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : Bhikkhu Bodhi 2010 , p. 60 - 62 . Jump up ^ Thanissaro Bhikkhu . `` Cunda Kammaraputta Sutta '' . Access to Insight . Retrieved 6 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Christopher Gowans ( 2015 ) . Steven M. Emmanuel , ed . A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy . John Wiley & Sons . p. 440 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 119 - 14466 - 3 . Jump up ^ Andrew Powell ( 1989 ) . Living Buddhism . University of California Press . p. 24 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 20410 - 2 . Jump up ^ David L. Weddle ( 2010 ) . Miracles : Wonder and Meaning in World Religions . New York University Press . p. 118 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 9483 - 8 . Jump up ^ Rahula 2007 , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Martine Batchelor ( 2014 ) . The Spirit of the Buddha . Yale University Press . p. 59 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 17500 - 4 . ; Quote : These five trades , O monks , should not be taken up by a lay follower : trading with weapons , trading in living beings , trading in meat , trading in intoxicants , trading in poison . '' Jump up ^ Harvey 2013 , p. 273 - 274 . Jump up ^ Bhikkhu Bodhi 2010 , p. 67 - 68 . ^ Jump up to : Bhikkhu Bodhi 2010 , p. 69 - 75 . ^ Jump up to : Wynne 2007 , p. 140 , note 58 . ^ Jump up to : Wynne 2007 , p. 106 - 107 ; 140 , note 58 . Jump up ^ J. Mark G. Williams ; Jon Kabat - Zinn ( 2013 ) . Mindfulness : Diverse Perspectives on Its Meaning , Origins and Applications . Routledge . pp. 21 -- 27 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 98514 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Nanamoli Thera ; Carlo Gragnani ; et al. ( 2012 ) . Collected Wheel Publications Volume XVIII : Numbers 248 to 264 . Buddhist Publication Society . p. 324 . ISBN 978 - 955 - 24 - 0378 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Bodhi , Bhikkhu ; Thera , Soma ( 1998 ) . `` The Way of Mindfulness : The Satipatthana Sutta and Its Commentary '' . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Polak 2011 , p. 153 - 156 , 196 - 197 . Jump up ^ Henepola Gunaratana ( 1995 ) , The Jhanas in Theravada Buddhist Meditation Jump up ^ Visudimagga 84 - 85 ; PP. 85 ^ Jump up to : Bhikkhu Bodhi 2010 , p. 97 - 110 . Jump up ^ Johannes Bronkhorst ( 2009 ) . Buddhist Teaching in India . Simon and Schuster . pp. 10 -- 17 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86171 - 566 - 4 . Jump up ^ Johannes Bronkhorst ( 2009 ) . Buddhist Teaching in India . Simon and Schuster . pp. 16 -- 17 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86171 - 566 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Johannes Bronkhorst ( 2009 ) . Buddhist Teaching in India . Simon and Schuster . pp. 17 -- 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86171 - 566 - 4 . Jump up ^ Oliver Freiberger ( 2006 ) . Asceticism and Its Critics : Historical Accounts and Comparative Perspectives . Oxford University Press . pp. 249 -- 251 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 971901 - 3 . Jump up ^ Bronkhorst 1993 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Bronkhorst , p. 53 - 70 . Jump up ^ `` Madhyama Agama , Taisho Tripitaka Vol. 1 , No. 26 , sutra 31 ( 分別聖諦經第十一 ) '' . Cbeta . Archived from the original on 22 November 2008 . Retrieved 28 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Taisho Tripitaka Vol. 1 , No. 32 , Page 814 '' . Cbeta . Archived from the original on 22 November 2008 . Retrieved 28 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Madhyama Agama , Taisho Tripitaka Vol. 1 , No. 26 , sutra 189 ( 中阿含雙品聖道經第三 ) '' . Cbeta . Archived from the original on 22 November 2008 . Retrieved 27 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Rahula 46 Jump up ^ Bhikkhu Bodhi . `` The Noble Eightfold Path : The Way to the End of Suffering '' . Buddhist Publication Society . p. 14 . Retrieved 6 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Buswell & Gimello 1994 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Rinpoche Karma - raṅ - byuṅ - kun - khyab - phrin - las ( 1986 ) . The Dharma : That Illuminates All Beings Impartially Like the Light of the Sun and Moon . State University of New York Press . pp. 32 -- 33 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88706 - 156 - 1 . ; Quote : `` There are various ways of examining the Complete Path . For example , we can speak of Five Paths constituting its different levels : the Path of Accumulation , the Path of Application , the Path of Seeing , the Path of Meditation and the Path of No More Learning , or Buddhahood . '' ^ Jump up to : Bernard Faure ( 2009 ) . The Power of Denial : Buddhism , Purity , and Gender . Princeton University Press . pp. 53 -- 54 , 67 -- 70 , 78 -- 81 , 99 -- 106 , . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 09171 - 6 . Jump up ^ Gwilym Beckerlegge ( 2001 ) . The World Religions Reader . Routledge . pp. 365 -- 370 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 24749 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : R. Alan Cole ( 1994 ) . Mothers and Sons in Chinese Buddhism . Stanford University Press . pp. 203 -- 204 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 6510 - 7 . Jump up ^ Wm . Theodore de Bary ; Richard Lufrano ( 2010 ) . Sources of Chinese Tradition : Volume 2 : From 1600 Through the Twentieth Century . Columbia University Press . pp. 118 -- 120 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 51799 - 7 . Jump up ^ Gene Reeves ( 2002 ) . A Buddhist kaleidoscope : essays on the Lotus Sutra . Kosei . pp. 363 , 447 -- 448 , 475 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 333 - 01918 - 2 . Jump up ^ Gwilym Beckerlegge ( 2001 ) . The World Religions Reader . Routledge . pp. 369 -- 370 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 24749 - 8 . Jump up ^ Bernard Faure ( 2009 ) . The Power of Denial : Buddhism , Purity , and Gender . Princeton University Press . pp. 99 -- 100 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 09171 - 6 . Jump up ^ Bernard Faure ( 2009 ) . The Power of Denial : Buddhism , Purity , and Gender . Princeton University Press . pp. 112 -- 116 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 09171 - 6 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Doo Young Lee ( 2012 ) . Prince and the Monk , The : Shotoku Worship in Shinran 's Buddhism . State University of New York Press . pp. 93 -- 94 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 8046 - 5 . Jump up ^ Peter Harvey ( 2000 ) . An Introduction to Buddhist Ethics : Foundations , Values and Issues . Cambridge University Press . pp. 368 -- 370 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 55640 - 8 . Jump up ^ Peter Harvey ( 2000 ) . An Introduction to Buddhist Ethics : Foundations , Values and Issues . Cambridge University Press . pp. 371 -- 372 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 55640 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Wei - Yi Cheng ( 2007 ) . Buddhist Nuns in Taiwan and Sri Lanka : A Critique of the Feminist Perspective . Routledge . pp. 58 -- 60 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 16811 - 8 . Jump up ^ Wei - Yi Cheng ( 2007 ) . Buddhist Nuns in Taiwan and Sri Lanka : A Critique of the Feminist Perspective . Routledge . pp. 63 -- 64 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 16811 - 8 . Jump up ^ Gil Fronsdal . The Dhammapada : A New Translation of the Buddhist Classic with Annotations . Shambhala Publications , Inc . Retrieved 14 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Peter Randall ( 2013 ) . The Psychology of Feeling Sorry : The Weight of the Soul . Routledge . pp. 206 -- 208 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 17026 - 3 . Sources ( edit ) Primary sources Bhikkhu Bodhi . The Noble Eightfold Path : The Way to the End of Suffering . Retrieved 4 July 2006 . Carter , John Ross and Palihawadana , Mahinda ; tr . Buddhism : The Dhammapada . New York : History Book Club , 1992 . Ñanamoli Thera ( tr . ) & Bhikkhu Bodhi ( ed. , rev . ) ( 1991 ) . The Discourse on Right View : The Sammaditthi Sutta and its Commentary ( The Wheel Publication No. 377 / 379 ; includes translations of MN 9 and the associated commentary from the Papañcasudani ) . Kandy : Buddhist Publication Society . Retrieved 22 September 2007 from `` Access to Insight '' ( 1994 ) . Nyanasobhano , Bhikkhu ( 1989 ) . Two Dialogues on Dhamma ( Wheel No. 363 / 364 ) . Kandy : BPS . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 04 from `` Access to Insight '' ( 2005 ) Rahula , Walpola . What the Buddha Taught . New York : Grove Press , 1974 . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 3031 - 3 . Rewata Dhamma . The First Discourse of the Buddha . Somerville , Massachusetts : Wisdom Publications , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 86171 - 104 - 1 . Snelling , John . The Buddhist Handbook : A Complete Guide to Buddhist Schools , Teaching , Practice , and History . Rochester : Inner Traditions , 1991 . ISBN . Sri Lanka Buddha Jayanti Tipitaka Series ( SLTP ) ( n.d. ) , Avijjāvaggo , ( SN 44 ( Sinhalese ed . ) , ch. 1 , in Pali ) . Retrieved on 16 July 2007 from `` Mettanet -- Lanka '' Secondary sources Anderson , Carol ( 2013 ) . Pain and Its Ending : The Four Noble Truths in the Theravada Buddhist Canon . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 81325 - 2 . Alexander Berzin ( 2007 ) , `` The Eightfold Noble Path '' Bronkhorst , Johannes ( 1993 ) , The Two Traditions Of Meditation In Ancient India , Motilal Banarsidass Publ . Bucknell , Rod ( 1984 ) , `` The Buddhist to Liberation : An Analysis of the Listing of Stages '' , The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies , 7 ( 2 ) Bucknell , Roderick & Stuart - Fox , Martin ( 1986 ) . The Twilight Language : Explorations in Buddhist Meditation and Symbolism . Curzon Press : London . ISBN 0 - 312 - 82540 - 4 Buswell , Robert E. ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of Buddhism : A-L . Macmillan Reference . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 865719 - 6 . Bhikkhu Bodhi ( 2010 ) , The Noble Eightfold Path : Way to the End of Suffering , Buddhist Publication Society Buswell , Robert E. Jr ; Gimello , Robert M. ( editors ) ( 1994 ) , Paths to Liberation . The Marga and its Transformations in Buddhist Thought , Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass Publishers CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Buswell , Robert E. Jr. ; Lopez , Donald Jr. ( 2003 ) , The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism , Princeton University Press Choong , Mun - keat ( 2000 ) , The Fundamental Teachings of Early Buddhism : A Comparative Study Based on the Sutranga Portion of the Pali Samyutta - Nikaya and the Chinese Samyuktagama , Otto Harrassowitz Verlag Eliot , Charles ( 2014 ) , Japanese Buddhism , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 79274 - 1 Fuller , Paul ( 2005 ) , The Notion of Ditthi in Theravada Buddhism , RoutledgeCurzon Gethin , Rupert ( 1998 ) , Foundations of Buddhism , Oxford University Press Richard Gombrich ( 2009 ) . What the Buddha thought . Equinox . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84553 - 614 - 5 . Gunaratana , Henepola ( 2001 ) , Eight Mindful Steps to Happiness : Walking the Buddha 's Path , Wisdom Publications , ISBN 0 - 86171 - 176 - 9 Harvey , Graham ( 2016 ) , Religions in Focus : New Approaches to Tradition and Contemporary Practices , Routledge Harvey , Peter ( 2013 ) , An Introduction to Buddhism , Cambridge University Press Hirakawa , Akira ( 1990 ) , A History of Indian Buddhism . From Sakyamuni to Early Mahayana , University of Hawai'i Press , hdl : 10125 / 23030 Kalupahana , David J. ( 1992 ) , A history of Buddhist philosophy , Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited Keown , Damien ( 2000 ) , Buddhism : A Very Short Introduction ( Kindle ed . ) , Oxford University Press Kohn , Michael H. ; tr . The Shambhala Dictionary of Buddhism and Zen . Boston : Shambhala , 1991 . Lopez , Donald S ( 1995 ) , Buddhism in Practice ( PDF ) , Princeton University Press , ISBN 0 - 691 - 04442 - 2 Lopez , Donald , jr. ( 2009 ) , Buddhism and Science : A Guide for the Perplexed , University of Chicago Press Niimi , J. Buddhism and Cognitive Science . Retrieved 8 July 2006 . Polak , Grzegorz ( 2011 ) , Reexamining Jhana : Towards a Critical Reconstruction of Early Buddhist Soteriology , UMCS Prebish , Charles ( 2000 ) , `` From Monastic Ethics to Modern Society '' , in Keown , Damien , Contemporary Buddhist Ethics , Routledge Curzon Rahula , Walpola ( 2007 ) , What the Buddha Taught , Grove Press Raju , P.T. ( 1985 ) , Structural Depths of Indian Thought , State University of New York Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 88706 - 139 - 4 Spiro , Melford E. ( 1982 ) , Buddhism and Society : A Great Tradition and Its Burmese Vicissitudes , University of California Press Velez de Cea , J. Abraham ( 2013 ) , The Buddha and Religious Diversity , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 10039 - 1 Vetter , Tilmann ( 1988 ) , The Ideas and Meditative Practices of Early Buddhism , BRILL , ISBN 90 - 04 - 08959 - 4 Wei - hsün Fu , Charles ; Wawrytko , Sandra Ann ( 1994 ) , Buddhist Behavioral Codes and the Modern World : An International Symposium , Greenwood , ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 28890 - 6 Williams , Paul ( 2000 ) , Mahayana Buddhism : The Doctrinal Foundations , Routledge Williams , Paul ( 2002 ) , Buddhist Thought ( Kindle ed . ) , Taylor & Francis Paul Williams ; Anthony Tribe ; Alexander Wynne ( 2012 ) , Buddhist Thought , Routledge , ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 52088 - 4 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Noble Eightfold Path `` The Path to Peace and Freedom for the Mind '' by Ajaan Lee Dhammadharo `` The Craft of the Heart '' by Ajaan Lee Dhammadharo Topics in Buddhism Glossary Index Outline Foundations Three Jewels Buddha Dharma Sangha Four Noble Truths Noble Eightfold Path Nirvana Middle Way The Buddha Tathāgata Birthday Four sights Physical characteristics Footprint Relics Iconography in Laos and Thailand Films Miracles Family Suddhodāna ( father ) Māyā ( mother ) Mahapajapati Gotamī ( aunt , adoptive mother ) Yasodhara ( wife ) Rāhula ( son ) Ānanda ( cousin ) Devadatta ( cousin ) Places where the Buddha stayed Buddha in world religions Key concepts Avidyā ( Ignorance ) Bardo Bodhicitta Bodhisattva Buddha - nature Dhamma theory Dharma Enlightenment Five hindrances Indriya Karma Kleshas Mind Stream Parinirvana Pratītyasamutpāda Rebirth Saṃsāra Saṅkhāra Skandha Śūnyatā Taṇhā ( Craving ) Tathātā Ten Fetters Three marks of existence Impermanence Dukkha Anatta Two truths doctrine Cosmology Ten spiritual realms Six realms Deva ( Buddhism ) Human realm Asura realm Hungry Ghost realm Animal realm Naraka Three planes of existence Branches Theravada Vajrayana Tibetan Shingon Dzogchen Mahayana Chan Buddhism Zen Seon Thiền Pure Land Tiantai Nichiren Madhyamaka Yogachara Navayana Early Buddhist schools Pre-sectarian Buddhism Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna Practices Bhavana Bodhipakkhiyādhammā Brahmavihara Mettā Karuṇā Mudita Upekkha Buddhābhiseka Dāna Devotion Dhyāna Faith Five Strengths Iddhipada Meditation Mantras Kammaṭṭhāna Recollection Smarana Anapanasati Samatha Vipassanā ( Vipassana movement ) Shikantaza Zazen Kōan Mandala Tonglen Tantra Tertön Terma Merit Mindfulness Satipatthana Nekkhamma Pāramitā Paritta Puja Offerings Prostration Chanting Refuge Satya Sacca Seven Factors of Enlightenment Sati Dhamma vicaya Pīti Passaddhi Śīla Five Precepts Bodhisattva vow Prātimokṣa Threefold Training Śīla Samadhi Prajñā Vīrya Four Right Exertions Nirvana Bodhi Bodhisattva Buddhahood Pratyekabuddha Four stages of enlightenment Sotāpanna Sakadagami Anāgāmi Arhat Monasticism Bhikkhu Bhikkhuni Śrāmaṇera Śrāmaṇerī Anagarika Ajahn Sayadaw Zen master Rōshi Lama Rinpoche Geshe Tulku Householder Upāsaka and Upāsikā Śrāvaka The ten principal disciples Shaolin Monastery Major figures Gautama Buddha Kaundinya Assaji Sāriputta Mahamoggallāna Mulian Ānanda Mahākassapa Anuruddha Mahākaccana Nanda Subhuti Punna Upali Mahapajapati Gotamī Khema Uppalavanna Asita Channa Yasa Buddhaghoṣa Nagasena Angulimala Bodhidharma Nagarjuna Asanga Vasubandhu Atiśa Padmasambhava Nichiren B.R. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which of the following is not part of the eightfold path of buddhism	[]	[]
-6635125377993210659	Mumford & Sons	Mumford & Sons - wikipedia Mumford & Sons Jump to : navigation , search Mumford & Sons Mumford & Sons performing in 2015 Background information Origin London , England Genres Folk rock alternative rock Years active 2007 -- present Labels Gentlemen of the Road Island Glassnote Universal Associated acts Alabama Shakes Moulettes Website mumfordandsons.com Members Marcus Mumford Winston Marshall Ben Lovett Ted Dwane Mumford & Sons are a British band formed in 2007 . The band consists of Marcus Mumford ( lead vocals , electric guitar , acoustic guitar , drums ) , Ben Lovett ( vocals , keyboard , piano , synthesizer ) , Winston Marshall ( vocals , electric guitar , banjo ) and Ted Dwane ( vocals , bass guitar , double bass ) . Mumford & Sons have released three studio albums : Sigh No More ( 2009 ) , Babel ( 2012 ) and Wilder Mind ( 2015 ) . Sigh No More peaked at number two on the UK Albums Chart and the Billboard 200 in the US , with Babel and Wilder Mind both debuting at number one in the UK and US , the former becoming the fastest - selling rock album of the decade and leading to a headline performance at Glastonbury Festival in 2013 . The band has also issued two live albums : Live at Shepherd 's Bush Empire ( 2011 ) and The Road to Red Rocks ( 2012 ) . The band have won a number of music awards throughout their career , with Sigh No More earning the band the Brit Award for Best British Album in 2011 and six overall Grammy Award nominations . The live performance at the 2011 Grammy ceremony with Bob Dylan and The Avett Brothers led to a surge in popularity for the band in the US . The band received eight total Grammy nominations for Babel and won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year . The band also won the Brit Award for Best British Group in 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early years ( 2007 -- 2009 ) 1.2 Sigh No More ( 2009 -- 2012 ) 1.3 Babel ( 2012 -- 2013 ) 1.4 Wilder Mind ( 2015 -- present ) 2 Musical style and development 3 Gentlemen of the Road 4 Band members 4.1 Band members 4.2 Live musicians 4.3 Studio musicians 4.4 Past studio musicians 4.5 Past live musicians 5 Discography 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Early years ( 2007 -- 2009 ) ( edit ) Mumford & Sons were formed in December 2007 by multi-instrumentalists Marcus Mumford , Ben Lovett , Winston Marshall and Ted Dwane . Band members play acoustic guitar , drums , keyboard instruments , bass guitar , and traditional folk instruments such as banjo , mandolin and resonator guitar . The band name originates from Marcus Mumford being the most visible member , organizing the band and their performances . Lovett indicated that the name was meant to invoke the sense of an `` antiquated family business name '' . A handful of similar bands were increasing their visibility in West London around the same time , giving rise to the label `` West London folk scene '' . Mumford downplays that characterisation as an exaggeration -- Mumford & Sons and a few other folk acts just happened to be operating in the same general area at the time . In an interview with the Herald Sun , Marcus Mumford said , `` It 's not folk really . Well , some of it is , and it 's certainly not a scene . Someone got over-excited about a few bands who live in a hundred - mile radius and put it in a box to sell it as a package . It 's a community , not a scene . It 's not exclusive . '' Having developed in the same musical and cultural environment , Mumford & Sons ' sound has been compared to that of artists such as Noah and the Whale , Johnny Flynn and Laura Marling , whose backing band had included Marshall , Mumford , and Dwane . In early 2008 , the band began working with manager Adam Tudhope , who , as part of management company Everybody 's , also represents Keane and Laura Marling . It was through Tudhope 's connection that Mumford & Sons were exposed to their future A&R at Island , Louis Bloom , who began monitoring the band . Bloom told HitQuarters that they were still at a fledgling state and not yet ready for a label deal : `` There was no one there for it , just a few friends , and they needed time to develop . Over the next six months I kept going to see them and they were literally picking up fans every time . '' In February 2008 , the band completed an extensive UK tour with support from Alessi 's Ark , Sons of Noel and Adrian , Peggy Sue and others . June 2008 marked the band 's first appearance at the Glastonbury Festival . They also toured Australia with Laura Marling , whose disinclination to interact with audiences encouraged Mumford into the spotlight . The experience helped inform his attitude towards Mumford & Sons audiences , which is to interact frequently and to try to create a comfortable , casual atmosphere . Mumford & Sons ' first project was an EP entitled Love Your Ground which took a year to complete and was released in November 2008 on Chess Club Records . Sigh No More ( 2009 -- 2012 ) ( edit ) Throughout 2008 and into 2009 , Mumford & Sons performed in small to moderate venues in the UK and US , exposing audiences to Love Your Ground tracks and other material that would eventually become Sigh No More . The band finally recorded Sigh No More with Markus Dravs , who had produced albums with artists such as Arcade Fire . At the time , band members did not even own their own instruments -- Dravs initially turned them away when they showed up at the recording sessions empty - handed . The only track from Love Your Ground to be included on Sigh No More was `` Little Lion Man '' . The band told the Herald Sun that they self - financed the album to avoid the artistic and technical compromises that sometimes befall studio - financed projects . They toured again in support of Laura Marling in 2009 , and Mumford & Sons were contributing musicians to her 2010 album I Speak Because I Can . Mumford & Sons performing at Dot to Dot Festival in Bristol on 23 May 2009 In August 2009 , Mumford & Sons signed a licensing deal to Island Records in the UK , to Dew Process in Australia and New Zealand , to Glassnote Records in North America and Cooperative Music in the rest of the world , and through its own label Gentlemen of the Road . Dew Process boss Paul Piticco signed the band after witnessing a US performance in 2009 and appreciating their `` honest '' approach and unique sound . Their debut album was released on 5 October 2009 with `` Little Lion Man '' as the lead single . Dave Berry of XFM named `` Little Lion Man '' his record of the week , and in another interview with the band , Berry said `` Screw ' of the week ' , it 's my favourite track of the year . '' BBC Radio 1 DJ Zane Lowe made `` Little Lion Man '' his `` Reaction Record '' on 27 July 2009 , before naming it the `` Hottest Record in the World '' the following evening . In their first performance on US network television , the band played `` Little Lion Man '' on CBS 's Late Show with David Letterman on 17 February 2010 . This appearance was followed by a performance of `` The Cave '' on The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson on 26 February 2010 . Mumford & Sons have been commercially successful in Australia and New Zealand . By January 2010 , `` Little Lion Man '' topped the Triple J Hottest 100 list for all of 2009 , with its margin of victory the largest in the history of the chart . In November 2010 , the band won an ARIA Music Award for Most Popular International Artist . Sigh No More first reached number 9 on the New Zealand charts in October 2010 , and subsequently topped the chart in January 2011 due to the popularity of the singles from the album . In a March 2010 interview , Ray Davies announced that Mumford & Sons would be appearing on his forthcoming collaborations album . Marcus Mumford confirmed this in an interview the same month , stating , `` I am more excited about that than I have been about anything before in my life '' . Mumford & Sons performed the track `` Days / This Time Tomorrow '' along with Davies on 12 February 2010 on Later ... with Jools Holland on the BBC . Marcus Mumford and Winston Marshall on stage in Brighton , 4 October 2010 In December 2010 , Mumford & Sons earned Grammy Award nominations for Best New Artist and Best Rock Song ( `` Little Lion Man '' ) . While they did not go on to win an award , the band performed their single `` The Cave '' at the Grammy ceremony . The performance earned positive media attention and boosted visibility for Sigh No More -- US sales increased by 99 % in the period following the ceremony in February 2011 . The album subsequently peaked at number two on the UK Albums Chart and the Billboard 200 in the US . On 7 December 2010 , in collaboration with Dharohar Project and Laura Marling , Mumford & Sons released an EP album recorded in Delhi , India . The album was recorded in a makeshift studio with traditional Rajasthani musicians and features four collaborations , including multicultural mash - ups of Marling 's `` Devil 's Spoke '' and Mumford & Sons ' `` To Darkness . '' Sigh No More is certified 4x Platinum in the UK , and 2x Platinum in the US . The band continued to grow in popularity in 2011 , winning several major awards and headlining larger shows and festivals . In February 2011 , they received a European Border Breakers Award for their international success . They received a Brit Award for British Album of the Year with Sigh No More and performed `` Timshel '' at the ceremony . UK sales of the album subsequently increased by 266 percent . While touring the United States in early 2011 , the band began writing songs for the follow - up album . Keyboardist Ben Lovett credited the creative atmosphere of Nashville , Tennessee with easing the songwriting process . While performing in Kansas City , Missouri on 3 June , the first stop of their US tour , the band announced they had been recording a new album , initially set to be released in late 2011 . They then performed several new tracks from the forthcoming album , the title of which was not revealed . In April 2011 , the group joined Old Crow Medicine Show and Edward Sharpe and the Magnetic Zeros on the inaugural Railroad Revival Tour , which was inspired by the Festival Express tour across Canada in 1970 that included Buddy Guy , Janis Joplin , The Grateful Dead and The Band . Travelling exclusively in vintage rail cars , the three bands performed in six `` unique outdoor locations '' over the course of a week starting in Oakland , California . Ketch Secor of Old Crow told American Songwriter that `` It 's like we left all our baggage at home and just brought our instruments , '' often writing new songs while on the train . `` We were just on these old rattling rails . It was a railroad odyssey that would have made Woody and Doc tip their hats and blow their whistles , '' he says . They appear in the musical documentary Big Easy Express , directed by Emmett Malloy , being made of the trip which premiered March 2012 at the South by Southwest Film Conference and Festival ( SXSW Film ) in Austin , Texas -- winning the Headliner Audience Award . The film went on to win `` Best Long Form Video '' at the 2013 Grammy Awards . Mumford & Sons played at the Glastonbury Festival on Friday 24 June 2011 , and then embarked on a North American tour on which they frequently performed songs from the upcoming album . They recorded two songs for Andrea Arnold 's adaptation of Wuthering Heights , one of which ( entitled `` Enemy '' ) is featured during the closing credits . In June 2012 , Mumford & Sons contributed the song `` Learn Me Right '' with Birdy to the Pixar film Brave . Babel ( 2012 -- 2013 ) ( edit ) Mumford & Sons released their second studio album Babel on 24 September 2012 , with a track listing of 12 songs , and a deluxe edition containing three exclusive songs . The lead single `` I Will Wait '' premiered on Zane Lowe 's BBC Radio 1 show on 7 August . On 29 August 2012 , Mumford & Sons recorded their concert at Red Rocks Amphitheatre in Colorado . The Concert was later released on DVD , Vinyl and on iTunes as `` Road to Red Rocks '' . The performance of `` I Will Wait '' from the concert was released ahead of the DVD on 9 September as the band 's official video for the song . On 22 September 2012 , the band performed two songs from the new album , `` I Will Wait '' and `` Below My Feet '' , on Saturday Night Live . Mumford & Sons performing at the 2013 Brit Awards held at the O2 Arena in London , 20 February 2013 Babel debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart and the US Billboard 200 . It became the fastest selling album of 2012 in the UK , selling over 158,000 copies in its first week , and was the biggest selling debut of any album in 2012 in the US , selling 600,000 in its first week , and over a million worldwide . In December 2012 , Winston Marshall told NME that the band was rehearsing and writing for their next album . The first phase of a 2013 world tour in support of Babel was released in November 2012 . Their Gentlemen of the Road tour continued through 2013 . After performing two shows on 8 & 9 June 2013 at the Austin360 Amphitheater in Austin , Texas , bassist Ted Dwane checked into a hospital the next day . Surgeons found a blood clot on the surface of his brain and performed surgery to remove it . Heeding medical advice to aid Dwane 's recovery , the band cancelled the rest of its Summer Stampede Tour , including performances at the 2013 Bonnaroo Music Festival and returned to the UK . Dwane 's surgery was successful , and his recovery was such that the band were able to headline the 2013 Glastonbury Festival on 30 June , with the band receiving acclaim for their performance . After first including select stopover cities in their 2012 Tour , the band again selected five cities in Canada , the UK and US to host a two - day festival with shows on multiple stages as well as various other activities and performances . The first stopover of the 2013 Gentleman of the Road tour was in Lewes , East Sussex , from 19 to 20 July . Next was Simcoe , Ontario from 23 to 24 August , followed by Troy , Ohio from 30 to 31 August . The band rounded out their tour with stopovers in Guthrie , Oklahoma on 6 and 7 September and finally St. Augustine , Florida on 13 and 14 September . The Vaccines , Edward Sharpe & the Magnetic Zeros , Vampire Weekend , Old Crow Medicine Show , Yacht Club DJs , Alabama Shakes and various other bands also performed at many of the stopovers throughout the tour . After the end of the Babel tour , Mumford and Sons took a five - month break before returning to the studio in February 2014 to start work on their third album . Wilder Mind ( 2015 -- present ) ( edit ) On 27 February 2015 , the band released a short video teasing new live material , promising a further announcement on 2 March 2015 . It was revealed on 2 March 2015 that the third studio album from the band will be entitled Wilder Mind and will be released on 4 May 2015 , with the first single `` Believe '' being released to radio stations on 9 March and available to download straight after . The announcement also confirmed a new series of Gentleman of the Road Stopovers festivals for Summer 2015 . Mumford & Sons made their live return at the 375 capacity Oslo venue in Hackney , London on 10 March 2015 with an intimate show for family and friends . The band played again to fans on the following two nights , debuting songs from Wilder Mind . The second single from Wilder Mind , `` The Wolf '' premiered on BBC Radio 1 on 9 April 2015 , and was made available to download straight after , with the official audio being uploaded to the band 's YouTube channel . The official video , a live video of the band performing the song , was uploaded to YouTube on 13 April 2015 . Mumford & Sons confirmed their return on 14 January 2015 with the announcement of a headline performance at the 2015 Bonnaroo Music Festival . Mumford and Sons headlined the Reading & Leeds Festivals in 2015 . In the following weeks , many other dates were added to their 2015 UK & Ireland tour . On 30 April 2015 , the band announced an intimate show at Brighton Corn Exchange exclusively to members of their mailing list . The gig took place on 1 May 2015 . Mumford & Sons promoted their new album with several TV appearances and radio broadcasts , including a Live Lounge special for BBC Radio 1 , The Graham Norton Show , Saturday Night Live on NBC , Later ... with Jools Holland on the BBC the Late Show with David Letterman , and live streamed concerts for iHeartRadio and SiriusXM . On 13 April 2015 , the band announced a 16 - date North America tour in - between summer festival dates ; the tour started on 2 June 2015 in Brooklyn , New York . For Record Store Day on 18 April 2015 , the band released the coordinates of stores where fans could attend to listen to Wilder Mind in full on vinyl record , over two weeks before its release . The band also released a limited edition 7 '' record of `` Believe '' / `` The Wolf '' for the event . Wilder Mind was released 4 May 2015 . Wilder Mind debuted at number one in the UK , the US and Australia . On 17 June 2016 , Mumford & Sons released an EP titled Johannesburg . According to a new report , Mumford has confirmed that they are working on their fourth album which will be released in 2018 . Musical style and development ( edit ) The band members play multiple instruments in live performances . Here Marcus Mumford sits at a drum kit . Mumford & Sons have been described by The Hollywood Reporter and Forbes as a folk rock band . They began by using bluegrass and folk instrumentation , with the core instruments of acoustic guitar , banjo , piano and a double bass , played with a rhythmic style based in alternative rock and folk . In the documentary Big Easy Express , Marcus Mumford recognises the Old Crow Medicine Show influence : `` I first heard Old Crow 's music when I was , like , 16 , 17 , and that really got me into , like , folk music , bluegrass . I mean , I 'd listened to a lot of Dylan , but I had n't really ventured into the country world so much . So Old Crow were the band that made me fall in love with country music . '' Mumford acknowledges that `` the band inspired them to pick up the banjo and start their now famous country nights in London . '' Ketch Secor , Old Crow front - man , concurs : `` Those boys took the message and ran with it . '' Emmylou Harris was `` among the gateway artists who helped Mumford and bandmates Ben Lovett , Ted Dwane and Winston Marshall discover their love for American roots music . It started with the ' O Brother , Where Art Thou ? ' soundtrack ... That eventually led them to the Old Crow Medicine Show and then deep immersion in old - timey sounds from America 's long - neglected past . '' Much of Mumford & Sons ' lyrical content has a strong literary influence , its debut album name deriving from William Shakespeare 's Much Ado About Nothing . The track `` Sigh No More '' includes lines from the play such as Serve God love me and mend , For man is a giddy thing , and One foot in sea and one on shore . The title of the song `` Roll Away Your Stone '' is an allusion to Macbeth ; the song includes the line Stars hide your fires / And these here are my desires which borrows and pares down Macbeth 's line in act 1 , scene 4 : Stars , hide your fires , / Let not light see my black and deep desires . Additionally , `` The Cave '' includes several references to The Odyssey , in particular the sirens that Odysseus encounters on his journey home . The song also contains many references to G.K. Chesterton 's book , St. Francis of Assisi , in which Chesterton uses Plato 's Cave as a way of explaining how St. Francis views the world from God 's perspective . `` Little Lion Man '' appears to be a retelling in dramatic monologue form of Chretien de Troyes ' Yvain , the Knight of the Lion , which is the story of a knight who goes mad after betraying a promise to his wife to return to her . Both `` Timshel '' and `` Dust Bowl Dance '' draw heavily from the John Steinbeck novels Of Mice and Men , East of Eden and The Grapes of Wrath . The band 's change in sound on their third album was described by Lovett as a `` natural departure . '' At the end of the Babel tour Winston Marshall traded his banjo for electric guitar in sound checks and Mumford started playing more drums as the band jammed on heavy instrumentals and even some Radiohead tunes . Banjo does not feature on the record , an instrument that had become synonymous with the band . NME reported that the band 's sound is `` More expansive than ever and decidedly heavier , thanks to the shift in instrumentation . '' The group also employed a full drumkit instead of kick drum . `` We 've had our standard line - up of instruments for the last six years and we felt like that was our palette , ( but ) we started picking up other stuff , '' said Lovett . `` It 's a very natural departure from some of that rootsier stuff . '' Lovett told NME that working with James Ford for Wilder Mind was part of trying something new . `` We felt a need for change . Not from Markus ( Dravs ) , but he was so closely attached to those first two records that as we had taken that time off , we wanted to try doing something new . It felt like , if we do our third record with Markus , does that mean we do our ninth and 10th records with Markus ? At some point you have to try different things , as we collectively felt like it was time to try other stuff . Markus knows that we might well make the next record with him . We definitely have n't broken up ( with Dravs ) , we 're just playing the field ! '' Gentlemen of the Road ( edit ) In 2009 , the band founded Gentlemen of the Road , a live promotions company , record label and organiser of the global series of Stopover Festivals . These festivals tend to take place in towns and villages not normally toured in by bands or singers in an effort to bring money to the place and help businesses there . The band handpicks the supporting acts which play for the Stopover Festivals . These include bands such as Foo Fighters , The Flaming Lips , The Vaccines , The Maccabees and Jenny Lewis , amongst others . Band members ( edit ) Band members ( edit ) Marcus Mumford -- lead vocals , guitar , drums Ben Lovett -- vocals , piano , keyboards , synthesisers Winston Marshall -- vocals , guitar , banjo Ted Dwane -- vocals , bass guitar , double bass Live musicians ( edit ) Chris Maas -- drums Tom Hobden -- fiddle ( also of Noah and the Whale ) Nick Etwell -- trumpet , flugelhorn ( also of The Filthy Six ) Dave Williamson -- trombone Studio musicians ( edit ) Wilder Mind James Ford -- drums , percussion , keyboards Tom Hobden -- violin Thomas Bartlett aka Doveman -- keyboards Dave Nelson -- trombone Aaron Dessner -- keyboards Benjamin Lanz -- trombone Past studio musicians ( edit ) Sigh No More Nick Etwell -- trumpet , flugelhorn Pete Beachill -- trombone Nell Catchpole -- violin , viola Christopher Allan -- cello Markus Dravs -- a nail and a piano string Tom Hobden -- original string parts on Track 5 Babel Chris Allan -- cello Nell Catchpole -- violin , viola Nick Etwell -- trumpet , flugelhorn Ross Holmes -- fiddle Dave Williamson -- trombone Past live musicians ( edit ) Ross Holmes -- fiddle ( also of Chessboxer ) Richard Freeman -- trumpet Ephraim Owens -- trumpet Ben ( Unknown second name ) -- trumpet Davie ( Unknown second name ) -- trombone Will Calderbank -- cello ( also of Sons of Noel and Adrian ) Chris Allan -- cello Michael Siddell -- violin ( also of The Leisure Society ) Ivan Bunyard -- drums Harry Cargill -- guitar , mandolin ( replacement guitar when Mumford broke his hand ) Discography ( edit ) Main articles : Mumford & Sons discography and List of songs recorded by Mumford & Sons Sigh No More ( 2009 ) Babel ( 2012 ) Wilder Mind ( 2015 ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Mumford & Sons Mumford & Sons have been awarded the following honors : ARIA Music Awards 2010 , Most Popular International Artist Q Awards 2010 , Best New Act UK Festival Awards 2010 , Breakthrough Artist Americana Music Honors & Awards 2011 , Emerging Artist of the Year Billboard Music Award 2011 , Top Rock Album ( for Sigh No More ) Billboard Music Award 2011 , Top Alternative Album ( for Sigh No More ) Billboard Music Award 2011 , Top Alternative Artist Brit Awards 2011 , British Album of the Year ( for Sigh No More ) Billboard Music Awards 2013 , Top Rock Album ( for Babel ) Brit Awards 2013 , British Group Echo Music Prize 2013 , International Rock / Pop Group Grammy Award 2013 , Album of the Year ( for Babel ) Grammy Award 2013 , Best Music Film ( for Big Easy Express ) Juno Award 2013 , International Album of the Year Ivor Novello Awards 2014 , International Achievement UK Americana Awards 2018 , Trailblazer Award References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ted Dwane 's other band , Moulettes `` . 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The New York Times . Jump up ^ Kat . `` Mumford will start writing for new album '' . MumsonFans.com . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Kat . `` Ben Lovett Announces his Engagement and Work on New Album '' . MumsonFans.com . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Kat . `` Mumford and Sons 2015 Tour to be Announced on Monday '' . MumsonFans.com . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Kat . `` Mumford and Sons ' 3rd studio album `` Wilder Mind '' due out May 4th `` . MumsonFans.com . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline Photos -- Mumford and Sons '' . Facebook . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Tickets , Line - up , News & Info -- Stopovers '' . Gentlemenoftheroad.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Mumford & Sons announce new album details and tour '' . Never Enough Notes . Never Enough Notes . Retrieved 3 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mumford And Sons -- Oslo '' . Oslohackney.com. 2015 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram '' . Instagram . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Mumford & Sons -- The Wolf ( Official Audio ) on YouTube Jump up ^ Mumford & Sons -- The Wolf ( Live ) on YouTube Jump up ^ Kat . `` Mumford and Sons Confirmed Headlining 2015 Bonnaroo Music and Arts Festival '' . MumsonFans.com . Retrieved 13 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mumford & Sons Friday 28 Aug 2015 Main Stage '' . Jump up ^ `` Home -- Mumford & Sons '' . Mumfordandsons.com. 1970 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` NME News Mumford & Sons announce mobile phone - free gig in Brighton '' . Nme.Com. 2015 - 04 - 24 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ 1 ( 2015 - 04 - 29 ) . `` Live Lounge Mumford & Sons '' . BBC . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` BBC One -- The Graham Norton Show , Series 17 , Episode 4 '' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Taraji P. Henson with Mumford & Sons Episodes Saturday Night Live '' . NBC . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Later ... with Jools Holland -- Mumford & Sons '' . Mumfordandsons.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Later ... with Jools Holland -- Full Episode -- Mumford & Sons '' . Mumfordandsons.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Mumford & Sons Kick Off CBS 's Legends On Letterman : The online music series celebrates the amazing musical acts that have performed '' . CBS.com. 2015 - 04 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Daily Show with Trevor Noah - Series Comedy Central Official Site CC.com '' . Thedailyshow.cc.com. 2016 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` iHeartRadio Album Release Party with Mumford & Sons iHeartRadio '' . News.iheart.com. 2015 - 04 - 28 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Mumford & Sons named their favorite songs by other artists ! SiriusXM Blog '' . Blog.siriusxm.com. 2015 - 05 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Mumford & Sons on Twitter : `` North America ! New summer tour dates announced ! Tickets on sale 10am local time Friday 17th April . `` '' . Twitter.com. 2015 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Mumford & Sons '' . Record Store Day . Archived from the original on 21 April 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Forums Archive -- Mumford & Sons '' . Mumfordandsons.com. 1970 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Mumford & Sons score their second Number 1 album '' . ( 10 May 2015 ) . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 24 July 2015 Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( 2015 - 05 - 13 ) . `` Mumford & Sons Scores Second No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Wilder Mind : Australian Album Charts '' . ARIA . Retrieved 24 July 2015 Jump up ^ Hendicott , James ( 22 April 2016 ) . `` Mumford and Sons announce ' Johannesburg ' mini album '' . NME . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Keith Harris ( 16 June 2016 ) . `` Mumford & Sons 's New Album : Johannesburg '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mumford & Sons discuss progress on their new album - NME '' . NME. 2017 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Greenburg , Zack O'Malley ( December 2016 ) . `` The World 's Highest - Paid Musicians Of 2016 '' . Forbes . Retrieved 14 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Hight , Jewly ( 30 August 2012 ) . `` Old Crow Medicine Show : The Wheel Of Life '' . American Songwriter . Retrieved 5 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Talbott , Chris ( 8 August 2012 ) . `` Old Crow Medicine Show starts new chapter with ' Carry Me Back ' '' . The Tennessean . Retrieved 26 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Talbott , Chris ( 26 September 2012 ) . `` Emmylou , Mumford & Sons team for ' CMT Crossroads ' '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 26 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` MACBETH , Act 1 Scene 4 '' . Shakespeare-navigators.com . Retrieved 24 September 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` NME News Mumford & Sons say going electric on new album is ' a natural departure ' '' . Nme.Com. 2015 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Patrick ( 2015 - 03 - 02 ) . `` Page 2 of Mumford & Sons Talk Going Electric on New Album ' Wilder Mind ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Tickets , Line - up , News & Info '' . Gentlemenoftheroad.com . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Gentlemen Of The Road Stopovers 2015 - Mumford & Sons '' . Mumfordandsons.com. 2016 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` BABEL / DELUXE by MUMFORD & SONS '' . HMV . Retrieved 1 July 2013 . Personnel : Duchess Nell Catchpole ( violin , viola ) ; Ross Holmes ( fiddle ) ; Chris Allan ( cello ) ; Nick Etwell ( trumpet , flugelhorn ) ; Dave Williamson ( trombone ) Jump up ^ `` One Sharp Cat : Nick Etwell '' . The Huffington Post UK . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ChessBoxer '' . Facebook . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Today Bexhill -- tomorrow Glastonbury ! '' . Bexhill Observer . Retrieved 30 June 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived 22 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Brewed Aboard The Ark ' The Leisure Society 's Mike Siddell Brews Own Brand Beer '' . The British Guild of Beer Writers . Retrieved 3 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brewed Aboard The Ark ' The Leisure Society 's Mike Siddell Brews Own Brand Beer '' . The British Guild of Beer Writers . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NME News Mumford and Sons to play festival shows with guest musicians after Marcus Mumford breaks hand '' . Nme.com. 2012 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 05 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutMumford & Sonsat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website Mumford & Sons on Twitter Mumford & Sons on IMDb Preceded by Frank Ocean Saturday Night Live musical guest September 22 , 2012 Succeeded by Muse Preceded by Carly Rae Jepsen Saturday Night Live musical guest April 11 , 2015 Succeeded by Wiz Khalifa Mumford & Sons Marcus Mumford Winston Marshall Ben Lovett Ted Dwane Albums Sigh No More ( 2009 ) Babel ( 2012 ) Wilder Mind ( 2015 ) Live albums Live at Shepherd 's Bush Empire The Road to Red Rocks Studio extended plays Mumford & Sons Love Your Ground The Cave and the Open Sea Mumford & Sons , Laura Marling & Dharohar Project The Wedding Band -- The First Dance Johannesburg Live extended plays iTunes Festival : London 2009 iTunes Festival : London 2010 iTunes Festival : London 2012 Live from Bull Moose Apple Music Festival : London 2015 Singles `` Little Lion Man '' `` Winter Winds '' `` The Cave '' `` Roll Away Your Stone '' `` I Will Wait '' `` Lover of the Light '' `` Whispers in the Dark '' `` Babel '' `` Believe '' `` The Wolf '' `` Ditmas '' `` Tompkins Square Park '' `` There Will Be Time '' `` Just Smoke '' Related articles Discography Awards and nominations List of songs Laura Marling Grammy Award for Album of the Year 1959 -- 1979 The Music from Peter Gunn -- Henry Mancini ( 1959 ) Come Dance with Me ! -- Frank Sinatra ( 1960 ) The Button - Down Mind of Bob Newhart -- Bob Newhart ( 1961 ) Judy at Carnegie Hall -- Judy Garland ( 1962 ) The First Family -- Vaughn Meader ( 1963 ) The Barbra Streisand Album -- Barbra Streisand ( 1964 ) Getz / Gilberto -- Stan Getz , João Gilberto ( 1965 ) September of My Years -- Frank Sinatra ( 1966 ) A Man and His Music -- Frank Sinatra ( 1967 ) Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band -- The Beatles ( 1968 ) By the Time I Get to Phoenix -- Glen Campbell ( 1969 ) Blood , Sweat & Tears -- Blood , Sweat & Tears ( 1970 ) Bridge over Troubled Water -- Simon & Garfunkel ( 1971 ) Tapestry -- Carole King ( 1972 ) The Concert for Bangladesh -- Various ( 1973 ) Innervisions -- Stevie Wonder ( 1974 ) Fulfillingness ' First Finale -- Stevie Wonder ( 1975 ) Still Crazy After All These Years -- Paul Simon ( 1976 ) Songs in the Key of Life -- Stevie Wonder ( 1977 ) Rumours -- Fleetwood Mac ( 1978 ) Saturday Night Fever -- Bee Gees / Various ( 1979 ) 1980 -- 2000 52nd Street -- Billy Joel ( 1980 ) Christopher Cross -- Christopher Cross ( 1981 ) Double Fantasy -- John Lennon and Yoko Ono ( 1982 ) Toto IV -- Toto ( 1983 ) Thriller -- Michael Jackson ( 1984 ) Ca n't Slow Down -- Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) No Jacket Required -- Phil Collins ( 1986 ) Graceland -- Paul Simon ( 1987 ) The Joshua Tree -- U2 ( 1988 ) Faith -- George Michael ( 1989 ) Nick of Time -- Bonnie Raitt ( 1990 ) Back on the Block -- Quincy Jones and various artists ( 1991 ) Unforgettable ... with Love -- Natalie Cole ( 1992 ) Unplugged -- Eric Clapton ( 1993 ) The Bodyguard -- Whitney Houston ( 1994 ) MTV Unplugged -- Tony Bennett ( 1995 ) Jagged Little Pill -- Alanis Morissette ( 1996 ) Falling into You -- Celine Dion ( 1997 ) Time Out of Mind -- Bob Dylan ( 1998 ) The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill -- Lauryn Hill ( 1999 ) Supernatural -- Santana ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Two Against Nature -- Steely Dan ( 2001 ) O Brother , Where Art Thou ? Soundtrack ( 2002 ) Come Away with Me -- Norah Jones ( 2003 ) Speakerboxxx / The Love Below -- Outkast ( 2004 ) Genius Loves Company -- Ray Charles and various artists ( 2005 ) How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb -- U2 ( 2006 ) Taking the Long Way -- Dixie Chicks ( 2007 ) River : The Joni Letters -- Herbie Hancock ( 2008 ) Raising Sand -- Robert Plant & Alison Krauss ( 2009 ) Fearless -- Taylor Swift ( 2010 ) The Suburbs -- Arcade Fire ( 2011 ) 21 -- Adele ( 2012 ) Babel -- Mumford & Sons ( 2013 ) Random Access Memories -- Daft Punk ( 2014 ) Morning Phase -- Beck ( 2015 ) 1989 -- Taylor Swift ( 2016 ) 25 -- Adele ( 2017 ) 24K Magic -- Bruno Mars ( 2018 ) VIAF : 159349002 LCCN : no2010068247 ISNI : 0000 0001 2195 5760 GND : 16049438 - 2 BNF : cb16653724q ( data ) MusicBrainz : c44e9c22 - ef82 - 4a77 - 9bcd - af6c958446d6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mumford_%26_Sons&oldid=834329309 '' Categories : ARIA Award winners English folk rock groups Brit Award winners Grammy Award winners Juno Award winners Americana Music Honors & Awards winners Island Records artists Musical groups established in 2007 Musical groups from London Musical quartets 2007 establishments in England Echo ( music award ) winners Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from March 2015 Use British English from April 2013 Articles with hCards All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from March 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 03 : 36 . 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3823940515439881551	Smoking ban in England	Smoking ban in England - wikipedia Smoking ban in England Jump to : navigation , search Since 1 July 2007 smoking has been banned in all enclosed public places in England including pubs , bars and restaurants . A smoking ban in England , making it illegal to smoke in all enclosed work places in England , came into force on 1 July 2007 as a consequence of the Health Act 2006 . Similar bans had already been introduced by the rest of the United Kingdom before this -- Scotland on 26 March 2006 , Wales on 2 April 2007 and Northern Ireland on 30 April 2007 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Before the smoking ban 2 Passage of the law 3 Following the passing of the law 4 Exemptions from the law 5 Public transport 6 Policing of the ban 7 Opposition to the ban 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Before the smoking ban ( edit ) Before the ban many businesses voluntarily introduced bans on smoking mainly as a result of public feedback . The pub chain Wetherspoons was the first major chain to introduce a complete ban on indoor smoking . Tobacco advertising had been banned in England gradually starting with a ban on Television Advertising of cigarettes in 1965 to a complete ban on all Tobacco Advertising in 2005 . Passage of the law ( edit ) On 16 November 2004 a Public Health white paper proposed a smoking ban in almost all public places in England and Wales . Smoking restrictions would be phased in , with a ban on smoking in NHS and government buildings by 2006 , in enclosed public places by 2007 , and pubs , bars and restaurants ( except pubs not serving food ) by the end of 2008 . On 26 October 2005 , after external challenge and debates within the Cabinet , the government announced that it would continue with its plans . All workplaces , including restaurants and pubs selling food , would have to comply by summer 2007 However , there was widespread criticism from all sides of the argument on this , with a number of MPs threatening to try to overturn the bill . Many representatives of the licensed trade told the Government that only a total ban would work , and over 90 MPs signed a motion demanding this , with over 100 signing a petition for a free vote on the issue . It was reported on 24 November that Chief Medical Officer Liam Donaldson nearly quit over the partial ban , but decided to stay to champion a total ban . On the same day , the government released the results of the public consultation , after Cancer Research UK demanded them under the Freedom of Information Act , which revealed that nearly 9 out of 10 respondents wanted a total ban . On 11 January 2006 , the government further announced that it would give MPs a free vote on an amendment to the Health Bill , submitted by the Health select committee , to instigate a comprehensive smoke - free workplace regulations . Health Secretary Patricia Hewitt voted in favour of the amendment and , in so doing , voted against her own Department 's then publicly stated policy ( i.e. the proposed partial regulations ) . All other parties had offered free votes on the issue which was debated on 14 February , with three options : the present compromise , a total ban , or an exemption for members ' clubs only . On 14 February 2006 , the House of Commons first voted on the amendment to the original compromise plan , to extend the ban to all enclosed public places except private members ' clubs . The amendment was carried with a large majority . MPs then voted on a further amendment to ban smoking in all enclosed public places including private members ' clubs . Again this amendment gained significant support and was carried with a large majority . This therefore replaced the earlier successful amendment which would have allowed smoking only in private members ' clubs . The legislation was passed by the House of Lords , allowing a total smoking ban in enclosed public places to come into force in England . Political opposition did not entirely disappear at this point , the House of Lords Economic Affairs Committee accused the Government of overreacting to the threat posed by passive smoking and said that the smoking ban was symptomatic of MPs ' failure to understand risk on 7 June 2006 . The ban came into force on 1 July 2007 , as announced on 30 November 2006 by former Secretary of State for Health Patricia Hewitt , who called it `` a huge step forward for public health '' . Following the passing of the law ( edit ) Many pubs provide smoking areas outdoors , where smoking remains generally permitted . A smoking shelter outside an office building in England . Since 2007 such shelters have become commonplace at workplaces . On 30 June 2010 , the recently formed Coalition Government announced that it would not be reviewing the ban . An attempt in October 2010 by Conservative MP David Nuttall to amend the law to exempt private members ' clubs and pubs from the smoking ban was defeated in the House of Commons on its first reading . Exemptions from the law ( edit ) While the ban affects almost all indoor workplaces , some exemptions were provided : designated hotel rooms designated rooms in nursing homes designated rooms in prisons designated rooms in offshore oil rigs designated rooms in mental health units ( until 1 July 2008 ) specialist tobacconists in relation to sampling cigars and / or pipe tobacco . An exemption was also theoretically possible within the Palace of Westminster , as for other Royal Palaces , although members of the House of Commons and the House of Lords agreed to observe the spirit of the ban and restrict any smoking within the grounds of Parliament to four designated outside areas . Smoking is permitted in a private residence , although not in areas used as a shared work - space . In flats with communal entrances or shared corridors , these must be smoke - free . University halls of residence presented some dilemmas in practice as regards defining what is public and private . Several universities have imposed a blanket ban on smoking including halls of residence . Public transport ( edit ) As part of the implementation of the smoking ban , Transport for London announced that smoking would be no longer permitted on taxis , private hire vehicles and all London Buses premises , including all bus stop shelters . The Association of Train Operating Companies and Network Rail introduced an extended ban on smoking covering all railway property including all National Rail station platforms whether enclosed or not . The ban has since been extended to cover the use of Electronic cigarettes . Smoking on board trains was banned in 2005 when both GNER and First Caledonian Sleeper withdrew smoking accommodation from their services . The Tyne and Wear Metro was the first public transport system to ban in its entirety which has been enforced since the system first opened in 1980 . Policing of the ban ( edit ) The ban is enforced by Environmental Health Officers in England , who issue warnings and offer advice before resorting to punitive measures and have had to issue a low frequency of fines since the law came into force . However , there were some objectors who generated higher - profile legal cases , for instance Hugh Howitt , also known as Hamish Howitt , the landlord of the Happy Scots Bar in Blackpool who was the first landlord to be prosecuted for permitting smoking in a smoke - free place under his control . On 2 August 2007 , Howitt appeared before Blackpool Magistrates ' Court and pleaded not guilty to 12 counts of failing to stop people smoking in his pub . On 2 December 2008 , Howitt effectively had his premises licence revoked , after an appeal by Blackpool Council was upheld ; he was not allowed to appeal , and Howitt had to close the Delboys Bar following the decision . There have been some incidents of violence perpetrated by people refusing to obey the ban , in one of which a former heavyweight boxer , James Oyebola , was shot in the head after he asked a customer at a nightclub to stop smoking and later died of his injuries . However , the view of enforcement authorities is that the smoke - free workplace regulations are simple to understand , popular , and as a result largely ' self - policing ' . For a short while , bars in the UK that offered shisha ( the smoking of flavoured tobacco through a pipe ) were still allowed to provide their services inside the establishment , however the ban covered this area in late 2007 leading to a rapid decline in shisha bars . A legal blunder by Stoke - on - Trent City Council meant that , while the smoking ban still applied in the city , the council were unable to issue fines to people caught flouting the law until 16 July 2007 . The blunder caused the city to briefly be dubbed Smoke - on - Trent . Opposition to the ban ( edit ) A group calling themselves `` Freedom To Choose '' , launched a campaign for a judicial review of the smoke - free workplace regulations claiming a breach of the Human Rights Act 1998 , as it does not respect the right to privacy of people who wish to smoke in public . Supporters of the regulations put forward counter-arguments positing that the rights of smokers to indulge in their habit cease as soon as it negatively affects other people in the vicinity . In 2010 pub landlord Nick Hogan was jailed for an offence related to the smoking ban . In 2012 it was reported that `` Five years after the introduction of the smoking ban in England , almost seven out of 10 licensees want the legislation amended to allow for separate smoking rooms in pubs '' . See also ( edit ) Smoking in the United Kingdom List of smoking bans Smokeasy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Wetherspoon pubs ban smoking '' . BBC Online . BBC News . 24 January 2005 . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Smoking ban proposed for England '' . BBC News . 16 November 2004 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Smoke ban bill details released '' . BBC News . 27 October 2005 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chief medic considered quitting '' . BBC News . 24 November 2005 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.webcitation.org/5tkNlefMT?url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/health/article672477.ece Jump up ^ `` BBC News - ' No plans ' for smoking ban review '' . Bbc.co.uk. 1 July 2010 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Smoking ban exemptions bid defeated News '' . Thisislondon.co.uk . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Smoke - free ( Premises and Enforcement ) Regulations 2006 '' . Opsi.gov.uk. 16 July 2010 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Smoke - free ( Exemptions and Vehicles ) Regulations 2007 '' . Opsi.gov.uk. 16 July 2010 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Parliamentary Privilege First Report '' . The Stationery Office . 4 September 2007 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 4 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` MPs ' smoking in Commons toilets ' '' . BBC News . 5 July 2007 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Part 3B Section 13.1 '' ... warwick.ac.uk . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Smoking ban : impact on London 's transport network '' . tfl.gov.uk . Transport for London . 6 June 2007 . Retrieved 31 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Smoke Free Law and Vehicles '' . Smoke Free England . Smoke Free England . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Saul , Heather ( 12 August 2015 ) . `` Rail companies ban e-cigarettes from trains and stations '' . Independent . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` End of the line for train smoking '' . BBC News ( London ) . BBC News . 29 August 2005 . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First ScotRail withdraws smoking on Caledonian Sleeper service ahead of £ 1million refurbishment '' . First Scotrail . First Group . 28 August 2005 . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How Metro was built '' . Tyne and Wear Metro . Nexus . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilmore , James ( 2 December 2008 ) . `` Blackpool smoke ban rebel loses licence '' . The Publican . Retrieved 5 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Fielding , Paul ( 5 December 2008 ) . `` Bar shuts as smoking rebel loses court fight '' . Blackpool Gazette . Retrieved 5 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Boxer shot over club smoking row '' . BBC News . 24 July 2007 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Boxer shot in smoking row dies '' . BBC News . 27 July 2007 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Council error stubs out smoke ban '' . BBC . BBC News . 11 July 2007 . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Kathryn ( 11 July 2007 ) . `` Smoke - on - Trent reignites debate '' . BBC . BBC Stoke . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Freedom To Choose '' . Freedom2choose.info. 12 October 2010 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Swindon Advertiser ( 19 June 2007 ) . `` Non-smoking landlord braced for High Court ban battle '' . Retrieved 2 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Chris Melville ( 1 July 2007 ) . `` Smoking ban : why did we have to wait for so long ? '' . eurosong.net . Retrieved 2 July 2007 . Jump up ^ The Daily Mail ( 27 February 2010 ) . `` Pub landlord is first person in Britain to be jailed over smoking ban '' . Retrieved 14 April 2012 . Jump up ^ The Publican 's Morning Advertiser ( 3 July 2012 ) . `` Smoking ban : Majority of licensees want smoking legislation amended for pubs '' . Retrieved 7 September 2012 . External links ( edit ) NHS Smokefree website ( focused on Quiting ) Archived NHS Smokefree website ( Contains signage , and more legal info than the current site ) Video clips Discussing the ban with TV GP Dr Chris Steel David Cameron discussing the ban Smokefree England TV advert England articles History Overviews Timeline Education Local government Maritime Military Social Chronology Prehistoric Roman Britain Lloegyr Anglo - Saxon England Heptarchy Kingdom of England Norman conquest Angevin Empire Wars of the Roses Tudor period Stuart period English Renaissance English Reformation Elizabethan era Jacobean era Civil War Union with Scotland Georgian era Regency Victorian era Edwardian period The Blitz Geography Counties Districts Gardens Islands Parishes Places Regions Towns Politics Economy Middle Ages Elizabethan government Independence Monarchy Parliament Culture Afternoon Tea Anglophilia Castles Country clothing Cuisine Demographics Education Folklore Fête Landscape garden Identity Innovations and discoveries English language in England Middle England Museums People list Religion Church of England Sport Cricket national team Football The Football Association national team Rugby league Rugby Football League national team Rugby union Rugby Football Union national team Wimbledon Symbols Coat of arms Flags national flag Heraldry Oak tree Royal Standards Royal Supporters St. George St George 's Day Tudor Rose Outline Book Category Portal Smoking Country and region Albania Argentina Brazil Canada China Hong Kong Macau Colombia East Timor Ecuador Egypt Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Ireland Italy Japan Korea North South Malaysia New Zealand Nigeria Norway Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sweden Syria Taiwan Tokelau Turkey United Kingdom United States Uruguay Vietnam Religion Smoking in Jewish law Tobacco fatwa Ceremonial pipe Chanunpa Kinnikinnick Pipe bag Health Health effects of tobacco ( Nicotine poisoning Nicotine withdrawal ) Passive smoking Third - hand smoke Prevalence of tobacco consumption Schizophrenia and smoking Sidestream smoke Smokeless tobacco keratosis Smoker 's face Smoker 's melanosis Stomatitis nicotina Smoking age Smoking and male infertility Smoking cessation Tobacco - Free Pharmacies Tobacco packaging warning messages WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products World No Tobacco Day Youth smoking Women and smoking Breastfeeding difficulties Breast cancer Cervical cancer Menopause Ptosis of the breast Smoking and female infertility Smoking and pregnancy Smoking ban Inflight smoking List of smoking bans Smoking bans in private vehicles Tobacco - Free College Campuses Country and region Australia United States Other Chain smoking Cigarette consumption per capita History of smoking Smokeasy Smoking fetishism Tobacco advertising Tobacco bowdlerization Tobacco industry Tobacco smoking Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smoking_ban_in_England&oldid=794726577 '' Categories : Governance of England Smoking in the United Kingdom 2007 establishments in England 2007 in politics Tobacco control Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2017 , at 18 : 25 . 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1433550300459668572	El Señor de los Cielos (season 6)	El Señor de los cielos ( Season 6 ) - wikipedia El Señor de los cielos ( Season 6 ) El Señor de los Cielos ( season 6 ) Promotional poster Starring Rafael Amaya Carmen Aub Robinson Díaz Guy Ecker Alberto Guerra Alejandro López Francisco Gattorno Jesús Moré Lisa Owen Miguel Varoni Ninel Conde Carlos Bardem Isabella Castillo Roberto Escobar María Conchita Alonso Iván Arana Fernando Noriega Country of origin United States No. of episodes 81 Release Original network Telemundo Original release 8 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) -- present Season chronology ← Previous Season 5 List of El Señor de los Cielos episodes The six season of El Señor de los Cielos , an American television series created by Luis Zelkowicz , that premiered on Telemundo on May 8 , 2018 . The season was ordered in May 2017 . Contents 1 Synopsis 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Upcoming cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 4 Reception 5 Episodes 6 References Synopsis ( edit ) Aurelio Casillas recovered all the lost fortune and finally feels the need to retire . But it is time for retribution , the hatred that he sowed since he sold his soul to the drug trafficking demon is now knocking on his door with the face and blood of the many innocent people he destroyed . Aurelio will understand that his riches are an illusion , and that after being the great hunter he was , he will now become the prey . The women he mistreated , the men he betrayed , the political puppets he put in power , and even his own children will turn against him . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of El Señor de los Cielos cast members Main ( edit ) Rafael Amaya as Aurelio Casillas Carmen Aub as Rutila Casillas Robinson Díaz as El Cabo Guy Ecker as Joe Navarro Alberto Guerra as El Chema Alejandro López as El Súper Javi Francisco Gattorno as Gustavo Casasola Jesús Moré as Omar Terán Lisa Owen as Alba Casillas Miguel Varoni as Leandro Quezada Ninel Conde as Evelina Carlos Bardem as Chivo Ahumada Isabella Castillo as Diana Ahumada Roberto Escobar as Comandante José Valdés María Conchita Alonso as Nora Requena Iván Arana as Ismael Casillas Fernando Noriega as El Rojo Matías Novoa as Amado Leal `` El Águila Azul '' Recurring ( edit ) Dayana Garroz as Ámbar Maldonado Karla Carrillo as Salma Vidal / Corina Saldaña Juanita Arias as Kashi Gloria Stalina as Milena Daniel Martínez as Guillermo Colón Marina de Tavira as Begoña Barraza Alan Slim as Jaime Ernesto Rosales Marisela Berti as Edith Guzmán Claudia Lobo as Esther Rafael Uribe as Coronel Garañón Gastón Velandia as Figueroa Daniel Martínez Campo as Arístides Istúriz Carlos Serrato as Mocho David Ponce as Skinny Elsy Reyes as Carla Uzcátegui Carlos Gallardo as Carlos Zuleta Alieth Vargas as Susana Fernando Banda as El Vitaminas José Sedek as Bernardo Castillo Daniela Zavala as Arelis Mendoza Pahola Escalera as Paulina Ugalde Alejandro Félix as Chatarrero Carlos Puente as Pompeyo Alex Walerstein as El Greñas Alejandro Navarrete as El Zopilote Antonio López Torres as El Pulque Rubén Arciniegas as Samario Citlali Galindo as Mayra Gabriel Bonilla as Isidro Casillas Thali García as Berenice Ahumada Upcoming cast ( edit ) Aracely Arambula as Altagracia Sandoval Aquiles Cervantes as Matamoros Eduardo Santamarina Production ( edit ) Casting ( edit ) On March 30 , 2018 People en Español magazine confirmed the first confirmed actors for the season , which are Rafael Amaya , Carmen Aub , Iván Arana , Lisa Owen , Alejandro López , and Jesús Moré . This season features the return of Robinson Díaz as El Cabo , and new cast members including María Conchita Alonso , Juana Arias , Carlos Bardem , Isabella Castillo , Ninel Conde , Guy Ecker , Alberto Guerra , Thali García , Dayana Garroz , Francisco Gattorno , and Fernando Noriega , among others . After Mauricio Ochmann announced that he would no longer playing El Chema , actor Alberto Guerra joins the series with the same character as Ochmann . Reception ( edit ) The premiere of the sixth season was watched by 2.14 million viewers , which made Telemundo position itself as the Spanish - language network most watched at 10pm / 9c , thus outperforming its Por amar sin ley competition , that it only obtained a total of 1.44 million viewers . After the good reception obtained by the first two episodes of the season , Telemundo renewed the series for a seventh season during the Upfront for the 2018 -- 19 television season . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of El Señor de los Cielos episodes No . overall No. in season Title Original air date US viewers ( millions ) 438 `` A la caza de Aurelio Casillas '' 8 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) 2.14 After spending a few days with Javier , Rutila tells him that he must travel to Mexico since he can not be at peace until he has heard from his family . For his part , Aurelio , along with his new lover , face a large group of men trying to get out of the jungle and Alba and Ismael try to defend themselves against some of the subjects that pursue them . After observing an interview , Omar tells his friend that Aurelio Casillas is really alive and for this he will take care of giving some statements so that he comes out of hiding and puts his face once and for all . Upon returning to Mexico , El Cabo devises a plan to enter the house of his enemy and after driving away his people , he is in charge of inspecting the whole place in order to take everything he can . 439 `` Casillas declara la guerra '' 9 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 09 ) 2.05 Upon reaching the news , Aurelio asks Uzcátegui to let him speak in front of his cameras and after accepting this proposal , Aurelio tells all his compatriots the deal he made with Omar so that he would become the president of the Nation . Meanwhile El Cabo and its partners meet to celebrate ; but just at that moment they observe their enemy giving some statements on television , where he affirms that he will not let himself be intimidated by the Colombians . Corina meets with Colón to tell her that he heard a conversation from Aurelio where he said that the person who attacked him was Leandro Quezada . Upon learning of the appearance of Casillas , Castillo and Colón are responsible for mounting an operation to capture it once and for all . 440 `` Casillas encierra a su amante '' 10 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) 1.73 Upon hearing to Corina reveal that she is a special agent of the DEA , Aurelio asks for an explanation and she tells him that she is willing to work as a double agent offering to be his eyes and ears within the organization . On the other hand , Javier is helped by some people who observed the accident and Maldonado tells Leandro that Aurelio appeared in a newscast giving some statements against the president and also accused him of having been responsible for the attack that his family suffered . Greñas tells Doña Alba that her grandson is very ill after losing Carmen and her nephews . When meeting with the President , Castillo proposes to him that they use Uzcátegui to find Aurelio 's whereabouts . 441 `` Atacan a Casillas ya Rutila '' 11 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 11 ) 1.70 Rutila communicates with her grandmother to tell her that they will be in Colombia for a couple of days while they manage to find Javier 's whereabouts ; but just at that moment the Casillas and their people are attacked by the men of Leandro Quezada . After talking with Uzcátegui , Jaime looks for Omar to ask him to release her once and for all as i can not reach any agreement with this journalist . Mayra communicates with her partner to tell her how things are going in los Pinos without realizing that Zuleta was listening to he everything all . El Cabo seeks Jaime to ask him for a very important favor since he needs to speak as soon as possible with the President of the Republic or else his most intimate secrets would be revealed . 442 5 `` Casillas y Cabo crean alianzas '' 14 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 14 ) 1.69 After helping Aurelio not to be killed by the men of Quezada , Amber asks him if he arrived in Colombia because of the Coltal issue . Elsewhere , the doctor tells Ismael that the wounds he received are very serious and he is trying to do everything possible so that he does not need to be transferred to a hospital . Zuleta warns Mayra that if she talks to her couple about what happened between them , her whole family would pay the consequences . Jaime communicates with El Cabo to tell him that his efforts were in vain since the President does not want to meet with him , much less have any kind of dealings . After obtaining information from Corina , El Greñas realizes that this woman was in jail and also lied to them with her real name . 443 6 `` Bloquean a Casillas '' 15 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) 1.69 After remembering some things from her past , Corina confesses to Rutila and Aurelio that she was the last woman to have had a relationship with Chema ; but now he wants to show Casillas his loyalty and everything he is capable of doing for him . In another place , Rutila tells her grandmother that she feels very bad since she still has no news of Javier 's whereabouts . Leandro tells his wife that he must travel to Mexico for a few days because he must find out who the person is trying to usurp . Upon reuniting with father , Ismael tells him that he has already found the whereabouts of the man who murdered Carmen and her children and that is why he wants to ask her to take him so that he can take revenge for what he did to her his family . 444 7 `` Casillas contra El Cabo '' 16 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 16 ) 1.70 Realizing that some strange men came to her community , the teacher decides to find out what happens and these men tell her they are looking for a man who had an accident . On the other hand , El Cabo asks his employees to take charge of offering the merchandise in one of the busiest parks in the city . Casillas visits Corina to tell her that she thought about the proposal she made to her and in exchange for working and trusting her she needs him to hand over the DEA chief himself . After his arrival in Mexico , Ámbar goes and meets with the ambassador and tells him that she was sent by the presidency as the new military attaché in that country . 445 8 `` Corina prueba su lealtad '' 17 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) 1.73 After learning that his father wants them far from his life , Rutila and Ismael tell him that they are not willing to turn away from him . Meanwhile , the guerrilla group arrives at the teacher 's house to demand that she and the doctor show the wounded man they have hidden . Leandro arrives at the house of El Cabo to tell him that everyone is saying that he is the new drug dealer who is handling everything in Mexico and for this he wants them to talk more thoroughly about the matter . Omar asks Jaime to take charge of making a report of the candidate who is very likely to replace him and Ámbar tells the Minister that she is aware of the businesses below the rope that she is doing . 446 9 `` Casillas secuestra a Castillo '' 18 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) 1.60 Skinny manages to intercept the car of the president 's security chief to deliver a message from Aurelio Casillas . Elsewhere , Javier returns to Milena 's house and tells him that he feels very upset since he had to kill a person . Alba tells her grandchildren that she is thinking of the idea of going with the children to a safer place . Upon arriving at the house of Mayra , Castillo is surprised by Casillas and his men . Zuleta communicates with El Cabo to tell him that he discovered a way to pressure the President so that he finally agrees to meet with him . Leandro tells his wife that he still can not return to Colombia because he still needs to fix things in Mexico . 447 10 `` Todos en contra de Casillas '' 21 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 21 ) 1.57 Rutila tells her father that she had an argument with Omar again but this time she left her worried because she claimed her rights as the only relative of Isidro . Elsewhere , the guerrilla commander visits the house of Milena and Kashi to offer an apology for treating them badly . After talking with Aurelio , Castillo tells his colleagues that he spoke to him again about the business he has with the president but is unable to denounce him before a court and Colón takes advantage of that moment to demand from Corina more information about Casillas . After being threatened by one of the most feared narcos in Colombia ; El Cabo meets with the President as he needs your help to carry out his plan against Casillas . 448 11 `` Casillas tiene nueva conquista '' 22 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 22 ) 1.65 When she to meet Ámbar , she gives Aurelio some gold ingots , but in return she wants to ask her to help her bring more of these since the government is willing to recover everything . After his meeting with the President , El Cabo tells his partner that he is willing to do anything to keep the place that Casillas is occupying . In another place , Leandro gives a very special surprise to his wife after his return to Colombia ; but also this orders his men to take charge of finding out the lives of two subjects . After being helped by the teacher , Javier begins to feel attracted to her . Seeing the Colonel Maldonado , Rutila doubts the intentions of this woman and Aurelio tells Corina that her friend invited him to take a trip . 449 12 `` Quezada destrona al Cabo '' 23 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 23 ) 1.60 After having an intense encounter with Maldonado , Aurelio asks her to talk about the business they are going to carry out . Elsewhere , Zuleta shows El Cabo the video with which he could bribe the President and Omar tells his new companions that they should be very discreet with what happens in their meetings because if they do not they would be in big trouble . For his part , Javier begins to remember another woman and Milena tells her partner that if at any time he was curious to know what it feels like to be with a man . Colón meets alone with Corina to tell him that he is sure that she is falling in love with Casillas . Later , Leandro prepares his men to give a surprising blow and Rutila reaches the Colombian jungle to get news of Javier . 450 13 `` Casillas en el infierno turco '' 24 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 24 ) 1.74 With their arrival in Istanbul , Aurelio and Ámbar discover that the people in charge of the oil took all the gold bars ; and because of this , Aurelio tells she his friend that between the two they will be in charge of recovering what was taken from them . Elsewhere , Rutila visits Doctor Milena 's house to ask him about the wounded man he attended and El Cabo is disturbed to believe that one of his associates gave way to Quezada to end his men and his drug production in Colombia . On the other hand , Leandro orders his people to start assembling two coca laboratories as soon as possible and Corina shows Colón the man Rutila Casillas is now leaving , and who was also part of the Colombian Guerrilla . 451 14 `` Aurelio saca su lado oscuro '' 25 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 25 ) 1.36 After recovering the gold bars , Ámbar asks his partner what they are going to do now with all the money they have in their possession . Elsewhere , Omar tells the Interpol member that he knows that he does not care what is happening in his country and for this he wants to ask him to leave his office . When trying to communicate with Aurelio , Corina realizes that this may be in trouble and Milena tells his girlfriend that a woman came to his house to ask about Javier . Aurelio speaks with Corina to ask him for help with the people he has in Istanbul since he needs to move a merchandise as soon as possible and later Aurelio asks his daughter to help him get the location where Quezada is located . 452 15 `` Aurelio se molesta con Ámbar '' 28 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 28 ) 1.38 After his conversation with Ámbar , Aurelio communicates with Vitaminas to ask him to take care of sending people to Istanbul as soon as possible . On the other hand , El Cabo tells Zuleta that he still can not trust the president one hundred percent and for this he wants them to thoroughly check the plane in which he is going to be transported . Corina tells her superiors that she is working hard to obtain the location where Quezada can be found , since she very soon needs your help to set up an operation and capture it once and for all . Elsewhere , Rutila tries to get the most information about Leandro 's whereabouts and Aurelio is in charge of talking to the man who will help them transport the gold bullion . 453 16 `` Ámbar sorprende a Casillas '' 29 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 29 ) 1.54 After talking to the woman who is looking for Javier , Cashi tells his girlfriend that he corroborates with his own eyes that this woman likes . Elsewhere , Rutila communicates with her grandmother to find out how everyone is and also wants to ask Ismael to recover soon as he urges him to be in Colombia as quickly as possible . La Ministra tells Arelis that she needs all her loyalty for the business she wants to carry out and after this , Greñas looks for Arelis because she needs to give him an answer of the proposal she made to him . Upon seeing the tunnel that Zuleta got him , El Cabo tells him that he is willing to give him a good commission but in return Omar should not know anything about this business . 454 17 `` Aurelio y Ámbar , tal para cual '' 30 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 30 ) 1.64 While traveling with Aurelio , Ámbar tells him that she has a nuclear detonator with him but she does not know what his fate will be since everything depends on the business between the vice president and his partners . Elsewhere , Omar tells Zuleta to work alongside Bernardo Castillo as his military strategist but he needs to promise that he will not have any kind of problem with him . On the other hand , Ismael tells his grandmother that he can not even think about having a serious relationship with the teacher since he is very afraid that the same thing happened with Carmen and her children ; but just at that moment he receives a call from his sister since he wants to tell him that he finally found the plane where Javier was being transported . 455 18 `` Acorralan a Casillas '' 31 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 31 ) 1.57 After being attacked , Leandro communicates with El Cabo to find out if he was responsible for the DEA destroying one of his laboratories . In another place , Corina is in charge of pursuing the only man who is alive from the operation since he needs to know the real reasons why he shot his own boss . After finding the body of Quezada , Navarro tells Colon that he himself was in charge of questioning the man who was with him to know in fact who was the person who killed him since he can not yet trust the word of Corina . Later , Aurelio communicates with the members of the guerrilla to tell them to travel to Colombian lands and needs them to mount an operation for their arrival . 456 19 `` Aurelio amenaza a la guerrilla '' 1 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 01 ) 1.37 After listening to Rutila talk about the love story she had with Javier , Milena tells her girlfriend that she thinks it 's best to tell her the whole truth . On the other hand Corina communicates with Aurelio to tell him that apparently they set a trap because the same one who shot Quezada was his man of trust and also the laboratory they found was very small for the amount of drug it produces . Skinny communicates with Ismael to tell him that the authorities almost caught them when they were transporting the goods and Greñas tries to explain to the officers why he is being transported in an armored truck with several men guarding him . Finally , Uzcátegui is in charge of interviewing one of the presidential candidates . 457 20 `` La DEA tras El Cabo '' 4 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 04 ) 1.52 After learning that his enemy may be alive , Aurelio looks for guerrilla members to demand an explanation about this rumor . On the other hand , Javier asks Cashi not to look for him anymore since he can not stop himself from wanting to be with her . El Cabo tells his men that they are going to be in charge of selling the drug through all the streets of Mexico , no matter that the authorities are making roadblocks everywhere . Navarro communicates with Castillo to tell him that the information that Corina had about Quezada was true and thanks to her they managed to kill this guy . Aurelio meets with one of the presidential candidates of the moment to talk about business since he needs to sell his merchandise without having any kind of inconvenience . 458 21 `` Aurelio llega a Cuba '' 5 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 05 ) 1.59 Colón tells Navarro that they managed to identify the subject of the photo and to their surprise he is one of the most important drug traffickers in Colombia . On the other hand , Mayra communicates with Castillo to tell him that in Los Pinos there is a very serious altercation and also wants to inform him of the complicity between Zuleta and the President . Elsewhere , Cashi asks his girlfriend if he thinks it 's best to leave home . Leaving the meeting with the presidential candidate Aurelio asks one of the guerrilla members to contact Castro to tell him that they will be in Cuba as soon as possible . After investigating Navarro , Corina asks this guy if his behavior with her is due to the resemblance he has with his daughter . 459 22 `` Casillas provoca al diablo '' 6 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 06 ) 1.49 Arriving in Havana , Aurelio manages to get an appointment with Raul Castro and the other members of the revolution . In another place , Rutila communicates with her dad to tell her that for now she can not communicate with Corina since apparently she is on a mission . Javier looks for Milena to apologize for having sex with Cashi and also tells him to think things through and not leave Cashi for a mistake she made . Navarro confesses to Corina that if it is true that he reminds her of his daughter and that is why he is willing to put an end to drug trafficking , since his daughter died because of the delinquents . 460 23 `` El Cabo se enamora '' 7 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 07 ) 1.51 While he is with Maldonado , Aurelio receives a call from Casa Sola which tells him that he should go as soon as possible from Cuba since the members of the revolution are looking for him everywhere . Leandro gathers all its employees to thank them for the good work they have done ; but he wants to warn them that it is forbidden to sell the merchandise to other people or else they will pay attention to the consequences . Javier asks the members of the guerrilla to let him go since his wife is very close to his superiors and Corina tells Colon that she feels very anxious since Aurelio 's men are going to pick her up but she also wants to tell her why Navarro He hates it so much . While traveling through the streets of Mexico the Cape meets a servant of God called Evelina . 461 24 `` El Cabo al descubierto '' 8 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 08 ) 1.48 After meeting with Aurelio , Corina tells him that she managed to discover that the person who attacked them in Vera Cruz was the same Cabo ; but also wants to tell you that this subject is in Mexico gathering a large army . On the other hand , Navarro tells Colón that he must travel to New York for a few days , since he must attend a very important meeting of Interpol . After the disastrous interview she had with the President , the Minister tells Arelis that she feels surprised that Omar occupies the most important position in the Nation . Later Jaime communicates with his friend to tell him to start his pre-campaign as Governor and Casa Sola tells his partner that he feels very worried because Ámbar was stopped by Valdez . 462 25 `` Rutila se entera que Javi vive '' 11 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 11 ) 1.57 Greñas takes advantage of the visit of Corina in Playa del Carmen to ask him to do everything possible to get rid of Navarro as this could at any time find the true location of his boss . Elsewhere Rutila is sought after by a renowned singer who proposes that he accompany him in a show he will give and when he meets Comandante Javier , Garañon asks him where he was hiding ; Later Javier visits the teacher to tell him that he could not reach Rutila since the members of the guerrilla crossed his path and after listening to him Milena proposes a tempting proposal to his friend . El Cabo enters the father 's house to talk about Evelina because since he met her he is hopelessly in love with her . 463 26 `` Rutila se reencuentra con Javi '' 12 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 12 ) 1.85 After a night of passion , Rutila discovers from her father that her allies in Colombia found the whereabouts of El Super Javi . In another place , Evelina discovers that her partner was found dead and in the middle of the wake , El Cabo appears to give the deepest condolences to her friend . Skinny communicates with Ismael to tell him that they are in serious trouble because the men of the Cape are following him and the rest of his companions , since apparently they set a trap to find the whereabouts of his father . Uzcátegui and his team investigate the strange death of a pastor and Maldonado meets with Commander Valdez who asks him for an explanation of where he has hidden the gold bullion that he stole with the help of Aurelio . 464 27 `` El Cabo roba terreno a Aurelio '' 13 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 13 ) 1.65 After meeting with Súper Javi Rutila can not contain his excitement to see it ; But he tells her that he can not remember who she is and that is why he wants to forgive her because the last thing he wants is to hurt her . On the other hand , Maldonado communicates with Aurelio to tell him that Valdez learned that they stole some gold bullion and now he is demanding his share or else she will pay the consequences . After learning of a shooting that took place in Colonia , Castillo he told Colon that the attack was provoked by the Colombians , who were seeking control of this important area that belonged to Aurelio for decades . Finally , Corina manages to discover that the person who is protecting El Cabo is the President himself . 465 28 `` Rutila seduce a Súper Javi '' 14 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 14 ) 1.73 Dr. Milena arrives at the guerrilla camp to speak with Aurelio before returning to Mexico . After the intense discussion he had with his allies Colón asks Corina for results from Casillas as soon as possible . Castillo looks for the President to talk about the murder that occurred in the center of the city as he is sure that all this is due to the negligence of his own security secretary . El Cabo asks his men to take charge of the body of the pastor to bury him as soon as possible . Arriving at the coltan mines , Rutila takes desperate measures to make Javier try to remember her . While trying to get information about El Cabo , Ismael he learns that none of the narcos wants to do business with his father . 466 29 `` Casillas mueve su ficha '' 15 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 1.42 After being attacked by a drug addict , Colon decides to abort the mission to take Corina to a hospital as soon as possible . On the other hand one of the soldiers of the guerrilla tells Casasola that Garañon attacked the people of the town and in addition to been taking in a very uncontrolled way . After spending the night with Rutila , Javier asks him to be patient so he can remember her and now he is more than sure that he will not be separated from her again . On the other hand El Cabo takes advantage of the death of the pastor to propose to Evelina that I continue with his life since he will help her get the church out and Aurelio sends for Uzcátegui since he needs to make a very important proposal . 467 30 `` El Cabo vs el presidente '' 18 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 18 ) 1.73 After his meeting with Uzcátegui , Aurelio asks him to be in charge of preparing appointments with each of the candidates for the Presidency since he wants to talk to them about very important hot springs about drug trafficking and in return he will have an exclusive interview . On the other hand , Garañon learns that in the town there are no more women at his disposal and therefore should be controlled a little more . When she realizes that one of her own men stole from her ranch , Diana decides to give him a warning because she is not willing to let anyone take away what her father and her have been struggling to achieve . After waking up Corina asks Colón what happened to him while they were in the operative ; but just at that moment it receives an unknown call . 468 31 `` Casillas se burla del régimen '' 19 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 19 ) 1.74 Maldonado communicates with his partner to tell him that he is traveling with Valdez to Toluca but before landing he wants him to give him an answer as to how much he will give for each of his men that he killed . After this , Uscategui communicates with Aurelio to tell him that Begoña will travel to the ranch of Leonidas Ahumada to begin his candidacy . Elsewhere Diana asks Chepina because she is so distraught with the disappearance of her husband that she knows that he is a womanizer . Milena confesses to Cashi that in her past she was with a man but this caused her a lot of damage and because of this she could not feel the same curiosity of having sex with Javi . After the call of Maldonado , Aurelio decides to visit Valdez . 469 32 `` Javi y Rutila salvan a Kashi '' 20 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 20 ) 1.60 After the visit he made to Valdez , Aurelio asks Vitaminas if he could keep all the gold he got in a safe place ; But Ismael uses the moment to ask his dad to use that money to reinforce each other 's security . When meeting with Maldonado , the ambassador tells her that she has a very good proposal to make . With the view of Valdez to Mexican lands the Emabajadora tells him that he must comply with the assigned protocol since he can not enter his office that way . The doctor looks for Casa alone to tell her that her partner has been constantly intimidating her and can not take the situation that this makes her and the women of the community live . 470 33 `` Aurelio evalúa presidenciables '' 21 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 21 ) 1.67 After the autopsy performed on her worker , Diana tries to explain to Castillo that she was not aware of the illicit business he was doing . Elsewhere the President asks Zuleta not to leave him alone since it is his fault that something could happen to him for having forced him to do business with El Cabo . Later Valdez decided to accept the invitation made by the ambassador as well as Castillo , Colón and Corina . El Cabo tells Evelina that she is thinking of buying the house that belonged to the Pastor ; but also wants to show him all the temples that he had in his name which makes him think that he was engaged in doing illicit business . Finally Aurelio decides to visit to Begoña before she leaves Coahuila . 471 34 `` Casillas va por la droga legal '' 22 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) 1.40 Uzcátegui tells the members of his team that he will attend the event organized by the Mexican embassy since he wants to be aware of what may happen in this place . Castillo tells the President that the situation in Coahuila and in several areas of northern Mexico are uncontrollable . Diana tells some of her men that she has thought about how to end trafficking once and for all and Leonidas gathers her family to tell them that she made the decision not to support Begoña for her candidacy . Rutila confesses to Melina that the attack that Javier suffered was his fault as the enemies of his family went after her and her brothers . Maldonado takes advantage of the event to approach Corina and ask her if she is the agent that is sleeping with Aurelio . 472 35 `` Ámbar debe entregarse a la DEA '' 25 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 25 ) 1.68 After sending a drone to the embassy event , Ismael realizes that many of the most important people are gathered at this site ; but just then Luciana looks for him to try to seduce him . On the other hand Javier asks Cashi and Milena to think about leaving with them since Garañón is a bad person and could do them a lot of damage . Valdez takes advantage of the event to tell Maldonado that what he did to Aurelio is not going to stay that way and for this he will personally take charge of paying for this . Meanwhile , Colón asks Corina what was talking to Maldonado and Navarro communicates with his partner to tell him that he was able to get some benefits that would help them end Aurelio once and for all . 473 36 `` Rutila enfurece con Súper Javi '' 26 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 26 ) 1.65 Upon returning to see Maldonado , Aurelio asks her to surrender to the DEA . Elsewhere , Colon tells Corina that the event they attended was important as he was able to confirm the big differences between Uscategui and Omar . When you get to Playa del Carmen , Rutila shows Javier where they are going to stay and also takes the time to call his grandmother and ask her to go live with her for a couple of days . Castillo looks for the President to tell him that Navarro managed to get the approval of the United States to capture Casillas . Finally , Valdez meets with the Minister to thank him for the event he held but also wants to know where Maldonado is . 474 37 `` Aurelio rapta a otro candidato '' 27 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 27 ) 1.69 After the alert call received by Corina , Aurelio searches for Greñas to ask him for the information he asked about Navarro . When meeting Rutila , Jaime takes advantage of the moment to make a proposal and Corina asks Navarro directly if his visit to the main office was to request his dismissal . Isturiz communicates with Maldonado to tell him that things in Venezuela are going from bad to worse and upon hearing about this , Ámbar asks him to travel to Mexico as soon as possible . Upon hearing the agenda that Maira prepared for him , Omar asked him to find a way to change his schedule , since he urgently needed to meet other women . Finally , Aurelio mounted an operation to meet with one of the presidential candidates . 475 38 `` Casillas ordena a sus mujeres '' 28 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) 1.62 When she realizes that she is being persecuted by some men from the DEA Corina communicates with Navarro to tell her that she made a terrible mistake . In the middle of his conversation with the presidential candidate Aurelio receives an alert of the arrival of Castillo with members of the Navy . Evelina and El Cabo meet with their ex-partner's accountant to show him the financial statements that he managed and Jaime communicates with Omar to ask him not to do the event he has prepared since this would be counterproductive for the candidacy to which He is aspiring . Upon learning of what happened to Corina , Aurelio asks him to stay to live by his side and forget to return to his job as this would bring great problems for the death of the two agents . 476 39 `` Ámbar vs. Corina , como leonas '' 29 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 29 ) 1.44 Zuleta tells Rosales that only he will accompany him to an important mission that he must carry out . On the other hand , Ismael tells Aurelio that he managed to find a way to pass gasoline across the border ; But he also wants to tell him that he feels very worried about the security that his sister needs . After making the passes with Javi , Rutila tells him that they are going to commission themselves to produce the merchandise and export it to the different destinations that they have foreseen since he does not want to have any problem with the posters that are in the area . Upon learning of the problems between Garañon and the people of the Guajira , Valdez is responsible for solving the problem on his own and Diana decides to go with the same Cabo . 477 40 `` El Cabo en guerra con Diana '' 2 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 02 ) 1.59 In the middle of a meeting with El Cabo , Diana tells him that the drug shipment that she did previously is going to be the last since she was only in that business for helping her husband . On the other hand , Javier asks his wife how he was with the meeting he had with the candidate for governor ; but she asks you to talk about business since you need help to find a warehouse to start producing the merchandise . Elsewhere Casasola tells Garañón that the people of La Guajira are very upset with him because he does not respect the women of the community . Finally , Castillo looks for Uzcátegui to ask her if she was the person who passed information to Casillas of where Lopez Obrador was . 478 41 `` Diana desafía a El Cabo '' 3 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 03 ) 1.50 After the conversation he had with Diana , El Cabo asks his partner to send some men to chase her because he still can not trust her . In another place Javier tells Rutila that he feels very frustrated since he can not remember things well and all the information he had on his computer was lost . After Cashi and Milena revealed themselves against him , Garañon arrives at his house to give them a warning . Elsewhere , the Ambassador communicates with Maldonado to tell her that the President 's son will be visiting the city , so now they must prepare a welcome and organize a protocol to guard him . Finally , Ismael looks for Arelis to propose a juicy business in exchange for her working for her family . 479 42 `` El Cabo en la mira '' 4 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 04 ) 1.21 Javier tells his wife that he is thinking about doing the therapies that he proposed ; but he feels distressed with what he can remember . On the other hand , Milena tells his wife that he did not have to sleep with Garañón since he fell asleep and Paulina asks her friend to accept the deal that Ismael proposed since it is best not to have any kind of problem with the Casillas . Omar communicates with Jaime to tell him that he is preparing everything to celebrate his departure party and Zuleta tells his boss that the order he requested could be fully completed . On the other hand , Corina looks for Ismael to confess that he can not trust Maldonado since at any moment he can reveal his true identity . 480 43 `` Ámbar negocia con la DEA '' 5 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 05 ) 1.63 Realizing that his employer wants to confront El Cabo , her man of confidence tries to make her realize that this individual is very dangerous and for this reason believes that it is best to avoid a tragedy . After listening to Arelis , the ambassador asks her to accept the apartment that Casillas gives her and also wants to ask her to arrange an appointment with this subject . On the other hand Ismael is given the task of looking for a Presidential candidate and upon returning to the offices of the DEA , Corina tells his superiors that he can identify the place where Aurelio is ; but right at that moment Maldonado meets with the agents to propose an important deal . 481 44 `` El Cabo se desquita con Diana '' 6 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) 1.52 After Maldonado shows up at the offices of the DEA Corina tells her bosses that she is sure that this woman has a lot of information because she believes that she does illicit business and also this could confirm all the work she is in charge of doing to find some of the most important capos . When seeing Omar in the house of Jaime , Rutila says to him that she is not arranged to speak with this subject since he makes part of his dark past . In the middle of an event that her father is offering , Diana realizes that El Cabo and his men arrived at this same place . Elsewhere , Casasola confronts Garañón after learning that he has the doctor and the professor in his possession . 482 45 `` Van por Casillas y Águila Azul '' 9 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 09 ) 1.70 In the midst of a conversation with Corina , Colón receives a warning message from the CIA ; after the disappearance of Águila Azul ; but upon learning of the situation , Corina asks her boss if she thinks this is true since it could be a plan to mislead them to fulfill their true objective . In another place , Uzcátegui sets a trap for Castillo so that he agrees to speak with Aurelio . When they meet with their men El Cabo tells them that they are going to prepare because in a few days they will know the place where Casillas is hiding and Zuleta finds out that there is a spoken portrait of the person who killed Ortega 's relative . On the other hand , Diana tells her sister that she is very tense since the Ramos brothers are threatening them . 483 46 `` El Rojo se une a los Casillas '' 10 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 10 ) 1.63 Corina looks for El Rojo , after his release and takes him to the Casillas . They offer you , work for them . Ismael kidnaps El Mocho and Evelina . Nora Requena arrives to extradite Aurelio . 484 47 `` Evelina atrae a Casillas '' 11 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 11 ) 1.70 The location of the Casillas is blown to El Cabo and now , more than ever , it is for him and his family ; and also , to rescue Evelina . The CIA suffers a loss . 485 48 `` El Cabo listo para su revancha '' 12 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 12 ) 1.83 At the command of an army , El Cabo prepares his ambush to close the pending account he has with Casillas , at dawn . El Greñas uncovers Evelina 's dark past as a servant sex . 486 49 `` Diana confiesa que es narco '' 13 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 13 ) 1.55 Because she is in danger , Diana reveals to her mother that the real business of the family is to transport drugs to the United States . Casillas orders to investigate Zuleta . Maldonado manipulates Navarro . 487 50 `` Casillas contra el presidente '' 16 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 16 ) 1.74 Aurelio maintains that the best defense is the attack , so he turns instructions to get the Los Pinos plans . The sabotage at the presidential reception highlights Terán . 488 51 `` Casillas mata a Zuleta '' 17 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 17 ) 1.73 Like a sniper , Casillas kills Zuleta with a plummet and warns the president that the one who plays with fire burns . Ismael tortures El Mocho and Rutila prevents him from continuing to do so . 489 52 `` Duelo entre Casillas y El Cabo '' 18 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 18 ) 1.98 After the bazooka against the Casillas and the shooting unleashed among the cartels , El Cabo swears to make Aurelio pay , in the same currency : liquidate his family . Evelina and El Mocho flee . 490 53 `` El Cabo balea a Casillas '' 19 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 19 ) 1.82 When Aurelio believes that he killed his enemy , the Corporal surprises him and shoots him in the head , leaving him badly wounded . Aurelio asks for help from an old friend . Alba and company arrive at Rancho Ahumada . 491 54 `` Casillas lucha por su vida '' 20 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 20 ) 1.64 Heavily injured , Casillas seeks refuge with El Rayo , an old childhood friend who tries to keep him alive . El Cabo thinks about Aurelio to finish him off . Rutila , is jealous with Kashi . 492 55 `` Águila Azul revela su rostro '' 23 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 23 ) 1.76 As he had announced , Amado Leal , alias Águila Azul , kills Gonzalez , another former agent , and discovers that Colón is an ally of his enemies . Casillas is in a coma and El Rayo could deliver him . 493 56 `` Intensa búsqueda tras Casillas '' 24 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 24 ) 1.71 While the president and El Cabo want Casillas dead , the DEA seeks him alive to make him pay for all his crimes , extraditing him to the United States . Águila Azul goes for Colón and the agent knows it . 494 57 `` Van al refugio de Casillas '' 25 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 25 ) 1.88 Corina discovers that they attribute to Águila Azul , being the head of a criminal organization ; but it is false . They meet again and together they look for Casillas . The DEA fails . Garañón and El Cabo are allies . 495 58 `` Aurelio y Amado son hermanos '' 26 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 26 ) 1.81 Águila Azul admits that he and Aurelio are brothers . Corina , hearing it , claims to him , why , after so many years , he had never told her . El Cabo reviews the list of boxing gyms in Tepito . 496 59 `` El Cabo enfrenta a Águila Azul '' 27 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 27 ) 1.76 Milton Jimenez arrives with his men and destroys Casillas ' hideout at the point of lead and fire , but ends up facing Águila Azul . Aurelio gets worse ; his wound bleeds and is infected . 497 60 `` Secuestran a Diana Ahumada '' 30 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 30 ) 1.93 While Diana confesses to her sister that she never went to Spain , several men take her guards by surprise and take her away at gunpoint . Berenice informs Ismael . 498 61 `` Evelina sospecha de El Cabo '' 31 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 31 ) 1.85 Evelina suspects that Milton Jiménez had to do with the attack on the gym in Tepito and warns him that he could have killed Rayo , his father , who disappeared . Aurelio is taken to Rancho Ahumada . 499 62 `` Misión para salvar a Casillas '' 1 August 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 01 ) 1.97 To hide their identity , Amado and Ismael decide to move Casillas , bandaged as if he were burned , so that he immediately receives specialized medical attention . Alba rejects Águila Azul . 500 63 `` Diana golpea al secuestrador '' 2 August 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 02 ) 1.84 Defiant and badly intoned , Diana defends herself and prevents one of the Ramos brothers from raping her . Meanwhile , Águila Azul prepares an operation for Diana 's rescue . Aurelio goes by ambulance to the hospital . 501 64 `` Águila Azul rescata a Diana '' 3 August 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 03 ) 1.73 A surprise attack on the ranch of the Ramos brothers , in charge of Águila Azul , ends with the life of the kidnappers and Diana in freedom , safe and sound . Aurelio undergoes surgery . 502 65 `` A Diana le atrae Águila Azul '' 6 August 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 06 ) 1.94 Grateful for saving her life , Diana confesses to Águila Azul that she was in love with Aurelio , when she was little and now Amado is `` on the right track '' . 503 66 `` El Cabo tirotea a El Chivo '' 7 August 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 07 ) 1.88 When Diana 's father announces the withdrawal of his candidacy , El Cabo and his men shoot to kill him . An ambulance takes him to the nearest hospital . Alba ends with El Mocho in a single blow . 504 67 `` Atrapan a Javi '' 8 August 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 08 ) 1.83 On board a plane loaded with drugs , Javi disobeys the order to land ; He tries to hide , but ends up arrested . He manages to inform Rutila . El Chivo dies . 505 68 `` Amado Casillas vs El Cabo '' 9 August 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 09 ) 1.74 Rutila gathers all his men and introduces Amado , as part of the Casillas family . In command of the operation , she orders the first objective : to kill El Cabo . Berenice always liked Ismael . 506 69 `` Diana y El Cabo odio a muerte '' 10 August 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 10 ) 1.63 After killing Garañón with bullets , Diana receives a call from El Cabo and they swear , one to the other , to end their life . Jaime tries to free Javi , but the DEA prevents him . 507 70 `` Terán acusa a Casillas '' 13 August 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 13 ) 1.81 Terán uses the media to victimize , defame his former Secretary of Security and blame Aurelio Casillas for the death of Chivo . Diana lies to the press about her connection with the Casillas . 508 71 `` Amado y Diana se besan '' 14 August 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 14 ) 1.69 Amado Leal is reluctant to form a relationship , being a fugitive , but ends up confessing to Diana Ahumada that he dies to be with her . Alba and the Casillas must leave Rancho Ahumada . 509 72 `` Amado libera a Javi y al Rojo '' 15 August 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 15 ) 1.72 After an attack on the president , to distract the authorities , Amado poses as Aurelio and in an operative command , confronts the DEA and frees Javi and El Rojo . Diana must surrender . 510 73 `` Sospechan de Ámbar '' 16 August 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 16 ) 1.85 Ismael Casillas promises a good reward to the Ambassador of Venezuela , if he confirms that Ambar Maldonado gave the whistle to the DEA , to arrest Javi . Amado goes after the seized merchandise . 511 74 `` Diana y Amado hacen el amor '' 17 August 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 17 ) 1.53 After making love for the first time , Amado promises Diana that they will escape together ; but first , he must go to Tijuana to install the Casillas . Ismael receives Laura mistreated and wounded . 512 75 `` Amenazan con arrestar a Diana '' 20 August 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 20 ) 1.77 When Esther becomes governor , she swears she will arrest her own daughter . To avoid it , she asks that Diana surrender beforehand . Amado will do everything possible so that the seriousness of Aurelio is not known . 513 76 `` Diana abre su botín millonario '' 21 August 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 21 ) 1.68 Diana shows Amado Leal the millions of dollars she hides , a product of drug trafficking . She asks him to manage her resources . The Casillas have El Cabo in sight : he arrives in Quintana Roo . 514 77 `` Premio por Casillas y El Cabo '' 22 August 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 22 ) 1.66 The DEA distributes ten million dollars , for the capture of Aurelio Casillas and El Cabo ; but Ishmael triples the number and guarantees loyalty to the Lord of the Skies . Esther will fight the narco . 515 78 `` Reaparece el hijo del Chema '' 23 August 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 23 ) 1.65 Leonardo reappears in Playa del Carmen and confesses that he fled Sinaloa , where he lived with El Chema Venegas , his father . Amado negotiates with Maldonado , in exchange for information . 516 79 `` Amado embosca al Cabo '' 24 August 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 24 ) TBD El Cabo and the Casillas face bullets . Ismael , submits to Milton Jiménez and points to the head . Maldonado , mocks security and challenges the Arab . Chema goes for his son , Leonardo . 517 80 `` El Rojo debe elegir '' 27 August 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 27 ) TBD After the appearance of Leonardo , the Casillas prepare to face El Chema and think of El Rojo , as one of their own . Rojo must decide which side you stay on , in this war . 518 81 `` El Chema va por su hijo '' 28 August 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 28 ) TBD Although his men recommend low profile , El Chema decides to go find Leonardo . El Rojo stays with the Casillas . José María Venegas learns that he is free . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ¡ Arre ! Telemundo cancela ' El Señor de los Cielos ' '' . laopinion.com ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 30 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` El Señor de los Cielos , temporada 6 : tráiler , fecha de estreno y lo que debes saber del retorno de Rafael Amaya como Aurelio Casillas '' . laprensa.peru.com ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 30 March 2018 . Jump up ^ @ SrDeLosCielosTV ( 17 April 2018 ) . `` Pa ' morir nacimos ... La nueva temporada estrena el martes 8 de mayo a las 10 / 9C por @ Telemundo . # AurelioFugitivo '' ( Tweet ) ( in Spanish ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Telemundo muestra avance de ' el Señor de los cielos 6 ' '' . mundohispanico.com ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 30 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Villafañe , Veronica . `` Enrique Iglesias Performs At Telemundo Upfront Event As Network Pitches New Season Shows '' . forbes.com . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` El Señor de los Cielos 6 : Así Será el Regreso de estos personajes '' . telemundonovelas.tv ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 29 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Valdés , Carolina . `` Ninel Conde ya reveló a quién interpretará en `` El Señor de los Cielos '' `` . estilodf.tv ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 12 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` María Conchita Alonso reaparece en ' El señor de los cielos ' ( FOTOS y VIDEO ) '' . peru21.pe ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 12 May 2018 . Jump up ^ González , Moisés . `` Matías Novoa se integra al elenco de El señor de los cielos : `` Mi personaje viene con mucha fuerza '' `` . peopleenespanol.com ( in Spanish ) . People en Español . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ González , Moisés . `` Así lucirá Angelique Boyer como protagonista de Contracara y otras 9 noticias ¡ De telenovela ! '' . peopleenespanol.com ( in Spanish ) . People en Español . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` El Señor de los Cielos regresa con nuevos personajes '' . laprensa.hn ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 29 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sube la temperatura en ' Señor de los Cielos 6 ' con otra escena gay '' . lasestrellas.tv ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on 15 May 2018 . Retrieved 15 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Escena gay de ' El Señor de los Cielos ' enciende polémica '' . diario.mx ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 9 May 2018 . Jump up ^ González , Moisés . `` Gabriel Bonilla concluye su participación en El señor de los cielos 5 '' . peopleenespanol.com ( in Spanish ) . People en Español . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . Jump up ^ González , Moisés . `` Rafael Amaya tiene nueva conquista en El señor de los cielos y otras 9 noticias ¡ De telenovela ! '' . peopleenespanol.com ( in Spanish ) . People en Español . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : González , Moisés . `` Aracely Arámbula se une a El señor de los cielos como La doña '' . peopleenespanol.com ( in Spanish ) . People en Español . Retrieved 17 August 2018 . Jump up ^ González , Moisés . `` Eduardo Santamarina se integra a El señor de los cielos '' . peopleenespanol.com ( in Spanish ) . People en Español . Retrieved 22 August 2018 . Jump up ^ González , Moisés . `` Primeros confirmados para la sexta temporada de El señor de los cielos '' . peopleenespanol.com ( in Spanish ) . People en Español . Retrieved 30 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` THE PURSUIT BEGINS WITH THE PREMIERE OF THE MOST AMBITIOUS SEASON EVER OF TELEMUNDO 'S EMMY AWARD - WINNING `` EL SEÑOR DE LOS CIELOS '' ON MAY 8 AT 10PM / 9C `` . nbcumv.com . Retrieved 20 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Carreño , Dalila . `` Te decimos porqué Mauricio Ochmann rechazó continuar en El Señor de los Cielos '' . heraldodemexico.com.mx ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 8 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Alberto Guerra será el nuevo `` Chema '' en `` El señor de los cielos '' `` . lacronica.com ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 8 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : González , Moisés . `` El señor de los cielos regresa por todo lo alto y vence a Por amar sin ley , que toca fondo '' . peopleenespanol.com ( in Spanish ) . People en Español . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : González , Moisés . `` ¡ Otra más ! El señor de los cielos tendrá séptima temporada '' . peopleenespanol.com ( in Spanish ) . People en Español . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : Abby 's Farewell Boosts ' NCIS ' to Season - Highs in Demos and its Most - Watched Telecast in 15 Months '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 10 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : TNT Dominates in Key Demos , Falls Just Shy of CBS for Prime Time Viewer Lead '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 10 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Thursday Final Ratings : Sheldon and Amy 's Wedding in Season Finale Lifts ' The Big Bang Theory on CBS to a Four Month High '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 12 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Blue Bloods ' on CBS Rises from Recent Weeks with Season Finale '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 15 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Monday Final Ratings : Warriors - Rockets on TNT Draws Best Start to an NBA Western Conference Finals Series in 16 Years '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 16 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : Cavaliers - Celtics on ESPN is Most - Viewed Second Game of an NBA Eastern Conference Finals in 6 Years '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 16 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Riverdale ' on CW Reaches 14 - Week High Among Total Viewers with Season Finale '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 18 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' on CW Rises to 4 - Month High Among Total Viewers with Season Finale '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 18 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' on ABC Climbs to 9 - Week High Among Total Viewers with Series Finale '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Monday Final Ratings : Season Finales of ' Dancing with the Stars ' and ' American Idol ' Deliver ABC 's 6 - Month Best Audiences in Respective Time Slots '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' on ABC Ends its Series Run with Multi-Year Finale Milestones '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Cavaliers - Celtics NBA Eastern Finals Game 5 on ESPN Edges Past ' Survivor ' Season Finale on CBS for Night 's Most - Watched Telecast '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 25 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Thursday Final Ratings : TNT Easily Wins First Prime Time of Summer TV Season '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Friday Final Ratings : ESPN Dominates Prime Time with Celtics - Cavaliers in Game 6 of NBA Eastern Conference Finals '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 30 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Monday Final Ratings : Warriors - Rockets Game 7 on TNT Delivers Second Most - Viewed NBA Telecast Ever on Cable '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : Season Premieres of ' America 's Got Talent ' and ' World of Dance ' Help NBC Dominate Prime Time '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 1 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Code Black ' on CBS Leads All Prime Time Telecasts in Total Viewers and Households '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 2 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Thursday Final Ratings : Cavaliers - Warriors on ABC Still Dominant Despite Four - Year Low for NBA Finals Game One Viewership '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 5 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Undercover Boss ' on CBS Leads Original Telecasts in Viewers and Adults 25 - 54 '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 5 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Monday Final Ratings : NHL Stanley Cup Final Game Four Helps NBC Win Prime Time in Total Viewers and Key Adult and Male Demos '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 6 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : NBC and Telemundo Have Top Two 10 p.m. Hour Telecasts Among Young Adults '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Code Black ' on CBS Holds Up Well Despite Competition from NBA Finals on ABC '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 10 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Thursday Final Ratings : Capitals ' Series - Clinching Victory on NBC Delivers Most - Watched NHL Stanley Cup Final Game Five in 16 Years '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 9 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Friday Final Ratings : Warriors ' NBA Finals - Clinching Victory on ABC Dominates Prime Time '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 12 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Monday Final Ratings : Fox News Channel the Most - Watched Outlet for Start of Historic Trump - Kim Summit '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : Telemundo the Runner - Up Network from 9 - 11 p.m. Among Young Adults with ' Sin Senos Si Hay Paraiso ' Season Premiere and ' El Señor de Los Cielos ' '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Gordon Ramsay 's ' 24 Hours To Hell & Back ' Debut on Fox Improves on ' MasterChef ' Lead - In Among Key Demos '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Thursday Final Ratings : Fox Registers 3 - Year High for its Broadcast Network U.S. Open Golf First Round Coverage '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Live PD ' on A&E Tops Original Prime Time Telecasts Among Adults 18 - 34 '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Monday Final Ratings : MTV Movie & TV Awards Across Ten Viacom Networks Draws its Second - Best Viewership in Five Years '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : USA the Second - Place Network in Prime Time Among Adults 18 - 49 and Adults 18 - 34 '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 20 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Solid Start for ' Yellowstone ' on Paramount Network '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 21 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ESPN Wins Prime Time Among All Key Adult and Male Demos Thanks to NBA Draft '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Friday Final Ratings : Charles Krauthammer Tribute on Fox News Leads Night on Cable Among Total Viewers '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Monday Final Ratings : Positive Debut for ' Double Dare ' Revival on Nickelodeon , Tops Night Among All Telecasts in Teens and Females 12 - 17 '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Below Deck Mediterranean ' on Bravo Reaches Series - High in Live Plus Same Day Total Viewers '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Big Brother 20 ' Season Premiere Leads Prime Time in All Key Demos ; ' Code Black ' Earns its Best Adults 18 - 49 Performance of Summer '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Thursday Final Ratings : CBS Wins Prime Time in All Key Figures with ' Big Brother 20 ' Time Slot Premiere '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 30 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Friday Final Ratings : Telemundo Wins Prime Time Among Adults 18 - 34 '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Monday Final Ratings : Braves - Yankees is YES Network 's Highest - Rated Non-Red Sox Telecast in Four Years '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : NBC Remains Prime Time Leader on Mostly Rerun - Filled Night '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Macy 's 4th of July Fireworks Spectacular ' on NBC Draws Six - Year High in Total Viewers '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Gong Show ' Draws its Most - Watched Telecast Since ABC Debut ; ' Match Game ' Reaches 18 - Month High in Total Viewers '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Friday Final Ratings : Prime Time Leaders : CBS in Viewers , NBC in Adults 18 - 49 and 25 - 54 , Telemundo in Adults 18 - 34 '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' American Ninja Warrior ' on NBC Rises Double - Digits in Viewers and Demos from Most Recent Telecast with Time Slot Move '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 11 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Challenge : Final Reckoning ' Season Premiere on MTV is Second - Highest Rated Cable Original in Prime Time Among Adults 18 - 49 '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 12 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Modest Premiere for ' TKO : Total Knockout ' on CBS but ' 24 Hours to Hell & Back ' on Fox Wins the Hour Among Adults 18 - 49 '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 13 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Southern Charm ' Season Finale on Bravo Leads All Cable Telecasts Among Adults 18 - 49 '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 15 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Friday Final Ratings : A&E Tops in Adults 18 - 49 from 9 - 11 p.m. with ' Live PD ' '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 17 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Monday Final Ratings : ESPN Tops All Key Adult and Male Demos with MLB Home Run Derby and Celebrity Softball '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 17 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : MLB All - Star Game on Fox Falls to Record Lows '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 24 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Code Black ' Finale on CBS Leads Prime Time in Total Viewers , Wins the Hour in Adults 25 - 54 '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 24 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' Snowfall ' Season Premiere on FX Scores Best Viewership Since its Series Debut Telecast '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 24 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' Kids ' Choice Sports Awards ' on Nickelodeon Loses Nearly Half its Total Viewers from Last Year '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 24 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Monday Final Ratings : ABC Wins Prime Time in Total Viewers and Key Adult and Female Demos Thanks to ' Bachelorette ' '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 25 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : Decent Start to USA Network Reality Series ' Miz & Mrs . ' '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 26 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Two - Hour ' World of Dance ' on NBC Edges Past Fox 's Two Gordon Ramsay Shows from 8 - 10 p.m. Among Adults 18 - 49 '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 27 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Thursday Final Ratings : CBS Leads in Most Key Prime Times Figures ; Fox Tops Among Adults 18 - 34 '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 28 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Friday Final Ratings : Telemundo in Virtual Tie for Adults 18 - 49 Prime Time Lead and Tops Adults 18 - 34 Outright '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Monday Final Ratings : NBC and ABC Share Summer Prime Time Leadership '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : NBC Continues Tuesday Winning Streak on Night of ' Making It ' Premiere '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Originals ' on CW Reaches 12 - Week High in Live + Same Day Viewers with Series Finale Telecast '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Four ' on Fox Reaches Summer Highs in Second Cycle Finale '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Friday Final Ratings : ' TKO ' on CBS Wins Low - Rated 8 p.m. Hour on its New Night '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Better Call Saul ' on AMC Returns On - Par from Prior Season Among Total Viewers '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Castaways ' Debut Delivers ABC 's Best Summer Tuesday 10 p.m. Figures in Two Years '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Dr. Pimple Popper ' on TLC is Cable 's Top Regularly - Scheduled Original Telecast Among Adults 18 - 49 for Third Straight Week '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 9 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Thursday Final Ratings : Featured Preseason Football Game on NFL Network Sees Slight Gains from Year - Ago Telecast '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 10 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Friday Final Ratings : Telemundo Leads Prime Time Among Key Young Adult Demos '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 13 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Monday Final Ratings : NBC Leads Prime Time in Viewers and Adults 25 - 54 ; ABC Tops in Adults 18 - 49 and Adults 18 - 34 '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 14 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : NBC Again Dominates with ' America 's Got Talent ' , ABC a Distant Runner - Up in Key Demos '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 15 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Black Ink Chicago ' on VH1 is Cable 's Top Prime Time Telecast Among Adults 18 - 49 '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 16 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Thursday Final Ratings : NFL Preseason Football on ESPN Practically Matches Year - Ago Telecast Figures '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 17 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Friday Final Ratings : Fox Lags Behind a Mostly - Rerun Filled CW in Prime Time Viewership '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 20 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Monday Final Ratings : Original Telecast of MTV Video Music Awards Sinks to 22 - Year Low in Total Viewers '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 21 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : MSNBC Rises to Most - Watched Cable Network in Prime Time on Trump Scandal News '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 22 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Yellowstone ' on Paramount Network Reaches Series - High Among Adults 18 - 49 in Season Finale '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 23 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas . `` Thursday Final Ratings : Return of ' Jersey Shore : Family Vacation ' on MTV Dominates All Cable Telecasts in Key Adult Demos '' . programminginsider.com . Retrieved 24 August 2018 . El Señor de los Cielos Luis Zelkowicz List Awards and nominations Cast members Episodes Season 1 5 6 Characters Aurelio Casillas El Chema Related Señora Acero Queen of the South El Chema Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= El_Señor_de_los_Cielos_ ( season_6 ) &oldid = 857121005 '' Categories : El Señor de los Cielos 2018 Mexican television seasons 2018 American television seasons Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 18 : 08 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	el señor de los cielos temporada 6 actores	[]	[]
-2066402067598932397	List of The Fosters episodes	List of the Fosters episodes - wikipedia List of the Fosters episodes Jump to : navigation , search The Fosters is an American drama series on Freeform ( then known as ABC Family ) that premiered on June 3 , 2013 . The series follows the lives of Lena Adams ( Sherri Saum ) and Stef Foster ( Teri Polo ) , the Fosters , who are an interracial , lesbian couple living in the Mission Bay area of San Diego , raising Stef 's biological son , Brandon ( David Lambert ) , along with adopted twins , Jesus ( Jake T. Austin / Noah Centineo ) and Mariana ( Cierra Ramirez ) . Lena is a charter school vice principal and Stef is a police officer . Lena decides to take in `` troubled '' teenager Callie ( Maia Mitchell ) and then later her younger brother Jude ( Hayden Byerly ) , who have endured a series of abusive foster homes . On January 10 , 2017 , Freeform announced that the series was renewed for a fifth season , which began on July 11 , 2017 . As of September 5 , 2017 , 91 episodes of The Fosters have aired . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 3 Webisodes 3.1 The Fosters : Girls United 4 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 21 June 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 03 ) March 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 24 ) 21 June 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 16 ) March 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 23 ) 20 June 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 08 ) March 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 28 ) 20 June 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 20 ) April 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 11 ) 5 18 July 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 11 ) 2018 ( 2018 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Fosters ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Timothy Busfield Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige June 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 03 ) 1.42 `` Consequently '' Timothy Busfield Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige June 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 10 ) 1.70 `` Hostile Acts '' Melanie Mayron David Ehrman June 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 17 ) 1.25 `` Quinceañera '' Joanna Kerns Joanna Johnson June 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 24 ) 1.89 5 5 `` The Morning After '' Bethany Rooney Paul Sciarrotta July 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 01 ) 1.78 6 6 `` Saturday '' Norman Buckley Marissa Jo Cerar July 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 08 ) 1.77 7 7 `` The Fallout '' Jeff Melman Story by : Zoila Amelia Galeano Teleplay by : Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige July 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 15 ) 1.79 8 8 `` Clean '' Millicent Shelton Story by : David Ehrman & Paul Sciarrotta Teleplay by : David Ehrman July 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 22 ) 1.89 9 9 `` Vigil '' David Paymer Joanna Johnson July 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 29 ) 1.87 10 10 `` I Do '' James Hayman Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige August 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 05 ) 2.07 11 11 `` The Honeymoon '' James Hayman Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige January 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 13 ) 1.92 12 12 `` House and Home '' Martha Mitchell Joanna Johnson January 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 20 ) 2.14 13 13 `` Things Unsaid '' Joanna Kerns Marissa Jo Cerar January 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 27 ) 1.88 14 14 `` Family Day '' Elodie Keene Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon February 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 03 ) 1.80 15 15 `` Padre '' Millicent Shelton Story by : Tamara P. Carter Teleplay by : Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige February 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 10 ) 1.83 16 16 `` Us Against The World '' Lee Rose Kelly Fullerton February 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 17 ) 1.68 17 17 `` Kids in the Hall '' Michael Grossman Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon February 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 24 ) 1.48 18 18 `` Escapes and Reversals '' Melanie Mayron Story by : Joanna Johnson Teleplay by : Thomas Higgins March 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 03 ) 1.51 19 19 `` Do n't Let Go '' Zetna Fuentes Story by : Marissa Jo Cerar & Zoila Amelia Galeano Teleplay by : Kelly Fullerton & Marissa Jo Cerar March 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 10 ) 1.21 20 20 `` Metropolis '' Martha Mitchell Joanna Johnson March 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 17 ) 1.20 21 21 `` Adoption Day '' Norman Buckley Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige March 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 24 ) 1.29 Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Fosters ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 22 `` Things Unknown '' Norman Buckley Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige June 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 16 ) 1.47 23 `` Take Me Out '' Elodie Keene Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon June 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 23 ) 1.45 24 `` Play '' Martha Mitchell Thomas Higgins June 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 30 ) 1.37 25 `` Say Something '' Zetna Fuentes Kathleen McGhee - Anderson July 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 07 ) 1.42 26 5 `` Truth Be Told '' Ron Lagomarsino Kelly Fullerton July 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 14 ) 1.61 27 6 `` Mother '' Lee Rose Joanna Johnson July 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 21 ) 1.51 28 7 `` The Longest Day '' Nzingha Stewart Marissa Jo Cerar July 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 28 ) 1.44 29 8 `` Girls Reunited '' Daisy Mayer Story by : Joanna Johnson Teleplay by : Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige August 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 04 ) 1.38 30 9 `` Leaky Faucets '' Lee Rose Story by : Cristian Martinez Teleplay by : Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige August 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 11 ) 1.35 31 10 `` Someone 's Little Sister '' Norman Buckley Joanna Johnson August 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 08 - 18 ) 1.48 32 11 `` Christmas Past '' Norman Buckley Joanna Johnson December 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 08 ) 1.93 33 12 `` Over Under '' Peter Paige Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige January 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 19 ) 1.45 34 13 `` Stay '' Elodie Keene Marissa Jo Cerar January 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 26 ) 1.20 35 14 `` Mother Nature '' Martha Mitchell Thomas Higgins February 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 02 ) 1.26 36 15 `` Light of Day '' Ron Lagomarsino Wade Solomon & Megan Lynn February 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 09 ) 1.24 37 16 `` If You Only Knew '' Aprill Winney Kelly Fullerton February 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 16 ) 1.28 38 17 `` The Silence She Keeps '' Melanie Mayron Cristian Martinez & Dan Richter February 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 23 ) 1.25 39 18 `` Now Hear This '' Rob Morrow Thomas Higgins March 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 02 ) 1.23 40 19 `` Justify the Means '' Jay Karas Joanna Johnson March 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 09 ) 1.14 41 20 `` Not that Kind of Girl '' Lee Rose Story by : Kris Q. Rehl Teleplay by : Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige March 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 16 ) 1.32 42 21 `` The End of the Beginning '' Zetna Fuentes Joanna Johnson and Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige March 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 23 ) 1.45 Season 3 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Fosters ( season 3 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 43 `` Wreckage '' Peter Paige Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige June 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 08 ) 1.26 44 `` Father 's Day '' Aprill Winney Joanna Johnson June 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 15 ) 0.97 45 `` Déjà Vu '' Charlie Stratton Thomas Higgins June 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 22 ) 1.00 46 `` More Than Words '' Daisy Mayer Marissa Jo Cerar June 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 29 ) 1.18 47 5 `` Going South '' Elodie Keene Michael MacLennan July 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 06 ) 1.30 48 6 `` It 's My Party '' Kees Van Oostrum Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon July 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 13 ) 1.30 49 7 `` Faith , Hope , Love '' Jann Turner Cristian Martinez & Kris Q. Rehl July 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 20 ) 1.33 50 8 `` Daughters '' Chandra Wilson Elle Johnson August 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 03 ) 1.23 51 9 `` Idyllwild '' Joanna Johnson Joanna Johnson August 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 10 ) 1.06 52 10 `` Lucky '' Peter Paige Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige August 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 17 ) 1.24 53 11 `` First Impressions '' Peter Paige Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige January 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 25 ) 1.05 54 12 `` Mixed Messages '' Rich Newey Thomas Higgins February 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 01 ) 0.79 55 13 `` If and When '' Elodie Keene Anne Meredith February 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 08 ) 0.84 56 14 `` Under Water '' Ron Lagomarsino Joanna Johnson February 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 15 ) 0.81 57 15 `` Minor Offenses '' Rob Morrow Michael MacLennan February 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 22 ) 0.79 58 16 `` EQ '' Anne Renton Anne Meredith February 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 29 ) 0.67 59 17 `` Sixteen '' Elodie Keene Marissa Jo Cerar March 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 07 ) 0.84 60 18 `` Rehearsal '' Norman Buckley Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon March 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 14 ) 0.73 61 19 `` The Show '' Bradley Bredeweg Story by : Joanna Johnson Teleplay by : Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige March 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 21 ) 0.80 62 20 `` Kingdom Come '' Joanna Johnson Story by : Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige Teleplay by : Joanna Johnson March 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 28 ) 0.77 Season 4 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Fosters ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 63 `` Potential Energy '' Rob Morrow Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige June 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 20 ) 0.91 64 `` Safe '' Rob Morrow Joanna Johnson June 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 27 ) 1.05 65 `` Trust '' Elodie Keene Anne Meredith July 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 11 ) 0.80 66 `` Now for Then '' Silas Howard Constance M. Burge July 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 18 ) 0.82 67 5 `` Forty '' Velvet Andrews Smith Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon July 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 25 ) 0.84 68 6 `` Justify '' Kelli Williams Cristian Martinez August 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 01 ) 0.93 69 7 `` Highs and Lows '' Chandra Wilson Kris Q. Rehl August 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 08 ) 0.80 70 8 `` Girl Code '' Aprill Winney Story by : Dan Richter Teleplay by : Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon August 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 15 ) 0.88 71 9 `` New York '' Joanna Johnson Joanna Johnson August 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 22 ) 0.88 72 10 `` Collateral Damage '' Peter Paige Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige August 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 29 ) 0.99 73 11 `` Insult to Injury '' Rob Morrow Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige January 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 31 ) 0.92 74 12 `` Dream a Little Dream '' Rob Morrow Joanna Johnson February 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 07 ) 0.67 75 13 `` Cruel and Unusual '' Norman Buckley Anne Meredith February 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 14 ) 0.76 76 14 `` Doors and Windows '' Susan Flannery Constance M. Burge February 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 21 ) 0.73 77 15 `` Sex Ed '' Michael Medico Kris Q. Rehl February 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 28 ) 0.66 78 16 `` The Long Haul '' Bradley Bredeweg Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon March 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 14 ) 0.71 79 17 `` Diamond in the Rough '' Lily Mariye Cristian Martinez March 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 21 ) 0.69 80 18 `` Dirty Laundry '' Laura Nisbet Peters Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon March 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 28 ) 0.69 81 19 `` Who Knows '' Joanna Johnson Joanna Johnson April 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 04 ) 0.62 82 20 `` Until Tomorrow '' Peter Paige Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige April 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 11 ) 0.72 Season 5 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Fosters ( season 5 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 83 `` Resist '' Peter Paige Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige July 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 11 ) 0.87 84 `` Exterminate Her '' Danny Nucci Joanna Johnson July 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 18 ) 0.69 85 `` Contact '' Aprill Winney Anne Meredith July 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 25 ) 0.76 86 `` Too Fast , Too Furious '' Tate Donovan Cristian Martinez August 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 01 ) 0.66 87 5 `` Telling '' Anne Renton Kris Q. Rehl August 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 08 ) 0.69 88 6 `` Welcome to the Jungler '' Kelli Williams Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon August 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 15 ) 0.61 89 7 `` Chasing Waterfalls '' Chandra Wilson Bradley Bredeweg & Peter Paige August 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) 0.58 90 8 `` Engaged '' Kees Van Oostrum Megan Lynn & Wade Solomon August 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 29 ) 0.58 91 9 `` Prom '' Joanna Johnson Joanna Johnson September 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 05 ) 0.74 92 10 `` Sanctuary '' Rob Morrow TBA January 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) TBD 93 11 `` Invisible '' TBA TBA January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) TBD 94 12 `` # IWasMadeinAmerica '' TBA TBA January 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) TBD 95 13 `` Line in the Sand '' TBA TBA January 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 30 ) TBD 96 14 `` Scars '' TBA TBA February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) TBD 97 15 `` Mother 's Day '' TBA TBA February 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 13 ) TBD 98 16 `` Giving up the Ghost '' TBA TBA February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) TBD 99 17 TBA TBA TBA 2018 ( 2018 ) TBD 100 18 TBA TBA TBA 2018 ( 2018 ) TBD Webisodes ( edit ) The Fosters : Girls United ( edit ) At the start of the second part of the first season of The Fosters , a five - episode web series called The Fosters : Girls United was confirmed by ABC Family . It stars Maia Mitchell , Daffany Clark , Cherinda Kincherlow , Annamarie Kenoyer , Alicia Sixtos , Hayley Kiyoko , and Angela Gibbs . Girls United premiered on ABC Family 's official YouTube account on February 3 , 2014 . Each episode runs approximately 5 minutes long . No . Title Originally posted `` Run Baby Run '' February 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 03 ) Gabi goes missing and Girls United counselor , Michelle , calls a meeting to ask if the girls know anything about where she may have run off to . `` Stab in the Back '' February 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 03 ) The girls discuss who of them can be pregnant . `` Got Your Back '' February 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 03 ) Callie and Kiara share some mutual secrets . Callie also discovers that Becka harms herself with a knife . `` Scorpion Kings '' February 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 03 ) Gabi 's father visits the Girls United home for some information about Gabi . 5 `` United We Stand '' February 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 03 ) Gabi comes back and reveals she went away because she has HIV . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lopez , TV Show About Lesbian Couple Gets Green Light From ABC -- AOL Music Blog '' . Associated Press . Blog.music.aol.com . August 24 , 2012 . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2012 . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Fosters ' Renewed For Season 5 By Freeform '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ; Ausiello , Michael ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` The Fosters , Shadowhunters , Stitchers Return Dates Set at Freeform '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bredeweg , Bradley ( 14 March 2017 ) . `` 20 in season 4 . 18 in season 5 . # TheFosters '' . twitter.com . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ; Ausiello , Michael ( 6 March 2017 ) . `` The Fosters , Shadowhunters , Stitchers Return Dates Set at Freeform '' . tvline.com . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Fosters ' EP Unpacks That Heart - Stopping Finale and Dishes on Season 5 '' . ew.com. 12 April 2017 . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( 6 March 2017 ) . `` Freeform Summer Schedule : ' Shadowhunters ' Return and Debut of Cosmo - Inspired Series ' The Bold Type ' '' . variety.com . Retrieved 25 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 4 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : NBA Basketball Dominates + ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , NHL Hockey , ' Teen Wolf ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 11 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' Longmire ' & More -- Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ `` Monday 's Cable Ratings : `` WWE Raw , '' Stanley Cup Finals Top Charts `` . The Futon Critic . June 18 , 2013 . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 25 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , Major Crimes ' , ' Longmire ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' Warehouse 13 ' & More -- Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop ' Wins Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Hit the Floor ' , ' Fast N Loud ' , ' Real Housewives of OC ' + More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' Leads + ' WWE RAW , ' ' Switched at Birth , ' ' Major Crimes , ' ' Longmire ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Home Run Derby ' Wins Night + ' Love and Hip Hop : Atlanta ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Hit the Floor ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Hit the Floor ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 30 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night + ' Hit the Floor ' , ' WWE Raw ' , ' American Pickers ' , ' Fast N Loud ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' T.I. and Tiny ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' The Fosters ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Switched at Birth ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 14 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' & ' Love & Hip Hop ' Tie for Lead + ' Single Ladies ' , ' Archer ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 22 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Klondike ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 28 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Tops Night + ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' Fast N Loud ' , ' Single Ladies ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 4 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Switched at Birth ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 11 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' Leads Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Swamp People ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Switched at Birth ' & Mo '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 25 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Tops Night + ' Swamp People ' , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' Single Ladies ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 4 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Bates Motel ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Switched at Birth ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 11 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Leads Night + ' Swamp People ' , ' Bates Motel ' , ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 18 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Fast N Loud ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Bates Motel ' , ' Switched at Birth ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 25 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Leads Night + ' Basketball Wives ' , ' Single Ladies ' , ' Fast N Loud ' , ' Teen Wolf ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : World Cup Soccer Wins Night + ' Love & Hip Hop : Atlanta ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Hit the Floor ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 24 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Hit The Floor ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 1 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip - Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night + World Cup Soccer , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' SportsCenter ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 9 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Hit The Floor ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Home Run Derby Tops Night + ' Love and Hip Hop : Atlanta ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Hit the Floor ' , ' Major Crimes ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 22 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Hit The Floor ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 29 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love and Hip - Hop : Atlanta ' Tops Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Hit the Floor ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 5 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Street Outlaws ' , ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Teen Wolf ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 12 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip - Hop : Atlanta ' Tops Night + ' Jaws Strikes Back ' , ' Monster Hammerhead ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : Football Wins Night , ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' The Fosters ' , ' Dallas ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Tops Night , ' Love & Hip Hop Hollywood ' , ' The Fosters ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Switched at Birth ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' Street Outlaws ' , ' Vanderpump Rules ' , ' The Fosters ' , & More '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' & ' Monday Night RAW ' Top Night + ' Black Ink Crew ' , ' Street Outlaws ' & More '' . tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Monday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 2.2. 2015 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved February 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Better Call Saul ' Tops Night + ' Love & Hip - Hop ' , ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' Black Ink Crew ' & More '' . tvbythenumbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Better Call Saul ' Wins NIght , ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' Vanderpump Rules ' , ' The Fosters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . February 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Final Adjusted TV Ratings for Monday 23rd February 2015 '' . SpoilerTV . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Better Call Saul ' , ' Vanderpump Rules ' , ' The Fosters ' & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Final Adjusted TV Ratings for Monday 9th March 2015 '' . SpoilerTV . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' WWE Raw ' Wins Night , ' Better Call Saul ' , ' Bates Motel ' , ' Love & Hip Hop ' , ' The Fosters ' & More - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Tops Night + ' Love & Hop - Hop ' , ' Better Call Saul ' , ' Teen Mom ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals : 6.8. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals : 6.15. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals : 6.22. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( June 30 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals : 6.29. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 8 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals : 7.6. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 14 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals : 7.13. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals : 7.20. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , ' Major Crimes ' , ' Teen Wolf ' , ' The Fosters ' , ' UnReal ' & More '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop Atlanta ' Tops Night + ' Monday Night RAW ' , ' She 's Got Game ' , ' Real Housewives of Orange County ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Monday Cable Originals : 8.17. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Monday cable ratings : ' Stevie J & Joseline : Go Hollywood ' lands strong premiere ratings '' . zap2it.com. 26 January 2016 . Retrieved 27 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop ' leads , ' WWE Raw ' stumbles '' . zap2it.com. 2 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.8. 2016 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.15. 2016 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Raw ' reigns supreme , ' Better Call Saul ' falls '' . tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.29. 2016 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.7. 2016 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.14. 2016 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love and Hip Hop ' leads , ' WWE Raw ' falls '' . tvbythenumbers.com . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.28. 2016 '' . showbuzzdaily.com . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' Love & Hip Hop ' returns on top '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` Monday cable ratings : ' WWE Monday Night Raw ' leads the night '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.11. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.18. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.25. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.1. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.8. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.15. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved August 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 'S Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.22. 2016 '' . Showbuzzdaily . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Monday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.29. 2016 '' . ShowbuzzDaily . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` Tuesday cable ratings : ' WWE Smackdown ' and ' Taboo ' tick up '' . Screener . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.7. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.14. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.21. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 1 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.28. 2017 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.14. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.21. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.28. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.4. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.11. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.11. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.18. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 7.25. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.1. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.15. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.22. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 8.29. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.5. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 5010 ) `` Sanctuary '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . 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Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Fosters_episodes&oldid=819161102 '' Categories : Lists of American drama television series episodes Hidden categories : CS1 errors : missing author or editor Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 7 January 2018 , at 20 : 36 . About Wikipedia	when was season 4 of the fosters filmed	[]	[]
-4018959341407620176	Say You Won't Let Go	Say You Wo n't Let Go - wikipedia Say You Wo n't Let Go Jump to : navigation , search `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' Single by James Arthur from the album Back from the Edge Released 9 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 09 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2016 Genre Pop folk R&B Length 3 : 31 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) James Arthur Neil Ormandy Steve Solomon Producer ( s ) Alex Beitzke Bradley Spence James Arthur singles chronology `` Get Down '' ( 2014 ) `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( 2016 ) `` Safe Inside '' ( 2017 ) `` Get Down '' ( 2014 ) `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( 2016 ) `` Safe Inside '' ( 2017 ) Music video `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' on YouTube `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' is a song by British singer and songwriter James Arthur . The song was released as a digital download on 9 September 2016 in the United Kingdom by Columbia Records as the lead single from his second studio album Back from the Edge ( 2016 ) . The single peaked at the top of the UK Singles Chart , a position it maintained for three weeks . Outside the United Kingdom , the single has topped the charts in Australia , New Zealand , Sweden and the Republic of Ireland . It also became his breakthrough hit in the US , peaking at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Commercial performance 2 Music video 3 Live performances 4 Track listing 5 Charts 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 6 Certifications 7 Release history 8 References Commercial performance ( edit ) On 12 September 2016 , the song was at number 30 on The Official Chart Update in the United Kingdom . On 16 September 2016 , the song entered the UK Singles Chart at number 25 , and peaked at number one two weeks later , spending three consecutive weeks at the top . The song was ranked the nineteenth biggest - selling song of 2016 in the UK , making Arthur the biggest - selling British male artist of the year . By the second week of January 2017 , it had surpassed the one million sales mark , making him the first - ever X Factor act to have two singles sell over a million copies in his homeland . Controversy arose when similarities to The Script 's `` The Man Who Ca n't Be Moved '' were found , yet the Script ultimately decided not to pursue legal action . Listeners also think that it has plagiarised the chorus in Adele 's Someone like You . In early March , it had gone double platinum in the UK . In the United States , the song is his first single to chart on the US Billboard Hot 100 , making Arthur only the second winner of The X Factor UK to reach the US top 40 ( following Leona Lewis ) and only the third winner to chart on the Hot 100 following Lewis and Little Mix . In May 2017 , the song reached No. 1 on the Adult Pop Songs Airplay Chart , more than six months after its release in the US . The song was also certified platinum in the US by the RIAA on May 18 , 2017 . The song has sold over 1,208,000 digital copies in the US as of September 2017 . It was the eighth best - selling song of 2017 in the US , with 1,195,000 copies sold in 2017 . On 15 September 2016 , the song entered the Irish Singles Chart at number 91 before peaking at number one on 14 October and spending four non-consecutive weeks at the top of the charts . The song has also charted in Australia , France , New Zealand and Sweden . On February 26 , 2017 , it was announced on Channel 4 's Sunday Brunch that the single had sold 2 million copies worldwide . Music video ( edit ) A music video to accompany the release of `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' was first released onto YouTube on 9 September 2016 at a total length of three minutes and thirty seconds . Live performances ( edit ) The X Factor ( 9 October 2016 ) Sunrise ( 22 November 2016 ) The Late Late Show with James Corden ( 3 January 2017 ) The Today Show ( 5 January 2017 ) The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon ( 25 April 2017 ) Track listing ( edit ) Digital download No . Title Length 1 . `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' 3 : 31 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 -- 17 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 5 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 10 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 6 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 9 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 10 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe ( Euro Digital Songs ) France ( SNEP ) 21 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 6 Germany ( Airplay Chart ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 28 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 38 Ireland ( IRMA ) Israel ( Media Forest ) 7 Italy ( FIMI ) 22 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 18 Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) 6 Malaysia ( RIM ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 9 Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 9 Portugal ( AFP ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 19 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 12 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 16 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 24 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 11 US Adult Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 16 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 6 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 22 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 79 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 80 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 46 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 86 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 19 Chart ( 2017 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 45 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 66 Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 36 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 13 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 25 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 73 Italy ( FIMI ) 76 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 22 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 25 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 29 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 47 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 46 US Billboard Hot 100 11 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 8 × Platinum 560,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 15,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Platinum 30,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 5 × Platinum 400,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 2 × Platinum 180,000 France ( SNEP ) Platinum 150,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 2 × Platinum 100,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 30,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) Gold 10,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Platinum 40,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 7 × Platinum 280,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2 × Platinum 1,200,000 United States ( RIAA ) 3 × Platinum 1,208,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label United Kingdom 9 September 2016 Digital download Columbia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Say You Wo n't Let Go - Single by James Arthur on Apple Music '' . iTunes . Jump up ^ Lady Gaga 's Perfect Illusion set to be this week 's highest new entry on the Official UK Singles Chart . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ Starkey , Adam ( 16 October 2016 ) . `` Is James Arthur facing a copyright lawsuit over Say You Wo n't Let Go ? '' . Metro . DMG Media . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Myers , Justin ( 30 December 2016 ) . `` The Official Top 40 Biggest Songs of 2016 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ YTD T40 Singles / Albums ( with estimated sales ) , Week 2 : 19 / 1 / 17 . BuzzJack Music Forum Jump up ^ `` James Arthur wo n't face legal action from The Script '' . MSN . 11 February 2017 . Retrieved 16 August 2017 . Jump up ^ https://community.babycentre.co.uk/post/a30170621/james_arthur_say_you_wont_let_go_is_really_adele_someone_like_you Jump up ^ `` James Arthur on Twitter '' . Twitter . 3 March 2017 . Retrieved 5 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Gary Trust ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` James Arthur 's ' Say You Wo n't Let Go ' Tops Adult Pop Songs Airplay Chart '' . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Nielsen SoundScan charts -- Digital Songs -- Week Ending : 09 / 28 / 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Nielsen SoundScan . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keith Caulfield ( 3 January 2018 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's ' Divide ' Is Nielsen Music 's Top Album of 2017 in U.S. '' Billboard . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Brunch on Twitter '' . Twitter . 26 February 2017 . Retrieved 26 February 2017 . Jump up ^ JamesAVEVO ( 9 September 2016 ) . `` James Arthur - Say You Wo n't Let Go '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur on iTunes '' . itunes . Retrieved 7 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 17 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 7 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201707 into search . Retrieved 20 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201646 into search . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 40 Uge 47 , 2016 '' . Hitlisten.NU . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur -- Chart history '' Billboard Euro Digital Songs for James Arthur . Retrieved 11 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés - SNEP ( Week 4 , 2017 ) '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 28 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay Charts Deutschland -- Woche 48 / 2016 '' . German Charts . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 2 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved 2 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 41 , 2016 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Classifica settimanale WK 6 '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 11 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur Lebanese Chart Top 20 History '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . 27 November 2016 . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved 13 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 48 , 2016 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 25 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` VG - lista - Topp 20 Single uke 44 , 2016 '' . VG - lista . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . 26 June 2017 . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved 16 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 1 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201711 into search . Retrieved 21 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201646 into search . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 -- Slovenian official singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 29 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 7 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 1 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur Chart History ( Adult Alternative Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 3 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 23 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 100 Singles 2016 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Jahrescharts 2016 '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . viva.tv . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten - Single 2016 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2016 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2016 -- hitparade.ch '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA End of Year Singles 2017 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 5 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2017 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rapports Annuels 2017 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 17 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 100 2017 '' . Hitlisten . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stream Top 100 - 2017 '' . Mahasz . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Classifiche annuali dei dischi più venduti e dei singoli più scaricati nel 2017 '' ( Click on `` Scarica allegato '' and open the `` Classifica annuale 2017 Singoli digital '' file ) ( in Italian ) . FIMI . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten -- Single 2017 '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2017 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar -- År 2017 '' ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2017 -- hitparade.ch '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Singles Chart Top 100 -- 2017 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Chart Watch # 463 '' . auspOp. 10 March 2018 . Retrieved 10 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Enter James Arthur in the field Interpret . Enter Say You Wo n't Let Go in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2017 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' `` . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 5 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 2 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 9 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Polish single certifications -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . elportaldemusica.es . Productores de Música de España . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . 1 December 2017 . Type James Arthur in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select Say You Wo n't LetGo and see certification . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- James Arthur -- Say You Wo n't Let Go '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Enter Say You Wo n't Let Go in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen SoundScan charts -- Digital Songs -- Week Ending : 09 / 14 / 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Nielsen SoundScan . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 19 , 2017 . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . ( hide ) James Arthur Discography Studio albums James Arthur Back from the Edge Singles `` Impossible '' `` You 're Nobody ' til Somebody Loves You '' `` Recovery '' `` Get Down '' `` Say You Wo n't Let Go '' `` Safe Inside '' `` Can I Be Him '' `` Sun Comes Up '' Tours James Arthur Tour The Story So Far Tour Back from the Edge Tour Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Say_You_Won%27t_Let_Go&oldid=829699475 '' Categories : 2016 singles 2016 songs Irish Singles Chart number - one singles James Arthur songs Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Sweden UK Singles Chart number - one singles Pop ballads Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Songs written by Neil Ormandy Songs written by James Arthur Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Billboardeurodigital Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 10 March 2018 , at 06 : 46 . 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About Wikipedia	when was say you won't let go released	[ "\n\n\"Say You Won't Let Go\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by James Arthur\n\n\nfrom the album Back from the Edge\n\n\nReleased\n9 September 2016 (2016-09-09)\n\n\nFormat\nDigital download\n\n\nRecorded\n2016\n\n\nGenre\n\n\n\nPop\nfolk\nR&B\n\n\n\n\n\nLength\n3:31\n\n\nLabel\nColumbia\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nJames Arthur\nNeil Ormandy\nSteve Solomon\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\n\n\n\nAlex Beitzke\nBradley Spence\n\n\n\n\n\nJames Arthur singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Get Down\"\n(2014)\n\"Say You Won't Let Go\"\n(2016)\n\"Safe Inside\"\n(2017)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Get Down\"\n(2014)\n\"Say You Won't Let Go\"\n(2016)\n\"Safe Inside\"\n(2017)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic video\n\n\n\"Say You Won't Let Go\" on YouTube\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "9 September 2016" ]
5153726117021774886	Iroquois	Iroquois - wikipedia Iroquois Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Native American peoples . For other uses , see Iroquois ( disambiguation ) . Iroquois Haudenosaunee Former full territories within Haudenosauneega Total population 125,000 ( 2010 , est . ) Regions with significant populations North America United States 80,000 Canada 45,000 Languages Northern Iroquoian languages ( including Mohawk , Oneida , Onondaga , Cayuga , Seneca , Tuscarora ) , English , French Religion Longhouse Religion , Karihwiio , Kanoh'hon'io , Kahni'kwi'io , Christianity , others The Iroquois ( / ˈɪrəkwɔɪ / or / ˈɪrəkwɑː / ) or Haudenosaunee ( / ˈhoʊdənoʊˈʃoʊni / ) ( People of the Longhouse ) are a historically powerful northeast Native American confederacy . They were known during the colonial years to the French as the `` Iroquois League '' , and later as the `` Iroquois Confederacy '' , and to the English as the `` Five Nations '' , comprising the Mohawk , Onondaga , Oneida , Cayuga , and Seneca . After 1722 , they accepted the Tuscarora people from the Southeast into their confederacy , and became known as the `` Six Nations '' . The Iroquois have absorbed many other peoples into their tribes as a result of warfare , adoption of captives , and by offering shelter to displaced peoples . Culturally all are considered members of the clans and tribes into which they are adopted by families . The historic St. Lawrence Iroquoians , Wyandot ( Huron ) , Erie , and Susquehannock , all independent peoples , also spoke Iroquoian languages . In the larger sense of linguistic families , they are often considered Iroquoian peoples because of their similar languages and cultures , all culturally and linguistically descended from the Proto - Iroquoian people and language ; however , they were traditionally enemies of the nations in the Iroquois League . In addition , Cherokee is an Iroquoian language . The Cherokee people are believed to have migrated south from the Great Lakes area in ancient times , settling in the backcountry of the Southeast United States , including what is now Tennessee . In 2010 , more than 45,000 enrolled Six Nations people lived in Canada , and about 80,000 in the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Names 2 Iroquois Confederacy 3 History 3.1 Historiography 3.2 Formation of the League 3.3 Expansion 3.4 Beaver Wars 3.4. 1 1670 -- 1701 3.5 French and Indian Wars 3.6 American Revolution 3.7 Post-war 3.8 In the West 4 20th century 4.1 League of Nations 4.2 US Indian termination policies 5 Culture 5.1 War 5.2 Melting pot 5.3 Settlement 5.4 Food 5.5 Dress 5.6 Medicine 5.7 Women in society 5.8 Spiritual beliefs 5.9 Festivals 5.10 Games and sports 5.11 Naming conventions 5.12 Cannibalism 6 People 6.1 Nations 6.2 Clans 6.3 Population history 6.4 Prominent individuals 7 Government 7.1 Wampum belts 7.2 Influence on the United States 8 International relations 9 Modern communities 9.1 Canada 9.2 United States 10 See also 11 Notes 12 Footnotes 13 References 14 External links Names The most common name for the confederacy , Iroquois , is of somewhat obscure origin . The first time it appears in writing is in the account of Samuel de Champlain of his journey to Tadoussac in 1603 , where it occurs as `` Irocois '' . Other spellings appearing in the earliest sources include `` Erocoise '' , `` Hiroquois '' , `` Hyroquoise '' , `` Irecoies '' , `` Iriquois '' , `` Iroquaes '' , `` Irroquois '' , and `` Yroquois '' , as the French transliterated the term into their own phonetic system . In the French spoken at the time , this would have been pronounced as ( irokwe ) or ( irokwɛ ) . Over the years , several competing theories have been proposed for this name 's ultimate origin -- the earliest such proposal is by the Jesuit priest Pierre François Xavier de Charlevoix , who wrote in 1744 : The name Iroquois is purely French , and is formed from the ( Iroquoian - language ) term Hiro or Hero , which means I have said -- with which these Indians close all their addresses , as the Latins did of old with their dixi -- and of Koué , which is a cry sometimes of sadness , when it is prolonged , and sometimes of joy , when it is pronounced shorter . In 1883 , Horatio Hale wrote that the Charlevoix etymology was dubious , and that `` no other nation or tribe of which we have any knowledge has ever borne a name composed in this whimsical fashion '' . Hale suggested instead that the term came from Huron , and was cognate with Mohawk ierokwa `` they who smoke '' or Cayuga iakwai `` a bear '' . J.N.B. Hewitt responded to Hale 's etymology in 1888 by expressing doubt that either of those words exist in the respective languages . His preferred etymology at the time was from Montagnais irin `` true , real '' and ako `` snake '' , plus the French - ois suffix , though he later revised his theory to state that the source was Algonquin Irinakhoiw . However , none of these etymologies gained widespread acceptance . By 1978 Ives Goddard could write : `` No such form is attested in any Indian language as a name for any Iroquoian group , and the ultimate origin and meaning of the name are unknown . '' A more modern etymology is that advocated by Gordon M. Day in 1968 , who elaborates upon an earlier etymology given by Charles Arnaud in 1880 . Arnaud had claimed that the word came from Montagnais irnokué , meaning `` terrible man '' , via the reduced form irokue . Day proposes a hypothetical Montagnais phrase irno kwédač , meaning `` a man , an Iroquois '' , as the origin of this term . For the first element irno , Day cites cognates from other attested Montagnais dialects : irinou , iriniȣ , and ilnu ; and for the second element kwédač he suggests a relation to kouetakiou , kȣetat - chiȣin , and goéṭètjg -- names used by neighboring Algonquian tribes to refer to the Iroquois , Hurons , and Laurentians . More recently , Peter Bakker has proposed a Basque origin for `` Iroquois '' . Basque fishermen and whalers are known to have frequented the waters of the Northeast in the 1500s , so much so that a Basque - based pidgin developed for communication with the Algonquian tribes of the region . Bakker claims that it is unlikely that `` - quois '' derives from a root specifically used to refer to the Iroquois , citing as evidence that several other Indian tribes of the region were known to the French by names terminating in the same element , e.g. `` Armouchiquois '' , `` Charioquois '' , `` Excomminquois '' , and `` Souriquois '' . He proposes instead that the word derives from hilokoa ( via the intermediate form irokoa ) , from the Basque roots hil `` to kill '' , ko ( the locative genitive suffix ) , and a ( the definite article suffix ) . In favor of an original form beginning with / h / , Bakker cites alternate spellings such as `` hyroquois '' sometimes found in documents from the period , and the fact that in the Southern dialect of Basque , the word hil is pronounced il . He also argues that the / l / was rendered as / r / since the former is not attested in the phonemic inventory of any language in the region ( including Maliseet , which developed an / l / later ) . Thus the word according to Bakker is translatable as `` the killer people '' . It is similar to other terms used by Eastern Algonquian tribes to refer to their enemy the Iroquois , which translate as `` murderers '' . The Five Nations historically referred to themselves by a different autonym , Haudenosaunee , meaning `` People of the Longhouse '' . It is also occasionally preferred by scholars of Native American history , who consider the name `` Iroquois '' to be derogatory in origin as arising from colonists . This name derives from two phonetically similar but etymologically distinct words in the Seneca language : Hodínöhšö : ni : h , meaning `` those of the extended house , '' and Hodínöhsö : ni : h , meaning `` house builders '' . The name `` Haudenosaunee '' first appears in English in Lewis Henry Morgan ( 1851 ) , where it is written as Ho - dé - no - sau - nee . The spelling `` Hotinnonsionni '' is also attested from later in the nineteenth century . An alternate designation , Ganonsyoni , is occasionally encountered as well . This term derives from the Mohawk kanǫhsyǫ́ ni ( `` the extended house '' ) , or from a cognate expression in a related Iroquoian language , and is frequently encountered in earlier sources variously spelled `` Kanosoni '' , `` akwanoschioni '' , `` Aquanuschioni '' , `` Cannassoone '' , `` Canossoone '' , `` Ke - nunctioni '' , or `` Konossioni '' . More transparently , the Iroquois confederacy is also often referred to simply as the Six Nations ( or , for the period before the entry of the Tuscarora in 1722 , the Five Nations ) . The word is Rotinonsionni in the Mohawk language . Iroquois Confederacy Map of the Five Nations ( from the Darlington Collection ) The Iroquois Confederacy is believed to have been founded by the Peacemaker in 1142 , bringing together five distinct nations in the southern Great Lakes area into `` The Great League of Peace '' . Each nation within this Iroquoian confederacy had a distinct language , territory , and function in the League . Iroquois influence at the peak of its power extended into present - day Canada , westward along the Great Lakes and down both sides of the Allegheny mountains into present - day Virginia and Kentucky and into the Ohio Valley . The League is governed by a Grand Council , an assembly of fifty chiefs or sachems , each representing one of the clans of one of the nations . The original Iroquois League ( as the French knew them ) or Five Nations ( as the British knew them ) , occupied large areas of present - day New York State up to the St. Lawrence River , west of the Hudson River , and south into northwestern Pennsylvania . From east to west , the League was composed of the Mohawk , Oneida , Onondaga , Cayuga , and Seneca nations . In or close to 1722 , the Tuscarora tribe joined the League , having migrated from the Carolinas after being displaced by Anglo - European settlement . Also an Iroquoian - speaking people , the Tuscarora were accepted into what became the Six Nations . Other independent Iroquoian - speaking peoples , such as the Erie , Susquehannock , Huron ( Wendat ) and Wyandot , lived at various times along the St. Lawrence River , and around the Great Lakes . In the American Southeast , the Cherokee were an Iroquoian - language people who had migrated to that area centuries before European contact . None of these was part of the Haudenosaunee . Those on the borders of Haudenosaunee territory in the Great Lakes region competed and warred with the member nations . The Iroquois and most Iroquoian peoples have a matrilineal kinship system ; with descent and inheritance passing through the maternal lines . Children are considered born into their mother 's clan and take their social status from her family . The clan mothers , the elder women of each clan , are highly respected . The women elders nominate the chief for life from the clan , and own the symbols of his office . When Europeans first arrived in North America , the Haudenosaunee were based in what is now the northeastern United States , primarily in what is referred to today as Central New York and Western New York , west of the Hudson River and through the Finger Lakes region , and upstate New York along the St. Lawrence River area downstream to today 's Montreal . French , Dutch and British colonists in both New France ( Canada ) and the what became the Thirteen Colonies recognized a need to gain favor with the Iroquois people , who occupied a significant portion of lands west of colonial settlements . Their first relations with them were for fur trading , which was favorable and became lucrative to both sides . The colonists also sought to establish positive relations to secure their settlement borders . For nearly 200 years the Iroquois were a powerful factor in North American colonial policy - making decisions . Alignment with Iroquois offered political and strategic advantages to the European colonies , but the Iroquois preserved considerable independence . Some of their people settled in mission villages along the St. Lawrence River , becoming more closely tied to the French . While they participated in French raids on Dutch and later English settlements , where some Mohawk and other Iroquois settled , in general the Iroquois resisted attacking their own peoples . The Iroquois remained a politically unique , undivided , large Native American polity up until the American Revolution . The League kept its treaty promises to the British Crown . But when the British were defeated , they ceded the Iroquois territory without consultation ; many Iroquois had to abandon their lands in the Mohawk Valley and elsewhere and relocate in the northern lands retained by the British . The Crown gave them land in compensation for the 5 million acres they had lost in the south , but it was not equivalent to earlier territory . The Iroquois League has also been known as the `` Iroquois Confederacy '' . Modern scholars distinguish between the League and the Confederacy . According to this interpretation , the Iroquois League refers to the ceremonial and cultural institution embodied in the Grand Council , while the Iroquois Confederacy is the decentralized political and diplomatic entity that emerged in response to European colonization . According to that theory , `` The League '' still exists . The Confederacy dissolved after the defeat of the British and allied Iroquois nations in the American Revolutionary War . Today 's Iroquois / Six Nations people do not make any distinction between `` The League '' and `` the Confederacy '' and use the terms interchangeably , preferring the name Haudenosaunee Confederacy . After the defeat of the British , they ceded most of the Iroquois territory to the United States , without bringing their allies to the negotiating table . Many of the Iroquois migrated to Canada , forced out of New York because of hostility to the British allies in the aftermath of a fierce war . Those remaining in New York were required to live mostly on reservations . In 1784 , a total of 6,000 Iroquois had to confront 240,000 New Yorkers , with land - hungry New Englanders poised to migrate west . `` Oneidas alone , who were only 600 strong , owned six million acres , or about 2.4 million hectares . Iroquoia was a land rush waiting to happen . '' In addition to the major cessions of Iroquois land , the Oneida and others who gained reservations in New York faced increasing pressures for their lands . By the War of 1812 , they had lost control of considerable property . History Historiography Knowledge of Iroquois history stems from Haudenosaunee oral tradition , archaeological evidence , accounts from Jesuit missionaries , and subsequent European historians . Historian Scott Stevens credits the early modern European value for the written word over oral tradition and cultures as contributing to a prejudiced , racialized element within writings about the Iroquois that continued into the 19th century . The historiography of the Iroquois peoples is a topic of much debate , especially regarding the American colonial period . Jesuit accounts of the Iroquois portrayed them as savages because of comparisons to French culture ; the Jesuits perceived them to lack government , law , letters , and religion . But the Jesuits made considerable effort to study their languages and cultures , and some came to respect them . A major problem with contemporary European sources from the 17th and 18th centuries , both French and British , was that Europeans , coming from a patriarchal society , did not understand the matrilineal kinship system of Iroquois society and the related power of women . The Canadian historian D. Peter MacLeod , writing about the relationship between the Canadian Iroquois and the French in the time of the Seven Years ' War , said : `` Most critically , the importance of clan mothers , who possessed considerable economic and political power within Canadian Iroquois communities , was blithely overlooked by patriarchal European scribes . Those references that do exist , show clan mothers meeting in council with their male counterparts to take decisions regarding war and peace and joining in delegations to confront the Onontio ( the Iroquois term for the French governor - general ) and the French leadership in Montreal , but only hint at the real influence wielded by these women '' . Eighteenth - century English historiography focuses on the diplomatic relations with the Iroquois , supplemented by such images as John Verelst 's Four Mohawk Kings , and publications such as the Anglo - Iroquoian treaty proceedings printed by Benjamin Franklin . One historical narrative persistent in the 19th and 20th centuries casts the Iroquois as `` an expansive military and political power ... ( who ) subjugated their enemies by violent force and for almost two centuries acted as the fulcrum in the balance of power in colonial North America '' . Historian Scott Stevens noted that the Iroquois themselves began to influence the writing of their history in the 19th century , including Joseph Brant ( Mohawk ) , and David Cusick ( Tuscarora ) . John Arthur Gibson ( Seneca , 1850 -- 1912 ) was an important figure of his generation in recounting versions of Iroquois history in epics on the Peacemaker . Notable women historians among the Iroquois emerged in the following decades , including Laura `` Minnie '' Kellog ( Oneida , 1880 -- 1949 ) and Alice Lee Jemison ( Seneca , 1901 -- 1964 ) . Formation of the League Iroquois painting of Tadodaho receiving two Mohawk chiefs The Iroquois League was established prior to European contact , with the banding together of five of the many Iroquoian peoples who had emerged south of the Great Lakes . Reliable sources link the origins of the Iroquois confederacy to 1142 and an agricultural shift when corn was adopted as a staple crop . Many archaeologists and anthropologists believe that the League was formed about 1450 . Arguments have been made for an earlier date . Meeting of Hiawatha and Deganawidah by Sanford Plummer One theory argues that the League formed shortly after a solar eclipse on August 31 , 1142 , an event thought to be expressed in oral tradition about the League 's origins . Anthropologist Dean Snow argues that the archaeological evidence does not support a date earlier than 1450 . He has said that recent claims for a much earlier date `` may be for contemporary political purposes '' . In contrast , other scholars note that at the time when anthropological studies were made , researchers consulted only male informants , although the Iroquois people had distinct oral traditions held by males and females . Thus half of the historical story , that told by women , was lost . For this reason , origin tales tend to emphasize Deganawidah and Hiawatha , while the role of Jigonsaseh largely remains unknown because this part of the oral history was held by women . According to oral traditions , the League was formed through the efforts of two men and one woman . They were Dekanawida , sometimes known as the Great Peacemaker , Hiawatha , and Jigonhsasee , known as the Mother of Nations , whose home acted as a sort of United Nations . They brought the Peacemaker 's message , known as the Great Law of Peace , to the squabbling Iroquoian nations , who were fighting , raiding and feuding with one another and other tribes , both Algonkian and Iroquoian . Five nations originally joined as the League , giving rise to the many historic references to Five Nations of the Iroquois or as often , just The Five Nations . With the addition of the southern Tuscarora in the 18th century , these original five tribes are the ones that still compose the Haudenosaunee in the early 21st century : the Mohawk , Onondaga , Oneida , Cayuga , and Seneca . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Other Iroquoian - language peoples , including the populous Wyandot ( Huron ) , with related social organization and cultures , became extinct as tribes as a result of disease and war . They did not join the League when invited and were much reduced after the Beaver Wars and high mortality from Eurasian infectious diseases . While the First Nations and Native Americans sometimes tried to remain neutral in the various colonial frontier wars , some also allied with one nation or another , through the French and Indian War . The Six Nations were split in their alliances between the French and British in that war , the North American front of the Seven Years War . In warfare the tribes were decentralized , and often bands acted independently . According to legend , an evil Onondaga chieftain named Tadodaho was the last converted to the ways of peace by The Great Peacemaker and Hiawatha . He was offered the position as the titular chair of the League 's Council , representing the unity of all nations of the League . This is said to have occurred at Onondaga Lake near present - day Syracuse , New York . The title Tadodaho is still used for the League 's chair , the fiftieth chief who sits with the Onondaga in council . With the formation of the League , internal conflicts were minimized . The council of fifty thereafter ruled on disputes , seeking consensus in their decisions . Raids within the member tribes ended , and they directed warfare against competitors . This allowed the Iroquois to increase in numbers while their rivals declined . The political cohesion of the Iroquois rapidly became one of the strongest forces in 17th - and 18th - century northeastern North America . The confederacy did not speak for all five tribes , which continued to act independently . But about 1678 , the council exerted more power in negotiations with the colonial governments of Pennsylvania and New York . Thereafter , the editors of American Heritage write the Iroquois became very adroit at playing the French off against the British , as individual tribes had played the Swedes , Dutch , and English . The editors of American Heritage magazine suggest the Iroquois spokesmen were as politically sophisticated as many a modern politician . As has been noted above , other Iroquoian - language peoples were encountered by early European colonists . While the tribes raided each other , they also traded with the members of the Iroquois who were nearby . The explorer Robert La Salle in the 17th century identified the Mosopelea as among the Ohio Valley peoples defeated by the Iroquoisin the early 1670s . The Erie and peoples of the upper Allegheny valley declined earlier during the Beaver Wars . By 1676 the Susquehannock were known to be broken as a power from the effects of three years of epidemic disease , war with the Iroquois , and frontier battles , as settlers took advantage of the weakened tribe . According to one theory of early Iroquois history , after becoming united in the League , the Iroquois invaded the Ohio River Valley in the territories that would become the eastern Ohio Country down as far as present - day Kentucky to seek additional hunting grounds . They displaced about 1200 Siouan - speaking tribepeople of the Ohio River valley , such as the Quapaw ( Akansea ) , Ofo ( Mosopelea ) , and Tutelo and other closely related tribes out of the region . These tribes migrated to regions around the Mississippi River and the piedmont regions of the east coast . Expansion In Reflections in Bullough 's Pond , historian Diana Muir argues that the pre-contact Iroquois were an imperialist , expansionist culture whose cultivation of the corn / beans / squash agricultural complex enabled them to support a large population . They made war primarily against neighboring Algonquian peoples . Muir uses archaeological data to argue that the Iroquois expansion onto Algonquian lands was checked by the Algonquian adoption of agriculture . This enabled them to support their own populations large enough to have sufficient warriors to defend against the threat of Iroquois conquest . The People of the Confederacy dispute whether any of this historical interpretation relates to the League of the Great Peace which they contend is the foundation of their heritage . Engraving based on a drawing by Champlain of his 1609 voyage . It depicts a battle between Iroquois and Algonquian tribes near Lake Champlain The Iroquois may be the Kwedech described in the oral legends of the Mi'kmaq nation of Eastern Canada . These legends relate that the Mi'kmaq in the late pre-contact period had gradually driven their enemies -- the Kwedech -- westward across New Brunswick , and finally out of the Lower St. Lawrence River region . The Mi'kmaq named the last - conquered land Gespedeg or `` last land , '' from which the French derived Gaspé . The `` Kwedech '' are generally considered to have been Iroquois , specifically the Mohawk ; their expulsion from Gaspé by the Mi'kmaq has been estimated as occurring c. 1535 -- 1600 . Around 1535 , Jacques Cartier reported Iroquoian - speaking groups on the Gaspé peninsula and along the St. Lawrence River . Archeologists and anthropologists have defined the St. Lawrence Iroquoians as a distinct and separate group ( and possibly several discrete groups ) , living in the villages of Hochelaga and others nearby ( near present - day Montreal ) , which had been visited by Cartier . By 1608 , when Samuel de Champlain visited the area , that part of the St. Lawrence River valley had no settlements , but was controlled by the Mohawk as a hunting ground . On the Gaspé peninsula , Champlain encountered Algonquian - speaking groups . The precise identity of any of these groups is still debated . The Iroquois became well known in the southern colonies in the 17th century by this time . After the first English settlement in Jamestown , Virginia ( 1607 ) , numerous 17th - century accounts describe a powerful people known to the Powhatan Confederacy as the Massawomeck , and to the French as the Antouhonoron . They were said to come from the north , beyond the Susquehannock territory . Historians have often identified the Massawomeck / Antouhonoron as the Haudenosaunee . Other Iroquoian - language tribes included the Erie , who were destroyed by the Iroquois in 1654 over competition for the fur trade . Between 1665 and 1670 , the Iroquois established seven villages on the northern shores of Lake Ontario in present - day Ontario , collectively known as the `` Iroquois du Nord '' villages . The villages were all abandoned by 1701 . Over the years 1670 -- 1710 , the Five Nations achieved political dominance of much of Virginia west of the Fall Line and extending to the Ohio River valley in present - day West Virginia and Kentucky . As a result of the Beaver Wars , they pushed Siouan - speaking tribes out and reserved the territory as a hunting ground by right of conquest . They finally sold the British colonists their remaining claim to the lands south of the Ohio in 1768 at the Treaty of Fort Stanwix . Map of the New York tribes before European arrival : Iroquoian tribes Algonquian tribes Beaver Wars See also : Beaver Wars Beginning in 1609 , the League engaged in a decades - long series of wars , the so - called Beaver Wars , against the French , their Huron allies , and other neighboring tribes , including the Petun , Erie , and Susquehannock . Trying to control access to game for the lucrative fur trade , they put great pressure on the Algonquian peoples of the Atlantic coast ( the Lenape or Delaware ) , the Anishinaabe peoples of the boreal Canadian Shield region , and not infrequently fought the English colonies as well . During the Beaver Wars , they were said to have defeated and assimilated the Huron ( 1649 ) , Petun ( 1650 ) , the Neutral Nation ( 1651 ) , Erie Tribe ( 1657 ) , and Susquehannock ( 1680 ) . The traditional view is that these wars were a way to control the lucrative fur trade in order to access European goods on which they had become dependent . Recent scholarship has elaborated on this view , arguing that the Beaver Wars were an escalation of the `` Mourning Wars '' , which were an integral part of early Iroquoian culture . This view suggests that the Iroquois launched large - scale attacks against neighboring tribes in order to avenge or replace the massive number of deaths resulting from battles or smallpox epidemics . In 1628 , the Mohawk defeated the Mahican to gain a monopoly in the fur trade with the Dutch at Fort Orange ( present - day Albany ) , New Netherland . The Mohawk would not allow northern native peoples to trade with the Dutch . In 1645 , a tentative peace was forged between the Iroquois and the Huron , Algonquin , and French . In 1646 , Jesuit missionaries at Sainte - Marie among the Hurons went as envoys to the Mohawk lands to protect the fragile peace of the time . Mohawk attitudes toward the peace soured while the Jesuits were traveling , and their warriors attacked the party en route . The missionaries were taken to the village of Ossernenon ( near present - day Auriesville , New York ) , where the moderate Turtle and Wolf clans recommended setting the priests free . Angered , members of the Bear clan killed Jean de Lalande , and Isaac Jogues on October 18 , 1646 . The Catholic Church has commemorated the two French priests and Jesuit lay Brother René Goupil ( killed 29 September 1642 ) as among the eight North American Martyrs . In 1649 during the Beaver Wars , the Iroquois used recently purchased Dutch guns to attack the Huron , who were allied with the French . These attacks , primarily against the Huron towns of Taenhatentaron ( St. Ignace ) and St. Louis in what is now Simcoe County , Ontario were the final battles that effectively destroyed the Huron Confederacy . From 1651 to 1652 , the Iroquois attacked the Susquehannock , located to their south in present - day Pennsylvania , without sustained success . In the early 17th century , the Iroquois Confederacy was at the height of its power , with a total population of about 12,000 people . In 1653 the Onondaga Nation extended a peace invitation to New France . An expedition of Jesuits , led by Simon Le Moyne , established Sainte Marie de Ganentaa in 1656 in their territory . The Jesuits were forced to abandon the mission by 1658 as hostilities resumed , possibly because of the sudden death of 500 native people from an epidemic of smallpox , a European infectious disease to which they had no immunity . From 1658 to 1663 , the Iroquois were at war with the Susquehannock and their Lenape and Province of Maryland allies . In 1663 , a large Iroquois invasion force was defeated at the Susquehannock main fort . In 1663 , the Iroquois were at war with the Sokoki tribe of the upper Connecticut River . Smallpox struck again , and through the effects of disease , famine , and war , the Iroquois were under threat of extinction . In 1664 , an Oneida party struck at allies of the Susquehannock on Chesapeake Bay . In 1665 , three of the Five Nations made peace with the French . The following year , the Canadian Governor sent the Carignan regiment under Marquis de Tracy to confront the Mohawk and the Oneida . The Mohawk avoided battle , but the French burned their villages and crops . In 1667 , the remaining two Iroquois Nations signed a peace treaty with the French and agreed to allow their missionaries to visit their villages . This treaty lasted for 17 years . 1670 -- 1701 Iroquois conquests 1638 -- 1711 Around 1670 , the Iroquois drove the Siouan - speaking Mannahoac tribe out of the northern Virginia Piedmont region . They began to claim ownership of the territory by right of conquest . In 1672 , the Iroquois were defeated by a war party of Susquehannock . The Iroquois appealed to the French for support and asked Governor Frontenac to assist them against the Susquehannock . It would be a shame for him to allow his children to be crushed , as they saw themselves to be ... they not having the means of going to attack their fort , which was very strong , nor even of defending themselves if the others came to attack them in their villages . Some old histories state that the Iroquois defeated the Susquehannock during this time period . As no record of a defeat has been found , historians have concluded that no defeat occurred . In 1677 , the Iroquois adopted the majority of the Iroquoian - speaking Susquehannock into their nation . In January 1676 , the Governor of New York colony , Edmund Andos , sent a letter to the chiefs of the Iroquois asking for their help in King Philip 's War as the English colonists in New England were having much difficulty fighting the Wampanoag under the leadership of Metacom . In exchange for guns from the English , which the Iroquois greatly valued , an Iroquois war party launched a devastating raid on the Wampanoag in February 1676 , destroying villages and with them , supplies of food while taking many prisoners . By 1677 , the Iroquois formed an alliance with the English through an agreement known as the Covenant Chain . By 1680 , the Iroquois Confederacy was in a strong position , having eliminated the Susquehannock and the Wampanoag , taken vast number of captives to increase the size of their population , and had secured an alliance with the English that guaranteed supplies of guns and ammunition . Together the allies battled to a standstill the French , who were allied with the Huron . These Iroquoian people had been a traditional and historic foe of the Confederacy . The Iroquois colonized the northern shore of Lake Ontario and sent raiding parties westward all the way to Illinois Country . The tribes of Illinois were eventually defeated , not by the Iroquois , but by the Potawatomi . In 1679 , the Susquehannock , with Iroquois help , attacked Maryland 's Piscataway and Mattawoman allies . Peace was not reached until 1685 . During the same period , French Jesuit missionaries were active in Iroquoia , which led to a voluntary mass relocation of many Haudenosaunee to the St. Lawrence valley at Kahnawake and Kanesatake near Montreal . It was the intention of the French to use the Catholic Haudenosaunee in the St. Lawrence valley as a buffer to keep the Haudenosaunee allied with the English living in what is now upstate New York away from Montreal , the center of the French fur trade . The attempts of both the English and the French to use their Haudenosaunee allies for their own purposes were foiled as the two groups of Haudenosaunee showed a `` profound reluctance to kill one another '' . Following the move of the Catholic Iroquois to the St. Lawrence valley , historians commonly describe the Iroquois living outside of Montreal as the Canadian Iroquois while the Iroquois who remained in the historical heartland of Iroquoia in modern upstate New York are described as the League Iroquois . In 1684 , the governor of New France , Joseph - Antoine Le Febvre de La Barre , decided to launch a putative expedition against the Seneca , who were attacking French and Algonquian fur traders in the Mississippi river valley , and asked for the Catholic Haudenosaunee to contribute men for his expedition . La Barre 's expedition ended in fiasco in September 1684 when influenza broke out among the troupes de la Marine while the Canadian Iroquois warriors refused to fight , instead only engaging in verbal battles as they exchanged insults with the Seneca warriors . King Louis XIV of France was not amused when he heard of La Barre 's failure , which led him to sack La Barre as governor of New France , and sent as his replacement , Jacques - René de Brisay de Denonville , Marquis de Denonville , Governor of New France from 1685 to 1689 , who arrived in August with orders from the king to crush the Haudenosaunee confederacy . The Sun King had instructed Denonville to ensure that the `` grandeur '' of France be respected even in the most remotest woods of North America . Map showing dates Iroquois claims relinquished , 1701 - 1796 . Note : In the 1701 Nanfan Treaty , the Five Nations abandoned their nominal claims to `` beaver hunting '' lands north of the Ohio in favor of England ; however , these areas were still de facto controlled by other tribes allied with France . In 1684 , the Iroquois invaded Virginia and Illinois territory again and unsuccessfully attacked French outposts in the latter . Trying to reduce warfare in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia , later that year , the Virginia Colony agreed in a conference at Albany to recognize the Iroquois ' right to use the North - South path , known as the Great Warpath , running east of the Blue Ridge , provided they did not intrude on the English settlements east of the Fall Line . In 1687 , the Marquis de Denonville set out for Fort Frontenac ( modern Kingston , Ontario ) with a well - organized force . In July 1687 Denonville took with him on his expedition a mixed force of troupes de la Marine , French - Canadian militiamen , and 353 Indian warriors from the Jesuit mission settlements , of which 220 were Haudenosaunee . They met with 50 hereditary sachems from the Onondaga council fire , who came under a flag of truce in what on the north shore of Lake Ontario in what is now southern Ontario . Denonville recaptured the fort for New France and seized , chained , and shipped the 50 Iroquois chiefs to Marseilles , France , to be used as galley slaves . Several of the Catholic Haudenosaunee were outraged at the way in which French enslaved a diplomatic party that had come under the flag of truce and had enslaved all of the Cayuga people living in several villages on the north shore of Lake Ontario , which led to least 100 of them to desert to the Seneca . Denonville justified enslaving the people he encountered , saying that as an `` civilized European '' he did not respect the customs of `` savages '' and would do as he liked with them . On 13 August 1687 , an advance party of French soldiers walked into a Seneca ambush and were nearly killed to a man ; however the Seneca had mistaken the advance party for the main French force and fled when the main French force came up . The remaining Catholic Haudenosaunee warriors refused orders from Denonville to pursue the retreating Seneca . Denonville ravaged the land of the Seneca , landing a French armada at Irondequoit Bay , striking straight into the seat of Seneca power , and destroying many of its villages . Fleeing before the attack , the Seneca moved farther west , east and south down the Susquehanna River . Although great damage was done to the Seneca homeland , the Senecas ' military might was not appreciably weakened . The Confederacy and the Seneca developed an alliance with the English who were settling in the east . The destruction of the Seneca land infuriated the members of the Iroquois Confederacy . On August 4 , 1689 , they retaliated by burning to the ground Lachine , a small town adjacent to Montreal . Fifteen hundred Iroquois warriors had been harassing Montreal defenses for many months prior to that . They finally exhausted and defeated Denonville and his forces . His tenure was followed by the return of Frontenac , who succeeded Denonville as Governor for the next nine years ( 1689 -- 1698 ) . Frontenac had been arranging a new plan of attack to lessen the effects of the Iroquois in North America . Realizing the danger of continuing to hold the sachems , he located the 13 surviving leaders of the 50 originally taken and returned with them to New France in October 1689 . In 1696 , Frontenac decided to take the field against the Iroquois , although at this time he was seventy - six years of age . On July 6 , he left Lachine at the head of a considerable force and traveled to the village of the Onondaga , where he arrived a month later . With support from the French , the Algonquian nations drove the Iroquois out of the territories north of Lake Erie and west of present - day Cleveland , Ohio , regions which they had conquered during the Beaver Wars . In the meantime , the Iroquois had abandoned their villages . As pursuit was impracticable , the French army commenced its return march on August 10 . Under Frontenac 's leadership , the Canadian militia became increasingly adept at guerrilla warfare , taking the war into Iroquois territory and attacking a number of English settlements . The Iroquois never threatened the French colony again . During King William 's War ( North American part of the War of the Grand Alliance ) , the Iroquois were allied with the English . In July 1701 , they concluded the `` Nanfan Treaty '' , deeding the English a large tract north of the Ohio River . The Iroquois claimed to have conquered this territory 80 years earlier . France did not recognize the validity of the treaty , as it had settlements in the territory at that time and the English had virtually none . Meanwhile , the Iroquois were negotiating peace with the French ; together they signed the Great Peace of Montreal that same year . French and Indian Wars See also : French and Indian Wars After the 1701 peace treaty with the French , the Iroquois remained mostly neutral . During the course of the 17th century , the Iroquois had acquired a fearsome reputation among the Europeans , and it was the policy of the Six Nations to use this reputation to play off the French against the British in order to extract the maximum amount of material rewards . In 1689 , the English Crown provided the Six Nations goods worth £ 100 in exchange for help against the French , in the year 1693 the Iroquois had received goods worth £ 600 , and in the year 1701 the Six Nations had received goods worth £ 800 . During Queen Anne 's War ( North American part of the War of the Spanish Succession ) , they were involved in planned attacks against the French . Peter Schuyler , mayor of Albany , arranged for three Mohawk chiefs and a Mahican chief ( known incorrectly as the Four Mohawk Kings ) to travel to London in 1710 to meet with Queen Anne in an effort to seal an alliance with the British . Queen Anne was so impressed by her visitors that she commissioned their portraits by court painter John Verelst . The portraits are believed to be the earliest surviving oil portraits of Aboriginal peoples taken from life . The four `` Mohawk Kings '' who travelled to London in 1710 . In the first quarter of the 18th century , the Iroquoian - speaking Tuscarora fled north from the pressure of British colonization of North Carolina and intertribal warfare ; they had been subject to having captives sold into Indian slavery . They petitioned to become the sixth nation of the Iroquois Confederacy . This was a non-voting position , but they gained the protection of the Haudenosaunee . The Iroquois program toward the defeated tribes favored assimilation within the ' Covenant Chain ' and Great Law of Peace , over wholesale slaughter . Both the Lenni Lenape , and the Shawnee were briefly tributary to the Six Nations , while subjected Iroquoian populations emerged in the next period as the Mingo , speaking a dialect like that of the Seneca , in the Ohio region . Iroquois engaging in trade with Europeans , 1722 In 1721 and 1722 , Lt. Governor Alexander Spotswood of Virginia concluded a new Treaty at Albany with the Iroquois , renewing the Covenant Chain and agreeing to recognize the Blue Ridge as the demarcation between Virginia Colony and the Iroquois . But , as European settlers began to move beyond the Blue Ridge and into the Shenandoah Valley in the 1730s , the Iroquois objected . Virginia officials told them that the demarcation was to prevent the Iroquois from trespassing east of the Blue Ridge , but it did not prevent English from expanding west . Tensions increased over the next decades , and the Iroquois were on the verge of going to war with the Virginia Colony . In 1743 , Governor Gooch paid them the sum of 100 pounds sterling for any settled land in the Valley that was claimed by the Iroquois . The following year at the Treaty of Lancaster , the Iroquois sold Virginia all their remaining claims in the Shenandoah Valley for 200 pounds in gold . During the French and Indian War ( the North American frontier of the Seven Years ' War ) , the League Iroquois sided with the British against the French and their Algonquian allies , who were traditional enemies . The Iroquois hoped that aiding the British would also bring favors after the war . Few Iroquois warriors joined the campaign . By contrast , the Canadian Iroquois supported the French . In February 1756 , the French learned from a spy , Ou8tatory , an Oneida chief , that a British were stockpiling supplies at the Oneida Carrying Place , a crucial portage between Albany and Oswego to support an offensive in the spring into what is now Ontario . As the frozen waters melted south of Lake Ontario on average two weeks before the waters did north of Lake Ontario , the British would be able to move against the French bases at Fort Frontenac and Fort Niagara before the French forces in Montreal could come to their relief , which from the French perspective necessitated a preventive strike at the Oneida Carrying Place in the winter . To carry out this strike , the Marquis de Vaudreuil , the Governor - General of New France , assigned the task to Gaspard - Joseph Chaussegros de Léry , an officer of the troupes de le Marine , who required and received the assistance of the Canadian Iroquois to guide him to the Oneida Carrying Place . The Canadian Iroquois joined the expedition , which left Montreal on 29 February 1756 on the understanding that they would only fight against the British , not the League Iroquois , and they would not be assaulting a fort . On 13 March 1756 , an Oswegatchie Indian traveler informed the expedition that the British had built two forts at the Oneida Carrying Place , which caused the majority of the Canadian Iroquois to want to turn back , as they argued the risks of assaulting a fort would mean too many casualties , and many did in fact abandon the expedition . On 26 March 1756 , Léry 's force of troupes de le Marine and French - Canadian militiamen , who had not eaten for two days , received much needed food when the Canadian Iroquois ambushed a British wagon train bringing supplies to Fort William and Fort Bull . As far as the Canadian Iroquois were concerned , the raid was a success as they captured 9 wagons full of supplies and taken 10 prisoners without losing a man , and for them , engaging in a frontal attack against the two wooden forts as Léry wanted to do was irrational . The Canadian Iroquois informed Léry `` if I absolutely wanted to die , I was the master of the French , but they were not going to follow me '' . In the end , about 30 Canadian Iroquois reluctantly joined Léry 's attack on Fort Bull on the morning of 27 March 1756 , when the French and their Indian allies stormed the fort , finally smashing their way in through the main gate with a battering ram at noon . Of the 63 people in Fort Bull , half of whom were civilians , only 3 soldiers , one carpenter and one woman survived the Battle of Fort Bull as Léry reported `` I could not restrain the ardor of the soldiers and the Canadians . They killed everyone they encountered '' . Afterwards , the French destroyed all of the British supplies and Fort Bull itself , which secured the western flank of New France . At the same day , the main force of the Canadian Iroquois ambushed a relief force from Fort William coming to the aid of Fort Bull , and did not slaughter their prisoners as the French did at Fort Bull ; for the Iroquois , prisoners were very valuable as they increased the size of the tribe . The crucial difference between the European and First Nations way of war was that Europe had millions of people , which meant that British and French generals were willing to see thousands of their own men die in battle in order to secure victory as their losses could always be made good ; by contrast , the Iroquois had a considerably smaller population , and could not afford heavy losses , which could cripple a community . The Iroquois custom of `` Mourning wars '' to take captives who would become Iroquois reflected the continual need for more people in the Iroquois communities . Iroquois warriors were brave , but would only fight to the death if necessary , usually to protect their women and children ; otherwise , the crucial concern for Iroquois chiefs was always to save manpower . The Canadian historian D. Peter MacLeod wrote that the Iroquois way of war was based on their hunting philosophy , where a successful hunter would bring down an animal efficiently without taking any losses to his hunting party , and in the same way , a successful war leader would inflict losses on the enemy without taking any losses in return . In the Battle of Lake George , a group of Catholic Mohawk ( from Kahnawake ) and French forces ambushed a Mohawk - led British column ; the Mohawk were deeply disturbed as they had created their confederacy for peace among the peoples and had not had warfare against each other . After the war , to protect their alliance , the British government issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763 , forbidding Anglo - European ( white ) settlements beyond the Appalachian Mountains . Colonists largely ignored the order , and the British had insufficient soldiers to enforce it . Faced with confrontations , the Iroquois agreed to adjust the line again in the Treaty of Fort Stanwix ( 1768 ) . Sir William Johnson , 1st Baronet , British Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the Northern District , had called the Iroquois nations together in a grand conference in western New York , which a total of 3,102 Indians attended . They had long had good relations with Johnson , who had traded with them and learned their languages and customs . As Alan Taylor noted in his history , The Divided Ground : Indians , Settlers , and the Northern Borderland of the American Revolution ( 2006 ) , the Iroquois were creative and strategic thinkers . They chose to sell to the British Crown all their remaining claim to the lands between the Ohio and Tennessee rivers , which they did not occupy , hoping by doing so to draw off English pressure on their territories in the Province of New York . American Revolution Lithograph of the Mohawk war and political leader Thayendanegea or Joseph Brant During the American Revolution , the Iroquois first tried to stay neutral . Pressed to join one side or the other , the Tuscarora and the Oneida sided with the colonists , while the Mohawk , Seneca , Onondaga , and Cayuga remained loyal to Great Britain , with whom they had stronger relationships . Joseph Louis Cook offered his services to the United States and received a Congressional commission as a lieutenant colonel -- the highest rank held by any Native American during the war . The Mohawk war chief Joseph Brant , other war chiefs , and British allies conducted numerous operations against frontier settlements in the Mohawk Valley , including the Cherry Valley massacre , destroying many villages and crops , and killing and capturing inhabitants . The Continentals retaliated and in 1779 , George Washington ordered the Sullivan Campaign , led by Col. Daniel Brodhead and General John Sullivan , against the Iroquois nations to `` not merely overrun , but destroy '' , the British - Indian alliance . They burned many Iroquois villages and stores throughout western New York ; refugees moved north to Canada . By the end of the war , few houses and barns in the valley had survived the warfare . The American Revolution was a war that caused a great divide amongst the colonists between Patriots and Loyalists ; it caused a divide between the colonies and Great Britain , and it also caused a rift that would break the Iroquois Confederacy . At the onset of the Revolution , the Iroquois Confederacy 's Six Nations attempted to take a stance of neutrality . However , almost inevitably , the Iroquois nations eventually had to take sides in the conflict . It is easy to see how the American Revolution would have caused conflict and confusion among the Six Nations . For years they had been used to thinking about the English and their colonists as one and the same people . In the American Revolution , the Iroquois Confederacy now had to deal with relationships between two governments . The Iroquois Confederation 's population had changed significantly since the arrival of Europeans . Disease had reduced their population to a fraction of what it had been in the past . Therefore , it was in their best interest to be on the good side of whoever would prove to be the winning side in the war , for the winning side would dictate how future relationships would be with the Iroquois in North America . Dealing with two governments made it hard to maintain a neutral stance , because the governments could get jealous easily if the Confederacy was interacting or trading more with one side over the other , or even if there was simply a perception of favoritism . Because of this challenging situation , the Six Nations had to choose sides . The Oneida and Tuscarora decided to support the American colonists , while the rest of the Iroquois League ( the Cayuga , Mohawk , Onondaga , and Seneca ) sided with the British and their Loyalists among the colonists . There were many reasons that the Six Nations could not remain neutral and uninvolved in the Revolutionary War . One of these is simple proximity ; the Iroquois Confederacy was too close to the action of the war to not be involved . The Six Nations were very discontented with the encroachment of the English and their colonists upon their land . They were particularly concerned with the border established in the Proclamation of 1763 and the Treaty of Fort Stanwix in 1768 . During the American Revolution , the authority of the British government over the frontier was highly contested . The colonists tried to take advantage of this as much as possible by seeking their own profit and claiming new land . In 1775 , the Six Nations were still neutral when `` a Mohawk person was killed by a Continental soldier '' . Such a case shows how the Six Nations ' proximity to the war drew them into it . They were concerned about being killed , and about their lands being taken from them . They could not show weakness and simply let the colonists and British do whatever they wanted . Many of the English and colonists did not respect the treaties made in the past . `` A number of His Majesty 's subjects in the American colonies viewed the proclamation as a temporary prohibition which would soon give way to the opening of the area for settlement ... and that it was simply an agreement to quiet the minds of the Indians '' . The Six Nations had to take a stand to show that they would not accept such treatment , and they looked to build a relationship with a government that would respect their territory . In addition to being in close proximity to the war , the new lifestyle and economics of the Iroquois Confederacy since the arrival of the Europeans in North America made it nearly impossible for the Iroquois to isolate themselves from the conflict . By this time , the Iroquois had become dependent upon the trade of goods from the English and colonists , and had adopted many European customs , tools , and weapons . For example , they were increasingly dependent on firearms for hunting . After becoming so reliant , it would have been hard to even consider cutting off trade that brought goods that were a central part of everyday life . As Barbara Graymont stated , `` Their task was an impossible one to maintain neutrality . Their economies and lives had become so dependent on each other for trading goods and benefits it was impossible to ignore the conflict . Meanwhile they had to try and balance their interactions with both groups . They did not want to seem as they were favoring one group over the other , because of sparking jealousy and suspicion from either side '' . Furthermore , the English had made many agreements with the Six Nations over the years , yet most of the Iroquois ' day - to - day interaction had been with the colonists . This made it a confusing situation for the Iroquois because they could not tell who the true heirs of the agreement were , and could n't know if agreements with England would continue to be honored by the colonists if they were to win independence . Supporting either side in the Revolutionary War was a complicated decision . Each nation individually weighed their options to come up with a final stance that ultimately broke neutrality and ended the collective agreement of the Confederation . The British were clearly the most organized , and seemingly most powerful . In many cases , the British presented the situation to the Iroquois as the colonists just being `` naughty children '' . On the other , the Iroquois considered that `` the British government was three thousand miles away . This placed them at a disadvantage in attempting to enforce both the Proclamation of 1763 and the Treaty at Fort Stanwix 1768 against land hungry frontiersmen . '' In other words , even though the British were the strongest and best organized faction , the Six Nations had concerns about whether they would truly be able to enforce their agreements from so far away . The Iroquois also had concerns about the colonists . The British asked for Iroquois support in the war . `` In 1775 , the Continental Congress sent a delegation to the Iroquois in Albany to ask for their neutrality in the war coming against the British '' . It had been clear in prior years that the colonists had not been respectful of the land agreements made in 1763 and 1768 . The Iroquois Confederacy was particularly concerned over the possibility of the colonists winning the war , for if a revolutionary victory were to occur , the Iroquois very much saw it as the precursor to their lands being taken away by the victorious colonists , who would no longer have the British Crown to restrain them . Continental army officers such as George Washington had attempted to destroy the Iroquois . On a contrasting note , it was the colonists who had formed the most direct relationships with the Iroquois due to their proximity and trade ties . For the most part , the colonists and Iroquois had lived in relative peace since the English arrival on the continent a century and a half before . The Iroquois had to determine whether their relationships with the colonists were reliable , or whether the English would prove to better serve their interests . They also had to determine whether there were really any differences between how the English and the colonists would treat them . The war ensued , and the Iroquois broke their confederation . Hundreds of years of precedent and collective government was trumped by the immensity of the American Revolutionary War . The Oneida and Tuscarora decided to support the colonists , while the rest of the Iroquois League ( the Cayuga , Mohawk , Onondaga , and Seneca ) sided with the British and Loyalists . At the conclusion of the war the fear that the colonists would not respect the Iroquois ' pleas came true , especially after the majority of the Six Nations decided to side with the British and were no longer considered trustworthy by the newly independent Americans . In 1783 the Treaty of Paris was signed . While the treaty included peace agreements between all of the European nations involved in the war as well as the newborn United States , it made no provisions for the Iroquois , who were left to be treated with by the new United States government as it saw fit . Post-war After the Revolutionary War , the ancient central fireplace of the League was re-established at Buffalo Creek . By 1811 , Methodist and Episcopalian missionaries established missions to assist the Oneida and Onondaga in western New York . However , white settlers continued to move into the area . By 1821 , a group of Oneida led by Eleazar Williams , son of a Mohawk woman , went to Wisconsin to buy land from the Menominee and Ho - Chunk and thus move their people further westward . Captain Joseph Brant and a group of Iroquois left New York to settle in the Province of Quebec ( present - day Ontario ) . To partially replace the lands they had lost in the Mohawk Valley and elsewhere because of their fateful alliance with the British Crown , they were given a large land grant on the Grand River , at Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation . Brant 's crossing of the river gave the original name to the area : Brant 's Ford . By 1847 , European settlers began to settle nearby and named the village Brantford . The original Mohawk settlement was on the south edge of the present - day Canadian city at a location still favorable for launching and landing canoes . In the 1830s many additional Onondaga , Oneida , Seneca , Cayuga , and Tuscarora relocated into the Indian Territory , the Province of Upper Canada , and Wisconsin . In the west Many Iroquois ( mostly Mohawk ) and Iroquois - descended Métis people living in Lower Canada ( primarily at Kahnawake ) took employment with the Montreal - based North West Company during its existence from 1779 to 1821 and became voyageurs or free traders working in the North American fur trade as far west as the Rocky Mountains . They are known to have settled in the area around Jasper 's House and possibly as far west as the Finlay River and north as far as the Pouce Coupe and Dunvegan areas , where they founded new Aboriginal communities which have persisted to the present day claiming either First Nations or Métis identity and indigenous rights . The Michel Band , Mountain Métis , and Aseniwuche Winewak Nation of Canada in Alberta and the Kelly Lake community in British Columbia all claim Iroquois ancestry . 20th century League of Nations The complex political environment which emerged in Canada with the Haudenosaunee grew out of the Anglo - American era of European colonization . At the end of the War of 1812 , Britain shifted Indian affairs from the military to civilian control . With the creation of the Dominion of Canada in 1867 , civil authority , and thus Indian affairs , passed to Canadian officials with Britain retaining control of military and security matters . At the turn of the century , the Canadian government began passing a series of Acts which were strenuously objected to by the Iroquois Confederacy . During World War I , an act attempted to conscript Six Nations men for military service . Under the Soldiers Resettlement Act , legislation was introduced to redistribute native land . Finally in 1920 , an Act was proposed to force citizenship on `` Indians '' with or without their consent , which would then automatically remove their share of any tribal lands from tribal trust and make the land and the person subject to the laws of Canada . The Haudenosaunee hired a lawyer to defend their rights in the Supreme Court of Canada . The Supreme Court refused to take the case , declaring that the members of the Six Nations were British citizens . In effect , as Canada was at the time a division of the British government , it was not an international state , as defined by international law . In contrast , the Iroquois Confederacy had been making treaties and functioning as a state since 1643 and all of their treaties had been negotiated with Britain , not Canada . As a result , a decision was made in 1921 to send a delegation to petition the King of England , whereupon Canada 's External Affairs division blocked issuing passports . In response , the Iroquois began issuing their own passports and sent Levi General , the Cayuga Chief `` Deskaheh , '' to England with their attorney . Winston Churchill dismissed their complaint claiming that it was within the realm of Canadian jurisdiction and referred them back to Canadian officials . On 4 December 1922 , Charles Stewart , Superintendent of Indian Affairs , and Duncan Campbell Scott , Deputy Superintendent of the Canadian Department of Indian Affairs traveled to Brantford to negotiate a settlement on the issues with the Six Nations . After the meeting , the Native delegation brought the offer to the tribal council , as was customary under Haudenosaunee law . The council agreed to accept the offer , but before they could respond , the Royal Canadian Mounted Police conducted a liquor raid on the Iroquois ' Grand River territory . The siege lasted three days and prompted the Haudenosaunee to send Deskaheh to Washington , DC , to meet with the chargé d'affaires of the Netherlands asking the Dutch Queen to sponsor them for membership in the League of Nations . Under pressure from the British , the Netherlands reluctantly refused sponsorship . Deskaheh and the tribal attorney proceeded to Geneva and attempted to gather support . `` On 27 September 1923 , delegates representing Estonia , Ireland , Panama and Persia signed a letter asking for communication of the Six Nations ' petition to the League 's assembly , '' but the effort was blocked . Six Nations delegates traveled to the Hague and back to Geneva attempting to gain supporters and recognition , while back in Canada , the government was drafting a mandate to replace the traditional Haudenosaunee Confederacy Council with one that would be elected under the auspices of the Canadian Indian Act . In an unpublicized signing on 17 September 1924 , Prime Minister Mackenzie King and Governor - General Lord Byng of Vimy signed the Order in Council , which set elections on the Six Nations reserve for 21 October . Only 26 ballots were cast . The long - term effect of the Order was that the Canadian government had wrested control over the Haudenosaunee trust funds from the Iroquois Confederation and decades of litigation would follow . In 1979 , over 300 Indian chiefs visited London to oppose Patriation of the Canadian Constitution , fearing that their rights to be recognized in the Royal Proclamation of 1763 would be jeopardized . In 1981 , hoping again to clarify that judicial responsibilities of treaties signed with Britain were not transferred to Canada , several Alberta Indian chiefs filed a petition with the British High Court of Justice . They lost the case but gained an invitation from the Canadian government to participate in the constitutional discussions which dealt with protection of treaty rights . U.S. Indian termination Policies In the period between World War II and The Sixties the US government followed a policy of Indian Termination for its Native citizens . In a series of laws , attempting to mainstream tribal people into the greater society , the government strove to end the U.S. government 's recognition of tribal sovereignty , eliminate trusteeship over Indian reservations , and implement state law applicability to native persons . In general the laws were expected to create taxpaying citizens , subject to state and federal taxes as well as laws , from which Native people had previously been exempt . On 13 August 1946 the Indian Claims Commission Act of 1946 , Pub . L. No. 79 - 726 , ch. 959 , was passed . Its purpose was to settle for all time any outstanding grievances or claims the tribes might have against the U.S. for treaty breaches , unauthorized taking of land , dishonorable or unfair dealings , or inadequate compensation . Claims had to be filed within a five - year period , and most of the 370 complaints that were submitted were filed at the approach of the 5 - year deadline in August , 1951 . On 2 July 1948 Congress enacted ( Public Law 881 ) 62 Stat. 1224 , which transferred criminal jurisdiction over offenses committed by and against `` Indians '' to the State of New York . It covered all reservations lands within the state and prohibited the deprivation of hunting and fishing rights which may have been guaranteed to `` any Indian tribe , band , or community , or members thereof . '' It further prohibited the state from requiring tribal members to obtain fish and game licenses . Within 2 years , Congress passed ( Public Law 785 ) 64 Stat. 845 , on 13 September 1950 which extended New York 's authority to civil disputes between Indians or Indians and others within the State . It allowed the tribes to preserve customs , prohibited taxation on reservations , and reaffirmed hunting and fishing rights . It also prohibited the state from enforcing judgments regarding any land disputes or applying any State Laws to tribal lands or claims prior to the effective date of the law 13 September 1952 . During congressional hearings on the law , tribes strongly opposed the passage , fearful that states would deprive them of their reservations . The State of New York disavowed any intention to break up or deprive tribes of their reservations and asserted that they did not have the ability to do so . On 1 August 1953 , United States Congress issued a formal statement , House Concurrent Resolution 108 , which was the formal policy presentation announcing the official federal policy of Indian termination . The resolution called for the `` immediate termination of the Flathead , Klamath , Menominee , Potawatomi , and Turtle Mountain Chippewa , as well as all tribes in the states of California , New York , Florida , and Texas . '' All federal aid , services , and protection offered to Native people were to cease , and the federal trust relationship and management of reservations would end . Individual members of terminated tribes were to become full United States citizens with all the rights , benefits and responsibilities of any other United States citizen . The resolution also called for the Interior Department to quickly identify other tribes who would be ready for termination in the near future . Beginning in 1953 , a Federal task force began meeting with the tribes of the Six Nations . Despite tribal objections , legislation was introduced into Congress for termination . The proposed legislation involved more than 11,000 Indians of the Iroquois Confederation and was divided into two separate bills . One bill dealt with the Mohawk , Oneida , Onondaga , Cayuga and Tuscarora tribes and the other dealt with the Seneca . The arguments the Six Nations made in their hearings with committees were that their treaties showed that the United States recognized that their lands belonged to the Six Nations , not the United States and that `` termination contradicted any reasonable interpretation that their lands would not be claimed or their nations disturbed '' by the federal government . The bill for the Iroquois Confederation died in committee without further serious consideration . On 31 August 1964 , H.R. 1794 An Act to authorize payment for certain interests in lands within the Allegheny Indian Reservation in New York was passed by Congress and sent to the president for signature . The bill authorized payment for resettling and rehabilitation of the Seneca Indians who were being dislocated by the construction of the Kinzua Dam on the Allegheny River . Though only 127 Seneca families ( about 500 people ) were being dislocated , the legislation benefited the entire Seneca Nation , because the taking of the Indian land for the dam abridged a 1794 treaty agreement . In addition , the bill provided that within three years , a plan from the Interior Secretary should be submitted to Congress withdrawing all federal supervision over the Seneca Nation , though technically civil and criminal jurisdiction had lain with the State of New York since 1950 . Accordingly , on 5 September 1967 a memo from the Department of the Interior announced proposed legislation was being submitted to end federal ties with the Seneca . In 1968 a new liaison was appointed from the BIA for the tribe to assist the tribe in preparing for termination and rehabilitation . The Seneca were able to hold off termination until President Nixon issued his Special Message to the Congress on Indian Affairs in July 1970 . Thus , no New York tribes then living in New York were terminated during this period . In a twist of fate , one former New York Tribe did lose its federal recognition . The Emigrant Indians of New York included the Oneidas , Stockbridge - Munsee , and Brothertown Indians of Wisconsin . In an effort to fight termination and force the government into recognizing their outstanding land claims from New York , the three tribes filed litigation with the Claims Commission in the 1950s . They won their claim on 11 August 1964 . Public Law 90 - 93 81 Stat. 229 Emigrant New York Indians of Wisconsin Judgment Act established federal trusteeship to pay the Oneidas and Stockbridge - Munsee , effectively ending Congressional termination efforts for them . Though the law did not specifically state the Brothertown Indians were terminated , it authorized all payments to be made directly to each enrollee with special provisions for minors to be handled by the Secretary . The payments were not subject to state or federal taxes . Beginning in 1978 , the Brothertown Indians submitted a petition to regain federal recognition . In 2012 the Department of the Interior , in the final determination on the Brothertown petition found that Congress had terminated their tribal status when it granted them citizenship in 1838 and therefore only Congress could restore their tribal status . They are still seeking Congressional approval . Culture Stone pipe ( 19th - century engraving ) War For the Haudenosaunee , grief for a loved one who died was a powerful emotion that if not attended would cause all sorts of problems for the grieving who if left without consolation would go mad . Rituals to honor the dead were very important and the most important of all was the Condolence ceremony to provide consolation for those who lost a family member or friend . Since it was believed that the death of a family member also weakened the spiritual strength of the surviving family members , it was considered crucially important to replace the lost family member by providing a substitute who could be adopted or alternatively could be tortured to provide an outlet for the grief . Hence the `` mourning wars '' . One of the central features of traditional Iroquois life was the `` mourning wars '' when Haudenosaunee warriors would raid neighboring peoples in search of captives to replace those Haudenosaunee who had died . War for the Haudenosaunee was primarily for captives , and the usual factors that were considered benefits of war for the Europeans like expansion of territory or glory in battle did not count for the Haudeenosaunee , who only cared about taking captives . A successful war party was one that had taken many prisoners without suffering losses in return ; killing enemies was considered acceptable if necessary , but disapproved of as it reduced the number of potential captives . Captives were seen as far more important than scalps . Additionally war served as a way for young men to demonstrate their valor and courage , which was not a prerequisite for becoming a chief , but also essential if one wanted to get married and hence have sex . A man considered a coward was viewed as unattractive by Haudenosaunee women who saw bravery in war as a very attractive feature in a man . In the precontact era , war was relativity bloodless as First Nations peoples fought one another in suits of wooden armor . In 1609 , the French explorer Samuel de Champlain observed several battles between the Algonquins and the Iroquois which featured hardly any killing , which seemed to be the norm for First Nations wars . At a battle between the Algonquins and the Iroquois by the shores of Lake Champlain , the only people killed were two Iroquois warriors when Champlain demonstrated the power of his musket to his Algonquin allies . The clan mothers would demand a `` mourning war '' to provide consolation and renewed spiritual strength for a family that lost a member to death by accusing the warriors of cowardice ; either the warriors would go on a `` mourning war '' or would be marked as cowards forever , which make them unmarriageable . At this point , the warriors would then usually leave to raid a neighboring people in search of captives . The captives were either adopted into Haudenosaunee families to become Haudenosaunee , or were to killed after bouts of ritualized torture as a way of expressing rage at the death of a family member . The male captives were usually received with blows as they were marched into the community , and were then all captives regardless of their sex or age were stripped naked and tied to poles in the middle of the community . After having sensitive parts of their bodies burned and some of their fingernails pulled out , the prisoners were allowed to rest and given food and water . In the following days , the captives had to dance naked before the community , and then it was decided if they were to be adopted or killed . If those who were adopted into the Haudenosaunee families made a sincere effort to become Haudenosaunee , then they would be embraced by the community , and if they did not , then they were swiftly executed . Those slated for execution had to wear red and black facial paint and were `` adopted '' by a family who addressed the prisoner as `` uncle '' , `` aunt '' , `` nephew '' or `` niece '' depending on their age and sex , and would bring them food and water . The captive would be executed after a day - long torture session of burning and removing body parts , which the prisoner was expected to behave with stoicism and nobility ( an expectation not usually met ) before being scalped alive , had hot sand applied to the exposed skull and finally killed by cutting out their hearts . Afterwards , the victim 's body was cut and eaten by the community . The practice of ritual torture and execution together with cannibalism ended some time in the early 18th century , and by late 18th century European writers like Philip Mazzei and James Adair were denying that the Haudenosaunee engaged in ritual torture and cannibalism , saying they had seen no evidence of such practices during their visits to Haudenosaunee villages . For Iroquois , the purpose of war was to take prisoners first and foremost , with the Onondaga chief Teganissorens telling the governor of New York , Sir Robert Hunter , in 1711 : `` We are not like you Christians , for when you have prisoners of one another you send them home , by such means you can never rout one another '' . The converse of this strategy was that the Iroquois would not accept losses in battle as it defeated the whole purpose of the `` mourning wars '' , which was to add to their numbers , not decrease them . The French during their wars with the Haudenosaunee were often astonished when a war party that was on the verge of victory over them could be made to retreat by merely killing one or two of their number . The European notion of a glorious death in battle had no counterpart with the Haudenosaunee . Death in battle was accepted only when absolutely necessary , and the Iroquois believed the souls of those who died in battle were destined to spend eternity as angry ghosts haunting the world in search of vengeance . For this reason , those who died in battle were never buried in community cemeteries , as it would bring the presence of unhappy ghosts into the community . For these reasons , the Haudenosaunee engaged in tactics that the French , the British and later on the Americans all considered to be cowardly . The Haudenosaunee preferred ambushes and surprise attacks , would almost never attack a fortified place or attack frontally , or would retreat if outnumbered . If Kanienkeh was invaded , the Haudenosaunee would attempt to ambush the enemy , or alternatively they would retreat behind the wooden walls of their villages to endure a siege . If the enemy appeared too powerful as when the French invaded Kanienkeh in 1693 , the Haudenosaunee burned their villages and their crops and the entire population retreated into the woods to wait for the French to depart . When European diseases that the Indians had no immunity to like smallpox devastated the Five Nations in the 17th century , causing thousands of deaths , the League began a period of `` mourning wars '' without precedent , which led to the virtual destruction of the Huron , Petun and Neutral peoples . By the 1640s , it is estimated that smallpox had reduced the population of the Haudenosaunee by least 50 % , which required massive `` mourning wars '' to make up these losses . The American historian Daniel Richter wrote it was at this point that war changed from being sporadic , small - scale raids launched in response to individual deaths and became `` the constant and increasing undifferentiated symptom of societies in demographic crisis '' . Furthermore , the introduction of guns , which could pierce the wooden armor , made First Nations warfare bloodier and more deadly than it had been in the pre-contact era , ending the age when armed conflicts were more brawls than battles as Europeans would had understood the term . At the same time , guns could be only be obtained by trading furs with the Europeans , and once the Haudenosaunee exhausted their supplies of beaver by about 1640 , they were forced to buy beaver pelts from Indians living further north , which led them to attempt to eliminate other middlemen in order to monopolize the fur trade in a series of `` beaver wars '' . Richter wrote `` the mourning war tradition , deaths from disease , dependence on firearms , and the trade in furs combined to produce a dangerous spiral : epidemics led to deadlier mourning wars fought with firearms ; the need for guns increased the need for pelts to trade for them ; the quest for furs provoked wars with other nations ; and deaths in those wars began the mourning war cycle anew '' . From 1640 to 1701 , the Five Nations was almost continuously at war , battling at various times the French , the Huron , the Erie , the Neutral , the Lenape , the Susquenhannock , the Petun , the Abenaki , the Ojibwa , and the Algonquins , fighting campaigns from Virginia to the Mississippi and all the way to what is now northern Ontario . Despite taking thousands of captives , the Five Nations populations continued to fall , as diseases continued to take their toll while Jesuits , whom the Haudenosaunee were forced to accept after making peace with the French in 1667 , encouraged Catholic converts to move to the St. Lawrence river valley . In the 1640s , the Mohawks could field about 800 warriors , and the 1670s , could field only 300 warriors , which suggested a population decline . Melting pot The Iroquois League traditions allowed for the dead to be symbolically replaced through captives taken in `` mourning wars '' , the blood feuds and vendettas that were an essential aspect of Iroquois culture . As a way of expediting the mourning process , raids were conducted to take vengeance and seize captives . Captives were generally adopted directly by the grieving family to replace the member ( s ) who had been lost . This process not only allowed the Iroquois to maintain their own numbers , but also to disperse and assimilate their enemies . The adoption of conquered peoples , especially during the period of the Beaver Wars ( 1609 - 1701 ) , meant that the Iroquois League was composed largely of naturalized members of other tribes . Cadwallader Colden wrote , `` It has been a constant maxim with the Five Nations , to save children and young men of the people they conquer , to adopt them into their own Nation , and to educate them as their own children , without distinction ; These young people soon forget their own country and nation and by this policy the Five Nations make up the losses which their nation suffers by the people they lose in war . '' Those who attempted to return to their families were harshly punished ; for instance , the French fur trader Pierre - Esprit Radisson was captured by an Iroquois raiding party as a teenager , was adopted by a Mohawk family , ran away to return to his family in Trois - Rivières , and upon being recaptured was punished by having his fingernails pulled out and having one of his fingers cut to the bone . However , Radisson was not executed as his adopted parents provided gifts to the families of the men Radisson had killed when he fled as compensation for their loss ; several of the Huron who fled with Radisson were not so lucky and were executed . By 1668 , two - thirds of the Oneida village were assimilated Algonquians and Hurons . At Onondaga there were Native Americans of seven different nations and among the Seneca eleven . They also adopted European captives , as did the Catholic Mohawk in settlements outside Montreal . This tradition of adoption and assimilation was common to native people of the northeast but was quite different from European settlers ' notions of combat . Settlement Traditional Iroquois longhouse At the time of first European contact the Iroquois lived in a small number of large villages scattered throughout their territory . Each nation had between one and four villages at any one time , and villages were moved approximately every five to twenty years as soil and firewood were depleted . These settlements were surrounded by a palisade and usually located in a defensible area such as a hill , with access to water . Because of their appearance with the palisade , Europeans termed them castles . Within the villages the inhabitants lived in longhouses . In 1653 , Dutch official and landowner Adriaen van der Donck described a Mohawk longhouse in his Description of New Netherland . Their houses are mostly of one and the same shape , without any special embellishment or remarkable design . When building a house , large or small , -- for sometimes they build them as long as some hundred feet , though never more than twenty feet wide -- they stick long , thin , peeled hickory poles in the ground , as wide apart and as long as the house is to be . The poles are then bent over and fastened one to another , so that it looks like a wagon or arbor as are put in gardens . Next , strips like split laths are laid across these poles from one end to the other. ... This is then well covered all over with very tough bark. ... From one end of the house to the other along the center they kindle fires , and the area left open , which is also in the middle , serves as a chimney to release the smoke . Often there are sixteen or eighteen families in a house ... This means that often a hundred or a hundred and fifty or more lodge in one house . A castle might contain twenty or thirty longhouses . In addition to the castles the Iroquois also had smaller settlements which might be occupied seasonally by smaller groups , for example for fishing or hunting . Total population for the five nations has been estimated at 20,000 before 1634 . After 1635 the population dropped to around 6,800 , chiefly due to the epidemic of smallpox introduced by contact with European settlers . By the late 1700s The Iroquois were building smaller log cabins resembling those of the colonists , but retaining some native features , such as bark roofs with smoke holes and a central fireplace . Food The Iroquois are a mix of horticulturalists , farmers , fishers , gatherers and hunters , though their main diet traditionally has come from farming . The main crops they cultivated are corn , beans and squash , which were called the three sisters ( De-oh - há - ko ) and are considered special gifts from the Creator . These crops are grown strategically . The cornstalks grow , the bean plants climb the stalks , and the squash grow beneath , inhibiting weeds and keeping the soil moist under the shade of their broad leaves . In this combination , the soil remained fertile for several decades . The food was stored during the winter , and it lasted for two to three years . When the soil in one area eventually lost its fertility , the Haudenosaunee moved their village . Gathering is the traditional job of the women and children . Wild roots , greens , berries and nuts were gathered in the summer . During spring , sap is tapped from the maple trees and boiled into maple syrup , and herbs are gathered for medicine . The Iroquois hunted mostly deer but also other game such as wild turkey and migratory birds . Muskrat and beaver were hunted during the winter . Fishing was also a significant source of food because the Iroquois had villages mostly in the St. Lawrence area . They fished salmon , trout , bass , perch and whitefish until the St. Lawrence became too polluted by industry . In the spring the Iroquois netted , and in the winter fishing holes were made in the ice . Allium tricoccum is also a part of traditional Iroquois cuisine . Dress In 1644 Johannes Megapolensis described Mohawk traditional wear . In summer they go naked , having only their private parts covered with a patch . The children and young folks to ten , twelve and fourteen years of age go stark naked . In winter , they hang about them simply an undressed deer or bear or panther skin ; or they take some beaver and otter skins , wild cat , racoon , martin , otter , mink , squirrel or such like skins ... and sew some of them to others , until it is a square piece , and that is then a garment for them ; or they buy of us Dutchmen two and a half ells ( about 170 centimetres ( 5.6 ft ) ) of duffel , and that they hang simply about them , just as it was torn off , without sewing it . On their feet the Iroquois wore moccasins , `` true to nature in its adjustment to the foot , beautiful in its materials and finish , and durable as an article of apparel . '' The moccason is made of one piece of deer - skin . It is seamed up at the heel , and also in front , above the foot , leaving the bottom of the moccasin without a seam . In front the deer - skin is gathered , in place of being crimped ; over this part porcupine quills or beads are worked , in various patterns . The plain moccasin rises several inches above the ankle ... and is fastened with deer strings ; but usually this part is turned down , so as to expose a part of the instep , and is ornamented with bead - work . Moccasins of a sort were also made of corn husks . In 1653 Dutch official Adriaen van der Donck wrote : Around their waist they all ( i.e. both men and women ) wear a belt made of leather , whalefin , whalebone , or wampum . The men pull a length of duffel cloth -- if they have it -- under this belt , front and rear , and pass it between the legs . It is over half an ell ( 35 centimetres ( 14 in ) ) wide and nine quarter - ells ( 155 centimetres ( 61 in ) ) long , which leaves a square flap hanging down in front and back ... Before duffel cloth was common in that country , and sometimes even now when it can not be had , they took for that purpose some dressed leather or fur -- The women also wear a length of woolen cloth of full width ( 165 centimetres ( 65 in ) ) and an ell and a quarter ( 90 centimetres ( 35 in ) ) long , which comes halfway down the leg . It is like a petticoat , but under it , next to the body , they wear a deerskin which also goes around the waist and ends in cleverly cut pointed edging and fringes . The wealthier women and those who have a liking for it wear such skirts wholly embroidered with wampum ... As for covering the upper part of the body both men and women use a sheet of duffel cloth of full width , i.e. nine and a half quarter - ells , and about three ells 210 centimetres ( 83 in ) long . It is usually worn over the right shoulder and tied in a knot around the waist and from there hangs down to the feet . During the 17th century , Iroquois clothing changed rapidly as a result of the introduction of scissors and needles obtained from the Europeans , and the British scholar Michael Johnson has cautioned that European accounts of Iroquois clothing from the latter 17th century may not have entirely reflected traditional pre-contact Iroquois clothing . In the 17th women normally went topless in the warm months while wearing a buckskin skirt overlapping on the left while in the winter women covered their upper bodies with a cape - like upper garment with an opening for the head . By the 18th century , cloth colored red and blue obtained from Europeans became the standard material for clothing with the men and women wearing blouses and shirts that usually decorated with beadwork and ribbons and were often worn alongside sliver broaches . By the latter 18th century , women were wearing muslin or calico long , loose - fitting overdresses . Married women wore their hair in a single braid held in place by a comb made of bone , antler or silver while unmarried wore their hair in several braids . Warriors wore moccasins , leggings and short kilts and on occasion wore robes that were highly decorated with painted designs . Initially , men 's clothing was made of buckskin and were decorated with porcupine quill - work and later on was made of broadcloth obtained from Europeans . The bodies and faces of Iroquois men were heavily tattooed with geometric designs and their noses and ears were pieced with rings made up of wampun or silver . On the warpath , the faces and bodies of the warriors were painted half red , half black . The men usually shaved most of their hair with leaving only a tuft of hair in the center , giving the name Mohawk to their hair style . A cap made of either buckskin or cloth tied to wood splints called the Gus - to - weh that was decorated with feathers was often worn by men . Chiefs wore headdresses made of deer antler . By the 18th century , Iroquois men normally wore shirts and leggings made of broadcloth and buckskin coats . In the 17th and 18th centuries silver armbands and gorgets were popular accessories . By the 1900s most Iroquois were wearing the same clothing as their non-Indian neighbors . Today most nations only wear their traditional clothing to ceremonies or special events . gusto'weh headdress Men wore a cap with a single long feather rotating in a socket called a gustoweh . Later , feathers in the gustoweh denote the wearer 's tribe by their number and positioning . The Mohawk wear three upright feathers , the Oneida two upright and one down . The Onondaga wear one feather pointing upward and another pointing down . The Cayuga have a single feather at a forty - five degree angle . The Seneca wear a single feather pointing up , and the Tuscarora have no distinguishing feathers . Writing in 1851 Morgan wrote that women 's outfits consisted of a skirt ( gä - kä ' - ah ) `` usually of blue broadcloth , and elaborately embroidered with bead - work . It requires two yards of cloth , which is worn with the selvedge at the top and bottom ; the skirt being secured about the waist and descending nearly to the top of the moccasin . '' Under the skirt , between the knees and the moccasins , women wore leggings ( gise ' - hǎ ) , called pantalettes by Morgan , `` of red broadcloth , and ornamented with a border of beadwork around the lower edge ... In ancient times the gise ' - hǎ was made of deer - skin and embroidered with porcupine - quill work . '' An over-dress ( ah - de-a ' - da - we - sa ) of muslin or calico was worn over the skirt , it is `` gathered slightly at the waist , and falls part way down the skirt ... In front it is generally buttoned with silver broaches . '' The blanket ( e'yose ) is two or three yards of blue or green broadcloth `` it falls from the head or neck in natural folds the width of the cloth , as the selvedges are at the top and bottom , and it is gathered round the person like a shawl . '' The women wore their hair very long and tied together at the back , or `` tied at the back of the head and folded into a tress of about a hand 's length , like a beaver tail ... they wear around the forehead a strap of wampum shaped like the headband that some was worn in olden times . '' `` The men have a long lock hanging down , some on one side of the head , and some on both sides . On the top of their heads they have a streak of hair from the forehead to the neck , about the breadth of three fingers , and this they shorten until it is about two or three fingers long , and it stands right on end like a cock 's comb or hog 's bristles ; on both sides of this cock 's comb they cut all the hair short , except for the aforesaid locks , and they also leave on the bare places here and there small locks , such as aree in sweeping brushes and then they are in fine array . '' This is the forerunner to what is today called a `` Mohawk hairstyle . '' The women did not paint their faces . The men `` paint their faces red , blue , etc . '' Medicine Plants traditionally used by the Iroquois include Agrimonia gryposepala , which was to treat diarrhea , and interrupted fern , used for blood and venereal diseases and conditions . Cone flower ( Echinacea ) , an immune system booster and treatment for respiratory disease was also known and used . They also give an infusion of Chelidonium majus , another plant & milk to pigs that drool and have sudden movements . They use Ranunculus acris , in that apply a poultice of the smashed plant to the chest for pains and for colds , take an infusion of the roots for diarrhea , and apply a poultice of plant fragments with another plant to the skin for excess water in the blood . Symphyotrichum novae - angliae is used in a decoction for weak skin , use a decoction of the roots and leaves for fevers , use the plant as a `` love medicine '' , and use an infusion of whole plant and rhizomes from another plant to treat mothers with intestinal fevers , . A decoction of the roots of chicory is used as a wash and applied as a poultice to chancres and fever sores . A decoction of the root of Allium tricoccum is used to treat worms in children , and they also use the decoction as a spring tonic to `` clean you out '' . Epigaea repens is also utilized , as they use a compound for labor pains in parturition , use a compound decoction for rheumatism , take a decoction of the leaves for indigestion , and they also take a decoction of the whole plant or roots , stalks and leaves taken for the kidneys . A pounded infusion of the roots of Potentilla canadensis is given as an antidiarrheal . They also use Senna hebecarpa as a worm remedy and take a compound decoction of it as a laxative . The whole plant of Solidago rugosa is used for biliousness and as liver medicine , and they take decoction of its flowers and leaves dizziness , weakness or sunstroke . The Iroquois take a compound decoction of the Carex oligosperma as an emetic before running or playing lacrosse . The Iroquois also used quinine , chamomile , ipecac , and a form of penicillin . Women in Society Further information : Clan Mother and Matriarchy The Iroquois have historically followed a matriarchal system . No person is entitled to ' own ' land , but it is believed that the Creator appointed women as stewards of the land . Traditionally , the Clan Mothers appoint leaders , as they have raised children and are therefore held to a higher regard . By the same token , if a leader does not prove sound , becomes corrupt or does not listen to the people , the Clan Mothers have the power to strip him of his leadership . The Iroquois have traditionally followed a matrilineal system , with women holding property and hereditary leadership passing through their lines . Historically women have held the dwellings , horses and farmed land , and a woman 's property before marriage has stayed in her possession without being mixed with that of her husband . Men and women have traditionally had separate roles but both hold real power in the Nations . The work of a woman 's hands is hers to do with as she sees fit . Historically , at marriage , a young couple lived in the longhouse of the wife 's family . A woman choosing to divorce a shiftless or otherwise unsatisfactory husband is able to ask him to leave the dwelling and take his possessions with him . The children of a traditional marriage belong to their mother 's clan and gain their social status through hers . Her brothers are important teachers and mentors to the children , especially introducing boys to men 's roles and societies . The clans are matrilineal , that is , clan ties are traced through the mother 's line . If a couple separates , the woman traditionally keeps the children . The chief of a clan can be removed at any time by a council of the women elders of that clan . The chief 's sister has historically been responsible for nominating his successor . It is regarded as incest by the Iroquois to marry within one 's matrilineal clan , but considered acceptable to marry someone from the same patrilineal clan . Spiritual beliefs Member of the False Face Society Like many cultures , the Iroquois ' spiritual beliefs changed over time and varied across tribes . Generally , the Iroquois believed in numerous deities , including the Great Spirit , the Thunderer , and the Three Sisters ( the spirits of beans , maize , and squash ) . The Great Spirit was thought to have created plants , animals , and humans to control `` the forces of good in nature '' , and to guide ordinary people . Orenda was the Iroquoian name for the magical potence found in people and their environment . The Iroquois believed in the orenda , the spiritual force that flowed all things , and believed if people were respectful of nature , then the orenda would harnessed to bring about positive results . There were three types of spirits for the Iroquois : 1 ) Those living on the earth 2 ) Those living above the earth and 3 ) the highest level of spirits controlling the universe from high above with the most highest being known variously as the Great Spirit , the Great Creator or the Master of Life . Sources provide different stories about Iroquois creation beliefs . Brascoupé and Etmanskie focus on the first person to walk the earth , called the Skywoman or Aientsik . Aientsik 's daughter Tekawerahkwa gave birth to twins , Tawiskaron , who created vicious animals and river rapids , while Okwiraseh created `` all that is pure and beautiful '' . After a battle where Okwiraseh defeated Tawiskaron , Tawiskaron was confined to `` the dark areas of the world '' , where he governed the night and destructive creatures . Other scholars present the `` twins '' as the Creator and his brother , Flint . The Creator was responsible for game animals , while Flint created predators and disease . Saraydar ( 1990 ) suggests the Iroquois do not see the twins as polar opposites but understood their relationship to be more complex , noting `` Perfection is not to be found in gods or humans or the worlds they inhabit . '' Descriptions of Iroquois spiritual history consistently refer to dark times of terror and misery prior to the Iroquois Confederacy , ended by the arrival of the Great Peacemaker . Tradition asserts that the Peacemaker demonstrated his authority as the Creator 's messenger by climbing a tall tree above a waterfall , having the people cut down the tree , and reappearing the next morning unharmed . The Peacemaker restored mental health to a few of the most `` violent and dangerous men '' , Ayonhwatha and Thadodaho , who then helped him bear the message of peace to others . After the arrival of the Europeans , some Iroquois became Christians , among them the first Native American Saint , Kateri Tekakwitha , a young woman of Mohawk - Algonquin parents . The Seneca sachem Handsome Lake , also known as Ganeodiyo , introduced a new religious system to the Iroquois in the late 18th century , which incorporated Quaker beliefs along with traditional Iroquoian culture . Handsome Lake 's teachings include a focus on parenting , appreciation of life , and peace . A key aspect of Handsome Lake 's teachings is the principle of equilibrium , wherein each person 's talents combined into a functional community . By the 1960s , at least 50 % of Iroquois followed this religion . Dreams play a significant role in Iroquois spirituality , providing information about a person 's desires and prompting individuals to fulfill dreams . To communicate upward , humans can send prayers to spirits by burning tobacco . Iroquois ceremonies are primarily concerned with farming , healing , and thanksgiving . Key festivals correspond to the agricultural calendar , and include Maple , Planting , Strawberry , Green Maize , Harvest , and Mid-Winter ( or New Year 's ) , which is held in early February . The ceremonies were given by the Creator to the Iroquois to balance good with evil . In the 17th century , Europeans described the Iroquois as having 17 festivals , but only 8 are observed today . The most important of the ceremonies were the New Year Festival , the Maple Festival held in late March to celebrate spring , the Sun Shooting Festival which also celebrates spring , the Seed Dance in May to celebrate the planting of the crops , the Strawberry Festival in June to celebrate the ripening of the strawberries , the Thunder Ceremony to bring rain in July , the Green Bean Festival in early August , the Green Corn Festival in late August and the Harvest Festival in October . Of all the festivals , the most important were the Green Corn Festival to celebrate the maturing of the corn and the New Year Festival . During all of the festivals , men and women from the False Face Society , the Medicine Society and the Husk Face Society would dance wearing their masks in attempt to humor the spirits that controlled nature . The most important of the occasions for the masked dancers to appear were the New Year Festival , which was felt to be an auspicious occasion to chase the malevolent spirits that were believed to cause disease . During healing ceremonies , a carved `` False Face Mask '' is worn to represent spirits in a tobacco - burning and prayer ritual . False Face Masks are carved in living trees , then cut free to be painted and decorated . False Faces represent grandfathers of the Iroquois , and are thought to reconnect humans and nature and to frighten illness - causing spirits . The False Face Society continues today among modern Iroquois . The Iroquois have three different medical societies . The False Face Company conducts rituals to cure sick people by driving away spirits ; the Husk Face Society is made up of those had dreams seen as messages from the spirits and the Secret Medicine Society likewise conducts rituals to cure the sick . There are 12 different types of masks worn by the societies . The types of masks are A ) The Secret Society of Medicine Men and the Company of Mystic Animals 1 ) Divided mask that painted half black and half red . 2 ) Masks with exaggerated long noses . 3 ) Horn masks 4 ) Blind masks without eye sockets. B) Husk Face Society 5 ) Masks made of braided corn C ) False Face Society 6 ) Whistling masks 7 ) Masks with smiling faces . 8 ) Masks with protruding tongues. 9 ) Masks with exaggerated hanging mouths . 10 ) Masks with exaggerated straight lops. 11 ) Masks with spoon - lips . 12 ) Masks with a disfigured twisted mouth . The `` crooked face '' masks with the twisted mouths , the masks with the spoon lips and the whistling masks are the Doctor masks . The other masks are `` Common Face '' or `` Beggar '' masks that are worn by those who help the Doctors . The Husk Face Society performs rituals to communicate with the spirits in nature to ensure a good crop , the False Face Society performs rituals to chase away evil spirits and the Secret Medicine Society performs rituals to cure diseases . The grotesque masks represent the faces of the spirits that the dancers are attempting to please . Those wearing Doctor masks blow hot ashes into the faces of the sick to chase away the evil spirits that are believed to be causing the illness . The masked dancers often carried turtle shell rattles and long staffs . Condolence ceremonies are conducted by the Iroquois for both ordinary and important people , but most notably when sachems died . Such ceremonies were still held on Iroquois reservations as late as the 1970s . After death , the soul is thought to embark on a journey , undergo a series of ordeals , and arrive in the sky world . This journey is thought to take one year , during which the Iroquois mourn for the dead . After the mourning period , a feast is held to celebrate the soul 's arrival in the skyworld . `` Keepers of the faith '' are part - time specialists who conduct religious ceremonies . Both men and women can be appointed as keepers of the faith by tribe elders . Festivals The Iroquois traditionally celebrate six major festivals throughout the year . These usually combine a spiritual component and ceremony , a feast , a chance to celebrate together , sports , entertainment and dancing . These celebrations have historically been oriented to the seasons and celebrated based on the cycle of nature rather than fixed calendar dates . For instance , the Mid-winter festival , Gi ' - ye - wä - no - us - quä - go - wä ( `` The supreme belief '' ) ushers in the new year . This festival is traditionally held for one week around the end of January to early February , depending on when the new moon occurs that year . Games and sports The favorite sport of the Iroquois was lacrosse ( O - tä - dä - jish ′ - quä - äge in Seneca ) . This version was played between two teams of six or eight players , made up of members of two sets of clans ( Wolf , Bear , Beaver , and Turtle on one side vs. Deer , Snipe , Heron , and Hawk on the other among the Senecas ) . The goals were two sets of poles roughly 450 yards ( 410 m ) apart . The poles were about 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) high and placed about 15 feet ( 4.6 m ) apart . A goal was scored by carrying or throwing a deer - skin ball between the goal posts using netted sticks -- touching the ball with hands was prohibited . The game was played to a score of five or seven . The modern version of lacrosse remains popular as of 2015 . A popular winter game was the snow - snake game . The `` snake '' was a hickory pole about 5 -- 7 feet ( 1.5 -- 2.1 m ) long and about . 25 inches ( 0.64 cm ) in diameter , turned up slightly at the front and weighted with lead . The game was played between two sides of up to six players each , often boys , but occasionally between the men of two clans . The snake , or Gawa ′ sa , was held by placing the index finger against the back end and balancing it on the thumb and other fingers . It was not thrown but slid across the surface of the snow . The side whose snake went the farthest scored one point . Other snakes from the same side which went farther than any other snake of the opposing side also scored a point ; the other side scored nothing . This was repeated until one side scored the number of points which had been agreed to for the game , usually seven or ten . The Peach - stone game ( Guskä ′ eh ) was a gambling game in which the clans bet against each other . Traditionally it was played on the final day of the Green Corn , Harvest , and Mid-winter festivals . The game was played using a wooden bowl about one foot in diameter and six peach - stones ( pits ) ground to oval shape and burned black on one side . A `` bank '' of beans , usually 100 , was used to keep score and the winner was the side who won them all . Two players sat on a blanket - covered platform raised a few feet off the floor . To play the peach stones were put into the bowl and shaken . Winning combinations were five of either color or six of either color showing . Players started with five beans each from the bank . The starting player shook the bowl ; if he shook a five the other player paid him one bean , if a six five beans . If he shook either he got to shake again . If he shook anything else the turn passed to his opponent . All his winnings were handed over to a `` manager '' or `` managers '' for his side . If a player lost all of his beans another player from his side took his place and took five beans from the bank . Once all beans had been taken from the bank the game continued , but with the draw of beans now coming from the winnings of the player 's side , which were kept out of sight so that no one but the managers knew how the game was going . The game was finished when one side had won all the beans . The game sometimes took quite a while to play , depending on the starting number of beans , and games lasting more than a day were common . The First Nations Lacrosse Association is recognized by the Federation of International Lacrosse as a sovereign state for international lacrosse competitions . It is the only sport in which the Iroquois field national teams and the only indigenous people 's organization sanctioned for international competition by any world sporting governing body . Naming conventions Each clan has a group of personal names which may be used to name members . The clan mother is responsible for keeping track of those names not in use , which may then be reused to name infants . When a child becomes an adult he takes a new `` adult '' name in place of his `` baby '' name . Some names are reserved for chiefs or faith keepers , and when a person assumes that office he takes the name in a ceremony in which he is considered to `` resuscitate '' the previous holder . If a chief resigns or is removed he gives up the name and resumes his previous one . Cannibalism Although the Iroquois are sometimes mentioned as examples of groups who practiced cannibalism , the evidence is mixed as to whether such a practice could be said to be widespread among the Six Nations , and to whether it was a notable cultural feature . Some anthropologists have found evidence of ritual torture and cannibalism at Iroquois sites , for example , among the Onondaga in the sixteenth century . However , other scholars , most notably anthropologist William Arens in his controversial book , The Man - Eating Myth , have challenged the evidence , suggesting the human bones found at sites point to funerary practices , asserting that if cannibalism was practiced among the Iroquois , it was not widespread . Modern anthropologists seem to accept the probability that cannibalism did exist among the Iroquois , with Thomas Abler describing the evidence from the Jesuit Relations and archaeology as making a `` case for cannibalism in early historic times ... so strong that it can not be doubted . '' . Scholars are also urged to remember the context for a practice that now shocks the modern Western society . Sanday reminds us that the ferocity of the Iroquois ' rituals `` can not be separated from the severity of conditions ... where death from hunger , disease , and warfare became a way of life '' . The missionaries Johannes Megapolensis and François - Joseph Bressani , and the fur trader Pierre - Esprit Radisson present first - hand accounts of cannibalism among the Mohawk . A common theme is ritualistic roasting and eating the heart of a captive who has been tortured and killed . `` To eat your enemy is to perform an extreme form of physical dominance . '' People Nations The first five nations listed below formed the original Five Nations ( listed from east to west , as they were oriented to the sunrise ) ; the Tuscarora became the sixth nation in 1722 . English word Iroquoian words Meaning 17th / 18th century location Mohawk Kanien'kehá : ka `` People of the Great Flint '' Mohawk River Oneida Onyota'a : ka `` People of the Standing Stone '' Oneida Lake Onondaga Onöñda'gega ' `` People of the Hills '' Onondaga Lake Cayuga Gayogo̱ho : nǫʔ `` People of the Great Swamp '' Cayuga Lake Seneca Onöndowá'ga : `` People of the Great Hill '' Seneca Lake and Genesee River Tuscarora Ska : rù : rę ' `` Hemp Gatherers '' From North Carolina 1 Not one of the original Five Nations ; joined 1720 . 2 Settled between the Oneida and Onondaga . Iroquois Five Nations c. 1650 Iroquois Six Nations c. 1720 Clans See also : Iroquois kinship Within each of the six nations , people belonged to a number of matrilineal clans . The number of clans varies by nation , currently from three to eight , with a total of nine different clan names . Current clans Seneca Cayuga Onondaga Tuscarora Oneida Mohawk Wolf ( Honöta : yö : nih ) Wolf ( Honǫtahyǫ́ : ni :) Wolf ( Hothahi : ionih ) Wolf ( Θkwarì nę ) Wolf ( Thayú : ni ) Wolf ( Okwáho ) Bear ( Hodidzöní'ga : ' ) Bear ( Hadihnyagwái ) Bear ( Ohgwai : ih ) Bear ( Uhčíhręˀ ) Bear ( Ohkwá : li ) Bear ( Ohkwá : ri ) Turtle ( Hadínyahdë : h ) Turtle ( Hadinyáhdę :) Turtle ( Hanya'dëñh ) Turtle ( Ráˀkwihs ) Turtle ( A'no : wál ) Turtle ( A'nó : wara ) Sandpiper / Snipe ( Hodí'nehsi : yo ' ) Sandpiper ( Hodi'nehsí : yo ' ) Snipe ( Odihnesi : ioh ) Sandpiper ( Tawístawis ) -- -- Deer ( Hodí : nyögwaiyo ' ) -- Deer ( De'odijinaindönda ' ) Deer ( Kà ? wí : ñu ) -- -- Beaver ( Hodígë'ge : ga : ' ) -- Beaver ( Hona'gaia'gih ) Beaver ( Rakinęhá ha ˀ ) -- -- Heron ( Hodidáë'ö : ga : ' ) ' Heron Heron -- -- -- Hawk / Eagle ( Hodíswë'gaiyo ' ) ' Hawk ( Hodihsw'ęgáiyo ' ) Hawk ( Degaiadahkwa ' ) -- -- -- -- -- Eel ( Ohgönde : na ' ) Eel ( Akunęhukwatíha ˀ ) -- -- Population History According to the Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life , The Iroquois Confederacy had 10,000 people at its peak , but by the 18th century , their population had decreased to 4,000 , recovering only to 7,000 by 1910 . According to data compiled in 1995 by Doug George - Kanentiio , a total of 51,255 Six Nations people lived in Canada . These included 15,631 Mohawk in Quebec ; 14,051 Mohawk in Ontario ; 3,970 Oneida in Ontario ; and a total of 17,603 of the Six Nations at the Grand River Reserve in Ontario . More recently according to the Six Nations Elected Council , some 12,436 on the Six Nations of the Grand River reserve , the largest First Nations reserve in Canada , as of December 2014 and 26,034 total in Canada . In 1995 , tribal registrations among the Six Nations in the United States numbered about 30,000 in total , with the majority of 17,566 in New York . The remainder were more than 10,000 Oneida in Wisconsin , and about 2200 Seneca - Cayuga in Oklahoma . As the nations individually determine their rules for membership or citizenship , they report the official numbers . ( Some traditional members of the nations refuse to be counted . ) There is no federally recognized Iroquois nation or tribe , nor are any Native Americans enrolled as Iroquois . In the 2000 United States census , 80,822 people identified as having Iroquois ethnicity ( which is similar to identifying as European ) , with 45,217 claiming only Iroquois ancestry . There are the several reservations in New York : Cayuga Nation of New York ( ~ 450 , ) St. Regis Mohawk Reservation ( 3248 in 2014 ) , Onondaga Reservation ( 473 in 2014 ) , Oneida Indian Nation ( ~ 1000 ) , Seneca Nation of New York ( ~ 8000 ) and the Tuscarora Reservation ( 1100 in 2010 ) . Some lived at the Oneida Nation of Wisconsin on the reservation there counting some 21,000 according to the 2000 census . Seneca - Cayuga Nation in Oklahoma has more than 5,000 people in 2011 . In the 2010 Census , 81,002 persons identified as Iroquois , and 40,570 as Iroquois only across the United States . Including the Iroquois in Canada , the total population numbered over 125,000 as of 2009 . Famous Seneca chief , Red Jacket , political negotiator and critic of European religion , speaking to crowd Seneca chief Cornplanter Joseph Brant , painted by the American artist Gilbert Stuart Prominent individuals Frederick Alexcee , artist ( also of Tsimshian ancestry ) Henry Armstrong , boxer , # 2 in Ring Magazine 's list of the 80 Best Fighters of the Last 80 Years George Armstrong , hockey player , most successful captain of the Toronto Maple Leafs , with five Stanley Cup victories . Akiatonharónkwen or Joseph Louis Cook , a Mohawk leader born to Abenaki and African - American parents and adopted by the Mohawk Chief John Big Tree , Seneca chief and actor Governor Blacksnake ( Chainbreaker ) Thaonawyuthe , Seneca war chief Joseph Brant or Thayendanegea , Mohawk leader Canasatego , Onondaga leader , diplomat and spokesperson known for his speech at the 1744 Treaty of Lancaster , where he recommended that the British colonies emulate the Iroquois by forming a confederacy . Polly Cooper , Oneida who aided the Continental army during the American Revolution and was a friend of George Washington Cornplanter or Kaintwakon , Seneca chief Jesse Cornplanter , Seneca artist and author David Cusick , Tuscarora artist and author Deganawida or The Great Peacemaker , the traditional founder , along with Hiawatha , of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy Deserontyon ( John Deseronto ) , prominent Mohawk war chief Gary Farmer , Cayuga actor Graham Greene , Oneida and award - winning Canadian actor Handsome Lake ( Ganioda'yo ) , Seneca religious leader Cornelius Hill ( Onangwatgo ) , last hereditary Oneida chief , also Episcopal priest Lillie Rosa Minoka Hill , Mohawk physician who was the second female American Indian doctor in the United States Little Beard Si - gwa - ah - doh - gwih ( `` Spear Hanging Down '' ) , Seneca chief John Smoke Johnson ( Sakayengwaraton ) , Mohawk chief Pauline Johnson , Canadian writer and performer popular in the late 19th century , of Mohawk - European ancestry Stan `` Bulldog '' Jonathan , Mohawk professional hockey left winger Ki Longfellow , novelist Tom Longboat ( Cogwagee ) , Onondaga distance runner Oren Lyons , Onondaga , traditional Faithkeeper of the Turtle clan Shelley Niro , Mohawk filmmaker , photographer , and installation artist John Norton ( Teyoninhokovrawen ) , Mohawk warrior and leader of Cherokee - Scottish ancestry ( adopted by Mohawk ) Skenandoa ( `` pine tree chief '' ) , Oneida chief Ely S. Parker , also known as Donehogawa or Häsanoan ′ da , Seneca , Union Army officer during American Civil War ; appointed Commissioner of Indian Affairs by President Ulysses S. Grant Sanford Plummer , Seneca artist Red Jacket , Seneca orator and chief of the Wolf clan Robbie Robertson , Mohawk , songwriter , guitarist and singer who was part of The Band . Sayenqueraghta , Seneca war chief August Schellenberg , Mohawk - Métis actor Jay Silverheels , actor , Canadian Mohawk , portrayed Tonto the companion to The Lone Ranger on US TV series Joanne Shenandoah , Oneida singer , songwriter , actress and educator Tanacharison ( Half - king ) , Seneca war leader during the Seven Years ' War Kateri Tekakwitha , Mohawk - Algonquin , first Catholic Native American saint Billy Two Rivers , Mohawk professional wrestler Government Mohawk leader John Smoke Johnson ( right ) with John Tutela and Young Warner , two other Six Nations War of 1812 veterans . Photo : July 1882 The Grand Council of the Six Nations is an assembly of 56 Hoyenah ( chiefs ) or sachems . Today , the seats on the Council are distributed among the Six Nations as follows : 14 Onondaga 10 Cayuga 9 Oneida 9 Mohawk 8 Seneca 6 Tuscarora When anthropologist Lewis Henry Morgan studied the Grand Council in the 19th century , he interpreted it as a central government . This interpretation became influential , but Richter argues that while the Grand Council served an important ceremonial role , it was not a government in the sense that Morgan thought . According to this view , Iroquois political and diplomatic decisions are made on the local level , and are based on assessments of community consensus . A central government that develops policy and implements it for the people at large is not the Iroquois model of government . Unanimity in public acts was essential to the Council . In 1855 , Minnie Myrtle observed that no Iroquois treaty was binding unless it was ratified by 75 % of the male voters and 75 % of the mothers of the nation . In revising Council laws and customs , a consent of two - thirds of the mothers was required . The need for a double supermajority to make major changes made the Confederacy a de facto consensus government . The women traditionally held real power , particularly the power to veto treaties or declarations of war . The members of the Grand Council of Sachems were chosen by the mothers of each clan . If any leader failed to comply with the wishes of the women of his tribe and the Great Law of Peace , the mother of his clan could demote him , a process called `` knocking off the horns '' . The deer antlers , an emblem of leadership , were removed from his headgear , thus returning him to private life . Councils of the mothers of each tribe were held separately from the men 's councils . The women used men as runners to send word of their decisions to concerned parties , or a woman could appear at the men 's council as an orator , presenting the view of the women . Women often took the initiative in suggesting legislation . Wampum belts See also : Wampum Chiefs of the Six Nations explaining their wampum belts to Horatio Hale , 1871 Haudenosaunee flag created in the 1980s . It is based on the `` Hiawatha Wampum Belt ... created from purple and white wampum beads centuries ago to symbolize the union forged when the former enemies buried their weapons under the Great Tree of Peace . '' It represents the original five nations that were united by the Peacemaker and Hiawatha . The tree symbol in the center represents an Eastern White Pine , the needles of which are clustered in groups of five . The term `` wampum '' refers to beads made from purple and white mollusk shells . Species used to make wampum include the highly prized quahog clam ( Mercenaria mercenaria ) which produces the famous purple colored beads . For white colored beads the shells from the channeled whelk ( Busycon canaliculatum ) , knobbed whelk ( Busycon carica ) , lightning whelk ( Busycon sinistrum ) , and snow whelk ( Busycon Laeostomum ) are used . Wampum was primarily used to make wampum belts by the Iroquois . Wampum belts are used to signify the importance of a specific message being presented . Treaty making often involved wampum belts to signify the importance of the treaty . A famous example is `` The Two Row Wampum '' or `` Guesuenta '' , meaning `` it brightens our minds '' , which was originally presented to the Dutch settlers , and then French , representing a canoe and a sailboat moving side - by - side along the river of life , not interfering with the other 's course . All non-Native settlers are , by associations , members of this treaty . `` The Covenant Belt '' was presented to the Iroquois at the signing of the Canandaigua Treaty . The belt has a design of thirteen human figures representing symbolically the Thirteen Colonies of the United States . The house and the two figures directly next to the house represent the Iroquois people and the symbolic longhouse . The figure on the left of the house represent the Seneca Nation who are the symbolic guardians of the western door ( western edge of Iroquois territory ) and the figure to the right of the house represents the Mohawk who are the keepers of the eastern door ( eastern edge of Iroquois territory ) . The Hiawatha belt is the national belt of the Iroquois and is represented in the Iroquois Confederacy flag . The belt has four squares and a tree in the middle which represents the original five nations of the Iroquois . Going from left to right the squares represent the Seneca , Cayuga , Oneida and Mohawk . The Onondaga are represented by an eastern white pine which represents the Tree of Peace . Traditionally the Onondaga are the peace keepers of the confederacy . The placement of the nations on the belt represents the actually geographical distribution of the six nations over their shared territory , with the Seneca in the far west and the Mohawk in the far east of Iroquois territory . Influence on the United States Historians in the 20th century have suggested the Iroquois system of government influenced the development of the United States 's government . Contact between the leaders of the English colonists and the Iroquois started with efforts to form an alliance via the use of treaty councils . Prominent individuals such as Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson were often in attendance . Bruce Johansen proposes that the Iroquois had a representative form of government . The Six Nations ' governing committee was elected by the men and women of the tribe , one member from each of the six nations . Giving each member the same amount of authority in the council ensured no man received too much power , providing some of the same effect as the United States 's future system of checks and balances . Consensus has not been reached on how influential the Iroquois model was to the development of United States ' documents such as the Articles of Confederation and United States Constitution . The influence thesis has been discussed by historians such as Donald Grinde and Bruce Johansen . In 1988 , the United States Congress passed a resolution to recognize the influence of the Iroquois League upon the Constitution and Bill of Rights . In 1987 , Cornell University held a conference on the link between the Iroquois ' government and the U.S. Constitution . Scholars such as Jack N. Rakove challenge thesis . Stanford University historian Rakove writes , `` The voluminous records we have for the constitutional debates of the late 1780s contain no significant references to the Iroquois '' and notes that there are ample European precedents to the democratic institutions of the United States . Historian Francis Jennings noted that supporters of the thesis frequently cite the following statement by Benjamin Franklin , made in a letter from Benjamin Franklin to James Parker in 1751 : `` It would be a very strange thing , if six Nations of ignorant savages should be capable of forming a Scheme for such a Union ... and yet that a like union should be impracticable for ten or a Dozen English Colonies , '' but he disagrees that it establishes influence . Rather , he thinks Franklin was promoting union against the `` ignorant savages '' and called the idea `` absurd '' . The anthropologist Dean Snow has stated that although Franklin 's Albany Plan may have drawn inspiration from the Iroquois League , there is little evidence that either the Plan or the Constitution drew substantially from that source . He argues that `` ... such claims muddle and denigrate the subtle and remarkable features of Iroquois government . The two forms of government are distinctive and individually remarkable in conception . '' Similarly , the anthropologist Elizabeth Tooker has concluded that `` there is virtually no evidence that the framers borrowed from the Iroquois . '' She argues that the idea is a myth resulting from a claim made by linguist and ethnographer J.N.B. Hewitt that was exaggerated and misunderstood after his death in 1937 . According to Tooker , the original Iroquois constitution did not involve representative democracy and elections ; deceased chiefs ' successors were selected by the most senior woman within the hereditary lineage in consultation with other women in the tribe . International relations Further information : Iroquois passport The Grand Council of the Iroquois Confederacy declared war on Germany in 1917 during World War I and again in 1942 in World War II . The Haudenosaunee government has issued passports since 1923 , when Haudenosaunee authorities issued a passport to Cayuga statesman Deskaheh ( Levi General ) to travel to the League of Nations headquarters . More recently , passports have been issued since 1997 . Before 2001 these were accepted by various nations for international travel , but with increased security concerns across the world since the September 11 attacks , this is no longer the case . In 2010 , the Iroquois Nationals lacrosse team was allowed by the U.S. to travel on their own passports to the 2010 World Lacrosse Championship in England only after the personal intervention of Secretary of State Hillary Clinton . However , the British government refused to recognize the Iroquois passports and denied the team members entry into the United Kingdom . The Onondaga Nation spent $1.5 million on a subsequent upgrade to the passports designed to meet 21st century international security requirements . Modern communities Iroquois in Buffalo , New York , 1914 Canada Kahnawake Mohawk in Quebec Kanesatake Mohawk in Quebec Mohawk Nation of Akwesasne in Ontario Thames Oneida in Ontario Six Nations of the Grand River Territory in Ontario Tyendinaga Mohawk in Ontario Wahta Mohawk in Ontario United States Cayuga Nation in New York Ganienkeh Mohawk -- not federally recognized Kanatsiohareke Mohawk Onondaga Nation in New York Oneida Indian Nation in New York Oneida Tribe of Indians in Wisconsin St. Regis Band of Mohawk Indians in New York Seneca Nation of New York Seneca - Cayuga Tribe of Oklahoma Tuscarora Nation of New York See also Indigenous peoples of North America portal Covenant Chain David Cusick Delaware / Lenni - Lenape Economy of the Iroquois Ely S. Parker First Nations Lacrosse Association Ganondagan State Historic Site Great Law of Peace Gideon Hawley Handsome Lake Heritage Minutes History of New York History of Ontario Iroquois mythology Iroquois settlement of the northern shores of Lake Ontario Mohawk Chapel Red Jacket Seven Nations of Canada Sir William Johnson Six Nations of the Grand River Sullivan Expedition Town Destroyer The Kahnawake Iroquois and the Rebellions of 1837 - 38 The Flying Head Urban Indian Notes Jump up ^ Barbara Graymont ( 1972 ) . The Iroquois in the American Revolution ( 1st Paperback ed . ) . Syracuse University Press . pp. 14 -- 15 . ISBN 0 - 8156 - 0116 - 6 . Retrieved 5 September 2013 . It was a confederation based on kinship -- a symbolic household . They called their confederation Ganonsyoni , which means `` The Lodge Extended Lengthwise '' , that is , a lodge that is `` spread out far '' . All individuals and all the tribes of the Confederacy were considered as one family living together in one lodge . The Mohawks , dwelling furthest east , were Keepers of the Western Door . The Onondagas , situated in the center , were the Fire Keepers as well as the Wampum Keepers . Onondaga was therefore , the capital , where the Grand Council was held and wampum records were kept . The local clan chiefs of each tribe meeting together as a unit were the federal chiefs of the League . The Mohawks , Onondagas , and Senecas were the Elder Brothers ; The Oneidas and Cayugas , the Younger Brothers . The younger and elder brethren sat on opposite sides of the lodge and counseled across the fire with each other . The Onondagas sat in the middle and kept the balance between the two sides . Jump up ^ Morgan : `` eighty rods '' Jump up ^ `` three rods '' Jump up ^ The American Heritage encyclopedia relates that the Europeans learned about many of the interior tribes through the names given to them by the coastal tribes whom they first encountered . As the tribes were competitors and often enemies , the coastal peoples referred to the other tribes in terms that reflected their relations . The coastal tribes were among the large family of Algonquian language speakers , such as the Eastern Amerindians of Canada ( M'ik Maq and others ) , and the Lenape of the mid-Atlantic and Powhatan Confederacy of Virginia . The editors add , that Iroquois was a polite name from such people , and its meaning is ' from the south ' , people of the south , or such similar name . Jump up ^ The American Heritage Book of Indians states that oral tradition recounts that other Iroquoian peoples were given the opportunity to join the league . Jump up ^ extinct in part , but their surviving members sometimes were adopted by the Iroquois . The Editors of American Heritage Book of Indians said that one French observer hypothesized that by the end of 1678 , the adopted Iroquois may have outnumbered native - born tribesmen due to the decades of intertribal warfare . During that time frame , the Iroquois had repeated clashes with French - supported Algonquian tribes , seeking control over the fur trade . In addition they defeated the Erie people , and the Susquehannock suffered defeats , as well as high mortality from infectious disease . Jump up ^ The American Heritage Book of Indians states ( about the time of prolonged European contact , from 1600 - 1608 on ) the Iroquoian Huron people probably outnumbered the Five Tribes of the Iroquois combined populations by roughly 3 : 1 ; the editor 's assigned population estimates of 30,000 and 10,000 per group , with estimates the Erie and Susquehannock were also about 10,000 people per tribe -- all previous to the widespread ravages of diseases and the escalation of the Beaver Wars ... Jump up ^ The decline of the ' fierce ' Susquehannock was sudden between 1670 - 72 through three years of epidemic disease , going from a regional military power having subjugated several Delaware tribes and over two years were known to have soundly defeated two tribes of the Iroquois 1665 - 1667 Footnotes Jump up ^ Beauchamp , William Martin ( 1905 ) . A History of the New York Iroquois . New York State Education Department . p. 165 . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Daeg de Mott , D.K. ( 2009 ) . `` Iroquois '' . In Gall , Timothy L. ; Hobby , Jeneen . Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life , Vol. 2 ( 2nd ed . ) . Detroit : Gale . pp. 304 -- 310 . ISBN 978 - 1414448909 . Retrieved 12 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Day , Gordon M. ( Autumn , 1968 ) . `` Iroquois : An Etymology . '' Ethnohistory. 15 ( 4 ) : 389 -- 402 . Jump up ^ Goddard , I. , `` Synonymy . '' In G. Trigger ( Ed . ) , Handbook of North American Indians : Northeast ( Vol. 15 , pp. 319 -- 321 ) . 1978 . Jump up ^ ( e ) pronunciation according to Goddard , 1978 . ( ɛ ) pronunciation according to Day , 1968 . ^ Jump up to : Quoted in Day , 1968 . Jump up ^ Day , 1968 Jump up ^ H ( ewitt ) , J.N. ( 1907 ) . `` Iroquois '' . In Hodge , Frederick Webb ( Ed . ) Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico , pp 617 -- 620 . ^ Jump up to : Goddard , 1978 . Jump up ^ Day , 1968 . Jump up ^ Bakker , Peter ( 1991 ) . `` A Basque etymology for the Amerindian tribal name Iroquois . '' Anuario del Seminario de Filología Vasca ( ASJU Geh ) . 14 ( 2 ) : 1119 -- 1124 . Jump up ^ Bakker , Peter ( 2002 ) . `` Amerindian Tribal Names in North America of Possible Basque Origin '' . In Artiagoitia , X. , R.P.G. de Rijk , P. Goenaga , and J. Lakarra ( Ed . ) , Erramau Boneta : Festschrift for Rudolf P.G. de Rijk , pp. 105 -- 116 . Jump up ^ http://www.haudenosauneeconfederacy.com/ Jump up ^ c.f. Kasak , Ryan M. ( 2016 ) . `` A distant genetic relationship between Siouan - Catawban and Yuchi '' . In Rudin , Catherine and Bryan J. Gordon ( Ed . ) Advances in the Study of Siouan Languages and Linguistics , pp. 5 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Haudenosaunee . ( n.d. ) . Retrieved January 27th , 2017 , from http://www.yourdictionary.com/haudenosaunee . Jump up ^ Chafe , Wallace ( n.d. ) . English - Seneca Dictionary , p. 88 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Lewis H. ( 1851 ) . League of the Ho - dé - no - sau - nee or Iroquois . Rochester : Sage & Brother , Publishers . Jump up ^ Goddard , 1978 Jump up ^ E.g. in Graymont , Barbara ( 1972 ) . The Iroquois in the American Revolution , pp. 14 -- 15 ; Rausch , David A. and Blair Schlepp , ( 1994 ) . Native American Voices , p 45 ; and Wolf , Eric R. ( 1982 ) Europe and the People Without History , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Goddard , 1978 Jump up ^ Goddard , 1978 . This is frequently used on the official Haudenosaunee Confederacy website : http://www.haudenosauneeconfederacy.com . Jump up ^ `` Rotinonsionni , which is the Kanienkehaka ( Mohawk ) word for Haudenosaunee '' . Kanienkehaka Lifeways - Mohawk Valley , circa 1500 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Graymont , Barbara . The Iroquois in the American Revolution ( 1972 ) , pp. 14 - 15 Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of the Haudenosaunee . Greenwood Publishing Group . 2000 . p. 135 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30880 - 2 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Anthony F.C. Tuscarora : A History . Albany : SUNY Press , 2012 . ISBN 9781438444314 Jump up ^ `` First Nations Culture Areas Index '' . the Canadian Museum of Civilization . ^ Jump up to : Richter , `` Ordeals of the Longhouse '' , in Richter and Merrill , eds. , Beyond the Covenant Chain , 11 -- 12 . ^ Jump up to : Fenton , Great Law and the Longhouse , 4 -- 5 . ^ Jump up to : Shannon , Iroquois Diplomacy , 72 -- 73 . ^ Jump up to : Richard Brookhiser , `` Iroquoia : A land lost in push by British empire and U.S. settlers , '' Book Review of Alan Taylor 's The Divided Ground : Indians , Settlers , and the Northern Borderland of the American Revolution , New York Times , 19 May 2006 , accessed 16 December 2014 Jump up ^ Stevens 2013 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Stevens 2013 . Jump up ^ Johansen , Bruce ( 1999 ) . `` Notes from the `` culture wars '' : more annotations on the debate regarding the Iroquois and the origins of democracy `` . American Indian Culture & Research Journal . 23 ( 1 ) : 165 -- 175 . doi : 10.17953 / aicr. 23.1. x7035734612286m5 . ^ Jump up to : Stevens , Scott Manning ( 2013 ) . `` The Historiography of New France and the Legacy of Iroquois Internationalism '' . Comparative American Studies . 11 ( 2 ) : 148 -- 165 . doi : 10.1179 / 1477570013Z. 00000000037 . Jump up ^ MacLeod , D. Peter The Canadian Iroquois and the Seven Years ' War , Toronto : Dundurn Press , 2012 page xiv . Jump up ^ MacLeod , D. Peter The Canadian Iroquois and the Seven Years ' War , Toronto : Dundurn Press , 2012 page xiv . Jump up ^ John Arthur Gibson ; Hanni Woodbury ; Reginald Henry ; Harry Webster ; Alexander Goldenweiser ( 1992 ) . series editor John D. Nichols ; Associate Editor H.C. Wolfart , eds . Concerning the League : The Iroquois League Tradition as Dictated in Onondaga by John Arthur Gibson . Algonquian and Iroquoian Linguistics . p. xii . ISBN 0 - 921064 - 09 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : The American Heritage Book of Indians , American Heritage Publishing , Co. , Inc. , 1961 , Editor : Alvin M. Josephy , Jr. , LCcat # : 61 - 14871 Jump up ^ Mann , Barbara A. and Jerry L. Fields . `` A Sign in the Sky : Dating the League of the Haudenosaunee , '' American Indian Culture and Research Journal . 21 : 2 ( 1997 ) : 105 - 163 . Jump up ^ Fenton , Great Law and the Longhouse , 69 . Jump up ^ Shannon , Iroquois Diplomacy , 25 . Jump up ^ Johansen , Bruce ( 1995 ) . `` Dating the Iroquois Confederacy '' . Akwesasne Notes New Series . 1 ( 3 ) : 62 -- 63 . Retrieved December 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Johansen , Bruce Elliott ; Mann , Barbara Alice ( 2000 ) . `` Ganondagan '' . Encyclopedia of the Haudenosaunee ( Iroquois Confederacy ) . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 105 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 30880 - 2 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Charles C. Mann ( 2006 ) , 1491 : new revelations of the Americas before Columbus , Random House Digital , p. 333 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 3205 - 1 Jump up ^ Dean R. Snow ( 1994 ) . The Iroquois . Blackwell Publishers , Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55786 - 938 - 8 . Retrieved July 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Johansen , Bruce ( 2010 ) . The Iroquois . New York : Chelsea House . p. 29 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60413 - 794 - 1 . Jump up ^ See history of Erie people , Susquehannock , Tuscarora people and the Wyandot ( Huron ) peoples . Jump up ^ `` The History of Onondage'ga ' `` , Onondaga Nation School . Jump up ^ Charles Augustus Hanna , The Wilderness Trail , New York : Putnam Brothers , 1911 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Louis F. Burns , `` Osage '' Archived 2011 - 01 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . Oklahoma Historical Society 's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture . Retrieved March 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Muir , Diana , Reflections in Bullough 's Pond , University Press of New England , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Bernard G. Hoffman , 1955 , Souriquois , Etechemin , and Kwedech - - A Lost Chapter in American Ethnography . Jump up ^ James F. Pendergast , 1991 , The Massawomeck . Jump up ^ Jordan ( 2013 ) , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Reville , F. Douglas . The History of the County of Brant , p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Catholic Encyclopedia ' ' , `` The Hurons '' `` . Newadvent.org. 1910 - 06 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Steele , Ian K. Warpaths : Invasions of North America . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1994 , p. 64 Jump up ^ Richter , D . The Ordeal of the Longhouse : The Peoples of the Iroquois League in the Era of European Colonization , Chapel - Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1992 Jump up ^ Alan Taylor , American Colonies , Penguin Books , 2001 Jump up ^ Brandão , José A. Your Fyre Shall Burn No More : Iroquois Policy towards New France and Its Allies to 1701 , Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press , 1997 . 19 - 20 . Jump up ^ Jesuit Relations : 28 , `` Account of René Goupil ( donné ) , '' by Father Isaac Jogues Jump up ^ Trigger , Bruce G . The Children of Aataentsic : A History of the Huron People to 1660 , McGill - Queen 's University Press ; Kingston and Montreal , 1987 , p. 751 Jump up ^ Francis Parkman ^ Jump up to : Jennings , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 160 . ^ Jump up to : Parmenter , Jon `` After the Mourning Wars : The Iroquois as Allies in Colonial North American Campaigns , 1676 - 1760 '' pages 39 - 76 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 64 , Issue # 1 , January 2007 page 42 Jump up ^ Parmenter , Jon `` After the Mourning Wars : The Iroquois as Allies in Colonial North American Campaigns , 1676 - 1760 '' pages 39 - 76 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 64 , Issue # 1 , January 2007 page 43 Jump up ^ Parmenter , Jon `` After the Mourning Wars : The Iroquois as Allies in Colonial North American Campaigns , 1676 - 1760 '' pages 39 - 76 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 64 , Issue # 1 , January 2007 page 44 . Jump up ^ Parmenter , Jon `` After the Mourning Wars : The Iroquois as Allies in Colonial North American Campaigns , 1676 - 1760 '' pages 39 - 76 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 64 , Issue # 1 , January 2007 page 44 . Jump up ^ Parmenter , Jon `` After the Mourning Wars : The Iroquois as Allies in Colonial North American Campaigns , 1676 - 1760 '' pages 39 - 76 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 64 , Issue # 1 , January 2007 page 44 . Jump up ^ MacLeod , D. Peter The Canadian Iroquois and the Seven Years ' War , Toronto : Dundurn Press , 2012 page xi . Jump up ^ Parmenter , Jon `` After the Mourning Wars : The Iroquois as Allies in Colonial North American Campaigns , 1676 - 1760 '' pages 39 - 76 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 64 , Issue # 1 , January 2007 pages 44 - 45 . Jump up ^ Parmenter , Jon `` After the Mourning Wars : The Iroquois as Allies in Colonial North American Campaigns , 1676 - 1760 '' pages 39 - 76 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 64 , Issue # 1 , January 2007 page 45 . Jump up ^ Parmenter , Jon `` After the Mourning Wars : The Iroquois as Allies in Colonial North American Campaigns , 1676 - 1760 '' pages 39 - 76 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 64 , Issue # 1 , January 2007 page 46 . Jump up ^ Parmenter , Jon `` After the Mourning Wars : The Iroquois as Allies in Colonial North American Campaigns , 1676 - 1760 '' pages 39 - 76 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 64 , Issue # 1 , January 2007 page 45 . Jump up ^ Parmenter , Jon `` After the Mourning Wars : The Iroquois as Allies in Colonial North American Campaigns , 1676 - 1760 '' pages 39 - 76 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 64 , Issue # 1 , January 2007 page 45 . Jump up ^ Parmenter , Jon `` After the Mourning Wars : The Iroquois as Allies in Colonial North American Campaigns , 1676 - 1760 '' pages 39 - 76 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 64 , Issue # 1 , January 2007 page 45 . Jump up ^ Parmenter , Jon `` After the Mourning Wars : The Iroquois as Allies in Colonial North American Campaigns , 1676 - 1760 '' pages 39 - 76 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 64 , Issue # 1 , January 2007 pages 45 - 46 . Jump up ^ Parmenter , Jon `` After the Mourning Wars : The Iroquois as Allies in Colonial North American Campaigns , 1676 - 1760 '' pages 39 - 76 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 64 , Issue # 1 , January 2007 page 46 . Jump up ^ Parmenter , Jon `` After the Mourning Wars : The Iroquois as Allies in Colonial North American Campaigns , 1676 - 1760 '' pages 39 - 76 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 64 , Issue # 1 , January 2007 page 46 . Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Frontenac et Palluau , Louis de Buade '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 11 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 249 -- 250 . Jump up ^ Parmenter , Jon `` After the Mourning Wars : The Iroquois as Allies in Colonial North American Campaigns , 1676 - 1760 '' pages 39 - 76 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 64 , Issue # 1 , January 2007 pages 40 - 41 . Jump up ^ Parmenter , Jon `` After the Mourning Wars : The Iroquois as Allies in Colonial North American Campaigns , 1676 - 1760 '' pages 39 - 76 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 64 , Issue # 1 , January 2007 page 41 . Jump up ^ `` The Four Indian Kings '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Joseph Solomon Walton , 1900 , Conrad Weiser and the Indian Policy of Colonial Pennsylvania , pp. 76 - 121 . ^ Jump up to : MacLeod , D. Peter The Canadian Iroquois and the Seven Years ' War , Toronto : Dundurn Press , 2012 page 23 . Jump up ^ MacLeod , D. Peter The Canadian Iroquois and the Seven Years ' War , Toronto : Dundurn Press , 2012 pages 23 - 25 . Jump up ^ MacLeod , D. Peter The Canadian Iroquois and the Seven Years ' War , Toronto : Dundurn Press , 2012 pages 24 - 25 . Jump up ^ MacLeod , D. Peter The Canadian Iroquois and the Seven Years ' War , Toronto : Dundurn Press , 2012 pages 26 - 27 . Jump up ^ MacLeod , D. Peter The Canadian Iroquois and the Seven Years ' War , Toronto : Dundurn Press , 2012 page 30 . Jump up ^ MacLeod , D. Peter The Canadian Iroquois and the Seven Years ' War , Toronto : Dundurn Press , 2012 pages 30 - 31 . Jump up ^ MacLeod , D. Peter The Canadian Iroquois and the Seven Years ' War , Toronto : Dundurn Press , 2012 page 31 . Jump up ^ MacLeod , D. Peter The Canadian Iroquois and the Seven Years ' War , Toronto : Dundurn Press , 2012 pages 31 - 32 . ^ Jump up to : MacLeod , D. Peter The Canadian Iroquois and the Seven Years ' War , Toronto : Dundurn Press , 2012 page 32 . Jump up ^ MacLeod , D. Peter The Canadian Iroquois and the Seven Years ' War , Toronto : Dundurn Press , 2012 pages 32 - 33 . Jump up ^ MacLeod , D. Peter The Canadian Iroquois and the Seven Years ' War , Toronto : Dundurn Press , 2012 page 35 . Jump up ^ MacLeod , D. Peter The Canadian Iroquois and the Seven Years ' War , Toronto : Dundurn Press , 2012 page 27 . Jump up ^ Oneida Nation of New York Conveyance of Lands Into Trust Archived 2009 - 04 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . pp. 3 - 159 , Department of Indian Affairs . ^ Jump up to : Graymont , Barbara . The Iroquois In The American Revolution . Syracuse , N.Y. : Syracuse University Press , 1972 . Print . ^ Jump up to : Crawford , Neta . `` A Security Regime among Democracies : Cooperation among Iroquois Nations . '' International Organization 48 ( 1994 ) : 345 - 85 . Web . ^ Jump up to : Del Papa , Eugene M. `` The Royal Proclamation of 1763 : Its Effect upon Virginia Land Companies . '' The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 83 ( 1975 ) : 406 - 11 . Web . ^ Jump up to : Graymont , Barbara . The Iroquois In The American Revolution . Syracuse , N.Y. : Syracuse University Press , 1972 . Print ^ Jump up to : Morgan , Lewis Henry ( 1995 ) . The League of the Iroquois . North Dighton , MA : JG Press . ISBN 1572151242 ... Note : reprint of 1904 book , League of the Ho - dé - no - sau - nee or Iroquois Jump up ^ Keen Bloomfield , Julia ( 1908 ) . The Oneidas . p. 145 et seq . Jump up ^ `` Southesk '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` THE IROQUOIS IN THE PEACE RIVER AREA '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Mountain Métis Story '' . Jump up ^ `` Ancestral History - Aseniwuche Winewak Nation of Canada - Canada 's Rocky Mountain Aboriginal People '' . ^ Jump up to : Woo , Grace Li Xiu ( 30 April 2003 ) . `` Canada 's Forgotten Founders : The Modern Significance of the Haudenosaunee ( Iroquois ) Application for Membership in the League of Nations '' . Law Social Justice & Global Development Journal . Retrieved 27 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bennett , edited by Marie Léger ; translated by Arnold ( 1994 ) . Aboriginal peoples : toward self - government . Montréal : Black Rose Books . pp. 3 -- 6 . ISBN 1 - 551640 - 11 - 2 . Retrieved 27 December 2014 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Un Chicanery '' . mohawknationnews.com . Jump up ^ `` U.S. House of Representatives Resolution 108 , 83rd Congress , 1953 . ( U.S. Statutes at Large , 67 : B132 . ) '' . Digital History . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` USDOJ : Environment and Natural Resources Division : Lead up to the Indian Claims Commission Act of 1946 '' . Jump up ^ Philip ( 2002 ) , pp. 21 -- 33 Jump up ^ INDIAN AFFAIRS : LAWS AND TREATIES . Vol. 6 , Laws ^ Jump up to : INDIAN AFFAIRS : LAWS AND TREATIES . Vol. 6 , Laws Jump up ^ Shattuck , George C. ( 1991 ) . `` The Oneida Land Claims : A Legal History '' . Syracuse University Press . pp. 168 -- 169 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Shattuck ( 1991 ) & p. 169 Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Charles . Blood Struggle : The Rise of Modern Indian Nations ' . New York : W.W. Norton & Company , 2005 Jump up ^ House Concurrent Resolution 108 Archived 2007 - 06 - 08 at the Wayback Machine. , Digital History , University of Houston ^ Jump up to : `` Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe - Culture and History '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Legislation terminating federal controls over eight Indian groups submitted to congress '' ( PDF ) . bia.gov . Department of the Interior . January 21 , 1954 . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Johansen , Bruce Elliott and Barbara Alice Mann ( 2000 ) . Encyclopedia of the Haudenosaunee ( Iroquois Confederacy ) . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 42 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 30880 - 2 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Text of H.R. 1794 ( 88th ) : An Act to authorize payment for certain interests in lands within the Allegheny ... ( Passed Congress / Enrolled Bill version ) - GovTrack.us '' . GovTrack.us . Jump up ^ CQ Almanac Online Edition Jump up ^ `` Bill submitted to end federal ties with Seneca Indians '' ( PDF ) . bia.gov . Department of the Interior . September 5 , 1967 . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warren Times - Mirror and Observer from Warren , Pennsylvania Page 9 '' . Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS ( February 28 , 1968 ) . `` NEW BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS ASSIGNMENTS ANNOUNCED FOR SENECAS AND OSAGE '' ( PDF ) . bia.gov . Department of the Interior . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ In the Shadow of Kinzua : The Seneca Nation of Indians Since World War II , Syracuse University Press , Laurence Marc Hauptman 2013 , p. 32 Jump up ^ `` Richard Nixon : Special Message to the Congress on Indian Affairs '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Indian claims commission awards over $38.5 Million to Indian tribes in 1964 '' ( PDF ) . bia.gov . Department of the Interior . January 20 , 1965 . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Efforts have gone on for years to get Brothertown recognition '' . Jump up ^ INDIAN AFFAIRS : LAWS AND TREATIES . Vol. 6 , Laws Archived 2016 - 03 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Laverdure Issues a Final Determination Regarding Brothertown Indian Nation Petition for Federal Acknowledgment '' ( PDF ) . bia.gov . Washington D.C. : Department of the Interior . September 7 , 2012 . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Town action surprises tribe , county '' . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 531 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 531 -- 532 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 pages 530 -- 532 . ^ Jump up to : Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 532 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 535 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 535 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 530 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 530 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 538 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 538 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 pages 532 -- 533 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 533 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 533 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 533 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 533 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 533 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 534 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 534 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 534 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 534 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 535 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 535 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 535 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 535 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 pages 535 - 536 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 536 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 536 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 536 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 536 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 536 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 pages 537 - 538 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 537 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 537 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 538 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 539 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 539 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 541 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 pages 542 -- 543 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel `` War and Culture : The Iroquois Experience '' pages 528 -- 559 from The William and Mary Quarterly , Volume 40 , No. 4 , October 1983 page 542 . Jump up ^ Richter , Daniel K . The Ordeal of the Longhouse : The Peoples of the Iroquois League in the Era of European Colonization . Chapel - Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1992 . 32 ^ Jump up to : Fournier , Martin Pierre - Esprit Radisson : Merchant Adventurer , 1636 - 1701 , Montreal : McGill University Press , 2002 pages 33 - 34 . Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 95 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Eric E. ( December 2008 ) . Iroquois Population History and Settlement Ecology , AD 1500 - 1700 . The Pennsylvania State University . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Snow , Dean R. ; Gehring , Charles T. ; Starna , William A. ( 1996 ) . In Mohawk Country . Syracuse University Press . pp. xix -- xx . ISBN 0 - 8156 - 2723 - 8 . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kerber , Jordan E. ( ed . ) ( 2007 ) . Archaeology of the Iroquois : Selected Readings and Research Sources . Syracuse University Press . ISBN 9780815631392 . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Bial , Raymond ( 1999 ) . Lifeways : The Iroquois . New York : Benchmark Books . ISBN 0 - 7614 - 0802 - 9 . 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State University of New York , Albany , PhD Thesis Jump up ^ Herrick , James William , 1977 , Iroquois Medical Botany , State University of New York , Albany , PhD Thesis , page 353 . Jump up ^ Herrick , James William , 1977 , Iroquois Medical Botany , State University of New York , Albany , PhD Thesis , page 362 Jump up ^ Herrick , James William , 1977 , Iroquois Medical Botany , State University of New York , Albany , PhD Thesis , page 461 Jump up ^ Herrick , James William , 1977 , Iroquois Medical Botany , State University of New York , Albany , PhD Thesis , page 275 Jump up ^ Brascoupé , Simon ; Etmanskie , Jenny ( 2006 ) . Birx , James , ed . Iroquois . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage Publications . p. 1329 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Katsithawi . `` Gender Roles among the Iroquois '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Benokraitis , Nijole V. ( 2011 ) Marriages & Families , 7th Edition . Pearson Education Inc. , New Jersey , p. 58 - 59 . ^ Jump up to : Wagner , Sally Roesch ( 1999 ) . `` Iroquois Women Inspire 19th Century Feminists '' . National NOW Times . National Organization for Women . Archived from the original on 2000 - 08 - 16 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Charlton , Thomas `` On Iroquois Incest '' pages 29 - 43 from Anthropologica , Volume 10 , Issue 1 , 1968 pages 30 - 34 . ^ Jump up to : Reid 1996 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Hewitt , J.N.B. ( 1902 ) . `` Orenda and a Definition of Religion '' . American Anthropologist. 4 ( 1 ) : 33 -- 46 . doi : 10.1525 / aa. 1902.4. 1.02 a00050 . JSTOR 658926 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson 2003 , p. 23 . ^ Jump up to : Brascoupé & Etmanskie 2006 , p. 1328 . Jump up ^ Saraydar 1990 , p. 21 . ^ Jump up to : Saraydar 1990 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Saraydar 1990 , p. 23 . ^ Jump up to : Brascoupé & Etmanskie 2006 , p. 1329 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Anthony ( April 12 , 1972 ) . Death and Rebirth of the Seneca . Vintage . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 71699 - 2 . Jump up ^ Reid , 1996 , p. 167 Jump up ^ Johhson 2003 , p. 34 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson 2003 , p. 34 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson 2003 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Johnson 2003 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Demirel , Evin . `` A MILLENNIUM AFTER INVENTING THE GAME , THE IROQUOIS ARE LACROSSE 'S NEW SUPERPOWER '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved June 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tooker , Elisabeth ( 1970 ) . The Iroquois Ceremonial of Midwinter . Syracuse University Press . ISBN 978 - 0815621492 . Retrieved June 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bradley 1987 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Bradley 1987 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Arens , William ( 1980 ) . The Man - Eating Myth : Anthropology and Anthropophagy . Oxford . ISBN 978 - 0195027938 . Jump up ^ Abler , Thomas ( 1980 ) . `` Iroquois Cannibalism : Fact not Fiction '' . Ethnohistory. 27 ( 4 ) : 309 -- 316 . doi : 10.2307 / 481728 . JSTOR 481728 . Jump up ^ Abler , Thomas S. ( 1980 ) . `` Iroquois Cannibalism : Fact not Fiction '' . Ethnohistory , 27 , no . 4 , Special Iroquois Issue , 309 - 315 . Jump up ^ Sanday , Peggy Reeves ( 1986 ) . Divine Hunger : Cannibalism as a Cultural System . Cambridge . ISBN 978 - 0521311144 . Jump up ^ Sugg , Richard ( July 2008 ) . `` Eating Your Enemy '' . History Today . 58 ( 7 ) . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Iroquois '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . 1910 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Daeg de Mott 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Doug George - Kanentiio ( Fall -- Winter 1995 ) . `` Iroquois population 1995 '' . Akwesasne Notes New Series . p. 61 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Community Profile , Six Nations Elected Council , December 2014 Jump up ^ Lands / Membership Department , Six Nations Elected Council , December 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2014 '' . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2015 . Retrieved June 4 , 2015 . 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New York : New York University Press . pp. 15 . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 2198 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` From beads to banner '' . Indian Country Today . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Haudenosaunee Flag '' . First Americans . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wampum & Wampum Belts '' . Ganondagan . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ Johansen , Bruce E. Forgotten Founders : Benjamin Franklin , The Iroquois , And The Rationale For The American Revolution . Ipswich , Mass . : Gambit , 1981 . Print . Jump up ^ Armstrong , VI ( 1971 ) . I Have Spoken : American History Through the Voices of the Indians . Swallow Press . p. 14 . ISBN 0 - 8040 - 0530 - 3 . Jump up ^ Grindle , D ( 1992 ) . `` Iroquois political theory and the roots of American democracy '' . In Lyons O. Exiled in the land of the free : democracy , Indian nations , and the U.S. Constitution . Santa Fe , N.M. : Clear Light Publishers . ISBN 0 - 940666 - 15 - 4 . Jump up ^ Bruce E. Johansen ; Donald A. Grinde , Jr. ( 1991 ) . Exemplar of liberty : native America and the evolution of democracy . ( Los Angeles ) : American Indian Studies Center , University of California , Los Angeles . ISBN 0 - 935626 - 35 - 2 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` H. Con . Res. 331 , October 21 , 1988 '' ( PDF ) . United States Senate . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Tree of Peace The Great Law of Peace : New World Roots of American Democracy by David Yarrow © September 1987 '' . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Rakove , J ( 2005 - 11 - 07 ) . `` Did the Founding Fathers Really Get Many of Their Ideas of Liberty from the Iroquois ? '' . George Mason University . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Johansen , Bruce E. Forgotten Founders : Benjamin Franklin , The Iroquois , And The Rationale For The American Revolution . Ipswich , Mass . : Gambit , 1981 . Print . Jump up ^ Jennings F ( 1988 ) . Empire of fortune : crown , colonies , and tribes in the Seven Years War in America . New York : Norton . pp. 259n15 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 30640 - 2 . Jump up ^ Snow DR ( 1996 ) . The Iroquois ( The Peoples of America Series ) . Cambridge , MA : Blackwell Publishers . pp. 154 . ISBN 1 - 55786 - 938 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Tooker E ( 1990 ) . `` The United States Constitution and the Iroquois League '' . In Clifton JA . The Invented Indian : Cultural Fictions and Government Policies . New Brunswick , N.J. , U.S.A : Transaction Publishers . pp. 107 -- 128 . ISBN 1 - 56000 - 745 - 1 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Thomas D. `` Native Americans in World War II . '' Excerpted from Army History : The Professional Bulletin of Army History , No. 35 ( Fall 1995 ) , pp. 22 - 27 . Retrieved 17 April 2013 . Archived 27 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Indian Country Today Media Network.com '' . Indiancountrytoday.com . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ The Economist , July 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ MacAskill , Ewen ( 2010 - 07 - 15 ) . `` Iroquois lacrosse team cleared to travel by America -- then blocked by Britain '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Samantha , Gross ( July 14 , 2010 ) . `` UK wo n't let Iroquois lacrosse team go to tourney '' . Yahoo News . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Thomas ( July 16 , 2010 ) . `` Iroquois Defeated by Passport Dispute '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Iroquois spend $1.5 million to upgrade passports : News '' . CNYCentral.com. 2010 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . References Brascoupé , Simon ; Etmanskie , Jenny ( 2006 ) . Birx , James , ed . Iroquois . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage Publications . pp. 1328 -- 1333 . Bradley , James ( 1987 ) . Evolution of the Onondaga Iroquois : Accommodating Change , 1500 - 1655 . University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0803262362 . Carpenter , Roger M. ( 2004 ) . The Renewed , the Destroyed , and the Remade : The Three Thought Worlds of the Iroquois and the Huron , 1609 - 1650 Daeg de Mott , D.K. ( 2009 ) . `` Iroquois '' . In Gall , Timothy L. ; Hobby , Jeneen . Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life , Vol. 2 ( 2nd ed . ) . Detroit : Gale . pp. 304 -- 310 . ISBN 978 - 1414448909 . Retrieved 12 April 2015 . Fenton , William N. ( 1998 ) . The Great Law and the Longhouse : A Political History of the Iroquois Confederacy . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 3003 - 2 . Jennings , Francis . ( 1984 ) . The Ambiguous Iroquois Empire : the Covenant Chain Confederation of Indian Tribes with English Colonies from Its Beginnings to the Lancaster Treaty of 1744 . New York : Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 01719 - 2 . Barbara Graymont ( 1972 ) . The Iroquois in the American Revolution ( 1st Paperback ed . ) . books.google.com version of Syracuse University Press , Syracuse , NY 13244 - 5160 . pp. 361 ( only 353 in online version ) . ISBN 0 - 8156 - 0116 - 6 . Retrieved 5 September 2013 . Graymont , Barbara ( 2005 ) . The Iroquois . Chelsea House Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7910 - 7993 - 7 . Hauptman , Laurence M. ( 2008 ) . Seven Generations of Iroquois Leadership : The Six Nations Since 1800 ( Iroquois and Their Neighbors ) excerpt and text search Jennings , Francis , ed. ( 1985 ) . The History and Culture of Iroquois Diplomacy : An Interdisciplinary Guide to the Treaties of the Six Nations and Their League , Syracuse , N.Y. : Syracuse University Press . ISBN 0 - 8156 - 2650 - 9 . Jones , Eric E. ( 2010 ) . `` Population History of the Onondaga and Oneida Iroquois , A.D. 1500 - 1700 , '' American Antiquity 75 ( 2 ) : 387 -- 407 Jordan , Kurt A. ( 2013 ) . `` Incorporation and Colonization : Postcolumbian Iroquois Satellite Communities and Processes of Indigenous Autonomy '' . American Anthropologist. 115 ( 1 ) . Mann , Charles C. ( 2005 ) . 1491 New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 4006 - 3 . Parmenter , Jon . ( 2010 ) . The Edge of the Woods : Iroquoia , 1534 - 1701 Preston , David L. ( 2009 ) . The Texture of Contact : European and Indian Settler Communities on the Frontiers of Iroquoia , 1667 - 1783 ( The Iroquoians and Their World ) excerpt and text search Reid , Gerald ( 1996 ) . `` Iroquois '' . Encyclopedia of World Cultures . Vol. 1 : North America . New York : Macmillan Reference USA . pp. 164 -- 167 . Richter , Daniel K. ( 1992 ) . The Ordeal of the Longhouse : The Peoples of the Iroquois League in the Era of European Colonization , Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2060 - 1 . Richter , Daniel K. , and James H. Merrell , eds. ( 2003 ) . Beyond the Covenant Chain : the Iroquois and Their Neighbors in Indian North America , 1600 -- 1800 . University Park , Pa. : Pennsylvania State University Press . ISBN 0 - 271 - 02299 - X . Santiemma , Adriano. ( 1999 ) . `` ' Towards a Monocultural Future through a Multicultural Perspective . The Iroquois Case '' , in : Canadian Issues XXI . Saraydar , Stephen ( 1990 ) . `` No Longer Shall You Kill : Peace , Power , and the Iroquois Great Law '' . Anthropology and Humanism Quarterly . 15 ( 1 ) : 20 -- 28 . doi : 10.1525 / ahu. 1990.15. 1.20 . Shannon , Timothy J. ( 2008 ) . Iroquois Diplomacy on the Early American Frontier . New York : Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 01897 - 0 . Snow , Dean R. ( 1994 ) . The Iroquois . Oxford , UK and Cambridge , MA : Blackwell . ISBN 1 - 55786 - 225 - 7 . Tooker , Elisabeth , ed. ( 1985 / 1986 ) . An Iroquois Source Book . 3 volumes . New York : Garland . ISBN 0 - 8240 - 5877 - 1 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Iroquois . Haudenosaunee Confederacy , official website Iroquois Indian Museum Canadian Genealogy ( The Iroquois ) `` Iroquois '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . ( hide ) League of the Iroquois Nations Cayuga Mohawk Onondaga Oneida Seneca Tuscarora Topics Clan mother Economy Hiawatha Languages Mythology Great Law of Peace Great Peacemaker Settlement of the northern shores of Lake Ontario Tadodaho GND : 4027675 - 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iroquois&oldid=836928468 '' Categories : Iroquois Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands First Nations in Ontario First Nations in Quebec Native American tribes in New York ( state ) Native American tribes in Oklahoma Historical legislatures Upstate New York Native Americans in the American Revolution Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2008 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2013 Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles needing additional references from April 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2013 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from July 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Articles containing Seneca - language text Articles containing Cayuga - language text Articles containing Onondaga - language text Articles containing Tuscarora - language text Articles containing Oneida - language text Articles containing Mohawk - language text Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Languages Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Vèneto 粵語中文 52 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 18 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the iroquois live in new york	[ "The original Iroquois League (as the French knew them) or Five Nations (as the British knew them), occupied large areas of present-day New York State up to the St. Lawrence River, west of the Hudson River, and south into northwestern Pennsylvania. From east to west, the League was composed of the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca nations. In or close to 1722, the Tuscarora tribe joined the League,[25] having migrated from the Carolinas after being displaced by Anglo-European settlement. Also an Iroquoian-speaking people, the Tuscarora were accepted into what became the Six Nations." ]	[ "present-day New York State up to the St. Lawrence River, west of the Hudson River, and south into northwestern Pennsylvania" ]

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