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7190350603860855164	Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on Thailand	Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on Thailand - wikipedia Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on Thailand Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : some anecdotes included in this article should probably be removed Please help improve this article if you can . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Map showing the provinces of Thailand affected Thailand was one of the countries that was hit by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami . Due to proximity of the Andaman coasts of Thailand situated just about 500 km east of the earthquake epicentre , the tsunami took just 2 hours to reach and strike the western coastline of the country . The Thai government reported 4,812 confirmed deaths , 8,457 injuries , and 4,499 missing after the country was hit by a tsunami caused by the Indian Ocean earthquake on the 26 of December 2004 . The first location where the tsunami was noticed was on the Similan Islands , a famous diving site located about 70 km from Phang Nga town in Pha Nga province or 13 km from central Khao Lak . The sea around these islands when the tsunami struck was reported to have strong currents and divers underwater felt as though they were in a washing machine . Some flooding also occurred inland , though no casualties were reported . The popular tourist resort of Phuket was badly hit . Some 250 people were reported dead , including tourists . The tsunami struck the west coast of Phuket island , flooding and causing damage to almost all the major beaches such as Patong , Karon , Kamala , and Kata beach . The smaller but increasingly popular resort area of Khao Lak some 80 km north of Phuket was hit far worse with 3,950 confirmed deaths , however , the death toll in Khao Lak may have exceeded 4,500 . The severity of the situation in Khao Lak is probably explained by the fact , that unlike the high - rise hotels of Phuket , the village of Khao Lak only had low built bungalows instead of high - rise concrete hotels . There was no warning of the first wave so people had no idea it was coming . These days , Thailand is better prepared for tsunamis as they are 2 hours away from being hit again if there is a new tsunami . Khao Lak also has an extensive area of flatland only a few meters above the sea level , on which most bungalows were situated . Khao Lak experienced the highest run - up of any tsunami wave height of any location outside Sumatra . Due to the topography of the seabed , coastline and reefs offshore , the tsunami waves piled on top of themselves and in doing so , create the infamous ' disappearing sea effect ' which enticed many tourists to their deaths . This effect is also known as the tsunami drawback . Bhumi Jensen , grandson of Bhumibol Adulyadej ( HM King Bhumibol Adulyadej ) was among those killed in Khao Lak . Hundreds of holiday tourists on the Phi Phi Islands were washed out to sea . Tuk - tuk drivers were quick to offer assistance , driving victims to hospitals , higher grounds and away from the surging waters . The nearby Ko Lanta Yai , however , was n't afflicted as badly . At some places in Phuket and Phang Nga provinces , elephants were used to move and lift heavy wreckage to search for victims and to clear roads . These included six male Indian elephants which had previously been used in making the movie Alexander . On a beach in Thailand , a man was leading an elephant to entertain tourists , when the tsunami came . The elephant 's natural instinct to flee the sea saved the life of a young girl who was upon his back . Official figures as of 7 January 2005 Province Thai deaths Foreign deaths Total deaths Thai injured Foreign injured Total injured Missing Krabi 288 188 476 808 568 1,376 890 Phang Nga 1,950 2,213 4,163 4,344 1,253 5,597 2,113 Phuket 154 105 259 591 520 1,111 700 Ranong 167 169 215 31 246 12 Satun 6 0 6 15 0 15 0 Trang 92 20 112 Total 2,568 2,510 5,078 6,065 2,392 8,457 3,716 Source : Bangkok Post . The `` total deaths '' and `` total injured '' categories include dead and injured persons whose nationality is not given or has not been established . The number of `` foreign injured '' has been reduced by evacuations of foreign nationals . Thai sources acknowledge that the great majority of those listed as `` missing '' are in fact dead , and that a large majority of these are foreigners . An article in the Bangkok Post on 10 January suggested that some of the figures in this table may be seriously misleading . According to this article , the estimated number of deaths among Thai nationals has been reduced from about 2,500 to about 1,800 , and the estimated number of deaths among foreigners has been reduced from 2,500 to 1,300 . The number of deaths whose nationality has not been established has risen correspondingly , from less than 200 to about 2,100 . This is due to increasing doubts about the reliability of the classification on the basis of visual identification of badly decomposed bodies into `` Thai '' and `` foreign '' categories . All bodies of unknown origin will now be DNA tested to determine their ethnic origin . Impact ( edit ) Approximate maximum of tsunami waters at Kata Noi Beach , Phuket , Thailand ( 3rd tsunami wave ) . Regular sea level at Kata Noi beach . The economic impact of the tsunami on Thailand was considerable , though not as great as in poorer countries such as Indonesia or Sri Lanka . Thailand of mild econism has a liberalised , flexible and robust economy , which has shown powers of rapid recuperation after previous setbacks . The sectors most badly damaged have been tourism and fishing . The beach resorts along the Andaman Sea coast have been extensively damaged . Many Thai - owned hotels and other small businesses have been ruined , and the Thai government provided large amounts of capital to enable the recovery of the private sector . Infrastructure in general was , predictably , severely damaged , though much has been gleaned from surveying the aftermath . Reinforced concrete power poles are normally the standard in countries with high seismic risk . Addition of the tsunami 's waves and associated debris demonstrated their weakness to shearing at the base . There were revelations about the height of these poles , too -- the ( up to ) 10 meter waves submerged the shorter , older poles . And high - density polyethylene piping was found to perform exceptionally well : as roads crumbled , the subterranean flexible pipelines formed new contours and rarely separated . The confidence of European tourists in travelling to places such as Phuket also took some time to recover , which is one reason why Thailand has strongly backed the installed tsunami warning system . Thousands of Thais dependent on tourism - related industries have lost their jobs , not just in the south but also in the poorest part of Thailand , Isan in the north - east , where many workers in the tourism industry come from . By 12 January some of the affected resorts in the south had re-opened , and the Thai government had begun an advertising campaign to bring visitors back to the area as quickly as possible , though everyone knew it would be quite a while before Thailand was in a state of normalcy , professionals guessed around ten years . The fishing industry has been damaged by the extensive destruction of fishing boats and tackle , which individual fishing families could n't afford to replace , particularly since many have lost their homes as well . According to one report , more than 500 fishing boats and ten trawlers have been destroyed , as well as many piers and fish - processing facilities . Again , grants or loans from the government have been essential to enable the industry to re-equip itself . A further problem was the public aversion in Thailand to eating locally caught fish , for fear that the fish have fed on human dead bodies which were swept out to sea by the tsunami . Thais found this possibility offensive both on health grounds and for religious reasons . Fish product distributors refused to buy fish and crustaceans from Andaman Sea ports , and preferred to buy from Gulf of Thailand ports or even from Malaysia or Vietnam , so that they could assure consumers that there was no possibility of such contamination . As a result , even those fishing families who were able to fish were unable to sell their catch . The Director - General of the World Health Organisation , Dr Lee Jong - Wook , went on Thai television to say that he was eating fish every day . In the long run the tsunami disaster has brought considerable benefits to Thailand , especially the southern tourist areas . European governments have pledged large sums of money to rebuild infrastructure and to fund new schools and orphanages for the Thai communities affected , as a gesture of thanks for the assistance given to their citizens by the Thai people . The destruction of many second - rate structures along the beaches have provided opportunities to rebuild popular tourist areas such as Patong Beach at Phuket in a more aesthetically and environmentally suitable way . Thailand held legislative elections on 6 February , and the tsunami disaster has been drawn into the election campaign . Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra has accused the former Democratic Party of Thailand government of Chuan Leekpai of ignoring warnings in 1998 of the possible risk of a tsunami affecting Thailand . His allegations have been supported by the former head of the Meteorological Department , Smith Tumsaroch . Democratic Party politicians said that Smith has failed to produce any evidence for his warnings at the time , and accused Thaksin of politicising the tsunami tragedy . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2005 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2005 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Carl Strand , John Masek , ed. ( 2007 ) . Sumata - Andaman Islands Earthquake and Tsunami of December 26 , 2004 . ISBN 9780784409510 . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Photos before the destruction of Koh Phi Phi Island Regional humanitarian situation due to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami India Indonesia Malaysia Maldives Myanmar Somalia Sri Lanka Thailand Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Effect_of_the_2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_on_Thailand&oldid=833745559 '' Categories : Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami by country 2004 in Thailand Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles needing cleanup from June 2014 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from June 2014 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from June 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 06 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the boxing day tsunami hit thailand	[ "Thailand was one of the countries that was hit by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami. Due to proximity of the Andaman coasts of Thailand situated just about 500 km east of the earthquake epicentre, the tsunami took just 2 hours to reach and strike the western coastline of the country. The Thai government reported 4,812[1] confirmed deaths, 8,457[1] injuries, and 4,499[1] missing after the country was hit by a tsunami caused by the Indian Ocean earthquake on the 26 of December 2004." ]	[ "2004" ]
-2304953703131794006	Hemkosh	Hemkosh - wikipedia Hemkosh This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Hemkosh Author Hemchandra Barua Country India Language Assamese Subject Dictionary Publisher Hemkosh Printers Publication date 1900 Media type Print ( Hardcover and Paperback ) Hemkosh ( Assamese : হেমকোষ , IPA : ( hɛmkʊx ) ) is the first etymological dictionary of the Assamese language based on Sanskrit spellings , compiled by Hemchandra Barua . It was first published in 1900 under the supervision of Capt . P.R. Gordon , ISC and Hemchandra Goswami , 33 years after the publication of Bronson 's dictionary . It contained about 22,346 words . This dictionary still published by Hemkosh Printers is considered to be the `` standard '' reference of the Assamese language . Hemkosh is the second dictionary of Assamese language . The first Assamese dictionary was compiled by Dr. Miles Bronson , an American Baptist Missionary . His dictionary , published in 1867 at the American Baptist Mission Press , Sibsagar , is out of print . Bronson 's work did not pretend to be an etymological dictionary but contained a very considerable collection of words from the people themselves without recording derivations . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : RCILTS , IIT Guwahati An English - Assamese - Bodo Trilingual Dictionary Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hemkosh&oldid=839114429 '' Categories : Assamese language Books from Assam Assamese - language books Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from December 2012 All articles lacking in - text citations Books with missing cover Articles containing Assamese - language text Talk About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা हिन्दी Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 1 May 2018 , at 10 : 31 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who compiled and published assamese dictionary in 1867	[ "Hemkosh is the second dictionary of Assamese language. The first Assamese dictionary was compiled by Dr. Miles Bronson, an American Baptist Missionary. His dictionary, published in 1867 at the American Baptist Mission Press, Sibsagar, is out of print. Bronson’s work did not pretend to be an etymological dictionary but contained a very considerable collection of words from the people themselves without recording derivations.[1]\n" ]	[ "Dr. Miles Bronson" ]
3858606806341555997	Growing Up Hip Hop	Growing Up Hip Hop - wikipedia Growing Up Hip Hop Jump to : navigation , search Growing Up Hip Hop Genre Reality television Starring Romeo Miller Angela Simmons Kristinia DeBarge Boogie Dash Egypt Criss TJ Mizell Vanessa Simmons Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 22 Production Executive producer ( s ) Suzanne Gladstone Oji Singletary Mark Herwick Tara Long Master P Romeo Miller Angela Simmons Datari Turner Mala Chapple Running time 42 to 44 minutes Release Original network WE tv Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release January 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 07 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Growing Up Hip Hop : Atlanta External links Website www.wetv.com/shows/growing-up-hip-hop # home Growing Up Hip Hop is the original installment of the Growing Up Hip Hop reality television franchise on WE tv . The series premiered on January 7 , 2016 , and chronicles the lives of the children of hip hop legends . Its success has led to the creation of a spin - off Growing Up Hip Hop : Atlanta . On May 25 , 2017 , WE tv announced the show 's return for a third season , which premiered on July 20 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.1. 1 Current 1.1. 2 Former 1.2 Supporting 1.2. 1 Current 1.2. 2 Former 2 Series overview 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2016 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2017 ) 4 References Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Cast member Seasons Romeo Miller Main Angela Simmons Main Kristinia DeBarge Main Boogie Dash Main Egypt Criss Main TJ Mizell Main Supporting Vanessa Simmons Supporting Main Current ( edit ) Romeo Miller Son of Master P and brother of Cymphonique Miller . Miller 's career began with the release of his debut studio Lil ' Romeo at the age of 11 , which led to other opportunities including his own Nickelodeon sitcom , Romeo ! , running from 2003 to 2006 . Miller appeared on Dancing with the Stars during its twelfth season . In 2016 , Miller appeared on Empire during its third season as Gram . The series chronicles his business ventures with his father . Angela Simmons Daughter of Rev Run of Run -- D.M.C. and sister of Vanessa Simmons . Simmons first gained public attention when she appeared with her family on the reality TV series Run 's House . She has made a name for herself by making a clothing line . The third season chronicles her struggles of connecting with her family after becoming a mother . Kristinia DeBarge Daughter of James DeBarge of DeBarge . DeBarge followed in her family 's footsteps and went into music . DeBarge 's debut single Goodbye released in 2009 , went platinum and released an album Exposed along with it . DeBarge has continued to make music over the years . She has the desire to find out if she has a half - sister whose mother would be Janet Jackson beginning in the second season . The third season chronicles her desire to put out music , but faces rumors about sleeping with her producer . Damon `` Boogie '' Dash Son of Damon Dash . The second and third seasons showcase his struggle with drinking alcohol and hiding DUIs . Egypt Criss Daughter of Pepa of Salt - n - Pepa and Treach of Naughty by Nature . Criss has the desire to create a name for herself musically . Vanessa Simmons ( Season 3 -- present ) ( supporting cast member in seasons 1 -- 2 ) Daughter of Rev Run of Run -- D.M.C. and sister of Angela Simmons . Simmons first gained public attention when she appeared with her family on the reality TV series Run 's House . In the third season , she struggles to become closer to Angela . Former ( edit ) TJ Mizell ( Seasons 1 -- 2 ) ( supporting cast member in season 3 ) Son of Jam Master Jay of Run -- D.M.C. . Supporting ( edit ) Cast member Seasons Master P Supporting Pepa Supporting Damon Dash Supporting Rev Run Supporting Briana Latrise Supporting Andre King Supporting Tahira `` Tee Tee '' Francis Supporting Bow Wow Supporting Current ( edit ) Master P Father of Romeo Miller . Master P is a rapper from New Orleans who is best known for his singles `` Mr. Ice Cream Man '' and `` Make ' Em Say Uhh ! '' . Master P supports Romeo throughout the series , while also clashing with him when it comes to business deals . Pepa Mother of Egypt Criss . Pepa is a part of the female rap trio Salt - n - Pepa . Pepa serves as a support system for Egypt and looks out for her well - being . They clash about Egypt singing career plan throughout the series . Damon Dash Father of Boogie Dash . Damon is one of the founders of Roc - A-Fella Records Damon makes sure his son stays on the right path Briana Latrise ( Season 2 -- present ) Daughter of Kendu Isaacs . In the second season , Briana deals with an abusive relationship . The third season chronicles the fallout from the breakup of her father and Mary J. Blige . Tahira `` Tee Tee '' Francis ( Season 3 -- present ) Niece of Pepa . In the third season , Tee Tee goes to LA to watch over Egypt as Pepa goes on tour again , however , she becomes involved in a lot of drama . Bow Wow ( Season 3 -- present ) Angela 's friend . In the third season , Bow Wow tries to rekindle his friendship with Angela . Bow Wow is also a main cast member on Growing Up Hip Hop : Atlanta . Former ( edit ) Rev Run ( Season 1 ) Father of Angela and Vanessa Simmons . Rev Run was apart of the hip hop group Run -- D.M.C.. Rev Run helps Angela with her stalker situation in the first season . Andre King ( Season 2 ) Brother of Swizz Beatz . The second season showcased King coming out to his friends and family . Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 6 January 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 07 ) February 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 11 ) 10 October 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 13 ) December 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 22 ) 10 July 20 , 2017 September 21 , 2017 Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) `` The Master Plan '' January 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 07 ) 0.84 `` The Struggle Is Real '' January 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 14 ) 0.60 `` Run to Miami '' January 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 21 ) 0.71 `` O Romeo , Romeo '' January 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 28 ) 0.61 5 5 `` Master Player '' February 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 04 ) 0.60 6 6 `` Master of My Fate '' February 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 11 ) 0.65 Season 2 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) 7 `` Blinged Up , Throne Down '' October 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 13 ) N / A 8 `` Boogie Down '' October 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 20 ) N / A 9 `` Run in the Oven '' October 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 27 ) N / A 10 `` Immaculate Deception '' November 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 23 ) N / A 11 5 `` Only God and Janet Would Know '' November 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 10 ) N / A 12 6 `` Busta Crime '' November 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 17 ) N / A 13 7 `` Straight Trippin ' '' December 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 01 ) N / A 14 8 `` Denial Ai n't Just a River in Egypt '' December 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 08 ) N / A 15 9 `` Lie to Fly '' December 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 15 ) N / A 16 10 `` Empire State of Mind '' December 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 22 ) N / A Season 3 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) 17 `` Cash Me in New Orleans '' July 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 20 ) N / A 18 `` Bad and Boogie '' July 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 27 ) N / A 19 `` Bad to the Throne '' August 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 03 ) N / A 20 `` Gossip Girl '' August 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 10 ) N / A 21 5 `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' August 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 17 ) N / A 22 6 `` Let 's Talk About Pep '' August 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 24 ) N / A 23 7 `` Treacherous Waters '' August 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 31 ) TBD 24 8 `` Count Your Blessings '' September 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 07 ) TBD 25 9 `` Spilling the Tee Tee '' September 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 14 ) TBD 26 10 `` Sticks and Bones and Broken Thrones '' September 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 21 ) TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Adonis - Growing Up Hip Hop , Kristinia DeBarge '' . Empire BBK. 2017 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Growing_Up_Hip_Hop&oldid=801819019 '' Categories : American reality television series 2010s American television series 2016 American television series debuts Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 01 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is tee tee on growing up hip hop	[ "\nNiece of Pepa. In the third season, Tee Tee goes to LA to watch over Egypt as Pepa goes on tour again, however, she becomes involved in a lot of drama.\n" ]	[ "Niece of Pepa" ]
-6607007734190886628	Union Public Service Commission	Union Public Service Commission - Wikipedia Union Public Service Commission Union Public Service Commission संघ लोक सेवा आयोग Emblem of India Commission overview Formed October 1 , 1926 ( 1926 - 10 - 01 ) Preceding agencies Federal Public Service Commission Public Service Commission Jurisdiction Republic of India Headquarters Dholpur House , Shahjahan Road , New Delhi 28 ° 36 ′ 29 '' N 77 ° 13 ′ 37 '' E / 28.6080 ° N 77.2269 ° E / 28.6080 ; 77.2269 Coordinates : 28 ° 36 ′ 29 '' N 77 ° 13 ′ 37 '' E / 28.6080 ° N 77.2269 ° E / 28.6080 ; 77.2269 Commission executive Arvind Saxena , Chairman Prof. Dr. Pradeep Kumar Joshi , Member Bhim Sain Bassi , Member Air Marshal A.S. Bhonsle ( Retd . ) , Member Sujata Mehta , Member Dr. Manoj Soni , Member Smita Nagraj , Member Ms. M. Sathiyavathy , Member Website upsc.gov.in The Union Public Service Commission ( UPSC ; Hindi : संघ लोक सेवा आयोग ) is India 's premier central recruiting agency . It is responsible for appointments to and examinations for All India services and group A & group B of Central services . While Department of Personnel and Training is the central personnel agency in India . The agency 's charter is granted by Part XIV of the Constitution of India , titled as Services Under the Union and the States . The commission is mandated by the Constitution for appointments to the services of the Union and All India Services . It is also required to be consulted by the Government in matters relating to the appointment , transfer , promotion and disciplinary matters . The commission reports directly to the President and can advise the Government through him . Although , such advice is not binding on the Government . Being a constitutional authority , UPSC is amongst the few institutions which function with both autonomy and freedom , along with the country 's higher judiciary and lately the Election Commission . The commission is headquartered at Dholpur House , in New Delhi and functions through its own secretariat . Arvind Saxena is its current Chairman of UPSC . Established on 1 October 1926 as Public Service Commission , it was later reconstituted as Federal Public Service Commission by the Government of India Act , 1935 ; only to be renamed as today 's Union Public Service Commission after the independence . Contents 1 History 2 Constitutional status 2.1 Appointment 2.2 Removal and suspension 2.3 Functions 2.3. 1 Expenses 2.3. 2 Extension of functions 2.4 Reporting 3 Organisational structure 3.1 Secretariat 3.2 Present members 3.3 List of all chairman 4 References History ( edit ) The Royal Commission on the superior Civil Services in India was set up under the chairmanship of Lord Lee of Fareham by the British Government in 1923 . With equal numbers of Indian and British members , the commission submitted its report in 1924 , recommending setting up of a Public Service Commission . The Lee Commission proposed that 40 % of future entrants should be British , 40 % Indians directly recruited , and 20 % Indians promoted from the provincial services . This led to the establishment of the first Public Service Commission on 1 October 1926 under the chairmanship of Sir Ross Barker . A mere limited advisory function was granted to the Public Service Commission and the leaders of the freedom movement continually stressed on this aspect , which then resulted in the setting up of a Federal Public Service Commission under the Government of India Act , 1935 . The Federal Public Service Commission became the Union Public Service Commission after independence . It was given a constitutional status with under of Constitution of India on 26 January 1950 . Constitutional status ( edit ) See also : Part XIV of the Constitution of India Articles 315 to 323 of Part XIV of the constitution , titled as Services Under the Union and the States , provide for a Public Service Commission for the Union and for each state . Accordingly , as per Art . 315 , at Union level , Union Public Service Commission is envisaged by it . UPSC is amongst the few institutions which function with both autonomy and freedom , along with the country 's higher judiciary and lately the Election Commission . Appointment ( edit ) As per Art . 316 , the Chairman and other members of Union Public Service Commission shall be appointed by the President . In case the office of the Chairman becomes vacant his duties shall be performed by one of the other members of the Commission as the President may appoint for the purpose . Also , nearly half of the members of the Commission shall be persons who at the dates of their respective appointments have held office for at least ten years either under the Government of India or under the Government of a State . A member of a Union Public Service Commission shall hold office for a term of six years from the date on which he enters upon his office or until he attains the age of sixty - five years , whichever is earlier . Under Art 318 , the President is empowered to determine number of members of the Commission and their conditions of service . Further , he can make provision with respect to the number of members of the staff of the Commission and their conditions of service too . Also , conditions of service can not be varied to his disadvantage after his appointment . As per Art 319 , a person who holds office as Chairman shall , on the expiration of his term of office , be ineligible for re-appointment to that office . But , a member other than the Chairman of the Union Public Service Commission shall be eligible for appointment as the Chairman of the Union Public Service Commission , or as the Chairman of a State Public Service Commission , but not for any other employment either under the Government of India or under the Government of a State . Also , the Chairman of a State Public Service Commission shall be eligible for appointment as the Chairman or any other member of the Union Public Service Commission . Removal and suspension ( edit ) As per Art . 317 , the Chairman or any other member of a Public Service Commission shall only be removed from his office by order of the President on the ground of `` misbehaviour '' after the Supreme Court , on reference being made to it by the President , has , on inquiry reported that the Chairman or such other member ought to be removed . The President may suspend the Chairman or other member of the Commission until report of the Supreme Court is received . The President may also remove the Chairman or any other member of the commission if he / she : is adjudged an insolvent ; or engages during his term of office in any paid employment outside the duties of his office ; or is , in the opinion of the President , unfit to continue in office by reason of infirmity of mind or body . If the Chairman or any other member can not hold an office of profit or otherwise he shall be deemed to be guilty of misbehaviour . Functions ( edit ) As per Art . 320 , it shall be the duty of the Union Public Service Commissions to conduct examinations for appointments to the services of the Union . It shall also assist two or more States , if requested so , in framing and operating schemes of joint recruitment for any services . The Union Public Service Commission shall be consulted : on all matters relating to methods of recruitment to civil services and for civil posts making appointments to civil services and posts making promotions and transfers from one service to another the suitability of candidates for such appointments , promotions or transfers on all disciplinary matters against a civil servant serving in a civil capacity , including memorials or petitions relating to such matters . on any claim by or in respect of a person who is serving or has served in a civil capacity , that any costs incurred by him in defending legal proceedings instituted against him in respect of acts done or purporting to be done in the execution of his duty should be paid out of the Consolidated Fund of India . on any claim for the award of a pension in respect of injuries sustained by a person while serving in a civil capacity , and any question as to the amount of such award . It shall be the duty of a Union Public Service Commission to advise on any matter referred to them ; provided that the President has not made any regulations specifying the matters in which it shall not be necessary for Union Public Service Commission to be consulted . Expenses ( edit ) As per Art . 322 , the expenses of the Union Public Service Commission , including any salaries , allowances and pensions payable to or in respect of the members or staff of the Commission , shall be charged on the Consolidated Fund of India . Extension of functions ( edit ) As per Art . 321 , an Act made by Parliament may provide for the exercise of additional functions by the Union Public Service Commission w.r.t . services of the Union . Reporting ( edit ) As per Art . 323 , it shall be the duty of the Union Commission to annually present a report to the President of the work done by the Commission . On receipt of such report , the President shall present a copy before each House of Parliament ; together with a memorandum , if any , explaining the reasons where the advice of the Commission was not accepted by him . Organisational structure ( edit ) The Commission consists of a chairman and other members appointed by The President of India . Usually , the Commission consists of 9 to 11 members including the chairman . Every member holds office for a term of six years or until he attains the age of sixty - five years , whichever is earlier . The terms and conditions of service of chairman and members of the Commission are governed by the Union Public Service Commission ( Members ) Regulations , 1969 . The chairman and any other member of the Commission can submit his resignation at any time to the President of India . He may be removed from his office by the President of India on the ground of misbehaviour ( only if an inquiry of such misbehaviour is made and upheld by Supreme Court ) or if he is adjudged insolvent , or engages during his term of office in any paid employment outside the duties of his office , or in the opinion of the President unfit to continue in office by reason of infirmity of mind or body . Secretariat ( edit ) The Commission is serviced by a Secretariat headed by a Secretary with four Additional Secretaries , a number of Joint Secretaries , Deputy Secretaries and other supporting staff . The secretariat , for administrative purpose , is further divided into divisions , each undertaking a specific responsibility : Administration : Administers the Secretariat as well as looks after personal matters of Chairman / Members and other Officers / Staff of the Commission . All India Services : Recruitment to All India Services is done either by direct recruitment ( through Competitive Examinations ) or by promotion from the State Service . The AIS Branch handles the promotions of State Service officers to the IAS , IPS and IFS . It also handles policy matters relating to All India Services and amendments in the ' Promotion Regulations ' of respective services . Appointments : It carry out appointments to central services based on Promotion ( based on proposals from various Ministries / Departments / Union Territories and from certain local bodies ) and by the means of Deputation and Absorption . Examination : It carries out merit - based selection and recommendation of candidates , through various examinations , to Group A and Group B Services of the Government of India . General : Primarily deals with day - to - day housekeeping works for Commission , like , arrangements and facilitation for conduction of Examinations by the UPSC , printing Annual Report etc . Recruitment : This branch carries out Direct Recruitment ( out of the 3 possible mechanisms of : ' direct recruitment ' , ' recruitment by promotion ' and ' recruitment by transfer and permanent absorption ' ) by selection to all Group ` A ' and certain Group ` B ' posts of the services of the Union ( including some Union Territories ) . These recruitment are done either by selection ( interview ) or through competitive examination . Recruitment Rules : The Commission is mandated under Art . 320 of the Constitution of India , read along the UPSC ( Exemption from Consultation ) Regulations , 1958 , to advise on framing and amending of Recruitment and Service Rules for various Group A and Group B posts in the Government of India , and certain autonomous organizations like EPFO , ESIC , DJB , NDMC & Municipal Corporations ( s ) of Delhi . This Branch carries out this responsibility by facilitating the Ministries / Departments / UT Administrations / Autonomous Organisations in this regard . Services I : Handles disciplinary cases received from various Ministries / Departments and State Governments for advice of the Commission , as required under Article 320 ( 3 ) ( c ) . Services II : Handles all other cases that ' Services I ' branch does n't . It compiles the Annual Report . Also , it coordinates visits of foreign delegations , correspondence with foreign countries and hosting of international events concerning Public Service Commissions , including the SAARC Member States . Present members ( edit ) The commission has 8 members including the Chairman , who are : Arvind Saxena ( Chairman ) Prof. Dr. Pradeep Kumar Joshi Bhim Sain Bassi Air Marshal A.S. Bhonsle ( Retd . ) Sujata Mehta Dr. Manoj Soni Smita Nagaraj M. Sathiyavathy List of all chairman ( edit ) Following is the list of Chairmen of UPSC : List of UPSC Chairmen ( since inception ) hide Chairman Term Background From To Sir Ross Barker October 1926 August 1932 Sir David Petrie August 1932 1936 Sir Eyre Gorden 1937 1942 Sir F.W. Robertson 1942 1947 H.K. Kripalani April 1947 January 1949 R.N. Banerjee January 1949 May 1955 N. Govindarajan May 1955 December 1955 V.S. Hejmadi December 1955 December 1961 B.N. Jha December 1961 February 1967 K.R. Damle April 1967 March 1971 R.C.S. Sarkar May 1971 February 1973 Academician , West Bengal Civil Services Officer A.R. Kidwai February 1973 February 1979 M.L. Shahare February 1979 February 1985 H.K.L. Capoor February 1985 March 1990 J.P. Gupta March 1990 June 1992 R.M. Bathew ( Kharbuli ) September 1992 August 1996 S.J.S. Chhatwal August 1996 September 1996 J.M. Qureshi September 1996 December 1998 Lt. Gen. Surinder Nath December 1998 June 2002 P.C. Hota June 2002 September 2003 Mata Prasad September 2003 January 2005 Indian Administrative Service of 1962 Batch S.R. Hashim January 2005 April 2006 D.P. Agrawal August 2008 August 2014 Academician Rajni Razdan August 2014 November 2014 Indian Administrative Service Officer of 1973 Batch , Haryana cadre Deepak Gupta November 2014 September 2016 Indian Administrative Service Officer of 1974 Batch , Jharkhand cadre Alka Sirohi September 21 , 2016 January 3 , 2017 Indian Administrative Service Officer of 1974 Batch , Madhya Pradesh cadre David R. Syiemlieh January 4 , 2017 January 21 , 2018 Academician and former Vice-Chancellor of the Rajiv Gandhi University , Itanagar Vinay Mittal January 22 , 2018 June 19 , 2018 Former Chairman of the Railway Board and Indian Railway Traffic Service Officer of 1975 Batch Arvind Saxena June 20 , 2018 till date Indian Postal Service Officer of 1978 Batch and an Officer of the Research and Analysis Wing References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : https://web.archive.org/web/20180621075148/http://upsc.gov.in/about-us/commission ^ Jump up to : http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=166927 ^ Jump up to : http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=174018 Jump up ^ `` UPSC Functions '' . www.upsc.gov.in . ^ Jump up to : `` Constitutional Provisions '' . www.upsc.gov.in . ^ Jump up to : `` PART XIV : SERVICES UNDER THE UNION AND THE STATES '' ( PDF ) . lawmin.nic.in . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : J.S. Verma ( 11 April 2009 ) . `` Incredible CBI '' . Indian Express . Retrieved July 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Civil Administration and legal foundation '' . vle.du.ac.in . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Perspective '' . www.upsc.gov.in . ^ Jump up to : `` Lee Commission Indian history '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Citizen 's Charter of UPSC '' . www.upsc.gov.in . Jump up ^ `` Union Public Service Commission ( U.P.S.C ) - History , Functions , Powers - Important India '' . Important India . 2013 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Constitution of India '' ( PDF ) . Government of India . November 2015 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 April 2016 . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ `` The members of the Union Public Service Commission '' . UNION PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION. 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Notification_39019_05_96_Estt ( B ) '' ( PDF ) . document.ccis.nic.in . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2017 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Secretariat '' . www.upsc.gov.in . Jump up ^ `` UPSC Divisions '' . www.upsc.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Administration Division Introduction '' . www.upsc.gov.in . Jump up ^ `` All India Service Branch Introduction '' . www.upsc.gov.in . Jump up ^ `` Appointments : Introduction '' . www.upsc.gov.in . Jump up ^ `` Examinations : Introduction '' . www.upsc.gov.in . Jump up ^ `` General : Introduction '' . www.upsc.gov.in . Jump up ^ `` Recruitment : Introduction '' . www.upsc.gov.in . Jump up ^ `` Recruitment Rules : Introduction '' . www.upsc.gov.in . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` List of Former Chairmen and Members of the Commission - upsc '' . U.P.S.C . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rajni Razdan to take oath as UPSC Chairman on August 16 '' . The Hindu . 14 August 2014 . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . Jump up ^ http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=108838 Jump up ^ http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/deepak-gupta-made-upsc-chairman/ Jump up ^ http://www.babusofindia.com/2011/10/no-full-fledged-secretaries-for-i-and-b.html Jump up ^ http://www.babusofindia.com/2010/11/alka-sirohi-1974-batch-madhya-pradesh.html Jump up ^ https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/A-Madhya-Pradesh-cadre-IAS-officer-Alka-Sirohi-assumes-office-as-Member-Union-Public-Service-Commission-UPSC-Before-taking-over-her-new-charge-Sirohi-officer-of-1974-batch-served-as-Secretary-Department-of-Personnel-Training-ministry-of-personnel-/articleshow/11364725.cms Jump up ^ http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/jan/04/academician-david-r-syiemlieh-appointed-interim-upsc-chairman-1556038.html Jump up ^ https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Aapsu-upset-over-Rajiv-Gandhi-University-vice-chancellor-departure/articleshow/14507992.cms Jump up ^ http://www.babusofindia.com/2013/08/know-your-upsc-member-and-ex-railway.html Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20180621075352/http://upsc.gov.in/about-us/commission/sh-arvind-saxena Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Union_Public_Service_Commission&oldid=854119062 '' Categories : Union Public Service Commission Hidden categories : Use Indian English from August 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from January 2016 Articles containing Hindi - language text Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Article Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ മലയാളം मराठी संस्कृतम् தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 02 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who appoints the chairman of union public service commission in india	[ "As per Art. 316, the Chairman and other members of Union Public Service Commission shall be appointed by the President. In case the office of the Chairman becomes vacant his duties shall be performed by one of the other members of the Commission as the President may appoint for the purpose.[13]\n" ]	[ "the President" ]
-8528655761850675446	North America	North America - Wikipedia North America `` North American '' redirects here . For other uses , see North American ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with Northern America . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) North America Area 24,709,000 km ( 9,540,000 sq mi ) ( 3rd ) Population 579,024,000 ( 2016 ; 4th ) Population density 22.9 / km ( 59.3 / sq mi ) GDP ( nominal ) $22.2 trillion ( 2017 ; 2nd ) GDP ( PPP ) $23.7 trillion ( 2017 ; 3rd ) GDP per capita $45,560 ( 2017 ; 2nd ) Demonym North American Countries 23 sovereign states Dependencies 23 non-sovereign territories Languages English , Spanish , French , and many others Time zones UTC - 10 to UTC Largest cities List of urban areas : New York City Mexico City Los Angeles Chicago Boston Toronto Dallas -- Fort Worth San Francisco Houston Miami Philadelphia North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere ; it is also considered by some to be a northern subcontinent of the Americas . It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean , to the east by the Atlantic Ocean , to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean , and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea . North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers ( 9,540,000 square miles ) , about 16.5 % of the earth 's land area and about 4.8 % of its total surface . North America is the third largest continent by area , following Asia and Africa , and the fourth by population after Asia , Africa , and Europe . In 2013 , its population was estimated at nearly 579 million people in 23 independent states , or about 7.5 % of the world 's population , if nearby islands ( most notably the Caribbean ) are included . North America was reached by its first human populations during the last glacial period , via crossing the Bering land bridge approximately 40,000 to 17,000 years ago . The so - called Paleo - Indian period is taken to have lasted until about 10,000 years ago ( the beginning of the Archaic or Meso - Indian period ) . The Classic stage spans roughly the 6th to 13th centuries . The Pre-Columbian era ended in 1492 , and the transatlantic migrations -- the arrival of European settlers during the Age of Discovery and the Early Modern period . Present - day cultural and ethnic patterns reflect different kinds of interactions between European colonists , indigenous peoples , African slaves and their descendants . European influences are strongest in the northern parts of the continent while indigenous and African influences are relatively stronger in the south . Because of the history of colonialism , most North Americans speak English , Spanish or French and societies and states commonly reflect Western traditions . Contents 1 Name 2 Extent 2.1 Regions 2.2 Countries , territories , and dependencies 3 History 3.1 Geologic history 3.2 Pre-Columbian 3.3 Colonial period 4 Geography 5 Geology 5.1 Canadian geology 5.2 United States geology 5.3 Central American geology 6 Climate 7 Ecology 8 Demographics 8.1 Languages 8.2 Religions 8.3 Populace 9 Economy 9.1 Transport 9.2 Communications 10 Culture 10.1 Sports 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links Name Map of North America , from 1621 The Americas are usually accepted as having been named after the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci by the German cartographers Martin Waldseemüller and Matthias Ringmann . Vespucci , who explored South America between 1497 and 1502 , was the first European to suggest that the Americas were not the East Indies , but a different landmass previously unknown by Europeans . In 1507 , Waldseemüller produced a world map , in which he placed the word `` America '' on the continent of South America , in the middle of what is today Brazil . He explained the rationale for the name in the accompanying book Cosmographiae Introductio : ... ab Americo inventore ... quasi Americi terram sive Americam ( from Americus the discoverer ... as if it were the land of Americus , thus America ) . For Waldseemüller , no one should object to the naming of the land after its discoverer . He used the Latinized version of Vespucci 's name ( Americus Vespucius ) , but in its feminine form `` America '' , following the examples of `` Europa '' , `` Asia '' and `` Africa '' . Later , other mapmakers extended the name America to the northern continent , In 1538 , Gerard Mercator used America on his map of the world for all the Western Hemisphere . Some argue that the convention is to use the surname for naming discoveries except in the case of royalty and so a derivation from `` Amerigo Vespucci '' could be problematic . Ricardo Palma ( 1949 ) proposed a derivation from the `` Amerrique '' mountains of Central America -- Vespucci was the first to discover South America and the Amerrique mountains of Central America , which connected his discoveries to those of Christopher Columbus . Alfred E. Hudd proposed a theory in 1908 that the continents are named after a Welsh merchant named Richard Amerike from Bristol , who is believed to have financed John Cabot 's voyage of discovery from England to Newfoundland in 1497 . A minutely explored belief that has been advanced is that America was named for a Spanish sailor bearing the ancient Visigothic name of ' Amairick ' . Another is that the name is rooted in a Native American language . Extent The term North America maintains various definitions in accordance with location and context . In Canadian English , North America may be used to refer to the United States and Canada together . Alternatively , usage sometimes includes Greenland and Mexico ( as in the North American Free Trade Agreement ) , as well as offshore islands . The UN geoscheme for `` North America '' separates Mexico from the United States and Canada , placing it instead within its designated `` Central America '' region , while also treating the islands of the Caribbean separately from the US / Canada definition -- the UN 's `` North America '' definition still includes the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and Greenland together with the US / Canada continental definition , with both insular entities being tectonically on the North American plate . In France , Italy , Portugal , Spain , Romania , Greece , and the countries of Latin America , the cognates of North America usually designate a subcontinent of the Americas comprising Canada , the United States , and Mexico , and often Greenland , Saint Pierre et Miquelon , and Bermuda . North America has been historically referred to by other names . Spanish North America ( New Spain ) was often referred to as Northern America , and this was the first official name given to Mexico . Regions See also : List of regions of Canada and List of regions of the United States Geographically the North American continent has many regions and subregions . These include cultural , economic , and geographic regions . Economic regions included those formed by trade blocs , such as the North American Trade Agreement bloc and Central American Trade Agreement . Linguistically and culturally , the continent could be divided into Anglo - America and Latin America . Anglo - America includes most of Northern America , Belize , and Caribbean islands with English - speaking populations ( though sub-national entities , such as Louisiana and Quebec , have large Francophone populations ; in Quebec , French is an official language along with English ) . The southern North American continent is composed of two regions . These are Central America and the Caribbean . The north of the continent maintains recognized regions as well . In contrast to the common definition of `` North America '' , which encompasses the whole continent , the term `` North America '' is sometimes used to refer only to Mexico , Canada , the United States , and Greenland . The term Northern America refers to the northern-most countries and territories of North America : the United States , Bermuda , St. Pierre and Miquelon , Canada and Greenland . Although the term does not refer to a unified region , Middle America -- not to be confused with the Midwestern United States -- groups the regions of Mexico , Central America , and the Caribbean . The largest countries of the continent , Canada and the United States , also contain well - defined and recognized regions . In the case of Canada these are ( from east to west ) Atlantic Canada , Central Canada , Canadian Prairies , the British Columbia Coast , and Northern Canada . These regions also contain many subregions . In the case of the United States -- and in accordance with the US Census Bureau definitions -- these regions are : New England , Mid-Atlantic , South Atlantic States , East North Central States , West North Central States , East South Central States , West South Central States , Mountain States , and Pacific States . Regions shared between both nations included the Great Lakes Region . Megalopolises have formed between both nations in the case of the Pacific Northwest and the Great Lakes Megaregion . Countries , territories , and dependencies Main article : List of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America Flag Country or territory Area ( km ) Population ( 2016 est . ) Population density ( per km ) Capital Anguilla ( United Kingdom ) 7001910000000000000 ♠ 91 14,764 164.8 The Valley Antigua and Barbuda 7002442000000000000 ♠ 442 100,963 199.1 St. John 's Aruba ( Netherlands ) 7002180000000000000 ♠ 180 104,822 594.4 Oranjestad The Bahamas 7004139430000000000 ♠ 13,943 391,232 24.5 Nassau Barbados 7002430000000000000 ♠ 430 284,996 595.3 Bridgetown Belize 7004229660000000000 ♠ 22,966 366,954 13.4 Belmopan Bermuda ( United Kingdom ) 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 61,666 1203.7 Hamilton Bonaire ( Netherlands ) 7002294000000000000 ♠ 294 7004120930000000000 ♠ 12,093 41.1 Kralendijk British Virgin Islands ( United Kingdom ) 7002151000000000000 ♠ 151 30,661 152.3 Road Town Canada 7006998467000000000 ♠ 9,984,670 36,289,822 3.4 Ottawa Cayman Islands ( United Kingdom ) 7002264000000000000 ♠ 264 60,765 212.1 George Town Clipperton Island ( France ) 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 0.0 -- Costa Rica 7004511000000000000 ♠ 51,100 4,857,274 89.6 San José Cuba 7005109886000000000 ♠ 109,886 11,475,982 102.0 Havana Curaçao ( Netherlands ) 7002444000000000000 ♠ 444 159,371 317.1 Willemstad Dominica 7002751000000000000 ♠ 751 73,543 89.2 Roseau Dominican Republic 7004486710000000000 ♠ 48,671 10,648,791 207.3 Santo Domingo El Salvador 7004210410000000000 ♠ 21,041 6,344,722 293.0 San Salvador Federal Dependencies of Venezuela ( Venezuela ) 7002342000000000000 ♠ 342 Gran Roque Greenland ( Denmark ) 7006216608600000000 ♠ 2,166,086 56,412 0.026 Nuuk Grenada 7002344000000000000 ♠ 344 107,317 302.3 St. George 's Guadeloupe ( France ) 7003162800000000000 ♠ 1,628 449,975 246.7 Basse - Terre Guatemala 7005108889000000000 ♠ 108,889 16,582,469 128.8 Guatemala City Haiti 7004277500000000000 ♠ 27,750 10,847,334 361.5 Port - au - Prince Honduras 7005112492000000000 ♠ 112,492 9,112,867 66.4 Tegucigalpa Jamaica 7004109910000000000 ♠ 10,991 2,881,355 247.4 Kingston Martinique ( France ) 7003112800000000000 ♠ 1,128 385,103 352.6 Fort - de-France Mexico 7006196437500000000 ♠ 1,964,375 127,540,423 57.1 Mexico City Montserrat ( United Kingdom ) 7002102000000000000 ♠ 102 5,152 58.8 Plymouth ( Brades ) Navassa Island ( United States ) 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 0.0 Nicaragua 7005130373000000000 ♠ 130,373 6,149,928 44.1 Managua Nueva Esparta ( Venezuela ) 7003115100000000000 ♠ 1,151 La Asunción Panama 7004754170000000000 ♠ 75,417 4,034,119 45.8 Panama City Puerto Rico ( United States ) 7003887000000000000 ♠ 8,870 3,667,903 448.9 San Juan Saba ( Netherlands ) 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7003153700000000000 ♠ 1,537 118.2 The Bottom San Andrés and Providencia ( Colombia ) 7001530000000000000 ♠ 53 7004777010000000000 ♠ 77,701 1468.59 San Andrés Saint Barthélemy ( France ) 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7003744800000000000 ♠ 7,448 354.7 Gustavia Saint Kitts and Nevis 7002261000000000000 ♠ 261 54,821 199.2 Basseterre Saint Lucia 7002539000000000000 ♠ 539 178,015 319.1 Castries Saint Martin ( France ) 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 7004298200000000000 ♠ 29,820 552.2 Marigot Saint Pierre and Miquelon ( France ) 7002242000000000000 ♠ 242 6,305 24.8 Saint - Pierre Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7002389000000000000 ♠ 389 109,643 280.2 Kingstown Sint Eustatius ( Netherlands ) 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7003273900000000000 ♠ 2,739 130.4 Oranjestad Sint Maarten ( Netherlands ) 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 39,537 1176.7 Philipsburg Trinidad and Tobago 7003513000000000000 ♠ 5,130 1,364,962 261.0 Port of Spain Turks and Caicos Islands ( United Kingdom ) 7002948000000000000 ♠ 948 34,900 34.8 Cockburn Town United States 7006962909100000000 ♠ 9,629,091 322,179,605 32.7 Washington , D.C. United States Virgin Islands ( United States ) 7002347000000000000 ♠ 347 104,913 317.0 Charlotte Amalie Total 7007245009950000000 ♠ 24,500,995 7008541720440000000 ♠ 541,720,440 22.9 History Main article : History of North America Geologic history Principal hydrological divides of Canada , the United States and Mexico Laurentia is an ancient craton which forms the geologic core of North America ; it formed between 1.5 and 1.0 billion years ago during the Proterozoic eon . The Canadian Shield is the largest exposure of this craton . From the Late Paleozoic to Early Mesozoic eras , North America was joined with the other modern - day continents as part of the supercontinent Pangaea , with Eurasia to its east . One of the results of the formation of Pangaea was the Appalachian Mountains , which formed some 480 million years ago , making it among the oldest mountain ranges in the world . When Pangaea began to rift around 200 million years ago , North America became part of Laurasia , before it separated from Eurasia as its own continent during the mid-Cretaceous period . The Rockies and other western mountain ranges began forming around this time from a period of mountain building called the Laramide orogeny , between 80 and 55 million years ago . The formation of the Isthmus of Panama that connected the continent to South America arguably occurred approximately 12 to 15 million years ago , and the Great Lakes ( as well as many other northern freshwater lakes and rivers ) were carved by receding glaciers about 10,000 years ago . North America is the source of much of what humanity knows about geologic time periods . The geographic area that would later become the United States has been the source of more varieties of dinosaurs than any other modern country . According to paleontologist Peter Dodson , this is primarily due to stratigraphy , climate and geography , human resources , and history . Much of the Mesozoic Era is represented by exposed outcrops in the many arid regions of the continent . The most significant Late Jurassic dinosaur - bearing fossil deposit in North America is the Morrison Formation of the western United States . Pre-Columbian The El Castillo pyramid , at Chichén Itzá , Mexico The indigenous peoples of North America have many creation myths by which they assert that they have been present on the land since its creation . The specifics of Paleo - Indian migration to and throughout the Americas , including the exact dates and routes traveled , are subject to ongoing research and discussion . The traditional theory has been that these early migrants moved into the Beringia land bridge between eastern Siberia and present - day Alaska around 25,000 to 11,000 years ago . The few agreements achieved to date are the origin from Central Asia , with widespread habitation of the Americas during the end of the last glacial period , or more specifically what is known as the late glacial maximum , around 13,000 years before present . Some genetic research indicated secondary waves of migration occurred after the initial Paleo - Indian colonization , but prior to modern Inuit , Inupiat and Yupik expansions . Before contact with Europeans , the natives of North America were divided into many different polities , from small bands of a few families to large empires . They lived in several `` culture areas '' , which roughly correspond to geographic and biological zones and give a good indication of the main lifeway or occupation of the people who lived there ( e.g. , the bison hunters of the Great Plains , or the farmers of Mesoamerica ) . Native groups can also be classified by their language family ( e.g. , Athapascan or Uto - Aztecan ) . Peoples with similar languages did not always share the same material culture , nor were they always allies . Anthropologists think that the Inuit people of the high Arctic came to North America much later than other native groups , as evidenced by the disappearance of Dorset culture artifacts from the archaeological record , and their replacement by the Thule people . During the thousands of years of native habitation on the continent , cultures changed and shifted . One of the oldest cultures yet found is the Clovis culture of modern New Mexico . Later cultures include the Mississippian culture and related Mound building cultures , found in the Mississippi river valley and the Pueblo culture of what is now the Four Corners . The more southern cultural groups of North America were responsible for the domestication of many common crops now used around the world , such as tomatoes and squash . Perhaps most importantly they domesticated one of the world 's major staples , maize ( corn ) . The earliest verifiable instance of pre-Columbian trans - oceanic contact by any European culture with the landmasses that geologically constitute the `` mainland '' of modern North America has been dated to the end of the 10th century CE -- this site , situated at the northernmost extent of the island named Newfoundland , is known as L'Anse aux Meadows , where unmistakable evidence of Norse settlement was uncovered in the early 1960s . As a result of the development of agriculture in the south , many important cultural advances were made there . For example , the Maya civilization developed a writing system , built huge pyramids and temples , had a complex calendar , and developed the concept of zero around 400 CE , a few hundred years after the Mesopotamians . The Mayan culture was still present in southern Mexico and Guatemala when the Spanish explorers arrived , but political dominance in the area had shifted to the Aztec Empire whose capital city Tenochtitlan was located further north in the Valley of Mexico . The Aztecs were conquered in 1521 by Hernán Cortés . Colonial period Benjamin West 's The Death of General Wolfe ( 1771 ) depicting the Battle of the Plains of Abraham Main article : European colonization of the Americas Further information : Timeline of the European colonization of North America , British America , French America , Viceroyalty of New Spain , and Russian colonization of the Americas During the Age of Discovery , Europeans explored and staked claims to various parts of North America . Upon their arrival in the `` New World '' , the Native American population declined substantially , because of violent conflicts with the invaders and the introduction of European diseases to which the Native Americans lacked immunity . Native culture changed drastically and their affiliation with political and cultural groups also changed . Several linguistic groups died out , and others changed quite quickly . The names and cultures that Europeans recorded were not necessarily the same as the names they had used a few generations before , or the ones in use today . Britain , Spain , and France took over extensive territories in North America -- and fought over them . In the late 18th century and beginning of the 19th , independence movements that sprung up across the continent , led to the creation of the modern countries in the area . The 13 British colonies on the North Atlantic coast declared independence in 1776 , becoming the United States of America . Canada was formed from the unification of northern territories controlled by Britain and France . New Spain , a territory that stretched from modern - day southern US to Central America , declared independence in 1810 , becoming the First Mexican Empire . In 1823 the former Captaincy General of Guatemala , then part of the Mexican Empire , became the first independent state in Central America , officially changing its name to the United Provinces of Central America . Geography Main article : Geography of North America Satellite imagery of North America North America occupies the northern portion of the landmass generally referred to as the New World , the Western Hemisphere , the Americas , or simply America ( which , less commonly , is considered by some as a single continent with North America a subcontinent ) . North America 's only land connection to South America is at the Isthmus of Panama . The continent is delimited on the southeast by most geographers at the Darién watershed along the Colombia - Panama border , placing all of Panama within North America . Alternatively , some geologists physiographically locate its southern limit at the Isthmus of Tehuantepec , Mexico , with Central America extending southeastward to South America from this point . The Caribbean islands , or West Indies , are considered part of North America . The continental coastline is long and irregular . The Gulf of Mexico is the largest body of water indenting the continent , followed by Hudson Bay . Others include the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the Gulf of California . Before the Central American isthmus formed , the region had been underwater . The islands of the West Indies delineate a submerged former land bridge , which had connected North and South America via what are now Florida and Venezuela . There are numerous islands off the continent 's coasts ; principally , the Arctic Archipelago , the Bahamas , Turks & Caicos , the Greater and Lesser Antilles , the Aleutian Islands ( some of which are in the Eastern Hemisphere proper ) , the Alexander Archipelago , the many thousand islands of the British Columbia Coast , and Newfoundland . Greenland , a self - governing Danish island , and the world 's largest , is on the same tectonic plate ( the North American Plate ) and is part of North America geographically . In a geologic sense , Bermuda is not part of the Americas , but an oceanic island which was formed on the fissure of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge over 100 million years ago . The nearest landmass to it is Cape Hatteras , North Carolina . However , Bermuda is often thought of as part of North America , especially given its historical , political and cultural ties to Virginia and other parts of the continent . Moraine Lake in Banff National Park The vast majority of North America is on the North American Plate . Parts of western Mexico , including Baja California , and of California , including the cities of San Diego , Los Angeles , and Santa Cruz , lie on the eastern edge of the Pacific Plate , with the two plates meeting along the San Andreas fault . The southernmost portion of the continent and much of the West Indies lie on the Caribbean Plate , whereas the Juan de Fuca and Cocos plates border the North American Plate on its western frontier . The continent can be divided into four great regions ( each of which contains many subregions ) : the Great Plains stretching from the Gulf of Mexico to the Canadian Arctic ; the geologically young , mountainous west , including the Rocky Mountains , the Great Basin , California and Alaska ; the raised but relatively flat plateau of the Canadian Shield in the northeast ; and the varied eastern region , which includes the Appalachian Mountains , the coastal plain along the Atlantic seaboard , and the Florida peninsula . Mexico , with its long plateaus and cordilleras , falls largely in the western region , although the eastern coastal plain does extend south along the Gulf . The western mountains are split in the middle into the main range of the Rockies and the coast ranges in California , Oregon , Washington , and British Columbia , with the Great Basin -- a lower area containing smaller ranges and low - lying deserts -- in between . The highest peak is Denali in Alaska . The United States Geographical Survey ( USGS ) states that the geographic center of North America is `` 6 miles ( 10 km ) west of Balta , Pierce County , North Dakota '' at about 48 ° 10 ′ N 100 ° 10 ′ W / 48.167 ° N 100.167 ° W / 48.167 ; - 100.167 , about 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) from Rugby , North Dakota . The USGS further states that `` No marked or monumented point has been established by any government agency as the geographic center of either the 50 States , the conterminous United States , or the North American continent . '' Nonetheless , there is a 4.6 - metre ( 15 ft ) field stone obelisk in Rugby claiming to mark the center . The North American continental pole of inaccessibility is located 1,650 km ( 1,030 mi ) from the nearest coastline , between Allen and Kyle , South Dakota at 43 ° 22 ′ N 101 ° 58 ′ W / 43.36 ° N 101.97 ° W / 43.36 ; - 101.97 ( Pole of Inaccessibility North America ) . Geology Main article : Geology of North America Geologic Map of North America published by USGS Sedimentary , volcanic , plutonic , and metamorphic rock types of North America Canadian geology Geologically , Canada is one of the oldest regions in the world , with more than half of the region consisting of precambrian rocks that have been above sea level since the beginning of the Palaeozoic era . Canada 's mineral resources are diverse and extensive . Across the Canadian Shield and in the north there are large iron , nickel , zinc , copper , gold , lead , molybdenum , and uranium reserves . Large diamond concentrations have been recently developed in the Arctic , making Canada one of the world 's largest producers . Throughout the Shield there are many mining towns extracting these minerals . The largest , and best known , is Sudbury , Ontario . Sudbury is an exception to the normal process of forming minerals in the Shield since there is significant evidence that the Sudbury Basin is an ancient meteorite impact crater . The nearby , but less known Temagami Magnetic Anomaly has striking similarities to the Sudbury Basin . Its magnetic anomalies are very similar to the Sudbury Basin , and so it could be a second metal - rich impact crater . The Shield is also covered by vast boreal forests that support an important logging industry . United States geology The lower 48 US states can be divided into roughly five physiographic provinces : The American cordillera The Canadian Shield Northern portion of the upper midwestern United States . The stable platform The coastal plain The Appalachian orogenic belt The geology of Alaska is typical of that of the cordillera , while the major islands of Hawaii consist of Neogene volcanics erupted over a hot spot . North America bedrock and terrain North American cratons and basement rocks Central American geology Central America rests in the Caribbean Plate . Central America is geologically active with volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occurring from time to time . In 1976 Guatemala was hit by a major earthquake , killing 23,000 people ; Managua , the capital of Nicaragua , was devastated by earthquakes in 1931 and 1972 , the last one killing about 5,000 people ; three earthquakes devastated El Salvador , one in 1986 and two in 2001 ; one earthquake devastated northern and central Costa Rica in 2009 , killing at least 34 people ; in Honduras a powerful earthquake killed seven people in 2009 . Volcanic eruptions are common in the region . In 1968 the Arenal Volcano , in Costa Rica , erupted and killed 87 people . Fertile soils from weathered volcanic lavas have made it possible to sustain dense populations in the agriculturally productive highland areas . Central America has many mountain ranges ; the longest are the Sierra Madre de Chiapas , the Cordillera Isabelia , and the Cordillera de Talamanca . Between the mountain ranges lie fertile valleys that are suitable for the people ; in fact , most of the population of Honduras , Costa Rica , and Guatemala live in valleys . Valleys are also suitable for the production of coffee , beans , and other crops . Climate North America map of Köppen climate classification North America is a very large continent which surpasses the Arctic Circle , and the Tropic of Cancer . Greenland , along with the Canadian Shield , is tundra with average temperatures ranging from 10 to 20 ° C ( 50 to 68 ° F ) , but central Greenland is composed of a very large ice sheet . This tundra radiates throughout Canada , but its border ends near the Rocky Mountains ( but still contains Alaska ) and at the end of the Canadian Shield , near the Great Lakes . Climate west of the Cascades is described as being a temperate weather with average precipitation 20 inches ( 510 mm ) . Climate in coastal California is described to be Mediterranean , with average temperatures in cities like San Francisco ranging from 57 to 70 ° F ( 14 to 21 ° C ) over the course of the year . Stretching from the East Coast to eastern North Dakota , and stretching down to Kansas , is the continental - humid climate featuring intense seasons , with a large amount of annual precipitation , with places like New York City averaging 50 inches ( 1,300 mm ) . Starting at the southern border of the continental - humid climate and stretching to the Gulf of Mexico ( whilst encompassing the eastern half of Texas ) is the subtropical climate . This area has the wettest cities in the contiguous U.S. with annual precipitation reaching 67 inches ( 1,700 mm ) in Mobile , Alabama . Stretching from the borders of the continental humid and subtropical climates , and going west to the Cascades Sierra Nevada , south to the southern tip of durango , north to the border with tundra climate , the steppe / desert climate is the driest climate in the U.S. Ecology This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2015 ) See also : List of endangered plants in North America Notable North American fauna include the bison , black bear , prairie dog , turkey , pronghorn , raccoon , coyote and monarch butterfly . Notable plants that were domesticated in North America include tobacco , maize , squash , tomato , sunflower , blueberry , avocado , cotton , chile pepper and vanilla . Demographics Further information : Demographics of the United States , Demographics of Canada , and Demographics of Mexico Non-native nations ' control and claims over North America c. 1750 -- 2008 Native languages of the US , Canada and Greenland Economically , Canada and the United States are the wealthiest and most developed nations in the continent , followed by Mexico , a newly industrialized country . The countries of Central America and the Caribbean are at various levels of economic and human development . For example , small Caribbean island - nations , such as Barbados , Trinidad and Tobago , and Antigua and Barbuda , have a higher GDP ( PPP ) per capita than Mexico due to their smaller populations . Panama and Costa Rica have a significantly higher Human Development Index and GDP than the rest of the Central American nations . Additionally , despite Greenland 's vast resources in oil and minerals , much of them remain untapped , and the island is economically dependent on fishing , tourism , and subsidies from Denmark . Nevertheless , the island is highly developed . Demographically , North America is ethnically diverse . Its three main groups are Caucasians , Mestizos and Blacks . There is a significant minority of Indigenous Americans and Asians among other less numerous groups . Languages Main article : Languages of North America Languages spoken in the Americas The dominant languages in North America are English , Spanish , and French . Danish is prevalent in Greenland alongside Greenlandic , and Dutch is spoken side by side local languages in the Dutch Caribbean . The term Anglo - America is used to refer to the anglophone countries of the Americas : namely Canada ( where English and French are co-official ) and the United States , but also sometimes Belize and parts of the tropics , especially the Commonwealth Caribbean . Latin America refers to the other areas of the Americas ( generally south of the United States ) where the Romance languages , derived from Latin , of Spanish and Portuguese ( but French speaking countries are not usually included ) predominate : the other republics of Central America ( but not always Belize ) , part of the Caribbean ( not the Dutch - , English - , or French - speaking areas ) , Mexico , and most of South America ( except Guyana , Suriname , French Guiana ( France ) , and the Falkland Islands ( UK ) ) . The French language has historically played a significant role in North America and now retains a distinctive presence in some regions . Canada is officially bilingual . French is the official language of the Province of Quebec , where 95 % of the people speak it as either their first or second language , and it is co-official with English in the Province of New Brunswick . Other French - speaking locales include the Province of Ontario ( the official language is English , but there are an estimated 600,000 Franco - Ontarians ) , the Province of Manitoba ( co-official as de jure with English ) , the French West Indies and Saint - Pierre et Miquelon , as well as the US state of Louisiana , where French is also an official language . Haiti is included with this group based on historical association but Haitians speak both Creole and French . Similarly , French and French Antillean Creole is spoken in Saint Lucia and the Commonwealth of Dominica alongside English . Religions Main article : Religion in North America See also : Religions of the world Washington National Cathedral , in Washington , D.C. . The United States has the most people in the world identifying as Christian . Christianity is the largest religion in the United States , Canada and Mexico . According to a 2012 Pew Research Center survey , 77 % of the population considered themselves Christians . Christianity also is the predominant religion in the 23 dependent territories in North America . The United States has the largest Christian population in the world , with nearly 247 million Christians ( 70 % ) , although other countries have higher percentages of Christians among their populations . Mexico has the world 's second largest number of Catholics , surpassed only by Brazil . A 2015 study estimates about 493,000 Christian believers from a Muslim background in North America , most of them belonging to some form of Protestantism . According to the same study religiously unaffiliated ( include agnostic and atheist ) make up about 17 % of the population of Canada and the United States . No religion make up about 24 % of the United States population , and 24 % of Canada total population . Canada , the United States and Mexico host communities of both Jews ( 6 million or about 1.8 % ) , Buddhists ( 3.8 million or 1.1 % ) and Muslims ( 3.4 million or 1.0 % ) . The biggest number of Jewish individuals can be found in the United States ( 5.4 million ) , Canada ( 375,000 ) and Mexico ( 67,476 ) . The United States host the largest Muslim population in North America with 2.7 million or 0.9 % , While Canada host about one million Muslim or 3.2 % of the population . While in Mexico there were 3,700 Muslims in the country . In 2012 , U-T San Diego estimated U.S. practitioners of Buddhism at 1.2 million people , of whom 40 % are living in Southern California . The predominant religion in Central America is Christianity ( 96 % ) . Beginning with the Spanish colonization of Central America in the 16th century , Roman Catholicism became the most popular religion in the region until the first half of the 20th century . Since the 1960s , there has been an increase in other Christian groups , particularly Protestantism , as well as other religious organizations , and individuals identifying themselves as having no religion . Also Christianity is the predominant religion in the Caribbean ( 85 % ) . Other religious groups in the region are Hinduism , Islam , Rastafari ( in Jamaica ) , and Afro - American religions such as Santería and Vodou . Populace North American cities Mexico City Los Angeles Toronto Chicago New York City See also : List of North American countries by population , List of North American cities by population , and List of North American metropolitan areas by population The most populous country in North America is the United States with 318.4 million persons . The second largest country is Mexico with a population of 112,322,757 . Canada is the third most populous country with 32,623,490 . The majority of Caribbean island - nations have national populations under a million , though Cuba , Dominican Republic , Haiti , Puerto Rico ( a territory of the United States ) , Jamaica , and Trinidad and Tobago each have populations higher than a million . Greenland has a small population of 55,984 for its massive size ( 2,166,000 km2 or 836,300 mi2 ) , and therefore , it has the world 's lowest population density at 0.026 pop. / km2 ( 0.067 pop. / mi2 ) . While the United States , Canada , and Mexico maintain the largest populations , large city populations are not restricted to those nations . There are also large cities in the Caribbean . The largest cities in North America , by far , are Mexico City and New York . These cities are the only cities on the continent to exceed eight million , and two of three in the Americas . Next in size are Los Angeles , Toronto , Chicago , Havana , Santo Domingo , and Montreal . Cities in the sunbelt regions of the United States , such as those in Southern California and Houston , Phoenix , Miami , Atlanta , and Las Vegas , are experiencing rapid growth . These causes included warm temperatures , retirement of Baby Boomers , large industry , and the influx of immigrants . Cities near the United States border , particularly in Mexico , are also experiencing large amounts of growth . Most notable is Tijuana , a city bordering San Diego that receives immigrants from all over Latin America and parts of Europe and Asia . Yet as cities grow in these warmer regions of North America , they are increasingly forced to deal with the major issue of water shortages . Eight of the top ten metropolitan areas are located in the United States . These metropolitan areas all have a population of above 5.5 million and include the New York City metropolitan area , Los Angeles metropolitan area , Chicago metropolitan area , and the Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex . Whilst the majority of the largest metropolitan areas are within the United States , Mexico is host to the largest metropolitan area by population in North America : Greater Mexico City . Canada also breaks into the top ten largest metropolitan areas with the Toronto metropolitan area having six million people . The proximity of cities to each other on the Canada -- United States border and Mexico -- United States border has led to the rise of international metropolitan areas . These urban agglomerations are observed at their largest and most productive in Detroit -- Windsor and San Diego -- Tijuana and experience large commercial , economic , and cultural activity . The metropolitan areas are responsible for millions of dollars of trade dependent on international freight . In Detroit - Windsor the Border Transportation Partnership study in 2004 concluded US $13 billion was dependent on the Detroit -- Windsor international border crossing while in San Diego - Tijuana freight at the Otay Mesa Port of Entry was valued at US $20 billion . North America has also been witness to the growth of megapolitan areas . In the United States exists eleven megaregions that transcend international borders and comprise Canadian and Mexican metropolitan regions . These are the Arizona Sun Corridor , Cascadia , Florida , Front Range , Great Lakes Megaregion , Gulf Coast Megaregion , Northeast , Northern California , Piedmont Atlantic , Southern California , and the Texas Triangle . Canada and Mexico are also the home of megaregions . These include the Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor , Golden Horseshoe -- both of which are considered part of the Great Lakes Megaregion -- and megalopolis of Central Mexico . Traditionally the largest megaregion has been considered the Boston - Washington , D.C. Corridor , or the Northeast , as the region is one massive contiguous area . Yet megaregion criterion have allowed the Great Lakes Megalopolis to maintain status as the most populated region , being home to 53,768,125 people in 2000 . The top ten largest North American metropolitan areas by population as of 2013 , based on national census numbers from the United States and census estimates from Canada and Mexico . Metro Area Population Area Country Mexico City 21,163,226 7,346 km ( 2,836 sq mi ) Mexico New York City 19,949,502 17,405 km ( 6,720 sq mi ) United States Los Angeles 13,131,431 12,562 km ( 4,850 sq mi ) United States Chicago 9,537,289 24,814 km ( 9,581 sq mi ) United States Dallas -- Fort Worth 6,810,913 24,059 km ( 9,289 sq mi ) United States Houston 6,313,158 26,061 km ( 10,062 sq mi ) United States Toronto 6,054,191 5,906 km ( 2,280 sq mi ) Canada Philadelphia 6,034,678 13,256 km ( 5,118 sq mi ) United States Washington , D.C. 5,949,859 14,412 km ( 5,565 sq mi ) United States Miami 5,828,191 15,896 km ( 6,137 sq mi ) United States 2011 Census figures . Economy Main article : Economy of North America See also : List of North American countries by GDP ( nominal ) and List of North American countries by GDP ( PPP ) Rank Country GDP ( PPP , peak year ) millions of USD Peak year United States 20,412,870 2018 Mexico 2,571,680 2018 Canada 1,847,081 2018 Cuba 254,865 2015 5 Dominican Republic 186,048 2018 6 Guatemala 145,514 2018 7 Puerto Rico 130,578 2014 8 Panama 112,204 2018 9 Costa Rica 88,844 2018 10 El Salvador 59,626 2018 Rank Country GDP ( nominal , peak year ) millions of USD Peak year United States 20,412,870 2018 Canada 1,842,627 2013 Mexico 1,314,390 2014 Puerto Rico 105,035 2016 5 Cuba 87,133 2015 6 Guatemala 82,356 2018 7 Dominican Republic 80,413 2018 8 Panama 66,711 2018 9 Costa Rica 61,287 2018 10 El Salvador 29,407 2018 North America 's GDP per capita was evaluated in October 2016 by the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) to be $41,830 , making it the richest continent in the world , followed by Oceania . Canada , Mexico , and the United States have significant and multifaceted economic systems . The United States has the largest economy of all three countries and in the world . In 2016 , the U.S. had an estimated per capita gross domestic product ( PPP ) of $57,466 according to the World Bank , and is the most technologically developed economy of the three . The United States ' services sector comprises 77 % of the country 's GDP ( estimated in 2010 ) , industry comprises 22 % and agriculture comprises 1.2 % . The U.S. economy is also the fastest growing economy in North America and the Americas as a whole , with the highest GDP per capita in the Americas as well . Canada shows significant growth in the sectors of services , mining and manufacturing . Canada 's per capita GDP ( PPP ) was estimated at $44,656 and it had the 11th largest GDP ( nominal ) in 2014 . Canada 's services sector comprises 78 % of the country 's GDP ( estimated in 2010 ) , industry comprises 20 % and agriculture comprises 2 % . Mexico has a per capita GDP ( PPP ) of $16,111 and as of 2014 is the 15th largest GDP ( nominal ) in the world . Being a newly industrialized country , Mexico maintains both modern and outdated industrial and agricultural facilities and operations . Its main sources of income are oil , industrial exports , manufactured goods , electronics , heavy industry , automobiles , construction , food , banking and financial services . The North American economy is well defined and structured in three main economic areas . These areas are the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) , Caribbean Community and Common Market ( CARICOM ) , and the Central American Common Market ( CACM ) . Of these trade blocs , the United States takes part in two . In addition to the larger trade blocs there is the Canada - Costa Rica Free Trade Agreement among numerous other free trade relations , often between the larger , more developed countries and Central American and Caribbean countries . The North America Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) forms one of the four largest trade blocs in the world . Its implementation in 1994 was designed for economic homogenization with hopes of eliminating barriers of trade and foreign investment between Canada , the United States and Mexico . While Canada and the United States already conducted the largest bilateral trade relationship -- and to present day still do -- in the world and Canada -- United States trade relations already allowed trade without national taxes and tariffs , NAFTA allowed Mexico to experience a similar duty - free trade . The free trade agreement allowed for the elimination of tariffs that had previously been in place on United States - Mexico trade . Trade volume has steadily increased annually and in 2010 , surface trade between the three NAFTA nations reached an all - time historical increase of 24.3 % or US $791 billion . The NAFTA trade bloc GDP ( PPP ) is the world 's largest with US $17.617 trillion . This is in part attributed to the fact that the economy of the United States is the world 's largest national economy ; the country had a nominal GDP of approximately $14.7 trillion in 2010 . The countries of NAFTA are also some of each other 's largest trade partners . The United States is the largest trade partner of Canada and Mexico ; while Canada and Mexico are each other 's third largest trade partners . The Caribbean trade bloc -- CARICOM -- came into agreement in 1973 when it was signed by 15 Caribbean nations . As of 2000 , CARICOM trade volume was US $96 billion . CARICOM also allowed for the creation of a common passport for associated nations . In the past decade the trade bloc focused largely on Free Trade Agreements and under the CARICOM Office of Trade Negotiations ( OTN ) free trade agreements have been signed into effect . Integration of Central American economies occurred under the signing of the Central American Common Market agreement in 1961 ; this was the first attempt to engage the nations of this area into stronger financial cooperation . Recent implementation of the Central American Free Trade Agreement ( CAFTA ) has left the future of the CACM unclear . The Central American Free Trade Agreement was signed by five Central American countries , the Dominican Republic , and the United States . The focal point of CAFTA is to create a free trade area similar to that of NAFTA . In addition to the United States , Canada also has relations in Central American trade blocs . Currently under proposal , the Canada -- Central American Free Trade Agreement ( CA4 ) would operate much the same as CAFTA with the United States does . These nations also take part in inter-continental trade blocs . Mexico takes a part in the G3 Free Trade Agreement with Colombia and Venezuela and has a trade agreement with the EU . The United States has proposed and maintained trade agreements under the Transatlantic Free Trade Area between itself and the European Union ; the US - Middle East Free Trade Area between numerous Middle Eastern nations and itself ; and the Trans - Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership between Southeast Asian nations , Australia , and New Zealand . Transport Main article : Transportation in North America The full Pan American Highway ( including South America ) , from Prudhoe Bay , Alaska to Ushuaia , Argentina The Pan-American Highway route in the Americas is the portion of a network of roads nearly 48,000 km ( 30,000 mi ) in length which travels through the mainland nations . No definitive length of the Pan-American Highway exists because the US and Canadian governments have never officially defined any specific routes as being part of the Pan-American Highway , and Mexico officially has many branches connecting to the US border . However , the total length of the portion from Mexico to the northern extremity of the highway is roughly 26,000 km ( 16,000 mi ) . 2006 map of the North American Class I railroad network The First Transcontinental Railroad in the United States was built in the 1860s , linking the railroad network of the eastern US with California on the Pacific coast . Finished on 10 May 1869 at the famous golden spike event at Promontory Summit , Utah , it created a nationwide mechanized transportation network that revolutionized the population and economy of the American West , catalyzing the transition from the wagon trains of previous decades to a modern transportation system . Although an accomplishment , it achieved the status of first transcontinental railroad by connecting myriad eastern US railroads to the Pacific and was not the largest single railroad system in the world . The Canadian Grand Trunk Railway ( GTR ) had , by 1867 , already accumulated more than 2,055 km ( 1,277 mi ) of track by connecting Ontario with the Canadian Atlantic provinces west as far as Port Huron , Michigan , through Sarnia , Ontario . Communications A shared telephone system known as the North American Numbering Plan ( NANP ) is an integrated telephone numbering plan of 24 countries and territories : the United States and its territories , Canada , Bermuda , and 17 Caribbean nations . Culture Canada and the United States were both former British colonies . There is frequent cultural interplay between the United States and English - speaking Canada . Greenland shares some cultural ties with the indigenous people of Canada but is considered Nordic and has strong Danish ties due to centuries of colonization by Denmark . Spanish - speaking North America shares a common past as former Spanish colonies . In Mexico and the Central American countries where civilizations like the Maya developed , indigenous people preserve traditions across modern boundaries . Central American and Spanish - speaking Caribbean nations have historically had more in common due to geographical proximity . Northern Mexico , particularly in the cities of Monterrey , Tijuana , Ciudad Juárez , and Mexicali , is strongly influenced by the culture and way of life of the United States . Of the aforementioned cities , Monterrey has been regarded as the most Americanized city in Mexico . Immigration to the United States and Canada remains a significant attribute of many nations close to the southern border of the US . The Anglophone Caribbean states have witnessed the decline of the British Empire and its influence on the region , and its replacement by the economic influence of Northern America . In the Anglophone Caribbean . This is partly due to the relatively small populations of the English - speaking Caribbean countries , and also because many of them now have more people living abroad than those remaining at home . Northern Mexico , the Western United States and Alberta , Canada share a cowboy culture . Sports Canada , Mexico and the US submitted a joint bid to host the 2026 FIFA World Cup . The following table shows the most prominent sports leagues in North America , in order of average revenue . League Sport Primary country Founded Teams Revenue US $ ( bn ) Average Attendance National Football League ( NFL ) American football United States 1920 32 $9.0 7004676040000000000 ♠ 67,604 Major League Baseball ( MLB ) Baseball United States Canada 1869 30 $8.0 7004304580000000000 ♠ 30,458 National Basketball Association ( NBA ) Basketball United States Canada 1946 30 $5.0 7004173470000000000 ♠ 17,347 National Hockey League ( NHL ) Ice hockey United States Canada 1917 31 $3.3 7004177200000000000 ♠ 17,720 Liga MX Football ( soccer ) Mexico 1943 18 $0.6 7004255570000000000 ♠ 25,557 Major League Soccer ( MLS ) Football ( soccer ) United States Canada 20 $0.5 7004215740000000000 ♠ 21,574 Jump up ^ MLS plans to expand to 21 teams in 2017 , and to 24 teams by 2020 . See also Main article : Outline of North America Flags of North America List of cities in North America Table manners in North America North America portal Geography portal Notes Jump up ^ This North American density figure is based on a total land area of 23,090,542 km only , considerably less than the total combined land and water area of 24,709,000 km . ^ Jump up to : Depending on definitions , Aruba , Bonaire , Curaçao , Panama , and Trinidad and Tobago have territory in either or both of North and South America . Jump up ^ Since the Lucayan Archipelago is located in the Atlantic Ocean rather than Caribbean Sea , the Bahamas are part of the West Indies but are not technically part of the Caribbean , although the United Nations groups them with the Caribbean . Jump up ^ Because of ongoing activity of the Soufriere Hills volcano beginning in July 1995 , much of Plymouth was destroyed and government offices were relocated to Brades . Plymouth remains the de jure capital . Jump up ^ Panama is generally considered a North American country , though some authorities divide it at the Panama Canal . Figures listed here are for the entire country . Jump up ^ Since the Lucayan Archipelago is located in the Atlantic Ocean rather than Caribbean Sea , the Turks and Caicos Islands are part of the West Indies but are not technically part of the Caribbean , although the United Nations groups them with the Caribbean . Jump up ^ Includes the states of Hawaii and Alaska which are both separated from the US mainland , with Hawaii is distant from the North American landmass in the Pacific Ocean and therefore more commonly associated with the other territories of Oceania while Alaska is located between Asia ( Russia ) and Canada . References ^ Jump up to : International Monetary Fund ( October 2016 ) . `` List of North American countries by GDP per capita '' . World Economic Outlook . International Monetary Fund . Archived from the original on 24 September 2017 . Retrieved 22 February 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Demographia.com '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : `` North America '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Map And Details Of All 7 Continents '' . worldatlas.com . Retrieved September 2 , 2016 . In some parts of the world students are taught that there are only six continents , as they combine North America and South America into one continent called the Americas . Jump up ^ `` North America Land Forms and Statistics '' . World Atlas.com . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` North America Fast Facts '' . World Atlas.com . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Amerigo Vespucci '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 7 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Herbermann , Charles George , ed. ( 1907 ) . The Cosmographiæ Introductio of Martin Waldseemüller in Facsimile . Translated by Edward Burke and Mario E. Cosenza , introduction by Joseph Fischer and Franz von Wieser . New York : The United States Catholic Historical Society . p. 9 . Latin : `` Quarta pars per Americum Vesputium ( ut in sequentibus audietur ) inventa est , quam non video , cur quis jure vetet , ab Americo inventore sagacis ingenii viro Amerigen quasi Americi terram sive Americam dicendam , cum et Europa et Asia a mulieribus sua sortita sint nomina . '' ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Cohen . `` The Naming of America : Fragments We 've Shored Against Ourselves '' . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , John ; Mitchinson , John ( 2006 ) . The Book of General Ignorance . Harmony Books . p. 95 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 39491 - 0 . New countries or continents were never named after a person 's first name , but always after the second ... Jump up ^ Burchfield , R.W. , ed. ( 2004 ) . `` '' America `` '' . Fowler 's Modern English Usage . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 48 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 861021 - 1 . the term ' North America ' is mostly used to mean the United States and Canada together . Countries to the south of the United States are described as being in Central America ( Mexico , Nicaragua , etc . ) or South America ( Brazil , Argentina , etc . ) . See also : McArthur , Tom ( 1992 ) . `` North American '' . The Oxford Companion to the English Language . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 707 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 214183 - X . ^ Jump up to : `` The World Factbook -- North America '' . Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 20 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Countries in North America -- Country Reports '' . Country Reports . Archived from the original on 27 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` North America : World of Earth Science '' . eNotes Inc . Archived from the original on 20 December 2010 . Retrieved 20 June 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` North American Region '' . The Trilateral Commission . Archived from the original on 21 October 2012 . Retrieved 30 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` SPP Background '' . CommerceConnect.gov . Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America . Archived from the original on 18 June 2008 . Retrieved 14 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ecoregions of North America '' . United States Environmental Protection Agency . Retrieved 30 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` What 's the difference between North , Latin , Central , Middle , South , Spanish and Anglo America ? '' . About.com . Jump up ^ `` Norteamérica '' ( North America ) ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on 30 January 2009 . In Ibero - America , North America is considered a subcontinent containing Canada , the United States , Mexico , Greenland , Bermuda and Saint - Pierre and Miquelon . Jump up ^ `` Six or Seven Continents on Earth '' . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . `` In Europe and other parts of the world , many students are taught of six continents , where North and South America are combined to form a single continent of America . Thus , these six continents are Africa , America , Antarctica , Asia , Australia , and Europe . '' Jump up ^ `` Continents '' . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . `` six - continent model ( used mostly in France , Italy , Portugal , Spain , Romania , Greece , and Latin America ) groups together North America + South America into the single continent America . '' Jump up ^ `` AMÉRIQUE '' ( in French ) . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` America '' ( in Italian ) . Retrieved 18 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Acta Solemne de la Declaración de Independencia de la América Septentrional '' ( Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America ) . Archivos de la Independencia ( in Spanish ) . Archivo General de la Nación . Retrieved 8 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Central America . Encarta Encyclopedia . Retrieved 30 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Caribbean '' . The Free Dictionary . Retrieved 30 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Parsons , Alan ; Schaffer , Jonathan ( May 2004 ) . Geopolitics of oil and natural gas . Economic Perspectives . U.S. Department of State . Jump up ^ `` Definition of major areas and regions '' . United Nations . Retrieved 3 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Composition of macro geographical ( continental ) regions , geographical sub-regions , and selected economic and other groupings '' . UN Statistics Division . Retrieved 3 October 2007 . ( French ) Jump up ^ `` Chapter 5 , Middle America '' . University of Minnesota . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Middle America ( region , Mesoamerica ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 20 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Unless otherwise noted , land area figures are taken from `` Demographic Yearbook -- Table 3 : Population by sex , rate of population increase , surface area and density '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Statistics Division . 2008 . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Population estimates are taken from the Central Bureau of Statistics Netherlands Antilles . `` Statistical information : Population '' . Government of the Netherlands Antilles . Archived from the original on 1 May 2010 . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Land area figures taken from `` The World Factbook : 2010 edition '' . Government of the United States , Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : These population estimates are for 2010 , and are taken from `` The World Factbook : 2010 edition '' . Government of the United States , Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Dalziel , I.W.D. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	is usa in south america or north america	[ "The term North America maintains various definitions in accordance with location and context. In Canadian English, North America may be used to refer to the United States and Canada together.[11] Alternatively, usage sometimes includes Greenland[12][13][14] and Mexico (as in the North American Free Trade Agreement),[13][15][16][17][18] as well as offshore islands. The UN geoscheme for \"North America\" separates Mexico from the United States and Canada, placing it instead within its designated \"Central America\" region, while also treating the islands of the Caribbean separately from the US/Canada definition—the UN's \"North America\" definition still includes the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and Greenland together with the US/Canada continental definition, with both insular entities being tectonically on the North American plate.\n" ]	[ "North America" ]
1716701923332638416	List of large aircraft	List of large aircraft - wikipedia List of large aircraft Jump to : navigation , search A size comparison of four of the largest aircraft . This is a list of large aircraft . The US Federal Aviation Administration defines a large aircraft as any aircraft with a certificated maximum takeoff weight of more than 12,500 lb ( 5,700 kg ) The European Aviation Safety Agency ( EASA ) defines a large aircraft as either `` an aeroplane with a maximum take - off mass of more than 5,700 kilograms ( 12,600 pounds ) or a multi-engined helicopter . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Fixed - wing 1.1 Civilian 1.2 Military 1.3 Experimental and prototypes 1.4 Projects 2 Helicopters and rotary - wing aircraft 3 Airships 4 See also 5 References 5.1 Citations 5.2 Sources 6 External links Fixed - wing ( edit ) Civilian ( edit ) Wingspan comparison of the Stratolaunch carrier with other large airplanes In Service Aircraft First flight Note Antonov An - 225 Mriya 19881221 ! 21 December 1988 Generally acknowledged as the largest airplane in the world , the single Antonov An - 225 is the world 's heaviest aircraft ever ( maximum takeoff weight greater than 640 tons ) and the largest heavier - than - air aircraft ( in length and wingspan ) ever entering operational service . Airbus A380 - 800 20050427 ! 27 April 2005 The largest passenger aircraft ever made . Capable of carrying 850 passengers Airbus A340 - 600 20010423 ! 23 April 2001 The A340 - 600 has been in production since 2001 , with a length of 75.30 m , the longest commercial aircraft , until surpassed by the Boeing 747 - 8 . Antonov An - 124 19820000 ! 26 December 1982 Was the largest mass - produced aircraft in the world until the Airbus A380 was produced . Remains the world 's largest military aircraft currently in service . Antonov An - 22 19650227 ! 27 February 1965 World 's largest turboprop - powered airplane Boeing 747 - 8 20100208 ! 8 February 2010 ( F variant ) Lengthened version of 747 with increased wingspan . World 's longest passenger aircraft at 76.4 m ( 0.9 m / 3 ft longer than Airbus A340 ) capacity of 650 passengers . Boeing 747 19690209 ! 9 February 1969 Highest - capacity passenger aircraft until surpassed by Airbus A380 Boeing 747 `` Dreamlifter '' 20060909 ! 9 September 2006 747 with enlarged fuselage for transporting Boeing 787 Dreamliner sub-assemblies ( 1,800 cubic metres ( 65,000 cu ft ) ) Tupolev Maksim Gorki 19340519 ! 19 May 1934 Physically the largest aircraft , and heaviest land - based aircraft of the 1930s era ( 63 meter / 206.7 ft wingspan , 53 tonne MTOW ) , required eight 900 hp Mikulin V12 engines for flight Dornier Do X 19290712 ! 12 July 1929 Largest successful flying boat and heaviest aircraft in the world from 1929 until 1942 when the Boeing B - 29 Superfortress first flew . Antonov An - 2 19470831 ! 31 August 1947 Largest mass - produced single - engine biplane . Military ( edit ) Aircraft First flight Note Blohm & Voss BV 238 19440311 ! 11 March 1944 Very large flying boat . The largest aircraft in the world 1944 to 1945 when the single one was destroyed . The even heavier Convair B - 36 first flew in 1946 . Heaviest aircraft built during World War II , and largest aircraft produced by any of the Axis powers in World War II Douglas XB - 19 19410627 ! 27 June 1941 This experimental aircraft was the largest US bomber until 1946 when the Northrop YB - 35 flew . Boeing B - 29 Superfortress 19420921 ! 21 September 1942 Largest aircraft in the world from 1942 to 1943 when the even heavier Junkers Ju - 390 first flew . It was one of the largest bombers used during World War II Convair B - 36 Peacemaker 19460808 ! 8 August 1946 Largest aircraft in the world 1946 to 1947 when the even heavier Hughes H - 4 Hercules first flew . First intercontinental strategic bomber , longest wingspan for a combat aircraft Convair XC - 99 19471123 ! 23 November 1947 Developed from B - 36 , single prototype was the largest piston - engined land - based transport aircraft ever built Kawanishi H8K 19410100 ! January 1941 Largest World War II aircraft produced by Japan in any quantity ( 167 built ) Linke - Hofmann R. II 19190000 ! 1919 Largest aircraft ever to fly with only one propeller , used largest airplane propeller ever used . Lockheed C - 5 Galaxy 19680630 ! 30 June 1968 Largest USAF strategic airlifter and one of the largest military aircraft in the world Martin JRM Mars 19410000 ! 1941 Largest flying boat to enter production ( 7 built ) Messerschmitt Me 323 `` Gigant '' 19410000 ! 1941 Biggest land - based cargo airplane during World War II Myasishchev VM - T 19810000 ! 1981 Derivative of the M - 4 as outsized cargo aircraft Tupolev Tu - 160 19811218 ! 18 December 1981 Heaviest combat aircraft , largest supersonic aircraft and largest swept - wing aircraft ever built . Zeppelin - Staaken R.VI 19160000 ! Circa 1916 Largest aircraft to see regular squadron service ( in 1917 ) in World War I Experimental and prototypes ( edit ) Aircraft First flight Note Bristol Brabazon 4 September 1949 A giant luxurious airliner in which each passenger was given the space of the interior of a small car . There was no commercial interest and only the prototype flew . Dassault Balzac 18 October 1962 Experimental VTOL jet . MTOW 29,630 lb . Douglas X-3 Stiletto 15 October 1952 Supersonic research aircraft . Gross weight 22,100 lb . Ekranoplan KM 16 October 1966 The ekranoplan had wingspan of 37.6 m , length - 92 m , maximum takeoff weight - 544 tons . Until An - 225 it was the largest aircraft in the world . Unit KM was tested at the Caspian Sea for 15 years until 1980 . In 1980 , pilot error caused a crash without human casualties . The vehicle was too heavy to be recovered from its watery wrecksite . Hughes H - 4 Hercules 1947 , 2 November Largest aircraft in the world 1947 to 1952 when the even heavier Boeing B - 52 Stratofortress first flew . World 's largest flying boat , and largest wingspan of any aircraft . Only one was ever built and it performed only one short test flight . Commonly known as the `` Spruce Goose '' . Junkers Ju 390 1943 , 20 October Largest aircraft in the world 1943 to 1944 when the even heavier Blohm & Voss BV 238 first flew . Selected and further developed as the Junkers firm 's entry for the Amerika Bomber design contract . North American XB - 70 Valkyrie 21 September 1964 Prototype Mach 3 strategic bomber . Maximum takeoff weight 542,000 lb ( 246 tonnes ) . Stratolaunch 2019 ( Planned ) Stratolaunch is an aircraft currently under construction in Mojave , CA . With a wingspan of 385 ft ( 117 m ) , it will be the world 's largest aircraft by wingspan and the largest all - composite aircraft ever built . It is designed as an aerial launch platform , capable of lifting orbital launch vehicles weighing up to 550,000 lb ( 250 t ) to an altitude of 45,000 ft ( 14,000 m ) . A nearly - complete aircraft was first shown on 1 June 2017 . Projects ( edit ) Aircraft Design or Conception Note Airbus A380 - 900 2006 development Announced in 2006 as a derivative of the Airbus A380 - 800 . World 's highest - capacity passenger aircraft in history . In May 2010 , Airbus announced that A380 - 900 development was postponed , until production of the A380 - 800 has stabilised . Beriev Be-2500 1980s proposal Would be the largest aircraft ever , if built ; development started in the 1980s Boeing New Large Airplane 1990s proposal Planned as a replacement for the 747 , to be powered by the same engines used on the 777 . Project canceled in the 1990s due to the airline industry 's lack of interest for very large aircraft . Boeing Pelican 1990s proposal Concept only for ground effect transport Boeing 2707 SST 1960s design . A mockup was built but no prototype . Planned as an answer to the Anglo - French Concorde supersonic transport ( SST ) . At 306 feet ( 93 m ) long it would have been one of the longest airframes ever flown . Problems with the weight of the swing - wing mechanism and air friction heating in Mach 3 flight provoked a drastic redesign , by which time airline interest in SSTs was dropping because of environmental concerns . There was also political opposition to funding private industry . The U.S. Congress cut government funding in 1971 and airlines began canceling orders . McDonnell Douglas MD - 12 1990 proposal Proposed passenger aircraft , Designed to compete with the 747 , project canceled in mid-1990s Sukhoi KR - 860 1990s proposal KR - 860 ( Kryl'ya Rossii or `` Wings of Russia '' ) early named as SKD - 717 is super large transport aircraft with weights about 650 tonnes ( Antonov An - 225 weight is 600 tonnes ) , payload about 300 tonnes ( An - 225 payload is 250 tonnes ) and 860 to 1000 passengers , a proposed Double decker wide - body superjumbo jet by Russian aerospace company Sukhoi . Conroy Virtus Proposed 140 - metre wingspan aircraft capable of carrying Space Shuttle orbiter , or boosters , or Shuttle main tank `` Victory Bomber '' 1940 / 41 Proposed 50 - ton 52 - metre wingspan design by Barnes Wallis able to carry a ten - ton earthquake bomb ( of his own design ) and drop it from 14,000 m on strategic targets in Germany . Rejected by RAF due to lack of usefulness for other types of missions and unlikely to be completed before end of war . Skylon Proposed 345 - tonne reusable spaceplane Helicopters and rotary - wing aircraft ( edit ) Aeroflot Mil V - 12 at Groningen Airport in May 1971 . Aircraft First flight Note Mil Mi - 26 1977 , 14 December Heaviest ( 56 tonnes ) , largest and most powerful helicopter in production ever . Hughes XH - 17 1952 Prototype heavy - lift helicopter with the largest rotor ( 129 ft ) flown V - 22 Osprey 1989 , 19 March One of the largest ( 27 tonnes ) VTOL aircraft and the first operational tiltrotor Mil Mi - 10 1960 , 15 June Heavy - lift `` skycrane '' developed from Mi - 6 , 114 ft rotor , 43 tonne MTOW Mil V - 12 or Mi - 12 1968 , 10 July Largest helicopter ever built ; not put into production . 2 × 114 ft rotors , 105 tonnes MTOW . Sikorsky Sea King Many variants . Typ . MTOW 20,500 lb . Sikorsky CH - 53E Super Stallion 1981 At 33 tonnes , largest helicopter in service with the US armed forces Fairey Rotodyne 1957 Largest compound gyroplane , 40 passenger capacity short haul airliner experiment Jump up ^ For designs that never flew the year of design or conception is used instead . Airships ( edit ) Hindenburg airship compared with the largest fixed - wing aircraft . Aircraft First flight Note HM Airship R100 1929 , 16 December 220 m , 146,000 m HM Airship R101 1929 , 14 October 236 m , 156,000 m R102 Planned Also known as ' Project H ' , planned 240,000 m airship . Cancelled along with possible 270,000 m R103 USS Akron 1931 , 8 August 239 m , 180,000 m US Navy airship and largest helium - filled airship . USS Macon 1933 , 23 June Sister ship to Akron LZ 129 Hindenburg 1936 , 4 April 245 m , 200,000 m Largest volume aircraft ever flown , but only 215t . LZ130 Graf Zeppelin 1938 , 14 September Sister ship to LZ 129 Hindenburg U.S. Navy ZPG - 3W 1958 , July Largest - ever United States Navy non-rigid airship , 1,011,000 cubic feet ( 23,648 cubic meters ) envelope volume . Hybrid Air Vehicles HAV 304 Airlander 10 2016 , 17 August Largest - ever non-rigid airship / aircraft to fly , 38,000 m3 ( 1,300,000 cu ft ) envelope volume . Longest heavier than air aircraft at 92m . See also ( edit ) Wide - body aircraft References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schoolcraft , Don , FAA Definitions begining ( sic ) with the letter L. , Aviation Safety Bureau Jump up ^ EASA Regulation -- Amendment of Implementing Rule 2042 / 2003 , Version 1 ( PDF ) . 13 January 2012 . p. 4 . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Kaplan 2005 , p. 140 - 149 . Jump up ^ `` Commercial Airplanes - 747 - Boeing 747 - 8 Intercontinental and 747 - 8 Freighter '' . Boeing . Archived from the original on 1 July 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Kaplan 2005 , p. 124 - 130 . Jump up ^ Kaplan 2005 , p. 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Kaplan 2005 , p. 56 - 57 . Jump up ^ Kaplan 2005 , p. 82 - 83 . Jump up ^ Kaplan 2005 , p. 115 - 121 . Jump up ^ Miller , J. ; The X-Planes , Speciality Press ( 1983 ) Jump up ^ `` Stratolaunch '' . stratolaunch.com . Retrieved 3 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A380 - 900 and freighter both on ' back - burner ' : Enders '' . Flight International . 20 May 2010 . Retrieved 14 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Buttler , Tony . Secret Projects : British Fighters and Bombers 1935 - 1950 Midland Publishing , 2004 . ISBN 1 - 85780 - 179 - 2 . Sources ( edit ) Jarrett , Philip ( 2008 ) , The Colour Encyclopedia of Incredible Aeroplanes , Dorling Kindersley , ISBN 978 - 1405335980 Kaplan , Philip ( 2005 ) , Big Wings , Pen & Sword Aviation , ISBN 978 - 1844151783 Layton , Julia ( 2011 ) , What 's the world 's largest airplane ? , How Stuff Works Malone , Robert ( 2007 ) , The World 's Biggest Planes , Forbes Patterson , Thom ( 2013 ) , Stalking world 's biggest planes makes for photos that say ' wow ' , CNN Robinson , Douglas ( 1973 ) , Giants in the Sky , University of Washington Press , ISBN 978 - 0295952499 Ruffin , Steven ( 2005 ) , `` Goliaths of the Air '' , Aviation 's Most Wanted , Potomac , pp. 62 -- 67 , ISBN 978 - 1574886740 External links ( edit ) Top 50 Largest Aircraft at Global Aircraft Largest Plane in the World at Aerospaceweb Lists of aircraft ( hide ) By name pre-1914 0 - Ah Ai - Am An - Az B - Be Bf - Bo Br - Bz C - Ca Cd - Cn Co-Cz La - Lh Li - Lz Q U V X Y Z Gliders List of human - powered aircraft List of unmanned aerial vehicles Civil aircraft By characteristic Type Aerobatic Bush planes Electric aircraft Flying wings Gliders Human - powered Prone - pilot Rocket - powered Seaplanes and amphibious aircraft STOL Supersonic Trimotors Triplanes Unmanned VTOL Fuselage Double - deck Narrow - body Wide - body Weight Size Maximum takeoff weight Light aircraft very light jets Large aircraft Manufacturer Airbus Antonov Boeing Bombardier Douglas / McDonnell Douglas Embraer Ilyushin Tupolev Engine number Trijets Trimotors Twinjets Range Jet airliners Regional airliners Use Light transport Racers Regional airliner regional jet Research Early flying machines Experimental X-planes Rotor - powered Rotorcraft utility Tiltrotors Executive Private Business jets Light - sport aircraft Roadable aircraft ( hide ) Other lists By date and usage By tail number Most - produced Military aircraft Role AEW Attack Bomber Torpedo Carrier - based Fighter Maritime patrol Submarine - borne Tanker Nation Afghanistan Albania Argentina Australia Bangladesh Belize Brazil Bulgaria Canada China Czech Republic Denmark Egypt Finland France Germany Greece India Indonesia Iran Ireland Israel Italy Japan Malaysia Morocco New Zealand Norway Pakistan Philippines Portugal Romania Russia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka Sweden Switzerland Thailand Turkey United Kingdom United States Era WWI Entente WWI Central Powers Interwar World War II World War II jets Aviation lists General Aircraft manufacturers Aircraft engines manufacturers Airlines Defunct airlines Helicopter airlines Airports Aerobatic teams Civil authorities Gliders Museums Navigation and Transport Acts Registration prefixes Jet airliners Rotorcraft manufacturers Timeline Military Air forces Experimental Missiles Unmanned Weapons Accidents / incidents Commercial airliners by location Fatalities by death toll General aviation Military By registration Records Airspeed Altitude Distance Endurance Firsts Large Most - produced aircraft Most - produced rotorcraft Aviation portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_large_aircraft&oldid=801090690 '' Categories : Lists of aircraft Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français Português Русский Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 16 : 19 . About Wikipedia	which one is the biggest airplane in the world	[ "\nAntonov An-225 Mriya\n19881221 !21 December 1988\nGenerally acknowledged as the largest airplane in the world, the single Antonov An-225 is the world's heaviest aircraft ever (maximum takeoff weight greater than 640 tons) and the largest heavier-than-air aircraft (in length and wingspan) ever entering operational service.\n" ]	[ "Antonov An-225" ]
-7643386930039721405	Surface condenser	Surface condenser - wikipedia Surface condenser Surface condenser A surface condenser is a commonly used term for a water - cooled shell and tube heat exchanger installed on the exhaust steam from a steam turbine in thermal power stations . These condensers are heat exchangers which convert steam from its gaseous to its liquid state at a pressure below atmospheric pressure . Where cooling water is in short supply , an air - cooled condenser is often used . An air - cooled condenser is however , significantly more expensive and can not achieve as low a steam turbine exhaust pressure ( and temperature ) as a water - cooled surface condenser . Surface condensers are also used in applications and industries other than the condensing of steam turbine exhaust in power plants . Contents 1 Purpose 2 Why it is required 3 Diagram of water - cooled surface condenser 3.1 Shell 3.2 Vacuum system 3.3 Tube sheets 3.4 Tubes 3.5 Waterboxes 4 Corrosion 4.1 Effects of corrosion 4.2 Protection from corrosion 5 Effects of tube side fouling 6 Other applications of surface condensers 7 Testing 8 See also 9 References Purpose ( edit ) In thermal power plants , the purpose of a surface condenser is to condense the exhaust steam from a steam turbine to obtain maximum efficiency , and also to convert the turbine exhaust steam into pure water ( referred to as steam condensate ) so that it may be reused in the steam generator or boiler as boiler feed water . Why it is required ( edit ) The steam turbine itself is a device to convert the heat in steam to mechanical power . The difference between the heat of steam per unit mass at the inlet to the turbine and the heat of steam per unit mass at the outlet from the turbine represents the heat which is converted to mechanical power . Therefore , the more the conversion of heat per pound or kilogram of steam to mechanical power in the turbine , the better is its efficiency . By condensing the exhaust steam of a turbine at a pressure below atmospheric pressure , the steam pressure drop between the inlet and exhaust of the turbine is increased , which increases the amount of heat available for conversion to mechanical power . Most of the heat liberated due to condensation of the exhaust steam is carried away by the cooling medium ( water or air ) used by the surface condenser . Diagram of water - cooled surface condenser ( edit ) Diagram of a typical water - cooled surface condenser The adjacent diagram depicts a typical water - cooled surface condenser as used in power stations to condense the exhaust steam from a steam turbine driving an electrical generator as well in other applications . There are many fabrication design variations depending on the manufacturer , the size of the steam turbine , and other site - specific conditions . Shell ( edit ) The shell is the condenser 's outermost body and contains the heat exchanger tubes . The shell is fabricated from carbon steel plates and is stiffened as needed to provide rigidity for the shell . When required by the selected design , intermediate plates are installed to serve as baffle plates that provide the desired flow path of the condensing steam . The plates also provide support that help prevent sagging of long tube lengths . At the bottom of the shell , where the condensate collects , an outlet is installed . In some designs , a sump ( often referred to as the hotwell ) is provided . Condensate is pumped from the outlet or the hotwell for reuse as boiler feedwater . For most water - cooled surface condensers , the shell is under ( partial ) vacuum during normal operating conditions . Vacuum system ( edit ) Diagram of a typical modern injector or ejector . For a steam ejector , the motive fluid is steam . For water - cooled surface condensers , the shell 's internal vacuum is most commonly supplied by and maintained by an external steam jet ejector system . Such an ejector system uses steam as the motive fluid to remove any non-condensible gases that may be present in the surface condenser . The Venturi effect , which is a particular case of Bernoulli 's principle , applies to the operation of steam jet ejectors . Motor driven mechanical vacuum pumps , such as the liquid ring type , are also popular for this service . Tube sheets ( edit ) At each end of the shell , a sheet of sufficient thickness usually made of stainless steel is provided , with holes for the tubes to be inserted and rolled . The inlet end of each tube is also bellmouthed for streamlined entry of water . This is to avoid eddies at the inlet of each tube giving rise to erosion , and to reduce flow friction . Some makers also recommend plastic inserts at the entry of tubes to avoid eddies eroding the inlet end . In smaller units some manufacturers use ferrules to seal the tube ends instead of rolling . To take care of length wise expansion of tubes some designs have expansion joint between the shell and the tube sheet allowing the latter to move longitudinally . In smaller units some sag is given to the tubes to take care of tube expansion with both end water boxes fixed rigidly to the shell . Tubes ( edit ) Generally the tubes are made of stainless steel , copper alloys such as brass or bronze , cupro nickel , or titanium depending on several selection criteria . The use of copper bearing alloys such as brass or cupro nickel is rare in new plants , due to environmental concerns of toxic copper alloys . Also depending on the steam cycle water treatment for the boiler , it may be desirable to avoid tube materials containing copper . Titanium condenser tubes are usually the best technical choice , however the use of titanium condenser tubes has been virtually eliminated by the sharp increases in the costs for this material . The tube lengths range to about 85 ft ( 26 m ) for modern power plants , depending on the size of the condenser . The size chosen is based on transportability from the manufacturers ' site and ease of erection at the installation site . The outer diameter of condenser tubes typically ranges from 3 / 4 inch to 1 - 1 / 4 inch , based on condenser cooling water friction considerations and overall condenser size . Waterboxes ( edit ) The tube sheet at each end with tube ends rolled , for each end of the condenser is closed by a fabricated box cover known as a waterbox , with flanged connection to the tube sheet or condenser shell . The waterbox is usually provided with man holes on hinged covers to allow inspection and cleaning . These waterboxes on inlet side will also have flanged connections for cooling water inlet butterfly valves , small vent pipe with hand valve for air venting at higher level , and hand operated drain valve at bottom to drain the waterbox for maintenance . Similarly on the outlet waterbox the cooling water connection will have large flanges , butterfly valves , vent connection also at higher level and drain connections at lower level . Similarly thermometer pockets are located at inlet and outlet pipes for local measurements of cooling water temperature . In smaller units , some manufacturers make the condenser shell as well as waterboxes of cast iron . Corrosion ( edit ) On the cooling water side of the condenser : The tubes , the tube sheets and the water boxes may be made up of materials having different compositions and are always in contact with circulating water . This water , depending on its chemical composition , will act as an electrolyte between the metallic composition of tubes and water boxes . This will give rise to electrolytic corrosion which will start from more anodic materials first . Sea water based condensers , in particular when sea water has added chemical pollutants , have the worst corrosion characteristics . River water with pollutants are also undesirable for condenser cooling water . The corrosive effect of sea or river water has to be tolerated and remedial methods have to be adopted . One method is the use of sodium hypochlorite , or chlorine , to ensure there is no marine growth on the pipes or the tubes . This practice must be strictly regulated to make sure the circulating water returning to the sea or river source is not affected . On the steam ( shell ) side of the condenser : The concentration of undissolved gases is high over air zone tubes . Therefore these tubes are exposed to higher corrosion rates . Some times these tubes are affected by stress corrosion cracking , if original stress is not fully relieved during manufacture . To overcome these effects of corrosion some manufacturers provide higher corrosive resistant tubes in this area . Effects of corrosion ( edit ) As the tube ends get corroded there is the possibility of cooling water leakage to the steam side contaminating the condensed steam or condensate , which is harmful to steam generators . The other parts of water boxes may also get affected in the long run requiring repairs or replacements involving long duration shut - downs . Protection from corrosion ( edit ) Cathodic protection is typically employed to overcome this problem . Sacrificial anodes of zinc ( being cheapest ) plates are mounted at suitable places inside the water boxes . These zinc plates will get corroded first being in the lowest range of anodes . Hence these zinc anodes require periodic inspection and replacement . This involves comparatively less down time . The water boxes made of steel plates are also protected inside by epoxy paint . Effects of tube side fouling ( edit ) As one might expect , with millions of gallons of circulating water flowing through the condenser tubing from seawater or fresh water , anything that is contained within the water flowing through the tubes can ultimately end up on either the condenser tubesheet ( discussed previously ) or within the tubing itself . Tube - side fouling for surface condensers falls into five main categories ; particulate fouling like silt and sediment , biofouling like slime and biofilms , scaling and crystallization such as calcium carbonate , macrofouling which can include anything from zebra mussels that can grow on the tubesheet , to wood or other debris that blocks the tubing , and finally , corrosion products ( discussed previously ) . Depending on the extent of the fouling , the impact can be quite severe on the condenser 's ability to condense the exhaust steam coming from the turbine . As fouling builds up within the tubing , an insulating effect is created and the heat - transfer characteristics of the tubes are diminished , often requiring the turbine to be slowed to a point where the condenser can handle the exhaust steam produced . Typically , this can be quite costly to power plants in the form of reduced output , increase fuel consumption and increased CO emissions . This `` derating '' of the turbine to accommodate the condenser 's fouled or blocked tubing is an indication that the plant needs to clean the tubing in order to return to the turbine 's nameplate capacity . A variety of methods for cleaning are available , including online and offline options , depending on the plant 's site - specific conditions . Other applications of surface condensers ( edit ) Vacuum evaporation Vacuum refrigeration Ocean Thermal Energy ( OTEC ) Replacing barometric condensers in steam - driven ejector systems Geothermal energy recovery Desalination systems Testing ( edit ) National and international test codes are used to standardize the procedures and definitions used in testing large condensors . In the U.S. , ASME publishes several performance test codes on condensers and heat exchangers . These include ASME PTC 12.2 - 2010 , Steam Surface Condensers , and PTC 30.1 - 2007 , Air cooled Steam Condensers . See also ( edit ) Tube tool Condensing steam locomotive Deaerator Feedwater heater Fossil fuel power plant Jet condenser Power station Thermal power station References ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Condensers . Jump up ^ Robert Thurston Kent ( Editor in Chief ) ( 1936 ) . Kents ' Mechanical Engineers ' Handbook ( Eleventh edition ( Two volumes ) ed . ) . John Wiley & Sons ( Wiley Engineering Handbook Series ) . ^ Jump up to : Babcock & Wilcox Co. ( 2005 ) . Steam : Its Generation and Use ( 41st ed . ) . ISBN 0 - 9634570 - 0 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas C. Elliott , Kao Chen , Robert Swanekamp ( coauthors ) ( 1997 ) . Standard Handbook of Powerplant Engineering ( 2nd ed . ) . McGraw - Hill Professional . ISBN 0 - 07 - 019435 - 1 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Air Pollution Control Orientation Course from website of the Air Pollution Training Institute Jump up ^ Energy savings in steam systems Archived 2007 - 09 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . Figure 3a , Layout of surface condenser ( scroll to page 11 of 34 pdf pages ) Steam engines Operating cycle Atmospheric Watt Cornish Compound Uniflow Valves Valves Slide D slide Piston Drop Corliss Poppet Sleeve Bash Valve gear Gab Stephenson link Joy Walschaerts Allan Baker Corliss Lentz Caprotti Gresley conjugated Southern Mechanisms Beam Cataract Centrifugal governor Connecting rod Crank Crankshaft Hypocycloidal gear Link chain Parallel motion Plate chain Rotative beam Sun and planet gear Watt 's linkage Boilers Simple boilers Haystack Wagon Egg - ended Box Flued Cornish Lancashire Fire - tube boilers Locomotive Scotch Launch Water - tube boilers Babcock & Wilcox Field - tube Sentinel Stirling Thimble tube Three - drum Yarrow Boiler feed Feedwater heater Feedwater pump Injector Cylinder Locomotive Oscillating Single - and double - acting Condenser Condensing steam locomotive Jet Kirchweger Watt 's separate `` Pickle - pot '' Surface Other Crosshead Cutoff Expansion valve Hydrolock Piston Reciprocating engine Return connecting rod engine Six - column beam engine Steeple engine Safety valve Steeple compound engine Stroke Working fluid History Precursors Savery Engine ( 1698 ) Newcomen engine Newcomen Memorial Engine ( 1725 ) Fairbottom Bobs ( 1760 ) Elsecar Engine ( 1795 ) Watt engine Beam Kinneil Engine ( 1768 ) Old Bess ( 1777 ) Chacewater Mine engine ( 1778 ) Smethwick Engine ( 1779 ) Resolution ( 1781 ) Rotative beam Soho Manufactory engine ( 1782 ) Bradley Works engine ( 1783 ) Whitbread Engine ( 1785 ) National Museum of Scotland engine ( 1786 ) Lap Engine ( 1788 ) High - pressure Richard Trevithick Puffing Devil ( 1801 ) London Steam Carriage ( 1803 ) `` Coalbrookdale Locomotive '' ( 1803 ) `` Pen - y - Darren '' locomotive ( 1804 ) Compound Woolf 's compound engine ( 1803 ) Murray Murray 's Hypocycloidal Engine ( 1805 ) Salamanca ( 1812 ) High - speed Porter - Allen ( 1862 ) Ljungström ( 1908 ) See also Glossary of steam locomotive components History of steam road vehicles Cugnot 's fardier à vapeur ( 1769 ) Murdoch 's model steam carriage ( 1784 ) Lean 's Engine Reporter List of steam technology patents Modern steam Stationary steam engine Timeline of steam power Water - returning engine Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surface_condenser&oldid=857539372 '' Categories : Power station technology Heat exchangers Energy conversion Steam power Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Hrvatski ಕನ್ನಡ 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 September 2018 , at 09 : 43 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	why is a condenser used in a steam power station	[]	[]
-6761764843985028580	Peaky Blinders	Peaky Blinders - wikipedia Peaky Blinders Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the criminal gang . For the television series , see Peaky Blinders ( TV series ) . `` Baby face '' Harry Fowles , a member of the gang The Peaky Blinders were a criminal gang based in Birmingham , England , during the late 19th century and , to a lesser extent , in the early 20th . They were one of many urban youth gangs in the era . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 History 3 In popular culture 4 References 5 External links Name ( edit ) According to Professor Carl Chinn , a historian of Birmingham , the name `` Peaky Blinders '' is popularly said to be derived from the practice of stitching razor blades into the peak of their flat caps , which could then be used as weapons . Chinn describes this as an unrealistic scenario and says that a more mundane explanation is that `` peaky '' was a common nickname for the popular flat cap with a peak . In an article , to supplement his claim , Chinn cites historian David Cross , of the West Midlands Police Museum in Sparkhill . `` If you think of your grandfather 's cap in those days , then it would have had a very hard peak . When they hit someone or headbutted someone on the nose while wearing one , it would cause their victim temporary blindness . '' ' Blinder ' was also a well used term in Birmingham , and even to some extent today , to describe one 's ' dapper ' appearance . ' Peaky Blinders ' may have come directly as a reference to this , along with the flat cap . The gangs were known to have a distinctive clothing style , wearing peaked caps , cravats , bell - bottom trousers , and jackets whose `` line of brass buttons down the front gave added distinction '' . History ( edit ) It is a debated question whether the Peaky Blinders were a single gang or a local Birmingham term for a form of violent youth subculture . Eric Moonman states that youth street - gangs in Birmingham were known as `` Peaky Blinders '' or as `` Sloggers '' . Paul Thompson writes , `` These gangs would attack a drunkard and probably leave him insensible in the gutter . If they can not trip a man or knock him down , they kick or use the buckles of belts , again similar to the Scuttlers of Manchester ... They will use knife , poker , fork or anything . '' Thomas McDonagh was one of the most feared members of the Birmingham gang , on which the Peaky Blinders TV series was originally based . His real name was Thomas MacDonald and McDonough was another name that he used . Philip Gooderson , author of The Gangs of Birmingham , states that the Peaky Blinders originated as one gang but the term later became generic . An earlier gang known as the Cheapside Sloggers had appeared in the 1870s , and the term `` Sloggers '' ( i.e. `` fighters '' ) had already become an eponym for street gangs when the Peaky Blinders emerged at the end of the century in Adderley Street , in the Bordesley , and Small Heath areas , extremely poor slums of Birmingham . The Peaky Blinders were distinguished by their sartorial style , unlike earlier gangs . Notable members included David Taylor ( imprisoned for carrying a gun at 13 years old ) , `` baby - faced '' Harry Fowles , Ernest Haynes , and Stephen McNickle . Girlfriends of gang members also had a distinctive style : `` lavish display of pearls , the well - developed fringe obscuring the whole of the forehead and descending nearly to the eyes , and the characteristic gaudy - coloured silk handkerchief covering her throat . '' Members were allegedly often violent towards girlfriends , one of whom commented : `` He 'll pinch and punch you every time he walks out with you . And if you speak to another chap , he do n't mind kicking you . '' In popular culture ( edit ) The BBC television drama series called Peaky Blinders , starring Cillian Murphy , Sam Neill and Helen McCrory premiered in October 2013 . It follows a single gang based in post-First World War Birmingham 's Small Heath area . Its second series aired in 2014 and its third in May 2016 . Production has commenced on the fourth series , expected to be aired in early 2018 . Many of the scenes for the show were shot at the Black Country Living Museum . The show is available through Netflix . Series 4 premieres on 15 November 2017 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bradley , Michael ( 12 September 2013 ) . `` Birmingham 's real Peaky Blinders '' . BBC News . West Midlands . Jump up ^ Carl Chinn ( 2013 - 09 - 12 ) . `` Birmingham 's Peaky blinders -- fact and fiction '' . Birmingham Mail . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Chamberlain , Zoe ( 15 October 2014 ) . `` The TRUTH Behind the Peaky Blinders '' . Birmingham Mail . Jump up ^ Ugolini , Laura ( 2007 ) . Men and Menswear : Sartorial Consumption in Britain 1880 -- 1939 . Ashgate . p. 42 . Jump up ^ Moonman , Eric ( 1987 ) . The Violent Society . F. Cass . p. 36 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Paul ( 1992 ) . Edwardians : The Remaking of British Society . Routledge . p. 50 . ^ Jump up to : Larner , Tony ( 1 August 2010 ) . `` When Peaky Blinders Ruled Streets with Fear '' . Sunday Mercury . p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Two -- Peaky Blinders , Series Will Kemp 1 '' . BBC . Retrieved 7 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Two -- Peaky Blinders , Series 2 '' . BBC . Retrieved 7 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones star joins Peaky Blinders cast '' . 29 March 2017 . Retrieved 12 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Peaky Blinders - Black Country Living Museum '' . www.bclm.co.uk . Retrieved 12 November 2017 . External links ( edit ) Peaky Blinders on Netflix BBC news article on the Peaky Blinders Birmingham 's Peaky Blinders -- in fact ... and fiction , from the Birmingham Post Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peaky_Blinders&oldid=810480549 '' Categories : Gangs in England History of Birmingham , West Midlands 19th century in England Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from September 2013 Use British English from September 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Dansk Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Norsk Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 15 November 2017 , at 14 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the saying peaky blinders come from	[]	[]
-1134847560464595310	Avengers: Infinity War	Avengers : Infinity War - wikipedia Avengers : Infinity War `` Infinity War '' redirects here . For the 1992 comic book storyline , see The Infinity War . 2018 superhero film produced by Marvel Studios Avengers : Infinity War Theatrical release poster Directed by Anthony Russo Joe Russo Produced by Kevin Feige Screenplay by Christopher Markus Stephen McFeely Based on The Avengers by Stan Lee Jack Kirby Starring Robert Downey Jr . Chris Hemsworth Mark Ruffalo Chris Evans Scarlett Johansson Benedict Cumberbatch Don Cheadle Tom Holland Chadwick Boseman Paul Bettany Elizabeth Olsen Anthony Mackie Sebastian Stan Danai Gurira Letitia Wright Dave Bautista Zoe Saldana Josh Brolin Chris Pratt Music by Alan Silvestri Cinematography Trent Opaloch Edited by Jeffrey Ford Matthew Schmidt Production company Marvel Studios Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date April 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 23 ) ( Dolby Theatre ) April 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 27 ) ( United States ) Running time 149 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $316 -- 400 million Box office $2.042 billion Avengers : Infinity War is a 2018 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team the Avengers , produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures . It is the sequel to 2012 's The Avengers and 2015 's Avengers : Age of Ultron , and the nineteenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) . The film is directed by Anthony and Joe Russo , written by Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely , and features an ensemble cast including Robert Downey Jr. , Chris Hemsworth , Mark Ruffalo , Chris Evans , Scarlett Johansson , Benedict Cumberbatch , Don Cheadle , Tom Holland , Chadwick Boseman , Paul Bettany , Elizabeth Olsen , Anthony Mackie , Sebastian Stan , Danai Gurira , Letitia Wright , Dave Bautista , Zoe Saldana , Josh Brolin , and Chris Pratt . In the film , the Avengers and the Guardians of the Galaxy attempt to stop Thanos from amassing the all - powerful Infinity Stones . The film was announced in October 2014 as Avengers : Infinity War -- Part 1 . The Russo brothers came on board to direct in April 2015 and by May , Markus and McFeely had signed on to write the script for the film , which drew inspiration from Jim Starlin 's 1991 The Infinity Gauntlet comic and Jonathan Hickman 's 2013 Infinity comic . In 2016 , Marvel shortened the title to Avengers : Infinity War . Filming began in January 2017 at Pinewood Atlanta Studios in Fayette County , Georgia , with a large cast consisting mostly of actors reprising their roles from previous MCU films . The production lasted until July 2017 , shooting back - to - back with an untitled direct sequel . Additional filming took place in Scotland , England , the Downtown Atlanta area , and New York City . With an estimated budget in the range of $316 -- 400 million , it is one of the most expensive films ever made . Avengers : Infinity War held its world premiere on April 23 , 2018 in Los Angeles and was released in the United States on April 27 , 2018 , in 2D , Real D 3D , IMAX and IMAX 3D . The film received praise for the performances of the cast ( particularly Brolin 's ) and the emotional weight of the story , as well as the visual effects and action sequences . It became the fourth film and the first superhero film to gross over $2 billion worldwide , breaking numerous records and becoming the highest - grossing film of 2018 to date . The currently untitled sequel is set to be released on May 3 , 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 Pre-sale ticket records 6.1. 2 United States and Canada 6.1. 3 Other territories 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Sequel 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot Having acquired the Power Stone from the planet Xandar , Thanos and his lieutenants -- Ebony Maw , Cull Obsidian , Proxima Midnight , and Corvus Glaive -- intercept a spaceship carrying the last survivors of Asgard . As they extract the Space Stone from the Tesseract , Thanos subdues Thor , overpowers Hulk , and kills Loki . Heimdall sends Hulk to Earth using the Bifröst before being killed . Thanos departs with his lieutenants and obliterates the ship . Hulk crash - lands at the Sanctum Sanctorum in New York City , reverting to Bruce Banner . He warns Stephen Strange and Wong about Thanos ' plan to kill half of all life in the universe ; in response , Strange recruits Tony Stark . Maw and Obsidian arrive to retrieve the Time Stone from Strange , drawing the attention of Peter Parker . Maw captures Strange , but fails to take the Time Stone due to an enchantment . Stark and Parker pursue Maw 's spaceship , Banner contacts Steve Rogers , and Wong stays behind to guard the Sanctum . In Scotland , Midnight and Glaive ambush Wanda Maximoff and Vision in order to retrieve the Mind Stone in Vision 's forehead . Rogers , Natasha Romanoff , and Sam Wilson rescue them and take shelter with James Rhodes and Banner at the Avengers Compound . Vision offers to sacrifice himself by having Maximoff destroy the Mind Stone to keep Thanos from retrieving it . Rogers suggests they travel to Wakanda , which he believes has the resources to remove the stone without destroying Vision . The Guardians of the Galaxy respond to a distress call from the Asgardian ship and rescue Thor , who surmises Thanos seeks the Reality Stone , which is in the possession of the Collector on Knowhere . Rocket and Groot accompany Thor to Nidavellir , where they and Eitri create a battle - axe capable of killing Thanos . On Knowhere , Peter Quill , Gamora , Drax , and Mantis find Thanos with the Reality Stone already in his possession . Thanos kidnaps Gamora , his adoptive daughter , who reveals the location of the Soul Stone to save her captive adoptive sister Nebula from torture . Thanos and Gamora travel to Vormir , where Red Skull , keeper of the Soul Stone , informs him the stone can only be retrieved by sacrificing someone he loves . Thanos reluctantly kills Gamora , earning the stone . Nebula escapes captivity and asks the remaining Guardians to meet her on Thanos ' destroyed homeworld , Titan . Stark and Parker kill Maw and rescue Strange . Landing on Titan , they meet Quill , Drax , and Mantis . The group forms a plan to remove Thanos ' Infinity Gauntlet after Strange uses the Time Stone to view millions of possible futures , seeing only one in which Thanos loses . Thanos arrives , justifying his plans as necessary to ensure the survival of a universe threatened by overpopulation . The group subdues him until Nebula deduces that Thanos has killed Gamora . Enraged , Quill attacks him , allowing Thanos to break the group 's hold and overpower them . Stark is seriously wounded by Thanos , but is spared after Strange surrenders the Time Stone to Thanos . In Wakanda , Rogers reunites with Bucky Barnes before Thanos ' army invades . The Avengers , alongside T'Challa and the Wakandan forces , mount a defense while Shuri works to extract the Mind Stone from Vision . Banner , unable to transform into the Hulk , fights in Stark 's Hulkbuster armor . Thor , Rocket , and Groot arrive to reinforce the Avengers ; Midnight , Obsidian , and Glaive are killed and their army is routed . Thanos arrives and despite Maximoff 's attempt to destroy the Mind Stone , removes it from Vision , killing him . Thor severely wounds Thanos , but Thanos activates the completed Infinity Gauntlet and teleports away . Half of all life across the universe disintegrates , including Barnes , T'Challa , Groot , Maximoff , Wilson , Mantis , Drax , Quill , Strange , and Parker , as well as Maria Hill and Nick Fury ; the latter is able to transmit a distress signal first . Stark and Nebula remain on Titan while Banner , M'Baku , Okoye , Rhodes , Rocket , Rogers , Romanoff , and Thor are left on the Wakandan battlefield . Meanwhile , Thanos watches a sunrise on another planet . Cast Robert Downey Jr. as Tony Stark / Iron Man : The leader and benefactor of the Avengers , who is a self - described genius , billionaire , playboy , and philanthropist with electromechanical suits of armor of his own making . Co-director Joe Russo explained that Stark `` senses this greater threat approaching , so he is doing everything in his power to keep the Earth safe '' . Downey added that Stark would have smaller goals than in previous films , with the idea of him as a tinkerer continued from Iron Man 3 , although this was not reflected in the final film . Chris Hemsworth as Thor : An Avenger and the king of Asgard , based on the Norse mythological deity of the same name . Joe Russo stated that Thor 's storyline picks up after the events of Thor : Ragnarok , which finds him in a `` very profound ... very interesting place '' with `` real emotional motivation '' . At the recommendation of Hemsworth , writers Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely consulted Thor : Ragnarok director Taika Waititi and screenwriter Eric Pearson to help carry over the comedic and tragic elements of the re-toned Thor from that film . Thor now wields a mystical axe known as Stormbreaker , after the destruction of his hammer Mjolnir in Ragnarok . Mark Ruffalo as Bruce Banner / Hulk : An Avenger and a genius scientist who , because of exposure to gamma radiation , transforms into a monster when enraged or agitated . Banner spends the film trying to reintegrate with the Avengers , and also tries to `` impress upon everybody how dangerous Thanos is '' . This continues a story arc for the character that was established in Thor : Ragnarok and concludes in the Infinity War sequel , with the difference between Hulk and Banner `` starting to blur a little bit '' . Ruffalo described Hulk in Infinity War as having the mental capacity of a five - year - old . Chris Evans as Steve Rogers / Captain America : A fugitive superhero and leader of a faction of Avengers . A World War II veteran , he was enhanced to the peak of human physicality by an experimental serum and frozen in suspended animation before waking up in the modern world . Joe Russo said after the events of Captain America : Civil War , Rogers struggles with the conflict between his responsibility to himself and his responsibility to others . The character embodies the `` spirit '' of his comic alternate identity Nomad in the film , and receives new vibranium gauntlets from Shuri to replace his traditional shield . Scarlett Johansson as Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow : A highly trained spy , a member of Rogers ' faction of Avengers , and a former agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. Johansson said that Romanoff 's situation in the aftermath of the events of Captain America : Civil War has been `` a dark time . I would n't say that my character has been particularly hopeful , but I think she 's hardened even more than she probably was before . '' Benedict Cumberbatch as Dr. Stephen Strange : A former neurosurgeon who , after a car accident that led to a journey of healing , discovered the hidden world of magic and alternate dimensions , and became a Master of the Mystic Arts . Markus and McFeely described Strange as `` ( ending ) up being the reasonable adult in the room '' with the `` widest perspective available '' due to the film 's stakes . Aaron Lazar served as Cumberbatch 's stand - in until the latter completed filming on The Current War . At that point , Cumberbatch re-shot scenes where his face needed to be seen . Julian `` JayFunk '' Daniels once again assisted Cumberbatch with his finger - tutting movements . Don Cheadle as James `` Rhodey '' Rhodes / War Machine : A Colonel in the U.S. Air Force who operates the War Machine armor and is an Avenger . Following his paralysis during the events of Civil War , Rhodes is given an apparatus by Stark to walk again , although he is reluctant to don his War Machine armor and rejoin the Avengers due to his injury . Cheadle believed that Rhodes is `` negotiating this reunion and his rejoining this team '' . He also explained that Rhodes ' relationship with Stark `` deepened '' from his accident , saying , `` I think Tony feels somewhat responsible and culpable in a way . But again , he 's always had my back in a way that only he could really have . '' Tom Holland as Peter Parker / Spider - Man : A teenager and Stark 's protegé who received spider - like abilities after being bitten by a genetically - modified spider . Chadwick Boseman as T'Challa / Black Panther : The king of the African nation of Wakanda , who gained his enhanced strength by ingesting the Heart - Shaped Herb . Paul Bettany as Vision : An android and Avenger created using the artificial intelligence J.A.R.V.I.S. , Ultron , and the Mind Stone . Anthony Russo called Vision `` a living MacGuffin . Obviously , that raises the stakes because Vision 's life is in danger , and his life is in conflict with Thanos ' goals , so something 's got to give . '' Elizabeth Olsen as Wanda Maximoff / Scarlet Witch : A member of Rogers ' faction of Avengers , who can harness magic and engage in hypnosis and telekinesis . Anthony Mackie as Sam Wilson / Falcon : A member of Rogers ' faction of Avengers and former pararescueman trained by the military in aerial combat , using a specially designed wing pack . Mackie noted that Wilson has a grudge with other heroes like Iron Man and Black Panther after the events of Civil War . Sebastian Stan as Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier : An enhanced assassin and Rogers ' ally and best friend , who reemerged brainwashed after being thought killed in action during World War II . Barnes , who formerly went by Winter Soldier , is given the name White Wolf by the people of Wakanda , who helped remove his Hydra programming . Tom Hiddleston as Loki : Thor 's adoptive brother , based on the Norse mythological deity of the same name . Idris Elba as Heimdall : The all - seeing , all - hearing Asgardian former sentry of the Bifröst Bridge , based on the Norse mythological deity of the same name . Peter Dinklage as Eitri : King of the Dwarves of Nidavellir , and weaponsmith , based on the Norse mythological dwarf of the same name . Benedict Wong as Wong : One of the Masters of the Mystic Arts , tasked with protecting some of Kamar - Taj 's most valuable relics and books . Pom Klementieff as Mantis : A member of the Guardians of the Galaxy with empathic powers . Karen Gillan as Nebula : An adopted daughter of Thanos who was raised with Gamora as siblings . Dave Bautista as Drax the Destroyer : A member of the Guardians and warrior in search of vengeance against Thanos for killing his family . At the end of each day of filming , Bautista would have to sit in a sauna to remove his makeup . Zoe Saldana as Gamora : A member of the Guardians , who is an orphan from an alien world and raised by Thanos , seeking redemption for her past crimes . Ariana Greenblatt portrays a young Gamora . Vin Diesel as Groot : A member of the Guardians who is a tree - like humanoid . Executive producer James Gunn explained that Groot is still an adolescent in the film , in the same state of growth seen in one of the post-credit scenes in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . Terry Notary provided motion capture for Groot , and said the character is `` coming of age , so you 'll see the teenager find a mentor to look up to and to model himself after '' . Bradley Cooper as Rocket : A member of the Guardians who is a genetically - engineered raccoon - based bounty hunter and mercenary , and is a master of weapons and battle tactics . Sean Gunn was again the stand - in for Rocket during filming , with his acting and expressions serving as motion reference for the character . Gwyneth Paltrow as Pepper Potts : Stark 's fiancée and the CEO of Stark Industries . Downey felt that `` Pepper remains the heart of the ( Iron Man ) story '' , which was not a focal point in some of the preceding films with Stark . Downey continued that `` we wanted to get back to that reality . Not just for them , but let 's really see how that can add to the something - worth - fighting - for of it all . '' Benicio del Toro as Taneleer Tivan / The Collector : One of the Elders of the Universe , who is an obsessive keeper of the largest collection of interstellar fauna , relics , and species of all manner in the galaxy . Josh Brolin as Thanos : An intergalactic despot from Titan who longs to collect all six of the Infinity Stones in order to impose his will on all of reality , wanting to `` re-balance the universe '' . Producer Kevin Feige added that Thanos believes the universe is becoming over-populated , which led to the destruction of his home moon Titan and is something he vowed not to let happen again , and also said `` you could almost go so far as to say he is the main character of '' the film . McFeely shared this sentiment , describing the film as his `` hero journey '' in addition to being the film 's protagonist , stating , `` Part of that is the things that ( mean ) the most to him . We wanted to show that . It was n't just power ; it was n't just an ideal ; it was people . '' Brolin likened Thanos to `` the Quasimodo of this time '' and the novel Perfume , since Thanos was born deformed and considered a `` freak '' on Titan , while Joe Russo would reference The Godfather for Brolin at times , which Brolin felt helped `` to emotionalize the whole thing '' . Brolin further added that he preferred playing Thanos over Cable in Deadpool 2 because of the amount of work that went into creating the character . Thanos does not wear armor for most of the film , which is symbolic of his growing power as he collects the Infinity Stones . In addition to voicing for the character , Brolin performed motion capture on set . Chris Pratt as Peter Quill / Star - Lord : The half - human , half - Celestial leader of the Guardians who was abducted from Earth as a child , and raised by a group of alien thieves and smugglers called the Ravagers . Pratt described his role in the film as `` a cameo ... you get to be a little more vibrant ; a little more irreverent ; a little bit more colorful if you want it to be '' . Additionally , several other actors reprise their MCU roles : Danai Gurira as Okoye , the head of the Dora Milaje ; Letitia Wright as T'Challa's sister Shuri ; William Hurt as Thaddeus Ross , the U.S. Secretary of State ; Kerry Condon as the voice of Stark 's A.I. F.R.I.D.A.Y. ; Winston Duke as M'Baku , the leader of Wakanda 's mountain tribe the Jabari ; Florence Kasumba as Ayo , a member of the Dora Milaje ; Jacob Batalon as Parker 's friend Ned ; Isabella Amara as Parker 's classmate Sally ; Tiffany Espensen as Parker 's classmate Cindy ; and Ethan Dizon as Parker 's classmate Tiny . Samuel L. Jackson and Cobie Smulders make uncredited cameos as Nick Fury and Maria Hill , the former director and deputy director of S.H.I.E.L.D , respectively , in the film 's post-credits scene . Thanos ' henchmen , known collectively in the comics as the Black Order and in the film as the `` Children of Thanos '' , include Terry Notary as Cull Obsidian , Tom Vaughan - Lawlor as Ebony Maw , Carrie Coon as Proxima Midnight , and Michael James Shaw as Corvus Glaive . The foursome provided voices and motion - capture performances on set for their characters . As Coon was pregnant during filming , she mainly did facial capture for Proxima Midnight with some motion - capture , with stuntwoman Monique Ganderton standing - in and providing the rest on set . Ross Marquand portrays Johann Schmidt / Red Skull , the `` Stonekeeper '' and former Nazi commander of Hydra during World War II . Marquand replaces Hugo Weaving , who had expressed reluctance to reprise the character from Captain America : The First Avenger . Avengers co-creator Stan Lee makes a cameo appearance in the film as Parker 's school bus driver , while screenwriter Stephen McFeely cameos as Secretary Ross 's aide . Kenneth Branagh , the director of Thor , voices an Asgardian distress caller in an uncredited cameo . David Cross was invited to make a cameo appearance as Tobias Fünke , his character from the sitcom Arrested Development , which the Russo brothers had previously worked on ; this was prevented by a scheduling conflict , but Fünke still appears in the film as a specimen in the Collector 's collection , played by an uncredited extra . Jon Favreau was to reprise his role as Happy Hogan , but his scene did not make the theatrical cut of the film . Production Main article : Production of Avengers : Infinity War and the untitled Avengers sequel In October 2014 , Marvel announced a two - part sequel to Avengers : Age of Ultron , titled Avengers : Infinity War . Part 1 was scheduled to be released on May 4 , 2018 , with Part 2 scheduled for May 3 , 2019 . In April 2015 , Marvel announced that Anthony and Joe Russo would direct both parts of Avengers : Infinity War , with back - to - back filming expected to begin in 2016 . The same month , Kevin Feige said that the Infinity War films would be two distinct films `` because they ( have ) such shared elements , it felt appropriate ... to ( subtitle the films ) like that . But I would n't call it one story that 's cut in half . I would say it 's going to be two distinct movies . '' By May 2015 , Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely had signed on to write the screenplays for both parts of the film , which draws inspiration from Jim Starlin 's 1991 `` The Infinity Gauntlet '' comic and Jonathan Hickman 's 2013 `` Infinity '' comic . Anthony Russo added the film was inspired by 1990s heist films , with Thanos `` on a smash - and - grab ( to acquire the Infinity Stones ) , and everybody 's trying to catch up the whole movie '' . In May 2016 , the Russos revealed that they would retitle the two films , to further remove the misconception that they were one large film split in two , with Joe stating , `` The intention is we will change ( the titles ) , we just have n't come up with ( them ) yet . '' That July , Marvel revealed the film 's title would be shortened to simply Avengers : Infinity War . Principal photography began on January 23 , 2017 , under the working title Mary Lou , at Pinewood Atlanta Studios in Fayette County , Georgia , with Trent Opaloch as director of photography . Infinity War , along with its sequel , were shot using IMAX / Arri 2D cameras , thus marking the first time that a Hollywood feature film was shot entirely with IMAX digital cameras . In early February , Marvel confirmed the involvement of Robert Downey Jr. as Tony Stark / Iron Man , Chris Pratt as Peter Quill / Star - Lord , and Tom Holland as Peter Parker / Spider - Man in the film . Additional filming took place in Scotland beginning in February 2017 . The filming occurred in Edinburgh , Glasgow and the Scottish Highlands , with studio work taking place at Wardpark Studios in Cumbernauld . Filming also began at Durham Cathedral in Durham , England in early May 2017 . In late June 2017 , filming occurred in Downtown Atlanta , as well as Atlanta 's Central Park in early July , before moving to Queens , New York in the middle of the month . Filming concluded on July 14 , 2017 . For the film 's final scene , where Thanos emerges healed in a nipa hut , the filmmakers partnered with Indochina Productions , a studio based in Thailand , to acquire footage of the Banaue Rice Terraces at Ifugao , Philippines . Later in July 2017 , Joe Russo stated there were a couple of unfinished scenes for Infinity War that would be shot `` in the next few months '' . In early March 2018 , Disney moved the release of Infinity War in the United States to April 27 , 2018 , to have it be released the same weekend as some of its international markets . Visual effects for the film were created by Industrial Light & Magic , Framestore , Method Studios , Weta Digital , Double Negative , Cinesite , Digital Domain , Rise , Lola VFX , and Perception . With an estimated budget in the range of $316 -- 400 million , it is one of the most expensive films ever made . Music Main article : Avengers : Infinity War ( soundtrack ) In June 2016 , Alan Silvestri , who composed the score for The Avengers , was revealed to be returning to score both Infinity War and its sequel . Silvestri started to record his score in January 2018 , and concluded in late March . Silvestri felt working on the film `` was a really different experience than anything I 'd done before , especially in regard to the approach and balancing quick shifts in tone '' . Ludwig Göransson 's theme from Black Panther is also used in the film . Hollywood Records and Marvel Music released the soundtrack album digitally on April 27 , 2018 , with a release on physical formats following on May 18 . Two versions were released , a regular and deluxe edition , with the deluxe edition featuring some extended and additional tracks . Release Avengers : Infinity War held its world premiere at the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles on April 23 , 2018 , screening also at the adjacent El Capitan Theatre and Grauman 's Chinese Theatre . It was released in most countries worldwide , including the United States , on April 27 , 2018 , with a few debuts beginning as early as April 25 , and was shown in IMAX and 3D on select screens . In the United States , the film opened in 4,474 theaters , 408 of which were IMAX ; this was the widest release for a Disney title ever and the second - widest ever after Despicable Me 3 's 4,529 theaters . Three of AMC Theatres ' locations screened the film for 24 hours straight , with 53 of their locations having showtimes at either 2 am or 3 am to accommodate demand . In India , the film had the biggest release ever for a Hollywood film , opening on nearly 2,000 screens in four languages . The film also screened in 515 4DX theaters in 59 countries . It was originally scheduled to be released on May 4 , 2018 in the United States . The Chinese release of the film , which opened on May 11 , 2018 , was originally scheduled to end on June 10 , 2018 , but was granted a `` rare '' extension of 30 days , to end on July 9 , 2018 . Select footage from the film was screened around various cities during the film 's press tour in early April , ahead of the film 's Los Angeles premiere . The Russos noted that only a limited amount of the film would be shown at these screenings to reduce the chance of spoilers being leaked . Adam Chitwood of Collider commented that this was `` highly unusual as most Marvel movies are screened in their entirety for press about a month before they hit theaters '' . Ahead of the United States release , AMC Theatres in New York City and Orlando , Florida aired an eleven - MCU film marathon beginning on April 25 , leading to a screening of Infinity War . The El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles also had a similar marathon ahead of the film 's release . Marketing From left to right : Kevin Feige , Chris Hemsworth , Tom Hiddleston , Chadwick Boseman and Mark Ruffalo at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con In May 2017 , Robert Downey Jr. and his philanthropic organization Random Act Funding partnered with Omaze to initiate a contest to benefit the organization . A randomly chosen winner from those that donated would receive an Infinity War set visit . A life - sized statue of Thanos , created by Legacy Effects , was on display at D23 Expo 2017 , alongside statues of the Black Order / `` Children of Thanos '' : Corvus Glaive , Proxima Midnight , Ebony Maw , and Cull Obsidian . Additionally , Feige , Joe Russo , Downey , Brolin , Bettany , Olsen , Klementieff , Gillan , Bautista , Cheadle , Mackie , Cumberbatch , Stan , Holland , Boseman , Ruffalo and Hemsworth appeared at D23 Expo to present a clip highlighting the 10 years of MCU films , along with footage from Infinity War . The footage , which was screened exclusively for the panel , received strong audience reaction , with fans `` literally on their feet and jumping as the footage played '' . Julia Alexander of Polygon commented , `` to say that there was quite a bit happening in the trailer would be one hell of an understatement , but that 's not what got me excited about the promises Infinity War may deliver upon . Seeing Spider - Man in the same movie as Iron Man , Thor , Star - Lord and the Scarlet Witch finally feels like Marvel has made the movie it always wanted to -- and the one we 've always wanted to see . For nearly ten years we dreamt of this reality and to see it play across a massive screen ... it was impossible to not feel emotional . '' CinemaBlend 's Eric Eisenberg said the footage left him `` literally shaking '' , with the film looking `` like it could be one of the most epic blockbusters ever created '' , concluding `` the hype ( for the film ) most definitely feels very , very real '' . Haleigh Foutch for Collider said , `` It looks dark and dramatic , and utterly epic . It 's clear Marvel is trying to do something different here ... to pay off a decade 's worth of narrative and world - building . While it 's impossible to tell from two minutes work of footage , it certainly looks like that gamble paid off . '' The D23 footage was also shown at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con International . Due to the two convention presentations , Avengers : Infinity War generated over 90,000 new conversations on social media from July 17 to 23 , the third-most during that time period behind Thor : Ragnarok and Justice League , according to comScore and its PreAct service . Infinity War stayed in third the following week , with over 41,000 new social media conversations , behind Ragnarok and It . By the week of October 16 , Infinity War had generated over 679,000 total social media conversations . To promote the release of the film 's first trailer , Marvel released `` a retrospective video looking back at some of its best trailers '' since Iron Man , `` paired with fan reaction videos to those trailers '' . The first trailer for Avengers : Infinity War debuted on Good Morning America on November 29 , 2017 . Josh Spiegel of The Hollywood Reporter said , `` The trailer promises , in many ways , exactly what anyone with a passing familiarity with superhero movies would expect ... '' but `` the most important part of the trailer is how it carefully , deliberately introduces the notion that the Infinity War films are going to function as a passing of the torch , from one set of Avengers to a newer group . '' Scott Mendelson writing , for Forbes , noted that even though the trailer was not much different from the convention footage screened earlier in the year , it was `` damn impressive . Moreover , it uses Nick Fury 's big ' Avengers Initiative ' speech , along with Alan Silvestri 's Avengers theme , to excellent effect . '' Conversely to Mendelson , Alexander commented on the different marketing strategy for the film between the convention footage scenes and the trailer scenes , feeling the `` two could n't be more different '' . She noted how the convention footage ( `` meant to please a crowd running on little sleep and jittery with anticipation '' ) was released between Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 and Thor : Ragnarok , and `` ( i ) t made sense to use Thor and the Guardians to hype up ( Infinity War ) '' because `` Marvel relied on the anticipation of Thor : Ragnarok and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 's success to excite fans , and footage of older movies set to classic Marvel scores as a way to drive home how this movie is an event in itself . '' Conversely , the trailer ( `` designed to explain what 's about to happen , teasing it out with additional background '' ) heavily featured Black Panther and Wakanda , which Alexander said could not have been done earlier , without the additional marketing for Black Panther that happened after the conventions to provide additional context . Gael Cooper of CNET observed that the trailer was viewed nearly 500,000 times in its first 15 minutes after it was posted on YouTube , but questioned if the trailer broke the site after the view counter appeared to be stuck at 467,331 . The trailer was viewed 230 million times in its first 24 hours , becoming the most viewed trailer in that time period , surpassing the record of It . In January 2018 , Marvel Comics published a two - issue prequel comic titled Avengers : Infinity War Prelude , which serves as a bridge between Captain America : Civil War and Avengers : Infinity War . A commercial for Infinity War aired during Super Bowl LII . The ad generated the most social media buzz out of all the films advertised during the Super Bowl , according to comScore and United Talent Agency ; it was viewed 17.6 million times across YouTube and Facebook . On February 27 , 2018 , Disney and Marvel announced the Marvel : The Universe Unites charity campaign leading to the release of merchandise for the film on March 3 . The week - long event saw stars from the film create social media challenges to provide funds and raise awareness for charities that support children and families impacted by serious illness . If their collective posts reached 1 million likes , Marvel said they would make a $250,000 donation to Starlight Children 's Foundation . Additionally , Disney planned to donate 10 % of sales of all Marvel products purchased at Disney Stores in the United States and online on the weekend of March 3 to the Make - A-Wish Foundation , up to $50,000 . Hasbro donated $1 million worth of cash and products to Give Kids the World Village and Funko made a $1 million toy donation to Starlight . A second trailer was released on March 16 , 2018 , which earned over 1 million views on YouTube in less than three hours after it was released . Alyssa Rosenberg of The Washington Post was not overly enthused about another superhero film having `` special - effects - heavy villains , or the sight of yet another mysterious object hanging over the Manhattan skyline '' , but felt the trailer made her realize `` that I 'm actually looking forward to seeing ( the characters of the MCU ) get to know each other '' . Josh Spiegel of The Hollywood Reporter agreed with Rosenberg about the potential for character interactions , noting the trailer `` suggests that some of these meetings are going to keep up the playful tone of recent MCU movies '' . He continued , `` It is arguably gimmicky to pile up all of the crossover - style introductions or combinations of heroes in a movie like this , like a superpowered version of two well liked TV shows crossing over primarily in the hopes of getting more viewers to pay attention . But the entire Marvel Cinematic Universe is built on a foundation of these heroes existing within the same space , so their eventual meetings have a level of anticipation that exceeds that of watching them face off against Thanos . '' The second trailer was viewed 179 million times in the first 24 hours , the third-most viewed trailer in that time period , behind the first trailer for the film and It , while also becoming the biggest release for a second trailer , surpassing Beauty and the Beast ( 128 million views ) . A week before the film 's release , the Burj Khalifa in Dubai was lit up each night for the film , counting down to its release . Marvel also featured tie - in events across seven of their mobile games to promote the film . In early May 2018 , Marvel and Epic Games announced the `` Infinity Gauntlet Limited Time Mashup '' mode for Fortnite Battle Royale , where players can find the Infinity Gauntlet hidden on the game map and become Thanos with added abilities . The Russo brothers were fans of Fortnite and approached Donald Mustard , the worldwide creative director of Epic Games , about the potential for a crossover between the properties . On November 20 , 2018 , Little , Brown and Company will publish Marvel 's Avengers : Infinity War : Thanos -- Titan Consumed , written by Barry Lyga . Despite not existing within Marvel Studios ' MCU canon , the novel explores the origins of Thanos before the events of the film . Lyga noted he spoke with Marvel Studios to get an `` outline of who Thanos is and what he means to the movies '' , and `` was given great latitude and a free hand ( in some areas of the story ) , while in others I had to tip - toe very carefully through the MCU '' . Additional marketing partners for the film included Coca - Cola , Quicken Loans and their Rocket Mortgage service , the Infiniti QX50 ( which is also featured in the film ) , Ziploc , Go - Gurt , Yoplait , Synchrony Bank , American Airlines , and Stand Up to Cancer . The partners created television commercials `` inspired by or featuring the film 's characters and themes '' , interactive digital initiatives , and robust in - store presences at numerous retailers . Duracell , Unilever , Quaker Oats Company , Chevron , and Samsung ran promotions in smaller markets . Coca - Cola , Ziploc , Go - Gurt , and Yoplait created special packaging in support of the film , with Synchrony implementing a `` Save Like a Hero '' campaign , and Stand Up to Cancer and American Airlines launching a national campaign with a PSA starring Johansson and Hemsworth . In the United Kingdom , OnePlus released an Infinity War edition for one of their smartphones . Deadline Hollywood estimated the media value was $150 million , the largest for any Marvel film , with Coca - Cola contributing an estimated $40 million . Home media Avengers : Infinity War is scheduled to be released on digital download by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on July 31 , 2018 , and on Ultra HD Blu - ray , Blu - ray , and DVD on August 14 . The digital and Blu - ray releases include behind - the - scenes featurettes , audio commentary , deleted scenes , and a blooper reel . The digital release also features a roundtable discussion between MCU directors the Russos , Jon Favreau , Joss Whedon , James Gunn , Ryan Coogler , Peyton Reed , and Taika Waititi . Reception Box Office Main article : List of box office records set by Avengers : Infinity War As of July 15 , 2018 , Avengers : Infinity War has grossed $676 million in the United States and Canada , and $1.365 billion in other territories , for a worldwide total of $2.041 billion . It is the fourth highest - grossing film of all time , as well as the highest - grossing film of 2018 , the highest - grossing MCU film , and the highest - grossing superhero film . Its worldwide opening weekend of $640.5 million is the biggest of all time , beating The Fate of the Furious ' $541.9 million . It crossed the $1 billion threshold at the worldwide box office in 11 days , becoming the fastest film to reach the milestone , eclipsing Star Wars : The Force Awakens ' record of 12 days . Also in its second weekend , Infinity War passed $13.5 million from 4DX screens , which was the all - time record for the format . On June 12 , 2018 , Avengers : Infinity War passed the $2 billion mark at the worldwide box office , becoming the fourth film to cross that milestone after Avatar , Titanic , and The Force Awakens . Crossing the mark in 48 days was the second fastest to that point , after Avatar 's 47 - day record . With $140 million worldwide from IMAX , the film is the third - largest worldwide in the format , behind Avatar and The Force Awakens , and the largest gross for a Marvel film . In May 2018 , two weeks after its release , Deadline Hollywood deduced the film had already broken even , and estimated its net profit would be around $600 million , accounting for production budgets , P&A , talent participations and other costs , with box office grosses and ancillary revenues from home media . Pre-sale ticket records In December 2017 , a survey from Fandango indicated that Infinity War was the most anticipated film of 2018 . Fandango reported that Infinity War achieved the largest initial 24 - hour ticket pre-sales for a superhero film in just six hours , surpassing the record from Black Panther . Atom Tickets also reported that Infinity War sold more tickets in its first pre-sales day than Black Panther sold in its first month . Within 72 hours , the film generated the biggest amount of pre-sales for any superhero film at AMC Theatres . AMC noted that Infinity War 's advance ticket sales were 257.6 % ahead of Black Panther 's , 751.5 % ahead of Captain America : Civil War , and 1,106.5 % ahead of Avengers : Age of Ultron during the same time frame . Two weeks before its release , Fandango revealed that advance ticket sales for Infinity War were outpacing the last seven MCU films combined in the same timeframe , and had become the company 's top April release . It was also on pace to become the top superhero film , with Fandango 's Erik Davis noting , `` Infinity War has built up such unprecedented anticipation that it 's pacing to break records , the likes of which we have never seen before for a superhero movie . '' A week before the film released , The Wall Street Journal noted the film had sold more than $50 million worth of advance tickets , behind only Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) and Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) , with Fandango reporting that more than 2,500 showtimes had sold out . On Atom Tickets , Infinity War had the most pre-sale volume , selling 7 % higher than The Last Jedi and 250 % higher than Black Panther at the same point in their sales . Atom also reported that ticket sales for Infinity War were doubling daily the week of its release , the fastest rate of increase the service has seen for any MCU title . United States and Canada Avengers : Infinity War earned $106.7 million on its opening day in the United States and Canada ( including $39 million from Thursday night previews ) , for an opening weekend total of $258.2 million . The Thursday night preview earning was the best for an MCU film ( beating Avengers : Age of Ultron 's $27.6 million ) and the fourth - best of all time , behind The Force Awakens ( $57 million ) , The Last Jedi ( $45 million ) and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( $43.5 million ) . Fandango reported that $14 million of the $39 million came from ticket pre-sales from the company . The opening day gross was the second - best ever , behind The Force Awakens ' $119.1 million , its Saturday gross of $83 million was the best - ever Saturday gross , beating Jurassic World 's $69.6 million , and its Sunday gross of $69.2 million was the best - ever , beating The Force Awakens ' $60.5 million . The total weekend gross became highest - grossing opening weekend of all time , beating The Force Awakens ' $248 million . IMAX contributed $22.5 million to the opening weekend gross , which was the best opening for a Marvel film in the format and the third - biggest opening , behind The Force Awakens ( $30 million ) and The Last Jedi ( $24.7 million ) . AMC reported that the film had the highest Friday and Saturday box office gross for a single title in the company 's history , while Fandango reported that approximately $84 million worth of tickets were sold through the service , approximately 30 % , which was the largest share of the weekend box office for any film in the company 's history . Avengers : Infinity War earned an additional $25 million the Monday after its opening weekend , which was the highest grossing Monday in April , beating Furious 7 ( $14 million ) , and the second - best Monday gross for an MCU film , after Black Panther ( $40.1 million ) . The next day , it earned $23.5 million , which was the highest grossing Tuesday for an MCU film , beating Black Panther ( $20.8 million ) , and the highest grossing Tuesday in May , beating The Avengers ( $17.6 million ) . It also tied The Force Awakens for the fastest to reach $300 million at five days . The film remained number one in its second weekend , earning $115.5 million , which was the second - best second weekend ever after The Force Awakens ( $149.2 million ) . Infinity War also surpassed $400 million in the weekend , doing so in nine days , becoming the second fastest film to reach that mark , again after The Force Awakens 's eight days . In its third weekend , Infinity War remained number one at the box office , and became the second - fastest film to surpass $500 million , doing so in 15 days ( behind The Force Awakens 's 10 days ) . The weekend also saw its total domestic IMAX gross become $48.1 million , which was the highest for any MCU film . The film 's fourth weekend saw it come in second , behind Deadpool 2 , and in its fifth it finished third behind Solo : A Star Wars Story and Deadpool 2 . By May 23 , Infinity War surpassed $600 million , becoming the second - fastest film to do so in 26 days , after The Force Awakens ( 12 days ) . It remained in the top ten through its ninth weekend . It is the fourth highest - grossing film of all time , and the second highest - grossing superhero film . The film is projected to gross $650 -- 675 million for its total final domestic gross . Other territories Outside the United States and Canada , the film earned $382.7 million from 52 markets , opening number one in all , and became the number two opening internationally , behind The Fate of the Furious ( $444.2 million ) . IMAX contributed $18.5 million , which was the best opening outside of the US , Canada , and China , surpassing The Force Awakens ( $17.5 million ) . All - time opening weekend records were set in South Korea ( $39.2 million ) , Mexico ( $25.4 million ) , Brazil ( $19.1 million ) , India ( for a Western release , $18.6 million ) , the Philippines ( $12.5 million ) , Thailand ( $10 million ) , Indonesia ( $9.6 million ) , Malaysia , Hong Kong , Vietnam , Central America , Peru , Chile , Ecuador , Venezuela , Bolivia , South Africa , Turkey , the United Arab Emirates , and West Africa , with many also setting opening day records . Australia opened with $6.7 million , which was the second biggest opening day of all time , behind The Force Awakens ; it went on to have the second - highest opening weekend ever , with $23.2 million . France 's opening day gross of $3.9 million was the highest ever for the month of April and the largest ever for an MCU film , while the same amount in Italy was the third - highest opening day and biggest superhero and Disney opening ever . France went on to earn $17.7 million , the biggest superhero opening in the market . Denmark , Finland , Norway , Portugal , and Sweden had the best opening for a superhero film . The United Kingdom earned $8.9 million , which was the biggest MCU opening day and third highest opening day for a Disney film ; it would go on to earn $41.4 million for the weekend , which was the third - highest of all time and the second - highest Disney opening . The United Kingdom also had the highest grossing Saturday ever . Argentina had the second highest opening day of all time , while Germany had the best superhero film opening day of all time , ultimately earning $14.7 million , which was the best superhero opening ever . Austria , Bosnia and Herzegovina , the Czech Republic , Estonia , Greece , Hungary , the Middle East , Poland , Serbia , Slovakia , Slovenia , and Ukraine also broke superhero film records . Japan had the second - biggest opening for an MCU film with $9 million . Avengers : Infinity War remained number one in its 54 markets in its second weekend . The $4.9 million opening day in Russia was the biggest of all time . Infinity War was also the first film in Russia to sell more than 1 million tickets in a single day , and went on to gross $17.6 million in the market , a new opening weekend record . IMAX contributed $2.2 million in the market , which was also an opening weekend record . In its third weekend , the film remained number one in a majority of its markets . Infinity War opened in China to $200 million ( RMB 1.266 billion ) , which was the second highest opening weekend in local currency behind The Fate of the Furious ( $184 million and RMB 1.352 million ) . IMAX contributed $20.5 million , which was the third - largest opening in China . Infinity War also broke China 's pre-sale record of 400 million yuan ( $63 million ) . In India , Infinity War became the first Hollywood film to earn over ₹ 2 billion net ( $29.7 million ) , and also became the highest grossing MCU film in the United Kingdom . In its sixth weekend , the film became the highest grossing MCU film in Japan with $33 million . The film became the highest grossing release ever in Brazil , Indonesia , the Philippines , Central America , Bolivia , Venezuela , Latin America as a region , Mexico , Chile , Ecuador , Peru , Malaysia , Singapore , India ( for a Western release ) , Vietnam , Indonesia , Thailand ( for a Western release ) , and Mongolia , the second - highest in the Asia - Pacific region ( for a Western release ) , Hong Kong , and South Korea ( for a Western release ) and the third - highest in China ( for a Western release ) . It is also the highest - grossing superhero film in Belgium , Bosnia , Bulgaria , Croatia , the Czech Republic , Hungary , Macedonia , the Netherlands , Poland , Romania , Serbia , Slovakia , Switzerland , the United Arab Emirates , Ukraine , and the United Kingdom . As of June 17 , 2018 , the film 's top markets are China ( $373.4 million ) , the United Kingdom ( $95.7 million ) , and South Korea ( $92.8 million ) . The film is the third highest - grossing film of all time in territories outside the United States and Canada . Critical response Josh Brolin 's performance as Thanos was praised by many critics . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 83 % approval rating based on 338 reviews , and an average rating of 7.4 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Avengers : Infinity War ably juggles a dizzying array of MCU heroes in the fight against their gravest threat yet , and the result is a thrilling , emotionally resonant blockbuster that ( mostly ) realizes its gargantuan ambitions . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned the film a score of 68 out of 100 , based on 53 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 87 % overall positive score and a 68 % `` definite recommend '' . Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter praised the writers ' and directors ' ability to balance the large cast of characters , saying , `` ... writers Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely and directors Anthony and Joe Russo , under the supervision of Marvel Films maestro Kevin Feige , acknowledge the traffic jam of egos and play it for laughs '' . Owen Gleiberman of Variety concurred , stating , `` Infinity War is a brashly entertaining jamboree , structured to show off each hero or heroine and give them just enough to do , and to update their mythologies without making it all feel like homework . '' Rolling Stone 's Peter Travers said the film is `` too much of a good thing '' and wrote , `` The Russo brothers have clearly never learned the concept that less is more . They 've used the premise of an Avengers reunion to put on a fireworks explosion of action and laughs that wo n't quit . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times called it Marvel 's `` biggest and most ambitious movie yet '' , but concluded `` it 's certainly not the best . However , there 's plenty of action , humor and heart -- and some genuinely effective dramatic moments . '' Roeper went on to praise the film 's cast and Josh Brolin in particular , whom he called `` the film 's most interesting performance '' . Gleiberman called Brolin 's motion capture performance `` supremely effective '' and said , `` Brolin infuses Thanos with his slit - eyed manipulative glower , so that the evil in this movie never feels less than personal . '' McCarthy wrote , `` Brolin 's calm , considered reading of the character bestows this conquering beast with an unexpectedly resonant emotional dimension , making him much more than a thick stick figure of a supervillain . '' McCarthy also praised the film 's action sequences , saying `` Infinity War brims with tensely spectacular combat sequences , even if the question of who 's going to win each one has that extravagantly arbitrary could - Mighty - Mouse - beat - up - Superman ? quality . '' Gleiberman called the scale of the action , `` astonishing '' , and Travers wrote , `` Avengers : Infinity War leaves viewers up in the air , feeling exhilarated and cheated at the same time , aching for a closure that never comes ... at least not yet . '' Josh Spiegel , also of The Hollywood Reporter , said the film takes `` a cue from the ending of The Empire Strikes Back in its super-sized finale ; this is the equivalent of Han Solo frozen in the carbonite , on steroids . '' A.O. Scott of The New York Times criticized the film 's reliance on other films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , saying , `` Considered on its own , as a single , nearly 2 - hour - 40 - minute movie , Avengers : Infinity War makes very little sense '' , but conceded that it `` was never meant to be viewed or judged in isolation '' . Richard Brody of The New Yorker agreed , stating , `` The insubstantiality of the film is n't due to the infinite yet flimsy malleability of C.G.I. gimmickry but , instead , to the dispersion of its drama throughout the many cinematic installations set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . '' Stephanie Zacharek of Time said , `` ( It ) is n't really a beginning , but more of a middle or an end with a new piece of yarn attached . You need to have seen and internalized every one of the previous 18 Marvel Cinematic Universe movies to fully get it . '' Justin Chang of the Los Angeles Times called it a `` brisk , propulsive , occasionally rousing and borderline - gutsy continuation of a saga that finally and sensibly seems to be drawing to a close '' , but called its ultimate bid for catharsis `` unsuccessful '' , saying , `` Not even the threat of universal annihilation , it seems , will keep this assembly line from chugging ahead with its signature polished , mechanized efficiency . '' Scott also criticized the action sequences , calling them `` tedious and predictable '' and writing , `` The noisy , bloated spectacles of combat were surely the most expensive parts of the movie , but the money seems less like an imaginative tool than a substitute for genuine imagination . '' Likewise , Zacharek said , `` There 's no pacing in Avengers : Infinity War . It 's all sensation and no pulse . Everything is big , all of the time . '' Accolades Year Award Category Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) 2018 Golden Trailer Awards Best Action `` Millions '' ( Mocean ) Nominated Best Teaser `` Balance '' ( Mocean ) Nominated Best Original Score `` Millions '' ( Mocean ) Nominated MTV Movie & TV Awards Best Movie Avengers : Infinity War Nominated Best Villain Josh Brolin Nominated Best Fight Scarlett Johansson , Danai Gurira , Elizabeth Olsen vs. Carrie Coon Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Action Movie Avengers : Infinity War Pending Choice Action Movie Actor Chris Evans Pending Robert Downey Jr . Pending Tom Holland Pending Choice Action Movie Actress Elizabeth Olsen Pending Scarlett Johansson Pending Zoe Saldana Pending Choice Movie Villian Josh Brolin Pending Choice Hissy Fit Mark Ruffalo Pending Sequel Main article : Untitled Avengers film An untitled sequel is scheduled to be released on May 3 , 2019 , with the Russos returning to direct , and Markus and McFeely once again writing the screenplay . Notes Jump up ^ Identified off - screen to be a message to Carol Danvers / Captain Marvel . References Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War : ' The Russo Brothers on Action , Tone , and Movies That Influenced the MCU Sequel '' . Collider . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2018 . 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Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars : Episode IX ' Release Date Moves to December 2019 '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2017 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' All - Time Opening Record Even Higher With $258 M+ Domestic , $640 M+ WW -- Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2018 . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pillai , Sreedhar ( April 22 , 2018 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War expected to release in 2000 screens in India , unprecedented for any Hollywood film '' . Firstpost . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2018 . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Infinity War ' Is Second - Fastest Pic To $400 M With Second - Best 2nd Weekend Ever , Now Back At $115 M+ -- Monday '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2018 . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Surges To $1.164 B Global & # 5 Superhero Movie Ever WW ; $713 M Overseas -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2018 . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Secures Rare China Release Extension As It Nears $2 B WW '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2018 . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` Russo Brothers Ask Fans Not to Spoil ' Infinity War ' ; Say the True Plot Is a Secret '' . Collider . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2018 . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Shanley , Patrick ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` AMC Theaters Will Host 12 - Film Marvel Marathon Ahead of ' Infinity War ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Arrant , Chris ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` RDJ Offers Avengers : Infinity War Set Visit '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2017 . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Melrose , Kevin ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War 's Thanos Fully Revealed in D23 Expo Photo '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2017 . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Couch , Aaron ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' -- Blockbuster First Trailer Brings D23 to Its Feet '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , Julia ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War 's first trailer proves the Marvel we 've dreamt of for a decade is real '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` The Avengers : Infinity War Debuts Footage At D23 , And We Are Still Shaking '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` We Saw the First ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Footage and It Is Nuts '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burton , Bonnie ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Comic - Con 2017 : ' Black Panther , ' ' Infinity War ' blew us away at the Marvel panel '' . CNET . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Leads Social Media Buzz Thanks to Comic - Con '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Tops Social Media Buzz for Second Consecutive Week '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Creates Thunderous Buzz on Social Media Ahead of Debut '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2017 . Retrieved November 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel Teases ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Trailer With 10 - Year Retrospective '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Explosive First Trailer Arrives '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spiegel , Josh ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Begins a Sad Goodbye for Marvel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Trailer Teases An Epic MCU Finale '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War trailer is different from earlier SDCC footage -- and much better '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Gael Fashingbauer ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' trailer explodes with action '' . CNET . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` Captain America 's ' Infinity War ' Beard Was Most Popular Part of Trailer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hood , Cooper ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War Prelude Comic Reveals Updated Logo '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Super Bowl Movie Ads : ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Big Winner '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Markus , Tucker Chet ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Marvel Universe Unites For Children 's Charities '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2018 . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pallotta , Frank ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' trailer assembles Marvel 's mightiest heroes '' . CNN . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Alyssa ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` The ' Avengers : Infinity War ' trailer reminds me why I like Marvel movies '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Spiegel , Josh ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` The Most Exciting Promise of ' Avengers : Infinity War ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` New ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Trailer Nabs Third - Biggest Debut Ever '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2018 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dubai 's Burj Khalifa starts countdown for ' Avengers : Infinity War ' release '' . Khaleej Times . April 22 , 2018 . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2018 . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dinh , Christine ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` This Week in Marvel Games : Thanos Descends Upon Marvel Games With ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Event '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2018 . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` Thanos is coming to Fortnite for epic Avengers : Infinity War crossover '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2018 . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( April 16 , 2018 ) . `` Thanos Is Getting a Book ( Corrected ) '' . io9 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2018 . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Will Be Marvel 's Biggest Promo Campaign Yet '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2018 . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( July 10 , 2018 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War Blu - ray , 4K , and Digital - HD Details Confirmed ! '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2018 . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Sets Fox Record With $176 M Overseas Bow ; ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Tops $1.81 B WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2018 . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( June 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Soars to $2 Billion at Worldwide Box Office '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2018 . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ; D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Infinity War ' Is Now Second - Fastest To Half Billion ; ' Life of the Party ' No Pizzazz With $18 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2018 . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 4 , 2018 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Crosses $1 B in Record Time '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2018 . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( June 12 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office : ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Tops $2 Billion Worldwide '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2018 . Retrieved June 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo : A Star Wars Story ' Stalls With $68 M Overseas Bow ; What Clipped The Falcon 's Wings ? -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2018 . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Crushes $200 M China Bow To Cross $1 B Overseas ; # 5 WW Release Ever On $1.6 B+ -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2018 . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( December 28 , 2017 ) . `` Fans pick ' Avengers , ' ' Black Panther ' as 2018 's most - anticipated films in Fandango poll '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2017 . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Breaks a Pre-Sales Record in Just Six Hours '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Tom ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` Infinity War Shatters Black Panther 's Advance Ticket Sales Record '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2018 . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Beating ' Black Panther ' to Set New Presales Record '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2018 . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' on Track for Heroic Opening '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2018 . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Posts April Monday Record With $25 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2018 . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Ties ' Force Awakens ' As Fastest Title To $300 M , Will Make Another $100 M+ This Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2018 . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Swinging in As Second - Best Opening For R - Rated Pic With $125 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2018 . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 28 , 2018 ) . `` Why Is ' Solo ' Flying So Low at the B.O. ? Memorial Day Opening Now At $103 M -- Monday Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2018 . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Deadpool 2 ' Nabs 2nd - Best Tuesday For R - Rated Pic ; ' Infinity War ' 2nd - Fastest To $600 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2018 . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo ' Hits Asteroid With $29 M+ ; ' Action Point ' Condemned To $2 M+ : Post-Memorial Day Blues at the B.O. '' Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2018 . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ocean 's 8 ' Steals Franchise Record With $41.5 M Opening -- Final Sunday Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2018 . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Incredibles 2 ' Record $183 M Beats ' Captain America : Civil War ' Opening & Lifetime Totals Of ' Cars 3 ' , ' A Bug 's Life ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2018 . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' With $150 M Reps Uni 's 2nd Highest Opening Ever -- Sunday '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2018 . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Domestic Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War 's Record Global Bow Rockets To $641 M ; Overseas Open Lifts To $383 M -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2018 . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( April 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Crushes $179 M In 3 Days Overseas ; Record Global Bow In Sight '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2018 . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Shawn ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` Weekend Actuals : ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Snaps Domestic ( $257.7 M ) & Global ( $640.4 M ) Opening Records In Historic Debut '' . BoxOffice . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2018 . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Lights Up $900 M+ At Global Box Office On Way To $1 B Speed Record '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2018 . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ ZX , ZX ( May 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' pockets 800 mln yuan on 2nd day in China '' . Xinhua News Agency . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2018 . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bhowal , Tiasa ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War Box Office Collection Day 12 -- First Hollywood Film To Make Over 200 Crore In India '' . NDTV . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2018 . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Rockets To China 's 3rd Biggest Opening Day ; Swings Past ' Jungle Book ' As India 's Top Hollywood Pic '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2018 . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Solo ' Scruffy With $115 M Overseas To Date ; ' Deadpool 2 ' Retakes # 1 & Nears $600 M WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2018 . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jurassic World : Fallen Kingdom ' Rises To $370 M Overseas ; ' Incredibles 2 ' Powers $52 M Early Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2018 . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avengers : Infinity War Reviews : It 's Both Amazing and Exhausting '' . Rotten Tomatoes. April 27 , 2018 . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2018 . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Avengers : Infinity War Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McCarthy , Todd ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Gleiberman , Owen ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` Film Review : ' Avengers : Infinity War ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Travers , Peter ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Review : All - Star Marvel Team - Up Is Superhero Pile - Up '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' unites Stark and Star - Lord in a massive Marvel mashup '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Spiegel , Josh ( April 28 , 2018 ) . `` Why ' Avengers : Infinity War ' May Feel Unsatisfying '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2018 . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Scott , A.O. ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' : It 's Marvel 's Universe . We Just Live in It '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brody , Richard ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War , ' Reviewed : The Latest Marvel Movie Is a Two - and - a-Half - Hour Ad for All the Previous Marvel Movies '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Zacharek , Stephanie ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War Checks All the Boxes . That 's Exactly What 's Wrong With It '' . Time . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2018 . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' : a rousing Marvel mash - up , or a truly epic tease ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( May 9 , 2018 ) . `` Golden Trailer Award Nominations : ' The Shape Of Water ' , ' Hitman 's Bodyguard ' Top List '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2018 . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bell , Crystal ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 MTV Movie & TV Awards Nominations : See The Full List '' . MTV . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2018 . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Jess ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2018 : Avengers : Infinity War , Black Panther and Riverdale Among Top Nominees '' . E ! Online . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards : ' Black Panther ' , ' Solo ' , ' Riverdale ' Lead Nominations -- List '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Avengers : Infinity War Wikimedia Commons has media related to Avengers : Infinity War . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the beginning of avengers infinity war	[ "Avengers: Infinity War is a 2018 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team the Avengers, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the sequel to 2012's The Avengers and 2015's Avengers: Age of Ultron, and the nineteenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). 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-4461849283880065612	Married to Medicine	Married to Medicine - wikipedia Married to Medicine Married to Medicine Genre Reality television Starring Jacqueline Walters Simone Whitmore Kari Wells Toya Bush - Harris Quad Webb - Lunceford Mariah Huq Heavenly Kimes Lisa Nicole Cloud Contessa Metcalfe Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 6 No. of episodes 91 Production Executive producer ( s ) Matt Anderson Nate Green Mariah Huq Running time 41 -- 43 minutes Production company ( s ) FremantleMedia North America Purveyors of Pop Release Original network Bravo Picture format 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release March 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 24 ) -- present External links Website Married to Medicine is an American reality television series which premiered on March 24 , 2013 , on Bravo and was created by Mariah Huq . The series chronicles the lives of seven women in the Atlanta medical community with three of the women being doctors themselves , while the others are doctors ' wives . It shows the group as they balance their social circles , careers , and families . Mariah Huq , Quad Webb - Lunceford , Jacqueline Walters , Kari Wells , Toya Bush - Harris , and Simone Whitmore composed the first - season cast . Lisa Nicole Cloud and Heavenly Kimes joined the series beginning with the second season after the departure of Wells , while Huq departed after the second season . The network announced a spin - off show entitled Married to Medicine : Houston , which premiered on November 11 , 2016 . On April 11 , 2018 , Bravo renewed the show for a sixth season . With this renewal , another spin - off titled Married to Medicine : Los Angeles would be premiering at a later date . Contents 1 Production 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Series overview 4 Episodes 4.1 Season 1 ( 2013 ) 4.2 Season 2 ( 2014 ) 4.3 Season 3 ( 2015 ) 4.4 Season 4 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 4.5 Season 5 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 4.6 Season 6 ( 2018 ) 5 Reception 6 References 7 External links Production ( edit ) In November 2012 , Bravo announced the series green - light of Married to Medicine . The network detailed the series by stating , `` Married to Medicine follows a group of successful and educated women , including doctors and wives of doctors , who are connected to the world of medicine in Atlanta . '' By February 2013 , the first - season cast was revealed with Toya Bush - Harris , Mariah Huq , Quad Webb - Lunceford , Jacqueline Walters , Kari Wells , and Simone Whitmore starring in the series . At the time of its debut , Married to Medicine held the title of highest - rated series premiere since Bethenny Getting Married ? in 2010 and the most watched non-spinoff series premiere in the network 's history . The milestone was later surpassed in January 2014 by Blood , Sweat and Heels . The first season delivered over 1 million viewers in the 18 - 49 viewership demographic and 1.8 million total viewers , making it the network 's highest - rated non-franchise / non-spin - off freshman series since Queer Eye for the Straight Guy . The production of the second season began the first week of September 2013 . It premiered on April 6 , 2014 , with Toya Bush - Harris , Mariah Huq , Quad Webb - Lunceford , Jacqueline Walters , and Simone Whitmore reprising their roles while Lisa Nicole Cloud and Heavenly Kimes joined in the second season . Wells transitioned into a guest starring role for the second and third season . On January 15 , 2015 , Bravo renewed the show for a third season , which premiered on June 7 , 2015 , and featured Bush - Harris , Lunceford , Walters , Whitmore , Kimes , and Cloud reprising their roles from the second season . Huq transitioned into a recurring role for the third season , while Jill Connors , who had guest starred in the second season , was featured in a recurring capacity . On December 26 , 2015 , Heavenly Kimes teased that the show will be returning for a fourth season . No further sources have surfaced to confirm if this statement is legit or not . Sources revealed on April 27 , 2016 , that the show had been renewed for a fourth season by Bravo , and the current cast were already six weeks into filming . The entire cast from the third season returned as series regulars , along with Mariah returning in a recurring capacity . In regards to a fifth season , Bravo has yet to announce the renewal . However , the cast have been optimistic that the show will return with all of them reprising their roles , with the exception of Lisa Nicole , as she has stated that she would not return for any upcoming seasons of the show . On June 19 , 2017 , it was confirmed that majority of the cast would be returning for the upcoming fifth season , with the exception of Lisa Nicole . It was also announced that another new cast member would join the show , however , that member has yet to be revealed . Mariah Huq is also expected to return in a recurring role . On September 19 , 2017 , Bravo announced the premiere date for the fifth season , along with a trailer for the upcoming season and the reveal of the new cast member , Dr. Contessa Metcalfe , who officially joined the main cast from the third episode . On August 2 , 2018 , the premiere of the sixth season was announced , starting on September 2 , along with the release of the seasons ' trailer . The cast was also revealed , with all the ladies returning who were prominent in the fifth season , along with Mariah rejoining the main cast , as she was present in a recurring capacity over the last three seasons . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Cast member Seasons 5 6 Dr. Jacqueline Walters Main Dr. Simone Whitmore Main Kari Wells Main Guest Toya Bush - Harris Main Quad Webb - Lunceford Main Mariah Huq Main Recurring Main Dr. Heavenly Kimes Guest Main Lisa Nicole Cloud Main Dr. Contessa Metcalfe Main Recurring ( edit ) Cast member Seasons 5 6 Curtis Berry ( Jackie 's husband ) Recurring Cecil Whitmore ( Simone 's husband ) Recurring Dr. Duncan Wells ( Kari 's husband ) Recurring Dr. Eugene Harris ( Toya 's husband ) Recurring Dr. Gregory Lunceford ( Quad 's husband ) Recurring Dr. Aydin Huq ( Mariah 's husband ) Recurring Keisha ( Jackie 's office manager ) Recurring Guest Dr. Damon Kimes ( Heavenly 's husband ) Guest Recurring Alaura Kimes ( Heavenly 's daughter ) Guest Recurring Dr. Darren Naugles ( Lisa Nicole 's husband ) Recurring Jill Connors ( Toya 's friend ) Guest Recurring Dr. John Connors ( Jill 's husband ) Recurring Genise Shelton ( Toya 's friend ) Recurring Guest Dr. Courtney Shelton ( Genise 's husband ) Recurring Dr. Scott Metcalfe ( Contessa 's husband ) Recurring Ms. Renee ( Contessa 's nanny ) Recurring Dr. Jarrett Manning ( Mariah 's friend ) Recurring Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 March 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 24 ) June 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 04 ) 17 April 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 06 ) July 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 24 ) 18 June 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 07 ) October 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 11 ) 16 November 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 06 ) February 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 24 ) 5 18 November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) 6 TBA September 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 02 ) TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) `` A Taste of Your Own Medicine '' March 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 24 ) 1.89 Dr. Simone and Dr. Jackie have to go through the obstacles they face with life as a mother , wife , friend and OB - GYN physician ; Kari , Quad , Toya , and Mariah show us the privileged life when you 're married to the medical field . `` Mistress of Medicine '' March 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 31 ) 1.38 Mariah works to make amends with the ladies ; Quad gets advice after she goes on attack ; Kari fights back by invoking Quad 's invite into an event Mariah and Kari are hosting , and Simone 's patient has to deal with some shocking information . `` Queen Bee Sting '' April 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 07 ) 1.81 Mariah confronts Kari about Quad 's dis - invite to their joint party ; Quad and Kari come to terms by agreeing to meet to solve their problems ; Simone 's competitive side bursts out during a visit by her sister , and Jackie reveals a surprising secret . `` A Black Eye Event '' April 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 14 ) 2.66 Toya unravels a hidden secret from Mariah 's past , and Kari is annoyed when Mariah is n't holding true to her duties as co-host to their `` Hollywood Glam '' party . 5 5 `` Resuscitating Reputations '' April 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 21 ) 2.28 The group is divided after Toya and Mariah 's physical altercation . 6 6 `` Blood is Thicker than Dog Water '' April 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 28 ) 1.94 Toya decides to dis - invite Mariah 's family from her Halloween party ; Quad sets herself up for some drama when she chooses to invite Toya and Mariah to her upcoming Puppies in Paris party . 7 7 `` The Sour Squeeze '' May 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 05 ) 1.58 Jackie has grown tired of all the drama in the group and hosts a Lemon Squeeze to resolve the issues between Toya and Mariah , and Mariah unveils the reasoning behind the altercation with Toya . 8 8 `` Sip Happens '' May 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 12 ) 1.18 Simone believes that it 's time to talk with Mariah for the first time after the fight , and Mariah finally confronts Toya . 9 / 10 9 / 10 `` Finale '' May 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 19 ) 1.51 Kari brews up more drama after she slips news that Quad and Mariah did n't make it onto Toya 's guest list ; Jackie has some last minute things to take care of prior to her spa grand opening ; Toya presents her husband 's most recent business venture to some potential investors ; Mariah invites the ladies over for a homemade traditional Bangladesh meal where Toya and Quad arrive for an intense night , and Toya and Kari choose not to attend Mariah 's dinner when they uncover information regarding Quad 's past . 11 11 `` Reunion ( Part 1 ) '' May 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 26 ) 1.22 Mariah , Quad , Simone , Toya , Kari , and Jacqueline sit down with Andy Cohen to discuss the drama that unraveled this season . 12 12 `` Reunion ( Part 2 ) '' May 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 28 ) 0.87 The conclusion of a two - part reunion features the `` Married to Medicine '' cast addressing the dramas of season one . 13 13 `` Secrets Revealed '' June 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 04 ) 0.61 Previously unseen footage from `` Married to Medicine '' is presented . Season 2 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Dr. Heavenly and Lisa Nicole joined the cast of Married to Medicine ; Kari departed as a series regular . No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) 14 `` Far From Heavenly '' April 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 06 ) 2.40 Quad learns that Mariah is spreading rumors ; Jackie would like to have another child , and Dr. Heavenly invites all the women to a cocktail party . 15 `` Love and Basketball '' April 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 13 ) 2.11 Jackie goes on a date with Curtis ; Mariah wants her husband to receive a hair transplant , and Simone and Toya attempt to mend their friendship . 16 `` A Steakhouse Beef '' April 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 20 ) 2.38 Toya invites all the ladies to her son 's birthday party , and Mariah and Quad get into a verbal altercation . 17 `` A Week of Impact '' April 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 27 ) 2.14 Quad puts all of her energy into her fashion line , and Simone and her husband are having a difficult time paying the bills . 18 5 `` Chariot of Fiyah ! '' May 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 04 ) 2.31 The ladies attend Lisa Nicole 's speaking event to support her , but drama ensures over the group . 19 6 `` Textual Healing '' May 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 11 ) 1.22 Lisa is informed about the status of her cancer , and Quad wants to make it up to Mariah by inviting her to an upcoming fashion show . 20 7 `` A Fashion Faux - pas '' May 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 18 ) 1.56 Jackie is surprised when Simone details her financial difficulties ; Heavenly receives some gossip about Mariah , and the ladies come together to attend the Women of Atlanta fashion show . 21 8 `` Guess Who 's Not Coming to Dinner ? '' May 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 25 ) 0.92 Simone tests Jackie 's mothering skills ; Toya scouts for a house , and Heavenly hosts a dinner party . 22 9 `` Queen of Shade '' June 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 01 ) 1.87 Quad and Reco hurry to finish their samples while Mariah files a restraining order . 23 10 `` Blind Date '' June 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 08 ) 1.70 Simone asks Jackie for help with her love life , and Quad 's business ventures lead to an argument . 24 11 `` Couples Retreat '' June 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 15 ) 1.55 The couples arrive in the Blue Ridge Mountains ; Greg makes a controversial statement . 25 12 `` The Flight of the Uterus '' June 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 22 ) 1.70 Quad learns that Simone invited Mariah on the trip . 26 13 `` From Courtroom to Catwalk '' June 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 29 ) 0.81 Jackie 's stepdaughter arrives with a revelation ; Mariah tries to make peace by inviting the ladies to a business launch , and Lisa reveals her design collection . 27 14 `` The Queen Bee Gets Stung '' July 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 06 ) 1.91 Quad confronts Simone about their issues ; Toya showcases her lavish new home , and Quad gears up for a fashion show to highlight her new puppy - couture line . 28 15 `` Reunion ( Part 1 ) '' July 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 13 ) 1.31 The ladies re-group once again to discuss all the drama that went down this season . 29 16 `` Reunion ( Part 2 ) '' July 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 17 ) 0.97 Final part of the reunion sees the ongoing feud between Toya and Simone boil over with an ugly ending . 30 17 `` Secrets Revealed '' July 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 07 - 24 ) 0.76 Unseen scenes of this past season are shown . Season 3 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Mariah departed as a series regular . No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) 31 `` Background Check Yourself '' June 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 07 ) 1.33 Toya hosts a Halloween bash ; problems plague Dr. Simone and Toya 's friendship ; Quad works on her puppy - couture line , and Dr. Jackie tests a fitness program on the ladies . 32 `` Putt Up Or Shut Up '' June 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 14 ) 1.07 Simone and Toya clash ; Quad hires a private investigator to unearth dirt on Lisa Nicole and her husband , and Jackie invite the ladies to join their fitness venture . 33 `` Inspector Quad '' June 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 21 ) 0.86 Quad gets payback on Lisa ; Jackie introduces her new fitness program to the ladies : `` Fit is the new It '' . 34 `` Friends Do n't Do Background Check on Friends '' July 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 05 ) 1.07 Quad makes an accusation that sends Lisa reeling . 35 5 `` The Naked Truth '' July 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 12 ) 0.94 The women go to the same strip club frequented by Lisa 's husband . 36 6 `` Queen Bee Returns to the Hive '' July 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 19 ) 1.05 Lisa confronts her husband , while Quad and Mariah reunite for a heart to heart . 37 7 `` Love and Races '' July 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 07 - 26 ) 1.02 Lisa meets with her attorney , while Quad consults with her own high - powered attorney , Phaedra Parks . 38 8 `` California Dreamin ' '' August 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 02 ) 1.01 Quad jets off to California with Simone and Jill ; Jackie struggles to tend to her ailing father , and Lisa throws a cooking party for her son 's birthday . 39 9 `` Invites and Dis - invites '' August 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 09 ) 0.97 Quad refocuses her energy on marketing her doggy fashion line ; Dr. Heavenly 's husband insists she 's spending too much time away from home , and Simone withdraws Lisa 's invitation to her party . 40 10 `` Full Court Stress '' August 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 16 ) 1.12 Toya follows through with her plan to market her husband 's business ; Quad has her first pop - up shop to bring `` Picture Perfect Pup '' to the forefront , and Toya shares a rumor . 41 11 `` Boys on the Side ? '' August 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 23 ) 1.06 Toya scouts locations for her husband 's new business ; Heavenly 's daughter interns for Lisa , and Lisa accuses Quad of questioning her husband 's sexuality . 42 12 `` Mariah the Party Crasher '' August 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 30 ) 1.05 Heavenly is ready to launch her dating app ; Jill throws a wild Prohibition Party , and Simone proposes a trip to the Bahamas . 43 13 `` Bahama Mamas '' September 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 06 ) 1.02 The couples depart for the Bahamas , while Jill and Heavenly are going head to head for round two of their disagreement . 44 14 `` Baha - mania '' September 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 13 ) 0.87 Simone arranges a medical mission to inspire the women to come together to help others . 45 15 `` Mariah - mania '' September 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 20 ) 1.08 Quad hosts the `` Heroes in Healthcare '' event bringing most of the women together , and Toya and Mariah exchange words . 46 16 `` Reunion ( Part 1 ) '' September 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 27 ) 1.09 The ladies come together again to discuss the highs and lows of the third season . 47 17 `` Reunion ( Part 2 ) '' October 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 04 ) 1.13 Final part of the reunion where we see Mariah get her say about the ladies and the husbands share their thoughts about this seasons drama . 48 18 `` Secrets Revealed '' October 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 11 ) 0.72 Never before seen footage are revealed from this past season . Season 4 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) 49 `` New Beginnings '' November 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 06 ) 1.67 Quad has a new baby in her house ; Dr. Simone and Cecil adjust to separate lives , and Toya is in trouble with the IRS . 50 `` Forecast : Clouds With a 100 % Chance of Shade '' November 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 13 ) 1.70 Simone reaches out to Quad ; Genise reveals her true thoughts about Dr. Heavenly , and all the women are invited to Mariah 's new - beginnings party . 51 `` Her Father 's Daughter '' November 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 20 ) 1.48 Toya and Lisa Nicole 's friendship begins to wilt ; Simone contacts her family to find her missing father , and Toya and Mariah meet in a bid to make peace . 52 `` The Father , Son , and Heavenly 's Spirit '' November 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 27 ) 1.51 Simone , Quad , and Dr. Jackie head to Nashville ; Heavenly does some soul searching with her spiritual guide , while Lisa and Darren seek help from a professional about their relationship . 53 5 `` The Breast - est of Friends '' December 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 11 ) 1.57 Heavenly and Lisa 's collaboration turns ugly ; Simone returns to work with a trans patient who wants gender reassignment surgery , and Jackie 's topless charity photo shoot spins out of control . 54 6 `` It 's My Prom and I 'll Throw Down if I Want to ! '' December 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) 0.68 Darren must face the music after flaking on Lisa 's baby - making plans ; Simone finds out news about her father , and Mariah and Quad go head to head at Toya 's birthday party . 55 7 `` Is There Life After Prom ? '' December 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 23 ) 0.69 Mariah and Quad 's friendship is on shaky ground ; Quad is planning a birthday bash for Dr. G , and Toya realizes she can no longer afford her lifestyle . 56 8 `` Brutally Honest Makeover '' December 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 30 ) 0.80 Toya and Eugene must move into a smaller house ; Jackie and Curtis ' marriage continues to take a backseat to Jackie 's career ; Mariah and Simone meet to get their friendship back on track , and Toya treats the women to a spa day to get ready for Hawaii . 57 9 `` Hawaii Five Solo '' January 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 06 ) 1.07 Simone and Cecil head off to Hawaii to celebrate their 20th anniversary ; Lisa flies solo ; Jackie arrives with some baggage of her own , and Mariah starts the trip off on the wrong foot . 58 10 `` Hawaii Five - Uh Oh '' January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) 0.84 Darren still can not be found ; the group bares it all in couples therapy , but the exchange between Lisa and Heavenly proves anything but therapeutic ; the group attends a traditional Hawaiian luau . 59 11 `` Coconut Bras and Brawls '' January 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 20 ) 0.87 Simone devises one more surprise for the women ; Quad organizes a photo shoot for Jackie , and Mariah divulges what she really thinks of Quad and her past . 60 12 `` Brazilian Bombshells '' January 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 27 ) 0.80 Heavenly learns Lisa has n't been entirely honest about their collaboration , and Quad bares it all at her 35th birthday party . 61 13 `` The Devil is Busy '' February 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 03 ) 0.77 Toya and Eugene 's new accountant wants them to downsize their life ; Jackie springs a romantic surprise on Curtis , and tempers flare at Toya 's housewarming party . 62 14 `` Breast Friends '' February 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 10 ) 0.84 Heavenly faces a crisis of conscience ; Lisa and Darren try to pick up the pieces , and Jackie 's look book is almost ready . 63 15 `` Reunion ( Part 1 ) '' February 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 17 ) 0.98 Host Andy Cohen reflects on some of the most season 's biggest moments as the ladies of medicine reunite in part one of the reunion . 64 16 `` Reunion ( Part 2 ) '' February 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 24 ) 0.96 Andy Cohen welcomes the husbands to tell their sides of the story . Season 5 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) Dr. Contessa joined the cast of Married to Medicine ; Lisa Nicole departed as a series regular . No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) 65 `` Waiting to Exhale '' November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) 1.48 Curtis ' infidelity causes the ladies to question their own marriages ; Eugene takes on extra shifts to pay back the IRS ; Quad celebrates the grand opening of Dr. G 's new practice , and Dr. Heavenly plans a special night for Dr. Jackie . 66 `` Hot Off the Press '' November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) 0.80 Toya and Dr. Eugene discuss the lack of intimacy between them ; Dr. Jackie continues to deal with her husbands infidelity ; Quad plans her new business venture , and Dr. Simone tries to keep her marriage alive . 67 `` Let 's All Throw a Fit - Ni '' November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) 0.74 Dr. Jackie throws a Fit - Ni event ; Dr. Simone and Cecile seek out professional help in hopes to save their marriage ; Quad starts to feel taken advantage of by her husband while Toya , Dr. Contessa , and Dr. Heavenly sort out their own issues . 68 `` Black Girl Magic or Black Girl Tragic ? '' December 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) 0.70 Quad still feels unappreciated by Dr. G ; Dr. Jackie continues to deal with her personal life being public news , and Dr. Simone takes the girls on a trip to New Orleans . 69 5 `` Guess Who 's Coming to Nola ? '' December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) 0.89 The ladies ' trip in New Orleans continues as Dr. Simone takes the women on an excursion ; Dr. Heavenly and Dr. Contessa still do n't see eye - to - eye , and Toya surprises the group with a blast from the past . 70 6 `` That Voodoo That You Do So Well '' December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 0.88 The ladies try to salvage their experience on their last day in New Orleans in spite of Mariah 's surprise visit ; Dr. Simone and Dr. Jackie hold a forgiveness ceremony , and Quad faces a tough homecoming with Dr. G . 71 7 `` Mama Drama '' December 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 22 ) 0.76 Quad continues to work on her marriage with Dr. G ; Dr. Simone and Cecile realize they need to be more expressive ; Dr. Heavenly restarts her spiritual journey , and Mariah throws a Mother 's Day Celebration dinner . 72 8 `` Fly Girls & Low Riders '' January 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 05 ) 1.05 Dr. Jackie faces Curtis for the first time since the infidelity became public ; Quad takes some time away from her marriage ; Dr. Contessa throws a 90s pool party , while Dr. Heavenly , Dr. Simone , and Mariah rehash what was said at the Mother 's Day Celebration dinner . 73 9 `` Breakdown or Breakthrough '' January 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 12 ) 0.87 The tension between Dr. Heavenly and Mariah continues ; Dr. Jackie explores the new side to Curtis ; Dr. Simone 's marriage is still a work in progress ; Dr. Contessa deals with the aftermath of Ms. Renee , while Quad and Dr. G organise a martial focus group . 74 10 `` Invitations and Revelations '' January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) 0.84 Dr. Heavenly takes over the annual couples trip ; Dr. Simone and Cecil host their Kidz Force app party ; Quad elevates her career by appearing on a televised cooking segment , and Mariah still refuses to apologize to Dr. Heavenly . 75 11 `` The Heavenlywed Game '' January 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) 0.87 The ladies and their husbands head to Barbados for their annual couples trip ; tension between Quad and Dr. G arise ; Dr. Heavenly plays nice towards Mariah , and Dr. Jackie gets a big surprise . 76 12 `` Island Fever '' February 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 02 ) 0.70 As the couples ' trip continues , marriages are being mended and friendships are being tested ; Dr. Heavenly takes pride in what she has planned , and Quad lashes out . 77 13 `` Circle of Truth '' February 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 16 ) 0.87 The trip to Barbados turns out to be a success ; the ladies leave with hopes of their marriages and friendships growing for the greater good . 78 14 `` D.N.A. D - Day '' February 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 23 ) 0.77 Dr. Heavenly throws a DNA reveal to make up for the failed couples therapy ; Dr. Jackie lets Curtis move back into the house ; Quad and Dr. G have another focus group session , but does n't end well ; an argument between Quad and Toya leads Dr. Eugene to say something that does not sit well with the rest of the ladies . 79 15 `` In the Black '' March 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 02 ) 0.85 Toya and Dr. Eugene throw an `` In the Black '' party ; Dr. Simone and Cecil celebrate their eldest son 's graduating from high school , while Quad and Dr. G 's marriage takes a turn for the worse . 80 16 `` Reunion ( Part 1 ) '' March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) 0.86 In the first part of the reunion , Toya is questioned about her sex life ; Dr. Contessa defends Ms. Renee after all she has done ; Mariah airs out her grievances with Dr. Heavenly , and Dr. Simone reveals the true state of her marriage . 81 17 `` Reunion ( Part 2 ) '' March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) 0.88 Mariah is left with a shock ; Dr. Jackie gives an update on her marriage , and Quad spills the truth about how she feels about Dr. G . 82 18 `` Reunion ( Part 3 ) '' March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) 0.94 Dr. Simone and Cecile mend their marriage ; Quad and Dr. G continue to fight , and the season ends with the ladies moving past their differences . Season 6 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Mariah rejoined the cast of Married to Medicine . No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) 83 `` Get Your Sexy Back '' September 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 02 ) 0.74 Quad busy 's herself with her new career when faced with a cheating scandal about Dr. G ; Dr. Jackie and Curtis continue working on their marriage ; Toya tries to keep herself and her husband fit with a new workout ; Dr. Contessa juggles the life of a mother and doctor ; Dr. Heavenly extends a crude apology towards Mariah , and Dr. Simone throws a Leather & Lace party for the ladies as she deals with Cecil 's desire in spending the night together . 84 `` I Do n't Talk to Dentists '' September 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 09 ) 0.83 Dr. Heavenly begins her anger management therapy after her latest tussle with Mariah ; Dr. Simone and Cecile continue working on their marriage and building up to spending the night together ; Quad keeps her distance from the group with her new career , and Toya throw Eugene a party to celebrate his promotion , only to be left disappointed after Dr. Contessa bailed on the event . 85 `` Crabby Ladies '' September 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 16 ) 0.85 Toya and Dr. Eugene look into buying a grander house seeing as they are clear of debts ; Dr. Contessa deals with the struggles of her ailing father , and Dr. Heavenly throws an impromptu get together with the ladies and is surprised to see who turned up , and who popped off . 86 `` Emotional Workout '' September 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 23 ) 0.99 Quad finally reconnects with the ladies , admitting her wrong doings ; Dr. Jackie throws the second annual `` Fit - Ni '' ; Dr. Heavenly 's animosity towards Mariah might be connected her her childhood , and Toya tries to work out her friendship with Dr. Contessa , only for it to escalate into another fight . 87 5 `` Heavenly Homecoming '' September 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 30 ) 1.08 Mariah comes to terms with her daughter growing up ; Dr. Jackie tries to give Quad some perspective and support in dealing with her marriage to Dr. G ; Dr. Contessa goes ahead with her double mastectomy , and Dr. Heavenly takes her therapists advice and travels to Miami to start her spiritual journey . 88 6 `` A Room Without a View '' October 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 07 ) 0.96 Dr. Heavenly 's spiritual journey in Miami continues as she visits her childhood home to face her demons for the first time in years ; Toya and Dr. Eugene envision their lives in their future dream home ; Mariah lectures her daughter about the bird and the bees ; Quad gets some friendly advice from her marriage counselling friends , and Dr. Contessa heads into hospital for her elective surgery . 89 7 `` Out of Commission '' October 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 14 ) 0.98 Dr. Contessa recovers from her elective surgery , feeling hopeful about her future ; Toya and Dr. Eugene continue work on their dream home ; Dr. Heavenly feels better about her childhood troubles , and Quad takes steps in separating herself from her marriage . 90 8 `` Pajama Drama '' October 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 21 ) 1.05 Dr. Heavenly continues her spiritual journey to control her anger ; Mariah is confronted with the dilemma of moving ; Dr. Simone and Cecil finally spend the night together , and Dr. Jackie throws a slumber party for the ladies , which results in a fight between Quad and Toya . 91 9 `` Black Love '' October 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 28 ) TBD In spite of the shock Mariah is processing about the possibility of moving states , she throws a `` Black Love '' party ; Dr. Contessa avoids stepping out of her house ; Dr. Jackie and Curtis celebrate their sixteen years of marriage , and Toya takes charge in organizing the annual couples trip . Reception ( edit ) Before the series premiere , a group of students from Howard University College of Medicine created a Change.org petition to prevent the series from airing . The petition stated that the series `` heavily associates Black females in medicine with materialism , cat fights , and unprofessionalism '' . It goes on to detail the rising difficulty in obtaining residency positions as African American women and how the series ' representation of those physicians would only make the task tougher . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Bravo Media Prescribes a Healthy Dose of Drama with New Docu - Series `` Married to Medicine '' Premiering Sunday , March 24 at 9PM ET / PT '' ( Press release ) . The Futon Critic . February 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hold On to Your Wigs as Bravo Media Greenlights Two New Series and Picks Up Season Two of Kim Zolciak 's `` Do n't Be Tardy ... '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara . `` Bravo Greenlights ' Married to Medicine ' and ' Taking Atlanta ' & Picks Up Second Season of ' Do n't be Tardy ... ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` New Seasons of ' Million Dollar Listing New York ' & ' Married to Medicine ' to Premiere in April on Bravo '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gerard , Jeremy ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` Bravo Media Slates 10 New Series , Including ' Recipe For Deception ' -- Upfronts '' . Deadline Hollywood ( Press release ) . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.bravotv.com/the-daily-dish/new-married-to-medicine-series-in-los-angeles-announced Jump up ^ `` The Doctor Is in as Bravo Media 's `` Married to Medicine '' Scores Nearly 2 Million Total Viewers and Over 1 Million A18 - 49 '' ( Press release ) . The Futon Critic . March 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` Bravo Media Shatters Ratings Records Sunday With Its Best Night in Network History '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 20 , 2013 ) . `` Bravo 's ' Married to Medicine ' Delivers 1.8 Million Total Viewers in Freshman Season '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Jump up ^ Ho , Rodney ( August 27 , 2013 ) . `` What TV shows are being shot in metro Atlanta ? '' . Access Atlanta . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2013 . Retrieved August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Real Housewives of Orange County ' , ' Married to Medicine ' & ' Flipping Out ' Renewed for New Seasons + Premiere Dates Unveiled for ' Shahs of Sunset ' More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fashion&Style ( 28 December 2015 ) . `` ' Married To Medicine ' Renewed For Season 4 ? Heavenly Kimes Teases New Episodes On Twitter '' . Jump up ^ http://www.itechpost.com/articles/84999/20170216/married-medicine-season-5-canceled-stars-hint-shows-future-installment.htm Jump up ^ http://radiotvtalk.blog.ajc.com/2017/03/31/lisa-nicole-cloud-leaving-bravos-married-to-medicine/ Jump up ^ http://www.enstarz.com/articles/194363/20170619/married-to-medicine-season-5-2017-cast-confirmed-whos-out-whos-in-video.htm Jump up ^ http://www.bravotv.com/the-daily-dish/married-to-medicine-season-5-trailer Jump up ^ https://people.com/tv/married-to-medicine-season-6-trailer-exclusive/ Jump up ^ `` Sunday 's Cable Ratings : `` Walking Dead '' Dominates Demos , Edges `` Bible '' in Viewers `` . The Futon Critic . March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 2 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Wins Night , ' Game of Thrones ' , ' The Bible ' , ' Vikings ' , ' Shameless ' , ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 9 , 2013 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night RAW ' Wins Night + ' Teen Mom 2 ' , ' MTV Movie Sneak Peek ' , ' Bates Motel ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 16 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' MTV Movie Awards ' , ' Vikings ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' The Client List ' , ' Veep ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + NBA Playoffs , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Vikings ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Vikings ' , ' The Client List ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Veep ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' Ax Men ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Army Wives ' , ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 14 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' Breaking Amish ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Long Island Medium ' , ' River Monsters ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' North America ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Veep ' , ' The Client List ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Win Night , ' Mermaids : The New Evidence ' , ' Behind the Candelabra ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Long Island Medium ' , ' North America ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 30 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Win Night , ' Deadliest Catch ' , ' Real Husbands of Hollywood ' , ' Counting Cars ' , ' Backyard Oil ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ `` Tuesday 's Cable Ratings : `` Deadliest Catch , '' `` Storage Wars '' Top Originals `` . The Futon Critic . June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' The Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Married to Medicine ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 15 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' MTV Movie Awards ' , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Drop Dead Diva ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 22 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , + NBA Playoffs , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Naked and Afraid ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 29 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Mad Men ' , ' Devious Maids ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 6 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , + ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Married to Medicine ' , ' Silicon Valley ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 13 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , NBA Playoffs , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Bar Rescue ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Mad Men ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 20 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' River Monsters ' , ' Married to Medicine ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 28 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : NBA Playoffs Win Night , ' Mad Men ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' Total Divas ' , ' Married to Medicine ' , ' Turn ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 3 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + NHL Conference Finals , ' Real Housewives of Atlanta : Kandi 's Wedding ' , ' Silicon Valley ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 10 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' Veep ' , ' Turn ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 17 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night + World Cup Soccer , ' Keeping up with the Kardashians ' , NASCAR & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 24 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : World Cup Soccer Wins Night , ' True Blood ' , ' The Last Ship ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' Penny Dreadful ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Yanan , Travis ( July 1 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday 's Cable Ratings & Broadcast Finals : `` BET Awards '' Claims Top Spots `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 9 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Wins Night , ' The Last Ship ' , ' Falling Skies ' , ' The Leftovers ' , ' Devious Maids ' , ' Witches of East End ' , & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2014 . Retrieved July 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Blood ' Tops Night + ' The Strain ' , ' Keeping Up With the Kardashians ' , ' The Last Ship ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2014 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 18 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Tops Night + ' Loiter Squad ' , ' Married ' , ' Pawnography ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2015 . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Tops Night + ' Pawnography ' , ' Loiter Squad ' , ' The Daily Show ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2015 . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Wins Night , ' Silicon Valley ' , ' Naked & Afraid ' , ' Married to Medicine ' , ' Veep ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Game of Thrones ' Tops Night + ' Silicon Valley ' , NASCAR , ' Botched ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' True Detective ' Wins Night , ' Ballers ' , ' Naked and Afraid ' , ' The Last Ship ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : Shark Week Wins Night , ' True Detective ' , ' Ballers ' , ' The Last Ship ' , ' Botched ' , ' Falling Skies ' & More '' . 8 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 7.12. 2015 - Showbuzz Daily '' . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 7.19. 2015 - Showbuzz Daily '' . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 7.26. 2015 - Showbuzz Daily '' . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 8.2. 2015 - Showbuzz Daily '' . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 8.9. 2015 - Showbuzz Daily '' . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 18 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Naked and Afraid XL ' Wins Night , ' Rick & Morty ' , ' Ballers ' , ' The Last Ship ' , ' The Strain ' , ' Ray Donovan ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 8.23. 2015 - Showbuzz Daily '' . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 8.30. 2015 - Showbuzz Daily '' . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 9.6. 2015 - Showbuzz Daily '' . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 9.13. 2015 - Showbuzz Daily '' . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' Fear The Walking Dead ' Tops Night + ' NFL Countdown ' , ' Rick & Morty ' , ' Basketball Wives ' , ' The Strain ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved September 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Update : 9.27. 2015 - Showbuzz Daily '' . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Update : 10.4. 2015 - Showbuzz Daily '' . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 100 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Update : 10.11. 2015 - Showbuzz Daily '' . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.6. 16 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.20. 16 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.13. 16 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.27. 16 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.11. 16 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved December 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.16. 16 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 27 , 2016 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.23. 16 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.30. 16 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 9 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.6. 17 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.13. 17 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.20. 17 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.27. 17 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.3. 17 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 13 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.10. 17 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.17. 17 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.24. 17 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.5. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.10. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 11.17. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.1. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.8. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.15. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 16 , 2017 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.22. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.5. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.12. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.19. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.26. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.2. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 20 , 2018 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.16. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.23. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.2. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.9. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` Friday cable ratings : ' Gold Rush : White Water ' dips , ' Real Time with Bill Maher ' holds steady '' . Tv by the Numbers . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( March 26 , 2018 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.23. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 5 , 2018 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.2. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 11 , 2018 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.9. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 18 , 2018 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.16. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 25 , 2018 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.23. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved September 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 2 , 2018 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.30. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 9 , 2018 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.7. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 16 , 2018 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.14. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 23 , 2018 ) . `` ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.21. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved October 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bravo 's `` Married To Medicine '' : Cancel the show and remove all promotions `` . Change.org . Jump up ^ `` Black Medical Students Petition to End Married to Medicine '' . EBONY . Jump up ^ Wakeman , Jessica . `` Howard University Med Students Petition Bravo To Cancel `` Married To Medicine '' `` . Buzzmedia . Jump up ^ Travis , Camille . `` Petition Seeks To Cancel Bravo 's Docu - Series ' Married To Medicine ' '' . Uptown Lifestyle . 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9041548447632526256	Bigg Boss Telugu 2	Bigg Boss Telugu 2 - wikipedia Bigg Boss Telugu 2 Bigg Boss Telugu ◄ Season 2 ( 2018 ) Name Entry Exit Amit Day 0 Deepthi Day 0 Deepti Day 0 Ganesh Day 0 Geetha Day 0 Kaushal Day 0 Nutan Day 0 Day 53 Day 14 Pooja Day 43 Roll Day 0 Samrat Day 0 Syamala Day 0 Day 53 Day 28 Tanish Day 0 Babu Day 0 Day 63 Nandini Day 8 Day 56 Tejaswi Day 0 Day 42 Bhanu Day 0 Day 35 Kireeti Day 0 Day 21 Sanjana Day 0 Day 7 Legend Evicted Nominated House Captain Immune Bigg Boss Telugu 2 is the second season of the Telugu - language version of the reality TV show Bigg Boss broadcast in India . The season premiered on June 10 , 2018 on Star Maa . Nani hosts the show . Unlike the first season , this season featured general public along with celebrities as housemates . For this season of Bigg Boss , a lavish house set has been constructed in Annapurna Studios , Jubilee Hills , Hyderabad . Contents 1 Housemates 1.1 Original entrants 1.1. 1 Celebrities 1.1. 2 Commoners 1.2 Wild - Card entrants 2 Guests 3 Voting History 3.1 Notes 4 Weekly summary 5 References 6 External Links Housemates ( edit ) Original entrants ( edit ) Celebrities ( edit ) Geetha Madhuri - Singer Amit Tiwari - Actor Deepti Nallamothu - TV9 Anchor Tanish Alladi - Actor Babu Gogineni - Indian Humanist , Rationalist and Human rights activist Bhanu Sree - Actress Roll Rida - Rapper Syamala - Anchor Kireeti Damaraju - Actor Deepthi Sunaina - Social Media Star & Actress Kaushal Manda - Actor Tejaswi Madivada - Actress Samrat Reddy - Actor & Cricketer Commoners ( edit ) Ganesh - Radio Jockey , Vijayawada . Sanjana Anne - Model , Miss Hyderabad , Miss India Participant , Vijayawada . Nutan Naidu - Social Activist , Visakhapatnam . Wild - Card entrants ( edit ) Nandini Rai - Model , Winner of Miss Andhrapradesh title of 2010 and Actress Pooja Ramachandran - Model and Actress Guests ( edit ) Week ( s ) Guest ( s ) Notes Week 2 Srinivas Reddy and Vennela Kishore To promote the film Jamba Lakidi Pamba . Week 4 Sai Dharam Tej and Anupama Parameswaran To promote the film Tej I Love You Week 6 Pradeep Machiraju To inform about his new show - Pelli Choopulu Lakshmi Manchu To promote the film W / O Ram Week 8 Kamal Haasan , Pooja Kumar , Ghibran , and Shamdat Sainudeen To promote the film Vishwaroopam II Voting history ( edit ) Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Week 11 Week 12 Week 13 Week 14 Week 15 Day 22 Day 28 House Captain No Captain Samrat Amit Roll Kaushal Geetha Tanish Geetha Pooja Tanish Captain 's Nomination Deepthi ( to evict ) Ganesh Geetha Ganesh Not eligible Refused to save Deepti Not eligible Kaushal Amit Not eligible Not eligible Samrat Vote to : Evict Save Evict None Save Amit Deepthi Ganesh Kaushal House Captain Kaushal Not eligible Refused to save Bhanu Not eligible Kaushal Babu Not eligible Immune Samrat Deepthi Amit Geetha Kaushal Ganesh Kireeti Syamala Not eligible Tanish Tanish Amit Roll Not eligible Not eligible Deepti Deepthi Kaushal Babu Tejaswi Bhanu Babu Nominated Deepthi Deepti Babu Ganesh Not eligible Not eligible Geetha Tejaswi Ganesh Ganesh Ganesh Tanish Tejaswi Not eligible Babu House Captain Ganesh Babu House Captain Not eligible Ganesh Deepthi Kaushal Kaushal Tejaswi Kireeti Kaushal Not eligible Roll Deepti Nandini Kaushal Not eligible Not eligible Kaushal Kireeti Deepthi Ganesh Kireeti Bhanu Ganesh Nandini House Captain Samrat Babu Nandini Not eligible Not eligible Nutan Sanjana Kireeti Amit Evicted ( Day 14 ) Exempt Not Eligible Pooja Not in House Exempt Not eligible House Captain Pooja Roll Sanjana Nutan Nutan Ganesh Kireeti House Captain Not eligible Amit Roll Deepthi Kaushal Not eligible Not eligible Samrat Deepthi Ganesh House Captain Ganesh Kireeti Kaushal Not eligible Tejaswi Samrat Deepthi Kaushal Not eligible Not eligible Samrat Syamala Kireeti Tanish Tejaswi Kireeti Ganesh Tejaswi Nominated Evicted ( Day 28 ) Exempt Not Eligible Tanish Kaushal Ganesh Nutan Ganesh Geetha Geetha Not eligible Samrat Tanish House Captain Not eligible Not eligible House Captain Babu Sanjana Nutan Ganesh Deepthi Ganesh Deepti Not eligible Ganesh Roll Amit Kaushal Not eligible Not eligible Evicted ( Day 63 ) Nandini Not in House Exempt Kireeti Bhanu Tejaswi Nominated Tried to save Deepti Tejaswi Kaushal Ganesh Not eligible Evicted ( Day 56 ) Tejaswi Deepthi Ganesh Nutan Ganesh Deepti Kaushal Deepti Geetha Tejaswi Evicted ( Day 42 ) Bhanu Kireeti Tanish Babu Kaushal Kireeti Nandini Not eligible Nandini Evicted ( Day 35 ) Kireeti Deepthi Nutan Geetha Ganesh Geetha Evicted ( Day 21 ) Sanjana Roll Tejaswi Evicted ( Day 7 ) Notes 1 , 2 , 3 4 , 5 6 7 , 8 , 9 10 , 11 12 13 , 14 15 , 16 15 Nominated Deepthi Ganesh Kireeti Kaushal Nutan Sanjana Deepthi Ganesh Nutan Kaushal Babu Ganesh Kireeti Bhanu Geetha Tejaswi Tejaswi Kaushal Ganesh Syamala Nandini Deepti Babu Geetha Syamala Nandini Deepti Deepti Ganesh Bhanu Amit Deepti Roll Samrat Tejaswi Tanish Kaushal Babu Ganesh Amit Deepthi Nandini Babu Ganesh Nandini Kaushal Deepti Babu Ganesh Geetha Syamala Deepti Tanish Evicted Sanjana Nutan Kireeti Syamala Bhanu Tejaswi No Eviction Nandini Babu Notes ( edit ) indicates the House Captain . indicates that the Housemate was directly nominated for eviction prior to the regular nominations process . indicates that the Housemate was granted immunity from nominations . indicates that the Evicted housemate was re-entered the house in a special voting system . ^ Note 1 : Nominations were done in pairs . ^ Note 2 : Deepthi has been nominated directly for eviction prior to the regular nominations process by House Captain Samrat . ^ Note 3 : Nandini entered the house after nominations . Therefore , she got exempt from nominations . ^ Note 4 : Nandini granted immunity from nominations by Bigg Boss . ^ Note 5 : Face - to - face Nominations . ^ Note 6 : Three housemates with the least votes were in the danger zone . As the winners of Luxury Budget Task of Week 3 , Kaushal & Tejaswi got the Voting Power to save one of the three nominated housemates . The housemate not save was Evicted . ^ Note 7 : All Housemates are nominated but to get saved from nominations housemates have to complete the task given by Bigg Boss . Housemates who succeeded in given tasks will get saved while failed housemates will be directly nominated to face the public vote . ^ Note 8 : Bigg Boss gave a task to Deepti to get saved from nominations that she has to convince Nandini to try to convince Kaushal to self - nominate himself until the end of the season . Kaushal refused to do that to save Deepti . ^ Note 9 : As a part of the task , Ganesh had to self - nominate himself in order to save Roll . ^ Note 10 : Housemates were told to pair up , then the paired housemates had to mutually decide to save one of them from Eviction and nominate the other . ^ Note 11 : Amit was chosen by the housemates to be least talked to the housemate . As a result , he was directly nominated . But later got a secret task to save himself from Eviction . ^ Note 12 : This week voting lines were open to bring back one of the evicted housemates . Even though housemates were nominated there is no eviction . ^ Note 13 : Syamala & Nutan re-entered the house by gaining the most public votes among all evicted contestants . ^ Note 14 : Housemates had to rate themselves from number 1 being the best & number 12 being the worst . ^ Note 15 : The Guest Kamal Hassan gave Amit a special immunity for 2 weeks . ^ Note 16 : Bigg Boss plays a song , where housemates have to enter the tent house arranged in the garden area . The last person who enters the tent will be nominated . Weekly summary ( edit ) Week Entrances Geetha Madhuri , Amit Tiwari , Deepti Nallamothu , Tanish Alladi , Babu Gogineni , Bhanu Sree , Roll Rida , Syamala , Kireeti Damaraju , Deepthi Sunaina , Kaushal , Tejaswi Madivada , Samrat Reddy , Ganesh , Sanjana Anne and Nutan Naidu entered the Bigg Boss house on Day 0 . House Captain No Captain Captaincy Task BIGG BOSS MELA → Contenders : - Samrat Reddy , Bhanu Sree , Ganesh , Sanjana Anne . In this task , contenders have used some items from the stall provided in the garden area and have to advertise in a creative manner by using items from the stall . 100 tokens are given to remaining housemates to elect their captain by their performance . → Total tokens won by contenders : Ganesh 175 , Sanjana Anne 130 , Bhanu Sree 380 , and Samrat Reddy won week 2 captaincy with 395 tokens . Luxury Budget Task Cheppandi Prabhu All 16 contestants are divided into two groups . Sanjana was the head of the first team and members of the other team were given a task to play servants to her team . The ratings of the first team will play a pivotal role in the captaincy task . Housemates won 3200 points but housemates lost 600 points for not using whistle while in the task , - 200 points for sleeping daytime , and - 200 points due to Tejaswi failed her secret task given by Bigg Boss . After all deductions , housemates won 2200 points to buy Luxury Items . In Jail Sanjana Anne ( For 2 Days ) Nutan Naidu ( For 15 Hours ) Nominations Deepthi Sunaina Ganesh Kireeti Damaraju Kaushal Nutan Naidu Sanjana Anne Exits Sanjana Anne was evicted on Day 7 . Week Entrances Nandini Rai entered Bigg Boss house as wild card contestant on Day 8 . House Captain Samrat Reddy , 1st captain of the House . Captaincy Task Oopiri Unnantha Varaku Contenders are Tanish , Kaushal , and Amit . The task is for the three contestants to hold on to a rope on a T stand arranged in Garden area . While the other housemates do everything and anything they can to get them to leave the hold of the rope and get off the podium . From tickling , shaving beards , dumping toothpaste to using lemon -- housemates try everything . None of them are ready to give up . Housemates decided Amit as the right person and convinced Kaushal & Tanish to leave the rope . Amit Tiwari won week 3 Captaincy Luxury Budget Task Evadura Rajyani Gelichedhi In this luxury budget task Nutan becomes the king , Deepti Nallamothu becomes the queen and Nandini is announced as the princess . They are assisted by Geetha ( chancellor ) and they will choose a team that would work for the princess . The other housemates become villagers and are asked to stay in huts set up in the garden area of the house . Round One Then two contestants come up to the activity room to compete in a task to join King 's Team . → Winners of Mud Pit tasks given by BIGG BOSS are joined King 's Team and remaining housemates became villagers who work for the princess . → King 's Team members are Amit , Samrat , Babu Gogineni , Ganesh , Bhanu , and Kireeti . → Princess Team members are Deepthi Sunaina , Tejaswi , Roll Rida , Syamala , Tanish , and Kaushal . Round Two BIGG BOSS placed one diamond in the living area which gives housemates more points to win Round two . → Losser team head will be locked in jail by winner team head . Raju Gari Malla is a task which hosted by Geetha . In this task , two teams have to get as many flowers from the pool in the garden area to make a garland. Princess Team won the task with 96 flowers . Raja Simhasanam is a task which hosted by Geetha . Nandhini ( Princess ) sits on a chair and two teams have to pull the chair to win . King 's Team won by pulling the chair to their side . BIGG BOSS announce Princess Team as a winner of round two and order Nandhini ( Princess ) to lock Nutan Naidu ( King ) , and Deepti Nallamothu ( Queen ) in jail . Round Three Princess Team have to protect the Jail Key for 8 hours which was placed in Gym area to win the luxury budget task . King 's team have to stole the key and rescue Nutan Naidu ( King ) and Deepti Nallamothu ( Queen ) to win the luxury budget task . Result Won - Princess Team In Jail Nutan Naidu for 20 hours Deepti Nallamothu for 20 hours Nominations Deepthi Sunaina Ganesh Nutan Naidu Kaushal Babu Gogineni Exits Nutan Naidu Evicted on Day 14 Week House Captain Amit Tiwari Captaincy Task BiryaniVindhu Contenders : - Ganesh , Kireeti Damaraju , Roll Rida . In this task contenders have to eat biryani as much as they can before end buzzer comes . Roll Rida won week 4 captaincy by eating 13 servings of biryani . Luxury Budget Task BIGG BOSS Sugar Cane Factory Bigg Boss house became sugar cane factory . In this task , there are two teams and one quality check manager . Yellow team owner is Kaushal , Green team owner is Kireeti Damaraju and Quality check manager and chancellor of the task is Bhanu Sree . Two teams have to complete the sugar cane juice bottles order given by Bigg Boss by using sugar cane juice machines placed in the garden area and save Bigg Boss money to win . Quality check manager should check the quality and accept or reject the bottles . Level One → Order One given by Bigg Boss 25 juice bottles for both teams . Green team won with 25 bottles . → Order Two given by Bigg Boss 50 bottles . Both teams failed to complete the order . → Order Three given by Bigg Boss 100 bottles . Bigg Boss canceled the order because of green team cheating by mixing water with sugar cane juice in bottles . Level Two → Order One given by Bigg Boss 100 bottles . Both teams failed to complete the order . → Order Two given by Bigg Boss 75 bottles . Both teams completed . But the yellow team won with 77 bottles . Yellow team are with 73,000 of Bigg Boss money worker ( Tejaswi ) and 15,000 with owner after giving wages to workers while the green team lost with 53,000 of Bigg Boss money worker ( Ganesh ) and 0 money with owner after giving wages to workers . And 31,000 Bigg boss money with quality check manager ( Bhanu Sree ) . Kaushal and Tejaswi awarded with special vote power by Bigg Boss for winning luxury budget task . Result Won - Yellow Team In Jail Tanish Alladi Babu Gogineni Nominations Ganesh Kireeti Damaraju Geetha Madhuri Bhanu Sree Tejaswi Madivada Exits Kireeti Damaraju evicted on Day 21 . Week House Captain Roll Rida Captaincy Task TBA Luxury Budget Task BIGGBOSS HOSTEL Bigg Boss house became hostel . In this hostel , there are two teams . Lovers team and hostel staff team . Wardens and security guards have to prevent lovers secret meets , gift exchange and entering them into activity room . If boy met a girl and exchange their gifts hostel staff lose points . Hostel wardens : : Babu Gogineni and Geetha Madhuri Security guards : : Shyamala and Ganesh . Love Pairs : : Samrat and Tejeswi , Amit and Bhanu sree , Kaushal and Deepti Nallamothu , Roll Rida and Deepthi Sunaina , Tanish and Nandhini Rai . Lovers team won the task . They lost luxury budget points because of sleeping while task going on and taking breaks for lunch , rest . In Jail Geetha Madhuri Bigg Boss ordered Roll Rida to lock her in jail because she was talking about nominations with housemates and given punishment as she has to write Sorry Bigg Boss 100 times on wall by wearing boxing gloves . Nominations Babu Gogineni Tejaswi Madivada Geetha Madhuri Kaushal Deepti Nallamothu Ganesh Nandhini Rai Syamala Exits Syamala Week 5 House Captain Kaushal Captaincy Task BIGGBOSS inti Samskarthallu Contenders are : Geetha Madhuri , Deepthi Sunaina Two contenders have to prepare their own campaigns on what reforms they are making and Propagate to each housemate and they should clarify housemates doubts . After propagations bigg boss conducted a election and all housemates have to drop their vote in ballet box arranged in garden area . Geetha Madhuri won week 6 captaincy with 11 votes . Luxury Budget Task Manchi Chedu In this luxury budget task there are two teams Manchivallu Team and Cheddavallu Team . Manchi Team : : Babu Gogineni , Roll Rida , Deepthi Sunaina , Kaushal , Nandini Rai , Deepti Nallamothu and Tanish . Chedu Team : : Tejeswi Madiwada , Samrat Reddy , Ganesh , Bhanu Sree , Amit Tiwari and Geetha Madhuri . Manchi team have to clean the things in house and they have to cook for all housemates . Chedu team try to make house dirty . Manchi team have to protect three lotus flowers and red apples for not to lose points and chedu team has to destroy those flowers and protect black apples to gain points . Apple tree was in garden area it contains red and black apples . While chedu team won the task bigg boss given 2600 amazon.in luxury budget points for good performances by both the teams and 200 points deducted due to tejaswi destroyed cleaning mop therefore housemates won 2400 amazon.in luxury budget points to buy luxury items . Result Won - Chedu Team In Jail Bhanu Sree Nominations Deepti Nallamothu Ganesh Bhanu Sree Exits Bhanu Sree Week 6 House Captain Geetha Madhuri Captaincy Task Tomato Juice Contestants : : Amit , Babu Gogineni , Tanish Luxury Budget Task BIGG BOSS BLOCKBUSTER In this luxury budget task housemates have to shoot a film . Amit as Director , Deepti nallamothu as Assistant director ( A.D ) , Roll rida as Director of photography ( DOP ) , Tejaswi madivada as choreographer , makeup man and Stylist . Level one : - Director , Assistant Director and DOP have to prepare a story and its characters . The film should be in the order like Beginning , Romance , Action , and climax . Level Two : - Auditions has to be conducted by Amit ( Director ) , Deepti Nallamothu ( A.D ) , and Roll Rida ( DOP ) in Activity Room . Remaining housemates have to give audition to get selected in a character for the film . Rejected housemates become helping crew in the film and they are not eligible for next captaincy task . In Jail None Nominations Amit ( 11 ) Deepti Roll Samrat Tejaswi Tanish Exits Tejaswi evicted on day 42 . Week 7 Entrances Pooja Ramachandran entered Bigg Boss house as wild card contestant on Day 43 House Captain Tanish Captaincy Task Move the Statue Contenders : : Geetha Madhuri , Deepthi Nallamotu , Amit Tiwar , Samrat Geetha Madhuri Won the Task and became as House Captain for Week 8 . This is second time for Geetha Madhuri to be as House Captain . Luxury Budget Task Nadusthundu Nadusthundu Nadusthuneundu In this luxury budget task housemates have to divide into three teams . Each team has three members . One should swim to bring body spray bottle in the pool , one should walk from pool to standing person , and one should stand at the table . Swimming member have to bring only one fog body spray bottle at a time and has to give to their walking team member and walking member will give to their standing member and he / she will place the bottle on the table . Geetha Madhuri was chancellor for this task . Team one : - Kaushal , Deepti Nallamothu and Nandhini . Team Two : - Samrat Reddy , Tanish Alladi , Deepthi Sunaina . Team Three : - Pooja Ramachandran , Amit Tiwari , Roll Rida . Swimmers : - Kaushal , Samrat Reddy , and Pooja Ramachandran . Walkers : - Deepti Nallamothu , Tanish Alladi , and Amit Tiwari . Team one won this task and they awarded with luxury items available under the cap of the body spray bottle collected by them . In Jail None Nominations Kaushal Amit Tiwari Deepthi Sunaina Ganesh Nandini Babu Gogineni Exits This week voting lines were open to bring back one of the evicted housemate . Even though housemates were nominated there is no eviction . Week 8 Entrances Syamala and Nutan Naidu Re-entered the Bigg Boss house on Day 53 . House Captain Geetha Madhuri Captaincy Task Dance with DJ Contenders : : Pooja Ramachandran , Roll Rida , Samrat In this Captaincy Task , housemates are asked to dance for the song , only one housemate for each Contenders for each song , total of five songs . and which DJ has got highest housemates danced to their song is a New Captain . Pooja Ramachandran won the task and became House captain of Week 9 . Luxury Budget Task Pirates VS Survivors In this task housemates are divided into two teams . Team One : - Deepthi Sunaina , Deepti Nallamothu , Geetha Madhuri , Pooja Ramachandran , Samrat Reddy and Roll Rida . Team Two : - Amit Tiwari , Ganesh , Babu Gogineni , Tanish , Nandini , and Kaushal . Day 1 Team one as survivors and team two as pirates . Roles are reversed on day 2 . Pirates have to attempt to drag survivors out off the plank while Survivors were supposed to hang on a plank and should n't touch the ground once stepped onto a plank . Team one won this luxury budget task by surviving three hours on planks as survivors . In Jail Geetha Madhuri Ganesh ( Kaushal used his jail card and recused ganesh from jail ) Nominations Kaushal Babu Nandini Ganesh Deepti Nallamothu Exits Nandini Rai Evicted on Day 56 . Week 9 House Captain Pooja Ramachandran Captaincy Task Raangu Rabba Rabba Contenders : - Tanish and Deepti Nallamothu There are two paint buckets and one white board in garden area . Contenders has to select one color and start painting the white board . who 's paint color is highly visible on the board will become next captain of the house . Tanish won the task and became House captain of Week 10 . Luxury Budget Task Purushulaki mahilalaki Madhya Anthima Yuddham In this task housemates are divided into two teams : - Boys Team and Girls Team . Every team has a control on any 2 places in the house . Team mates have to spend gold coins to use the area of other team . Bed room and Kitchen under the control of girls team , while living room and bath room under the control of boys team . To get more gold coins team mates have to finish some tasks given by bigg boss . The team with more coins win the task . Some Intermediate tasks : - Sharira Drudatvamtho Kudukunnadi : In this task four girls and four boys have to participate . There are two tires in the gym area . One should sit on the tire and the other to pull them from yellow mark ( Starting point ) to red mark ( End point ) . Boys team won this task and awarded with one gold coin packet . Samayaspurthitho Kudukunnadi : There are two lines and one center point in the garden area . Both teams have to decide there numbers from 1 to 4 chancellor will say one number they should try to get gold coin packet from the center point . Boys team won 3 gold coin packets . Kabaddi : Kabaddi sport in between boys team and girls team . There are five round the one with most points win the task . Boys team won this task with 4 points . Box opening : There are some locked boxes in the garden area and keys in the pool . Both the teams have to get the keys from pool and open the boxes . Each box contain one gold coin . Boys team won . Quiz to Girls : In this task quiz master is tanish and score marker is ganesh . Three girls from mahilalu team has to answer 20 out of 30 general knowledge ( GK ) questions to win gold coins . Girls lost this task by answering 16 out of 30 questions . Purushulu vantacheyaleru : In this task boys team have to cook some food ordered by bigg boss in 45 minutes to win gold coin packet . Purushulu team won this task . Mahilalu team has 325 coins . Purushulu team won this luxury budget task with 330 gold coins . In Jail None Nominations Babu Gogineni Geetha Madhuri Syamala Deepti Nallamothu Tanish Ganesh Exits Babu Gogineni Evicted on Day 63 . Week 10 House Captain Tanish Captaincy Task TBA Luxury Budget Task TBA In Jail TBC Nominations TBC Exits TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Bigg Boss Telugu 2 ' marks TV debut of Nani as host , show goes on air from June 10 '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 first promo is out ; Auditions open for commoners '' . Times Of India . 2018 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Biggboss house had been constructed in Hyderabad '' . The Indian Express . 2018 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 : Sai Dharam Tej , Anupama to appear as celebrity guests to promote Tej I Love You '' . IB Times . 2018 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , July 19 , 2018 : Pradeep reveals his reasons to enter the house '' . Times Of India . 20 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 next special guest : Lakshmi Manchu promotes Wife of Ram on Nani 's show '' . IB Times . 22 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kamal Haasan promotes Vishwaroopam 2 on Nani 's Bigg Boss Telugu 2 '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 4 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , July 30 , 2018 : Deepthi drags Kaushal into the elimination race '' . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , Aug 3 , 2018 : Kamal Haasan gifts Amit a two - week extension card '' . Times Of India . Retrieved 4 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu Season 2 launch highlights : Geetha Madhuri , Amit Tiwari and Tejaswi Madivada among others enter Bigg Boss house '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu season 2 written update , June 15 , 2018 : Samrat becomes the first captain of the house '' . Times Of India . 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu Season 2 Day 7 : Sanjana Anne Evicted from Bigg Boss house , and Nandini Rai enter Bigg Boss house as Wild Card Contestant '' . IB Times . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , June 22 , 2018 : House witnesses some ugly fights , Amit emerges as the new captain '' . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu Season 2 Day 14 : Nutan Naidu Evicted from Nani'sBigg Boss '' . IB Times . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , June 29 , 2018 : Roll Rida is the new captain , Babu and Tanish jailed '' . Times Of India . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , June 27 , 2018 : Kaushal and Tejaswi win a special voting power '' . Times of India . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu Season 2 Episode 22 : Kireeti Damaraju Evicted from Bigg Boss Telugu 2 '' . IB Times . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 , 4th elimination live updates : Nandini , Deepti saved , Syamala evicted '' . IB Times . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , July 13 , 2018 : Geetha Madhuri wins a majority in captaincy race '' . Times Of India . Retrieved 3 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 elimination live updates : Bhanu Sree evicted , Nani asks her to pack bag '' . IB Times . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 week 6 elimination : Tejaswi Madivada shown doors , Samrat Reddy is safe from eviction '' . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 : Wildcard entry of Pooja Ramachandran old fixture in house '' . IB Times . 2018 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss 2 Telugu , episode 47 : Geetha Madhuri Became captain for the second time '' . Hindustan Times . 27 July 2018 . Retrieved 13 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 ex-contestant's wildcard entry : Who should be brought back ? ( Poll ) '' . IB Times . 24 July 2018 . Retrieved 30 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 : No elimination from Nani 's show Nuthan Naidu , Syamala re-enter the house '' . IB Times . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , Aug 2 , 2018 : Pooja is the new captain of the house '' . Times Of India . 3 August 2018 . Retrieved 13 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 eliminations Live updates : Nandini Rai is evicted , she drops Bigg bomb on Roll Rida '' . IB Times . Retrieved 6 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 written update , Aug 10 , 2018 : Tanish is the new captain of the house '' . Times Of India . 11 August 2018 . Retrieved 13 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Telugu 2 elimination live updates : Babu Gogineni evicted ; Tanish , Ganesh , Deepthi are safe '' . IB Times . Retrieved 13 August 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official Website at Hotstar Bigg Boss Telugu Seasons Caption N / A Edaina Jaragochu Winners Siva Balaji Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bigg_Boss_Telugu_2&oldid=854767120 '' Categories : 2018 Indian television seasons Bigg Boss seasons Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 16 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who eliminated in telugu bigg boss season 2	[]	[]
-7686616228573463401	Bailee Madison	Bailee Madison - wikipedia Bailee Madison Jump to : navigation , search Bailee Madison Madison in January 2015 ( 1999 - 10 - 15 ) October 15 , 1999 ( age 18 ) Fort Lauderdale , Florida , U.S. Occupation Actress Years active 2006 -- present Bailee Madison ( born October 15 , 1999 ) is an American actress and Author . She is known for her film roles as May Belle Aarons in Bridge to Terabithia ( 2007 ) , Isabelle in Brothers ( 2009 ) , Sally Hurst in Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark ( 2010 ) , Maggie in Just Go with It ( 2011 ) , and Harper Simmons in Parental Guidance ( 2012 ) . On television , she made guest appearances as Maxine Russo in Wizards of Waverly Place and young Snow White in Once Upon a Time . She also has a recurring role as Sophia Quinn in The Fosters . In 2015 , she began starring as Grace Russell in the Hallmark Channel series Good Witch . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 1.1 Community involvement 2 Filmography 2.1 Film 2.2 Television 3 Awards and nominations 4 References 5 External links Life and career ( edit ) Madison was born in Fort Lauderdale , Florida , the youngest of seven children . She has four brothers and two sisters . Her older sister , Kaitlin Riley , is also an actress . Her mother is Patricia Riley . She began her career when she was two weeks old in an Office Depot commercial . Since then , she has appeared in several national commercials for major companies including Disney , SeaWorld , and Cadillac . She also serves as a national youth spokesperson for the childhood - cancer charity Alex 's Lemonade Stand Foundation . She made her major motion picture debut in the movie Lonely Hearts , in which she plays Rainelle , a girl thrown into the midst of a world of crime . Madison also has a significant role in the Disney movie Bridge to Terabithia , based on the children 's book . She plays May Belle Aarons , the younger sister of the lead male character played by Josh Hutcherson . She also appears in the independent film Look as Megan , a girl who is being watched and followed by a kidnapper . Madison at the Faith and Values Awards Gala in 2008 Madison had a small role in Terminator : The Sarah Connor Chronicles during the season 1 finale `` What He Beheld '' as a girl who becomes part of a short - lived hostage situation . In the DVD extras it is said that they thought about changing the role slightly because of its violent nature , but she insisted that they not . Madison appeared in Nickelodeon 's made - for - TV movie , The Last Day of Summer . She plays a girl who helps a friend during a difficult time . Another Nickelodeon production she had a role in was the television Christmas special Merry Christmas , Drake & Josh . She played a girl who lived with a foster family . Madison is seen in a featured supporting role in the 2009 film Brothers as Isabelle Cahill , the older daughter of Captain Sam Cahill ( Tobey Maguire ) and Grace Cahill ( Natalie Portman ) . For her portrayal in the movie , she was nominated for both a Saturn Award and a BFCA Critics ' Choice Award . In 2010 , Madison was in the movie Letters to God , where she portrayed Samantha Perryfield , best friend of the lead character who is fighting cancer . She is seen in Conviction playing the younger version of Hilary Swank 's character , Betty Anne Waters . She can be seen in the episode `` Locum '' from Law & Order : Special Victims Unit as Mackenzie Burton , a girl who was adopted and feels like she is only filling the place of her parents ' older daughter who was abducted years ago . She appeared in three episodes of the children 's horror series , R.L. Stine 's The Haunting Hour . In 2011 , Madison had a recurring role in the Disney Channel Original Series Wizards of Waverly Place as Maxine , the girl form of Max Russo . She also appeared in Just Go with It , alongside Adam Sandler and Jennifer Aniston , as Maggie Murphy , a young girl who wants to become an actress . Madison can be seen in the drama film , An Invisible Sign as the younger version of Jessica Alba 's character Mona Gray . She starred in her first leading role in the horror film , Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark , alongside Katie Holmes and Guy Pearce where she portrayed Sally Hurst , a lonely withdrawn child who is sent to live with her father and his new girlfriend . Madison at the Golden Globes Gift Lounge on January 14 , 2012 In 2012 , Madison appeared in the Hallmark film A Taste of Romance alongside Teri Polo and James Patrick Stuart . She also had a guest role as the younger version of Ginnifer Goodwin 's character Snow White in the TV series Once Upon a Time . She also could be seen as the main character in the film Cowgirls n ' Angels where she played the feisty and rebellious Ida Clayton who has fantasies of finding her father , a rodeo rider . Madison appeared in another Hallmark film entitled Smart Cookie as Daisy , an eager girl hoping to prove herself as a Girl Scout . In December , she appeared in the family comedy film Parental Guidance , alongside Billy Crystal and Bette Midler . In 2013 , Madison began playing Hillary on the TV sitcom Trophy Wife , replacing Gianna LePera who played the character in the pilot . In 2014 , she began playing the recurring role of Sophia Quinn in the ABC Family drama The Fosters . In 2015 , she began playing Grace Russell , the daughter of Cassie Nightingale , in the Hallmark series Good Witch . Bailee Madison 's career also includes voice over work ( or voice acting ) with Breathe Bible . Community involvement ( edit ) Madison has served as the national youth spokesperson for Alex 's Lemonade Stand Foundation since 2010 , an organization that encourages kids to fundraise and spread awareness of pediatric cancer by running their own lemonade stands . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2006 Lonely Hearts Rainelle Downing 2007 Bridge to Terabithia May Belle Aarons 2007 Look Megan 2008 Phoebe in Wonderland Olivia Lichten 2009 Brothers Isabelle Cahill An Invisible Sign Young Mona Gray Conviction Young Betty Anne Waters Letters to God Samantha Perryfield 2011 Just Go With It Maggie Murphy ( Kiki Dee ) 2011 Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark Sally Hurst 2011 25 Hill Kate Slater Cameo appearance 2012 Parental Guidance Harper Simmons 2012 Monica Monica Voice role ; animated short 2012 Cowgirls ' n Angels Ida Clayton 2013 The Magic Bracelet Ashley Short film 2016 Annabelle Hooper and the Ghosts of Nantucket Annabelle Hooper 2016 The Night Before Halloween Megan 2017 A Cowgirl 's Story Dusty Rhodes Also producer 2018 The Strangers : Prey at Night Kinsey Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2007 CSI : NY Rose Duncan Episode : `` Boo '' 2007 House Lucy Episode : `` Act Your Age '' 2007 Unfabulous Young Addie Singer 2 episodes 2007 Cory in the House Maya 2 episodes 2007 Saving Sarah Cain Hannah Cottrell Movie 2007 The Last Day of Summer Maxine Movie 2008 Terminator : The Sarah Connor Chronicles Little Girl Episode : `` What He Beheld '' 2008 Merry Christmas , Drake & Josh Mary Alice Johansson Movie Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Mackenzie Burton Episode : `` Locum '' Hubworld Herself 2010 , 2012 R.L. Stine 's The Haunting Hour Lilly Carbo / Jenny / Becky 4 episodes 2011 Wizards of Waverly Place Maxine Russo 6 episodes ( Season 4 ) 2011 Chase Zoe Episode : `` Father Figure '' 2011 Powers Calista Pilot 2012 A Taste of Romance Hannah Callahan Movie 2012 Smart Cookies Daisy Movie 2012 -- 13 , 2016 Once Upon a Time Young Snow White 4 episodes 2013 Holliston Bailee Episode `` Rock the Cradle '' 2013 Half Riley Young Movie 2013 Pete 's Christmas Katie Movie 2013 -- 2014 Trophy Wife Hillary Harrison Series regular ( 21 episodes ) 2014 -- present The Fosters Sophia Quinn Recurring in season 2 onward 2014 American Dad ! Unknown Episode : `` Roger Passes The Bar '' 2014 Northpole Clementine Movie 2015 -- present Good Witch Grace Russell Series regular ( 30 episodes ) 2015 Northpole : Open for Christmas Clementine Movie 2015 Mulaney Ruby Episode : `` Ruby '' 2015 Good Witch Halloween Grace Russell Hallmark movie 2016 Date with Love Heidi Watts Hallmark movie 2016 Holiday Joy Joy Hockstatter Movie Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Nominated work Result Ref . 2008 Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Feature Film Young Actress Age Ten or Younger Bridge to Terabithia Won Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Young Ensemble Cast Won Best Performance in a TV Series Guest Starring Young Actress House Nominated Best Performance in a TV Movie , Miniseries or Special -- Supporting Young Actress The Last Day of Summer Won Movieguide Awards Most Inspirational Television Acting Saving Sarah Cain Won BFCA Critics ' Choice Awards Best Young Actress Brothers Nominated Saturn Awards Best Performance by a Younger Actor Nominated 2011 Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Feature Film ( Leading Young Actress Ten and Under ) An Invisible Sign Nominated Youth Rock Awards Rockin ' Child Performer ( TV / Film ) Do n't Be Afraid of the Dark Nominated 2012 Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Best Actress Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Supporting Young Actress Just Go With It Nominated 2013 Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Young Ensemble Cast Parental Guidance Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Children in Film '' . Retrieved March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stacey Harrison . `` Bailee Madison returns to The Hub 's `` Haunting Hour '' with `` Scarecrow '' `` . channelguidemag.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ I Am Second . `` I Am Second Bailee Madison -- Child Actress '' . youtube.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bailee Madison Trophy Wife '' . IGN . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Good Witch ' Star Bailee Madison Teases Spellbinding Season 2 She also play in many Christmas movie for Hallmark Channel include North Pole 1 - 2 Drama '' . International Business Times . April 15 , 2016 . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bailee Madison , The Voice of Young Mary BreatheBible.com Retrieved September 19 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : `` Young actress Bailee Madison sells lemonade for charity , celebrates Girl Scouts 100th anniversary with new role '' FoxNews.com . June 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bridge to Terabithia official site '' . Disney.go.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` J2 Pictures / J2TV official web site '' . J2tv.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Josh L. Dickey ( April 11 , 2011 ) . `` Bailee Madison rides rodeo pic '' . variety.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Day Of Summer official site '' . Nick.com . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2012 . Retrieved January 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Merry Christmas , Drake & Josh official site '' . Nick.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / Bailee Madison : Katie and I will be on the '' . Twitter.com . December 23 , 2010 . Retrieved January 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Megan Walsh - Boyle . `` Exclusive : Disney Channel Announces Season 4 of Wizards of Waverly Place '' . tvguide.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva . `` Pilot Castings : USA 's ' Over / Under ' Finds Female Lead , Young Actress Joins ' Powers ' '' . deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cast of Good Witch '' . Hallmark Channel . ^ Jump up to : `` 29th Annual Young Artist Awards '' . YoungArtistAwards.org . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2008 . Retrieved March 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ garcia , Ellen ( February 14 , 2008 ) . `` Top 10 Movies of 2007 Announced at ' Christian Oscars ' '' . christianpost.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 15th Annual Critics ' Choice Movie Awards ( 2010 ) -- Best Picture : The Hurt Locker '' . criticschoice.com . November 21 , 2011 . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Miller , Ross ( February 15 , 2014 ) . `` Avatar Leads 2010 Saturn Awards Nominations '' . screenrant.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 32nd Annual Young Artist Awards -- Nominations / Special Awards '' . The Young Artist Foundation . 2011 . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2013 . Retrieved March 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Youth Rock Awards Nominees '' . Youth Rocks Awards . 2011 . Retrieved October 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 2012 Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Ballot ! '' . Fangoria Staff . 2012 . Retrieved May 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 33rd Annual Young Artist Awards -- Nominations / Special Awards '' . The Young Artist Foundation . 2012 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 34th Annual Young Artist Awards '' . YoungArtistAwards.org . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2013 . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bailee Madison . Bailee Madison on IMDb Bailee Madison on Twitter Bailee Madison at AllMovie VIAF : 91177049 LCCN : no2009112111 ISNI : 0000 0000 6603 1804 GND : 1020547847 BNF : cb16612024q ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bailee_Madison&oldid=828258476 '' Categories : 1999 births 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Florida American child actresses American film actresses American television actresses Living people Actresses from Fort Lauderdale , Florida Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2017 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar मैथिली Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt डोटेली 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 14 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played young snow white on once upon a time	[]	[]
-5528584378511354714	One Day at a Time (2017 TV series)	One Day at a Time ( 2017 tv series ) - wikipedia One Day at a Time ( 2017 tv series ) Jump to : navigation , search One Day at a Time Genre Sitcom Dramedy Based on One Day at a Time by Whitney Blake and Allan Manings Developed by Gloria Calderon Kellett Mike Royce Starring Justina Machado Todd Grinnell Isabella Gomez Marcel Ruiz Stephen Tobolowsky Rita Moreno Opening theme `` This Is It '' performed by Gloria Estefan Ending theme `` This Is It '' ( instrumental ) Composer ( s ) Jeff Barry Nancy Barry Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 26 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Gloria Calderon Kellett Mike Royce Norman Lear Michael Garcia Brent Miller Producer ( s ) Dan Hernandez Benji Samit Patricia Fass Palmer Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 26 -- 31 minutes Production company ( s ) Act III Productions Snowpants Productions Big Girl Pants Productions Small Fish Studios Sony Pictures Television Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( UHD ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release January 6 , 2017 -- present External links Official Website One Day at a Time is an American comedy - drama web television series based on the 1975 -- 1984 sitcom of the same name . It was developed by Gloria Calderon Kellett and Mike Royce , with Norman Lear serving as an executive producer . The series features an ensemble cast starring Justina Machado , Todd Grinnell , Isabella Gomez , Marcel Ruiz , Stephen Tobolowsky , and Rita Moreno . The show revolves around a Cuban - American family living in Los Angeles , focusing on a single mom who is an Army veteran dealing with PTSD , her kids and her Cuban mother . The re-imagination of the original CBS sitcom tackles important issues like mental illness , immigration , sexism , homophobia , and racism that face Latinos living in the United States . Filming took place in Los Angeles , California at Sony Pictures Studios in Stage 25 . It was shot with a multiple - camera setup in front of a studio audience . The first season consisted of thirteen episodes and it was released on January 6 , 2017 . On March 4 , 2017 , Netflix renewed the series for a second season . Filming of the second season began in May 2017 and ended in September 2017 . On January 26 , 2018 , the second season premiered on the streaming service with thirteen episodes . On March 26 , 2018 , a third season was ordered . Upon its release , the show received critical acclaim , with critics and journalists praising the writing and the performances of Justina Machado and Rita Moreno . One Day at a Time was listed as one of the best television shows of 2017 , with over eighteen critics ranking it as one of the top ten shows of the year . The series received multiple awards and nominations , including a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Multi-Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series ( Pat Barnett ) . At the Imagen Foundation Awards won Best Primetime Television Program -- Comedy , Best Actress -- Television ( Justina Machado ) , Best Supporting Actress -- Television ( Isabella Gomez ) and Best Young Actor -- Television ( Marcel Ruiz ) . Rita Moreno was nominated for a Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series . The series was also nominated for a GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Comedy Series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Music 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Premise ( edit ) The show depicts the everyday life of a Cuban - American family with each character finding their own journey . Following the story of Penelope Alvarez ( Justina Machado ) a United States Army Nurse Corps veteran , facing her return to civilian life with a lot of unresolved issues from her time in the Army . She works as a nurse in the office of Dr. Leslie Berkowitz ( Stephen Tobolowsky ) . After her husband 's alcoholism due to post-traumatic stress disorder from his time in the Army make it , in Penelope 's words , ' unsafe to be in the house ' , she separates from Victor ( James Martínez ) , taking the children with her . With the help of her Mother , Lydia ( Rita Moreno ) , a refugee who left Cuba as a teen following Fidel Castro 's rise to power , she is raising her two children : Elena ( Isabella Gómez ) and Alex ( Marcel Ruiz ) . Apart from planning her daughter 's quinceañera , Penelope starts dating and finds a love interest . Elena , resistant to have a quinces , starts dating a teenager from her class ; to later realize that she is a lesbian . After struggling in ways to tell her family about her sexuality she finds the right time to come out . Alex starts working in a school project about Cuba with the help of Schneider ( Todd Grinnell ) and Lydia . Lydia talks about leaving Cuba escaping from Castro 's dictatorship and how she fell in love with her late husband Berto ( Tony Plana ) . Each episode of the series focuses on important issues that face the Hispanic community and families in general . It has dealt with topics such as veterans ' struggles with PTSD , depression , and anxiety , as well as sexuality , gender identity , sexism , and religion , amongst others . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Justina Machado plays Penelope Alvarez . Rita Moreno plays Penelope 's mother , Lydia Riera . Justina Machado as Penelope Riera Alvarez , a United States Army Nurse Corps and mother of Alex and Elena . She works as a nurse for Dr. Leslie Berkowitz . After coming back from army service , she joins a therapy group to help her with her depression and anxiety . In the first season she separates from her husband Victor and starts dating Ben . Later she breaks up with Ben after Victor 's visit for Elena 's quinceañera . In season two Penelope decides to go back to school to become a nurse practitioner . She begins dating an Army Veteran , now EMT Max Ferraro , but breaks up with him after finding out he wanted children of his own , and decides to let him find that chance with someone else , as she believes that she is too old for another child , and has two children of her own . Todd Grinnell as Dwayne Schneider , the rich landlord of the building . He is a close friend of the family and Penelope 's best friend . Schneider is frequently having one - night stands with different women . Often in the series he talks about having multiple stepmothers and how dysfunctional his family was , while also occasionally discussing his history of addictions . He is Canadian and after years of having a green card decides to become a US citizen . Isabella Gomez as Elena Maria Alvarez Riera Calderón Leytevidal Inclán , the activist and feminist teenage daughter of Penelope . After dating Josh , a classmate , and watching gay porn , she discovers that she is a lesbian and comes out to her family . The news does n't sit well with her father , which upsets Elena . In season two she finds a love interest and founds a Gay - Straight Alliance club at her Catholic School . Marcel Ruiz as Alejandro `` Alex '' Alberto Alvarez Riera Calderon Leytevidal Inclan , the son of Penelope . He wants to gain popularity at school and is part of the baseball team . He starts a school project about Cuba . In season two he begins working during the summer at Dr. Berkowitz 's office . Rita Moreno as Lydia Riera , a faithful Cuban , Penelope 's mother and grandmother of Elena and Alex. She fled Cuba after Castro seized power . She was a dancer and a performer back in the day . Over the course of the season , she develops a relationship with Dr. Berkowitz . Stephen Tobolowsky as Dr. Leslie Berkowitz , Penelope 's boss and Lydia 's love interest . Recurring ( edit ) Fiona Gubelmann as Lori ( season 1 ) : Penelope 's co-worker . Ariela Barer as Carmen ( season 1 ) : Elena 's best friend . She spent nights with Elena in her bedroom after her parents were deported back to Mexico , but Penelope finds out . She later moves to Austin , Texas to live with her brothers . Froy Gutierrez as Josh Flores ( season 1 ) Eric Nenninger as Scott ( season 1 -- present ) : Penelope 's co-worker . Haneefah Wood as Jill Riley ( season 1 -- present ) : Penelope 's friend . Mackenzie Phillips as Pam Valentine ( season 1 -- present ) : the leader of Penelope 's female veteran therapy group . Judy Reyes as Ramona ( season 1 -- present ) : Penelope 's friend from the therapy group . Tony Plana as Berto Riera ( season 1 -- present ) : Lydia 's late husband . James Martínez as Victor Alvarez ( season 1 -- present ) : Penelope 's ex-husband . Ed Quinn as Max Ferraro ( season 2 ) : a military veteran , EMT , and Penelope 's ex-boyfriend Sheridan Pierce as Syd ( season 2 ) : Elena 's significant other who is non-binary . Guest ( edit ) Cedric Yarbrough as Jerry Jay Hayden as Ben Gabrielle Elyse as Dani Jolie Jenkins as Nikki Ivonne Coll as Esme Emiliano Díez as Padre Jose Georgia Engel as Sister Barbara Tim Bagley as Henry Mindy Sterling as Delia Timm Sharp as Nurse Wally Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of One Day at a Time ( 2017 ) episodes Season Episodes Originally released 13 January 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 06 ) 13 January 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) Production ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2018 ) Music ( edit ) The theme song for the original One Day at a Time series , `` This is It '' , was re-recorded for the newer version of the series , with a new arrangement by Emilio Estefan featuring Cuban instrumentation and lead vocals by Gloria Estefan . The song was composed by husband - and - wife songwriters Jeff Barry and Nancy Barry . Recording artist Polly Cutter sang the original version of the theme song . Reception ( edit ) Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 97 % ( 29 reviews ) 79 ( 23 reviews ) 100 % ( 14 reviews ) 88 ( 6 reviews ) Critical response ( edit ) On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the first season has an approval rating of 97 % based on 30 reviews with an average rating of 7.62 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` One Day at a Time breathes fresh life into the classic Norman Lear original with a lively , sharp , and proudly old - school sitcom bolstered by a surfeit of heart and terrific performances from Rita Moreno and Justina Machado . '' Robert Lloyd of the Los Angeles Times found the first season to be `` lively without being rushed '' thanks to the full 30 minute run time . `` The show is nicely written ... and the performances ( especially Moreno 's ) are almost universally engaging , '' according to David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle . The Newsday review by Verne Gay particularly praises Machado as `` flat - out terrific '' and calls the first season `` congenial , good - hearted , easy going , sentimental , old - fashioned and surprisingly new - fashioned . There 's also a deep emotional core here which refuses to be devalued by the typical ( or tired ) beat of a multicamera sitcom . '' A USA Today review by Kelly Lawler noted that Elena 's coming - out arc in the first season has drawn special praise from LGBT critics for its `` unique , realistic and refreshing take on the subject ... the depiction of a young , happy Latinx lesbian comes as a hopeful sign for many . '' Autostraddle senior editor Yvonne Marquez called the arc `` mind - blowing '' and the show revolutionary because `` it centers the family 's brownness and provides ample social commentary to deliver a fantastic modern - day sitcom . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2017 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Show : Comedy One Day at a Time Nominated Imagen Foundation Awards Best Primetime Television Program -- Comedy One Day at a Time Won Best Actress -- Television Justina Machado Won Best Supporting Actress -- Television Rita Moreno Nominated Isabella Gomez Won Best Young Actor -- Television Marcel Ruiz Won Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Multi-Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series Pat Barnett Nominated Gold Derby Awards Best Comedy Supporting Actress Rita Moreno Nominated 2018 Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Rita Moreno Nominated GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding Comedy Series One Day at a Time Nominated Television Academy Honors Television with a Conscience Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' One Day At A Time ' : Justina Machado To Play The Lead In Netflix Series Remake '' . Deadline . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix Orders ' One Day At A Time ' Latino Remake Series Co-Starring Rita Moreno '' . Deadline . January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' One Day At a Time ' : Stephen Tobolowsky Cast In Netflix Latino Family Remake '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' One Day At a Time ' : Todd Grinnell Cast As Schneider In Netflix Series Remake '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ `` One Day at a Time Taping : Take Two - LezWatchTV '' . 3 August 2017 . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` One Day at a Time Reboot Gets Premiere Date at Netflix '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' One Day At A Time ' Renewed For Season 2 By Netflix '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ `` One Day At A Time Finale Taping - LezWatchTV '' . 18 September 2017 . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix 's ' One Day at a Time ' announces season 2 premiere date in delightful video '' . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` One Day At A Time - Season 3 Announcement - Netflix '' . Netfflix. 26 March 2018 . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cuban - Americans Take Spotlight In Netflix Reboot Of ' One Day At A Time ' '' . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Miller , Liz Shannon ( 26 January 2018 ) . `` ' One Day at a Time ' Season 2 Review : Netflix 's Best Multi-Cam Sitcom Just Gets Sharper and More Sincere '' . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 : Television Critic Top Ten Lists '' . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` Review : The Euphoria of ' One Day at a Time ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Miller , Liz Shannon ( 2018 - 02 - 02 ) . `` ' One Day at a Time ' Stars Talk Season 3 and Why a Non-Binary Character Is Called a ' Girlfriend ' On The Show '' . IndieWire . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chaney , Jen ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` One Day at a Time Is Back , and Rest Assured , It 's Still Great '' . Vulture . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Norman Lear reboots ' One Day at a Time ' for a new generation '' . Los Angeles Times . 2017 - 01 - 05 . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` One Day at a Time : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Rotten Tomatoes . January 2017 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Robert ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix reboot of ' One Day at a Time ' is bighearted fun '' . LA Times . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wiegand , David ( January 4 , 2017 ) . `` Brand - new old - fashioned ' Day ' on Netflix '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gay , Verne ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Norman Lear almost -- reboot a sentimental winner '' . Newsday . Newsday . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` How Netflix 's ' One Day at a Time ' flips the coming - out script '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix 's `` One Day at a Time '' Is the Revolutionary , Feminist Latinx Family Sitcom We Did n't Know We Needed `` . Autostraddle. 2017 - 01 - 10 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Ceron , Ella ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : See the First Wave of Nominations '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 32nd Annual Imagen Awards '' . Imagen Founation . June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lin Manuel Miranda Family Honored at Imagen Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 69th Emmy ® Awards Nominations '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Gold Derby Awards '' . Gold Derby Awards . June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` These Are the 2018 GLAAD Media Awards Nominees '' . Time . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Haring , Bruce ( May 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Andi Mack ' , ' 13 Reasons Why ' Among Recipients Of 11th Annual Television Academy Honors '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . 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281291343812164037	Ruby Tuesday (song)	Ruby Tuesday ( song ) - wikipedia Ruby Tuesday ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Ruby Tuesday '' 7 - inch single picture sleeve Single by The Rolling Stones A-side `` Let 's Spend the Night Together '' ( double A-side ) Released 13 January 1967 Recorded 8 November -- 3 December 1966 , London Genre Baroque pop Length 3 : 16 Label Decca / ABKCO ( UK ) London ( North America ) Songwriter ( s ) Jagger / Richards Producer ( s ) Andrew Loog Oldham The Rolling Stones singles chronology `` Have You Seen Your Mother , Baby , Standing in the Shadow ? '' ( 1966 ) `` Ruby Tuesday '' ( 1967 ) `` We Love You / Dandelion '' ( 1967 ) `` Have You Seen Your Mother , Baby , Standing in the Shadow ? '' ( 1966 ) `` Ruby Tuesday '' ( 1967 ) `` We Love You / Dandelion '' ( 1967 ) `` Ruby Tuesday '' is a song recorded by the Rolling Stones in 1966 , released in January 1967 . The song , coupled with `` Let 's Spend the Night Together '' , was a number - one hit in the United States and reached number three in the United Kingdom . The song was included in the American version of Between the Buttons ( in the UK , singles were often excluded from studio albums ) . Rolling Stone magazine ranked the song number 310 on their list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . The song title was the source of the restaurant chain of the same name . Contents ( hide ) 1 Music and inspiration 2 Release 3 Personnel 4 Charts and certifications 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 4.3 Certifications 5 Notable cover versions 6 Animated film 7 References Music and inspiration ( edit ) Multi-instrumentalist Brian Jones played recorder , and the double bass was played jointly by bassist Bill Wyman ( pressing the strings against the fingerboard ) and Keith Richards ( bowing the strings ) . According to Keith Richards in a 1971 Rolling Stone interview , he wrote the song in a Los Angeles hotel room in early 1966 about a groupie he knew ; he has also stated that it was about Linda Keith , his girlfriend in the mid-1960s . The song 's lyrics concern an apparently free - spirited woman , with Jagger singing : `` Who could hang a name on you ? When you change with every new day Still I 'm gon na miss you . '' `` That 's a wonderful song , '' Mick Jagger told Jann Wenner in 1995 . `` It 's just a nice melody , really . And a lovely lyric . Neither of which I wrote , but I always enjoy singing it . '' Bill Wyman states in Rolling with the Stones that the lyrics were completely written by Keith Richards with help from Brian Jones on the musical composition . However , Marianne Faithfull recalls it differently ; according to her , Brian Jones presented an early version of this melody to the rest of the Rolling Stones . According to Victor Bockris , Richards came up with the basic track and the words and finished the song with Jones in the studio . From Richards 's autobiography , Life , the song was written about his girlfriend Linda Keith . Linda had taken up with Jimi Hendrix , and had got involved with drugs . She left Richards , and he tried to get her back . He eventually went to her parents and told them she was going down a dark path . Linda 's father went to New York City to collect her , and by order of court she was grounded . Richards reports that Linda regarded this as a betrayal , and they did not speak again for many years . According to Richards 's autobiography , Linda Keith survived , brought up a family , and now lives in New Orleans . Release ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Ruby Tuesday '' was released as the B - side to `` Let 's Spend the Night Together '' on 13 January 1967 . Due to the controversial nature of the A-side's lyrics , `` Ruby Tuesday '' earned more airplay and ended up charting higher in both the UK and the US . The song topped the American Billboard Hot 100 chart , while reaching number 3 in the UK 's Record Retailer chart , although `` Let 's Spend The Night Together '' was listed instead . `` Ruby Tuesday '' was included on the US version of the 1967 album Between the Buttons , while being left out of the British edition , as was common practice with singles in the UK at that time . That summer , the song appeared on the US compilation album Flowers . Due to its success , the song became a staple of the band 's compilations , being included on Through the Past , Darkly ( Big Hits Vol. 2 ) ( 1969 ) , Hot Rocks 1964 -- 1971 ( 1971 ) , Rolled Gold ( 1975 ) , and 30 Greatest Hits ( 1977 ) , and , in monophonic , on Singles Collection : The London Years ( 1989 ) . The 2002 ABKCO reissues of the song -- including on reissued albums and a new compilation , Forty Licks -- have a remastering error ; a vocal overdub is missing in the chorus . This was subsequently remedied , and the versions on 2007 's Rolled Gold+ , 2012 's GRRR ! , and the 2013 iTunes remasters contain the overdub . A concert rendition of the song from the Rolling Stones ' Steel Wheels / Urban Jungle Tour was released on the band 's 1991 concert album Flashpoint . A July 2013 live performance is featured on Sweet Summer Sun : Hyde Park Live . Personnel ( edit ) Mick Jagger -- lead vocals , backing vocals , tambourine Keith Richards -- double bass ( bowing strings ) , 12 string acoustic guitar , backing vocals Brian Jones -- recorder , piano Bill Wyman -- double bass ( fingers on fingerboard ) , bass guitar Charlie Watts - drums Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 ) Peak position Australia Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 6 UK US Billboard Hot 100 US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 ) Rank Canada 5 US Billboard Hot 100 24 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Notable cover versions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1967 : Richard Anthony recorded a French version called `` fille sauvage '' 1967 : Rotary Connection 's rendition , with Minnie Riperton on vocals , appeared on their album Rotary Connection . 1969 : Oliver released a version of the song on his album Good Morning Starshine . 1970 : Melanie Safka released a version of the song on her album Candles in the Rain ; her version was a UK Top Ten hit that year . It also reached # 7 in New Zealand , the only version of the song to chart there . She recorded a second cover version on her 1978 album Ballroom Streets . 1979 : Pozo - Seco Singers featuring Don Williams released a version of the song on their album Spend Some Time With Me . 1984 : Nazareth released a version of the song on their album The Catch . 1989 : Julian Lennon released a version of the song on the compilation album entitled The Wonder Years : Music from the Emmy Award - Winning Show & Its Era , a soundtrack for The Wonder Years TV series . 1989 : `` Weird Al '' Yankovic recorded this song and 11 other Rolling Stones songs in his polka medley , `` The Hot Rocks Polka '' . 1993 : Rod Stewart recorded a version of the song that was included on his 1993 compilation album Lead Vocalist . 1994 : Marianne Faithfull released a version of the song on the album Symphonic Music of The Rolling Stones by the London Symphony Orchestra . 1996 : Dick Gaughan recorded a version on his solo album Sail On . 1999 : DJ Miko released a Eurodance cover of the song as a single . 1999 : Franco Battiato released a version of the song on his album Fleurs and it was prominently featured in the 2006 film Children of Men . 2002 : The Corrs recorded a version of the song with Ronnie Wood on their album VH1 Live in Dublin and also included it on their 2006 greatest hits album Dreams : The Ultimate Corrs Collection . 2002 : Gotthard released a version of the song on their album One Life One Soul . 2007 : Sylvie Vartan released a version of the song on her album Nouvelle Vague . 2007 : Declan Galbraith released a cover version of the song in his third album You and Me . 2011 : Scorpions released a version of the song on their album Comeblack . 2011 : Yanokami released a version of the song on their album Tohku wa Chikai . 2016 : Shawn Colvin and Steve Earle recorded a version for their collaborative duets album Colvin & Earle . A snippet of the song is often sung by Bono along with `` Sympathy for the Devil '' during performances of `` Bad '' at U2 concerts . An example of this is in the U2 documentary / concert footage film Rattle and Hum from 1988 . Katey Sagal , who portrays Gemma Teller Morrow on the FX drama Sons of Anarchy , recorded a cover of the song for the show 's second EP , Shelter . Lacey Brown covered the song during the ninth season of American Idol during The Rolling Stones theme week . Her full - length recording of the song was available for purchase as `` Ruby Tuesday ( American Idol Studio Version ) - Single '' on the iTunes Store during the season 's run . Carter The Unstoppable Sex Machine make significant reference to the song in their 1991 single `` After The Watershed '' . Crosby , Stills , & Nash performed a cover of `` Ruby Tuesday '' on 31 August 2010 , during their performance at the Bethel Woods Center for the Arts ( The original Woodstock site in Sullivan County , New York ) . Mick Jagger performed it with Win Butler and Regine Chassagne of Arcade Fire in a medley with `` She 's a Rainbow '' on the 19 May 2012 episode of Saturday Night Live as longtime cast member Kristen Wiig bid farewell to the show . Darby Walker , performed this song on Season 11 of The Voice , coached by Miley Cyrus . 2016 : Shawn Colvin & Steve Earl recorded a version of the song on their album , Colvin And Earle . Animated film ( edit ) In September 2006 , Jagger will co-produce an animated movie based on the song with EuropaCorp and directed by Paul and Gaetan Brizzi . In January 2008 , Dick Clement and Ian La Frenais will write the film . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Steve Smith : Wyman and Taylor join the Rolling Stones onstage ; Coldplay takes a break '' . Archived from the original on 3 December 2012 . Retrieved 7 May 2016 ... Pasadena Star - News . 29 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rolling Stone 's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . 7 April 2011 . Retrieved 1 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Greenfield , Robert ( 19 August 1971 ) . `` The Rolling Stone Interview : Keith Richards '' . Rolling Stone . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ McPherson , Ian . `` Track Talk : Ruby Tuesday '' . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Show 46 - Sergeant Pepper at the Summit : The very best of a very good year . ( Part 2 ) : UNT Digital Library '' . Digital.library.unt.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Wenner , Jann S. ( 14 December 1995 ) . `` Jagger Remembers '' . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Brian Jones '' , Mojo Magazine , July 1999 , p. 75 Jump up ^ Bockris , Keith Richards , 1993 , p. 93 - 94 Jump up ^ Life ( 2010 ) , Keith Richards , pp. 186 -- 187 Jump up ^ `` Let 's Spend the Night Together '' at AllMusic Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 16 April 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 10044 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Ruby Tuesday '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 18 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Rolling Stones Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 2 / 25 / 67 '' . Tropicalglen.com. 1967 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1967 / Top 100 Songs of 1967 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- The Rolling Stones -- Ruby Tuesday '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 17 June 2016 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Joe Viglione . `` Good Morning Starshine - Oliver Songs , Reviews , Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` flavour of new zealand - search listener '' . Flavourofnz.co.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Mathew , Leslie . `` The Wonder Years : Music From the Emmy Award - Winning Show & Its Era - Original Tv Soundtrack : Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 8 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sail On - Dick Gaughan 's Discography '' . Dickgaughan.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ Sean . `` Mick Jagger To Co-Produce Animated Film Ruby Tuesday '' . filmjunk.com . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Rodrigo Perez . `` ' Across The Universe ' Writers At It Again : Animated ' Ruby Tuesday ' Film To Feature Rolling Stones Tunes '' . theplaylist . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . Preceded by `` Kind of a Drag '' by The Buckinghams Billboard Hot 100 number one single 4 March 1967 ( one week ) Succeeded by `` Love Is Here and Now You 're Gone '' by The Supremes The Rolling Stones Mick Jagger Keith Richards Charlie Watts Ronnie Wood Brian Jones Ian Stewart Mick Taylor Bill Wyman Mick Avory Tony Chapman Ricky Fenson Colin Golding Carlo Little Dick Taylor Video releases Let 's Spend the Night Together ( 1983 ) Stones at the Max ( 1992 ) The Rolling Stones : Voodoo Lounge Live ( 1995 ) The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus ( 1996 ) Bridges to Babylon Tour ' 97 -- 98 ( 1998 ) Four Flicks ( 2003 ) The Biggest Bang ( 2007 ) Ladies and Gentlemen : The Rolling Stones ( 2010 ) Some Girls : Live in Texas ' 78 ( 2011 ) Sweet Summer Sun : Live in Hyde Park ( 2013 ) The Rolling Stones : Havana Moon ( 2016 ) Documentaries The Stones in the Park ( 1969 ) Gimme Shelter ( 1970 ) Cocksucker Blues ( 1972 ) Video Rewind ( 1984 ) 25 × 5 : the Continuing Adventures of the Rolling Stones ( 1989 ) Shine a Light ( 2008 ) Stones in Exile ( 2010 ) Crossfire Hurricane ( 2012 ) Olé Olé Olé ! : A Trip Across Latin America ( 2017 ) Tours British Tour 1963 1964 tours 1965 tours 1966 tours European Tour 1967 American Tour 1969 European Tour 1970 UK Tour 1971 American Tour 1972 Pacific Tour 1973 European Tour 1973 Tour of the Americas ' 75 Tour of Europe ' 76 US Tour 1978 American Tour 1981 European Tour 1982 Steel Wheels / Urban Jungle Tour Voodoo Lounge Tour Bridges to Babylon Tour No Security Tour Licks Tour A Bigger Bang 50 & Counting 14 On Fire Zip Code Tour América Latina Olé Tour 2016 Fall 2016 US Tour No Filter Tour Associated places Redlands Stargroves Nellcôte The Wick Downe House The Mick Jagger Centre Related Discography Songs The Rolling Stones concerts Jagger / Richards Nanker Phelge Rolling Stones Records Promotone The Stones in the Park Altamont Free Concert Rolling Stones Mobile Studio The Rolling Stones : An Illustrated Record The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus Andrew Loog Oldham Allen Klein Peter Meaden John Pasche Instruments played Book Category Portal The Rolling Stones discography Decca ( UK ) and London ( US ) singles `` Come On '' `` I Wanna Be Your Man '' / `` Stoned '' `` Not Fade Away '' / `` Little by Little '' `` It 's All Over Now '' `` Tell Me '' / `` I Just Want to Make Love to You '' `` Time Is on My Side '' `` Little Red Rooster '' `` Heart of Stone '' `` The Last Time '' / `` Play with Fire '' `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' / `` The Spider and the Fly '' `` Get Off of My Cloud '' / `` I 'm Free '' `` As Tears Go By '' `` 19th Nervous Breakdown '' / `` As Tears Go By '' `` Paint It Black '' / `` Stupid Girl '' `` Mother 's Little Helper '' / `` Lady Jane '' `` Have You Seen Your Mother , Baby , Standing in the Shadow ? '' `` Let 's Spend the Night Together '' / `` Ruby Tuesday '' `` We Love You '' / `` Dandelion '' `` In Another Land '' `` She 's a Rainbow '' / `` 2000 Light Years from Home '' `` Jumpin ' Jack Flash '' `` Street Fighting Man '' / `` No Expectations '' `` Honky Tonk Women '' / `` You Ca n't Always Get What You Want '' Rolling Stones / Atlantic singles `` Brown Sugar '' / `` Bitch '' / `` Let It Rock '' `` Wild Horses '' / `` Sway '' `` Tumbling Dice '' / `` Sweet Black Angel '' `` Happy '' / `` All Down the Line '' `` Angie '' / `` Silver Train '' `` Doo Doo Doo Doo Doo ( Heartbreaker ) '' / `` Dancing with Mr. D '' `` It 's Only Rock ' n Roll ( But I Like It ) '' `` Ai n't Too Proud to Beg '' / `` Dance Little Sister '' `` Fool to Cry '' `` Hot Stuff '' Rolling Stones `` Miss You '' / `` Far Away Eyes '' `` Beast of Burden '' / `` When the Whip Comes Down '' `` Respectable '' / `` When the Whip Comes Down '' `` Shattered '' `` Emotional Rescue '' `` She 's So Cold '' / `` Send It to Me '' `` Start Me Up '' `` Waiting on a Friend '' / `` Little T&A '' `` Hang Fire '' / `` Neighbours '' `` Going to a Go - Go '' ( live ) / `` Beast of Burden '' ( live ) `` Time Is on My Side '' ( live ) / `` Twenty Flight Rock '' ( live ) `` Undercover of the Night '' `` She Was Hot '' `` Too Much Blood '' `` Harlem Shuffle '' `` One Hit ( To the Body ) '' `` Mixed Emotions '' `` Rock and a Hard Place '' `` Almost Hear You Sigh '' `` Highwire '' / `` 2000 Light Years from Home '' ( live ) `` Ruby Tuesday '' ( live ) / `` Play with Fire '' ( live ) `` Jumpin ' Jack Flash '' ( live ) / `` Tumbling Dice '' ( live ) Virgin singles `` Love Is Strong '' `` You Got Me Rocking '' `` Out of Tears '' `` I Go Wild '' `` Like a Rolling Stone '' ( live ) / `` Black Limousine '' / `` All Down the Line '' `` Wild Horses '' ( live ) / `` Live with Me '' ( live ) / `` Tumbling Dice '' ( live ) `` Anybody Seen My Baby ? '' `` Saint of Me '' / `` Gimme Shelter '' ( live ) `` Out of Control '' `` Do n't Stop '' / `` Miss You '' ( remix ) `` Streets of Love '' / `` Rough Justice '' `` Rain Fall Down '' `` Biggest Mistake '' / `` Before They Make Me Run '' ( live ) Universal singles `` Plundered My Soul '' / `` All Down the Line '' `` No Spare Parts '' / `` Before They Make Me Run '' `` Doom and Gloom '' `` One More Shot '' Other countries `` Let It Bleed '' / `` You Got the Silver '' ( London Japan ) `` Rocks Off '' / `` Sweet Virginia '' ( Japan ) `` Star Star '' / `` Doo Doo Doo Doo Doo ( Heartbreaker ) '' ( France , Germany ) Book Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruby_Tuesday_(song)&oldid=809453638 '' Categories : 1967 singles Baroque pop songs Songs written by Jagger / Richards Song recordings produced by Andrew Loog Oldham The Rolling Stones songs Buddah Records singles Decca Records singles London Records singles Oliver ( singer ) songs Melanie Safka songs Nazareth ( band ) songs Scorpions ( band ) songs Julian Lennon songs Rod Stewart songs Marianne Faithfull songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Number - one singles in Germany 1967 songs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2014 Use British English from August 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010 Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Certification Table Entry usages for United States Articles needing additional references from July 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano ქართული 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 05 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the original singer of ruby tuesday	[ "\"Ruby Tuesday\" is a song recorded by the Rolling Stones in 1966, released in January 1967. The song, coupled with \"Let's Spend the Night Together\", was a number-one hit in the United States and reached number three in the United Kingdom. The song was included in the American version of Between the Buttons (in the UK, singles were often excluded from studio albums)." ]	[ "the Rolling Stones" ]
-2343943033243276789	Democracy Index	Democracy Index - Wikipedia Democracy Index Jump to : navigation , search The Economist Intelligence Unit Democracy Index map for 2016 . Bluer colours represent more democratic countries as reported by the company . The Democracy Index is an index compiled by the UK - based company the Economist Intelligence Unit ( EIU ) that intends to measure the state of democracy in 167 countries , of which 166 are sovereign states and 165 are UN member states . The index was first produced in 2006 , with updates for 2008 , 2010 and the following years since then . The index is based on 60 indicators grouped in five different categories measuring pluralism , civil liberties and political culture . In addition to a numeric score and a ranking , the index categorises countries as one of four regime types : full democracies , flawed democracies , hybrid regimes and authoritarian regimes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Method 2 Classification definitions 3 Changes from 2010 onwards 4 Democracy Index by regime type 5 Democracy Index by region 6 Democracy Index by country ( 2016 ) 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Method ( edit ) As described in the report , the democracy index is a weighted average based on the answers of 60 questions , each one with either two or three permitted alternative answers . Most answers are `` experts ' assessments '' ; the report does not indicate what kinds of experts , nor their number , nor whether the experts are employees of the Economist Intelligence Unit or independent scholars , nor the nationalities of the experts . Some answers are provided by public - opinion surveys from the respective countries . In the case of countries for which survey results are missing , survey results for similar countries and expert assessments are used in order to fill in gaps . The questions are distributed in the five categories : electoral process and pluralism , civil liberties , functioning of government , political participation , and political culture . Each answer is translated to a mark , either 0 or 1 , or for the three - answer alternative questions , 0.5 . With the exceptions mentioned below , the sums are added within each category , multiplied by ten , and divided by the total number of questions within the category . There are a few modifying dependencies , which are explained much more precisely than the main rule procedures . In a few cases , an answer yielding zero for one question voids another question ; e.g. , if the elections for the national legislature and head of government are not considered free ( question 1 ) , then the next question , `` Are elections ... fair ? '' is not considered , but automatically marked zero . Likewise , there are a few questions considered so important that a low score on them yields a penalty on the total score sum for their respective categories , namely : `` Whether national elections are free and fair '' ; `` The security of voters '' ; `` The influence of foreign powers on government '' ; `` The capability of the civil servants to implement policies '' . The four category indices , which are listed in the report , are then averaged to find the Democracy Index for a given country . Finally , the Democracy Index , rounded to one decimal , decides the regime type classification of the country . The report discusses other indices of democracy , as defined e.g. by Freedom House , and argues for some of the choices made by the team from the Economist Intelligence Unit . In this comparison , a higher emphasis has been put on the public opinion and attitudes , as measured by surveys , but on the other hand , economic living standard has not been weighted as one criterion of democracy ( as seemingly some other investigators have done ) . The report is widely cited in the international press as well as in peer reviewed academic journals . Classification definitions ( edit ) Full democracies are nations where civil liberties and basic political freedoms are not only respected , but also reinforced by a political culture conducive to the thriving of democratic principles . These nations have a valid system of governmental checks and balances , independent judiciary whose decisions are enforced , governments that function adequately , and media that is diverse and independent . These nations have only limited problems in democratic functioning . Flawed democracies are nations where elections are fair and free and basic civil liberties are honored but may have issues ( e.g. media freedom infringement ) . Nonetheless , these nations have significant faults in other democratic aspects , including underdeveloped political culture , low levels of participation in politics , and issues in the functioning of governance . Hybrid regimes are nations where consequential irregularities exist in elections regularly preventing them from being fair and free . These nations commonly have governments that apply pressure on political opponents , non independent judiciaries , and have widespread corruption , harassment and pressure placed on the media , anemic rule of law , and more pronounced faults than flawed democracies in the realms of underdeveloped political culture , low levels of participation in politics , and issues in the functioning of governance . Authoritarian regimes are nations where political pluralism has vanished or is extremely limited . These nations are often absolute dictatorships , may have some conventional institutions of democracy but with meager significance , infringements and abuses of civil liberties are commonplace , elections ( if they take place ) are not fair and free , the media is often state - owned or controlled by groups associated with the ruling regime , the judiciary is not independent , and the presence of omnipresent censorship and suppression of governmental criticism . Changes from 2010 onwards ( edit ) According to the issue of the index for 2012 , Norway scored a total of 9.93 on a scale from zero to ten , keeping the first - place position it has held since 2010 , when it replaced Sweden as the highest - ranked country in the index . North Korea scored the lowest with 1.08 , remaining at the bottom in 167th place , the same as in 2010 and 2011 . There was no significant improvement or regression in democracy between 2011 and 2012 . In 2012 the index score stayed the same for 73 out of 167 countries , improved for 54 countries , and declined for 40 . Libya experienced the biggest increase of any country in its score in 2012 . Average regional scores in 2012 were very similar to scores in 2011 . An exception is the Middle East and North Africa ( MENA ) where the average score increased by more than a tenth of a point , from 3.62 to 3.73 and three countries moved from authoritarian to hybrid regimes ( Egypt , Libya , Morocco ) . The Democracy Index for 2011 highlighted the impact of the Arab Spring and the greater effects it might have , as well as the impact of the global financial crisis in 2007 -- 08 on politics throughout most of Europe . The Democracy Index score was lower in 2011 than in 2010 in 48 countries out of the 167 that are covered . It was higher in 41 ranked countries , and it stayed the same in 78 . In nine countries there was a change in regime type between 2010 and 2011 ; in four of these there was regression . Russia was downgraded from a hybrid regime to an authoritarian regime , which the report attributes to concerns over the December 4 legislative election and Vladimir Putin 's decision to run again in the 2012 presidential election . Portugal was also downgraded to the flawed democracy category , attributed to the effects of the global financial crisis . Tunisia , Mauritania , Egypt , and Niger were all upgraded to hybrid regimes , and Zambia moved up to the flawed democracy category . In 2016 , the United States was downgraded from a full democracy to a flawed democracy ; its score , which had been experiencing a persistent downward trend , crossed the threshold from 8.05 in 2015 to 7.98 in 2016 . The report states that this was not due to the election of Donald Trump , but was caused by the same factors that led to his election . Democracy Index by regime type ( edit ) The following table gives the number and percentage of countries and the percentage of the world population for each regime type in 2016 : Type of regime Scores ( s ) Number of countries Percentage of countries Percentage of world population Full democracies 8 ≤ s ≤ 10 19 11.4 4.5 Flawed democracies 6 ≤ s < 8 57 34.1 44.8 Hybrid regimes 4 ≤ s < 6 40 24.0 18.0 Authoritarian regimes 0 ≤ s < 4 51 30.5 32.7 World population refers to the total population of the 167 countries covered by the Index . Since this excludes only micro-states , this is nearly equal to the entire estimated world population . Democracy Index by region ( edit ) The following table gives the index average by world region , and the number of covered countries in 2016 . Note that some regional groups ( e.g. , the ' Eastern Europe ' ) are very heterogeneous and composed of full democracies as well as authoritarian regimes : Rank Region Countries 2006 2008 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Northern America 8.64 8.64 8.63 8.59 8.59 8.59 8.59 8.56 8.56 Western Europe 21 8.60 8.61 8.45 8.40 8.44 8.41 8.41 8.42 8.40 Latin America and the Caribbean 24 6.37 6.43 6.37 6.35 6.36 6.38 6.36 6.37 6.33 Asia and Australasia 28 5.44 5.58 5.53 5.51 5.56 5.61 5.70 5.74 5.74 5 Central and Eastern Europe 28 5.76 5.67 5.55 5.50 5.51 5.53 5.58 5.55 5.43 6 Sub-Saharan Africa 44 4.24 4.28 4.23 4.32 4.33 4.36 4.34 4.38 4.37 7 Middle East and North Africa 20 3.54 3.48 3.52 3.62 3.73 3.68 3.65 3.58 3.56 World 167 5.52 5.55 5.46 5.49 5.52 5.53 5.55 5.55 5.52 Democracy Index by country ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Listing by country is available on The Economist website ; for by - country tables in Wikipedia using similar measures , see List of freedom indices . Democracy Index 2016 Rank Country Score Electoral process and pluralism Functioning of government Political participation Political culture Civil liberties Category Norway 9.93 10.00 9.64 10.00 10.00 10.00 Full democracy Iceland 9.50 10.00 8.93 8.89 10.00 9.71 Full democracy Sweden 9.39 9.58 9.64 8.33 10.00 9.41 Full democracy New Zealand 9.26 10.00 9.29 8.89 8.13 10.00 Full democracy 5 Denmark 9.20 9.58 9.29 8.33 9.38 9.41 Full democracy 6 Canada 9.15 9.58 9.64 7.78 8.75 10.00 Full democracy 7 Ireland 9.15 9.58 7.86 8.33 10.00 10.00 Full democracy 8 Switzerland 9.09 9.58 9.29 7.78 9.38 9.41 Full democracy 9 Finland 9.03 10.00 8.93 7.78 8.75 9.71 Full democracy 10 Australia 9.01 9.58 8.93 7.78 8.75 10.00 Full democracy 11 Luxembourg 8.81 10.00 8.93 6.67 8.75 9.71 Full democracy 12 Netherlands 8.80 9.58 8.57 8.33 8.13 9.41 Full democracy 13 Germany 8.63 9.58 8.57 7.78 7.50 9.71 Full democracy 14 Austria 8.41 9.58 7.86 8.33 6.88 9.41 Full democracy 15 Malta 8.39 9.17 8.21 6.11 8.75 9.71 Full democracy 16 United Kingdom 8.36 9.58 7.14 7.22 8.75 9.12 Full democracy 17 Spain 8.30 9.58 7.14 7.22 8.13 9.41 Full democracy 18 Mauritius 8.28 9.17 8.21 5.56 8.75 9.71 Full democracy 19 Uruguay 8.17 10.00 8.93 4.44 7.50 10.00 Full democracy Rank Country Score Electoral process and pluralism Functioning of government Political participation Political culture Civil liberties Category 20 Japan 7.99 8.75 8.21 6.67 7.50 8.82 Flawed democracy 21 United States 7.98 9.17 7.14 7.22 8.13 8.24 Flawed democracy 22 Italy 7.98 9.58 6.43 7.22 8.13 8.53 Flawed democracy 23 Cape Verde 7.94 9.17 7.86 6.67 6.88 9.12 Flawed democracy 24 France 7.92 9.58 7.14 7.78 6.25 8.82 Flawed democracy 25 South Korea 7.92 9.17 7.50 7.72 7.50 8.24 Flawed democracy 26 Costa Rica 7.88 9.58 7.14 6.11 6.88 9.71 Flawed democracy 27 Botswana 7.87 9.17 7.14 6.11 7.50 9.41 Flawed democracy 28 Portugal 7.86 9.58 6.79 6.67 6.88 9.41 Flawed democracy 29 Israel 7.85 9.17 7.50 8.89 7.50 6.18 Flawed democracy 30 Estonia 7.85 9.58 7.86 6.11 6.88 8.82 Flawed democracy 31 Czech Republic 7.82 9.58 7.14 6.67 6.88 8.82 Flawed democracy 32 India 7.81 9.58 7.50 7.22 5.63 9.12 Flawed democracy 33 Taiwan 7.79 9.58 8.21 6.11 5.63 9.41 Flawed democracy 34 Chile 7.78 9.58 8.57 4.44 6.88 9.41 Flawed democracy 35 Belgium 7.77 9.58 8.57 5.00 6.88 8.82 Flawed democracy 36 Cyprus 7.65 9.17 6.43 6.67 6.88 9.12 Flawed democracy 37 Slovenia 7.51 9.58 7.14 6.67 5.63 8.53 Flawed democracy 38 Lithuania 7.47 9.58 5.71 6.11 6.25 9.71 Flawed democracy 39 South Africa 7.41 7.92 7.86 8.33 5.00 7.94 Flawed democracy 40 Jamaica 7.39 9.17 6.79 5.00 6.88 9.12 Flawed democracy 41 Latvia 7.31 9.58 5.71 5.56 6.88 8.82 Flawed democracy 42 Slovakia 7.29 9.58 7.14 5.56 5.63 8.53 Flawed democracy 43 Timor - Leste 7.24 8.67 7.14 5.56 6.88 7.94 Flawed democracy 44 Greece 7.23 9.58 5.36 6.11 6.25 8.82 Flawed democracy 45 Panama 7.13 9.58 6.43 6.11 5.00 8.82 Flawed democracy 46 Trinidad and Tobago 7.10 9.58 7.14 5.56 5.00 8.24 Flawed democracy 47 Bulgaria 7.01 9.17 6.07 7.22 4.38 8.24 Flawed democracy Rank Country Score Electoral process and pluralism Functioning of government Political participation Political culture Civil liberties Category 48 Indonesia 6.97 7.75 7.14 6.67 6.25 7.06 Flawed democracy 49 Argentina 6.96 9.17 5.00 6.11 6.88 7.65 Flawed democracy 50 Philippines 6.94 9.17 5.71 7.22 4.38 8.24 Flawed democracy 51 Brazil 6.90 9.58 6.79 5.56 3.75 8.82 Flawed democracy 52 Poland 6.83 9.17 5.71 6.67 4.38 8.24 Flawed democracy 53 Suriname 6.77 9.17 6.43 5.00 5.00 8.24 Flawed democracy 54 Croatia 6.75 9.17 6.07 5.56 5.00 7.94 Flawed democracy 54 Ghana 6.75 8.33 5.71 6.11 6.25 7.35 Flawed democracy 56 Hungary 6.72 9.17 6.07 4.44 6.88 7.06 Flawed democracy 57 Dominican Republic 6.67 8.75 5.71 5.00 6.25 7.65 Flawed democracy 58 Colombia 6.67 9.17 7.14 4.44 4.38 8.24 Flawed democracy 59 Peru 6.65 9.17 5.36 6.11 4.38 8.24 Flawed democracy 60 El Salvador 6.64 9.17 6.07 4.44 5.00 8.53 Flawed democracy 61 Romania 6.62 9.17 5.71 5.00 5.00 8.24 Flawed democracy 62 Mongolia 6.62 9.17 5.71 5.00 5.00 8.24 Flawed democracy 63 Lesotho 6.59 8.25 5.36 6.67 5.63 7.06 Flawed democracy 64 Serbia 6.57 8.75 5.36 6.67 5.00 7.06 Flawed democracy 65 Malaysia 6.54 6.92 7.86 6.11 6.25 5.59 Flawed democracy 66 Sri Lanka 6.48 7.83 6.79 5.00 6.88 5.88 Flawed democracy 67 Mexico 6.47 7.92 6.07 7.22 4.38 6.76 Flawed democracy 68 Hong Kong 6.42 3.92 5.71 5.56 7.50 9.41 Flawed democracy 69 Tunisia 6.40 6.00 6.07 7.78 6.25 5.58 Flawed democracy 70 Singapore 6.38 4.33 7.86 6.11 6.25 7.35 Flawed democracy 71 Namibia 6.31 5.67 5.36 6.67 5.63 8.24 Flawed democracy 72 Paraguay 6.27 8.33 5.71 5.00 4.38 7.94 Flawed democracy 73 Guyana 6.25 8.33 5.36 6.11 4.38 7.06 Flawed democracy 74 Senegal 6.21 7.92 5.36 4.44 6.25 7.06 Flawed democracy 75 Papua New Guinea 6.03 6.92 6.07 3.89 5.63 7.65 Flawed democracy 76 Moldova 6.01 7.92 4.29 6.11 4.38 7.35 Flawed democracy Rank Country Score Electoral process and pluralism Functioning of government Political participation Political culture Civil liberties Category 77 Zambia 5.99 7.08 5.36 3.89 6.88 6.76 Hybrid regime 78 Georgia 5.93 8.67 4.29 6.11 5.00 5.59 Hybrid regime 79 Honduras 5.92 9.17 5.71 3.89 4.38 6.47 Hybrid regime 79 Guatemala 5.92 7.92 6.07 3.89 4.38 7.35 Hybrid regime 81 Albania 5.91 7.00 4.36 5.56 5.00 7.65 Hybrid regime 82 Ecuador 5.81 8.25 4.64 5.00 4.38 6.76 Hybrid regime 83 Tanzania 5.76 7.00 5.00 5.56 6.25 5.00 Hybrid regime 84 Bangladesh 5.73 7.42 5.07 5.00 4.38 6.76 Hybrid regime 85 Montenegro 5.72 7.08 5.36 5.00 4.38 6.76 Hybrid regime 86 Ukraine 5.70 5.83 3.93 6.67 5.00 7.06 Hybrid regime 86 Mali 5.70 7.42 3.93 4.44 6.25 6.47 Hybrid regime 88 Benin 5.67 6.50 5.36 5.00 5.63 5.88 Hybrid regime 89 Fiji 5.64 4.58 5.71 6.67 5.63 5.59 Hybrid regime 90 Bolivia 5.63 7.00 5.36 5.00 3.75 7.06 Hybrid regime 91 Malawi 5.55 6.58 4.29 4.44 6.25 6.18 Hybrid regime 92 Kenya 5.33 4.33 5.00 6.67 5.63 5.00 Hybrid regime 93 Liberia 5.31 7.83 2.57 5.56 5.00 5.59 Hybrid regime 94 Uganda 5.26 5.25 3.57 4.44 6.88 6.18 Hybrid regime 95 Macedonia 5.23 6.92 3.21 6.11 3.75 6.18 Hybrid regime 96 Madagascar 5.07 5.92 3.57 5.56 5.63 4.71 Hybrid regime 97 Turkey 5.04 5.83 6.07 5.00 5.63 2.65 Hybrid regime Rank Country Score Electoral process and pluralism Functioning of government Political participation Political culture Civil liberties Category 98 Kyrgyzstan 4.93 7.42 2.93 5.56 3.75 5.00 Hybrid regime 98 Bhutan 4.93 8.33 5.36 2.78 4.38 3.82 Hybrid regime 100 Thailand 4.92 4.50 3.93 5.00 5.00 6.18 Hybrid regime 101 Bosnia and Herzegovina 4.87 6.50 2.93 5.00 3.75 6.18 Hybrid regime 102 Lebanon 4.86 4.42 2.14 7.78 4.38 5.59 Hybrid regime 102 Nepal 4.86 4.33 4.29 4.44 5.63 5.59 Hybrid regime 104 Nicaragua 4.81 4.50 3.29 3.89 5.63 6.76 Hybrid regime 105 Morocco 4.77 4.75 4.64 4.44 5.63 4.41 Hybrid regime 106 Burkina Faso 4.70 4.42 4.29 4.44 5.63 4.71 Hybrid regime 107 Venezuela 4.68 5.67 2.50 5.56 4.38 5.29 Hybrid regime 108 Sierra Leone 4.55 6.58 1.86 2.78 6.25 5.29 Hybrid regime 109 Nigeria 4.50 6.08 4.29 3.33 4.38 4.41 Hybrid regime 110 Palestine 4.49 4.33 2.14 7.78 4.38 3.82 Hybrid regime 111 Pakistan 4.33 6.00 5.36 2.78 2.50 5.00 Hybrid regime 112 Cambodia 4.27 3.17 5.71 3.33 5.00 4.12 Hybrid regime 113 Myanmar 4.20 3.17 3.57 4.44 6.88 2.94 Hybrid regime 114 Iraq 4.08 4.33 0.07 7.22 4.38 4.41 Hybrid regime 115 Mozambique 4.02 4.42 2.14 5.00 5.00 3.53 Hybrid regime 115 Haiti 4.02 5.17 2.21 2.22 3.75 6.76 Hybrid regime Rank Country Score Electoral process and pluralism Functioning of government Political participation Political culture Civil liberties Category 117 Mauritania 3.96 3.00 4.29 5.00 3.13 4.41 Authoritarian 117 Jordan 3.96 4.00 4.29 3.89 4.38 3.24 Authoritarian 117 Niger 3.96 4.75 2.21 2.22 3.75 6.76 Authoritarian 120 Armenia 3.88 4.33 2.86 4.44 1.88 5.88 Authoritarian 121 Kuwait 3.85 3.17 4.29 3.89 4.38 3.53 Authoritarian 122 Ivory Coast 3.81 3.42 2.86 3.33 5.63 3.82 Authoritarian 123 Gabon 3.74 2.58 2.21 4.44 5.63 3.82 Authoritarian 124 Comoros 3.71 4.33 2.21 4.44 3.75 3.82 Authoritarian 125 Ethiopia 3.60 0.00 3.57 5.56 5.63 3.24 Authoritarian 126 Algeria 3.56 2.58 2.21 3.89 5.00 4.12 Authoritarian 127 Belarus 3.54 1.33 3.57 3.89 6.25 2.65 Authoritarian 128 Cameroon 3.46 2.00 3.21 3.89 4.38 3.82 Authoritarian 128 Cuba 3.46 1.75 4.64 3.89 4.38 2.65 Authoritarian 130 Angola 3.40 0.92 3.21 5.56 4.38 2.94 Authoritarian 131 Vietnam 3.38 0.00 3.21 3.89 6.88 2.94 Authoritarian 132 Togo 3.32 3.58 1.14 2.78 5.00 4.12 Authoritarian 133 Egypt 3.31 2.58 3.93 3.33 3.75 2.94 Authoritarian 134 Russia 3.24 2.67 2.50 5.00 2.50 3.53 Authoritarian 135 Qatar 3.18 0.00 3.93 2.22 5.63 4.12 Authoritarian 136 China 3.14 0.00 4.64 3.33 6.25 1.47 Authoritarian 136 Guinea 3.14 3.50 0.43 4.44 4.38 2.94 Authoritarian 138 Rwanda 3.07 0.83 5.00 2.22 4.38 2.94 Authoritarian 139 Kazakhstan 3.06 0.50 2.14 4.44 4.38 3.82 Authoritarian 140 Zimbabwe 3.05 0.50 2.00 3.89 5.63 3.24 Authoritarian 141 Oman 3.04 0.00 3.93 2.78 4.38 4.12 Authoritarian 142 Swaziland 3.03 0.92 2.86 2.22 5.63 3.53 Authoritarian Rank Country Score Electoral process and pluralism Functioning of government Political participation Political culture Civil liberties Category 143 Republic of the Congo 2.91 1.67 2.86 3.33 3.75 2.94 Authoritarian 143 Gambia 2.91 1.75 3.21 2.22 5.00 2.35 Authoritarian 145 Djibouti 2.83 0.42 2.14 3.33 5.63 2.65 Authoritarian 146 Bahrain 2.79 1.25 3.21 2.78 4.38 2.35 Authoritarian 147 United Arab Emirates 2.75 0.00 3.57 2.22 5.00 2.94 Authoritarian 148 Azerbaijan 2.65 0.50 2.14 3.33 3.75 3.53 Authoritarian 149 Afghanistan 2.55 2.50 1.14 2.78 2.50 3.82 Authoritarian 150 Burundi 2.40 0.33 0.79 3.89 5.00 2.65 Authoritarian 151 Sudan 2.37 0.00 1.79 3.89 5.00 1.18 Authoritarian 151 Eritrea 2.37 0.00 2.14 1.67 6.88 1.18 Authoritarian 151 Laos 2.37 0.83 2.86 1.67 5.00 1.47 Authoritarian 154 Iran 2.34 0.00 3.21 3.89 3.13 1.47 Authoritarian 155 Libya 2.25 1.00 0.00 1.67 5.63 2.94 Authoritarian 156 Yemen 2.07 0.00 0.00 4.44 5.00 0.88 Authoritarian 157 Guinea - Bissau 1.98 1.67 0.00 2.78 3.13 2.35 Authoritarian 158 Uzbekistan 1.95 0.08 1.86 2.22 5.00 0.59 Authoritarian 159 Democratic Republic of the Congo 1.93 0.92 0.71 2.78 4.38 0.88 Authoritarian 159 Saudi Arabia 1.93 0.00 2.86 2.22 3.13 1.47 Authoritarian 161 Tajikistan 1.89 0.58 0.07 1.67 6.25 0.88 Authoritarian 162 Turkmenistan 1.83 0.00 0.79 2.78 5.00 0.59 Authoritarian 163 Equatorial Guinea 1.70 0.00 0.43 2.22 4.38 1.47 Authoritarian 164 Central African Republic 1.61 1.75 0.36 1.11 2.50 2.35 Authoritarian 165 Chad 1.50 0.00 0.00 1.11 3.75 2.65 Authoritarian 166 Syria 1.43 0.00 0.00 2.78 4.38 0.00 Authoritarian 167 North Korea 1.08 0.00 2.50 1.67 1.25 0.00 Authoritarian See also ( edit ) Democracy promotion Democracy Ranking Freedom in the World List of freedom indices References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Democracy Index 2016 : Revenge of the `` deplorables '' `` . eiu.com . The Economist Intelligence Unit . 25 January 2017 . Retrieved 20 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Democracy index 2012 : Democracy at a standstill '' ( PDF ) . Economist Intelligence Unit . 14 March 2013 . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Democracy Index 2010 : Democracy in retreat '' ( PDF ) . Economist Intelligence Unit . 6 December 2010 . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Laza Kekic , director , country forecasting services ( 15 November 2006 ) . `` The Economist Intelligence Unit 's index of democracy '' ( PDF ) . The World in 2007 . Economist Intelligence Unit . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` More State than Nation : Lukashenko 's Belarus JIA SIPA '' . Journal of International Affairs . 65 ( 1 ) : 93 -- 113 . 1 December 2011 . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Democracy Index 2015 : Democracy in an age of anxiety '' ( PDF ) . The Economist Intelligence Unit . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Democracy index 2011 : Democracy under stress '' . Economist Intelligence Unit . 14 December 2011 . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Declining trust in government is denting democracy '' . The Economist. 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Index of Democracy 2008 '' ( PDF ) . Economist Intelligence Unit . 21 October 2008 . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Democracy Index 2013 : Democracy in limbo '' . The Economist Intelligence Unit . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Democracy Index 2014 : Democracy and its discontents '' ( PDF ) . The Economist Intelligence Unit . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Democracy Index . The Economist Intelligence Unit 's website ( hide ) Lists of countries by political rankings Freedom Political Freedom in the World Democracy Ranking Press Freedom House Reporters Without Borders Economic Fraser Institute The Heritage Foundation / The Wall Street Journal Trade Corruption Bribes Corruption barometer Corruption perceptions Competitiveness Composite Index of National Capability Comprehensive National Power History Empire size First human settlement Flag adoption date Formation date Rights Rule of Law Index Privacy Property rights Democracy Index Democracy - Dictatorship Index Political terror scale Other Discrimination and violence against minorities List of countries by Fragile States Index Government transparency Ease of Doing Business Index Fragile States Index Globalization Index Global Peace Index Global Terrorism Index Incarceration rate List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Democracy_Index&oldid=801204424 '' Categories : Democracy Research International rankings Economist Intelligence Unit Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша ລາວ मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 09 : 06 . 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2273918880125308165	List of the highest major summits of the United States	List of the highest major summits of the United States - wikipedia List of the highest major summits of the United States Jump to : navigation , search Further information : List of mountain peaks of the United States See also : List of the most prominent summits of the United States and List of the most isolated major summits of the United States Denali in Alaska is the highest mountain peak of the United States and North America . Denali is the third most topographically prominent and third most topographically isolated summit on Earth after Mount Everest and Aconcagua . The following sortable table comprises the 200 highest mountain peaks of the United States with at least 500 meters ( 1640 feet ) of topographic prominence . The summit of a mountain or hill may be measured in three principal ways : The topographic elevation of a summit measures the height of the summit above a geodetic sea level . The topographic prominence of a summit is a measure of how high the summit rises above its surroundings . The topographic isolation ( or radius of dominance ) of a summit measures how far the summit lies from its nearest point of equal elevation . In the United States , only Denali exceeds 6000 meters ( 19,685 feet ) elevation . Four major summits exceed 5000 meters ( 16,404 feet ) , nine exceed 4500 meters ( 14,764 feet ) , 104 exceed 4000 meters ( 13,123 feet ) , 220 exceed 3500 meters ( 11,483 feet ) , and 302 major summits exceed 3000 meters ( 9843 feet ) elevation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Highest major summits 2 Gallery 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Highest major summits ( edit ) Map this section 's coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Google Maps Download coordinates as : KML GPX See also : List of the major 4000 - meter summits of the United States , List of the major 3000 - meter summits of the United States , and List of United States fourteeners Of these 200 highest major summits of the United States , 88 are located in Colorado , 49 in Alaska , 22 in California , 14 in Wyoming , eight in New Mexico , five in Utah , four in Nevada , three in Montana , two in Washington , two in Hawai ʻi , two in Idaho , and one in Arizona . Five of these peaks lie on the international border between Alaska and Yukon , and two lie on the international border between Alaska and British Columbia . The ten highest major summits of the United States are all located in Alaska . The 200 highest summits of the United States with at least 500 meters of topographic prominence Rank Mountain Peak State Mountain Range Elevation Prominence Isolation Location Denali Alaska Alaska Range 7003619050000000000 ♠ 20,310 ft 6190.5 m 7003614050000000000 ♠ 20,146 ft 6141 m 7006745024000000000 ♠ 4,629 mi 7,450 km 63 ° 04 ′ 08 '' N 151 ° 00 ′ 23 '' W / 63.0690 ° N 151.0063 ° W / 63.0690 ; - 151.0063 ( Denali ) Mount Saint Elias Alaska Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 7003548900000000000 ♠ 18,009 ft 5489 m 7003342900000000000 ♠ 11,250 ft 3429 m 7004412500000000000 ♠ 25.6 mi 41.3 km 60 ° 17 ′ 34 '' N 140 ° 55 ′ 51 '' W / 60.2927 ° N 140.9307 ° W / 60.2927 ; - 140.9307 ( Mount Saint Elias ) Mount Foraker Alaska Alaska Range 7003530353100000000 ♠ 17,400 ft 5304 m 7003220980400000000 ♠ 7,250 ft 2210 m 7004229600000000000 ♠ 14.27 mi 23.0 km 62 ° 57 ′ 37 '' N 151 ° 23 ′ 59 '' W / 62.9604 ° N 151.3998 ° W / 62.9604 ; - 151.3998 ( Mount Foraker ) Mount Bona Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003504445000000000 ♠ 16,550 ft 5044 m 7003210312399999999 ♠ 6,900 ft 2103 m 7004800400000000000 ♠ 49.7 mi 80.0 km 61 ° 23 ′ 08 '' N 141 ° 44 ′ 58 '' W / 61.3856 ° N 141.7495 ° W / 61.3856 ; - 141.7495 ( Mount Bona ) 5 Mount Blackburn Alaska Wrangell Mountains 7003499568200000000 ♠ 16,390 ft 4996 m 7003354787900000000 ♠ 11,640 ft 3548 m 7004976400000000000 ♠ 60.7 mi 97.6 km 61 ° 43 ′ 50 '' N 143 ° 24 ′ 11 '' W / 61.7305 ° N 143.4031 ° W / 61.7305 ; - 143.4031 ( Mount Blackburn ) 6 Mount Sanford Alaska Wrangell Mountains 7003494904700099999 ♠ 16,237 ft 4949 m 7003234300200000000 ♠ 7,687 ft 2343 m 7004647900000000000 ♠ 40.3 mi 64.8 km 62 ° 12 ′ 48 '' N 144 ° 07 ′ 45 '' W / 62.2132 ° N 144.1292 ° W / 62.2132 ; - 144.1292 ( Mount Sanford ) 7 Mount Fairweather ( Fairweather Mountain ) Alaska British Columbia Saint Elias Mountains 7003467100000000000 ♠ 15,325 ft 4671 m 7003396100000000000 ♠ 12,995 ft 3961 m 7005200280000000000 ♠ 124.4 mi 200 km 58 ° 54 ′ 23 '' N 137 ° 31 ′ 35 '' W / 58.9064 ° N 137.5265 ° W / 58.9064 ; - 137.5265 ( Mount Fairweather ) 8 Mount Hubbard Alaska Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 7003455700000000000 ♠ 14,951 ft 4557 m 7003245700000000000 ♠ 8,061 ft 2457 m 7004343500000000000 ♠ 21.3 mi 34.4 km 60 ° 19 ′ 10 '' N 139 ° 04 ′ 21 '' W / 60.3194 ° N 139.0726 ° W / 60.3194 ; - 139.0726 ( Mount Hubbard ) 9 Mount Bear Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003452049800099999 ♠ 14,831 ft 4520 m 7003154049800000000 ♠ 5,054 ft 1540 m 7004324200000000000 ♠ 20.1 mi 32.4 km 61 ° 17 ′ 00 '' N 141 ° 08 ′ 36 '' W / 61.2834 ° N 141.1433 ° W / 61.2834 ; - 141.1433 ( Mount Bear ) 10 Mount Hunter Alaska Alaska Range 7003444185900000000 ♠ 14,573 ft 4442 m 7003141823700000000 ♠ 4,653 ft 1418 m 7004110700000000000 ♠ 6.88 mi 11.07 km 62 ° 57 ′ 01 '' N 151 ° 05 ′ 29 '' W / 62.9504 ° N 151.0915 ° W / 62.9504 ; - 151.0915 ( Mount Hunter ) 11 Mount Whitney California Sierra Nevada 7003442100000000000 ♠ 14,505 ft 4421.0 m 7003307239000000000 ♠ 10,080 ft 3072 m 7006264947000000000 ♠ 1,646 mi 2,649 km 36 ° 34 ′ 43 '' N 118 ° 17 ′ 31 '' W / 36.5786 ° N 118.2920 ° W / 36.5786 ; - 118.2920 ( Mount Whitney ) 12 Mount Alverstone ( Boundary Point 180 ) Alaska Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 7003441960900000000 ♠ 14,500 ft 4420 m 7002594361000000000 ♠ 1,950 ft 594 m 7003362000000000000 ♠ 2.25 mi 3.62 km 60 ° 21 ′ 06 '' N 139 ° 04 ′ 30 '' W / 60.3518 ° N 139.0749 ° W / 60.3518 ; - 139.0749 ( Mount Alverstone ) 13 University Peak Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003441046500000000 ♠ 14,470 ft 4410 m 7002978410000000000 ♠ 3,210 ft 978 m 7003597000000000000 ♠ 3.71 mi 5.97 km 61 ° 19 ′ 38 '' N 141 ° 47 ′ 12 '' W / 61.3272 ° N 141.7867 ° W / 61.3272 ; - 141.7867 ( University Peak ) 14 Mount Elbert Colorado Sawatch Range 7003440120000000000 ♠ 14,440 ft 4401.2 m 7003277155200000000 ♠ 9,093 ft 2772 m 7006107915000000000 ♠ 671 mi 1,079 km 39 ° 07 ′ 04 '' N 106 ° 26 ′ 43 '' W / 39.1178 ° N 106.4454 ° W / 39.1178 ; - 106.4454 ( Mount Elbert ) 15 Mount Massive Colorado Sawatch Range 7003439761700000000 ♠ 14,428 ft 4398 m 7002597714000000000 ♠ 1,961 ft 598 m 7003814000000000000 ♠ 5.06 mi 8.14 km 39 ° 11 ′ 15 '' N 106 ° 28 ′ 33 '' W / 39.1875 ° N 106.4757 ° W / 39.1875 ; - 106.4757 ( Mount Massive ) 16 Mount Harvard Colorado Sawatch Range 7003439560000000000 ♠ 14,421 ft 4395.6 m 7002719328999900000 ♠ 2,360 ft 719 m 7004240100000000000 ♠ 14.92 mi 24.0 km 38 ° 55 ′ 28 '' N 106 ° 19 ′ 15 '' W / 38.9244 ° N 106.3207 ° W / 38.9244 ; - 106.3207 ( Mount Harvard ) 17 Mount Rainier Washington Cascade Range 7003439439600000000 ♠ 14,417 ft 4394 m 7003402641600000000 ♠ 13,210 ft 4026 m 7006117672000000000 ♠ 731 mi 1,177 km 46 ° 51 ′ 10 '' N 121 ° 45 ′ 37 '' W / 46.8529 ° N 121.7604 ° W / 46.8529 ; - 121.7604 ( Mount Rainier ) 18 Mount Williamson California Sierra Nevada 7003438270600000000 ♠ 14,379 ft 4383 m 7002510706000000000 ♠ 1,676 ft 511 m 7003870000000000000 ♠ 5.41 mi 8.70 km 36 ° 39 ′ 21 '' N 118 ° 18 ′ 40 '' W / 36.6559 ° N 118.3111 ° W / 36.6559 ; - 118.3111 ( Mount Williamson ) 19 Blanca Peak Colorado Sangre de Cristo Mountains 7003437412000000000 ♠ 14,351 ft 4374 m 7003162336800000000 ♠ 5,326 ft 1623 m 7005166360000000000 ♠ 103.4 mi 166.4 km 37 ° 34 ′ 39 '' N 105 ° 29 ′ 08 '' W / 37.5775 ° N 105.4856 ° W / 37.5775 ; - 105.4856 ( Blanca Peak ) 20 La Plata Peak Colorado Sawatch Range 7003437160500099999 ♠ 14,343 ft 4372 m 7002559614000000000 ♠ 1,836 ft 560 m 7004101100000000000 ♠ 6.28 mi 10.11 km 39 ° 01 ′ 46 '' N 106 ° 28 ′ 22 '' W / 39.0294 ° N 106.4729 ° W / 39.0294 ; - 106.4729 ( La Plata Peak ) 21 Uncompahgre Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003436500000000000 ♠ 14,321 ft 4365.0 m 7003130363200000000 ♠ 4,277 ft 1304 m 7005136810000000000 ♠ 85.0 mi 136.8 km 38 ° 04 ′ 18 '' N 107 ° 27 ′ 44 '' W / 38.0717 ° N 107.4621 ° W / 38.0717 ; - 107.4621 ( Uncompahgre Peak ) 22 Crestone Peak Colorado Sangre de Cristo Range 7003435857200000000 ♠ 14,300 ft 4359 m 7003138805900000000 ♠ 4,554 ft 1388 m 7004440400000000000 ♠ 27.4 mi 44.0 km 37 ° 58 ′ 01 '' N 105 ° 35 ′ 08 '' W / 37.9669 ° N 105.5855 ° W / 37.9669 ; - 105.5855 ( Crestone Peak ) 23 Mount Lincoln Colorado Mosquito Range 7003435650000000000 ♠ 14,293 ft 4356.5 m 7003117714000000000 ♠ 3,862 ft 1177 m 7004362200000000000 ♠ 22.5 mi 36.2 km 39 ° 21 ′ 05 '' N 106 ° 06 ′ 42 '' W / 39.3515 ° N 106.1116 ° W / 39.3515 ; - 106.1116 ( Mount Lincoln ) 24 Castle Peak Colorado Elk Mountains 7003435220000000000 ♠ 14,279 ft 4352.2 m 7002720852999900000 ♠ 2,365 ft 721 m 7004335700000000000 ♠ 20.9 mi 33.6 km 39 ° 00 ′ 35 '' N 106 ° 51 ′ 41 '' W / 39.0097 ° N 106.8614 ° W / 39.0097 ; - 106.8614 ( Castle Peak ) 25 Grays Peak Colorado Front Range 7003435200000000000 ♠ 14,278 ft 4352 m 7002844298000000000 ♠ 2,770 ft 844 m 7004402400000000000 ♠ 25.0 mi 40.2 km 39 ° 38 ′ 02 '' N 105 ° 49 ′ 03 '' W / 39.6339 ° N 105.8176 ° W / 39.6339 ; - 105.8176 ( Grays Peak ) 26 Mount Antero Colorado Sawatch Range 7003435140000099999 ♠ 14,276 ft 4351.4 m 7002762916000000000 ♠ 2,503 ft 763 m 7004284400000000000 ♠ 17.67 mi 28.4 km 38 ° 40 ′ 27 '' N 106 ° 14 ′ 46 '' W / 38.6741 ° N 106.2462 ° W / 38.6741 ; - 106.2462 ( Mount Antero ) 27 Mount Evans Colorado Front Range 7003434979800000000 ♠ 14,271 ft 4350 m 7002844269000000000 ♠ 2,770 ft 844 m 7004157600000000000 ♠ 9.79 mi 15.76 km 39 ° 35 ′ 18 '' N 105 ° 38 ′ 38 '' W / 39.5883 ° N 105.6438 ° W / 39.5883 ; - 105.6438 ( Mount Evans ) 28 Longs Peak Colorado Front Range 7003434600000000000 ♠ 14,259 ft 4346 m 7002896114000000000 ♠ 2,940 ft 896 m 7004701800000000000 ♠ 43.6 mi 70.2 km 40 ° 15 ′ 18 '' N 105 ° 36 ′ 54 '' W / 40.2550 ° N 105.6151 ° W / 40.2550 ; - 105.6151 ( Longs Peak ) 29 Mount Wilson Colorado San Miguel Mountains 7003434408900000000 ♠ 14,252 ft 4344 m 7003122651800000000 ♠ 4,024 ft 1227 m 7004531300000000000 ♠ 33.0 mi 53.1 km 37 ° 50 ′ 21 '' N 107 ° 59 ′ 30 '' W / 37.8391 ° N 107.9916 ° W / 37.8391 ; - 107.9916 ( Mount Wilson ) 30 White Mountain Peak California White Mountains 7003434400000000000 ♠ 14,252 ft 4344.0 m 7003219334500099999 ♠ 7,196 ft 2193 m 7005108550000000000 ♠ 67.4 mi 108.6 km 37 ° 38 ′ 03 '' N 118 ° 15 ′ 21 '' W / 37.6341 ° N 118.2557 ° W / 37.6341 ; - 118.2557 ( White Mountain Peak ) 31 North Palisade California Sierra Nevada 7003434283000000000 ♠ 14,248 ft 4343 m 7002882093000000000 ♠ 2,894 ft 882 m 7004517600000000000 ♠ 32.2 mi 51.8 km 37 ° 05 ′ 39 '' N 118 ° 30 ′ 52 '' W / 37.0943 ° N 118.5145 ° W / 37.0943 ; - 118.5145 ( North Palisade ) 32 Mount Princeton Colorado Sawatch Range 7003432930000000000 ♠ 14,204 ft 4329.3 m 7002663551000000000 ♠ 2,177 ft 664 m 7003836000000000000 ♠ 5.19 mi 8.36 km 38 ° 44 ′ 57 '' N 106 ° 14 ′ 33 '' W / 38.7492 ° N 106.2424 ° W / 38.7492 ; - 106.2424 ( Mount Princeton ) 33 Mount Yale Colorado Sawatch Range 7003432820000000000 ♠ 14,200 ft 4328.2 m 7002577902000000000 ♠ 1,896 ft 578 m 7003893000000000000 ♠ 5.55 mi 8.93 km 38 ° 50 ′ 39 '' N 106 ° 18 ′ 50 '' W / 38.8442 ° N 106.3138 ° W / 38.8442 ; - 106.3138 ( Mount Yale ) 34 Mount Shasta California Cascade Range 7003432180000000000 ♠ 14,179 ft 4321.8 m 7003297851200000000 ♠ 9,772 ft 2979 m 7005538680000000000 ♠ 335 mi 539 km 41 ° 24 ′ 33 '' N 122 ° 11 ′ 42 '' W / 41.4092 ° N 122.1949 ° W / 41.4092 ; - 122.1949 ( Mount Shasta ) 35 Maroon Peak Colorado Elk Mountains 7003431700000000000 ♠ 14,163 ft 4317.0 m 7002712014000000000 ♠ 2,336 ft 712 m 7004129700000000000 ♠ 8.06 mi 12.97 km 39 ° 04 ′ 15 '' N 106 ° 59 ′ 20 '' W / 39.0708 ° N 106.9890 ° W / 39.0708 ; - 106.9890 ( Maroon Peak ) 36 Mount Wrangell Alaska Wrangell Mountains 7003431689100099999 ♠ 14,163 ft 4317 m 7003171084600000000 ♠ 5,613 ft 1711 m 7004238100000000000 ♠ 14.79 mi 23.8 km 62 ° 00 ′ 21 '' N 144 ° 01 ′ 07 '' W / 62.0059 ° N 144.0187 ° W / 62.0059 ; - 144.0187 ( Mount Wrangell ) 37 Mount Sneffels Colorado Sneffels Range 7003431540000099999 ♠ 14,158 ft 4315.4 m 7002929642000000000 ♠ 3,050 ft 930 m 7004252800000000000 ♠ 15.71 mi 25.3 km 38 ° 00 ′ 14 '' N 107 ° 47 ′ 32 '' W / 38.0038 ° N 107.7923 ° W / 38.0038 ; - 107.7923 ( Mount Sneffels ) 38 Capitol Peak Colorado Elk Mountains 7003430882400099999 ♠ 14,137 ft 4309 m 7002533401000099999 ♠ 1,750 ft 533 m 7004119800000000000 ♠ 7.44 mi 11.98 km 39 ° 09 ′ 01 '' N 107 ° 04 ′ 58 '' W / 39.1503 ° N 107.0829 ° W / 39.1503 ; - 107.0829 ( Capitol Peak ) 39 Pikes Peak Colorado Front Range 7003430231000000000 ♠ 14,115 ft 4302.31 m 7003168554700000000 ♠ 5,530 ft 1686 m 7004975600000000000 ♠ 60.6 mi 97.6 km 38 ° 50 ′ 26 '' N 105 ° 02 ′ 39 '' W / 38.8405 ° N 105.0442 ° W / 38.8405 ; - 105.0442 ( Pikes Peak ) 40 Windom Peak Colorado Needle Mountains 7003429551100000000 ♠ 14,093 ft 4296 m 7002666599000000000 ♠ 2,187 ft 667 m 7004424000000000000 ♠ 26.3 mi 42.4 km 37 ° 37 ′ 16 '' N 107 ° 35 ′ 31 '' W / 37.6212 ° N 107.5919 ° W / 37.6212 ; - 107.5919 ( Windom Peak ) 41 Mount Augusta Alaska Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 7003428854500000000 ♠ 14,070 ft 4289 m 7003154900000000000 ♠ 5,082 ft 1549 m 7004231900000000000 ♠ 14.41 mi 23.2 km 60 ° 18 ′ 27 '' N 140 ° 27 ′ 30 '' W / 60.3074 ° N 140.4584 ° W / 60.3074 ; - 140.4584 ( Mount Augusta ) 42 Handies Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003428480000000000 ♠ 14,058 ft 4284.8 m 7002581559999900000 ♠ 1,908 ft 582 m 7004180000000000000 ♠ 11.18 mi 18.00 km 37 ° 54 ′ 47 '' N 107 ° 30 ′ 16 '' W / 37.9130 ° N 107.5044 ° W / 37.9130 ; - 107.5044 ( Handies Peak ) 43 Culebra Peak Colorado Culebra Range 7003428327400000000 ♠ 14,053 ft 4283 m 7003147127300000000 ♠ 4,827 ft 1471 m 7004569400000000000 ♠ 35.4 mi 56.9 km 37 ° 07 ′ 21 '' N 105 ° 11 ′ 09 '' W / 37.1224 ° N 105.1858 ° W / 37.1224 ; - 105.1858 ( Culebra Peak ) 44 San Luis Peak Colorado La Garita Mountains 7003427380000000000 ♠ 14,022 ft 4273.8 m 7002948844000000000 ♠ 3,113 ft 949 m 7004433700000000000 ♠ 26.9 mi 43.4 km 37 ° 59 ′ 12 '' N 106 ° 55 ′ 53 '' W / 37.9868 ° N 106.9313 ° W / 37.9868 ; - 106.9313 ( San Luis Peak ) 45 Mount of the Holy Cross Colorado Sawatch Range 7003427051000000000 ♠ 14,011 ft 4270.5 m 7002644034000000000 ♠ 2,113 ft 644 m 7004296300000000000 ♠ 18.41 mi 29.6 km 39 ° 28 ′ 00 '' N 106 ° 28 ′ 54 '' W / 39.4668 ° N 106.4817 ° W / 39.4668 ; - 106.4817 ( Mount of the Holy Cross ) 46 Grizzly Peak Colorado Sawatch Range 7003426560000000000 ♠ 13,995 ft 4265.6 m 7002587655999900000 ♠ 1,928 ft 588 m 7004108900000000000 ♠ 6.77 mi 10.89 km 39 ° 02 ′ 33 '' N 106 ° 35 ′ 51 '' W / 39.0425 ° N 106.5976 ° W / 39.0425 ; - 106.5976 ( Grizzly Peak ) 47 Mount Humphreys California Sierra Nevada 7003426478300000000 ♠ 13,992 ft 4265 m 7002781203999900000 ♠ 2,563 ft 781 m 7004236700000000000 ♠ 14.71 mi 23.7 km 37 ° 16 ′ 14 '' N 118 ° 40 ′ 23 '' W / 37.2705 ° N 118.6730 ° W / 37.2705 ; - 118.6730 ( Mount Humphreys ) 48 Mount Keith California Sierra Nevada 7003426168800000000 ♠ 13,982 ft 4262 m 7002590000000000000 ♠ 1,936 ft 590 m 7003497000000000000 ♠ 3.09 mi 4.97 km 36 ° 42 ′ 00 '' N 118 ° 20 ′ 37 '' W / 36.7001 ° N 118.3436 ° W / 36.7001 ; - 118.3436 ( Mount Keith ) 49 Mount Ouray Colorado Sawatch Range 7003425549999999999 ♠ 13,961 ft 4255.4 m 7002810465000000000 ♠ 2,659 ft 810 m 7004218600000000000 ♠ 13.58 mi 21.9 km 38 ° 25 ′ 22 '' N 106 ° 13 ′ 29 '' W / 38.4227 ° N 106.2247 ° W / 38.4227 ; - 106.2247 ( Mount Ouray ) 50 Vermilion Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003423672700000000 ♠ 13,900 ft 4237 m 7002641605000000000 ♠ 2,105 ft 642 m 7004146000000000000 ♠ 9.07 mi 14.60 km 37 ° 47 ′ 57 '' N 107 ° 49 ′ 43 '' W / 37.7993 ° N 107.8285 ° W / 37.7993 ; - 107.8285 ( Vermilion Peak ) 51 Atna Peaks Alaska Wrangell Mountains 7003422453600000000 ♠ 13,860 ft 4225 m 7002673609000000000 ♠ 2,210 ft 674 m 7003586000000000000 ♠ 3.64 mi 5.86 km 61 ° 44 ′ 58 '' N 143 ° 14 ′ 29 '' W / 61.7495 ° N 143.2414 ° W / 61.7495 ; - 143.2414 ( Atna Peaks ) 52 Regal Mountain Alaska Wrangell Mountains 7003421996400000000 ♠ 13,845 ft 4220 m 7003133959900000000 ♠ 4,395 ft 1340 m 7004197200000000000 ♠ 12.25 mi 19.72 km 61 ° 44 ′ 38 '' N 142 ° 52 ′ 03 '' W / 61.7438 ° N 142.8675 ° W / 61.7438 ; - 142.8675 ( Regal Mountain ) 53 Mount Darwin California Sierra Nevada 7003421758299999999 ♠ 13,837 ft 4218 m 7002576378000000000 ♠ 1,891 ft 576 m 7004114800000000000 ♠ 7.13 mi 11.48 km 37 ° 10 ′ 01 '' N 118 ° 40 ′ 20 '' W / 37.1669 ° N 118.6721 ° W / 37.1669 ; - 118.6721 ( Mount Darwin ) 54 Mount Hayes Alaska Alaska Range 7003421600200000000 ♠ 13,832 ft 4216 m 7003350734100000000 ♠ 11,507 ft 3507 m 7005202000000000000 ♠ 125.5 mi 202 km 63 ° 37 ′ 13 '' N 146 ° 43 ′ 04 '' W / 63.6203 ° N 146.7178 ° W / 63.6203 ; - 146.7178 ( Mount Hayes ) 55 Mount Silverheels Colorado Front Range 7003421500000000000 ♠ 13,829 ft 4215.0 m 7002695860000000000 ♠ 2,283 ft 696 m 7003882000000000000 ♠ 5.48 mi 8.82 km 39 ° 20 ′ 22 '' N 106 ° 00 ′ 19 '' W / 39.3394 ° N 106.0054 ° W / 39.3394 ; - 106.0054 ( Mount Silverheels ) 56 Rio Grande Pyramid Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003421449999999999 ♠ 13,827 ft 4214.4 m 7002573330000000000 ♠ 1,881 ft 573 m 7004173100000000000 ♠ 10.76 mi 17.31 km 37 ° 40 ′ 47 '' N 107 ° 23 ′ 33 '' W / 37.6797 ° N 107.3924 ° W / 37.6797 ; - 107.3924 ( Rio Grande Pyramid ) 57 Gannett Peak Wyoming Wind River Range 7003420910000000000 ♠ 13,809 ft 4209.1 m 7003215676900099999 ♠ 7,076 ft 2157 m 7005467280000000000 ♠ 290 mi 467 km 43 ° 11 ′ 03 '' N 109 ° 39 ′ 15 '' W / 43.1842 ° N 109.6542 ° W / 43.1842 ; - 109.6542 ( Gannett Peak ) 58 Mount Kaweah California Sierra Nevada 7003420851000000000 ♠ 13,807 ft 4209 m 7002617831000000000 ♠ 2,027 ft 618 m 7004172700000000000 ♠ 10.73 mi 17.27 km 36 ° 31 ′ 34 '' N 118 ° 28 ′ 43 '' W / 36.5261 ° N 118.4785 ° W / 36.5261 ; - 118.4785 ( Mount Kaweah ) 59 Mauna Kea Hawaii Island of Hawai ʻi 7003420730000000000 ♠ 13,803 ft 4207.3 m 7003420730000000000 ♠ 13,803 ft 4207 m 7006394700000000000 ♠ 2,453 mi 3,947 km 19 ° 49 ′ 15 '' N 155 ° 28 ′ 05 '' W / 19.8207 ° N 155.4681 ° W / 19.8207 ; - 155.4681 ( Mauna Kea ) 60 Grand Teton Wyoming Teton Range 7003419870000000000 ♠ 13,775 ft 4198.7 m 7003199492000000000 ♠ 6,545 ft 1995 m 7005111610000000000 ♠ 69.4 mi 111.6 km 43 ° 44 ′ 28 '' N 110 ° 48 ′ 09 '' W / 43.7412 ° N 110.8024 ° W / 43.7412 ; - 110.8024 ( Grand Teton ) 61 Mount Cook Alaska Yukon Saint Elias Mountains 7003419405700000000 ♠ 13,760 ft 4194 m 7003235001300000000 ♠ 7,710 ft 2350 m 7004234000000000000 ♠ 14.54 mi 23.4 km 60 ° 10 ′ 54 '' N 139 ° 58 ′ 52 '' W / 60.1816 ° N 139.9811 ° W / 60.1816 ; - 139.9811 ( Mount Cook ) 62 Mount Morgan California Sierra Nevada 7003419349999999999 ♠ 13,758 ft 4193.4 m 7002807112000000000 ♠ 2,648 ft 807 m 7004158700000000000 ♠ 9.86 mi 15.87 km 37 ° 24 ′ 19 '' N 118 ° 43 ′ 58 '' W / 37.4053 ° N 118.7329 ° W / 37.4053 ; - 118.7329 ( Mount Morgan ) 63 Mount Gabb California Sierra Nevada 7003419022300000000 ♠ 13,747 ft 4190 m 7002792785999900000 ♠ 2,601 ft 793 m 7003689000000000000 ♠ 4.28 mi 6.89 km 37 ° 22 ′ 37 '' N 118 ° 48 ′ 09 '' W / 37.3769 ° N 118.8025 ° W / 37.3769 ; - 118.8025 ( Mount Gabb ) 64 Bald Mountain Colorado Front Range 7003417281400000000 ♠ 13,690 ft 4173 m 7002639776000000000 ♠ 2,099 ft 640 m 7004120900000000000 ♠ 7.51 mi 12.09 km 39 ° 26 ′ 41 '' N 105 ° 58 ′ 14 '' W / 39.4448 ° N 105.9705 ° W / 39.4448 ; - 105.9705 ( Bald Mountain ) 65 Mount Oso Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003417266799999999 ♠ 13,690 ft 4173 m 7002507188000000000 ♠ 1,664 ft 507 m 7003871000000000000 ♠ 5.41 mi 8.71 km 37 ° 36 ′ 25 '' N 107 ° 29 ′ 37 '' W / 37.6070 ° N 107.4936 ° W / 37.6070 ; - 107.4936 ( Mount Oso ) 66 Mauna Loa Hawaii Island of Hawai ʻi 7003416936800000000 ♠ 13,679 ft 4169 m 7003216378000000000 ♠ 7,099 ft 2164 m 7004408300000000000 ♠ 25.4 mi 40.8 km 19 ° 28 ′ 32 '' N 155 ° 36 ′ 19 '' W / 19.4756 ° N 155.6054 ° W / 19.4756 ; - 155.6054 ( Mauna Loa ) 67 Mount Jackson Colorado Sawatch Range 7003416850000000000 ♠ 13,676 ft 4168.5 m 7002551689000099999 ♠ 1,810 ft 552 m 7003516000000000000 ♠ 3.21 mi 5.16 km 39 ° 29 ′ 07 '' N 106 ° 32 ′ 12 '' W / 39.4853 ° N 106.5367 ° W / 39.4853 ; - 106.5367 ( Mount Jackson ) 68 Mount Tom California Sierra Nevada 7003416251700000000 ♠ 13,657 ft 4163 m 7002607163000000000 ♠ 1,992 ft 607 m 7003767000000000000 ♠ 4.77 mi 7.67 km 37 ° 22 ′ 34 '' N 119 ° 10 ′ 44 '' W / 37.3762 ° N 119.1789 ° W / 37.3762 ; - 119.1789 ( Mount Tom ) 69 Bard Peak Colorado Front Range 7003415949200000000 ♠ 13,647 ft 4159 m 7002518466000000000 ♠ 1,701 ft 518 m 7003874000000000000 ♠ 5.43 mi 8.74 km 39 ° 43 ′ 13 '' N 105 ° 48 ′ 16 '' W / 39.7204 ° N 105.8044 ° W / 39.7204 ; - 105.8044 ( Bard Peak ) 70 West Spanish Peak Colorado Spanish Peaks 7003415468099999999 ♠ 13,631 ft 4155 m 7003112349500099999 ♠ 3,686 ft 1123 m 7004319800000000000 ♠ 19.87 mi 32.0 km 37 ° 22 ′ 32 '' N 104 ° 59 ′ 36 '' W / 37.3756 ° N 104.9934 ° W / 37.3756 ; - 104.9934 ( West Spanish Peak ) 71 Mount Powell Colorado Gore Range 7003414096299900000 ♠ 13,586 ft 4141 m 7002914402000000000 ♠ 3,000 ft 914 m 7004346000000000000 ♠ 21.5 mi 34.6 km 39 ° 45 ′ 36 '' N 106 ° 20 ′ 27 '' W / 39.7601 ° N 106.3407 ° W / 39.7601 ; - 106.3407 ( Mount Powell ) 72 Hagues Peak Colorado Mummy Range 7003413700000000000 ♠ 13,573 ft 4137 m 7002737617000000000 ♠ 2,420 ft 738 m 7004252600000000000 ♠ 15.70 mi 25.3 km 40 ° 29 ′ 04 '' N 105 ° 38 ′ 47 '' W / 40.4845 ° N 105.6464 ° W / 40.4845 ; - 105.6464 ( Hagues Peak ) 73 Mount Dubois California White Mountains 7003413467000000000 ♠ 13,565 ft 4135 m 7002712929000000000 ♠ 2,339 ft 713 m 7004155000000000000 ♠ 9.63 mi 15.50 km 37 ° 47 ′ 00 '' N 118 ° 20 ′ 36 '' W / 37.7834 ° N 118.3432 ° W / 37.7834 ; - 118.3432 ( Mount Dubois ) 74 Tower Mountain Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003413245399900000 ♠ 13,558 ft 4132 m 7002503531000000000 ♠ 1,652 ft 504 m 7003786000000000000 ♠ 4.88 mi 7.86 km 37 ° 51 ′ 26 '' N 107 ° 37 ′ 23 '' W / 37.8573 ° N 107.6230 ° W / 37.8573 ; - 107.6230 ( Tower Mountain ) 75 Treasure Mountain Colorado Elk Mountains 7003412535099999999 ♠ 13,535 ft 4125 m 7002861976000000000 ♠ 2,828 ft 862 m 7004111300000000000 ♠ 6.92 mi 11.13 km 39 ° 01 ′ 28 '' N 107 ° 07 ′ 22 '' W / 39.0244 ° N 107.1228 ° W / 39.0244 ; - 107.1228 ( Treasure Mountain ) 76 Kings Peak Utah Uinta Mountains 7003412514999999999 ♠ 13,534 ft 4125 m 7003193792200000000 ♠ 6,358 ft 1938 m 7005268040000000000 ♠ 166.6 mi 268 km 40 ° 46 ′ 35 '' N 110 ° 22 ′ 22 '' W / 40.7763 ° N 110.3729 ° W / 40.7763 ; - 110.3729 ( Kings Peak ) 77 North Arapaho Peak Colorado Front Range 7003411718099999999 ♠ 13,508 ft 4117 m 7002507493000000000 ♠ 1,665 ft 507 m 7004247500000000000 ♠ 15.38 mi 24.8 km 40 ° 01 ′ 35 '' N 105 ° 39 ′ 01 '' W / 40.0265 ° N 105.6504 ° W / 40.0265 ; - 105.6504 ( North Arapaho Peak ) 78 Mount Pinchot California Sierra Nevada 7003411478899900000 ♠ 13,500 ft 4115 m 7002643000000000000 ♠ 2,110 ft 643 m 7003758000000000000 ♠ 4.71 mi 7.58 km 36 ° 56 ′ 50 '' N 118 ° 24 ′ 19 '' W / 36.9473 ° N 118.4054 ° W / 36.9473 ; - 118.4054 ( Mount Pinchot ) 79 Mount Natazhat Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003409499600000000 ♠ 13,435 ft 4095 m 7003182423200000000 ♠ 5,985 ft 1824 m 7004249300000000000 ♠ 15.49 mi 24.9 km 61 ° 31 ′ 18 '' N 141 ° 06 ′ 11 '' W / 61.5217 ° N 141.1030 ° W / 61.5217 ; - 141.1030 ( Mount Natazhat ) 80 Mount Jarvis Alaska Wrangell Mountains 7003409072900000000 ♠ 13,421 ft 4091 m 7003145420400000000 ♠ 4,771 ft 1454 m 7004179500000000000 ♠ 11.15 mi 17.95 km 62 ° 01 ′ 24 '' N 143 ° 37 ′ 11 '' W / 62.0234 ° N 143.6198 ° W / 62.0234 ; - 143.6198 ( Mount Jarvis ) 81 Parry Peak Colorado Front Range 7003408334800000000 ♠ 13,397 ft 4083 m 7002524256999999999 ♠ 1,720 ft 524 m 7004152200000000000 ♠ 9.46 mi 15.22 km 39 ° 50 ′ 17 '' N 105 ° 42 ′ 48 '' W / 39.8381 ° N 105.7132 ° W / 39.8381 ; - 105.7132 ( Parry Peak ) 82 Bill Williams Peak Colorado Williams Mountains 7003408088600000000 ♠ 13,389 ft 4081 m 7002512675000099999 ♠ 1,682 ft 513 m 7003600000000000000 ♠ 3.73 mi 6.00 km 39 ° 10 ′ 50 '' N 106 ° 36 ′ 37 '' W / 39.1806 ° N 106.6102 ° W / 39.1806 ; - 106.6102 ( Bill Williams Peak ) 83 Sultan Mountain Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003407622400000000 ♠ 13,373 ft 4076 m 7002569368000000000 ♠ 1,868 ft 569 m 7003739000000000000 ♠ 4.59 mi 7.39 km 37 ° 47 ′ 09 '' N 107 ° 42 ′ 14 '' W / 37.7859 ° N 107.7038 ° W / 37.7859 ; - 107.7038 ( Sultan Mountain ) 84 Mount Herard Colorado Sangre de Cristo Mountains 7003406768000000000 ♠ 13,345 ft 4068 m 7002621793000000000 ♠ 2,040 ft 622 m 7003745000000000000 ♠ 4.63 mi 7.45 km 37 ° 50 ′ 57 '' N 105 ° 29 ′ 42 '' W / 37.8492 ° N 105.4949 ° W / 37.8492 ; - 105.4949 ( Mount Herard ) 85 West Buffalo Peak Colorado Mosquito Range 7003406360700000000 ♠ 13,332 ft 4064 m 7002605333999900000 ♠ 1,986 ft 605 m 7004154600000000000 ♠ 9.61 mi 15.46 km 38 ° 59 ′ 30 '' N 106 ° 07 ′ 30 '' W / 38.9917 ° N 106.1249 ° W / 38.9917 ; - 106.1249 ( West Buffalo Peak ) 86 Tressider Peak Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003405842000000000 ♠ 13,315 ft 4058 m 7002507493000000000 ♠ 1,665 ft 507 m 7003534000000000000 ♠ 3.32 mi 5.34 km 61 ° 21 ′ 32 '' N 141 ° 39 ′ 59 '' W / 61.3590 ° N 141.6664 ° W / 61.3590 ; - 141.6664 ( Tressider Peak ) 87 Summit Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003405620000000000 ♠ 13,308 ft 4056.2 m 7002841250000000000 ♠ 2,760 ft 841 m 7004636600000000000 ♠ 39.6 mi 63.7 km 37 ° 21 ′ 02 '' N 106 ° 41 ′ 48 '' W / 37.3506 ° N 106.6968 ° W / 37.3506 ; - 106.6968 ( Summit Peak ) 88 Middle Peak Colorado San Miguel Mountains 7003405565700000000 ♠ 13,306 ft 4056 m 7002597418000000000 ♠ 1,960 ft 597 m 7003769000000000000 ♠ 4.78 mi 7.69 km 37 ° 51 ′ 13 '' N 108 ° 06 ′ 30 '' W / 37.8536 ° N 108.1082 ° W / 37.8536 ; - 108.1082 ( Middle Peak ) 89 Antora Peak Colorado Sawatch Range 7003404628200000000 ♠ 13,275 ft 4046 m 7002734265000000000 ♠ 2,409 ft 734 m 7004108600000000000 ♠ 6.75 mi 10.86 km 38 ° 19 ′ 30 '' N 106 ° 13 ′ 05 '' W / 38.3250 ° N 106.2180 ° W / 38.3250 ; - 106.2180 ( Antora Peak ) 90 Henry Mountain Colorado Sawatch Range 7003404186400000000 ♠ 13,261 ft 4042 m 7002510236000000000 ♠ 1,674 ft 510 m 7004176100000000000 ♠ 10.94 mi 17.61 km 38 ° 41 ′ 08 '' N 106 ° 37 ′ 16 '' W / 38.6856 ° N 106.6211 ° W / 38.6856 ; - 106.6211 ( Henry Mountain ) 91 Hesperus Mountain Colorado La Plata Mountains 7003403477200000000 ♠ 13,237 ft 4035 m 7002869291000000000 ♠ 2,852 ft 869 m 7004394700000000000 ♠ 24.5 mi 39.5 km 37 ° 26 ′ 42 '' N 108 ° 05 ′ 20 '' W / 37.4451 ° N 108.0890 ° W / 37.4451 ; - 108.0890 ( Hesperus Mountain ) 92 Mount Silverthrone Alaska Alaska Range 7003402946400000000 ♠ 13,220 ft 4029 m 7002987554000000000 ♠ 3,240 ft 988 m 7004127200000000000 ♠ 7.90 mi 12.72 km 63 ° 06 ′ 57 '' N 150 ° 40 ′ 32 '' W / 63.1157 ° N 150.6755 ° W / 63.1157 ; - 150.6755 ( Mount Silverthrone ) 93 Jacque Peak Colorado Gore Range 7003402675800000000 ♠ 13,211 ft 4027 m 7002629413000000000 ♠ 2,065 ft 629 m 7003728000000000000 ♠ 4.52 mi 7.28 km 39 ° 27 ′ 18 '' N 106 ° 11 ′ 49 '' W / 39.4549 ° N 106.1970 ° W / 39.4549 ; - 106.1970 ( Jacque Peak ) 94 Bennett Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003402606400000000 ♠ 13,209 ft 4026 m 7002531267000000000 ♠ 1,743 ft 531 m 7004274900000000000 ♠ 17.08 mi 27.5 km 37 ° 29 ′ 00 '' N 106 ° 26 ′ 03 '' W / 37.4833 ° N 106.4343 ° W / 37.4833 ; - 106.4343 ( Bennett Peak ) 95 Wind River Peak Wyoming Wind River Range 7003402240000000000 ♠ 13,197 ft 4022.4 m 7002783947000000000 ♠ 2,572 ft 784 m 7004565600000000000 ♠ 35.1 mi 56.6 km 42 ° 42 ′ 31 '' N 109 ° 07 ′ 42 '' W / 42.7085 ° N 109.1284 ° W / 42.7085 ; - 109.1284 ( Wind River Peak ) 96 Conejos Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003401700000000000 ♠ 13,179 ft 4017.0 m 7002582779000000000 ♠ 1,912 ft 583 m 7004131200000000000 ♠ 8.15 mi 13.12 km 37 ° 17 ′ 19 '' N 106 ° 34 ′ 15 '' W / 37.2887 ° N 106.5709 ° W / 37.2887 ; - 106.5709 ( Conejos Peak ) 97 Mount Marcus Baker Alaska Chugach Mountains 7003401605300000000 ♠ 13,176 ft 4016 m 7003327691100000000 ♠ 10,751 ft 3277 m 7005203300000000000 ♠ 126.3 mi 203 km 61 ° 26 ′ 15 '' N 147 ° 45 ′ 09 '' W / 61.4374 ° N 147.7525 ° W / 61.4374 ; - 147.7525 ( Mount Marcus Baker ) 98 Cloud Peak Wyoming Bighorn Mountains 7003401330000000000 ♠ 13,167 ft 4013.3 m 7003215707400000000 ♠ 7,077 ft 2157 m 7005233380000000000 ♠ 145.0 mi 233 km 44 ° 22 ′ 56 '' N 107 ° 10 ′ 26 '' W / 44.3821 ° N 107.1739 ° W / 44.3821 ; - 107.1739 ( Cloud Peak ) Wheeler Peak New Mexico Taos Mountains 7003401330000000000 ♠ 13,167 ft 4013.3 m 7003103906500000000 ♠ 3,409 ft 1039 m 7004595700000000000 ♠ 37.0 mi 59.6 km 36 ° 33 ′ 25 '' N 105 ° 25 ′ 01 '' W / 36.5569 ° N 105.4169 ° W / 36.5569 ; - 105.4169 ( Wheeler Peak ) 100 Francs Peak Wyoming Absaroka Range 7003401230000000000 ♠ 13,164 ft 4012.3 m 7003123627100000000 ♠ 4,056 ft 1236 m 7004760200000000000 ♠ 47.2 mi 76.0 km 43 ° 57 ′ 41 '' N 109 ° 20 ′ 21 '' W / 43.9613 ° N 109.3392 ° W / 43.9613 ; - 109.3392 ( Francs Peak ) 101 Twilight Peak Colorado Needle Mountains 7003401210300000000 ♠ 13,163 ft 4012 m 7002712624000000000 ♠ 2,338 ft 713 m 7003786000000000000 ♠ 4.88 mi 7.86 km 37 ° 39 ′ 47 '' N 107 ° 43 ′ 37 '' W / 37.6630 ° N 107.7270 ° W / 37.6630 ; - 107.7270 ( Twilight Peak ) 102 South River Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003400940000000000 ♠ 13,154 ft 4009.4 m 7002746152000000000 ♠ 2,448 ft 746 m 7004339900000000000 ♠ 21.1 mi 34.0 km 37 ° 34 ′ 27 '' N 106 ° 58 ′ 53 '' W / 37.5741 ° N 106.9815 ° W / 37.5741 ; - 106.9815 ( South River Peak ) 103 Mount Ritter California Sierra Nevada 7003400778000000000 ♠ 13,149 ft 4008 m 7003121600000000000 ♠ 3,990 ft 1216 m 7004354300000000000 ♠ 22.0 mi 35.4 km 37 ° 41 ′ 21 '' N 119 ° 11 ′ 59 '' W / 37.6891 ° N 119.1996 ° W / 37.6891 ; - 119.1996 ( Mount Ritter ) 104 Red Slate Mountain California Sierra Nevada 7003400179100000000 ♠ 13,129 ft 4002 m 7002528981000000000 ♠ 1,736 ft 529 m 7004133800000000000 ♠ 8.31 mi 13.38 km 37 ° 30 ′ 27 '' N 118 ° 52 ′ 09 '' W / 37.5075 ° N 118.8693 ° W / 37.5075 ; - 118.8693 ( Red Slate Mountain ) 105 Mount Lyell ( California ) California Sierra Nevada 7003399890000000000 ♠ 13,120 ft 3998.9 m 7002587000000000000 ♠ 1,926 ft 587 m 7003846000000000000 ♠ 5.26 mi 8.46 km 37 ° 44 ′ 22 '' N 119 ° 16 ′ 18 '' W / 37.7394 ° N 119.2716 ° W / 37.7394 ; - 119.2716 ( Mount Lyell ) 106 Bushnell Peak Colorado Sangre de Cristo Mountains 7003399580000000000 ♠ 13,110 ft 3995.8 m 7002733045000000000 ♠ 2,405 ft 733 m 7004178200000000000 ♠ 11.07 mi 17.82 km 38 ° 20 ′ 28 '' N 105 ° 53 ′ 21 '' W / 38.3412 ° N 105.8892 ° W / 38.3412 ; - 105.8892 ( Bushnell Peak ) 107 Truchas Peak New Mexico Santa Fe Mountains 7003399520000000000 ♠ 13,108 ft 3995.2 m 7003121950700000000 ♠ 4,001 ft 1220 m 7004681500000000000 ♠ 42.3 mi 68.2 km 35 ° 57 ′ 45 '' N 105 ° 38 ′ 42 '' W / 35.9625 ° N 105.6450 ° W / 35.9625 ; - 105.6450 ( Truchas Peak ) 108 Wheeler Peak Nevada Snake Range 7003398230000000000 ♠ 13,065 ft 3982.3 m 7003230673100000000 ♠ 7,568 ft 2307 m 7005373020000000000 ♠ 232 mi 373 km 38 ° 59 ′ 09 '' N 114 ° 18 ′ 50 '' W / 38.9858 ° N 114.3139 ° W / 38.9858 ; - 114.3139 ( Wheeler Peak ) 109 Mount Dana California Sierra Nevada 7003398148700000000 ♠ 13,063 ft 3981.5 m 7002742799000000000 ♠ 2,437 ft 743 m 7004183500000000000 ♠ 11.40 mi 18.35 km 37 ° 54 ′ 00 '' N 119 ° 13 ′ 16 '' W / 37.8999 ° N 119.2211 ° W / 37.8999 ; - 119.2211 ( Mount Dana ) 110 West Elk Peak Colorado West Elk Mountains 7003397520000000000 ♠ 13,042 ft 3975.2 m 7002943358000000000 ♠ 3,095 ft 943 m 7004221800000000000 ♠ 13.78 mi 22.2 km 38 ° 43 ′ 04 '' N 107 ° 11 ′ 58 '' W / 38.7179 ° N 107.1994 ° W / 38.7179 ; - 107.1994 ( West Elk Peak ) 111 Mount Moffit Alaska Alaska Range 7003396850400000000 ♠ 13,020 ft 3969 m 7003121005800000000 ♠ 3,970 ft 1210 m 7004164100000000000 ♠ 10.20 mi 16.41 km 63 ° 34 ′ 06 '' N 146 ° 23 ′ 54 '' W / 63.5683 ° N 146.3982 ° W / 63.5683 ; - 146.3982 ( Mount Moffit ) 112 Mount Centennial ( Peak 13010 ) Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003396727000000000 ♠ 13,016 ft 3967 m 7002545593000099999 ♠ 1,790 ft 546 m 7003461000000000000 ♠ 2.86 mi 4.61 km 37 ° 36 ′ 22 '' N 107 ° 14 ′ 41 '' W / 37.6062 ° N 107.2446 ° W / 37.6062 ; - 107.2446 ( Mount Centennial ) 113 Clark Peak Colorado Medicine Bow Mountains 7003394840000000000 ♠ 12,954 ft 3948.4 m 7002844602000000000 ♠ 2,771 ft 845 m 7004264000000000000 ♠ 16.40 mi 26.4 km 40 ° 36 ′ 24 '' N 105 ° 55 ′ 48 '' W / 40.6068 ° N 105.9300 ° W / 40.6068 ; - 105.9300 ( Clark Peak ) 114 Mount Richthofen Colorado Never Summer Mountains 7003394577800000000 ♠ 12,945 ft 3946 m 7002816866000000000 ♠ 2,680 ft 817 m 7004155400000000000 ♠ 9.66 mi 15.54 km 40 ° 28 ′ 10 '' N 105 ° 53 ′ 40 '' W / 40.4695 ° N 105.8945 ° W / 40.4695 ; - 105.8945 ( Mount Richthofen ) 115 Mount Root Alaska British Columbia Saint Elias Mountains 7003392800000000000 ♠ 12,887 ft 3928 m 7002908000000000000 ♠ 2,979 ft 908 m 7003879000000000000 ♠ 5.46 mi 8.79 km 58 ° 59 ′ 07 '' N 137 ° 30 ′ 00 '' W / 58.9854 ° N 137.5001 ° W / 58.9854 ; - 137.5001 ( Mount Root ) 116 Lizard Head Peak Wyoming Wind River Range 7003391582100000000 ♠ 12,847 ft 3916 m 7002579731000000000 ♠ 1,902 ft 580 m 7004104000000000000 ♠ 6.46 mi 10.40 km 42 ° 47 ′ 24 '' N 109 ° 11 ′ 52 '' W / 42.7901 ° N 109.1978 ° W / 42.7901 ; - 109.1978 ( Lizard Head Peak ) 117 Granite Peak Montana Beartooth Mountains 7003390350000000000 ♠ 12,807 ft 3903.5 m 7003145664200000000 ♠ 4,779 ft 1457 m 7005138450000000000 ♠ 86.0 mi 138.5 km 45 ° 09 ′ 48 '' N 109 ° 48 ′ 27 '' W / 45.1634 ° N 109.8075 ° W / 45.1634 ; - 109.8075 ( Granite Peak ) 118 Mount Crosson Alaska Alaska Range 7003390144800000000 ♠ 12,800 ft 3901 m 7002502921000000000 ♠ 1,650 ft 503 m 7003822000000000000 ♠ 5.11 mi 8.22 km 63 ° 00 ′ 29 '' N 151 ° 16 ′ 35 '' W / 63.0081 ° N 151.2763 ° W / 63.0081 ; - 151.2763 ( Mount Crosson ) 119 Venado Peak New Mexico Taos Mountains 7003388298100000000 ♠ 12,739 ft 3883 m 7002905563000000000 ♠ 2,971 ft 906 m 7004189900000000000 ♠ 11.80 mi 18.99 km 36 ° 47 ′ 30 '' N 105 ° 29 ′ 36 '' W / 36.7917 ° N 105.4933 ° W / 36.7917 ; - 105.4933 ( Venado Peak ) 120 Chair Mountain Colorado Elk Mountains 7003387910000000000 ♠ 12,727 ft 3879.1 m 7002750114000000000 ♠ 2,461 ft 750 m 7004143000000000000 ♠ 8.89 mi 14.30 km 39 ° 03 ′ 29 '' N 107 ° 16 ′ 56 '' W / 39.0581 ° N 107.2822 ° W / 39.0581 ; - 107.2822 ( Chair Mountain ) 121 Mount Peale Utah La Sal Mountains 7003387900000000000 ♠ 12,726 ft 3879 m 7003188397300000000 ♠ 6,181 ft 1884 m 7005117140000000000 ♠ 72.8 mi 117.1 km 38 ° 26 ′ 19 '' N 109 ° 13 ′ 45 '' W / 38.4385 ° N 109.2292 ° W / 38.4385 ; - 109.2292 ( Mount Peale ) 122 Mount Crillon Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003387889300000000 ♠ 12,726 ft 3879 m 7003218724900099999 ♠ 7,176 ft 2187 m 7004314100000000000 ♠ 19.52 mi 31.4 km 58 ° 39 ′ 45 '' N 137 ° 10 ′ 16 '' W / 58.6625 ° N 137.1712 ° W / 58.6625 ; - 137.1712 ( Mount Crillon ) 123 Mount Gunnison Colorado West Elk Mountains 7003387870000000000 ♠ 12,725 ft 3878.7 m 7003107868900000000 ♠ 3,539 ft 1079 m 7004190500000000000 ♠ 11.84 mi 19.05 km 38 ° 48 ′ 44 '' N 107 ° 22 ′ 57 '' W / 38.8121 ° N 107.3826 ° W / 38.8121 ; - 107.3826 ( Mount Gunnison ) 124 East Spanish Peak Colorado Spanish Peaks 7003386715800000000 ♠ 12,688 ft 3867 m 7002726340000000000 ♠ 2,383 ft 726 m 7003678000000000000 ♠ 4.21 mi 6.78 km 37 ° 23 ′ 36 '' N 104 ° 55 ′ 12 '' W / 37.3934 ° N 104.9201 ° W / 37.3934 ; - 104.9201 ( East Spanish Peak ) 125 Borah Peak Idaho Lost River Range 7003386120000000000 ♠ 12,668 ft 3861.2 m 7003182940000000000 ♠ 6,002 ft 1829 m 7005242620000000000 ♠ 150.8 mi 243 km 44 ° 08 ′ 15 '' N 113 ° 46 ′ 52 '' W / 44.1374 ° N 113.7811 ° W / 44.1374 ; - 113.7811 ( Borah Peak ) 126 Mount Wood Montana Absaroka Range 7003386029200000000 ♠ 12,665 ft 3860 m 7002877826000000000 ♠ 2,880 ft 878 m 7004120400000000000 ♠ 7.48 mi 12.04 km 45 ° 16 ′ 30 '' N 109 ° 48 ′ 28 '' W / 45.2749 ° N 109.8078 ° W / 45.2749 ; - 109.8078 ( Mount Wood ) 127 Mount Gunnar Naslund Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003385816600000000 ♠ 12,658 ft 3858 m 7002642520000000000 ♠ 2,108 ft 643 m 7004110400000000000 ♠ 6.86 mi 11.04 km 61 ° 13 ′ 42 '' N 141 ° 18 ′ 50 '' W / 61.2282 ° N 141.3140 ° W / 61.2282 ; - 141.3140 ( Mount Gunnar Naslund ) 128 Mount Conness California Sierra Nevada 7003385550000000000 ♠ 12,649 ft 3855.5 m 7002807722000000000 ♠ 2,650 ft 808 m 7004115500000000000 ♠ 7.18 mi 11.55 km 37 ° 58 ′ 01 '' N 119 ° 19 ′ 17 '' W / 37.9670 ° N 119.3213 ° W / 37.9670 ; - 119.3213 ( Mount Conness ) 129 Humphreys Peak Arizona San Francisco Peaks 7003385189100000000 ♠ 12,637 ft 3852 m 7003184069100000000 ♠ 6,039 ft 1841 m 7005395660000000000 ♠ 246 mi 396 km 35 ° 20 ′ 47 '' N 111 ° 40 ′ 41 '' W / 35.3464 ° N 111.6780 ° W / 35.3464 ; - 111.6780 ( Humphreys Peak ) 130 Santa Fe Baldy New Mexico Santa Fe Mountains 7003385010000000000 ♠ 12,632 ft 3850.1 m 7002610211000000000 ♠ 2,002 ft 610 m 7004176900000000000 ♠ 10.99 mi 17.69 km 35 ° 49 ′ 56 '' N 105 ° 45 ′ 29 '' W / 35.8322 ° N 105.7581 ° W / 35.8322 ; - 105.7581 ( Santa Fe Baldy ) 131 Gothic Mountain Colorado Elk Mountains 7003385004400000000 ♠ 12,631 ft 3850 m 7002501397000000000 ♠ 1,645 ft 501 m 7003439000000000000 ♠ 2.73 mi 4.39 km 38 ° 57 ′ 22 '' N 107 ° 00 ′ 39 '' W / 38.9562 ° N 107.0107 ° W / 38.9562 ; - 107.0107 ( Gothic Mountain ) 132 Castle Mountain Montana Absaroka Range 7003384610000000000 ♠ 12,618 ft 3846.1 m 7002814427000000000 ♠ 2,672 ft 814 m 7004156700000000000 ♠ 9.74 mi 15.67 km 45 ° 05 ′ 56 '' N 109 ° 37 ′ 50 '' W / 45.0989 ° N 109.6305 ° W / 45.0989 ; - 109.6305 ( Castle Mountain ) Lone Cone Colorado San Miguel Mountains 7003384610000000000 ♠ 12,618 ft 3846.1 m 7002692812000000000 ♠ 2,273 ft 693 m 7004135200000000000 ♠ 8.40 mi 13.52 km 37 ° 53 ′ 17 '' N 108 ° 15 ′ 20 '' W / 37.8880 ° N 108.2556 ° W / 37.8880 ; - 108.2556 ( Lone Cone ) 134 Mount Moran Wyoming Teton Range 7003384350000000000 ♠ 12,610 ft 3843.5 m 7002806198000000000 ♠ 2,645 ft 806 m 7003994000000000000 ♠ 6.18 mi 9.94 km 43 ° 50 ′ 06 '' N 110 ° 46 ′ 35 '' W / 43.8350 ° N 110.7765 ° W / 43.8350 ; - 110.7765 ( Mount Moran ) 135 Tlingit Peak Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003384231600000000 ♠ 12,606 ft 3842 m 7002611429999900000 ♠ 2,006 ft 611 m 7003363000000000000 ♠ 2.26 mi 3.63 km 58 ° 53 ′ 35 '' N 137 ° 23 ′ 38 '' W / 58.8931 ° N 137.3938 ° W / 58.8931 ; - 137.3938 ( Tlingit Peak ) 136 Little Costilla Peak New Mexico Culebra Range 7003383680000000000 ♠ 12,588 ft 3836.8 m 7002744933000000000 ♠ 2,444 ft 745 m 7004124800000000000 ♠ 7.75 mi 12.48 km 36 ° 50 ′ 01 '' N 105 ° 13 ′ 22 '' W / 36.8335 ° N 105.2229 ° W / 36.8335 ; - 105.2229 ( Little Costilla Peak ) 137 Mount Carpe Alaska Alaska Range 7003382524800000000 ♠ 12,550 ft 3825 m 7002548641000099999 ♠ 1,800 ft 549 m 7003660000000000000 ♠ 4.10 mi 6.60 km 63 ° 09 ′ 08 '' N 150 ° 51 ′ 42 '' W / 63.1521 ° N 150.8616 ° W / 63.1521 ; - 150.8616 ( Mount Carpe ) 138 Needham Mountain California Sierra Nevada 7003382380200000000 ♠ 12,545 ft 3824 m 7002560833000000000 ♠ 1,840 ft 561 m 7003954000000000000 ♠ 5.93 mi 9.54 km 36 ° 27 ′ 16 '' N 118 ° 32 ′ 14 '' W / 36.4545 ° N 118.5373 ° W / 36.4545 ; - 118.5373 ( Needham Mountain ) 139 Graham Peak Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003382110000000000 ♠ 12,536 ft 3821.1 m 7002777546000000000 ♠ 2,551 ft 778 m 7004139000000000000 ♠ 8.64 mi 13.90 km 37 ° 29 ′ 50 '' N 107 ° 22 ′ 34 '' W / 37.4972 ° N 107.3761 ° W / 37.4972 ; - 107.3761 ( Graham Peak ) 140 Whetstone Mountain Colorado West Elk Mountains 7003381810000000000 ♠ 12,527 ft 3818.1 m 7002748590000000000 ♠ 2,456 ft 749 m 7004151100000000000 ♠ 9.39 mi 15.11 km 38 ° 49 ′ 20 '' N 106 ° 58 ′ 48 '' W / 38.8223 ° N 106.9799 ° W / 38.8223 ; - 106.9799 ( Whetstone Mountain ) 141 Kahiltna Dome Alaska Alaska Range 7003381762800000000 ♠ 12,525 ft 3818 m 7002662941000000000 ♠ 2,175 ft 663 m 7003555000000000000 ♠ 3.45 mi 5.55 km 63 ° 03 ′ 18 '' N 151 ° 14 ′ 22 '' W / 63.0550 ° N 151.2394 ° W / 63.0550 ; - 151.2394 ( Kahiltna Dome ) 142 Mount Thor Alaska Chugach Mountains 7003381640800000000 ♠ 12,521 ft 3816 m 7002997003000000000 ♠ 3,271 ft 997 m 7004327700000000000 ♠ 20.4 mi 32.8 km 61 ° 29 ′ 07 '' N 147 ° 08 ′ 46 '' W / 61.4854 ° N 147.1460 ° W / 61.4854 ; - 147.1460 ( Mount Thor ) 143 Mount Watson Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003380909300000000 ♠ 12,497 ft 3809 m 7002589000000000000 ♠ 1,932 ft 589 m 7003405000000000000 ♠ 2.52 mi 4.05 km 59 ° 00 ′ 32 '' N 137 ° 33 ′ 15 '' W / 59.0088 ° N 137.5541 ° W / 59.0088 ; - 137.5541 ( Mount Watson ) 144 Atlantic Peak Wyoming Wind River Range 7003380848100000000 ♠ 12,495 ft 3808 m 7002655321000000000 ♠ 2,150 ft 655 m 7004146000000000000 ♠ 9.07 mi 14.60 km 42 ° 36 ′ 59 '' N 109 ° 00 ′ 05 '' W / 42.6165 ° N 109.0013 ° W / 42.6165 ; - 109.0013 ( Atlantic Peak ) 145 Specimen Mountain Colorado Front Range 7003380826900000000 ♠ 12,494 ft 3808 m 7002527610000000000 ♠ 1,731 ft 528 m 7003756000000000000 ♠ 4.70 mi 7.56 km 40 ° 26 ′ 42 '' N 105 ° 48 ′ 29 '' W / 40.4449 ° N 105.8081 ° W / 40.4449 ; - 105.8081 ( Specimen Mountain ) 146 Baldy Mountain New Mexico Cimarron Range 7003379330000000000 ♠ 12,445 ft 3793.3 m 7002823266000000000 ♠ 2,701 ft 823 m 7004182400000000000 ♠ 11.33 mi 18.24 km 36 ° 37 ′ 48 '' N 105 ° 12 ′ 48 '' W / 36.6299 ° N 105.2134 ° W / 36.6299 ; - 105.2134 ( Baldy Mountain ) 147 East Beckwith Mountain Colorado West Elk Mountains 7003379210000000000 ♠ 12,441 ft 3792.1 m 7002759563000000000 ♠ 2,492 ft 760 m 7004100500000000000 ♠ 6.24 mi 10.05 km 38 ° 50 ′ 47 '' N 107 ° 13 ′ 24 '' W / 38.8464 ° N 107.2233 ° W / 38.8464 ; - 107.2233 ( East Beckwith Mountain ) 148 Knobby Crest Colorado Kenosha Mountains 7003378996200000000 ♠ 12,434 ft 3790 m 7002536144000000000 ♠ 1,759 ft 536 m 7004133100000000000 ♠ 8.27 mi 13.31 km 39 ° 22 ′ 05 '' N 105 ° 36 ′ 18 '' W / 39.3681 ° N 105.6050 ° W / 39.3681 ; - 105.6050 ( Knobby Crest ) 149 Bison Peak Colorado Tarryall Mountains 7003378940000000000 ♠ 12,432 ft 3789.4 m 7002747066000000000 ♠ 2,451 ft 747 m 7004293400000000000 ♠ 18.23 mi 29.3 km 39 ° 14 ′ 18 '' N 105 ° 29 ′ 52 '' W / 39.2384 ° N 105.4978 ° W / 39.2384 ; - 105.4978 ( Bison Peak ) 150 Anthracite Peak Colorado West Elk Mountains 7003377780000000000 ♠ 12,394 ft 3777.8 m 7002647701000000000 ♠ 2,125 ft 648 m 7003768000000000000 ♠ 4.77 mi 7.68 km 38 ° 48 ′ 52 '' N 107 ° 08 ′ 40 '' W / 38.8145 ° N 107.1445 ° W / 38.8145 ; - 107.1445 ( Anthracite Peak ) 151 Matchless Mountain Colorado Elk Mountains 7003377628700000000 ♠ 12,389 ft 3776 m 7002537363000000000 ♠ 1,763 ft 537 m 7004126700000000000 ♠ 7.87 mi 12.67 km 38 ° 50 ′ 02 '' N 106 ° 38 ′ 42 '' W / 38.8340 ° N 106.6451 ° W / 38.8340 ; - 106.6451 ( Matchless Mountain ) 152 Flat Top Mountain Colorado Flat Tops 7003376770000000000 ♠ 12,361 ft 3767.7 m 7003123566200000000 ♠ 4,054 ft 1236 m 7004656200000000000 ♠ 40.8 mi 65.6 km 40 ° 00 ′ 53 '' N 107 ° 05 ′ 00 '' W / 40.0147 ° N 107.0833 ° W / 40.0147 ; - 107.0833 ( Flat Top Mountain ) 153 Mount Nystrom Wyoming Wind River Range 7003376750000000000 ♠ 12,361 ft 3767.5 m 7002553518000000000 ♠ 1,816 ft 554 m 7003792000000000000 ♠ 4.92 mi 7.92 km 42 ° 38 ′ 30 '' N 109 ° 05 ′ 38 '' W / 42.6418 ° N 109.0939 ° W / 42.6418 ; - 109.0939 ( Mount Nystrom ) 154 Moby Dick ( Alaska ) Alaska Alaska Range 7003376733600000000 ♠ 12,360 ft 3767 m 7002886970000000000 ♠ 2,910 ft 887 m 7003770000000000000 ♠ 4.78 mi 7.70 km 63 ° 33 ′ 22 '' N 146 ° 36 ′ 09 '' W / 63.5561 ° N 146.6026 ° W / 63.5561 ; - 146.6026 ( Moby Dick ) 155 Greenhorn Mountain Colorado Wet Mountains 7003376500000000000 ♠ 12,352 ft 3765.0 m 7003115123200000000 ♠ 3,777 ft 1151 m 7004406200000000000 ♠ 25.2 mi 40.6 km 37 ° 52 ′ 53 '' N 105 ° 00 ′ 48 '' W / 37.8815 ° N 105.0133 ° W / 37.8815 ; - 105.0133 ( Greenhorn Mountain ) 156 Elliott Mountain Colorado San Miguel Mountains 7003376294900000000 ♠ 12,346 ft 3763 m 7002682753000000000 ♠ 2,240 ft 683 m 7003826000000000000 ♠ 5.13 mi 8.26 km 37 ° 44 ′ 04 '' N 108 ° 03 ′ 29 '' W / 37.7344 ° N 108.0580 ° W / 37.7344 ; - 108.0580 ( Elliott Mountain ) 157 Mount Deborah Alaska Alaska Range 7003376093500000000 ♠ 12,339 ft 3761 m 7003158161000000000 ♠ 5,189 ft 1582 m 7004258800000000000 ♠ 16.08 mi 25.9 km 63 ° 38 ′ 16 '' N 147 ° 14 ′ 18 '' W / 63.6377 ° N 147.2384 ° W / 63.6377 ; - 147.2384 ( Mount Deborah ) 158 Twin Peaks California Sierra Nevada 7003375777500000000 ♠ 12,329 ft 3758 m 7002653188000000000 ♠ 2,143 ft 653 m 7003770000000000000 ♠ 4.78 mi 7.70 km 38 ° 05 ′ 01 '' N 119 ° 21 ′ 32 '' W / 38.0836 ° N 119.3588 ° W / 38.0836 ; - 119.3588 ( Twin Peaks ) 159 Carter Mountain Wyoming Absaroka Range 7003375640000000000 ♠ 12,324 ft 3756.4 m 7002517856000000000 ♠ 1,699 ft 518 m 7004268400000000000 ♠ 16.68 mi 26.8 km 44 ° 11 ′ 50 '' N 109 ° 24 ′ 40 '' W / 44.1972 ° N 109.4112 ° W / 44.1972 ; - 109.4112 ( Carter Mountain ) 160 Parkview Mountain Colorado Rabbit Ears Range 7003374940000000000 ♠ 12,301 ft 3749.4 m 7002815646000000000 ♠ 2,676 ft 816 m 7004150700000000000 ♠ 9.36 mi 15.07 km 40 ° 19 ′ 49 '' N 106 ° 08 ′ 11 '' W / 40.3303 ° N 106.1363 ° W / 40.3303 ; - 106.1363 ( Parkview Mountain ) 161 Cornwall Mountain Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003374619000000000 ♠ 12,291 ft 3746 m 7002531572000000000 ♠ 1,744 ft 532 m 7003837000000000000 ♠ 5.20 mi 8.37 km 37 ° 22 ′ 52 '' N 106 ° 29 ′ 31 '' W / 37.3811 ° N 106.4920 ° W / 37.3811 ; - 106.4920 ( Cornwall Mountain ) 162 Mount Adams Washington Cascade Range 7003374340000000000 ♠ 12,281 ft 3743.4 m 7003247985800000000 ♠ 8,136 ft 2480 m 7004736300000000000 ♠ 45.8 mi 73.6 km 46 ° 12 ′ 09 '' N 121 ° 29 ′ 27 '' W / 46.2024 ° N 121.4909 ° W / 46.2024 ; - 121.4909 ( Mount Adams ) 163 Trout Peak Wyoming Absaroka Range 7003373370000000000 ♠ 12,250 ft 3733.7 m 7003112898100000000 ♠ 3,704 ft 1129 m 7004457400000000000 ♠ 28.4 mi 45.7 km 44 ° 36 ′ 04 '' N 109 ° 31 ′ 31 '' W / 44.6012 ° N 109.5253 ° W / 44.6012 ; - 109.5253 ( Trout Peak ) 164 Mount Huntington Alaska Alaska Range 7003373075900000000 ♠ 12,240 ft 3731 m 7002880874000000000 ♠ 2,890 ft 881 m 7003624000000000000 ♠ 3.88 mi 6.24 km 62 ° 58 ′ 04 '' N 150 ° 53 ′ 59 '' W / 62.9677 ° N 150.8996 ° W / 62.9677 ; - 150.8996 ( Mount Huntington ) 165 Mount Huxley Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003372344400000000 ♠ 12,216 ft 3723 m 7002629718000000000 ♠ 2,066 ft 630 m 7003884000000000000 ♠ 5.49 mi 8.84 km 60 ° 19 ′ 40 '' N 141 ° 09 ′ 19 '' W / 60.3279 ° N 141.1554 ° W / 60.3279 ; - 141.1554 ( Mount Huxley ) 166 Diamond Peak Idaho Lemhi Range 7003371930000000000 ♠ 12,202 ft 3719.3 m 7003164196100000000 ♠ 5,387 ft 1642 m 7004511800000000000 ♠ 31.8 mi 51.2 km 44 ° 08 ′ 29 '' N 113 ° 04 ′ 58 '' W / 44.1414 ° N 113.0827 ° W / 44.1414 ; - 113.0827 ( Diamond Peak ) 167 Mount Jordan Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003371551900000000 ♠ 12,190 ft 3716 m 7002713232999900000 ♠ 2,340 ft 713 m 7004114000000000000 ♠ 7.08 mi 11.40 km 61 ° 23 ′ 55 '' N 141 ° 28 ′ 12 '' W / 61.3987 ° N 141.4700 ° W / 61.3987 ; - 141.4700 ( Mount Jordan ) 168 Mount Zirkel Colorado Park Range 7003371410300000000 ♠ 12,185 ft 3714 m 7003105765799999999 ♠ 3,470 ft 1058 m 7004606000000000000 ♠ 37.7 mi 60.6 km 40 ° 49 ′ 53 '' N 106 ° 39 ′ 47 '' W / 40.8313 ° N 106.6631 ° W / 40.8313 ; - 106.6631 ( Mount Zirkel ) 169 Delano Peak Utah Tushar Mountains 7003371070000000000 ♠ 12,174 ft 3710.7 m 7003143530600000000 ♠ 4,709 ft 1435 m 7005180480000000000 ♠ 112.1 mi 180.5 km 38 ° 22 ′ 09 '' N 112 ° 22 ′ 17 '' W / 38.3692 ° N 112.3714 ° W / 38.3692 ; - 112.3714 ( Delano Peak ) 170 Mount Salisbury Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003370942300000000 ♠ 12,170 ft 3709 m 7003122529800000000 ♠ 4,020 ft 1225 m 7003490000000000000 ♠ 3.04 mi 4.90 km 58 ° 51 ′ 02 '' N 137 ° 22 ′ 19 '' W / 58.8505 ° N 137.3719 ° W / 58.8505 ; - 137.3719 ( Mount Salisbury ) 171 Crested Butte Colorado Elk Mountains 7003370892500000000 ♠ 12,168 ft 3709 m 7002786995000000000 ♠ 2,582 ft 787 m 7003749000000000000 ♠ 4.65 mi 7.49 km 38 ° 53 ′ 01 '' N 106 ° 56 ′ 37 '' W / 38.8835 ° N 106.9436 ° W / 38.8835 ; - 106.9436 ( Crested Butte ) 172 Younts Peak Wyoming Absaroka Range 7003370830000000000 ♠ 12,166 ft 3708.3 m 7002683058000000000 ♠ 2,241 ft 683 m 7004204400000000000 ♠ 12.70 mi 20.4 km 43 ° 58 ′ 55 '' N 109 ° 51 ′ 59 '' W / 43.9820 ° N 109.8665 ° W / 43.9820 ; - 109.8665 ( Younts Peak ) 173 Sawtooth Mountain Colorado La Garita Mountains 7003370420000000000 ♠ 12,153 ft 3704.2 m 7002587351000000000 ♠ 1,927 ft 587 m 7004269200000000000 ♠ 16.73 mi 26.9 km 38 ° 16 ′ 26 '' N 106 ° 52 ′ 01 '' W / 38.2740 ° N 106.8670 ° W / 38.2740 ; - 106.8670 ( Sawtooth Mountain ) 174 Olancha Peak California Sierra Nevada 7003369780000000000 ♠ 12,132 ft 3697.8 m 7002945796000000000 ♠ 3,103 ft 946 m 7004238900000000000 ♠ 14.84 mi 23.9 km 36 ° 15 ′ 55 '' N 118 ° 07 ′ 06 '' W / 36.2652 ° N 118.1182 ° W / 36.2652 ; - 118.1182 ( Olancha Peak ) 175 Mount Mather Alaska Alaska Range 7003369509800000000 ♠ 12,123 ft 3695 m 7002875692000000000 ♠ 2,873 ft 876 m 7004149200000000000 ♠ 9.27 mi 14.92 km 63 ° 11 ′ 41 '' N 150 ° 26 ′ 10 '' W / 63.1946 ° N 150.4362 ° W / 63.1946 ; - 150.4362 ( Mount Mather ) 176 Park Cone Colorado Sawatch Range 7003368996000000000 ♠ 12,106 ft 3690 m 7002621793000000000 ♠ 2,040 ft 622 m 7003553000000000000 ♠ 3.44 mi 5.53 km 38 ° 47 ′ 48 '' N 106 ° 36 ′ 10 '' W / 38.7967 ° N 106.6028 ° W / 38.7967 ; - 106.6028 ( Park Cone ) 177 Ibapah Peak Utah Deep Creek Range 7003368564200000000 ♠ 12,092 ft 3686 m 7003160538500000000 ♠ 5,267 ft 1605 m 7004984500000000000 ♠ 61.2 mi 98.5 km 39 ° 49 ′ 42 '' N 113 ° 55 ′ 12 '' W / 39.8282 ° N 113.9200 ° W / 39.8282 ; - 113.9200 ( Ibapah Peak ) 178 Carbon Peak Colorado West Elk Mountains 7003368430000000000 ♠ 12,088 ft 3684.3 m 7002664160999900000 ♠ 2,179 ft 664 m 7003631000000000000 ♠ 3.92 mi 6.31 km 38 ° 47 ′ 39 '' N 107 ° 02 ′ 35 '' W / 38.7943 ° N 107.0431 ° W / 38.7943 ; - 107.0431 ( Carbon Peak ) 179 Glover Peak Wyoming Wind River Range 7003367963800000000 ♠ 12,072 ft 3680 m 7002520000000000000 ♠ 1,706 ft 520 m 7003400000000000000 ♠ 2.49 mi 4.00 km 43 ° 09 ′ 32 '' N 109 ° 45 ′ 56 '' W / 43.1589 ° N 109.7656 ° W / 43.1589 ; - 109.7656 ( Glover Peak ) 180 Mount Moriah Nevada Snake Range 7003367960000000000 ♠ 12,072 ft 3679.6 m 7003149611400000000 ♠ 4,909 ft 1496 m 7004327200000000000 ♠ 20.3 mi 32.7 km 39 ° 16 ′ 24 '' N 114 ° 11 ′ 56 '' W / 39.2732 ° N 114.1988 ° W / 39.2732 ; - 114.1988 ( Mount Moriah ) 181 Mount Guero Colorado West Elk Mountains 7003367540000000000 ♠ 12,058 ft 3675.4 m 7002741275000000000 ♠ 2,432 ft 741 m 7004102700000000000 ♠ 6.38 mi 10.27 km 38 ° 43 ′ 11 '' N 107 ° 23 ′ 10 '' W / 38.7196 ° N 107.3861 ° W / 38.7196 ; - 107.3861 ( Mount Guero ) 182 Siris Peak Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003367284700000000 ♠ 12,050 ft 3673 m 7002792482000000000 ♠ 2,600 ft 792 m 7004258300000000000 ♠ 16.05 mi 25.8 km 60 ° 44 ′ 02 '' N 141 ° 00 ′ 50 '' W / 60.7340 ° N 141.0138 ° W / 60.7340 ; - 141.0138 ( Siris Peak ) 183 Red Table Mountain Colorado Sawatch Range 7003367070000000000 ♠ 12,043 ft 3670.7 m 7002614783000000000 ♠ 2,017 ft 615 m 7004126800000000000 ♠ 7.88 mi 12.68 km 39 ° 25 ′ 05 '' N 106 ° 46 ′ 16 '' W / 39.4181 ° N 106.7712 ° W / 39.4181 ; - 106.7712 ( Red Table Mountain ) 184 Chalk Benchmark Colorado San Juan Mountains 7003366930000000000 ♠ 12,038 ft 3669.3 m 7002600761999900000 ♠ 1,971 ft 601 m 7004116800000000000 ♠ 7.26 mi 11.68 km 37 ° 08 ′ 30 '' N 106 ° 45 ′ 00 '' W / 37.1418 ° N 106.7500 ° W / 37.1418 ; - 106.7500 ( Chalk Benchmark ) 185 Medicine Bow Peak Wyoming Medicine Bow Mountains 7003366240000000000 ♠ 12,016 ft 3662.4 m 7002988468000000000 ♠ 3,243 ft 988 m 7004653600000000000 ♠ 40.6 mi 65.4 km 41 ° 21 ′ 37 '' N 106 ° 19 ′ 03 '' W / 41.3603 ° N 106.3176 ° W / 41.3603 ; - 106.3176 ( Medicine Bow Peak ) 186 Mount Witherspoon Alaska Chugach Mountains 7003366126500000000 ♠ 12,012 ft 3661 m 7002658979000000000 ♠ 2,162 ft 659 m 7003963000000000000 ♠ 5.98 mi 9.63 km 61 ° 23 ′ 43 '' N 147 ° 12 ′ 04 '' W / 61.3954 ° N 147.2010 ° W / 61.3954 ; - 147.2010 ( Mount Witherspoon ) 187 Mount Zwischen Colorado Sangre de Cristo Mountains 7003366091700000000 ♠ 12,011 ft 3661 m 7002690678000000000 ♠ 2,266 ft 691 m 7003714000000000000 ♠ 4.44 mi 7.14 km 37 ° 47 ′ 29 '' N 105 ° 27 ′ 19 '' W / 37.7913 ° N 105.4554 ° W / 37.7913 ; - 105.4554 ( Mount Zwischen ) 188 Mount Drum Alaska Wrangell Mountains 7003366065500000000 ♠ 12,010 ft 3661 m 7003206045200000000 ♠ 6,760 ft 2060 m 7004285400000000000 ♠ 17.73 mi 28.5 km 62 ° 06 ′ 57 '' N 144 ° 38 ′ 22 '' W / 62.1159 ° N 144.6394 ° W / 62.1159 ; - 144.6394 ( Mount Drum ) 189 Little Cone Colorado San Miguel Mountains 7003365400000000000 ♠ 11,988 ft 3654.0 m 7002560833000000000 ♠ 1,840 ft 561 m 7003835000000000000 ♠ 5.19 mi 8.35 km 37 ° 55 ′ 39 '' N 108 ° 05 ′ 27 '' W / 37.9275 ° N 108.0908 ° W / 37.9275 ; - 108.0908 ( Little Cone ) 190 Sierra Blanca Peak New Mexico Sacramento Mountains 7003365180000000000 ♠ 11,981 ft 3651.8 m 7003169255800000000 ♠ 5,553 ft 1693 m 7005266670000000000 ♠ 165.7 mi 267 km 33 ° 22 ′ 27 '' N 105 ° 48 ′ 31 '' W / 33.3743 ° N 105.8087 ° W / 33.3743 ; - 105.8087 ( Sierra Blanca Peak ) 191 Mount Hope Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003364236700000000 ♠ 11,950 ft 3642 m 7002609601000000000 ♠ 2,000 ft 610 m 7003425000000000000 ♠ 2.64 mi 4.25 km 60 ° 42 ′ 14 '' N 141 ° 03 ′ 41 '' W / 60.7039 ° N 141.0614 ° W / 60.7039 ; - 141.0614 ( Mount Hope ) 192 Mount Jefferson Nevada Toquima Range 7003364129000000000 ♠ 11,946 ft 3641 m 7003178948400000000 ♠ 5,871 ft 1789 m 7005158710000000000 ♠ 98.6 mi 158.7 km 38 ° 45 ′ 07 '' N 116 ° 55 ′ 36 '' W / 38.7519 ° N 116.9267 ° W / 38.7519 ; - 116.9267 ( Mount Jefferson ) 193 Hess Mountain Alaska Alaska Range 7003363931900000000 ♠ 11,940 ft 3639 m 7002758953999900000 ♠ 2,490 ft 759 m 7003447000000000000 ♠ 2.78 mi 4.47 km 63 ° 38 ′ 18 '' N 147 ° 08 ′ 54 '' W / 63.6382 ° N 147.1482 ° W / 63.6382 ; - 147.1482 ( Hess Mountain ) Mount Brooks Alaska Alaska Range 7003363931900000000 ♠ 11,940 ft 3639 m 7002545593000099999 ♠ 1,790 ft 546 m 7003809000000000000 ♠ 5.03 mi 8.09 km 63 ° 11 ′ 15 '' N 150 ° 38 ′ 52 '' W / 63.1875 ° N 150.6479 ° W / 63.1875 ; - 150.6479 ( Mount Brooks ) 195 Cerro Vista New Mexico Sangre de Cristo Mountains 7003363830000000000 ♠ 11,937 ft 3638.3 m 7002767793000000000 ♠ 2,519 ft 768 m 7004228300000000000 ♠ 14.19 mi 22.8 km 36 ° 14 ′ 07 '' N 105 ° 24 ′ 39 '' W / 36.2353 ° N 105.4108 ° W / 36.2353 ; - 105.4108 ( Cerro Vista ) 196 Mount Nebo Utah Wasatch Range 7003363705700000000 ♠ 11,933 ft 3637 m 7003167884200000000 ♠ 5,508 ft 1679 m 7005121620000000000 ♠ 75.6 mi 121.6 km 39 ° 49 ′ 19 '' N 111 ° 45 ′ 37 '' W / 39.8219 ° N 111.7603 ° W / 39.8219 ; - 111.7603 ( Mount Nebo ) 197 The Grand Parapet Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003363627100000000 ♠ 11,930 ft 3636 m 7002664465000000000 ♠ 2,180 ft 664 m 7003847000000000000 ♠ 5.26 mi 8.47 km 61 ° 24 ′ 37 '' N 142 ° 01 ′ 36 '' W / 61.4103 ° N 142.0266 ° W / 61.4103 ; - 142.0266 ( The Grand Parapet ) 198 Lituya Mountain Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003363444200000000 ♠ 11,924 ft 3634 m 7003111983700000000 ♠ 3,674 ft 1120 m 7003627000000000000 ♠ 3.90 mi 6.27 km 58 ° 48 ′ 19 '' N 137 ° 26 ′ 12 '' W / 58.8054 ° N 137.4367 ° W / 58.8054 ; - 137.4367 ( Lituya Mountain ) Haydon Peak Alaska Saint Elias Mountains 7003363444200000000 ♠ 11,924 ft 3634 m 7002510236000000000 ♠ 1,674 ft 510 m 7003478000000000000 ♠ 2.97 mi 4.78 km 60 ° 15 ′ 38 '' N 140 ° 59 ′ 17 '' W / 60.2606 ° N 140.9881 ° W / 60.2606 ; - 140.9881 ( Haydon Peak ) 200 Charleston Peak ( Mount Charleston ) Nevada Spring Mountains 7003363200000000000 ♠ 11,916 ft 3632.0 m 7003251700000000000 ♠ 8,258 ft 2517 m 7005217500000000000 ♠ 135.1 mi 218 km 36 ° 16 ′ 18 '' N 115 ° 41 ′ 44 '' W / 36.2716 ° N 115.6956 ° W / 36.2716 ; - 115.6956 ( Charleston Peak ) Gallery ( edit ) 1 . Denali in Alaska is the highest summit of the United States and all of North America . 2 . Mount Saint Elias is the second highest summit of both Canada and the United States . 3 . Mount Foraker is the second highest major summit of the Alaska Range . 4 . Mount Bona in Alaska is the highest volcano in the United States . 5 . Mount Blackburn in Alaska is the highest summit of the Wrangell Mountains . 6 . Mount Sanford in Alaska is the third highest volcano in the United States . 7 . Mount Fairweather lies on the Alaska - British Columbia international border . 10 . Mount Hunter is the third highest major summit of the Alaska Range . 11 . Mount Whitney highest summit of the Sierra Nevada and California . 14 . Mount Elbert is the highest summit of Colorado and the Rocky Mountains . 17 . Mount Rainier is the highest summit of Washington and the Cascade Range . 25 . Grays Peak in Colorado is the highest point on the Continental Divide in North America . 34 . Mount Shasta in California is the highest summit of the southern Cascade Range . 39 . Pikes Peak in Colorado was the inspiration for America the Beautiful . 54 . Mount Hayes is the highest summit of the eastern Alaska Range . 57 . Gannett Peak is the highest summit of the Wind River Range and Wyoming . 59 . Mauna Kea on the Island of Hawai ʻi is the tallest mountain on Earth as measured from base to summit . 60 . Grand Teton in Wyoming is the highest summit of the Teton Range . 66 . Mauna Loa on the Island of Hawai ʻi is the most voluminous mountain on Earth . 76 . Kings Peak is the highest summit of the Uinta Range and Utah . 97 . Mount Marcus Baker is the highest summit of the Chugach Mountains of Alaska . 98 . Wheeler Peak is the highest summit of New Mexico . 102 . Volcán Tacaná is the highest summit of the Sierra Madre de Chiapas of Chiapas and Guatemala . 108 . Wheeler Peak in Nevada is the highest summit of the Snake Range . 117 . Granite Peak is the highest summit of the Beartooth Range and Montana . 125 . Borah Peak is the highest summit of the Lost River Range and Idaho . 129 . Humphreys Peak is the highest summit of the San Francisco Peaks and Arizona . See also ( edit ) Geography portal North America portal United States portal Mountains portal Volcanoes portal List of mountain peaks of North America List of mountain peaks of Greenland List of mountain peaks of Canada List of mountain peaks of the Rocky Mountains List of mountain peaks of the United States List of the highest major summits of the United States List of the major 4000 - meter summits of the United States List of the major 3000 - meter summits of the United States List of United States fourteeners List of the most prominent summits of the United States List of the ultra-prominent summits of the United States List of the most isolated major summits of the United States List of the major 100 - kilometer summits of the United States List of mountain peaks of Alaska List of mountain peaks of California List of mountain peaks of Colorado List of mountain peaks of Hawai ʻi List of mountain peaks of México List of mountain peaks of Central America List of mountain peaks of the Caribbean United States of America Geography of the United States Geology of the United States Category : Mountains of the United States commons : Category : Mountains of the United States Physical geography Topography Topographic elevation Topographic prominence Topographic isolation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ This article defines a significant summit as a summit with at least 100 meters ( 328.1 feet ) of topographic prominence , and a major summit as a summit with at least 500 meters ( 1640 feet ) of topographic prominence . All summits in this article have at least 500 meters of topographic prominence . An ultra-prominent summit is a summit with at least 1500 meters ( 4921 feet ) of topographic prominence . Jump up ^ All elevations in the 48 states of the contiguous United States include an elevation adjustment from the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 ( NGVD 29 ) to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 ( NAVD 88 ) . For further information , please see this United States National Geodetic Survey note . ^ Jump up to : If the elevation or prominence of a summit is calculated as a range of values , the arithmetic mean is shown . Jump up ^ The topographic prominence of a summit is the topographic elevation difference between the summit and its highest or key col to a higher summit . The summit may be near its key col or quite far away . The key col for Denali in Alaska is the Isthmus of Rivas in Nicaragua , 7642 kilometers ( 4749 miles ) away . Jump up ^ The topographic isolation of a summit is the great - circle distance to its nearest point of equal elevation . Jump up ^ The summit of Denali is the highest point of the Alaska Range , the State of Alaska , the United States of America , and greater North America . Denali is the third most topographically prominent and third most topographically isolated summit on Earth after Mount Everest and Aconcagua . Jump up ^ `` Denali '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Denali '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mount Saint Elias is the second highest major summit of both Canada and the United States . Jump up ^ `` Mount Saint Elias '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Saint Elias '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mount Foraker is the westernmost 5000 - meter ( 16,404 - foot ) summit of Alaska , the United States , and greater North America . Jump up ^ `` Mount Foraker '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Foraker '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Bona is the highest point of the northwest Saint Elias Mountains . Jump up ^ `` Mount Bona '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Bona '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Blackburn is the highest point of the Wrangell Mountains . Jump up ^ `` MT BLACKBURN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station UV4136 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Blackburn '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Blackburn '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Sanford '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Sanford '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mount Fairweather lies on the international border between Alaska and British Columbia . The peak is the highest point of the Canadian Province of British Columbia and the southernmost and easternmost summit of its elevation in both Canada and the United States . Jump up ^ `` Mount Fairweather '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Fairweather '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Hubbard '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Hubbard '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Bear '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Bear '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Hunter '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Hunter '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Whitney is the highest point of the Sierra Nevada , the State of California , and the contiguous United States . Jump up ^ Mount Whitney is the southernmost and easternmost summit of its elevation in United States . Jump up ^ `` WHITNEY '' . Datasheet for NGS Station GT1811 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Whitney '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Whitney '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BOUNDARY POINT 180 '' . Datasheet for NGS Station UV3032 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Alverstone '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Alverstone '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` University Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` University Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Elbert is the highest point of the U.S. State of Colorado , the Rocky Mountains of North America , and the entire Mississippi River drainage basin . Jump up ^ `` MOUNT ELBERT '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0637 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Elbert '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Elbert '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mount Massive is the second highest major summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` MOUNT MASSIVE CAIRN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0640 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Massive includes an adjustment of + 2.087 m ( + 6.85 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Massive '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Massive '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Harvard is the highest point of the Collegiate Peaks . Jump up ^ Mount Harvard is the southernmost and easternmost summit of its elevation in the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` HARVARD '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0879 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Harvard '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Harvard '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Rainier is the highest point of the Cascade Range and the U.S. State of Washington . Mount Rainier is the most prominent summit in the contiguous United States and the fourth most prominent in North America . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Rainier includes an adjustment of + 1.914 m ( + 6.28 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Rainier '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Rainier '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Williamson includes an adjustment of + 1.807 m ( + 5.93 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Williamson '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Williamson '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Blanca Peak is the highest point of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains and the entire Rio Grande drainage basin . Jump up ^ Blanca Peak is the southernmost ultra-prominent summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Blanca Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.755 m ( + 5.76 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Blanca Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Blanca Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of La Plata Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.983 m ( + 6.51 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` La Plata Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` La Plata Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Uncompahgre Peak is the highest point of the San Juan Mountains and the entire Gulf of California drainage basin . Jump up ^ Uncompahgre Peak is the westernmost summit of its elevation in the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` UNCOMPAHGRE '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0798 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Uncompahgre Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Uncompahgre Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Crestone Peak is the highest point of the Crestones . Jump up ^ The elevation of Crestone Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.76 m ( + 5.77 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Crestone Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Crestone Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Lincoln is the highest point of the Mosquito Range and the entire Missouri River drainage basin . Jump up ^ Mount Lincoln is the northernmost summit of its elevation in the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` MT LINCOLN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0627 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Lincoln '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Lincoln '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Castle Peak is the highest point of the Elk Mountains . Jump up ^ `` CASTLE PK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0659 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Castle Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Castle Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Grays Peak is the highest point of the Front Range and the Continental Divide in North America . Jump up ^ Grays Peak is the northernmost summit of its elevation in the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` GRAYS PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KK2036 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grays Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grays Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Antero is the highest point of the southern Sawatch Range . Jump up ^ `` MT ANTERO '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0883 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Antero '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Antero '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EVANS '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KK2030 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit elevation of Mount Evans includes a vertical offset of + 1.798 m ( + 5.9 ft ) from the station benchmark . Jump up ^ `` Mount Evans '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Evans '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Longs Peak is the highest point of the northern Front Range . Jump up ^ Longs Peak is the northernmost 14,000 - foot ( 4267 - meter ) summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` LONGS PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station LL1346 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Longs Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Longs Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Wilson is the highest point of the San Miguel Mountains . Jump up ^ Mount Wilson is the westernmost summit of its elevation in the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Wilson includes an adjustment of + 1.899 m ( + 6.23 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Wilson '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Wilson '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of White Mountain Peak is the highest point of the White Mountains . Jump up ^ `` WHITE MOUNTAIN PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2559 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` White Mountain Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` White Mountain Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of North Palisade is the highest point of the Palisades . Jump up ^ `` NORTH PALISADE '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2629 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of North Palisade includes an adjustment of + 1.867 m ( + 6.13 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` North Palisade '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` North Palisade '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PRINCETON '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0886 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Princeton '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Princeton '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` YALE '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0889 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Yale '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Yale '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Shasta is the highest point of the southern Cascade Range . Jump up ^ `` MT SHASTA '' . Datasheet for NGS Station MX1016 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Shasta '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Shasta '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MAROON PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0805 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maroon Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Wrangell '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Wrangell '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Sneffels is the highest point of the Sneffels Range . Jump up ^ `` SNEFFLES '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0826 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Sneffels '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Sneffels '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CAPITOL PK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0688 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Capitol Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.991 m ( + 6.53 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Capitol Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Capitol Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Pikes Peak is the easternmost 14,000 - foot ( 4267 - meter ) summit and ultra-prominent summit of the Rocky Mountains . Pikes Peak was the inspiration for the lyrics of America the Beautiful . Jump up ^ `` PIKES PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JK1242 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pikes Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pikes Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Windom Peak is the highest point of the Needle Mountains . Jump up ^ Mount Eolus may be higher than Windom Peak . Jump up ^ The elevation of Windom Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.785 m ( + 5.86 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Windom Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Windom Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Augusta '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Augusta '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HANDIES '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HL0635 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Handies Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Handies Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Culebra Peak is the highest point of the Culebra Range . Jump up ^ Culebra Peak is the southernmost 14,000 - foot ( 4267 - meter ) summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Culebra Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.740 m ( + 5.71 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Culebra Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Culebra Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of San Luis Peak is the highest point of the La Garita Mountains . Jump up ^ `` SAN LUIS PEAK CAIRN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HL0570 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` San Luis Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` San Luis Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount of the Holy Cross is the highest point of the northern Sawatch Range . Jump up ^ `` MT HOLY CROSS ET '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0649 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit elevation of Mount of the Holy Cross includes a vertical offset of + 0.610 m ( + 2.0 ft ) from the station benchmark . Jump up ^ `` Mount of the Holy Cross '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount of the Holy Cross '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GRIZZLY '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0800 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grizzly Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grizzly Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT HUMPHREYS '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2626 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Humphreys includes an adjustment of + 1.842 m ( + 6.04 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Humphreys '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Humphreys '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT KEITH '' . Datasheet for NGS Station GT1807 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Keith includes an adjustment of + 1.795 m ( + 5.89 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Keith '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Keith '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Ouray is the highest point of the far southern Sawatch Range . Jump up ^ `` MOUNT OURAY RESET '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0672 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Ouray '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Ouray '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Vermilion Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.827 m ( + 5.99 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Vermilion Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vermilion Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Atna Peaks '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Atna Peaks '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` REGAL MOUNTAIN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station UV4133 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Regal Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Regal Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT DARWIN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2631 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Darwin includes an adjustment of + 1.886 m ( + 6.19 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Darwin '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Darwin '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Hayes is the highest point of the Hayes Range . Jump up ^ Mount Hayes is the northernmost 4000 - meter ( 13,123 - foot ) summit of Alaska , the United States , and greater North America . Jump up ^ `` Mount Hayes '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Hayes '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SILVERHEELS ET '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0629 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Silverheels '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Silverheels '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PYRAMID '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HL0589 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rio Grande Pyramid '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rio Grande Pyramid '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Gannett Peak is the highest point of the Wind River Range , the U.S. State of Wyoming , and the central Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ Gannett Peak is the northernmost and westernmost summit of its elevation in the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` GANNETT PEAK CAIRN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station OW0356 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gannett Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gannett Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Kaweah is the highest point of the Great Western Divide . Jump up ^ Mount Kaweah is the southernmost summit of its elevation in United States . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Kaweah includes an adjustment of + 1.652 m ( + 5.42 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Kaweah '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Kaweah '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mauna Kea is the highest point of the Island of Hawai ʻi , the U.S. State of Hawai ʻi , and all islands of the Pacific Ocean . Jump up ^ Mauna Kea is the tallest mountain on Earth as measured from base to summit . The shield volcano sits on the ocean floor at a depth of 5998 meters ( 19,678 feet ) for a total height of 10,205.3 meters ( 33,482 feet ) . Jump up ^ `` SUMMIT '' . Datasheet for NGS Station TU2314 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mauna Kea '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mauna Kea '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Grand Teton is the highest point of the Teton Range . Jump up ^ Grand Teton is the northernmost and westernmost 4000 - meter ( 13,123 - foot ) summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` GRAND TETON '' . Datasheet for NGS Station OX0838 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Teton '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Teton '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Cook '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Cook '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MORGAN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2627 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Morgan '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Morgan '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Gabb includes an adjustment of + 1.958 m ( + 6.42 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Gabb '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Gabb '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Bald Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.922 m ( + 6.31 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Bald Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bald Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Oso includes an adjustment of + 1.776 m ( + 5.83 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Oso '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Oso '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mauna Loa is the southernmost and westernmost 4000 - meter ( 13,123 - foot ) summit of Hawai ʻi and the United States . Jump up ^ The shield volcano Mauna Loa is the most voluminous mountain on Earth with an estimated volume of 74,000 km3 ( 17,800 cubic miles ) , or enough material to fill the Grand Canyon more than 18 times . Jump up ^ `` Mauna Loa '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mauna Loa '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT JACKSON ET '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0650 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Jackson '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Jackson '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT TOM LOOKOUT TOWER '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2770 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Tom includes an adjustment of + 1.379 m ( + 4.52 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Tom '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Tom '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Bard Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.707 m ( + 5.60 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Bard Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bard Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ West Spanish Peak is the easternmost 4000 - meter ( 13,123 - foot ) summit of the Rocky Mountains and the United States . Jump up ^ The elevation of West Spanish Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.468 m ( + 4.82 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` West Spanish Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` West Spanish Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Powell is the highest point of the Gore Range . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Powell includes an adjustment of + 1.771 m ( + 5.81 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Powell '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Powell '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Hagues Peak is the highest point of the Mummy Range . Jump up ^ `` HAGUE RM '' . Datasheet for NGS Station LL1350 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hagues Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hagues Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Dubois includes an adjustment of + 1.879 m ( + 6.16 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Dubois '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Dubois '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Tower Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.796 m ( + 5.89 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Tower Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tower Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Treasure Mountain includes an adjustment of + 2.008 m ( + 6.59 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Treasure Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Treasure Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Kings Peak is the highest point of the Uinta Mountains , the U.S. State of Utah , and the western Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Kings Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.807 m ( + 5.93 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Kings Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kings Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of North Arapaho Peak is the highest point of the Indian Peaks . Jump up ^ `` NORTH ARAPAHOE PEAK CAIRN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station LL1357 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of North Arapaho Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.763 m ( + 5.78 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` North Arapaho Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` North Arapaho Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Pinchot includes an adjustment of + 1.810 m ( + 5.94 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Pinchot '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Pinchot '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Natazhat '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Natazhat '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Jarvis '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Jarvis '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Parry Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.763 m ( + 5.78 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Parry Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Parry Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Bill Williams Peak is the highest point of the Williams Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Bill Williams Peak includes an adjustment of + 2.044 m ( + 6.71 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Williams Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Williams Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Sultan Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.649 m ( + 5.41 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Sultan Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sultan Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Herard includes an adjustment of + 1.640 m ( + 5.38 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Herard '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Herard '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BUFFALO WEST PEAK CAIRN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0653 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of West Buffalo Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.834 m ( + 6.02 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` West Buffalo Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` West Buffalo Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tressider Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tressider Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Summit Peak is the highest point of the southern San Juan Mountains . Jump up ^ `` SUMMIT '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HL0503 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Summit Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Summit Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Dolores Peak may be higher than Middle Peak . Jump up ^ The elevation of Middle Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.809 m ( + 5.94 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Middle Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Middle Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Antora Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.883 m ( + 6.18 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Antora Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Antora Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Henry Mountain includes an adjustment of + 2.037 m ( + 6.68 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Henry Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Henry Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Hesperus Mountain is the highest point of the La Plata Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Hesperus Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.650 m ( + 5.41 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Hesperus Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hesperus Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Silverthrone '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Silverthrone '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Jacque Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.866 m ( + 6.12 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Jacque Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jacque Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Bennett Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.782 m ( + 5.85 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Bennett Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bennett Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Wind River Peak is the highest point of the southern Wind River Range . Jump up ^ `` WIND '' . Datasheet for NGS Station NS0274 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wind River Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wind River Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CONEJOS '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HL0502 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Conejos Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Conejos Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Marcus Baker is the highest point of the Chugach Mountains . Jump up ^ `` Mount Marcus Baker '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Marcus Baker '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Cloud Peak is the highest point of the Bighorn Mountains . Jump up ^ Cloud Peak is the northernmost 4000 - meter ( 13,123 - foot ) summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` CLOUD PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station PW0524 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cloud Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cloud Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Wheeler Peak is the highest point of the Taos Mountains and the U.S. State of New Mexico . Jump up ^ Wheeler Peak is the southernmost 4000 - meter ( 13,123 - foot ) summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` WHEELER '' . Datasheet for NGS Station GM0779 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wheeler Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wheeler Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Francs Peak is the highest point of the Absaroka Range . Jump up ^ `` FRANCS PK 2 '' . Datasheet for NGS Station OW0325 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Francs Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Francs Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Twilight Peak is the highest point of the West Needle Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Twilight Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.537 m ( + 5.04 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Twilight Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Twilight Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` S RIVER '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HL0558 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` South River Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` South River Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Ritter is the highest point of the Ritter Range . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Ritter includes an adjustment of + 1.786 m ( + 5.86 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Ritter '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Ritter '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RED SLATE MOUNTAIN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2690 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Red Slate Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.893 m ( + 6.21 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Red Slate Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LYELL 2 '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2884 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Lyell ( California ) '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Lyell ( California ) '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TWIN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JK1305 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bushnell Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bushnell Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Truchas Peak is the highest point of the Santa Fe Mountains . Jump up ^ Truchas Peak is the southernmost summit of its elevation in the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` TRUCHAS '' . Datasheet for NGS Station FN0666 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Truchas Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Truchas Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Wheeler Peak is the highest point of the Snake Range . Jump up ^ `` WHEELER PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JP0339 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wheeler Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wheeler Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MOUNT DANA '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2738 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Dana '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Dana '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of West Elk Peak is the highest point of the West Elk Mountains . Jump up ^ `` WEST ELK D '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0755 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` West Elk Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` West Elk Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Moffit '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Moffit '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Centennial includes an adjustment of + 1.814 m ( + 5.95 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Centennial '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Clark Peak is the highest point of the Medicine Bow Mountains . Jump up ^ `` CLARK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station LL1388 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Clark Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Clark Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Richthofen is the highest point of the Never Summer Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Richthofen includes an adjustment of + 1.658 m ( + 5.44 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Richthofen '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Richthofen '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Root '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Root '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Lizard Head Peak is the highest point of the Cirque of the Towers . Jump up ^ The elevation of Lizard Head Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.572 m ( + 5.16 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Lizard Head Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lizard Head Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Granite Peak is the highest point of the Beartooth Mountains and the U.S. State of Montana . Jump up ^ `` GRANITE PEAK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station QW0616 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Granite Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Granite Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Crosson '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Crosson '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Venado Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.650 m ( + 5.41 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Venado Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Venado Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CHAIR D '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0696 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chair Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chair Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Peale is the highest point of the La Sal Mountains and the Colorado Plateau . Jump up ^ `` MOUNT PEALE '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JM0496 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Peale '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Peale '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Crillon '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Crillon '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GUNNISON D '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0762 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Gunnison '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Gunnison '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ East Spanish Peak is the easternmost 3000 - meter ( 9843 - foot ) summit of the Rocky Mountains and the United States . Jump up ^ `` EAST SPANISH PEAK CAIRN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HK0488 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of East Spanish Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.372 m ( + 4.50 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` East Spanish Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` East Spanish Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Borah Peak is the highest point of the Lost River Range and the U.S. State of Idaho . Jump up ^ `` BEAUTY RESET '' . Datasheet for NGS Station PZ0770 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Borah Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Borah Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Wood is the highest point of the Granite Range . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Wood includes an adjustment of + 1.516 m ( + 4.97 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Wood '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Wood '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Gunnar Naslund '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MOUNT CONNESS '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HR2743 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Conness '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Conness '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Humphreys Peak is the highest point of the San Francisco Peaks and the U.S. State of Arizona . Jump up ^ The elevation of Humphreys Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.345 m ( + 4.41 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Humphreys Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Humphreys Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Santa Fe Baldy is the southernmost 3000 - meter ( 9843 - foot ) summit of the Rocky Mountains . Jump up ^ `` SANTA FE BALDY '' . Datasheet for NGS Station FN0726 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Fe Baldy '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Fe Baldy '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Gothic Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.936 m ( + 6.35 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Gothic Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gothic Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` PLATEAU '' . Datasheet for NGS Station QW0613 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Castle Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Castle Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LONE CONE '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HM0489 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lone Cone '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lone Cone '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT MORAN ET '' . Datasheet for NGS Station OX0854 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Moran '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Moran '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tlingit Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tlingit Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CUERVO '' . Datasheet for NGS Station GM0770 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Little Costilla Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Little Costilla Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Carpe '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Carpe '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Needham Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.602 m ( + 5.26 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Needham Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Needham Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GRAHAM '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HL0620 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Graham Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Graham Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WHETSTONE MTN CAIRN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0732 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Whetstone Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Whetstone Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kahiltna Dome '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kahiltna Dome '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Thor '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Thor '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Watson '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Watson '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Atlantic Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.521 m ( + 4.99 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Atlantic Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Atlantic Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Specimen Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.614 m ( + 5.30 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Specimen Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Specimen Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Baldy Mountain is the highest point of the Cimarron Range . Jump up ^ `` BALDY MTN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station GM0775 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Baldy Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Baldy Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EAST BECKWITH '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0741 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` East Beckwith Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` East Beckwith Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Knobby Crest is the highest point of the Kenosha Mountains . Jump up ^ The elevation of Knobby Crest includes an adjustment of + 1.595 m ( + 5.23 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Knobby Crest '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Bison Peak is the highest point of the Tarryall Mountains . Jump up ^ `` BISON '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KK1966 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bison Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bison Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ANTHRACITE '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0739 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anthracite Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anthracite Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Matchless Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.941 m ( + 6.37 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Matchless Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Matchless Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Flat Top Mountain is the highest point of the Flat Tops . Jump up ^ `` FLATTOP '' . Datasheet for NGS Station LM0694 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flat Top Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flat Top Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT NYSTROM '' . Datasheet for NGS Station NS0271 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Nystrom '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Nystrom '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Moby Dick ( Alaska ) '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Moby Dick ( Alaska ) '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Greenhorn Mountain is the highest point of the Wet Mountains . Jump up ^ `` GREENHORN MTN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HK0512 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Greenhorn Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Greenhorn Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Elliott Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.709 m ( + 5.61 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Elliott Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Mount Deborah is the northernmost summit of its elevation in Alaska , the United States , and greater North America . Jump up ^ `` Mount Deborah '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Deborah '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Twin Peaks includes an adjustment of + 1.717 m ( + 5.63 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Twin Peaks '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Twin Peaks '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CARTER '' . Datasheet for NGS Station PX0432 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Carter Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Carter Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Parkview Mountain is the highest point of the Rabbit Ears Range . Jump up ^ `` PARKVIEW MOUNTAIN '' . Datasheet for NGS Station LM0574 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Parkview Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Parkview Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Cornwall Mountain includes an adjustment of + 1.715 m ( + 5.63 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Cornwall Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cornwall Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MOUNT ADAMS '' . Datasheet for NGS Station SB1004 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Adams '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Adams '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Trout Peak is the highest point of the central Absaroka Range . Jump up ^ `` TROUT '' . Datasheet for NGS Station PX0457 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trout Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trout Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Huntington '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Huntington '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Huxley '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Huxley '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Diamond Peak is the highest point of the Lemhi Range . Jump up ^ `` DIAMOND RESET '' . Datasheet for NGS Station PZ0750 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Diamond Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Diamond Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Jordan '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Jordan '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Zirkel is the highest point of the Park Range . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Zirkel includes an adjustment of + 1.632 m ( + 5.35 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Zirkel '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Zirkel '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Delano Peak is the highest point of the Tushar Mountains . Jump up ^ `` DELANO PEAK M 5 '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JO0502 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Delano Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Delano Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Salisbury '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Salisbury '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Crested Butte includes an adjustment of + 1.940 m ( + 6.36 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Crested Butte '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Crested Butte '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` YOUNTS '' . Datasheet for NGS Station OW0379 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Younts Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Younts Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SAWTOOTH '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0697 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sawtooth Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sawtooth Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Olancha Peak is the highest point of the southern Sierra Nevada . Jump up ^ `` OLANCHA '' . Datasheet for NGS Station GT1820 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Olancha Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Olancha Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Mather '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Mather '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Park Cone includes an adjustment of + 1.873 m ( + 6.15 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Park Cone '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Park Cone '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Ibapah Peak is the highest point of the Deep Creek Range . Jump up ^ The elevation of Ibapah Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.517 m ( + 4.98 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Ibapah Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ibapah Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CARBON '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0738 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Carbon Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Carbon Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Glover Peak includes an adjustment of + 1.609 m ( + 5.28 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Glover Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT MORIAH '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KP0314 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Moriah '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Moriah '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT GUERO '' . Datasheet for NGS Station JL0894 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Guero '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Guero '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Siris Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RUEDI '' . Datasheet for NGS Station KL0811 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Red Table Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Red Table Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CHALK '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HL0510 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chalk Benchmark '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Medicine Bow Peak is the highest point of the Snowy Range . Jump up ^ `` MEDICINE BOW '' . Datasheet for NGS Station MP0546 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Medicine Bow Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Medicine Bow Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Witherspoon '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Witherspoon '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Zwischen includes an adjustment of + 1.481 m ( + 4.86 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Zwischen '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Zwischen '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Drum '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Drum '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LITTLE CONE '' . Datasheet for NGS Station HM0486 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Little Cone '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Little Cone '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Sierra Blanca Peak is the highest point of the Sacramento Mountains . Jump up ^ `` SIERRA BLANCA '' . Datasheet for NGS Station DR1010 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sierra Blanca Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sierra Blanca Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Hope '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Hope '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Jefferson is the highest point of the Toquima Range . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Jefferson includes an adjustment of + 1.666 m ( + 5.47 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Jefferson '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Jefferson '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Hess Mountain is the northernmost 3000 - meter ( 9843 - foot ) summit of Alaska and the United States . Jump up ^ `` Hess Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hess Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` MT BROOKS '' . Datasheet for NGS Station TT6450 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Brooks '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Brooks '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Cerro Vista is the highest point of the southern Sangre de Cristo Range . Jump up ^ `` CERRO '' . Datasheet for NGS Station GM0798 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cerro Vista '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cerro Vista '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Mount Nebo is the highest point of the Wasatch Range . Jump up ^ The elevation of Mount Nebo includes an adjustment of + 1.395 m ( + 4.58 ft ) from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Nebo '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Nebo '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Parapet '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Parapet '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lituya Mountain '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lituya Mountain '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Haydon Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Haydon Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ The summit of Charleston Peak is the highest point of the Spring Mountains . Jump up ^ `` CHARLESTON '' . Datasheet for NGS Station GR1965 . United States National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charleston Peak '' . Peakbagger.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charleston Peak '' . Bivouac.com . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutMountains of the United Statesat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) Geographic Names Information System @ USGS United States National Geodetic Survey ( NGS ) Geodetic Glossary @ NGS NGVD 29 to NAVD 88 online elevation converter @ NGS Survey Marks and Datasheets @ NGS Bivouac.com Peakbagger.com Peaklist.org Peakware.com Summitpost.org United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Outlying islands Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island The 104 highest major summits of the United States of America Denali Mount Saint Elias Mount Foraker Mount Bona Mount Blackburn Mount Sanford Mount Fairweather Mount Hubbard Mount Bear Mount Hunter Mount Whitney Mount Alverstone University Peak Mount Elbert Mount Massive Mount Harvard Mount Rainier Mount Williamson Blanca Peak La Plata Peak Uncompahgre Peak Crestone Peak Mount Lincoln Castle Peak Grays Peak Mount Antero Mount Evans Longs Peak Mount Wilson White Mountain Peak North Palisade Mount Princeton Mount Yale Mount Shasta Maroon Peak Mount Wrangell Mount Sneffels Capitol Peak Pikes Peak Windom Peak / Mount Eolus Mount Augusta Handies Peak Culebra Peak San Luis Peak Mount of the Holy Cross Grizzly Peak Mount Humphreys Mount Keith Mount Ouray Vermilion Peak Atna Peaks Regal Mountain Mount Darwin Mount Hayes Mount Silverheels Rio Grande Pyramid Gannett Peak Mount Kaweah Mauna Kea Grand Teton Mount Cook Mount Morgan Mount Gabb Bald Mountain Mount Oso Mauna Loa Mount Jackson Mount Tom Bard Peak West Spanish Peak Mount Powell Hagues Peak Mount Dubois Tower Mountain Treasure Mountain Kings Peak North Arapaho Peak Mount Pinchot Mount Natazhat Mount Jarvis Parry Peak Bill Williams Peak Sultan Mountain Mount Herard West Buffalo Peak Tressider Peak Summit Peak Middle Peak / Dolores Peak Antora Peak Henry Mountain Hesperus Mountain Mount Silverthrone Jacque Peak Bennett Peak Wind River Peak Conejos Peak Mount Marcus Baker Cloud Peak Wheeler Peak Francs Peak Twilight Peak South River Peak Mount Ritter Red Slate Mountain The 126 most prominent summits of the United States of America Denali Mauna Kea Mount Rainier Mount Fairweather Mount Blackburn Mount Hayes Mount Saint Elias Mount Marcus Baker Mount Whitney Haleakalā Mount Shasta Shishaldin Volcano Redoubt Volcano Mount Elbert Mount Baker Mount Torbert San Jacinto Peak San Gorgonio Mountain Charleston Peak Pavlof Volcano Mount Veniaminof Mount Adams Mount Hubbard Mount Isto Iliamna Volcano Mount Olympus Mount Cook Mount Hood Mount Sanford Mount Tom White Wheeler Peak Glacier Peak Mount Kimball Mount Griggs Mount Foraker White Mountain Peak Mount Crillon Mauna Loa Cloud Peak Gannett Peak Mount Vsevidof Mount Hesperus Mount Bona Mount Drum Mount Chiginagak Grand Teton Sacajawea Peak Mount Neacola Kings Peak Mount Graham Mount Douglas Mount San Antonio Kichatna Spire De Long Peak Telescope Peak Mount Peale Pogromni Volcano Dewey Peak Mount Washington Mount Igikpak Snow Tower Mount Mitchell Truuli Peak Humphreys Peak Borah Peak Mount Natazhat Hanagita Peak Tanaga Volcano Makushin Volcano Sovereign Mountain Mount Jefferson ( Nevada ) Mount Ellen Isanotski Peaks Deseret Peak Mount Jefferson ( Oregon ) Isthmus Peak Frosty Peak Pilot Peak Crazy Peak Great Sitkin Volcano Pu ʻu Kukui Mount Cleveland ( Alaska ) McDonald Peak Mount Wrangell South Sister Devils Paw Mount Seattle Sierra Blanca Peak Pikes Peak Mount Russell Mount Nebo Snowshoe Peak North Schell Peak Hayford Peak Mount Foresta Star Peak Veniaminof Peak Flat Top Mountain Bearhole Peak Mount Steller Mount Stuart Blanca Peak Mount Miller Carlisle Volcano Mount Timpanogos Bashful Peak Ibapah Peak Mount Cleveland ( Montana ) Kawaikini Tetlin Peak Arc Dome Lassen Peak Mount Deborah Necons Peak Abercrombie Mountain Mount Lemmon Gareloi Volcano Chiricahua Peak Stony Peak Mount Eddy Mount Augusta Copper Peak Mount Bear Korovin Volcano Miller Peak Kamakou The 107 most isolated major summits of the United States of America Denali Mauna Kea Mount Whitney Mount Mitchell Mount Washington Mount Rainier Mount Elbert Shishaldin Volcano Tanaga Volcano Mount Isto Signal Hill Mount Shasta Gannett Peak Mount Osborn Mount Igikpak Humphreys Peak Wheeler Peak Mount Vsevidof Mount Veniaminof Kawaikini Dillingham HP Hall Island HP Spruce Knob Kings Peak Sierra Blanca Peak San Gorgonio Mountain Katahdin Peak 4030 Tooth Benchmark Mount Baldy Borah Peak Cloud Peak Black Elk Peak Slide Mountain Mount Griggs Charleston Peak Junipero Serra Peak Mount Baker Mount Marcy Mount Hayes Mount Marcus Baker Sacajawea Peak Steens Mountain Mount Fairweather Delano Peak Mount Olympus Black Mountain Blanca Peak Mount Tozi Mount Cleveland Mount Jefferson Mount Torbert Mount Chiginagak Hualapai Peak Baldy Peak Ruby Dome Pavlof Volcano Truuli Peak South Baldy Great Sitkin Volcano Eagle Peak Mount Taylor Accomplishment Peak Granite Peak Kiska Volcano Korovin Volcano Uncompahgre Peak Devils Paw Ka ʻala Koniag Peak Cache Peak Makushin Volcano Snowshoe Peak Mount Pinos Granite Peak Mount Graham West Butte Guadalupe Peak Veniaminof Peak McDonald Peak Hilgard Peak Haleakalā Mount Nebo Tweedy Mountain Blackburn Hills Buldir Volcano Mount Peale Mount Tom White Cinnabar Mountain Mount McLoughlin Lassen Peak Clingmans Dome Kaibab Plateau HP Anvil Peak Grand Teton Star Peak Laramie Peak White Mountain Peak Miller Peak Kusilvak HP Copernicus Peak Sugarloaf Mountain Chiricahua Peak Mount Harper Mount Angayukaqsraq Mount Prindle Bearpaw Baldy Mountain peaks of the United States of America States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Coordinates : 63 ° 04 ′ 08 '' N 151 ° 00 ′ 23 '' W / 63.0690 ° N 151.0063 ° W / 63.0690 ; - 151.0063 ( Denali ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_the_highest_major_summits_of_the_United_States&oldid=835715802 '' Categories : Mountains of the United States Lists of mountains of the United States United States geography - related lists Lists of landforms of the United States United States - related lists Lists of mountains by country Lists of mountains by elevation Hidden categories : Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 10 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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About Wikipedia	what is the highest peak in the us	[ "\nThe 200 highest summits of the United States with at least 500 meters of topographic prominence\n\n\nRank\nMountain Peak\nState\nMountain Range\nElevation\nProminence\nIsolation\nLocation\n\n\n1\nDenali[6][7][8]\n Alaska\nAlaska Range\n7003619050000000000♠20,310 ft\n6190.5 m\n7003614050000000000♠20,146 ft\n6141 m\n7006745024000000000♠4,629 mi\n7,450 km\n63°04′08″N 151°00′23″W / 63.0690°N 151.0063°W / 63.0690; -151.0063 (Denali)\n\n\n2\nMount Saint Elias[9][10][11]\n Alaska\n Yukon\nSaint Elias Mountains\n7003548900000000000♠18,009 ft\n5489 m\n7003342900000000000♠11,250 ft\n3429 m\n7004412500000000000♠25.6 mi\n41.3 km\n60°17′34″N 140°55′51″W / 60.2927°N 140.9307°W / 60.2927; -140.9307 (Mount Saint Elias)\n\n\n3\nMount Foraker[12][13][14]\n Alaska\nAlaska Range\n7003530353100000000♠17,400 ft\n5304 m\n7003220980400000000♠7,250 ft\n2210 m\n7004229600000000000♠14.27 mi\n23.0 km\n62°57′37″N 151°23′59″W / 62.9604°N 151.3998°W / 62.9604; -151.3998 (Mount Foraker)\n\n\n4\nMount Bona[15][16][17]\n Alaska\nSaint Elias Mountains\n7003504445000000000♠16,550 ft\n5044 m\n7003210312399999999♠6,900 ft\n2103 m\n7004800400000000000♠49.7 mi\n80.0 km\n61°23′08″N 141°44′58″W / 61.3856°N 141.7495°W / 61.3856; -141.7495 (Mount Bona)\n\n\n5\nMount Blackburn[18][19][20][21]\n Alaska\nWrangell Mountains\n7003499568200000000♠16,390 ft\n4996 m\n7003354787900000000♠11,640 ft\n3548 m\n7004976400000000000♠60.7 mi\n97.6 km\n61°43′50″N 143°24′11″W / 61.7305°N 143.4031°W / 61.7305; -143.4031 (Mount Blackburn)\n\n\n6\nMount Sanford[22][23]\n Alaska\nWrangell Mountains\n7003494904700099999♠16,237 ft\n4949 m\n7003234300200000000♠7,687 ft\n2343 m\n7004647900000000000♠40.3 mi\n64.8 km\n62°12′48″N 144°07′45″W / 62.2132°N 144.1292°W / 62.2132; -144.1292 (Mount Sanford)\n\n\n7\nMount Fairweather[24][25][26]\n(Fairweather Mountain)\n Alaska\n British Columbia\nSaint Elias Mountains\n7003467100000000000♠15,325 ft\n4671 m\n7003396100000000000♠12,995 ft\n3961 m\n7005200280000000000♠124.4 mi\n200 km\n58°54′23″N 137°31′35″W / 58.9064°N 137.5265°W / 58.9064; -137.5265 (Mount Fairweather)\n\n\n8\nMount Hubbard[27][28]\n Alaska\n Yukon\nSaint Elias Mountains\n7003455700000000000♠14,951 ft\n4557 m\n7003245700000000000♠8,061 ft\n2457 m\n7004343500000000000♠21.3 mi\n34.4 km\n60°19′10″N 139°04′21″W / 60.3194°N 139.0726°W / 60.3194; -139.0726 (Mount Hubbard)\n\n\n9\nMount Bear[29][30]\n Alaska\nSaint Elias Mountains\n7003452049800099999♠14,831 ft\n4520 m\n7003154049800000000♠5,054 ft\n1540 m\n7004324200000000000♠20.1 mi\n32.4 km\n61°17′00″N 141°08′36″W / 61.2834°N 141.1433°W / 61.2834; -141.1433 (Mount Bear)\n\n\n10\nMount Hunter[31][32]\n Alaska\nAlaska Range\n7003444185900000000♠14,573 ft\n4442 m\n7003141823700000000♠4,653 ft\n1418 m\n7004110700000000000♠6.88 mi\n11.07 km\n62°57′01″N 151°05′29″W / 62.9504°N 151.0915°W / 62.9504; -151.0915 (Mount Hunter)\n\n\n11\nMount Whitney[33][34][35][36][37]\n California\nSierra Nevada\n7003442100000000000♠14,505 ft\n4421.0 m\n7003307239000000000♠10,080 ft\n3072 m\n7006264947000000000♠1,646 mi\n2,649 km\n36°34′43″N 118°17′31″W / 36.5786°N 118.2920°W / 36.5786; -118.2920 (Mount Whitney)\n\n\n12\nMount Alverstone[38][39][40]\n(Boundary Point 180)\n Alaska\n Yukon\nSaint Elias Mountains\n7003441960900000000♠14,500 ft\n4420 m\n7002594361000000000♠1,950 ft\n594 m\n7003362000000000000♠2.25 mi\n3.62 km\n60°21′06″N 139°04′30″W / 60.3518°N 139.0749°W / 60.3518; -139.0749 (Mount Alverstone)\n\n\n13\nUniversity Peak[41][42]\n Alaska\nSaint Elias Mountains\n7003441046500000000♠14,470 ft\n4410 m\n7002978410000000000♠3,210 ft\n978 m\n7003597000000000000♠3.71 mi\n5.97 km\n61°19′38″N 141°47′12″W / 61.3272°N 141.7867°W / 61.3272; -141.7867 (University Peak)\n\n\n14\nMount Elbert[43][44][45][46]\n Colorado\nSawatch Range\n7003440120000000000♠14,440 ft\n4401.2 m\n7003277155200000000♠9,093 ft\n2772 m\n7006107915000000000♠671 mi\n1,079 km\n39°07′04″N 106°26′43″W / 39.1178°N 106.4454°W / 39.1178; -106.4454 (Mount Elbert)\n\n\n15\nMount Massive[47][48][49][50][51]\n Colorado\nSawatch Range\n7003439761700000000♠14,428 ft\n4398 m\n7002597714000000000♠1,961 ft\n598 m\n7003814000000000000♠5.06 mi\n8.14 km\n39°11′15″N 106°28′33″W / 39.1875°N 106.4757°W / 39.1875; -106.4757 (Mount Massive)\n\n\n16\nMount Harvard[52][53][54][55][56]\n Colorado\nSawatch Range\n7003439560000000000♠14,421 ft\n4395.6 m\n7002719328999900000♠2,360 ft\n719 m\n7004240100000000000♠14.92 mi\n24.0 km\n38°55′28″N 106°19′15″W / 38.9244°N 106.3207°W / 38.9244; -106.3207 (Mount Harvard)\n\n\n17\nMount Rainier[57][58][59][60]\n Washington\nCascade Range\n7003439439600000000♠14,417 ft\n4394 m\n7003402641600000000♠13,210 ft\n4026 m\n7006117672000000000♠731 mi\n1,177 km\n46°51′10″N 121°45′37″W / 46.8529°N 121.7604°W / 46.8529; -121.7604 (Mount Rainier)\n\n\n18\nMount Williamson[61][62][63]\n California\nSierra Nevada\n7003438270600000000♠14,379 ft\n4383 m\n7002510706000000000♠1,676 ft\n511 m\n7003870000000000000♠5.41 mi\n8.70 km\n36°39′21″N 118°18′40″W / 36.6559°N 118.3111°W / 36.6559; -118.3111 (Mount Williamson)\n\n\n19\nBlanca Peak[64][65][66][67][68]\n Colorado\nSangre de Cristo Mountains\n7003437412000000000♠14,351 ft\n4374 m\n7003162336800000000♠5,326 ft\n1623 m\n7005166360000000000♠103.4 mi\n166.4 km\n37°34′39″N 105°29′08″W / 37.5775°N 105.4856°W / 37.5775; -105.4856 (Blanca Peak)\n\n\n20\nLa Plata Peak[69][70][71]\n Colorado\nSawatch Range\n7003437160500099999♠14,343 ft\n4372 m\n7002559614000000000♠1,836 ft\n560 m\n7004101100000000000♠6.28 mi\n10.11 km\n39°01′46″N 106°28′22″W / 39.0294°N 106.4729°W / 39.0294; -106.4729 (La Plata Peak)\n\n\n21\nUncompahgre Peak[72][73][74][75][76]\n Colorado\nSan Juan Mountains\n7003436500000000000♠14,321 ft\n4365.0 m\n7003130363200000000♠4,277 ft\n1304 m\n7005136810000000000♠85.0 mi\n136.8 km\n38°04′18″N 107°27′44″W / 38.0717°N 107.4621°W / 38.0717; -107.4621 (Uncompahgre Peak)\n\n\n22\nCrestone Peak[77][78][79][80]\n Colorado\nSangre de Cristo Range\n7003435857200000000♠14,300 ft\n4359 m\n7003138805900000000♠4,554 ft\n1388 m\n7004440400000000000♠27.4 mi\n44.0 km\n37°58′01″N 105°35′08″W / 37.9669°N 105.5855°W / 37.9669; -105.5855 (Crestone Peak)\n\n\n23\nMount Lincoln[81][82][83][84][85]\n Colorado\nMosquito Range\n7003435650000000000♠14,293 ft\n4356.5 m\n7003117714000000000♠3,862 ft\n1177 m\n7004362200000000000♠22.5 mi\n36.2 km\n39°21′05″N 106°06′42″W / 39.3515°N 106.1116°W / 39.3515; -106.1116 (Mount Lincoln)\n\n\n24\nCastle Peak[86][87][88][89]\n Colorado\nElk Mountains\n7003435220000000000♠14,279 ft\n4352.2 m\n7002720852999900000♠2,365 ft\n721 m\n7004335700000000000♠20.9 mi\n33.6 km\n39°00′35″N 106°51′41″W / 39.0097°N 106.8614°W / 39.0097; -106.8614 (Castle Peak)\n\n\n25\nGrays Peak[90][91][92][93][94]\n Colorado\nFront Range\n7003435200000000000♠14,278 ft\n4352 m\n7002844298000000000♠2,770 ft\n844 m\n7004402400000000000♠25.0 mi\n40.2 km\n39°38′02″N 105°49′03″W / 39.6339°N 105.8176°W / 39.6339; -105.8176 (Grays Peak)\n\n\n26\nMount Antero[95][96][97][98]\n Colorado\nSawatch Range\n7003435140000099999♠14,276 ft\n4351.4 m\n7002762916000000000♠2,503 ft\n763 m\n7004284400000000000♠17.67 mi\n28.4 km\n38°40′27″N 106°14′46″W / 38.6741°N 106.2462°W / 38.6741; -106.2462 (Mount Antero)\n\n\n27\nMount Evans[99][100][101][102]\n Colorado\nFront Range\n7003434979800000000♠14,271 ft\n4350 m\n7002844269000000000♠2,770 ft\n844 m\n7004157600000000000♠9.79 mi\n15.76 km\n39°35′18″N 105°38′38″W / 39.5883°N 105.6438°W / 39.5883; -105.6438 (Mount Evans)\n\n\n28\nLongs Peak[103][104][105][106][107]\n Colorado\nFront Range\n7003434600000000000♠14,259 ft\n4346 m\n7002896114000000000♠2,940 ft\n896 m\n7004701800000000000♠43.6 mi\n70.2 km\n40°15′18″N 105°36′54″W / 40.2550°N 105.6151°W / 40.2550; -105.6151 (Longs Peak)\n\n\n29\nMount Wilson[108][109][110][111][112]\n Colorado\nSan Miguel Mountains\n7003434408900000000♠14,252 ft\n4344 m\n7003122651800000000♠4,024 ft\n1227 m\n7004531300000000000♠33.0 mi\n53.1 km\n37°50′21″N 107°59′30″W / 37.8391°N 107.9916°W / 37.8391; -107.9916 (Mount Wilson)\n\n\n30\nWhite Mountain Peak[113][114][115][116]\n California\nWhite Mountains\n7003434400000000000♠14,252 ft\n4344.0 m\n7003219334500099999♠7,196 ft\n2193 m\n7005108550000000000♠67.4 mi\n108.6 km\n37°38′03″N 118°15′21″W / 37.6341°N 118.2557°W / 37.6341; -118.2557 (White Mountain Peak)\n\n\n31\nNorth Palisade[117][118][119][120][121]\n California\nSierra Nevada\n7003434283000000000♠14,248 ft\n4343 m\n7002882093000000000♠2,894 ft\n882 m\n7004517600000000000♠32.2 mi\n51.8 km\n37°05′39″N 118°30′52″W / 37.0943°N 118.5145°W / 37.0943; -118.5145 (North Palisade)\n\n\n32\nMount Princeton[122][123][124]\n Colorado\nSawatch Range\n7003432930000000000♠14,204 ft\n4329.3 m\n7002663551000000000♠2,177 ft\n664 m\n7003836000000000000♠5.19 mi\n8.36 km\n38°44′57″N 106°14′33″W / 38.7492°N 106.2424°W / 38.7492; -106.2424 (Mount Princeton)\n\n\n33\nMount Yale[125][126][127]\n Colorado\nSawatch Range\n7003432820000000000♠14,200 ft\n4328.2 m\n7002577902000000000♠1,896 ft\n578 m\n7003893000000000000♠5.55 mi\n8.93 km\n38°50′39″N 106°18′50″W / 38.8442°N 106.3138°W / 38.8442; -106.3138 (Mount Yale)\n\n\n34\nMount Shasta[128][129][130][131]\n California\nCascade Range\n7003432180000000000♠14,179 ft\n4321.8 m\n7003297851200000000♠9,772 ft\n2979 m\n7005538680000000000♠335 mi\n539 km\n41°24′33″N 122°11′42″W / 41.4092°N 122.1949°W / 41.4092; -122.1949 (Mount Shasta)\n\n\n35\nMaroon Peak[132][133][134]\n Colorado\nElk Mountains\n7003431700000000000♠14,163 ft\n4317.0 m\n7002712014000000000♠2,336 ft\n712 m\n7004129700000000000♠8.06 mi\n12.97 km\n39°04′15″N 106°59′20″W / 39.0708°N 106.9890°W / 39.0708; -106.9890 (Maroon Peak)\n\n\n36\nMount Wrangell[135][136]\n Alaska\nWrangell Mountains\n7003431689100099999♠14,163 ft\n4317 m\n7003171084600000000♠5,613 ft\n1711 m\n7004238100000000000♠14.79 mi\n23.8 km\n62°00′21″N 144°01′07″W / 62.0059°N 144.0187°W / 62.0059; -144.0187 (Mount Wrangell)\n\n\n37\nMount Sneffels[137][138][139][140]\n Colorado\nSneffels Range\n7003431540000099999♠14,158 ft\n4315.4 m\n7002929642000000000♠3,050 ft\n930 m\n7004252800000000000♠15.71 mi\n25.3 km\n38°00′14″N 107°47′32″W / 38.0038°N 107.7923°W / 38.0038; -107.7923 (Mount Sneffels)\n\n\n38\nCapitol Peak[141][142][143][144]\n Colorado\nElk Mountains\n7003430882400099999♠14,137 ft\n4309 m\n7002533401000099999♠1,750 ft\n533 m\n7004119800000000000♠7.44 mi\n11.98 km\n39°09′01″N 107°04′58″W / 39.1503°N 107.0829°W / 39.1503; -107.0829 (Capitol Peak)\n\n\n39\nPikes Peak[145][146][147][148]\n Colorado\nFront Range\n7003430231000000000♠14,115 ft\n4302.31 m\n7003168554700000000♠5,530 ft\n1686 m\n7004975600000000000♠60.6 mi\n97.6 km\n38°50′26″N 105°02′39″W / 38.8405°N 105.0442°W / 38.8405; -105.0442 (Pikes Peak)\n\n\n40\nWindom Peak[149][150][151][152][153]\n Colorado\nNeedle Mountains\n7003429551100000000♠14,093 ft\n4296 m\n7002666599000000000♠2,187 ft\n667 m\n7004424000000000000♠26.3 mi\n42.4 km\n37°37′16″N 107°35′31″W / 37.6212°N 107.5919°W / 37.6212; -107.5919 (Windom Peak)\n\n\n41\nMount Augusta[154][155]\n Alaska\n Yukon\nSaint Elias Mountains\n7003428854500000000♠14,070 ft\n4289 m\n7003154900000000000♠5,082 ft\n1549 m\n7004231900000000000♠14.41 mi\n23.2 km\n60°18′27″N 140°27′30″W / 60.3074°N 140.4584°W / 60.3074; -140.4584 (Mount Augusta)\n\n\n42\nHandies Peak[156][157][158]\n Colorado\nSan Juan Mountains\n7003428480000000000♠14,058 ft\n4284.8 m\n7002581559999900000♠1,908 ft\n582 m\n7004180000000000000♠11.18 mi\n18.00 km\n37°54′47″N 107°30′16″W / 37.9130°N 107.5044°W / 37.9130; -107.5044 (Handies Peak)\n\n\n43\nCulebra Peak[159][160][161][162][163]\n Colorado\nCulebra Range\n7003428327400000000♠14,053 ft\n4283 m\n7003147127300000000♠4,827 ft\n1471 m\n7004569400000000000♠35.4 mi\n56.9 km\n37°07′21″N 105°11′09″W / 37.1224°N 105.1858°W / 37.1224; -105.1858 (Culebra Peak)\n\n\n44\nSan Luis Peak[164][165][166][167]\n Colorado\nLa Garita Mountains\n7003427380000000000♠14,022 ft\n4273.8 m\n7002948844000000000♠3,113 ft\n949 m\n7004433700000000000♠26.9 mi\n43.4 km\n37°59′12″N 106°55′53″W / 37.9868°N 106.9313°W / 37.9868; -106.9313 (San Luis Peak)\n\n\n45\nMount of the Holy Cross[168][169][170][171][172]\n Colorado\nSawatch Range\n7003427051000000000♠14,011 ft\n4270.5 m\n7002644034000000000♠2,113 ft\n644 m\n7004296300000000000♠18.41 mi\n29.6 km\n39°28′00″N 106°28′54″W / 39.4668°N 106.4817°W / 39.4668; -106.4817 (Mount of the Holy Cross)\n\n\n46\nGrizzly Peak[173][174][175]\n Colorado\nSawatch Range\n7003426560000000000♠13,995 ft\n4265.6 m\n7002587655999900000♠1,928 ft\n588 m\n7004108900000000000♠6.77 mi\n10.89 km\n39°02′33″N 106°35′51″W / 39.0425°N 106.5976°W / 39.0425; -106.5976 (Grizzly Peak)\n\n\n47\nMount Humphreys[176][177][178][179]\n California\nSierra Nevada\n7003426478300000000♠13,992 ft\n4265 m\n7002781203999900000♠2,563 ft\n781 m\n7004236700000000000♠14.71 mi\n23.7 km\n37°16′14″N 118°40′23″W / 37.2705°N 118.6730°W / 37.2705; -118.6730 (Mount Humphreys)\n\n\n48\nMount Keith[180][181][182][183]\n California\nSierra Nevada\n7003426168800000000♠13,982 ft\n4262 m\n7002590000000000000♠1,936 ft\n590 m\n7003497000000000000♠3.09 mi\n4.97 km\n36°42′00″N 118°20′37″W / 36.7001°N 118.3436°W / 36.7001; -118.3436 (Mount Keith)\n\n\n49\nMount Ouray[184][185][186][187]\n Colorado\nSawatch Range\n7003425549999999999♠13,961 ft\n4255.4 m\n7002810465000000000♠2,659 ft\n810 m\n7004218600000000000♠13.58 mi\n21.9 km\n38°25′22″N 106°13′29″W / 38.4227°N 106.2247°W / 38.4227; -106.2247 (Mount Ouray)\n\n\n50\nVermilion Peak[188][189][190]\n Colorado\nSan Juan Mountains\n7003423672700000000♠13,900 ft\n4237 m\n7002641605000000000♠2,105 ft\n642 m\n7004146000000000000♠9.07 mi\n14.60 km\n37°47′57″N 107°49′43″W / 37.7993°N 107.8285°W / 37.7993; -107.8285 (Vermilion Peak)\n\n\n51\nAtna Peaks[191][192]\n Alaska\nWrangell Mountains\n7003422453600000000♠13,860 ft\n4225 m\n7002673609000000000♠2,210 ft\n674 m\n7003586000000000000♠3.64 mi\n5.86 km\n61°44′58″N 143°14′29″W / 61.7495°N 143.2414°W / 61.7495; -143.2414 (Atna Peaks)\n\n\n52\nRegal Mountain[193][194][195]\n Alaska\nWrangell Mountains\n7003421996400000000♠13,845 ft\n4220 m\n7003133959900000000♠4,395 ft\n1340 m\n7004197200000000000♠12.25 mi\n19.72 km\n61°44′38″N 142°52′03″W / 61.7438°N 142.8675°W / 61.7438; -142.8675 (Regal Mountain)\n\n\n53\nMount Darwin[196][197][198][199]\n California\nSierra Nevada\n7003421758299999999♠13,837 ft\n4218 m\n7002576378000000000♠1,891 ft\n576 m\n7004114800000000000♠7.13 mi\n11.48 km\n37°10′01″N 118°40′20″W / 37.1669°N 118.6721°W / 37.1669; -118.6721 (Mount Darwin)\n\n\n54\nMount Hayes[200][201][202][203]\n Alaska\nAlaska Range\n7003421600200000000♠13,832 ft\n4216 m\n7003350734100000000♠11,507 ft\n3507 m\n7005202000000000000♠125.5 mi\n202 km\n63°37′13″N 146°43′04″W / 63.6203°N 146.7178°W / 63.6203; -146.7178 (Mount Hayes)\n\n\n55\nMount Silverheels[204][205][206]\n Colorado\nFront Range\n7003421500000000000♠13,829 ft\n4215.0 m\n7002695860000000000♠2,283 ft\n696 m\n7003882000000000000♠5.48 mi\n8.82 km\n39°20′22″N 106°00′19″W / 39.3394°N 106.0054°W / 39.3394; -106.0054 (Mount Silverheels)\n\n\n56\nRio Grande Pyramid[207][208][209]\n Colorado\nSan Juan Mountains\n7003421449999999999♠13,827 ft\n4214.4 m\n7002573330000000000♠1,881 ft\n573 m\n7004173100000000000♠10.76 mi\n17.31 km\n37°40′47″N 107°23′33″W / 37.6797°N 107.3924°W / 37.6797; -107.3924 (Rio Grande Pyramid)\n\n\n57\nGannett Peak[210][211][212][213][214]\n Wyoming\nWind River Range\n7003420910000000000♠13,809 ft\n4209.1 m\n7003215676900099999♠7,076 ft\n2157 m\n7005467280000000000♠290 mi\n467 km\n43°11′03″N 109°39′15″W / 43.1842°N 109.6542°W / 43.1842; -109.6542 (Gannett Peak)\n\n\n58\nMount Kaweah[215][216][217][218][219]\n California\nSierra Nevada\n7003420851000000000♠13,807 ft\n4209 m\n7002617831000000000♠2,027 ft\n618 m\n7004172700000000000♠10.73 mi\n17.27 km\n36°31′34″N 118°28′43″W / 36.5261°N 118.4785°W / 36.5261; -118.4785 (Mount Kaweah)\n\n\n59\nMauna Kea[220][221][222][223][224]\n Hawaii\nIsland of Hawaiʻi\n7003420730000000000♠13,803 ft\n4207.3 m\n7003420730000000000♠13,803 ft\n4207 m\n7006394700000000000♠2,453 mi\n3,947 km\n19°49′15″N 155°28′05″W / 19.8207°N 155.4681°W / 19.8207; -155.4681 (Mauna Kea)\n\n\n60\nGrand Teton[225][226][227][228][229]\n Wyoming\nTeton Range\n7003419870000000000♠13,775 ft\n4198.7 m\n7003199492000000000♠6,545 ft\n1995 m\n7005111610000000000♠69.4 mi\n111.6 km\n43°44′28″N 110°48′09″W / 43.7412°N 110.8024°W / 43.7412; -110.8024 (Grand Teton)\n\n\n61\nMount Cook[230][231]\n Alaska\n Yukon\nSaint Elias Mountains\n7003419405700000000♠13,760 ft\n4194 m\n7003235001300000000♠7,710 ft\n2350 m\n7004234000000000000♠14.54 mi\n23.4 km\n60°10′54″N 139°58′52″W / 60.1816°N 139.9811°W / 60.1816; -139.9811 (Mount Cook)\n\n\n62\nMount Morgan[232][233][234]\n California\nSierra Nevada\n7003419349999999999♠13,758 ft\n4193.4 m\n7002807112000000000♠2,648 ft\n807 m\n7004158700000000000♠9.86 mi\n15.87 km\n37°24′19″N 118°43′58″W / 37.4053°N 118.7329°W / 37.4053; -118.7329 (Mount Morgan)\n\n\n63\nMount Gabb[235][236][237]\n California\nSierra Nevada\n7003419022300000000♠13,747 ft\n4190 m\n7002792785999900000♠2,601 ft\n793 m\n7003689000000000000♠4.28 mi\n6.89 km\n37°22′37″N 118°48′09″W / 37.3769°N 118.8025°W / 37.3769; -118.8025 (Mount Gabb)\n\n\n64\nBald Mountain[238][239][240]\n Colorado\nFront Range\n7003417281400000000♠13,690 ft\n4173 m\n7002639776000000000♠2,099 ft\n640 m\n7004120900000000000♠7.51 mi\n12.09 km\n39°26′41″N 105°58′14″W / 39.4448°N 105.9705°W / 39.4448; -105.9705 (Bald Mountain)\n\n\n65\nMount Oso[241][242][243]\n Colorado\nSan Juan Mountains\n7003417266799999999♠13,690 ft\n4173 m\n7002507188000000000♠1,664 ft\n507 m\n7003871000000000000♠5.41 mi\n8.71 km\n37°36′25″N 107°29′37″W / 37.6070°N 107.4936°W / 37.6070; -107.4936 (Mount Oso)\n\n\n66\nMauna Loa[244][245][246][247]\n Hawaii\nIsland of Hawaiʻi\n7003416936800000000♠13,679 ft\n4169 m\n7003216378000000000♠7,099 ft\n2164 m\n7004408300000000000♠25.4 mi\n40.8 km\n19°28′32″N 155°36′19″W / 19.4756°N 155.6054°W / 19.4756; -155.6054 (Mauna Loa)\n\n\n67\nMount Jackson[248][249][250]\n Colorado\nSawatch Range\n7003416850000000000♠13,676 ft\n4168.5 m\n7002551689000099999♠1,810 ft\n552 m\n7003516000000000000♠3.21 mi\n5.16 km\n39°29′07″N 106°32′12″W / 39.4853°N 106.5367°W / 39.4853; -106.5367 (Mount Jackson)\n\n\n68\nMount Tom[251][252][253][254]\n California\nSierra Nevada\n7003416251700000000♠13,657 ft\n4163 m\n7002607163000000000♠1,992 ft\n607 m\n7003767000000000000♠4.77 mi\n7.67 km\n37°22′34″N 119°10′44″W / 37.3762°N 119.1789°W / 37.3762; -119.1789 (Mount Tom)\n\n\n69\nBard Peak[255][256][257]\n Colorado\nFront Range\n7003415949200000000♠13,647 ft\n4159 m\n7002518466000000000♠1,701 ft\n518 m\n7003874000000000000♠5.43 mi\n8.74 km\n39°43′13″N 105°48′16″W / 39.7204°N 105.8044°W / 39.7204; -105.8044 (Bard Peak)\n\n\n70\nWest Spanish Peak[258][259][260][261]\n Colorado\nSpanish Peaks\n7003415468099999999♠13,631 ft\n4155 m\n7003112349500099999♠3,686 ft\n1123 m\n7004319800000000000♠19.87 mi\n32.0 km\n37°22′32″N 104°59′36″W / 37.3756°N 104.9934°W / 37.3756; -104.9934 (West Spanish Peak)\n\n\n71\nMount Powell[262][263][264][265]\n Colorado\nGore Range\n7003414096299900000♠13,586 ft\n4141 m\n7002914402000000000♠3,000 ft\n914 m\n7004346000000000000♠21.5 mi\n34.6 km\n39°45′36″N 106°20′27″W / 39.7601°N 106.3407°W / 39.7601; -106.3407 (Mount Powell)\n\n\n72\nHagues Peak[266][267][268][269]\n Colorado\nMummy Range\n7003413700000000000♠13,573 ft\n4137 m\n7002737617000000000♠2,420 ft\n738 m\n7004252600000000000♠15.70 mi\n25.3 km\n40°29′04″N 105°38′47″W / 40.4845°N 105.6464°W / 40.4845; -105.6464 (Hagues Peak)\n\n\n73\nMount Dubois[270][271][272]\n California\nWhite Mountains\n7003413467000000000♠13,565 ft\n4135 m\n7002712929000000000♠2,339 ft\n713 m\n7004155000000000000♠9.63 mi\n15.50 km\n37°47′00″N 118°20′36″W / 37.7834°N 118.3432°W / 37.7834; -118.3432 (Mount Dubois)\n\n\n74\nTower Mountain[273][274][275]\n Colorado\nSan Juan Mountains\n7003413245399900000♠13,558 ft\n4132 m\n7002503531000000000♠1,652 ft\n504 m\n7003786000000000000♠4.88 mi\n7.86 km\n37°51′26″N 107°37′23″W / 37.8573°N 107.6230°W / 37.8573; -107.6230 (Tower Mountain)\n\n\n75\nTreasure Mountain[276][277][278]\n Colorado\nElk Mountains\n7003412535099999999♠13,535 ft\n4125 m\n7002861976000000000♠2,828 ft\n862 m\n7004111300000000000♠6.92 mi\n11.13 km\n39°01′28″N 107°07′22″W / 39.0244°N 107.1228°W / 39.0244; -107.1228 (Treasure Mountain)\n\n\n76\nKings Peak[279][280][281][282]\n Utah\nUinta Mountains\n7003412514999999999♠13,534 ft\n4125 m\n7003193792200000000♠6,358 ft\n1938 m\n7005268040000000000♠166.6 mi\n268 km\n40°46′35″N 110°22′22″W / 40.7763°N 110.3729°W / 40.7763; -110.3729 (Kings Peak)\n\n\n77\nNorth Arapaho Peak[283][284][285][286][287]\n Colorado\nFront Range\n7003411718099999999♠13,508 ft\n4117 m\n7002507493000000000♠1,665 ft\n507 m\n7004247500000000000♠15.38 mi\n24.8 km\n40°01′35″N 105°39′01″W / 40.0265°N 105.6504°W / 40.0265; -105.6504 (North Arapaho Peak)\n\n\n78\nMount Pinchot[288][289][290]\n California\nSierra Nevada\n7003411478899900000♠13,500 ft\n4115 m\n7002643000000000000♠2,110 ft\n643 m\n7003758000000000000♠4.71 mi\n7.58 km\n36°56′50″N 118°24′19″W / 36.9473°N 118.4054°W / 36.9473; -118.4054 (Mount Pinchot)\n\n\n79\nMount Natazhat[291][292]\n Alaska\nSaint Elias Mountains\n7003409499600000000♠13,435 ft\n4095 m\n7003182423200000000♠5,985 ft\n1824 m\n7004249300000000000♠15.49 mi\n24.9 km\n61°31′18″N 141°06′11″W / 61.5217°N 141.1030°W / 61.5217; -141.1030 (Mount Natazhat)\n\n\n80\nMount Jarvis[293][294]\n Alaska\nWrangell Mountains\n7003409072900000000♠13,421 ft\n4091 m\n7003145420400000000♠4,771 ft\n1454 m\n7004179500000000000♠11.15 mi\n17.95 km\n62°01′24″N 143°37′11″W / 62.0234°N 143.6198°W / 62.0234; -143.6198 (Mount Jarvis)\n\n\n81\nParry Peak[295][296][297]\n Colorado\nFront Range\n7003408334800000000♠13,397 ft\n4083 m\n7002524256999999999♠1,720 ft\n524 m\n7004152200000000000♠9.46 mi\n15.22 km\n39°50′17″N 105°42′48″W / 39.8381°N 105.7132°W / 39.8381; -105.7132 (Parry Peak)\n\n\n82\nBill Williams Peak[298][299][300][301]\n Colorado\nWilliams Mountains\n7003408088600000000♠13,389 ft\n4081 m\n7002512675000099999♠1,682 ft\n513 m\n7003600000000000000♠3.73 mi\n6.00 km\n39°10′50″N 106°36′37″W / 39.1806°N 106.6102°W / 39.1806; -106.6102 (Bill Williams Peak)\n\n\n83\nSultan Mountain[302][303][304]\n Colorado\nSan Juan Mountains\n7003407622400000000♠13,373 ft\n4076 m\n7002569368000000000♠1,868 ft\n569 m\n7003739000000000000♠4.59 mi\n7.39 km\n37°47′09″N 107°42′14″W / 37.7859°N 107.7038°W / 37.7859; -107.7038 (Sultan Mountain)\n\n\n84\nMount Herard[305][306][307]\n Colorado\nSangre de Cristo Mountains\n7003406768000000000♠13,345 ft\n4068 m\n7002621793000000000♠2,040 ft\n622 m\n7003745000000000000♠4.63 mi\n7.45 km\n37°50′57″N 105°29′42″W / 37.8492°N 105.4949°W / 37.8492; -105.4949 (Mount Herard)\n\n\n85\nWest Buffalo Peak[308][309][310][311]\n Colorado\nMosquito Range\n7003406360700000000♠13,332 ft\n4064 m\n7002605333999900000♠1,986 ft\n605 m\n7004154600000000000♠9.61 mi\n15.46 km\n38°59′30″N 106°07′30″W / 38.9917°N 106.1249°W / 38.9917; -106.1249 (West Buffalo Peak)\n\n\n86\nTressider Peak[312][313]\n Alaska\nSaint Elias Mountains\n7003405842000000000♠13,315 ft\n4058 m\n7002507493000000000♠1,665 ft\n507 m\n7003534000000000000♠3.32 mi\n5.34 km\n61°21′32″N 141°39′59″W / 61.3590°N 141.6664°W / 61.3590; -141.6664 (Tressider Peak)\n\n\n87\nSummit Peak[314][315][316][317]\n Colorado\nSan Juan Mountains\n7003405620000000000♠13,308 ft\n4056.2 m\n7002841250000000000♠2,760 ft\n841 m\n7004636600000000000♠39.6 mi\n63.7 km\n37°21′02″N 106°41′48″W / 37.3506°N 106.6968°W / 37.3506; -106.6968 (Summit Peak)\n\n\n88\nMiddle Peak[318][319][320][321]\n Colorado\nSan Miguel Mountains\n7003405565700000000♠13,306 ft\n4056 m\n7002597418000000000♠1,960 ft\n597 m\n7003769000000000000♠4.78 mi\n7.69 km\n37°51′13″N 108°06′30″W / 37.8536°N 108.1082°W / 37.8536; -108.1082 (Middle Peak)\n\n\n89\nAntora Peak[322][323][324]\n Colorado\nSawatch Range\n7003404628200000000♠13,275 ft\n4046 m\n7002734265000000000♠2,409 ft\n734 m\n7004108600000000000♠6.75 mi\n10.86 km\n38°19′30″N 106°13′05″W / 38.3250°N 106.2180°W / 38.3250; -106.2180 (Antora Peak)\n\n\n90\nHenry Mountain[325][326][327]\n Colorado\nSawatch Range\n7003404186400000000♠13,261 ft\n4042 m\n7002510236000000000♠1,674 ft\n510 m\n7004176100000000000♠10.94 mi\n17.61 km\n38°41′08″N 106°37′16″W / 38.6856°N 106.6211°W / 38.6856; -106.6211 (Henry Mountain)\n\n\n91\nHesperus Mountain[328][329][330][331]\n Colorado\nLa Plata Mountains\n7003403477200000000♠13,237 ft\n4035 m\n7002869291000000000♠2,852 ft\n869 m\n7004394700000000000♠24.5 mi\n39.5 km\n37°26′42″N 108°05′20″W / 37.4451°N 108.0890°W / 37.4451; -108.0890 (Hesperus Mountain)\n\n\n92\nMount Silverthrone[332][333]\n Alaska\nAlaska Range\n7003402946400000000♠13,220 ft\n4029 m\n7002987554000000000♠3,240 ft\n988 m\n7004127200000000000♠7.90 mi\n12.72 km\n63°06′57″N 150°40′32″W / 63.1157°N 150.6755°W / 63.1157; -150.6755 (Mount Silverthrone)\n\n\n93\nJacque Peak[334][335][336]\n Colorado\nGore Range\n7003402675800000000♠13,211 ft\n4027 m\n7002629413000000000♠2,065 ft\n629 m\n7003728000000000000♠4.52 mi\n7.28 km\n39°27′18″N 106°11′49″W / 39.4549°N 106.1970°W / 39.4549; -106.1970 (Jacque Peak)\n\n\n94\nBennett Peak[337][338][339]\n Colorado\nSan Juan Mountains\n7003402606400000000♠13,209 ft\n4026 m\n7002531267000000000♠1,743 ft\n531 m\n7004274900000000000♠17.08 mi\n27.5 km\n37°29′00″N 106°26′03″W / 37.4833°N 106.4343°W / 37.4833; -106.4343 (Bennett Peak)\n\n\n95\nWind River Peak[340][341][342][343]\n Wyoming\nWind River Range\n7003402240000000000♠13,197 ft\n4022.4 m\n7002783947000000000♠2,572 ft\n784 m\n7004565600000000000♠35.1 mi\n56.6 km\n42°42′31″N 109°07′42″W / 42.7085°N 109.1284°W / 42.7085; -109.1284 (Wind River Peak)\n\n\n96\nConejos Peak[344][345][346]\n Colorado\nSan Juan Mountains\n7003401700000000000♠13,179 ft\n4017.0 m\n7002582779000000000♠1,912 ft\n583 m\n7004131200000000000♠8.15 mi\n13.12 km\n37°17′19″N 106°34′15″W / 37.2887°N 106.5709°W / 37.2887; -106.5709 (Conejos Peak)\n\n\n97\nMount Marcus Baker[347][348][349]\n Alaska\nChugach Mountains\n7003401605300000000♠13,176 ft\n4016 m\n7003327691100000000♠10,751 ft\n3277 m\n7005203300000000000♠126.3 mi\n203 km\n61°26′15″N 147°45′09″W / 61.4374°N 147.7525°W / 61.4374; -147.7525 (Mount Marcus Baker)\n\n\n98\nCloud Peak[350][351][352][353][354]\n Wyoming\nBighorn Mountains\n7003401330000000000♠13,167 ft\n4013.3 m\n7003215707400000000♠7,077 ft\n2157 m\n7005233380000000000♠145.0 mi\n233 km\n44°22′56″N 107°10′26″W / 44.3821°N 107.1739°W / 44.3821; -107.1739 (Cloud Peak)\n\n\nWheeler Peak[355][356][357][358][359]\n New Mexico\nTaos Mountains\n7003401330000000000♠13,167 ft\n4013.3 m\n7003103906500000000♠3,409 ft\n1039 m\n7004595700000000000♠37.0 mi\n59.6 km\n36°33′25″N 105°25′01″W / 36.5569°N 105.4169°W / 36.5569; -105.4169 (Wheeler Peak)\n\n\n100\nFrancs Peak[360][361][362][363]\n Wyoming\nAbsaroka Range\n7003401230000000000♠13,164 ft\n4012.3 m\n7003123627100000000♠4,056 ft\n1236 m\n7004760200000000000♠47.2 mi\n76.0 km\n43°57′41″N 109°20′21″W / 43.9613°N 109.3392°W / 43.9613; -109.3392 (Francs Peak)\n\n\n101\nTwilight Peak[364][365][366][367]\n Colorado\nNeedle Mountains\n7003401210300000000♠13,163 ft\n4012 m\n7002712624000000000♠2,338 ft\n713 m\n7003786000000000000♠4.88 mi\n7.86 km\n37°39′47″N 107°43′37″W / 37.6630°N 107.7270°W / 37.6630; -107.7270 (Twilight Peak)\n\n\n102\nSouth River Peak[368][369][370]\n Colorado\nSan Juan Mountains\n7003400940000000000♠13,154 ft\n4009.4 m\n7002746152000000000♠2,448 ft\n746 m\n7004339900000000000♠21.1 mi\n34.0 km\n37°34′27″N 106°58′53″W / 37.5741°N 106.9815°W / 37.5741; -106.9815 (South River Peak)\n\n\n103\nMount Ritter[371][372][373][374]\n California\nSierra Nevada\n7003400778000000000♠13,149 ft\n4008 m\n7003121600000000000♠3,990 ft\n1216 m\n7004354300000000000♠22.0 mi\n35.4 km\n37°41′21″N 119°11′59″W / 37.6891°N 119.1996°W / 37.6891; -119.1996 (Mount Ritter)\n\n\n104\nRed Slate Mountain[375][376][377]\n California\nSierra Nevada\n7003400179100000000♠13,129 ft\n4002 m\n7002528981000000000♠1,736 ft\n529 m\n7004133800000000000♠8.31 mi\n13.38 km\n37°30′27″N 118°52′09″W / 37.5075°N 118.8693°W / 37.5075; -118.8693 (Red Slate Mountain)\n\n\n105\nMount Lyell (California)[378][379][380]\n California\nSierra Nevada\n7003399890000000000♠13,120 ft\n3998.9 m\n7002587000000000000♠1,926 ft\n587 m\n7003846000000000000♠5.26 mi\n8.46 km\n37°44′22″N 119°16′18″W / 37.7394°N 119.2716°W / 37.7394; -119.2716 (Mount Lyell)\n\n\n106\nBushnell Peak[381][382][383]\n Colorado\nSangre de Cristo Mountains\n7003399580000000000♠13,110 ft\n3995.8 m\n7002733045000000000♠2,405 ft\n733 m\n7004178200000000000♠11.07 mi\n17.82 km\n38°20′28″N 105°53′21″W / 38.3412°N 105.8892°W / 38.3412; -105.8892 (Bushnell Peak)\n\n\n107\nTruchas Peak[384][385][386][387][388]\n New Mexico\nSanta Fe Mountains\n7003399520000000000♠13,108 ft\n3995.2 m\n7003121950700000000♠4,001 ft\n1220 m\n7004681500000000000♠42.3 mi\n68.2 km\n35°57′45″N 105°38′42″W / 35.9625°N 105.6450°W / 35.9625; -105.6450 (Truchas Peak)\n\n\n108\nWheeler Peak[389][390][391][392]\n Nevada\nSnake Range\n7003398230000000000♠13,065 ft\n3982.3 m\n7003230673100000000♠7,568 ft\n2307 m\n7005373020000000000♠232 mi\n373 km\n38°59′09″N 114°18′50″W / 38.9858°N 114.3139°W / 38.9858; -114.3139 (Wheeler Peak)\n\n\n109\nMount Dana[393][394][395]\n California\nSierra Nevada\n7003398148700000000♠13,063 ft\n3981.5 m\n7002742799000000000♠2,437 ft\n743 m\n7004183500000000000♠11.40 mi\n18.35 km\n37°54′00″N 119°13′16″W / 37.8999°N 119.2211°W / 37.8999; -119.2211 (Mount Dana)\n\n\n110\nWest Elk Peak[396][397][398][399]\n Colorado\nWest Elk Mountains\n7003397520000000000♠13,042 ft\n3975.2 m\n7002943358000000000♠3,095 ft\n943 m\n7004221800000000000♠13.78 mi\n22.2 km\n38°43′04″N 107°11′58″W / 38.7179°N 107.1994°W / 38.7179; -107.1994 (West Elk Peak)\n\n\n111\nMount Moffit[400][401]\n Alaska\nAlaska Range\n7003396850400000000♠13,020 ft\n3969 m\n7003121005800000000♠3,970 ft\n1210 m\n7004164100000000000♠10.20 mi\n16.41 km\n63°34′06″N 146°23′54″W / 63.5683°N 146.3982°W / 63.5683; -146.3982 (Mount Moffit)\n\n\n112\nMount Centennial[402][403]\n(Peak 13010)\n Colorado\nSan Juan Mountains\n7003396727000000000♠13,016 ft\n3967 m\n7002545593000099999♠1,790 ft\n546 m\n7003461000000000000♠2.86 mi\n4.61 km\n37°36′22″N 107°14′41″W / 37.6062°N 107.2446°W / 37.6062; -107.2446 (Mount Centennial)\n\n\n113\nClark Peak[404][405][406][407]\n Colorado\nMedicine Bow Mountains\n7003394840000000000♠12,954 ft\n3948.4 m\n7002844602000000000♠2,771 ft\n845 m\n7004264000000000000♠16.40 mi\n26.4 km\n40°36′24″N 105°55′48″W / 40.6068°N 105.9300°W / 40.6068; -105.9300 (Clark Peak)\n\n\n114\nMount Richthofen[408][409][410][411]\n Colorado\nNever Summer Mountains\n7003394577800000000♠12,945 ft\n3946 m\n7002816866000000000♠2,680 ft\n817 m\n7004155400000000000♠9.66 mi\n15.54 km\n40°28′10″N 105°53′40″W / 40.4695°N 105.8945°W / 40.4695; -105.8945 (Mount Richthofen)\n\n\n115\nMount Root[412][413]\n Alaska\n British Columbia\nSaint Elias Mountains\n7003392800000000000♠12,887 ft\n3928 m\n7002908000000000000♠2,979 ft\n908 m\n7003879000000000000♠5.46 mi\n8.79 km\n58°59′07″N 137°30′00″W / 58.9854°N 137.5001°W / 58.9854; -137.5001 (Mount Root)\n\n\n116\nLizard Head Peak[414][415][416][417]\n Wyoming\nWind River Range\n7003391582100000000♠12,847 ft\n3916 m\n7002579731000000000♠1,902 ft\n580 m\n7004104000000000000♠6.46 mi\n10.40 km\n42°47′24″N 109°11′52″W / 42.7901°N 109.1978°W / 42.7901; -109.1978 (Lizard Head Peak)\n\n\n117\nGranite Peak[418][419][420][421]\n Montana\nBeartooth Mountains\n7003390350000000000♠12,807 ft\n3903.5 m\n7003145664200000000♠4,779 ft\n1457 m\n7005138450000000000♠86.0 mi\n138.5 km\n45°09′48″N 109°48′27″W / 45.1634°N 109.8075°W / 45.1634; -109.8075 (Granite Peak)\n\n\n118\nMount Crosson[422][423]\n Alaska\nAlaska Range\n7003390144800000000♠12,800 ft\n3901 m\n7002502921000000000♠1,650 ft\n503 m\n7003822000000000000♠5.11 mi\n8.22 km\n63°00′29″N 151°16′35″W / 63.0081°N 151.2763°W / 63.0081; -151.2763 (Mount Crosson)\n\n\n119\nVenado Peak[424][425][426]\n New Mexico\nTaos Mountains\n7003388298100000000♠12,739 ft\n3883 m\n7002905563000000000♠2,971 ft\n906 m\n7004189900000000000♠11.80 mi\n18.99 km\n36°47′30″N 105°29′36″W / 36.7917°N 105.4933°W / 36.7917; -105.4933 (Venado Peak)\n\n\n120\nChair Mountain[427][428][429]\n Colorado\nElk Mountains\n7003387910000000000♠12,727 ft\n3879.1 m\n7002750114000000000♠2,461 ft\n750 m\n7004143000000000000♠8.89 mi\n14.30 km\n39°03′29″N 107°16′56″W / 39.0581°N 107.2822°W / 39.0581; -107.2822 (Chair Mountain)\n\n\n121\nMount Peale[430][431][432][433]\n Utah\nLa Sal Mountains\n7003387900000000000♠12,726 ft\n3879 m\n7003188397300000000♠6,181 ft\n1884 m\n7005117140000000000♠72.8 mi\n117.1 km\n38°26′19″N 109°13′45″W / 38.4385°N 109.2292°W / 38.4385; -109.2292 (Mount Peale)\n\n\n122\nMount Crillon[434][435]\n Alaska\nSaint Elias Mountains\n7003387889300000000♠12,726 ft\n3879 m\n7003218724900099999♠7,176 ft\n2187 m\n7004314100000000000♠19.52 mi\n31.4 km\n58°39′45″N 137°10′16″W / 58.6625°N 137.1712°W / 58.6625; -137.1712 (Mount Crillon)\n\n\n123\nMount Gunnison[436][437][438]\n Colorado\nWest Elk Mountains\n7003387870000000000♠12,725 ft\n3878.7 m\n7003107868900000000♠3,539 ft\n1079 m\n7004190500000000000♠11.84 mi\n19.05 km\n38°48′44″N 107°22′57″W / 38.8121°N 107.3826°W / 38.8121; -107.3826 (Mount Gunnison)\n\n\n124\nEast Spanish Peak[439][440][441][442][443]\n Colorado\nSpanish Peaks\n7003386715800000000♠12,688 ft\n3867 m\n7002726340000000000♠2,383 ft\n726 m\n7003678000000000000♠4.21 mi\n6.78 km\n37°23′36″N 104°55′12″W / 37.3934°N 104.9201°W / 37.3934; -104.9201 (East Spanish Peak)\n\n\n125\nBorah Peak[444][445][446][447]\n Idaho\nLost River Range\n7003386120000000000♠12,668 ft\n3861.2 m\n7003182940000000000♠6,002 ft\n1829 m\n7005242620000000000♠150.8 mi\n243 km\n44°08′15″N 113°46′52″W / 44.1374°N 113.7811°W / 44.1374; -113.7811 (Borah Peak)\n\n\n126\nMount Wood[448][449][450][451]\n Montana\nAbsaroka Range\n7003386029200000000♠12,665 ft\n3860 m\n7002877826000000000♠2,880 ft\n878 m\n7004120400000000000♠7.48 mi\n12.04 km\n45°16′30″N 109°48′28″W / 45.2749°N 109.8078°W / 45.2749; -109.8078 (Mount Wood)\n\n\n127\nMount Gunnar Naslund[452]\n Alaska\nSaint Elias Mountains\n7003385816600000000♠12,658 ft\n3858 m\n7002642520000000000♠2,108 ft\n643 m\n7004110400000000000♠6.86 mi\n11.04 km\n61°13′42″N 141°18′50″W / 61.2282°N 141.3140°W / 61.2282; -141.3140 (Mount Gunnar Naslund)\n\n\n128\nMount Conness[453][454][455]\n California\nSierra Nevada\n7003385550000000000♠12,649 ft\n3855.5 m\n7002807722000000000♠2,650 ft\n808 m\n7004115500000000000♠7.18 mi\n11.55 km\n37°58′01″N 119°19′17″W / 37.9670°N 119.3213°W / 37.9670; -119.3213 (Mount Conness)\n\n\n129\nHumphreys Peak[456][457][458][459]\n Arizona\nSan Francisco Peaks\n7003385189100000000♠12,637 ft\n3852 m\n7003184069100000000♠6,039 ft\n1841 m\n7005395660000000000♠246 mi\n396 km\n35°20′47″N 111°40′41″W / 35.3464°N 111.6780°W / 35.3464; -111.6780 (Humphreys Peak)\n\n\n130\nSanta Fe Baldy[460][461][462][463]\n New Mexico\nSanta Fe Mountains\n7003385010000000000♠12,632 ft\n3850.1 m\n7002610211000000000♠2,002 ft\n610 m\n7004176900000000000♠10.99 mi\n17.69 km\n35°49′56″N 105°45′29″W / 35.8322°N 105.7581°W / 35.8322; -105.7581 (Santa Fe Baldy)\n\n\n131\nGothic Mountain[464][465][466]\n Colorado\nElk Mountains\n7003385004400000000♠12,631 ft\n3850 m\n7002501397000000000♠1,645 ft\n501 m\n7003439000000000000♠2.73 mi\n4.39 km\n38°57′22″N 107°00′39″W / 38.9562°N 107.0107°W / 38.9562; -107.0107 (Gothic Mountain)\n\n\n132\nCastle Mountain[467][468][469]\n Montana\nAbsaroka Range\n7003384610000000000♠12,618 ft\n3846.1 m\n7002814427000000000♠2,672 ft\n814 m\n7004156700000000000♠9.74 mi\n15.67 km\n45°05′56″N 109°37′50″W / 45.0989°N 109.6305°W / 45.0989; -109.6305 (Castle Mountain)\n\n\nLone Cone[470][471][472]\n Colorado\nSan Miguel Mountains\n7003384610000000000♠12,618 ft\n3846.1 m\n7002692812000000000♠2,273 ft\n693 m\n7004135200000000000♠8.40 mi\n13.52 km\n37°53′17″N 108°15′20″W / 37.8880°N 108.2556°W / 37.8880; -108.2556 (Lone Cone)\n\n\n134\nMount Moran[473][474][475]\n Wyoming\nTeton Range\n7003384350000000000♠12,610 ft\n3843.5 m\n7002806198000000000♠2,645 ft\n806 m\n7003994000000000000♠6.18 mi\n9.94 km\n43°50′06″N 110°46′35″W / 43.8350°N 110.7765°W / 43.8350; -110.7765 (Mount Moran)\n\n\n135\nTlingit Peak[476][477]\n Alaska\nSaint Elias Mountains\n7003384231600000000♠12,606 ft\n3842 m\n7002611429999900000♠2,006 ft\n611 m\n7003363000000000000♠2.26 mi\n3.63 km\n58°53′35″N 137°23′38″W / 58.8931°N 137.3938°W / 58.8931; -137.3938 (Tlingit Peak)\n\n\n136\nLittle Costilla Peak[478][479][480]\n New Mexico\nCulebra Range\n7003383680000000000♠12,588 ft\n3836.8 m\n7002744933000000000♠2,444 ft\n745 m\n7004124800000000000♠7.75 mi\n12.48 km\n36°50′01″N 105°13′22″W / 36.8335°N 105.2229°W / 36.8335; -105.2229 (Little Costilla Peak)\n\n\n137\nMount Carpe[481][482]\n Alaska\nAlaska Range\n7003382524800000000♠12,550 ft\n3825 m\n7002548641000099999♠1,800 ft\n549 m\n7003660000000000000♠4.10 mi\n6.60 km\n63°09′08″N 150°51′42″W / 63.1521°N 150.8616°W / 63.1521; -150.8616 (Mount Carpe)\n\n\n138\nNeedham Mountain[483][484][485]\n California\nSierra Nevada\n7003382380200000000♠12,545 ft\n3824 m\n7002560833000000000♠1,840 ft\n561 m\n7003954000000000000♠5.93 mi\n9.54 km\n36°27′16″N 118°32′14″W / 36.4545°N 118.5373°W / 36.4545; -118.5373 (Needham Mountain)\n\n\n139\nGraham Peak[486][487][488]\n Colorado\nSan Juan Mountains\n7003382110000000000♠12,536 ft\n3821.1 m\n7002777546000000000♠2,551 ft\n778 m\n7004139000000000000♠8.64 mi\n13.90 km\n37°29′50″N 107°22′34″W / 37.4972°N 107.3761°W / 37.4972; -107.3761 (Graham Peak)\n\n\n140\nWhetstone Mountain[489][490][491]\n Colorado\nWest Elk Mountains\n7003381810000000000♠12,527 ft\n3818.1 m\n7002748590000000000♠2,456 ft\n749 m\n7004151100000000000♠9.39 mi\n15.11 km\n38°49′20″N 106°58′48″W / 38.8223°N 106.9799°W / 38.8223; -106.9799 (Whetstone Mountain)\n\n\n141\nKahiltna Dome[492][493]\n Alaska\nAlaska Range\n7003381762800000000♠12,525 ft\n3818 m\n7002662941000000000♠2,175 ft\n663 m\n7003555000000000000♠3.45 mi\n5.55 km\n63°03′18″N 151°14′22″W / 63.0550°N 151.2394°W / 63.0550; -151.2394 (Kahiltna Dome)\n\n\n142\nMount Thor[494][495]\n Alaska\nChugach Mountains\n7003381640800000000♠12,521 ft\n3816 m\n7002997003000000000♠3,271 ft\n997 m\n7004327700000000000♠20.4 mi\n32.8 km\n61°29′07″N 147°08′46″W / 61.4854°N 147.1460°W / 61.4854; -147.1460 (Mount Thor)\n\n\n143\nMount Watson[496][497]\n Alaska\nSaint Elias Mountains\n7003380909300000000♠12,497 ft\n3809 m\n7002589000000000000♠1,932 ft\n589 m\n7003405000000000000♠2.52 mi\n4.05 km\n59°00′32″N 137°33′15″W / 59.0088°N 137.5541°W / 59.0088; -137.5541 (Mount Watson)\n\n\n144\nAtlantic Peak[498][499][500]\n Wyoming\nWind River Range\n7003380848100000000♠12,495 ft\n3808 m\n7002655321000000000♠2,150 ft\n655 m\n7004146000000000000♠9.07 mi\n14.60 km\n42°36′59″N 109°00′05″W / 42.6165°N 109.0013°W / 42.6165; -109.0013 (Atlantic Peak)\n\n\n145\nSpecimen Mountain[501][502][503]\n Colorado\nFront Range\n7003380826900000000♠12,494 ft\n3808 m\n7002527610000000000♠1,731 ft\n528 m\n7003756000000000000♠4.70 mi\n7.56 km\n40°26′42″N 105°48′29″W / 40.4449°N 105.8081°W / 40.4449; -105.8081 (Specimen Mountain)\n\n\n146\nBaldy Mountain[504][505][506][507]\n New Mexico\nCimarron Range\n7003379330000000000♠12,445 ft\n3793.3 m\n7002823266000000000♠2,701 ft\n823 m\n7004182400000000000♠11.33 mi\n18.24 km\n36°37′48″N 105°12′48″W / 36.6299°N 105.2134°W / 36.6299; -105.2134 (Baldy Mountain)\n\n\n147\nEast Beckwith Mountain[508][509][510]\n Colorado\nWest Elk Mountains\n7003379210000000000♠12,441 ft\n3792.1 m\n7002759563000000000♠2,492 ft\n760 m\n7004100500000000000♠6.24 mi\n10.05 km\n38°50′47″N 107°13′24″W / 38.8464°N 107.2233°W / 38.8464; -107.2233 (East Beckwith Mountain)\n\n\n148\nKnobby Crest[511][512][513]\n Colorado\nKenosha Mountains\n7003378996200000000♠12,434 ft\n3790 m\n7002536144000000000♠1,759 ft\n536 m\n7004133100000000000♠8.27 mi\n13.31 km\n39°22′05″N 105°36′18″W / 39.3681°N 105.6050°W / 39.3681; -105.6050 (Knobby Crest)\n\n\n149\nBison Peak[514][515][516][517]\n Colorado\nTarryall Mountains\n7003378940000000000♠12,432 ft\n3789.4 m\n7002747066000000000♠2,451 ft\n747 m\n7004293400000000000♠18.23 mi\n29.3 km\n39°14′18″N 105°29′52″W / 39.2384°N 105.4978°W / 39.2384; -105.4978 (Bison Peak)\n\n\n150\nAnthracite Peak[518][519][520]\n Colorado\nWest Elk Mountains\n7003377780000000000♠12,394 ft\n3777.8 m\n7002647701000000000♠2,125 ft\n648 m\n7003768000000000000♠4.77 mi\n7.68 km\n38°48′52″N 107°08′40″W / 38.8145°N 107.1445°W / 38.8145; -107.1445 (Anthracite Peak)\n\n\n151\nMatchless Mountain[521][522][523]\n Colorado\nElk Mountains\n7003377628700000000♠12,389 ft\n3776 m\n7002537363000000000♠1,763 ft\n537 m\n7004126700000000000♠7.87 mi\n12.67 km\n38°50′02″N 106°38′42″W / 38.8340°N 106.6451°W / 38.8340; -106.6451 (Matchless Mountain)\n\n\n152\nFlat Top Mountain[524][525][526][527]\n Colorado\nFlat Tops\n7003376770000000000♠12,361 ft\n3767.7 m\n7003123566200000000♠4,054 ft\n1236 m\n7004656200000000000♠40.8 mi\n65.6 km\n40°00′53″N 107°05′00″W / 40.0147°N 107.0833°W / 40.0147; -107.0833 (Flat Top Mountain)\n\n\n153\nMount Nystrom[528][529][530]\n Wyoming\nWind River Range\n7003376750000000000♠12,361 ft\n3767.5 m\n7002553518000000000♠1,816 ft\n554 m\n7003792000000000000♠4.92 mi\n7.92 km\n42°38′30″N 109°05′38″W / 42.6418°N 109.0939°W / 42.6418; -109.0939 (Mount Nystrom)\n\n\n154\nMoby Dick (Alaska)[531][532]\n Alaska\nAlaska Range\n7003376733600000000♠12,360 ft\n3767 m\n7002886970000000000♠2,910 ft\n887 m\n7003770000000000000♠4.78 mi\n7.70 km\n63°33′22″N 146°36′09″W / 63.5561°N 146.6026°W / 63.5561; -146.6026 (Moby Dick)\n\n\n155\nGreenhorn Mountain[533][534][535][536]\n Colorado\nWet Mountains\n7003376500000000000♠12,352 ft\n3765.0 m\n7003115123200000000♠3,777 ft\n1151 m\n7004406200000000000♠25.2 mi\n40.6 km\n37°52′53″N 105°00′48″W / 37.8815°N 105.0133°W / 37.8815; -105.0133 (Greenhorn Mountain)\n\n\n156\nElliott Mountain[537][538]\n Colorado\nSan Miguel Mountains\n7003376294900000000♠12,346 ft\n3763 m\n7002682753000000000♠2,240 ft\n683 m\n7003826000000000000♠5.13 mi\n8.26 km\n37°44′04″N 108°03′29″W / 37.7344°N 108.0580°W / 37.7344; -108.0580 (Elliott Mountain)\n\n\n157\nMount Deborah[539][540][541]\n Alaska\nAlaska Range\n7003376093500000000♠12,339 ft\n3761 m\n7003158161000000000♠5,189 ft\n1582 m\n7004258800000000000♠16.08 mi\n25.9 km\n63°38′16″N 147°14′18″W / 63.6377°N 147.2384°W / 63.6377; -147.2384 (Mount Deborah)\n\n\n158\nTwin Peaks[542][543][544]\n California\nSierra Nevada\n7003375777500000000♠12,329 ft\n3758 m\n7002653188000000000♠2,143 ft\n653 m\n7003770000000000000♠4.78 mi\n7.70 km\n38°05′01″N 119°21′32″W / 38.0836°N 119.3588°W / 38.0836; -119.3588 (Twin Peaks)\n\n\n159\nCarter Mountain[545][546][547]\n Wyoming\nAbsaroka Range\n7003375640000000000♠12,324 ft\n3756.4 m\n7002517856000000000♠1,699 ft\n518 m\n7004268400000000000♠16.68 mi\n26.8 km\n44°11′50″N 109°24′40″W / 44.1972°N 109.4112°W / 44.1972; -109.4112 (Carter Mountain)\n\n\n160\nParkview Mountain[548][549][550][551]\n Colorado\nRabbit Ears Range\n7003374940000000000♠12,301 ft\n3749.4 m\n7002815646000000000♠2,676 ft\n816 m\n7004150700000000000♠9.36 mi\n15.07 km\n40°19′49″N 106°08′11″W / 40.3303°N 106.1363°W / 40.3303; -106.1363 (Parkview Mountain)\n\n\n161\nCornwall Mountain[552][553][554]\n Colorado\nSan Juan Mountains\n7003374619000000000♠12,291 ft\n3746 m\n7002531572000000000♠1,744 ft\n532 m\n7003837000000000000♠5.20 mi\n8.37 km\n37°22′52″N 106°29′31″W / 37.3811°N 106.4920°W / 37.3811; -106.4920 (Cornwall Mountain)\n\n\n162\nMount Adams[555][556][557]\n Washington\nCascade Range\n7003374340000000000♠12,281 ft\n3743.4 m\n7003247985800000000♠8,136 ft\n2480 m\n7004736300000000000♠45.8 mi\n73.6 km\n46°12′09″N 121°29′27″W / 46.2024°N 121.4909°W / 46.2024; -121.4909 (Mount Adams)\n\n\n163\nTrout Peak[558][559][560][561]\n Wyoming\nAbsaroka Range\n7003373370000000000♠12,250 ft\n3733.7 m\n7003112898100000000♠3,704 ft\n1129 m\n7004457400000000000♠28.4 mi\n45.7 km\n44°36′04″N 109°31′31″W / 44.6012°N 109.5253°W / 44.6012; -109.5253 (Trout Peak)\n\n\n164\nMount Huntington[562][563]\n Alaska\nAlaska Range\n7003373075900000000♠12,240 ft\n3731 m\n7002880874000000000♠2,890 ft\n881 m\n7003624000000000000♠3.88 mi\n6.24 km\n62°58′04″N 150°53′59″W / 62.9677°N 150.8996°W / 62.9677; -150.8996 (Mount Huntington)\n\n\n165\nMount Huxley[564][565]\n Alaska\nSaint Elias Mountains\n7003372344400000000♠12,216 ft\n3723 m\n7002629718000000000♠2,066 ft\n630 m\n7003884000000000000♠5.49 mi\n8.84 km\n60°19′40″N 141°09′19″W / 60.3279°N 141.1554°W / 60.3279; -141.1554 (Mount Huxley)\n\n\n166\nDiamond Peak[566][567][568][569]\n Idaho\nLemhi Range\n7003371930000000000♠12,202 ft\n3719.3 m\n7003164196100000000♠5,387 ft\n1642 m\n7004511800000000000♠31.8 mi\n51.2 km\n44°08′29″N 113°04′58″W / 44.1414°N 113.0827°W / 44.1414; -113.0827 (Diamond Peak)\n\n\n167\nMount Jordan[570][571]\n Alaska\nSaint Elias Mountains\n7003371551900000000♠12,190 ft\n3716 m\n7002713232999900000♠2,340 ft\n713 m\n7004114000000000000♠7.08 mi\n11.40 km\n61°23′55″N 141°28′12″W / 61.3987°N 141.4700°W / 61.3987; -141.4700 (Mount Jordan)\n\n\n168\nMount Zirkel[572][573][574][575]\n Colorado\nPark Range\n7003371410300000000♠12,185 ft\n3714 m\n7003105765799999999♠3,470 ft\n1058 m\n7004606000000000000♠37.7 mi\n60.6 km\n40°49′53″N 106°39′47″W / 40.8313°N 106.6631°W / 40.8313; -106.6631 (Mount Zirkel)\n\n\n169\nDelano Peak[576][577][578][579]\n Utah\nTushar Mountains\n7003371070000000000♠12,174 ft\n3710.7 m\n7003143530600000000♠4,709 ft\n1435 m\n7005180480000000000♠112.1 mi\n180.5 km\n38°22′09″N 112°22′17″W / 38.3692°N 112.3714°W / 38.3692; -112.3714 (Delano Peak)\n\n\n170\nMount Salisbury[580][581]\n Alaska\nSaint Elias Mountains\n7003370942300000000♠12,170 ft\n3709 m\n7003122529800000000♠4,020 ft\n1225 m\n7003490000000000000♠3.04 mi\n4.90 km\n58°51′02″N 137°22′19″W / 58.8505°N 137.3719°W / 58.8505; -137.3719 (Mount Salisbury)\n\n\n171\nCrested Butte[582][583][584]\n Colorado\nElk Mountains\n7003370892500000000♠12,168 ft\n3709 m\n7002786995000000000♠2,582 ft\n787 m\n7003749000000000000♠4.65 mi\n7.49 km\n38°53′01″N 106°56′37″W / 38.8835°N 106.9436°W / 38.8835; -106.9436 (Crested Butte)\n\n\n172\nYounts Peak[585][586][587]\n Wyoming\nAbsaroka Range\n7003370830000000000♠12,166 ft\n3708.3 m\n7002683058000000000♠2,241 ft\n683 m\n7004204400000000000♠12.70 mi\n20.4 km\n43°58′55″N 109°51′59″W / 43.9820°N 109.8665°W / 43.9820; -109.8665 (Younts Peak)\n\n\n173\nSawtooth Mountain[588][589][590]\n Colorado\nLa Garita Mountains\n7003370420000000000♠12,153 ft\n3704.2 m\n7002587351000000000♠1,927 ft\n587 m\n7004269200000000000♠16.73 mi\n26.9 km\n38°16′26″N 106°52′01″W / 38.2740°N 106.8670°W / 38.2740; -106.8670 (Sawtooth Mountain)\n\n\n174\nOlancha Peak[591][592][593][594]\n California\nSierra Nevada\n7003369780000000000♠12,132 ft\n3697.8 m\n7002945796000000000♠3,103 ft\n946 m\n7004238900000000000♠14.84 mi\n23.9 km\n36°15′55″N 118°07′06″W / 36.2652°N 118.1182°W / 36.2652; -118.1182 (Olancha Peak)\n\n\n175\nMount Mather[595][596]\n Alaska\nAlaska Range\n7003369509800000000♠12,123 ft\n3695 m\n7002875692000000000♠2,873 ft\n876 m\n7004149200000000000♠9.27 mi\n14.92 km\n63°11′41″N 150°26′10″W / 63.1946°N 150.4362°W / 63.1946; -150.4362 (Mount Mather)\n\n\n176\nPark Cone[597][598][599]\n Colorado\nSawatch Range\n7003368996000000000♠12,106 ft\n3690 m\n7002621793000000000♠2,040 ft\n622 m\n7003553000000000000♠3.44 mi\n5.53 km\n38°47′48″N 106°36′10″W / 38.7967°N 106.6028°W / 38.7967; -106.6028 (Park Cone)\n\n\n177\nIbapah Peak[600][601][602][603]\n Utah\nDeep Creek Range\n7003368564200000000♠12,092 ft\n3686 m\n7003160538500000000♠5,267 ft\n1605 m\n7004984500000000000♠61.2 mi\n98.5 km\n39°49′42″N 113°55′12″W / 39.8282°N 113.9200°W / 39.8282; -113.9200 (Ibapah Peak)\n\n\n178\nCarbon Peak[604][605][606]\n Colorado\nWest Elk Mountains\n7003368430000000000♠12,088 ft\n3684.3 m\n7002664160999900000♠2,179 ft\n664 m\n7003631000000000000♠3.92 mi\n6.31 km\n38°47′39″N 107°02′35″W / 38.7943°N 107.0431°W / 38.7943; -107.0431 (Carbon Peak)\n\n\n179\nGlover Peak[607][608]\n Wyoming\nWind River Range\n7003367963800000000♠12,072 ft\n3680 m\n7002520000000000000♠1,706 ft\n520 m\n7003400000000000000♠2.49 mi\n4.00 km\n43°09′32″N 109°45′56″W / 43.1589°N 109.7656°W / 43.1589; -109.7656 (Glover Peak)\n\n\n180\nMount Moriah[609][610][611]\n Nevada\nSnake Range\n7003367960000000000♠12,072 ft\n3679.6 m\n7003149611400000000♠4,909 ft\n1496 m\n7004327200000000000♠20.3 mi\n32.7 km\n39°16′24″N 114°11′56″W / 39.2732°N 114.1988°W / 39.2732; -114.1988 (Mount Moriah)\n\n\n181\nMount Guero[612][613][614]\n Colorado\nWest Elk Mountains\n7003367540000000000♠12,058 ft\n3675.4 m\n7002741275000000000♠2,432 ft\n741 m\n7004102700000000000♠6.38 mi\n10.27 km\n38°43′11″N 107°23′10″W / 38.7196°N 107.3861°W / 38.7196; -107.3861 (Mount Guero)\n\n\n182\nSiris Peak[615]\n Alaska\nSaint Elias Mountains\n7003367284700000000♠12,050 ft\n3673 m\n7002792482000000000♠2,600 ft\n792 m\n7004258300000000000♠16.05 mi\n25.8 km\n60°44′02″N 141°00′50″W / 60.7340°N 141.0138°W / 60.7340; -141.0138 (Siris Peak)\n\n\n183\nRed Table Mountain[616][617][618]\n Colorado\nSawatch Range\n7003367070000000000♠12,043 ft\n3670.7 m\n7002614783000000000♠2,017 ft\n615 m\n7004126800000000000♠7.88 mi\n12.68 km\n39°25′05″N 106°46′16″W / 39.4181°N 106.7712°W / 39.4181; -106.7712 (Red Table Mountain)\n\n\n184\nChalk Benchmark[619][620]\n Colorado\nSan Juan Mountains\n7003366930000000000♠12,038 ft\n3669.3 m\n7002600761999900000♠1,971 ft\n601 m\n7004116800000000000♠7.26 mi\n11.68 km\n37°08′30″N 106°45′00″W / 37.1418°N 106.7500°W / 37.1418; -106.7500 (Chalk Benchmark)\n\n\n185\nMedicine Bow Peak[621][622][623][624]\n Wyoming\nMedicine Bow Mountains\n7003366240000000000♠12,016 ft\n3662.4 m\n7002988468000000000♠3,243 ft\n988 m\n7004653600000000000♠40.6 mi\n65.4 km\n41°21′37″N 106°19′03″W / 41.3603°N 106.3176°W / 41.3603; -106.3176 (Medicine Bow Peak)\n\n\n186\nMount Witherspoon[625][626]\n Alaska\nChugach Mountains\n7003366126500000000♠12,012 ft\n3661 m\n7002658979000000000♠2,162 ft\n659 m\n7003963000000000000♠5.98 mi\n9.63 km\n61°23′43″N 147°12′04″W / 61.3954°N 147.2010°W / 61.3954; -147.2010 (Mount Witherspoon)\n\n\n187\nMount Zwischen[627][628][629]\n Colorado\nSangre de Cristo Mountains\n7003366091700000000♠12,011 ft\n3661 m\n7002690678000000000♠2,266 ft\n691 m\n7003714000000000000♠4.44 mi\n7.14 km\n37°47′29″N 105°27′19″W / 37.7913°N 105.4554°W / 37.7913; -105.4554 (Mount Zwischen)\n\n\n188\nMount Drum[630][631]\n Alaska\nWrangell Mountains\n7003366065500000000♠12,010 ft\n3661 m\n7003206045200000000♠6,760 ft\n2060 m\n7004285400000000000♠17.73 mi\n28.5 km\n62°06′57″N 144°38′22″W / 62.1159°N 144.6394°W / 62.1159; -144.6394 (Mount Drum)\n\n\n189\nLittle Cone[632][633][634]\n Colorado\nSan Miguel Mountains\n7003365400000000000♠11,988 ft\n3654.0 m\n7002560833000000000♠1,840 ft\n561 m\n7003835000000000000♠5.19 mi\n8.35 km\n37°55′39″N 108°05′27″W / 37.9275°N 108.0908°W / 37.9275; -108.0908 (Little Cone)\n\n\n190\nSierra Blanca Peak[635][636][637][638]\n New Mexico\nSacramento Mountains\n7003365180000000000♠11,981 ft\n3651.8 m\n7003169255800000000♠5,553 ft\n1693 m\n7005266670000000000♠165.7 mi\n267 km\n33°22′27″N 105°48′31″W / 33.3743°N 105.8087°W / 33.3743; -105.8087 (Sierra Blanca Peak)\n\n\n191\nMount Hope[639][640]\n Alaska\nSaint Elias Mountains\n7003364236700000000♠11,950 ft\n3642 m\n7002609601000000000♠2,000 ft\n610 m\n7003425000000000000♠2.64 mi\n4.25 km\n60°42′14″N 141°03′41″W / 60.7039°N 141.0614°W / 60.7039; -141.0614 (Mount Hope)\n\n\n192\nMount Jefferson[641][642][643][644]\n Nevada\nToquima Range\n7003364129000000000♠11,946 ft\n3641 m\n7003178948400000000♠5,871 ft\n1789 m\n7005158710000000000♠98.6 mi\n158.7 km\n38°45′07″N 116°55′36″W / 38.7519°N 116.9267°W / 38.7519; -116.9267 (Mount Jefferson)\n\n\n193\nHess Mountain[645][646][647]\n Alaska\nAlaska Range\n7003363931900000000♠11,940 ft\n3639 m\n7002758953999900000♠2,490 ft\n759 m\n7003447000000000000♠2.78 mi\n4.47 km\n63°38′18″N 147°08′54″W / 63.6382°N 147.1482°W / 63.6382; -147.1482 (Hess Mountain)\n\n\nMount Brooks[648][649][650]\n Alaska\nAlaska Range\n7003363931900000000♠11,940 ft\n3639 m\n7002545593000099999♠1,790 ft\n546 m\n7003809000000000000♠5.03 mi\n8.09 km\n63°11′15″N 150°38′52″W / 63.1875°N 150.6479°W / 63.1875; -150.6479 (Mount Brooks)\n\n\n195\nCerro Vista[651][652][653][654]\n New Mexico\nSangre de Cristo Mountains\n7003363830000000000♠11,937 ft\n3638.3 m\n7002767793000000000♠2,519 ft\n768 m\n7004228300000000000♠14.19 mi\n22.8 km\n36°14′07″N 105°24′39″W / 36.2353°N 105.4108°W / 36.2353; -105.4108 (Cerro Vista)\n\n\n196\nMount Nebo[655][656][657][658]\n Utah\nWasatch Range\n7003363705700000000♠11,933 ft\n3637 m\n7003167884200000000♠5,508 ft\n1679 m\n7005121620000000000♠75.6 mi\n121.6 km\n39°49′19″N 111°45′37″W / 39.8219°N 111.7603°W / 39.8219; -111.7603 (Mount Nebo)\n\n\n197\nThe Grand Parapet[659][660]\n Alaska\nSaint Elias Mountains\n7003363627100000000♠11,930 ft\n3636 m\n7002664465000000000♠2,180 ft\n664 m\n7003847000000000000♠5.26 mi\n8.47 km\n61°24′37″N 142°01′36″W / 61.4103°N 142.0266°W / 61.4103; -142.0266 (The Grand Parapet)\n\n\n198\nLituya Mountain[661][662]\n Alaska\nSaint Elias Mountains\n7003363444200000000♠11,924 ft\n3634 m\n7003111983700000000♠3,674 ft\n1120 m\n7003627000000000000♠3.90 mi\n6.27 km\n58°48′19″N 137°26′12″W / 58.8054°N 137.4367°W / 58.8054; -137.4367 (Lituya Mountain)\n\n\nHaydon Peak[663][664]\n Alaska\nSaint Elias Mountains\n7003363444200000000♠11,924 ft\n3634 m\n7002510236000000000♠1,674 ft\n510 m\n7003478000000000000♠2.97 mi\n4.78 km\n60°15′38″N 140°59′17″W / 60.2606°N 140.9881°W / 60.2606; -140.9881 (Haydon Peak)\n\n\n200\nCharleston Peak[665][666][667][668]\n(Mount Charleston)\n Nevada\nSpring Mountains\n7003363200000000000♠11,916 ft\n3632.0 m\n7003251700000000000♠8,258 ft\n2517 m\n7005217500000000000♠135.1 mi\n218 km\n36°16′18″N 115°41′44″W / 36.2716°N 115.6956°W / 36.2716; -115.6956 (Charleston Peak)\n\n" ]	[ "Denali" ]
8114470692189930536	List of Kung Fu Panda characters	List of Kung Fu Panda characters - wikipedia List of Kung Fu Panda characters Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( November 2015 ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Master Shifu and the Furious 5 The following is a list of characters from the DreamWorks animated film media franchise Kung Fu Panda , with their shorts and specials Secrets of the Furious Five , Kung Fu Panda Holiday , Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Masters , and Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Scroll , as well as the video games and TV show Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . The world of Kung Fu Panda is a fantasized version of ancient China as typically depicted in the wuxia film genre populated by anthropomorphized Asian animals where the martial arts can have magical qualities on top of extraordinary physical prowess for those sufficiently skilled . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main characters 1.1 Master Po Ping 1.2 Master Shifu 1.3 Grand Master Oogway 1.4 Furious Five 1.4. 1 Master Tigress 1.4. 2 Master Viper 1.4. 3 Master Monkey 1.4. 4 Master Mantis 1.4. 5 Master Crane 2 List of Kung Fu Masters 2.1 Masters ' Council of Gongmen City 2.1. 1 Master Thundering Rhino 2.1. 2 Master Storming Ox 2.1. 3 Master Croc 2.1. 4 Master Boar 2.2 Master Antelope 2.3 Master Bull 2.4 Master Frog 2.5 Master Golden Takin 2.6 Master Leopard 2.7 Master Dog 2.8 Master Wolf 2.9 Grand Twin Weasels 2.10 Master Flying Rhino 2.11 Great Master Viper 2.12 Master Eagle 2.13 Master Rhino 2.14 Master Sheep 2.15 Master Bear 2.16 Master Chicken 2.17 Master Dolphin 2.18 Master Badger Twins 2.19 Master Gorilla 2.20 Master Porcupine 2.21 Master Chao 2.22 Master Yao 2.23 Mr. Yeung 2.24 Mrs. Gow 2.25 Master Shengqi 2.26 Master Kweng 2.27 Master Mugan 2.28 Master Lun 2.29 Master Elephant 2.30 Master Snow Leopard 2.31 Master Rooster 3 Enemies 3.1 Tai Lung 3.2 Lord Shen 3.2. 1 Lord Shen 's Wolf Army 3.2. 1.1 Wolf Boss 3.2. 2 Lord Shen 's Gorilla Army 3.3 Kai the Collector 3.3. 1 Jombies 3.4 Wu Sisters 3.4. 1 Su Wu 3.4. 2 Wing Wu 3.4. 3 Wan Wu 3.5 Boar 3.6 Kuo 3.7 Qinchu 3.8 The Five Elements Imposters 3.8. 1 Earth 3.8. 2 Fire 3.8. 3 Water 3.8. 4 Metal 3.8. 5 Wood 3.9 Chairman Qing 3.10 Lei Kung the Thunderer 3.11 Crocodile Army 3.11. 1 General Rong 3.12 Scorpion 3.13 Croc Bandits 3.13. 1 Fung 3.13. 2 Gah - ri 3.13. 3 Irwin 3.13. 4 Wall Eye 3.13. 5 Lidong 3.14 Qidan Clan 3.14. 1 Temutai 3.14. 2 Jing Mei 3.14. 3 Bataar 3.14. 4 Chunlun 3.15 Taotie 3.15. 1 Bian Zao 3.16 Jong Sung Jai Kai Chow 3.16. 1 Jong 's Son 3.16. 2 Grim 3.17 Tong Fo 3.18 Fenghuang 3.19 Master Junjie 3.19. 1 Junjie 's Furious Five 3.20 Hundun 3.21 Bao ( Legends of Awesomeness ) 3.21. 1 Lao 3.21. 2 Tsao 3.22 Su 3.23 Wu Kong 3.24 Meng Tao 3.25 General Tsin 3.26 Undertaker 3.27 Ke - Pa 3.28 Master Ding 3.29 Lin Kuei 3.29. 1 Heilang 3.30 Pai Mei 3.31 Mei Ling ( villain ) 3.32 Kira Kozu 3.33 Fu - Xi 3.34 Sanzu 3.35 Lao Shu 3.35. 1 Ju - Long 3.36 Madame Zhou 3.37 Alien Rice Weevils 3.37. 1 Supervisor Hong 4 List of supporting characters 4.1 Mr. Ping 4.2 Li Shan 4.3 Mei Mei 4.4 Dim 4.5 Sum 4.6 Bao ( Kung Fu Panda 3 ) 4.7 Lei Lei 4.8 Grandma Panda 4.9 Shirong 4.10 Zeng 4.11 Vachir 4.12 Mei Ling 4.13 Wo Hop 4.14 Soothsayer 4.15 Peng 4.16 Song 4.17 Constable Hu 4.18 Yijiro 5 Video game characters 5.1 Blackhoof Boar Clan 5.2 Vultures 5.3 Imperial Golden Croc Gang 5.3. 1 Queen Crocodile 5.3. 2 Crocodile Sergeant 5.4 Great Gorilla 5.5 Lang Shadow Army 5.6 Wu Sisters 5.7 Rat Boss 5.8 Great General Ox 5.8. 1 Yak 5.9 Baboon Boss 5.10 Gorilla Boss 5.11 Zhou Dan 6 References Main characters ( edit ) Master Po Ping ( edit ) Main article : Po ( Kung Fu Panda ) Master Po Ping Kung Fu Panda character Voiced by Jack Black ( films , TV specials ) Liam Knight ( young ) Mick Wingert ( TV series , video games ) Eric Loomis ( Kung Fu Panda : Legendary Warriors ) Information Species Giant panda Combat Style Improvised and Panda Kung Fu Family Li Shan ( biological father ) Mr. Ping ( adoptive father ) Age 30 or 20s Master Po Ping ( Chinese for `` Precious Peace '' ) , born Lotus Shan , is the titular protagonist of the Kung Fu Panda franchise . He is a fast - talking giant panda who was improbably chosen as the Dragon Warrior , champion of the Valley of Peace in the first movie . Although highly doubted as such , the giant panda proved himself worthy as a formidable warrior in unexpected ways . The adoptive son of Mr. Ping , a goose who owns a noodle restaurant , Po is one of Shifu 's students , the prophesied Dragon Warrior , the Warrior of Black and White and the True Master of Chi . In the first film , Po is shown to be living with his adoptive father Mr. Ping and working at his noodle restaurant , dreaming of a life as a celebrated kung fu master . However , because of his excessive weight ( although , for a giant panda , Po is actually at a very healthy weight ) and work fueling a crippling self - loathing , he can not achieve this dream . However , to his surprise , he is chosen to be the legendary Dragon Warrior seemingly by accident : When having arrived late to the Dragon Warrior 's selection ceremony , his attempts to get over the palace walls to see the event results in him conspicuously crashing into the midst of the masters and being picked as the new Dragon Warrior just as Master Oogway is about to make his selection . As it is , Oogway 's selection of him is doubted by all until Po defeats Tai Lung . He is capable of impressive feats when motivated by food ( which Shifu uses to train him afterwards ) . In the second film , Po is shown to have had a traumatic childhood , having to have been separated from his biological father , Li Shan during a giant panda genocide committed by Lord Shen , who found it necessary to avert the prophecy about his future tyranny being stopped by a `` warrior of black and white '' and killed Po 's mother while she was saving her son . This is why , at first , he seemed unable to achieve inner peace . However , after being told by the Soothsayer that it is n't the past that shapes the person , he realizes he has led a happy and fulfilling life , despite his tragic upbringing . Po is often flustered and clumsy , but generally laid back and easy going . He has shown that he dislikes himself for his weight . This is shown when he splits into good and bad Po , where good Po says that he thinks he is slightly chubby . While he seems childish , overenthusiastic , and mildly dim - witted at times , he has a deep appreciation of the martial arts in all its aspects and can genuinely be a brave , intelligent panda . As a result , Po is a formidable warrior who is not only capable of teaching the discipline 's philosophical and physical elements , but is also able to learn traditional techniques quickly with the right instruction while developing powerful innovations . In Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness , Po is shown to be defending the Valley of Peace from villains of different kind , with assistance from Shifu and the Furious Five . All the while , Po learns lessons and more about the history of Kung Fu , as well as meeting famous Kung Fu masters like him . In the third film , Shifu leaves the role of teaching to Po , much to his shock . Po 's first lesson ends up with the Furious Five getting injured . Afterwards , he goes to the Memorial Garden , where he finds out Shifu set him up to fail . Master Shifu ( edit ) Master Shifu Kung Fu Panda character Voiced by Dustin Hoffman ( films , TV specials ) Fred Tatasciore ( video games , TV series ) Information Species Red panda Combat Style Red Panda Kung Fu Family Shirong ( father ) Tai Lung ( adoptive son ) Tigress ( adoptive daughter ) Master Shifu ( Chinese for `` Master '' ) is a wise and swift - moving red panda Kung Fu Master who resides in the Jade Palace as its headmaster , known to have trained Po and the Furious Five in Kung Fu , as well as Tai Lung . Before the franchise , Shifu was used throughout his childhood as a shill by his father , Shirong , an incorrigible con artist and master thief who he accompanied to other villages to sell fake amulets . Eventually , Shirong left him at the Jade Palace , promising to return in five minutes . Shifu waited until nightfall , but his father never showed up . So , Oogway took custody of the abandoned cub and trained him at the Jade Palace a member of the original Furious Five , nicknamed `` Sea Food '' . Shirong eventually visited his son every ten years , but each visit always turned out to be a trick , and the deed he made emotionally scarred Shifu from those points onward . In the first film , Shifu is quite often shown to be angered , frustrated , despairing or worried , at first for an unknown reason . However , it is later revealed that Tai Lung is Shifu 's adoptive son , whom he had trained , loved , and raised as if he were his own . As Tigress says , `` Shifu loved Tai Lung like he had never loved anyone before . Or since . '' This extends to Po who was dubbed the Dragon Warrior against all logic from Shifu 's point of view . Shifu 's initial hostility to the giant panda fades upon learning his considerable latent talent for the martial arts . After Tai Lung 's defeat , Shifu gains inner peace , knowing that the valley is safe from Tai Lung 's bitterness about being refused the dragon scroll . In the second film , Shifu is now much more relaxed and is therefore a much better master to Po and The Five than he used to be . However , he loses inner peace after he sees that Po is seemingly killed by one of Lord Shen 's cannons . He does not regain inner peace until after Po gained his and Shen is defeated . In the third film , Shifu retires from active teaching to focus on learning how to use chi , passing on the mantle of instructor to Po . When Po doubts his abilities , Shifu is the one to comfort him and give him advice , like Oogway did , and along with the Furious Five meets Po 's father , Li Shan . When kung fu masters have their chi taken and are turned into jade soldiers by the spirit warrior Kai , Shifu sends Crane and Mantis to investigate and find his hideout . When Kai attacks the Jade Palace , Shifu , Monkey , Viper , and Tigress try to fight , but are defeated , with Shifu watching in horror as Kai destroys the Jade Palace and Oogway 's statue . Shifu is then turned into a jade soldier and utilized against the pandas when Kai attacks their village . He is returned to normal when Po destroys Kai in the Spirit Realm and celebrates with him and the other pandas afterwards . He has a strict sensible personality that makes Po dislike him when they meet , but he is kind and warm spirited . He is shown to be good with children , having adopted two : Tai Lung and Tigress . However , Shifu 's care was flawed considering Tai Lung grew to become an arrogant warrior under his instruction who went on a destructive rampage when Oogway denied him the status of Dragon Warrior , and Tigress felt too often unloved by her embittered adopted father who wanted to prevent her from sharing Tai Lung 's fate . He learns to nurture his students as the films go on . Shifu knows the nerve strike , although he is never shown to use it and he also knows how to heal the aftermath of a nerve strike . In Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness , Shifu is the Master of the Jade Palace while training Po and the Furious Five . It is revealed that he has several old rivals who are villains throughout the series . In `` Croc You Like a Hurricane , '' Shifu posed as Jia in order to train the Croc Bandits and later the Furious Five in order to get Po to see what it means to be trained . It is also revealed in the episode `` The Maltese Mantis '' that Shifu , like Po , has a childish side to his demeanor and keeps several action figures of his favorite Kung Fu masters , and also like Po , is not above playing with them . In Kung Fu Panda : Battle Or Destiny , Shifu is the master of a brand new Jade Palace while training Po 's Panda Family from the Panda Village . Shifu is the only Master Po will risk anything for . Grand Master Oogway ( edit ) Grand Master Oogway Kung Fu Panda character First appearance Kung Fu Panda ( 2008 ) Last appearance Kung Fu Panda 3 Voiced by Randall Duk Kim ( film and TV series ) Greg Baldwin ( video game ) Information Species Galápagos tortoise Combat style Shaolinquan and T'ai chi ch'uan Age Nearly 1,000 years old Grand Master Oogway ( Chinese for `` Tortoise '' ) was an elderly tortoise known to have been the previous senior headmaster of the Jade Palace and the founder of Kung Fu itself . Not much is revealed about Grand Master Oogway 's past life , although in one of the Kung Fu Panda Legends of Awesomeness episodes it is revealed that the Jade Palace was built to honor him . However , it is implied that he was probably full of questions as a youth , which led to his departure from his home in the Galápagos Islands on a journey of discovery almost a thousand years ago , traveling all around the world and visiting every country until he arrived in China . Oogway stood on a hill overlooking the land that would later become known as the Valley of Peace and knew that he had found the place he would call home for the rest of his life . In the first film , Oogway is shown to be highly venerated for his wisdom , knowledge and experience , and considered a sage . It is also apparent that he seemed to be reckoned as a god in the art of Kung Fu , as he was greatly respected by Shifu , the Furious Five , Po , the entire Valley of Peace , and all of China . He is wise and possesses considerable physical skill . He is the only one that Tai Lung could not defeat , instantly paralyzing him . His selection of Po as the Dragon Warrior was strongly doubted by all , especially Po himself , but he stood by his decision , which proved to be the correct one . After convincing Shifu to train Po , Oogway ascended to the Spirit Realm in the midst of dozens of peach blossom petals floating away in the cold night breeze as he disappeared . Among all the proverbs he recites , his most recurring is `` There are no accidents . '' In the second film , Oogway makes a cameo taking in place of the moon boy in the DreamWorks logo , and during a flashback wherein Po recounts all the major happenings of his life , including the day he was chosen as the Dragon Warrior . In the accompanying film Secrets of the Masters , it is revealed that Oogway was responsible for uniting the masters Thundering Rhino , Storming Ox , and Croc for the first time . After observing the trio as dishonorable streetfighters and learning of the return of the evil Wu Sisters , Oogway led them on a quest to defeat the villains , leading to the trio 's reformation and their part in forming the Masters Council . In the third film , it is revealed that 500 years ago , Oogway was once best friends and brothers - in - arms with a powerful general named Kai . When Oogway was badly wounded in an ambush , Kai carried him to a hidden Panda village where the pandas healed him through use of chi , later teaching him to use it as well . However , Kai wanted this power all to himself and tried to take the chi of the pandas , forcing Oogway to confront him . After a long and fierce battle , Oogway banished Kai to the Spirit Realm . Sometime after Oogway ascended there , Kai challenges him to a rematch , defeating him and using his chi to return to the mortal realm . The vengeful Kai then attempts to take the chi from everyone in China . After Kai is destroyed by Po in the Spirit Realm , Oogway reveals that he specifically chose Po as the Dragon Warrior due to his being a descendant of the pandas who helped him long ago in addition to being a worthy successor to carry on his legacy and alerted Li Shan ( Po 's biological father ) that Po was alive . Oogway then tells Po that he is now a master of chi , giving him a jade staff he wielded previously , and tells him that if he wishes he can return to the mortal realm . More of Grand Master Oogway 's past was revealed in Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . It was shown that Grand Master Oogway broke the Valley of Peace 's citizens from Scorpion 's hypnosis , fended off his treacherous student Fenghuang , saved the valley from evil demons and their leader Ke - Pa , chose Shifu to run the Jade Palace instead of Junjie , and imprisoned Master Ding in Mugu Mountain after separating him from his Spirit Orbs . In `` Ghost of Oogway , '' Junjie assumed the form of Oogway to trick Po and the Furious Five into letting their guard down . Shifu later assumed the form of the ghost of Grand Master Oogway to fool Junjie , who had also studied under Oogway in his youth . Following Junjie 's defeat , Shifu stated to Po that he knew Junjie was impersonating Grand Master Oogway because the real Grand Master Oogway never said `` awesome . '' In the episode 's final scene , it was shown that the real ghost of Grand Master Oogway was watching the battle from the peach tree and stated `` awesome '' before ascending back to the heavens . Oogway also battled alongside the previous incarnation of the Furious Five whose membership included Shifu and Fenghuang , an evil owl who betrayed the group and only fled because Oogway proved more than a match for her . Oogway and the five also battled such villains as Master Ding , a corrupt Kung Fu master with great mental powers . In the two part - episode `` Enter the Dragon '' it was revealed that Oogway once battled a horde of demons led by the evil Ke - Pa using the Hero 's Chi , a power granted to only one Kung Fu Master per generation . Oogway managed to seal most of the demons away in a vault but was left powerless against Ke - Pa , until his powers were restored by the Sacred Peach Tree of Heavenly Wisdom . Trapping Ke - Pa in the form of an aged pig , Oogway built the Jade Palace atop the vault containing the other demons to prevent them from escaping in the future . After he passed on , the Hero 's Chi passed to Po , who would later use it to battle the demons again and destroy Ke - Pa permanently . Furious Five ( edit ) The Furious Five are the supporting protagonists of the franchise ; with the exception of Oogway , Shifu , Po , and Tai Lung , the Furious Five are deemed the most skilled warriors in China . The Five were all trained by Shifu , and are homages to the Five Animals Southern styles of Chinese martial arts ( i.e. crane , viper , monkey , mantis , and tiger ) . The Furious Five initially refused to believe that Po was the Dragon Warrior , but later grew to respect his courage and tenacity . When Tai Lung was defeated by Po in single combat , they were convinced enough to bow to the giant panda as a master . Po has become fast friends with the Five and regularly fights alongside them and they have incorporated their group tactics with him to become an even more formidable fighting force . Discussing Po 's new placement with the Furious Five in Kung Fu Panda 2 , Jack Black has regarded Po as the `` technical leader '' of the quintet . However , because he is `` still finding his way '' through his insecurities and clumsiness , the group does n't become the `` Furious Six '' , but rather `` The Furious Five and the Dragon Warrior '' -- with Master Tigress as the `` real '' leader according to Black . In the Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness episode `` Owl Be Back '' , it was revealed that there had been other incarnations of the Furious Five before Tigress , Monkey , Viper , Mantis , and Crane back when Master Oogway was still alive . The preceding line - up consisted of Master Shifu , Fenghuang , Master Rooster , Master Snow Leopard , and Master Elephant . Master Tigress ( edit ) Master Tigress Kung Fu Panda character Voiced by Angelina Jolie ( films , TV specials ) Tara Strong ( young ) Tara Macri ( teenager ) Bobby Holliday ( video games ) Kari Wahlgren ( TV series and Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Scroll ) Information Species South China tiger Combat style Black Tiger Kung Fu Eye colour Fiery orange Gender Female Family Shifu ( adopted father ) Master Tigress is a tiger and also the founder of the Furious Five . Tigress bitterly resented Po when he was chosen to be the Dragon Warrior instead of her , and was the most vocal of the Five in her contempt for the panda even while her comrades grew to respect him . On his first night , she firmly told Po he did n't belong at the Jade Palace , sarcastically proclaiming that he was a disgrace to kung fu , and that he should leave . Though dejected , Po eventually chose to stay and they became best friends and the strongest 2 of the whole group . After the passing of Oogway and news that Tai Lung had escaped prison , Tigress overheard Po protesting to Shifu that he would never be able to defeat Tai Lung . Tigress took it upon herself to intercept the incoming villain , along with the rest of the Five . Tigress managed to counter Tai Lung and best him , matching his prowess , blow - for - blow . However , they were all defeated by Tai Lung 's superior martial skill and nerve attack . At the order of Shifu , Tigress and the rest of the Five evacuated the Valley without question . When Po defeats Tai Lung , Tigress is the first to acknowledge him as a master of kung fu , giving him a smile and bowing to him in respect , with the rest of the Five following suit . In Secrets of the Furious Five , Tigress was revealed to be an orphan living in the Bao Gu Orphanage where she was greatly feared by the other children and the matron due to her destructive temper and strength . Isolated in her room for the safety of the other children , she began to see herself as a monster , as everyone else did . Shifu , at the request of the orphanage , came to teach her to control herself by playing dominoes , which required discipline , grace , and precision . After months of training , Tigress learned to control both her anger and her movements . However , she was still feared by all potential parents who visited the orphanage , and Shifu soon took her in as a foster daughter , giving a small but genuine smile to her as they walked towards Tigress ' new home , the Jade Palace . However , Shifu still carried the emotional scars of previous events , and was strict and distant in her upbringing . An adult Tigress explained that Shifu loved Tai Lung like no other person before or since , including her . In Secrets of the Scroll , It is further revealed that Shifu was very strict in her Kung Fu training , and did not approve of her natural aggression and immense strength emerging during practices . Shifu originally wanted her to become as much like him as possible ; Tigress in turn aspired to have as much control and skill as he did , while at the same time believing she would never be like him , while Oogway agreed with her and believed that Tigress should be encouraged to grow into her own . When Shifu heard news of Boar , a dangerous warrior who had defeated several Kung Fu masters and was spreading terror through China , Tigress wanted to help , but he refused to let her . However , when Shifu fell ill due to a bad batch of food served by Po , Shifu sent Tigress to find four warriors to help fight Boar . However , when she dropped the scroll containing Shifu 's message , she inadvertently mixed it up with a scroll Po had thrown away ; one with a list of things he could aspire to be : a cleaner , comedian , dancer , and doctor . Tigress sought out the ones fitting this description , in this way meeting Crane , Monkey , Viper , and Mantis for the first time and learning from them how to be herself . However , when Shifu saw those she had brought , Shifu told her that she had failed , and ordered the Valley of Peace evacuated . Tigress however , stayed to fight , pretending to be Shifu , and after initially being defeated , found herself aided by Crane , Mantis , Viper and Monkey , who had stayed out of loyalty to their friend . Tigress realized during the fight through their actions and Boar 's words that she was not Shifu and never would be , and unleashed her true power ; together with her companions , Boar was defeated . Upon returning , Shifu ( now fully recovered from his illness ) , admitted that he was proud of her , and despite saying her style of fighting was unfocused and undisciplined , agreed to help her and the others develop their skills , eventually leading to them becoming the Furious Five . Ironically , Tigress ' finding the other members of the future Furious Five was due in part to the actions of Po , and their defeat of Boar in turn inspired his love of Kung Fu and led to his eventual destiny as the Dragon Warrior . In spite of her temperate , stoic , and sarcastic attitude , Tigress is probably the most loyal of the Five , extremely dedicated to the well - being of the Valley of Peace . As the leader of the group , Tigress holds an enormous sense of responsibility , and has no greater ambition than to protect the Valley and perfect her own skills . However , through Po 's single comment in Kung Fu Panda 2 that she 's so hardcore she `` ca n't feel anything '' , Tigress begins to question how others perceive her . She has also become a close friend to Po , and better understands his foibles , fighting closely with the panda and using tandem combat techniques they have developed together , although she can still get easily embarrassed by him . While still direct and commanding , she is also protective of Po , as shown by her efforts to keep him from battling Shen after he freezes in front of the peacock , explaining that she `` ca n't watch ( her ) friend be killed '' . Additionally , she later pushes him out of the way when Shen fires his canon at him a second time . Po reciprocates this closeness to her immediately after that sacrifice with him and all his comrades strewn half - conscious about in the bay ; namely , he swims to her alone and holds her paw in deep concern for her well being . After Po 's single - handed defeat of the peacock , Tigress helps him out of the water before complimenting him for his astounding victory , which Po silently answers with a hug . Tigress also listened to Po about his ' daddy issues ' , as Viper put it , showing that she cares how he is feeling , although she was still sarcastic to him . Tigress also displays a caring personality towards infants . At the end of the original film , when Tai Lung is defeated , she is seen holding a rabbit child and protecting it from the blast 's shockwave . In Kung Fu Panda Holiday Special , she playfully feeds one of the village piglets during the festival . In Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness , it is revealed that Tigress was left at the Bao Gu Orphanage by her parents . It is also shown that she was , at one point , not good with children . Tigress appears to be more stern and irritable throughout the series , and gets agitated with Po more than any of the rest of the Five . Despite this , she is still a dedicated warrior and friend . Po has wanted to be friends with her since he was five , and often tries to encourage his friendship with her . While she is distant , and often violent towards others , she shows a genuine , deep caring for Po and Shifu , expressing joy and relief when they are revealed alive in different episodes , hugging Po and spinning Shifu around , ( though she quickly recovers ) to the intense embarrassment of others nearby . She also shows signs of romantic feelings for the Midnight Stranger ( actually Po , who was secretly defying the kung fu ban in place at the time ) , being sappy and girly , in defiance of her normal surly characteristics . When she discovers that Po is the Midnight Stranger , then she is disappointed and says she is ' going to go throw up ' , to the disappointment and possible offending of Po , who had been excited for her to discover his identity . She has shown deep caring for Shifu , who is her father figure . In ' Kung Fu Day Care ' , she takes care of and teaches kung fu to Zan , a young boy who is actually the Emperor 's nephew , and she realises that Shifu , while being cold towards her , had actually taken some time to look after her and had played checkers with her . Tigress shows often that she was brought up to kung fu , and not normally . For instance , when Po gives an example of a random situation involving a rooster , battle axe and banana , she knows the protocol for it ( ' approach from battle axe side , banana 's a decoy ' ) . She also does n't understand the meaning of relaxation . Tigress actually left the Jade palace at one time , as Po 's antics were annoying her . She also does n't like festivals ( at the Aqueduct festival she said , `` do n't these people ever work '' ) , and through her coldness , in Legends of Awesomeness she is often believed to be a man . Whenever Po hugs her , she freezes up and looks awkward , this feeling spreading throughout the group . In Kung Fu Panda 3 , Master Tigress evades being attacked by Kai in order to warn Po that Kai is coming for the Pandas . Using what she learned from Po and about who she is , Tigress along with Li , Mr. Ping and the pandas are able to use their chi to rescue Po in order for him to defeat Kai once and for all . Master Viper ( edit ) Master Viper Kung Fu Panda character Voiced by Lucy Liu ( films & TV series ) Jessica DiCicco ( young ) Kath Soucie ( video games ) Information Species Green tree viper Combat style Viper Kung Fu Master Viper is a green tree viper with two small lotus flowers on top of her head . Although she has a serious birth defect for her species , being born with barely visible venomous fangs , she compensates with her strength , sinuous nature , beauty , and precision . In defiance of the villainous stereotype of snakes , Viper is the most charming , kind , compassionate and sweetest of the Five as demonstrated with her quickly developing empathy for Po as his indomitable tenacity became obvious and being the only one who did n't mock him in any way . She also acts as the `` mother hen '' of the group , trying to defuse arguments and conflicts between her friends and their differing personalities . In Secrets of the Furious Five , Viper was revealed to be daughter of Great Master Viper , protector of the village where she lived who relied on his venomous fangs to fell his enemies ( referred to by Po , and later on by the Great Master as the awe - inspiring awesomeness of his `` Poison Fang Technique '' ) , and his beautiful wife . The Great Master hoped she would carry on his legacy once she was born , but she was without fangs and never developed them as she grew up , much to the dismay of her father . To make her father feel better , Viper took up ribbon dancing at age six , blossoming into the best dancer in the village . During one Autumn Moon Festival , Viper was too timid to attend the festival and stayed home with her mother . But when her father fought against a gorilla bandit who attacked the village and used venom - proof armor to shatter the Great Master 's poison fangs , Viper , seeing him in trouble , mustered the courage she needed to defeat the gorilla by confusing him with her dancing skills and tying him up with her ribbon . Thus her father 's legacy was secure with his daughter becoming a mighty warrior on her own terms . In Secrets of the Scroll , Viper was asked by Tigress to appear at the Jade Palace ( where she thought she was to be asked to perform for Master Shifu and Oogway ) . However , Shifu , displeased with her not being a warrior , sent her and her companions , Crane , Monkey and Mantis away to safety when Boar threatened the Valley of Peace . However , when Tigress faced Boar , she and the others came to her aid , helping to defeat him . Shifu then offered to help them develop their skills into Kung Fu styles of their own , eventually creating the Furious Five . In Kung Fu Panda Holiday , it is revealed that Viper has sisters whom she loved to cook with during the Winter Feast , but in Secrets of the Furious Five , she is shown as an only child . It may be possible that Viper is merely the firstborn in her family and her sisters could all be younger siblings , though this remains unconfirmed . In Kung Fu Panda 2 , Viper is shown to be the most transparent in her feelings and the most openly compassionate . When the group , hidden inside a Chinese dragon costume , witness the wolves ' brutal treatment of the peasants of Gongmen City , Viper 's face is shown to be openly horrified . She is also shown to be able to pick locks with her tail and in `` Ladies of the Shade , '' she can swallow things for a while . In Kung Fu Panda 3 Viper is among the members of the Jade Palace who meet Po 's father , Li Shan and fight the Jombies ( jade statues possessing the chi of Kung Fu master past and present ) controlled by Kai when he attacks them . Viper herself has her chi taken and is herself turned into a Jombie when Kai attacks and destroys the Jade Palace . She is returned to normal when Po destroys Kai and is later seen celebrating alongside him and the rest of the Furious Five . Master Monkey ( edit ) Master Monkey Kung Fu Panda character Voiced by Jackie Chan ( films , Kung Fu Panda : Legendary Warriors ) Jaycee Chan ( young ) James Sie ( video games and TV series ) Information Species Golden snub - nosed monkey Combat style Monkey Kung Fu Master Monkey is a Golden snub - nosed monkey with a thick Chinese accent who is the friendliest and most approachable of the Five . Monkey was the first of the five to recognize Po 's determination and was at first , the only member of the Furious Five who referred to Po by name . He also seems to harbor the strongest sense of humor within the Five as well , responding most strongly to Po 's sense of comedy . Unlike the others , Master Monkey prefers to use a weapon in combat . He uses a staff , a traditional weapon used in Kung Fu and other martial arts and strongly associated with the legendary Monkey King Sun Wukong . Before he became a kung fu warrior , it is known in the Secrets of the Furious Five that Monkey was the village trickster when he was a teenager , often making people slip on banana peels and / or pantsing them in revenge for an incident in his youth that resulted in him becoming a laughingstock . The townspeople sent many powerful warriors , including rhinoceros guards from Chorh - Gom Prison , to force him out of town dead or alive , but Monkey humiliated each and every one of them ( by swiping their belts off , resulting in their pants falling down ) . Monkey was finally subdued by Master Oogway , who , aside from wearing no pants , also used his shell to hide from Monkey 's attacks . Oogway taught Monkey compassion by saving him from a falling beam , sensing the pain of what caused Monkey 's actions . Instead of making him leave , Oogway convinced him to stay and use his skills for good , which led Monkey to develop into the warrior he is today . In Kung Fu Panda 2 , Monkey continues to provide much of the humor . When they break into the prison to free Master Ox and Master Croc , he offers to stand watch and make crane noises if the guards come into view -- insulting Crane , who asks indignantly when he 's ever made such noises . Monkey is also the first to try to rally the Furious Five after Po seemingly dies and the group is in chains , heading for execution . He turns to Tigress in this time , and seems to look to her for reassurance . In the Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness episode `` Monkey in the Middle , '' it is revealed that Master Monkey has a criminal older brother named Wu Kong who is the self - proclaimed `` King of Thieves . '' He also had a mother who died from shock and grief after seeing her two sons fight . Despite this tragedy , Monkey is shown to be a prankster who is often having fun and joking around with Po , whom he sees as a brother . Master Mantis ( edit ) Master Mantis Kung Fu Panda character Voiced by Seth Rogen ( films ) Max Koch ( young , TV series , and video games ) Brian T. Delaney ( first video game ) Information Species Chinese mantis Combat style Southern Praying Mantis Kung Fu Master Mantis is a Chinese mantis who is the smallest of the Five , but he is obviously the strongest proportional to his size . He resembles the praying mantis from Antz . He can perform such feats as throwing Po and single - handedly holding up a severed rope bridge burdened by most of his comrades and Tai Lung and still have the strength to snap the bridge when needed . He is also a skilled acupuncturist , although his success does depend on the type of body he is working with ; a body like that of Po can sometimes give him problems until he familiarizes himself with the particular anatomy ( one time , he accidentally tweaked Po 's facial nerve , causing the panda to pull a face , which Tigress took as an offensive gesture ) . Pragmatic and open minded with a dry sense of humor , Mantis was the first of the five to develop acceptance and liking of Po as a person , alongside the factor of Po 's girth , declaring size did little to define a warrior and could actually be used as an advantage no matter what style one practices . An unused line from the movie is Mantis saying , `` I 've got to admit , that panda has a lot of heart . And he 's incredibly fun to watch bounce . '' When he was a few years younger ( in Secrets of the Furious Five ) , Mantis was extremely impatient , feeling that the world was too slow for him and he was too fast for the world . On a mission to retrieve wool coats back from the Wool Stealing Crocodile Bandits ( it is unknown if he met Master Croc back then ) , he was captured due to his overconfidence and lack of listening skills when one of the sheep villagers tried to warn him of the bandits ' traps . Mantis was locked in a cage for days and forced to sit and wait for something to happen , and he entered a trance that allowed him to survey the world moving faster than he did . This allowed him to develop the patience needed to devise a plan of escape , playing dead to trick the crocodiles into opening his cage and defeat them . In the sequel , Mantis ' background is further revealed . When the group interrupts Po and Tigress in an effort to give `` emotional support '' , Mantis says wistfully that he never got to know his father , because his mother ate his father 's head . Later , when it seems as if they are about to die , Mantis sighs that he always expected to settle down with `` a nice girl who would later eat my head . '' Mantis is also shown to be able to move at inhuman speeds and break metal with his super strength . In Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness , Mantis has had two relationships , with a caterpillar and a female mantis named Hao Ming , and is shown to be an emotional wreck when he is dumped . This ties in with his remarks in the second film about wanting to settle down . Master Crane ( edit ) Master Crane Kung Fu Panda character Voiced by David Cross ( films , young ) Drew Massey ( video games ) Amir Talai ( TV series ) Information Species Black - necked crane Combat style Fujian White Crane Kung Fu Master Crane is a black - necked crane who is the most patient of the Five and one of the most sarcastic . During combat situations , especially in dangerous locations where fatal falls are possible , Crane will fly around the combat zone , surveying the area as a scout for tactical advantage as well as catching any of his comrades if they do fall . If necessary , he is strong enough to carry all of the Five in the air , but this is very taxing for him . He was the first of the Five to hold a conversation with Po , albeit it being quite awkward . Nonetheless , touched by Po 's dedication and admiration of the Five led Crane to have some respect for Po . In Secrets of the Furious Five , Crane was the janitor at the Lee Da Kung Fu Academy , where everybody looked down upon him including the strict instructor of the academy due to his particularly skinny build . However , the top student Mei Ling saw the skills which Crane used to tidy up the place every night , and convinced Crane to try out for the school . Though his nerve faltered at first , Crane accidentally wandered into the obstacle course when ordered to clean it up for the next batch of students . Demanding eligibility from prospective students and the instructor , Crane quickly found the confidence to surpass it , and passed with flying colors . In Kung Fu Panda 2 , Crane is shown to be the one responsible for carrying Po around . Unlike Tigress , Viper , Monkey , and Mantis , the panda is unable to fall from great heights and land safely on his feet , so Crane basically breaks his fall when needed . He is shown to be insulted when Po and Monkey insinuate that the noise `` Caw - Caw , Kee - Kee , '' are Crane noises , asking when he 's ever made any noises like that , ironically proving he does make these noises when he performs ' Wings of Justice ' during the attempt to blockade Shen 's fleet . When Tigress forces Po to stay behind on the basis that she `` ca n't watch ( her ) friend be killed . '' Crane asks hopefully `` Hey , uh ... maybe you ca n't watch ME be killed ? '' to which she tells him to stop being a wimp . In the end of the film , Crane is shocked with the rest of the Five and Masters Croc and Ox to see Po hugging Tigress , saying `` Do n't ever do that again , please ? '' as he hugs him with the others . Legends of Awesomeness depicts Crane as a somewhat awkward member of the Furious Five given to telling boring stories and prone to various illnesses and allergies . He is also revealed to have a mother who was initially terrified by the idea of him being involved in Kung Fu - he thus grew up practicing it without her knowledge . List of Kung Fu Masters ( edit ) The following Kung Fu Masters were featured or mentioned in Secrets of the Furious Five , Kung Fu Panda Holiday , and any other Kung Fu Panda - related media . Masters ' Council of Gongmen City ( edit ) The Masters ' Council are a group of renowned Kung Fu Masters who are the protectors of the metropolis of Gongmen City . They have governed the city after the parents of Lord Shen had passed on . Master Thundering Rhino ( edit ) Master Thundering Rhino Kung Fu Panda 2 character First appearance Kung Fu Panda 2 ( 2011 ) Last appearance Secrets of the Masters ( 2011 ) Voiced by Victor Garber ( film ) Paul Scheer ( Secrets of the Masters ) Information Species Javan rhinoceros Master Thundering Rhino is shown to be the leader of the Masters ' Council that protects the metropolis of Gongmen City . He is strong , fast , and said to have an `` impenetrable horn defense . '' He wields a battle hammer called the Cloud Hammer and uses it easily . His father is said to be the `` Legendary Master Flying Rhino . '' In his early adventures , he became legendary in his own right by slaying the Ten Thousand Serpents in the Valley of Woe . When he was in Gongmen City , he trained a young Storming Ox in the art of Kung Fu . He later had an encounter with Croc ( who at the time was a member of the Wool Stealing Crocodile Bandits ) and the two of them fought where Master Thundering Rhino spared Croc ( who ended up giving up his criminal ways and sided with Master Thundering Rhino ) . In Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Masters , Master Thundering Rhino ( alongside Master Storming Ox and Master Croc ) were seen in a street fight in the city of Jinzhou . They were approached by Oogway who gave them the task of stopping the Wu Sisters at Hubei Volcano . During this time , there was a deep seated need of Thundering Rhino to win his father 's respect . Master Thundering Rhino , Master Storming Ox , and Master Croc managed to defeat the Wu Sisters . In the present , it was shown that Master Thundering Rhino used to wield an unnamed staff ( which he used to liberate the village of Wen Shen ) which is now on display in the Hall of Warriors . In Kung Fu Panda 2 , he was first seen training with Master Storming Ox and Master Croc when Lord Shen arrives telling them to leave . Master Thundering Rhino objected to this and he alongside Master Storming Ox and Master Croc ended up fighting Lord Shen . When Master Storming Ox and Master Croc were defeated , Lord Shen 's weapons were broken by Master Thundering Rhino whom he called a show - off . When Thundering Rhino warned him he was no match for Kung Fu , Shen agreed with him before revealing his great cannon weapon as he quoted `` But THIS IS ! '' The first cannonball from the cannon is what killed Master Thundering Rhino off - screen . Master Thundering Rhino 's Cloud Hammer was left mounted in the palace 's center square by Lord Shen as both a warning to anyone who opposes him and as a victory trophy . The Furious Five , Po , and Master Shifu receive word that he is dead and travel to Gongmen City to stop Lord Shen . The hammer warning would be turned into a memorial for Thundering Rhino after Shen 's death . Master Storming Ox ( edit ) Master Storming Ox Kung Fu Panda 2 character Voiced by Dennis Haysbert ( film and Secrets of the Masters ) Phil LaMarr ( video game ) Information Species Ox Master Storming Ox is one of the Masters of Gongmen City and a member of the Masters ' Council . When he was young , he was trained in the art of Kung Fu by Master Thundering Rhino who found him having snuck into the Royal Palace . It was mentioned by Po that he once fought two hundred rat bandits in the rice fields of the Wing Cho province . In Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Masters , Master Storming Ox ( alongside Master Thundering Rhino and Master Croc ) were seen in a street fight in the city of Jinzhou . They were approached by Grand Master Oogway who gave them the task of stopping the Wu Sisters at Hubei Volcano . Master Thundering Rhino , Master Storming Ox , and Master Croc managed to defeat the Wu Sisters . In the present , it was shown that Master Storming Ox used to wield an unnamed sword ( which he once used to defeat the Macau Marauders ) which is now on display in the Hall of Warriors . In Kung Fu Panda 2 , he was training with Master Thundering Rhino and Master Croc . Lord Shen arrived and told them to leave . The three objected to this and ended up attacking Lord Shen only for Storming Ox and Croc to be defeated . When the Furious Five and Po travel to Gongmen City , they find him and Master Croc still alive and imprisoned in the Gongmen City Jail . However , Master Storming Ox refuses to join them saying that if he does , Lord Shen will use the Weapon on the city and kill everyone and that Kung Fu is dead . He later changes his mind and joins them for the last battle saying that `` their friend ( who later turns out to be Master Shifu ) is very persuasive . '' After Lord Shen 's death at the hands of Po , and with Master Thundering Rhino dead , Master Storming Ox became the new leader of the Masters ' Council , and therefore the new king of Gongmen City . He has his own section in the KFP comic `` Kung Fu Panda : Art of Balance '' chapter `` One Set of Horns . '' In the Kung Fu Panda 2 video game , Master Storming Ox is the one who tells Po about the Komodo dragons that once attacked Gongmen City when one of them is sighted in the sewers . Master Storming Ox is an expert strategist with the ability to pinpoint an enemy 's weakspot . His horns can penetrate anything . He did not appear in Kung Fu Panda 3 but was briefly mentioned . Master Croc ( edit ) Master Croc Kung Fu Panda 2 character Voiced by Jean - Claude Van Damme ( films ) Dave B. Mitchell ( video game ) Tony Leondis ( Secrets of the Masters ) Information Species Saltwater crocodile Master Croc is one of the Masters of Gongmen City and member of the Master 's Council . He is a saltwater crocodile with a spiked metal ball on the tip of his tail and extreme fighting skills both in and out of water . He was once the head of the infamous Wool Stealing Crocodile Bandits of Crocodile Island ( the very same bandits Mantis encountered in his youth ) until he crossed paths with Master Thundering Rhino . After the fight and inspired by the master sparing him , he gave up on being a bandit and eventually came to sit at Thundering Rhino 's side as a member of the Masters ' Council . One of Master Croc 's known heroics is when he had managed to defeat the Badger Bandits . In Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Masters , Master Croc ( alongside Master Thundering Rhino and Master Storming Ox ) were seen in a street fight in the city of Jinzhou . They were approached by Grand Master Oogway who gave them the task of stopping the Wu Sisters at Hubei Volcano . Master Thundering Rhino , Master Storming Ox , and Master Croc managed to defeat the Wu Sisters . In the present , it was shown that Master Croc used to wear a cape which is now on display in the Hall of Warriors . In Kung Fu Panda 2 , he was training with Master Thundering Rhino and Master Storming Ox . Lord Shen arrived and told them to leave . The three objected to this and ended up attacking Lord Shen only for Storming Ox and Croc to be defeated . He too gives up after being defeated by the Weapon , but unlike Master Storming Ox , who is visibly angry at Po 's insistence that they fight , Croc is more resigned . He is obviously less aggressive than Master Storming Ox , and visibly winces when Tigress rebuffs every single one of Po 's attempts to leave the jail when she tells him to stay behind . He also joins in the final fight after Shifu 's persuading . In Kung Fu Panda 3 , he was one of the masters who are turned to jombies and used against Po Earlier years Croc 's origins are currently unknown . However , it is known that he was once the head of the infamous Wool Stealing Crocodile Bandits of Crocodile Island , a gang of criminals noted to be `` unmatched in their mischief '' and known for their skill in trap - setting . One such trap successfully captured Master Mantis , though the bandits themselves were eventually fooled by his `` staying - still - for - a-really - long - time '' technique. ( 5 ) It is also known that Croc eventually crossed paths with Master Thundering Rhino , whose kung fu was proven superior in their battle on the shores of the Wa Su Li River . Beaten , Croc prepared himself for death , but the fatal blow never came . Thundering Rhino instead asked Croc to use his kung fu skills for doing good . Croc was so moved by Master Rhino 's compassion that he immediately quit his criminal ways . He then traveled across China , following Rhino 's advice to use his kung fu for good by righting wrongs and protecting the weak . Croc gained fame for his victorious deeds during this time . One such victory was his silencing of the Badger Bandits , who insulted Croc by talking about his mother . Eventually he came to sit at Rhino 's side as a member of the Kung Fu Council . Master Boar ( edit ) Master Boar Kung Fu Panda 2 character Information Species Wild boar Combat style Unspecified Master Boar was a Kung Fu Master who was supposed to appear as a member of the Masters ' Council in Kung Fu Panda 2 , but was scrapped . According to modeling supervisor Jason Turner , it was a challenge to animate Master Boar since his fat tends to get in his way when he leans down not unlike the challenges the animators had to face with Po . His design was used for an inmate in the Gongmen Palace 's dungeon with the inmate voiced by Conrad Vernon . Similar boar bandits with his design appeared in Kung Fu Panda Holiday with Conrad Vernon voicing the bandit that said `` Would n't be my choice . '' Master Boar later appeared in Kung Fu Panda : Showdown of Legendary Legends as a playable character . Master antelope ( edit ) Master Antelope Legend of the Legendary Warrior character Information Species Tibetan antelope Combat style Unspecified Master Antelope is a Kung Fu Master who was featured in the digital comic `` Legend of the Legendary Warrior . '' Not much is known about her except for the fact that she took part in a Kung Fu Tournament at the Jade Palace . Master Bull ( edit ) Master Bull Legend of the Legendary Warrior character Information Species Ox Combat style Unspecified Master Bull is a Kung Fu Master who was featured in the digital comic `` Legend of the Legendary Warrior . '' Not much is known about him except for the fact that he took part in a Kung Fu Tournament at the Jade Palace . In the Hall of Warriors , he is shown to have a portrait where he is holding two spiked hammer - like weapons . The caption under the portrait says that he is the `` Master of the Hammering Headache '' technique . Master Bull is also featured in Kung Fu Panda World where he rarely appears at the Sacred Peaks . When the player sits on the rocks in a certain pattern , they can click him and a mini-game will activate where the player has to protect the Valley of Peace from Tai Lung 's henchmen . Master Frog ( edit ) Master Frog Legend of the Legendary Warrior character Information Species Frog Combat style Unspecified Master Frog is a Kung Fu Master who was featured in the digital comic `` Legend of the Legendary Warrior . '' Not much is known about him except for the fact that he took part in a Kung Fu Tournament at the Jade Palace . In the Hall of Warriors , he has his own painting with a caption under the portrait that says `` Beware his Musical Mayhem Attack . '' Master Frog is also featured in Kung Fu Panda World where he is seen in Lily Pad Marsh sitting on the head of Master Monkey 's Statue . When clicked upon , Master Frog will flicker his tongue , jump from the hands of Master Monkey 's statue , leap into the water , and float back up to the statue . Also , in the game , he has a scroll named after himself called `` Master Frog 's Leap . '' Master Golden Takin ( edit ) Master Golden Takin Kung Fu Panda franchise character Information Species Takin Combat style Unspecified Master Golden Takin is a Kung Fu Master . Not much is known about him except for the fact that he was credited as the builder of the 900 - year - old Training Hall and was appointed as the first martial arts instructor by Oogway . Master leopard ( edit ) Master Leopard Legend of the Legendary Warrior character Information Species Leopard Combat style Unspecified Master Leopard is a Kung Fu Master who is briefly featured in the digital comic `` Legend of the Legendary Warrior . '' Not much is known about her or if Master Leopard is her real name or not . Master Dog ( edit ) Master Dog Kung Fu Panda franchise character Information Species Dog Combat style Unspecified Master Dog is a Kung Fu Master who was briefly mentioned . Not much is known about him and it was said that he was granted a set of ninja weapons that were forged by the father of Lady Blossom when it came to rescuing her . Dog 's weapons were seen in the Hall of Warriors as seen in Kung Fu Panda . Master Wolf ( edit ) Master Wolf Legend of the Legendary Warrior character Information Species Tibetan wolf Combat style Unspecified Master Wolf is a Kung Fu Master who was briefly seen in the digital comic `` Legend of the Legendary Warrior . '' Grand twin Weasels ( edit ) Grand Twin Weasels Kung Fu Panda franchise character Information Species Mountain weasels Combat style Unspecified The Grand Twin Weasels are two venerated Kung Fu Masters . Not much is known about them except that they are masters of the ring blades which can cut through stone . When their opponents see their weapons the battle is automatically decided . Their blades are seen in the Hall of Warriors as seen in Kung Fu Panda . Master flying Rhino ( edit ) Master Flying Rhino Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Masters character Voiced by David Cowgill Information Species Javan rhinoceros Flying Rhino is a Kung Fu Master who is the father and trainer of Thundering Rhino . He once used an armor in a bloody fight against the warriors of the Guangdong Province . Although he triumphed in that battle , his armor still bears the battle scars caused by the butterfly knives used by the lizard assassins that managed to get close to him . There was also a reference that Flying Rhino has also trained Vachir and had recommended him to Oogway to be in charge of Tai Lung 's incarceration at Chorh - Gom Prison as Flying Rhino stated that Vachir was brave enough , strong enough , and ruthless enough for the job . His armor is on display at the Jade Palace as seen in Kung Fu Panda . Great Master Viper ( edit ) Great Master Viper Secrets of the Furious Five character Voiced by James Sie Information Species Green tree viper Combat style Snake Kung Fu Great Master Viper is a Kung Fu Master who is the father of Master Viper and the last known leader of the Viper Clan . Not much is known about Great Master Viper 's past before the birth of his daughter Viper . What is known about him according to Po is that he was the greatest known leader and warrior of the Viper Clan , as well as the sole protector of Viper 's home village , highly dependent on his `` Poison Fang Technique , '' with which he used his venomous fangs to fell his enemies . Given that his venom was deadly enough to fell fifteen gorilla warriors and a mid-sized crocodile ( according to Po ) , he quickly built up his legacy and became greatly feared by his enemies . As is shown in Secrets of the Furious Five , Great Master Viper was shocked when Viper was born without fangs , prompting him to not pay her much attention as she grew up since he thought there was no point teaching her kung fu if she could n't use `` Poison Fang '' . Consequently , Viper instead took up ribbon dancing to cheer her father up . She finally got her chance to prove herself when a ferocious gorilla bandit took the precaution of wearing armour and broke Great Master Viper 's fangs , with Viper then tying the bandit up with her ribbon and saving her father 's life . Master eagle ( edit ) Master Eagle Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Masters character Information Species Eagle Master Eagle is a Kung Fu Master who was referenced in Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Masters . Not much is known about him except for the fact that he once owned the Blade of Bao Ding which he used to defeat the Hyenas of Handan as mentioned by Po . His weapon is on display in the Hall of Warriors . Master Rhino ( edit ) Master Rhino Kung Fu Panda Holiday character Voiced by Jonathan Groff Information Species Javan rhinoceros Rhino is a Kung Fu Master who was among the 29 representatives at the Jade Palace 's formal Winter Feast dinner from one of the unnamed Kung Fu schools in China to which he is the master over . Out of the twenty - nine representatives present , he and Master Sheep were the only ones named . It is unknown if he has any relations to Master Flying Rhino or Master Thundering Rhino . Master Sheep ( edit ) Master Sheep Kung Fu Panda Holiday Special character Voiced by None Information Species Black sheep Master Sheep is a Kung Fu Master who was among the 29 representatives at the Jade Palace 's formal Winter Feast dinner from one of the unnamed Kung Fu schools in China to which he is the master over . Out of the 29 representatives present , only he and Master Rhino were the only ones named . Master Bear ( edit ) Master Bear Kung Fu Panda 3 character Voiced by Fred Tatasciore Information Species brown bear Master Bear is a brown bear that appears in Kung Fu Panda 3 . He is among the Kung Fu Masters that are rounded up by the Furious Five to fight Kai . He appears as a playable character in Kung Fu Panda : Showdown of Legendary Legends . Master Chicken ( edit ) Master Chicken Kung Fu Panda 3 character Voiced by Stephen Kearin Information Species chicken Master Chicken is a chicken that appears in Kung Fu Panda 3 . He is among the Kung Fu Masters that are rounded up by the Furious Five to fight Kai . Master dolphin ( edit ) Master Dolphin Kung Fu Panda 3 character Information Species Dolphin Master Dolphin is a dolphin who was referenced in Kung Fu Panda 3 . He was a renowned Kung Fu Master throughout China . His armor is on display in the Hall of Warriors . Master Badger Twins ( edit ) Badger Twins Kung Fu Panda 3 character Information Species Badger The Master Badger Twins are twin deceased badgers that appear in Kung Fu Panda 3 . Their Chi was stolen by Kai to make his Jombies . According to animation supervision and fight choreographer Rodolphe Guenoden , the Badger Twins wield staffs to make up for their small arms not being able to reach their opponents . Master Gorilla ( edit ) Master Gorilla Kung Fu Panda 3 character Information Species Gorilla Master Gorilla is a gorilla that is featured in Kung Fu Panda 3 . Master Gorilla is a famed Kung Fu Master who Kai encountered and stole his chi to make into one of his Jombies . Master Porcupine ( edit ) Master Porcupine Kung Fu Panda 3 character Information Species Porcupine Master Porcupine is a deceased porcupine that appears in Kung Fu Panda 3 . His Chi was stolen by Kai to make his Zombies . Master Chao ( edit ) Master Chao Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by James Sie Information Species Desert monitor Combat style Shaolin Kung fu Master Chao ( Chinese for `` Super '' ) is a desert monitor Kung Fu Master amongst the hierarchy of the Sacred Onyx Council ( one of the most elite in China ) . He appeared in the episode `` Sight for Sore Eyes '' where he and Master Junjie visited Shifu at the Jade Palace to determine his qualifications as Master of the Jade Palace . He , Shifu , and Junjie ended up doing their usual sparring with Po secretly watching under Junjie 's request where Junjie used a Golden Lotus Clap which Shifu and Chao turned away which resulted in Po being blinded . After it was revealed that Po had watched the play after he botched up a group technique , making Shifu undo the effects of the Golden Lotus Clap , Master Chao was displeased that Po disobeyed Shifu 's orders and ended up replacing Shifu with Junjie . When Chao returned to check up on Junjie , he overheard Junjie 's intentions in his talk with Po and caught Junjie in the act . Po and Chao were imprisoned in the same cell as Shifu by Junjie 's Furious Five . After Po freed Shifu and Chao and defeated Junjie , Chao gave Shifu his job back and commended Po for doing the right thing despite the risk , while Junjie and his Furious Five are remanded to Chorh - Gom Prison . In `` Kung Shoes , '' Chao is called to the Jade Palace when Po ( who was wearing special shoes that enhance Kung Fu abilities ) has accomplished the Three Needles move . It turns out that Shifu , the Furious Five , and Chao , knew about the shoes when they started to glow . When the shoes start to go out of control , Chao had to help Shifu and the Furious Five in order to get the shoes off of Po . After the panda got the shoes off and sliced them , the shoes multiplied and possessed everyone present . Po then uses the water to neutralize the shoe 's effects . Shifu thanks Chao for his help as Chao states that this was the first time he has seen anyone perform the Three Needles Move ( even if it was done by anyone wearing sentient shoes ) . Master Yao ( edit ) Master Yao Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Paul Rugg Information Species Blackbuck Combat style Unspecified Master Yao ( Chinese for `` Brilliant '' ) is a blackbuck Kung Fu Master renowned for his outstanding intellect . Shifu idolizes him and commented that Yao is known for being `` the greatest Kung Fu mind this world has ever known . '' He was credited as the first person to unlock the mystery of the Secret Scroll at the age of 5 . At age 6 , he invented pruning and was one of the few people who know how an abacus works . But with a great mind came a great sacrifice . Yao spent a lifetime meditating alone with no contact to the outside world . He has become the keeper of the secrets of Kung Fu . In his mind , Yao holds unimaginable knowledge and the power of the universe . Sometime later , Yao comes out of hiding to visit the Valley of Peace . After years of being cooped in constant meditation and isolated from the rest of the world , Yao was cheerful and glad to experience life again . He gets overly excited at every little thing that surrounds him because of his long cut - off from the world . Po and Shifu had to protect him when Temutai and the Qidan Clan target Yao to learn the secrets of Kung Fu . Even though his physical strengths are weak , he is able to use Kung Fu with his mind . It was with this talent that he was able to free Po and Shifu and knock the entire Qidan Clan unconscious . Mr. Yeung ( edit ) Mr. Yeung Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Toby Huss Information Species Taihu pig Combat style Unspecified Mr. Yeung is an elderly pig who was once a Kung Fu Master that was known back then as `` Yeung the Musical Archer '' and was a companion to Mrs. Gow . His nickname comes from the fact that Mr. Yeung can use his musical instrument as a bow to fire arrows perfectly . He first appeared in the episode `` In With the Old '' where he and Mrs. Gow play mahjong with Mr. Ping . They end up coming to the aid of Po when Temutai and the Qidan Clan plot to steal the Helmet of the Invincible Thunder Kick . Mrs. Gow ( edit ) Mrs. Gow Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Amy Hill Information Species Goat Combat style Unspecified Mrs. Gow is an elderly goat who was once a Kung Fu Master that was known back then as `` Gow of the Hundred Stars '' and was a companion of Mr. Yeung . Her nickname comes from the fact she could throw razor sharp stars into her opponents perfectly . She first appeared in the episode `` In With the Old '' where she and Mr. Yeung play mahjong with Mr. Ping . When Mr. Ping suggests that she and Mr. Yeung help Po save Shifu and defend the Jade Palace , Po dismisses them because of their age , remarking that Mrs. Gow was `` older than rope '' and that Mr. Yeung was even older than she was . However , they end up coming to the aid of Po when Temutai and the Qidan Clan plot to steal the Helmet of the Invincible Thunder Kick . Mrs. Gow used her dental prosthetic and not her stars , but still proved to be a very capable fighter despite her advanced years and reprimands Po by commenting that she is like `` rope , you know , that thing that is very useful . '' Master Shengqi ( edit ) Master Shengqi Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Tim Dadabo Information species Water buffalo Master Shengqi ( Chinese for `` Angry '' ) is a water buffalo Kung Fu Master who resides in Muchang . He used to work for Duke Pingjun until his daughter Xiao Niao tripped and fell into the giant moon cake for Duke Pingjun 's guests . Shengqi intervened before Duke Bingjun could slap her . Duke Bingjun accused Shengqi of assault and had him incarcerated in Chorh - Gom Prison . Shengqi later broke out of Chorh - Gom Prison and had a bounty placed on him . The inhabitants of Muchang are very protective of him when Po takes Constable Hu 's offer to bring him in . When Po finds Shengqi and fights him , Po fights him and does n't believe his side of the story . Po catches up to Shengqi on top of the mountain and fights him again . Po still does n't believe him until he sees half of a necklace that was on the neck of a girl ( who turned out to be Xiao Niao ) that attended the festival . When Po is given the reward from the Rhino Guards , he throws the reward towards the Rhino Guards and gets Shengqi away . Po takes Shengqi to the Valley of Peace where Constable Hu tries to capture Shengqi . Po tells Constable Hu the truth about what happened the day when Shengqi was imprisoned . As Shengqi is reunited with Xiao Niao , Constable Hu tells Po that he will petition the Imperial Magistrate to have Shengqi 's sentence overturned . Master Kweng ( edit ) Master Kweng Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Jim Meskimen Information species Argali Master Kweng ( Chinese for `` Kaunda '' ) is a goat Kung Fu Master who is the CEO of the Kung Fu Express ( a group of messengers trained in Kung Fu ) . He is known for saying `` No unauthorized handling '' when it comes to people that want to handle the message . In `` Shoot the Messenger , '' Po accidentally signs the Dragon Warrior on a scroll Kweng was carrying that was actually a peace treaty between the Gorilla Clan led by Can - Shoo and the Gorilla Clan led by Cheen - Gwan . Po ended up getting the help from Lam and Tigress to get the peace treaty back from Kweng for fear of a war between the Gorilla Clans that can threaten all of China . The fight between Po , Tigress , and Kweng escalated at the Kung Fu Express headquarters where the other members of the Kung Fu Express end up taking part in the battle . When the treaty is finally delivered to Can - Shoo and Cheen - Gwan by Kweng , they were surprised that the Dragon Warrior 's name is on it as they are big fans of Po . Master Mugan ( edit ) Master Mugan Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by April Winchell Information Species Goldfish Master Mugan ( Chinese for `` Wood '' ) is a goldfish Kung Fu Master who resides at the Garnet Palace as its headmaster . She is very strict and greatly dislikes Po as she believes that he is undisciplined and was chosen by a random quirk of fate . She also secretly views her students as little more than possessions for her to do with as she will , as she stated Tigress was never allowed to leave once she joined her , which was further evidenced by the fact that the previous warrior she had trained was forced to train until he was broken physically and spiritually by her . She came to the Jade Palace in `` A Tigress Tale , '' where she wanted to seek a new Kung Fu master to join her at the Garnet Palace , following the failure of her previous warrior Wu Yong . Tigress went with Mugan and showed off her Kung Fu talents and Mugan stated that she was a powerful warrior . When Tigress went to acknowledge the compliment , Mugan stated that it was n't a compliment . She informed Tigress that her focus in Kung Fu was precision , and demonstrated so by jumping out of her fish tank and using the bowls around her Kung Fu dojo to jump and eventually cut Tigress with one of her razor - sharp fins . Tigress was impressed with Mugan 's skills and began her training , but could not seem to impress Mugan , as Mugan was never . When Tigress tried to leave , Mugan refused to let her go and instead imprisoned her and decided to break her , as she had with her previous student . When Po went to the Garnet Palace to see Tigress , Mugan lied to Po that she did not want to see him . Eventually , Po broke into the Garnet Palace and freed Tigress , only for them to be stopped by Mugan . Then Tigress informed Mugan that there was more to life than Kung Fu . Outraged , Mugan attacked Po and Tigress , but was defeated when Po and Wu Yong knocked all the pillars holding her water over , trapping her in the central tank . Afterwards , Mugan was presumably sent to Chorh - Gom Prison . Master Lun ( edit ) Master Lun Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Michael - Leon Wooley Information Species Pug Master Lun ( Chinese for `` Friendship '' ) is a pug Kung Fu Master that appears in Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . He utilizes the chi of his instruments to use musical kung fu . Master Elephant ( edit ) Master Elephant Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Nolan North Information Species Indian elephant Master Elephant is an Indian elephant who appears in Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . He was a member of the original Furious Five alongside Master Shifu , Fenghuang , Master Snow Leopard , and Master Rooster . Master Elephant appears in person in the episode `` The First Five '' where Po organizes a reunion of the original Furious Five as part of a party that Po throws for Master Shifu . During a mission where Po teams up with the original five ( minus Master Shifu who had refused to take part in the mission ) to retrieve the Sword of Xi'an , a demon that had been beaten by the original five in the past , Master Elephant is possessed by Xi'an . He is eventually freed by both the current and past incarnations of the Furious Five and the sword is destroyed by Fenghuang . Master snow leopard ( edit ) Master Snow Leopard Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Mindy Sterling Information Species Snow leopard Master Snow Leopard is a snow leopard who appears in Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . She was a member of the original Furious Five alongside Master Shifu , Fenghuang , Master Elephant , and Master Rooster . Master Snow Leopard appears in person in the episode `` The First Five '' where Po organizes a reunion of the original Furious Five as part of a party that Po throws for Master Shifu . Master Rooster ( edit ) Rooster Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Eric Bauza Information Species Chicken Master Rooster is a chicken who appears in Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . He was a member of the original Furious Five alongside Master Shifu , Fenghuang , Master Elephant , and Master Snow Leopard . Master Rooster appears in person in the episode `` The First Five '' where Po organizes a reunion of the original Furious Five as part of a party that Po throws for Master Shifu . Enemies ( edit ) Tai Lung ( edit ) Tai Lung Kung Fu Panda character First appearance Kung Fu Panda ( 2008 ) Voiced by Ian McShane ( films ) Riley Osborne ( young ) J. Grant Albrecht ( Kung Fu Panda video game ) Pat Fraley ( Kung Fu Panda : Legendary Warriors ) André Sogliuzzo ( TV series ) Information Species Snow leopard Combat style Leopard Kung Fu Age 20 + Tai Lung ( Chinese for `` Great Dragon '' ) was the main antagonist of Kung Fu Panda . He was a muscular snow leopard with supernatural strength . Before the franchise , Tai Lung was the adoptive son and first devoted pupil of Master Shifu , who found him abandoned on the doorstep of the Jade Palace training ground and taught him skills in Kung Fu that he never shared with any other of his students , even the Furious Five . In fact , Tai Lung was the only one ( third to Oogway and Shifu ) to know the Nerve Attack , and believed that he was destined to become the Dragon Warrior , making it his aim in life . However , as Tai Lung 's fighting skills developed , his pride and thirst for power grew overwhelming due to believing that he was to become the Dragon Warrior , thus alerting Grand Master Oogway of darkness in his heart and leading him to refuse Tai Lung the title . Shocked , Tai Lung looked to Shifu for support , but the latter was too reluctant to protest . Embittered and outraged by Shifu and Oogway 's perceived betrayal , Tai Lung 's pride turned into corruption as he rampaged throughout the valley , taking out his rage against the villagers . He then fought his way back to the Jade Palace , seeking to take the Dragon Scroll , the item that was said to grant the chosen Dragon Warrior limitless power , by force . Shifu could not bring himself to harm his adoptive son , whereas Tai Lung felt no such hesitation and smashed aside his mentor and father figure without mercy . However , the leopard was no match for Oogway , who hit him with a lighting fast series of nerve attacks , paralyzing and defeating him . Following his defeat , Tai Lung was sent to Chorh - Gom Prison for his crimes against the valley and kept restrained by a body - device shaped like a turtle shell ( later revealed in the second movie to be similar to the mechanism used by Lord Shen 's men to restrain Po and the Furious Five , called `` Eight - point Acupressure cuffs ; the more you move , the tighter they get '' ) . Despite Tai Lung 's imprisonment , this left a hole in Shifu 's soul due to the fact that the love he gave Tai Lung went to waste , and as a result , he started training the Furious Five with a more harsh and critical manner . Two decades later , on the day Po was chosen the Dragon Warrior , Tai Lung escaped using a feather dropped by Zeng to pick the lock on the body - device , and slaughtered all the guards before sending Zeng ahead with a message . Desperate for the Dragon Scroll , he headed straight back to the Valley , stopping briefly to engage and defeat the Furious Five . By the time he reached the temple , Shifu battled him while Po was supposedly evacuating with the rest of the villagers and the Furious Five . Tai Lung unleashed all his rage and hatred during the battle , and gravely wounded Shifu , who he blamed for his incarceration and failure to become the Dragon Warrior , furiously demanding to know if Shifu was satisfied with turning him into the monster he had become . It was then Shifu told Tai Lung that his pride for him blinded the master to see what his adopted son was becoming , and apologized . Although Tai Lung showed some concern for him , he was still only interested in gaining the Dragon Scroll ( saying `` I do n't want your apology , I want my scroll ! '' ) . When he finally saw that it was missing , he nearly killed Shifu until Po came in and stopped him . Even though Tai Lung scoffed that a fat panda could n't possibly be the Dragon Warrior , Po proved to be an unexpectedly formidable opponent . Po 's considerable cunning , skill and strength , Tai Lung thought , was only possible through the Dragon Scroll . After a protracted battle throughout the village , he finally managed to obtain the Dragon Scroll , but his impatience caused him to not understand its symbolism : the scroll was actually a blank reflective foil , meaning the power had always been buried deep within the person . Po , on the other hand , understood it very well and used the symbolism to counterattack several of Tai Lung 's moves . Tai Lung was ultimately defeated when Po utilized the Wuxi Finger Hold , which the former claimed Shifu did n't teach him . Po agreed , replying that he figured it out on his own ( though Shifu had tried to threateningly use it on Po earlier ) , and vanquished the hateful snow leopard in a brilliant and rippling flash that shook the Valley . In the video game Kung Fu Panda : Legendary Warriors , Tai Lung had survived his encounter with Po and plans his revenge on him by capturing the Furious Five . He is defeated once again . Tai Lung additionally appears at the beginning of the Kung Fu Panda Holiday Special as part of Mr. Ping 's `` Noodle Dream '' where he fights Po . Po states he thought Tai Lung was dead , though this statement is cut short when Tai Lung attacks him . Po ultimately defeats him once again . In Kung Fu Panda 2 , Tai Lung was only seen in Po 's flashback during his demonstration of inner peace . In Kung Fu Panda 3 , Po mentioned that the Wuxi Finger Hold sends the opponent to the Spirit Realm , which indicates that Tai Lung was sent there when he was defeated . At the end of the Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness episode `` The Kung Fu Kid , '' the episode 's twist ending revealed that Tai Lung is the uncle of Peng who is searching for him much to Po 's shock and horror . In `` Master and the Panda , '' Peng learns that Po was responsible for what happened to Tai Lung as Po tries to tell Peng that Tai Lung was evil . When Peng ended up corrupted by the Gung Lu Medallion and started attacking , Po used the Shift Stone to transform into Tai Lung in order to get Peng to remove the medallion . Upon seeing what following his uncle 's path would turn him into , Peng then retired from Kung Fu , not wanting to end up like his uncle . However , in `` Kung Fu Club , '' Peng would be revealed to have returned to the path of Kung Fu , this time seeking to train common people to defend themselves . Tai Lung is shown to be an exceptionally deadly fighter , able to single - handedly defeat a thousand guards in Chorh - Gom Prison , as well as the Furious Five . He is also shown to be very resourceful , for example using a feather to escape his shackles he picked up with his tail and using spears launched at him from crossbows to allow him to escape as well as using them for leverage to achieve upward mobility . He also has a special nerve attack taught to him by Shifu which completely paralyzes the victim . However , Po , being too fat for the strikes to reach the correct points , is resistant to the technique , finding it very ticklish when it was used . Lord Shen ( edit ) Shen Kung Fu Panda 2 character First appearance Kung Fu Panda 2 ( 2011 ) Voiced by Gary Oldman ( film ) Information Species Indian peafowl ( leucistic ) Combat style Cai Li Fo Age 30 + Lord Shen ( Chinese for `` Divinity '' ) was the main antagonist of Kung Fu Panda 2 . He was a leucistic peacock who was disturbed and desperate to regain happiness by conquering all of China . Shen can be described as a Hungry ghost , referring to him having ambitions that can never be satisfied or as the Soothsayer said it ; `` the cup ( Shen ) choose ( s ) to fill has no bottom '' . Before the franchise , Shen was a prince of Gongmen City who became interested in the power of gunpowder , wondering if it and the technology behind fireworks ( which was invented by his family to bring great joy to all China ) could be used for warfare . This obsession worried his loving parents , who asked the Soothsayer what his future held . In response , she foretold that if he ever continued to go too far down this path , he would be stopped by `` a warrior of black - and - white '' . Eavesdropping on this divination , Shen correctly assumed that the warrior would be a panda and decided to take action in an attempt to avert the prophecy , thus leading his wolf guards in a massacre against China 's entire panda population ( in the opening , the Soothsayer says that this only sealed Shen 's fate ; OR in layman 's terms the `` Self - fulfilling prophecy '' ) . Upon becoming satisfied that he achieved his objective , he returned to his family palace filled with pride , but was confronted by his parents , who were horrified by his atrocity and immediately exiled him as punishment . Feeling profoundly wronged for this treatment , the peacock angrily vowed he would return one day to conquer China . Unknown to him , the seeds of his destruction were laid as the apparent sole survivor of his panda massacre ( who turned out to be Po ) was inadvertently transported in a crate of radishes to the Valley of Peace , where he became the Dragon Warrior , and Shen 's parents became so crippled by the pain of having to banish their son that they both died of broken hearts . Over twenty years later , Shen and his wolf minions had finished building a whole arsenal of firework - smoking cannons , raiding villages to supply the refined metal required . When satisfied that he was ready for war , he marched upon Gongmen City with his wolf and gorilla armies and challenged the current regents , the Masters ' Council ( which consisted of Masters Thundering Rhino , Storming Ox and Croc ) , to a duel . Swiftly defeating Storming Ox and Croc , and killing Thundering Rhino with a cannon shot , Shen imprisoned the demoralized remaining masters and seized control of the city , keeping only the Soothsayer in his court for her skills . Shortly afterward , Shen 's wolf army captured Po and the Furious Five trying to break into the city to stop him . Even though Shen already learned that a fat panda survived his genocide , Po seemed a simpleton whose stupidity was found mildly amusing , and did n't know about his past . However , when he tried to kill the warriors with his cannon , they broke free as arranged and destroyed the cannon , mistakenly thinking it was the only one . Taking advantage of Po 's sudden flashback upon seeing his red feather markings , Shen managed to escape to a foundry where he ordered a team of cannoneers to bring down the palace to kill the warriors , before they escaped and later tried to destroy the cannon foundry to stop production . Unfortunately , Po unintentionally interfered with the attempt when he broke in on his own to confront the peacock about his suspicions concerning his involvement with his parents . At that , Shen falsely claimed Po 's parents never loved him , abandoning him to save themselves . With Po distraught , Shen armed a large cannon and seemingly killed Po by blasting him into the river . With that , Shen eventually captured the Furious Five and planned to kill them once his fleet reached open water as a demonstration of his power . However , Po returned to confront him again , having survived the blast and being nursed back to health by the Soothsayer , gaining his inner peace . Now even more formidable , the panda freed his comrades and were joined by their fellow masters , including Storming Ox , Ferocious Croc and Shifu in a furious melee to stop the fleet 's departure . Shen 's increasing rage drove him to fire on his own troops to kill the masters . Eventually , he still managed to blast his opposition with the head cannon and exit the harbor . As it looked like all was lost , Po , using a piece of wreckage as an island , caught the cannonballs fired at him and redirected them at the fleet . Frustrated , Shen ordered that the barrage be maintained , only to find out that he enabled the Dragon Warrior to destroy his forces with his own fired ammunition . Finally , Po was able to destroy Shen 's primary cannon , severely damaging his flagship in the process . He then boarded Shen 's damaged flagship and confronted the worn - out Shen , who was flabbergasted as to how Po could attain such a controlled peace despite his atrocities against him , which he expected would merit revenge . Po told him that he rejected letting his past dominate his present and pleads with the peacock to let go of his past resentments , saying that the only thing that matters now is the path he chooses . Even though Shen agreed of choosing his own path , he refused to let go of his hatred ( saying `` You 're right . Then I choose THIS ! '' ) . He attacked Po until the melee toppled the wreckage of the cannon , causing the heavy weapon to fall on and crush the psychotic peacock , presumably killing him . Despite his reliance of cannons , Shen is also an incredibly deadly fighter with blades , several of which are of different sizes he hides in his feathers . He also wears steel gauntlets with sharpened talons over his real feet and claws which he uses as a weapon , to light fuses and as a source of traction . Shen 's fighting style shares similar qualities with `` Cai Li Fo '' , a Chinese martial art that uses a metal fan for defensive and distraction purposes . These qualities are represented in the movie by Shen 's use of his tail feathers and his agile , circular movements . His defeat is mentioned by a villager in the Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness episode `` Enter The Dragon '' . Shen also made a cameo appearance in Kung Fu Panda 3 during the end of a flashback scene when Li Shan lost his wife . Lord Shen 's Wolf Army ( edit ) This Wolf Army are the servants of Lord Shen . These wolves once served as the Royal Guards of Gongmen City . But the only member of Gongman City 's royal family ever to befriend the wolves was Shen , the heir to Gongmen City 's throne . Shen fed them , played with them , and treated them like family . The pack and their leader eventually swore their allegiance to Shen . Some remnants of Lord Shen 's Wolf Army were seen in the Kung Fu Panda 2 video game where it is being led by another wolf . Wolf Boss ( edit ) Wolf Boss Kung Fu Panda 2 character Voiced by Danny McBride Information Species Tibetan wolf Combat style Wields a war maul Wolf Boss was the secondary antagonist of Kung Fu Panda 2 . He was Shen 's former second - in - command who leads a Wolf Army working for Shen and sees with only one eye ( because in the flashback , his left eye is destroyed by Li Shan , who hits him with a hammer and is seen chasing Po 's mother down in the forest ) . He first spots Po , as well as the one to inform Shen that he is still alive . Later , Po and Wolf Boss are in combat several times at Gongmen City can be interpreted as comic relief . Both Po and the Wolf Boss get hit by the wooden signs while moving forward . He is shown to be rather savage as he attempts to kill him , despite him being an innocent baby at the time . The symbol of Shen on his sleeve , distracts Po during the fight and triggers both Po 's memories of his past and his desire to find out who he is . However , they also allow Boss Wolf an advantage , and while Po is distracted he often runs away or knocks the panda down . Unlike Shen , Wolf Boss is never shown to be completely evil . Despite being a wolf , he seems to be almost puppy - like at times -- talking too much , making Lord Shen angry with his comments and whimpering when his toe is stomped . Also , despite his enmity and conflicts with Po , Wolf Boss does acknowledge him to be a true kung fu warrior , stating to Shen that Po fought ' like a demon ' during their battles in the Valley and Gongmen City . Also , Wolf Boss obviously cares for his pack a lot , sharing a code of honor towards them . During the final battle , Lord Shen orders Wolf Boss to fire the Weapon at Po , but he is hesitant as doing so would kill many of his own pack too . However , Shen does n't care and still orders Wolf Boss to fire the cannon . Outraged at his master 's callous disregard for his pack , Wolf Boss ultimately refuses . Shen responds by quickly throwing five daggers to kill Wolf Boss and fires the Weapon himself . In the early stages of the first sequel , he was originally going to be a crow , but he was scrapped and changed into a wolf instead possibly because he looked too similar to Shen . Lord Shen 's Gorilla Army ( edit ) This Gorilla Army are the tertiary antagonists and servants of Lord Shen and serve as the brute strength of his armies . Kai the Collector ( edit ) Kai Kung Fu Panda 3 character Voiced by J.K. Simmons Information Species Yak Combat Style Supernatural abilities Kai the Collector ( Chinese for `` Victory '' or `` Open '' ) was the main antagonist of Kung Fu Panda 3 . Before the franchise , Kai was a brother - in - arms to Grand Master Oogway , who he fought alongside as fellow general in a great army . One day , Oogway was badly wounded in an ambush made by the enemy army . Kai carried his friend for days looking for help until they reached the Secret Panda Village , where the pandas used their knowledge of chi to heal the injured master . As the pandas taught Oogway how to use chi , Kai plotted to increase his powers with it . He used the pandas ' teachings to develop the power to take chi from others rather than give it . This forced Oogway to fight him off in a battle that `` shook the Earth '' until finally , he banished Kai to the Spirit Realm for all eternity . But Oogway knew that Kai would one day return to the mortal world and seek to collect the chi from every kung fu master and destroy his friend 's legacy . To prevent this , Oogway foretold that only the Dragon Warrior would be sent on such path to become a true master of chi - giving , hoping that the warrior would put a stop to the chi - taking . Five centuries later , Kai had finished collecting the chi of every Kung Fu master who ended up in the Spirit Realm , challenging each to a duel for them . When satisfied that he had enough to overpower his old friend , he challenged Oogway to a rematch and managed to add his chi to his collection . Before giving in to Kai , Oogway warned him that he had set Po on the path to defeat him . Using Oogway 's chi , Kai returned to the Mortal World to hunt down Po and the Furious Five , sending several of his Jombies to find them . When their task was completed , he began hunting down and stealing the chi of every Kung Fu Master in China . This caused Master Shifu to send Crane and Mantis to investigate . With the aid of Masters Bear , Chicken and Croc , the chosen duo confronted Kai in a shipwreck and were defeated when he had their chi . Kai then attacked the Jade Palace for the rest of the Five 's chi and destroyed it along with the Valley of Peace , but Tigress evaded getting her chi taken and escaped upon Shifu 's orders to warn Po that Kai was coming for him . By the time he arrived at the Secret Panda Village , Kai unleashed his Jombies on the pandas while Po fought with him . Since the Wuxi Finger Hold did n't work on Spirit Warriors , Po had to use the move on himself in order to get himself and Kai into the Spirit Realm , where the hateful yak was overloaded with chi , triggering a spiritual explosion and freeing the Kung Fu Masters whose chi he took . Jombies ( edit ) The Jombies are the name given to Kai 's jade minions in Kung Fu Panda 3 . The Jombies are created by from the Chi of the Kung Fu Masters whether they are dead or alive . Kai made the Jombies out of the Chis of Master Porcupine , the Badger Twins , Master Gorilla , Master Boars , Master Croc , Master Bear , Master Chicken , Master Shifu , and most of the Furious Five . Wu Sisters ( edit ) Wu Sisters Secrets of the Masters , Kung Fu Panda : The Game , Kung Fu Panda : Legendary Warriors , Kung Fu Panda from Titan Comics character Information Species Leopard Combat style Unspecified A trio of villainous leopard sisters who work together to terrorize China , steal , and defeat their enemies . In Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Masters , the trio were at one point imprisoned but managed to escape and set out to unite the various crime families of China in order to conquer the country . This prompted Oogway to form an alliance with unlikely future Kung fu masters Thundering Rhino , Storming Ox , and Croc in order to defeat them . They also appeared in two video games : in Kung Fu Panda : The Game as an enemy team and in Legendary Warriors as minions of Tai Lung . The trio also appear in the series from Titan Comics ; in one story they infiltrate the Jade Palace but are defeated by Po and Tigress . Su Wu ( edit ) The leader of the Wu Sisters , distinguished from her sisters by the lack of a head wrap and mismatched eyes ( one gold and the other cyan , possibly blind ) . Wing Wu ( edit ) Wan Wu ( edit ) Boar ( edit ) Boar Secrets of the Scroll character Information Species Wild Boar Combat Style Unspecified Boar was an enormous anthropomorphic wild boar that appeared in Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Scroll and starred as its main antagonist . Boar was a terrifying Kung Fu warrior that terrorized a vast swathe of China . He attacked many villages and defeated many powerful Kung Fu masters , to the point where he was deemed unstoppable and invincible . When word spread that he intended to defeat Shifu and attack the Valley of Peace , Shifu intended to stop him , but was thwarted from this due to accidentally being poisoned by the food Po had made for him . Tigress faced Boar in his place , masquerading as Shifu . Boar initially gained the upper hand in their fight , as her mimicry of Shifu 's style was no match for Boar , but when Mantis , Crane , Viper and Monkey intervened and came to her aid , Tigress gave up Shifu 's style of Kung Fu to use her own , and the five quickly gained the upper hand against Boar , swiftly defeating him and putting an end to his rampage . Boar was also the catalyst for the formation of the Furious Five , and their defeat of the villain in turn inspired Po 's love of Kung Fu , leading to his eventual destiny as the Dragon Warrior . Kuo ( edit ) Kuo Art of Balance character Information Species Tibetan antelope Combat style Unspecified Kuo ( Chinese for `` Vast '' ) is the main antagonist of the Kung Fu Panda comic `` Art of Balance '' by Ape Entertainment . In the comic , Po first meets Kuo while heading for Mr. Ping 's restaurant , where Kuo then claims to be a big fan of Mr. Ping as well as expressing interest in working in his restaurant . Po and Mr. Ping hire Kuo where he shows great skill with cooking knives . He then ask what the secret is to his recipes , only to be stone - walled by the goose chef . Kuo later on searches through Mr. Ping 's recipes , but is then caught by Mr. Ping himself . Kuo then threatens him with his knives and holds him hostage . When Po returns later that night , he finds his father tied up on the front counter . Po asks Kuo what he 's doing and why , the deranged antelope says that he once owned a restaurant himself but was driven out of business because customers always went to Mr. Ping 's instead of his own ; he then says that he has debts owed to criminals . He blames Mr. Ping for making him a failure , but Po tells him that he is n't a failure but instead lost his balance . Yet instead of regaining his balance , he let his imbalance control his life . Engraged , Kuo then throws numerous knives at Po , but the panda ( remembering his lessons from Master Shifu ) leaps on top of the knives and kicks Kuo in the chest . While Po checks on his father , Kuo tries to flee the scene only to be intercepted by Master Shifu and is knocked out . He is presumably sent to Chorh - Gom Prison afterwards . Qinchu ( edit ) Qinchu Special Delivery character Information Species Tibetan sand fox Combat style Unspecified Qinchu ( Chinese for `` Clear '' ) is the main antagonist of the Kung Fu Panda comic `` Special Delivery . '' Qinchu was presumably the self - elected official of Mount Penglai . In the comic , he confronted Po after the panda stowed away in a mail cart carried by Qinchu 's crow minions . Po found himself in a palace surrounded by similar carts full of undelivered mail , and upon discovering him , Qinchu told the panda he was trespassing . Though Po tried to explain his reasons for being there , the fox would hear none of it , declaring that he had worked hard to create order in the city by keeping outsiders out and residents in . With that , he ordered his crows to throw the panda out , and Po was tossed down Mount Penglai . When he awoke from the painful fall , Po met the former official and his son who had similarly been thrown down Mount Penglai . Po learned about Qinchu 's takeover of the city as well as his goal to find the key to Mount Penglai , which was the reason for the hijacking of so many mail carts , as the key was always passed from one location to another so none could ever know its exact whereabouts . In his quest for a ' paradise ' of order and organization , Qinchu aimed to use the key to lock the gates and isolate the city . After hearing this , Po took action and crashed through the roof of the palace . He faced Qinchu in a showy display , and the fox stood before him unimpressed . After some back - and - forth banter , the two engaged in combat . This resulted in Po kicking Qinchu and throwing him down , where he then trapped the fox in a roll of carpet . He then told Qinchu it was about time he meet his ' public ' , with the palace door opening to reveal many angry citizens of Mount Penglai including the former - official and his son . They took Qinchu and carried him away , resolving to have him thrown down the mountain . The Five Elements Imposters ( edit ) The Five Elements Imposters are the main antagonists of the Kung Fu Panda comic `` It 's Elemental . '' It was foretold that the Five Elements would one day take physical forms and become the ultimate protectors of the world . Five warriors masqueraded as the physical forms of Earth , Fire , Water , Metal , and Wood while using concealed weapons that corresponded with each element . When the charade was discovered by Po , the Furious Five joined Po in fighting these imposters until only Earth was left standing . With the imposters tied up , Po and the Furious Five uncovered how the group had made their `` powers '' using sesame oil and hidden containers . Earth ( edit ) Earth It 's Elemental character Information Species Tigard Combat style Unspecified The warrior that masqueraded as Earth is the leader of the Five Elements Imposters . He was defeated by Master Mantis . With the imposters tied up , Shifu mentioned that the real Earth was the brains of the group as Earth is considered the ultimate element according to the Wu Xing philosophy . Fire ( edit ) Fire It 's Elemental character Information Species Greater flamingo Combat style Unspecified The warrior that masqueraded as Fire is a member of the Five Elements Imposters . He fought with concealed flammable sesame oil . Water ( edit ) Water It 's Elemental character Information Species Crocodile Combat style Unspecified The warrior that masqueraded as Water is a member of the Five Elements Imposters . He fought with concealed water blasters . Metal ( edit ) Metal It 's Elemental character Information Species Gorilla Combat style Unspecified The warrior that masqueraded as Metal is a member of the Five Elements Imposters . He fought with a giant metal sword . Wood ( edit ) Wood It 's Elemental character Information Species Tarantula Combat style Unspecified The warrior that masqueraded as Wood is a member of the Five Elements Imposters . He shot out wooden spikes in battle . Chairman Qing ( edit ) Chairman Qing Kung Fu Panda from Titan Comics character Information Species Crane Combat style Unspecified Chairman Qing ( Chinese for `` Request '' ) is a villainous politician who employed the outlaw Kung Fu Master Lei Kung in his plan to isolate the Valley of Peace from the rest of China . Combat abilities were not seen . Lei Kung the Thunderer ( edit ) Lei Kung the Thunderer Kung Fu Panda from Titan Comics character Information Species Gorilla Combat style Unspecified Lei Kung the Thunderer ( Chinese for `` Retribution God '' ) is an outlaw Kung Fu master who enhanced his abilities with magic derived from elemental forces , allowing him to unleash lightning , thunder , and earthquake - based attacks . Crocodile Army ( edit ) A force of Crocodile villains who operated out of the Swamp of Disillusionment and attempted to put the entire Valley of Peace to sleep using the mystical Mist of Morpheus . General Rong ( edit ) General Rong Kung Fu Panda from Titan Comics character Information Species Crocodile Combat style Unspecified General Rong ( Chinese for `` Glory '' ) is the axe - wielding general of the Crocodile Army , who fought Po and Furious Five when they opposed his army . Scorpion ( edit ) Scorpion Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Lynn Milgrim Information Species Fattail scorpion Combat style Unspecified Scorpion is a villain in Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . Long before the franchise , Scorpion was once the Valley of Peace 's best healer , skilled with the expertise of using medical herbs and experimental flowers that grew in the Valley 's rich soil as cures for various sicknesses , such as the use of sun orchards as the cure for river - fever . One day , she stumbled upon a hypnosis potion and injected herself with it , poisoning her body and mind . She had the villagers under her spell until it was broken by Grand Master Oogway . Scorpion was exiled from the Valley of Peace , but stole the last sun orchid ( which can be made into a tea as a cure for river fever ) . Many years later , Scorpion discovers Po and Monkey in her lair looking for the sun orchid in order to cure Tigress ' river fever . She manages to capture Monkey and sting him with her hypnosis potion and then sent him to destroy Po . Upon making it into Scorpion 's lair , Po tries to get in as Scorpion ends up throwing Monkey a sword . Po soon discovers that Monkey is under Scorpion 's control . When Monkey comes into Scorpion 's lair with an apparently defeated Po , Scorpion discovers that Po faked his death and broke her control over Monkey . Scorpion ends up attacking them and tries to sting Monkey until Po grabs her tail . Po and Monkey managed to send Scorpion into the wall tail first , trap Scorpion with their trick sneezes , and claim the sun orchid . In `` Love Stings , '' Scorpion gets Mr. Ping to fall in love with her because it is revealed that she also can cook . However , this is only as part of her revenge on Po and the Valley of Peace . She was using Mr. Ping because he is the person who is responsible for the Moon cakes for the Moon Cake Festival where all the members of the Valley of Peace will eat Moon cakes . Therefore , Scorpion with the help of Mr. Ping who loves her bakes the Moon cakes but she adds poison into them that renders the whole population into a dizzy - like state . However Po ( who practiced with Monkey his own form of dizzy Kung Fu ) is able to battle her and defeat her . After Mr. Ping finds out about the treachery , they split . In `` The Most Dangerous Po , '' Scorpion is among the villains that were hunted by General Tsin and subjected to stiffening Zu Chao Powder . She is later rescued by Po , but escapes upon being repelled by Po . Croc Bandits ( edit ) The Croc Bandits are a group of crocodiles who are the recurring but rather ineffectual antagonists in Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . Although their group was never referred to by an official name by its members , Po , Master Shifu , and the Furious Five often referred to them as Croc Bandits . Fung ( edit ) Fung Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by John DiMaggio Information Species Mugger crocodile ( possible ) Combat style Unspecified Fung is the leader of an unnamed group of Crocodile Bandits as seen in Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . Fung most often relies on weapons to fight his opponents , but has shown he knows some Kung Fu techniques , mostly in cases of defense . His family apparently makes terracotta warriors as it was once mentioned by Fung that he accidentally got a terracotta soldier glued onto his father 's face with its removal leaving his father with what 's left of his mustache on one side . His signature saying `` Darnit '' is often muttered when he finds himself defeated . In `` Good Croc , Bad Croc , '' Fung saves Po from a pitfall ( which his fellow bandits dug up ) and required a favor from Po later on . When it came to the favor , Po had to meet with Fung alone where Fung mentions that Jong Sung Jai Kai Chow had captured his brother . Po and Fung had to infiltrate Jong 's castle with Po having to pull off a diversion . When Po runs into Fung , he states that he has his brother in a box as both of them flee . When Po returned to the Jade Palace , Master Shifu was waiting with two of Jong 's guards . When Master Shifu hears from Po that he was only helping Fung rescue his brother from Jong , Master Shifu states that Fung does n't have a brother and that the person he helped him abduct was Jong 's son . Fung later meets up with the other bandits where he learns that Po had been apprehended by Jong 's guards . Fung feels remorse for what had happened to Po and decides to return the box containing Jong 's son . Upon Fung entering Jong 's torture room disguised as a water buffalo guard , Fung freed Po and gave Jong his son back . Yet Po and Fung had to escape from Jong 's palace when even Jong 's son wants them severely dealt with . In `` Kung Fu Day Care , '' it was revealed that Fung had a younger but larger cousin named Lidong who assisted him in the Croc Bandit 's plot to capture Prince Zan and steal him back when Prince Zan ends up in the protective custody of Po and Tigress . In `` The Most Dangerous Po , '' Fung is among the villains that were hunted by General Tsin and subjected to stiffening Zu Chao Powder . He is later rescued by Po , but escapes upon being repelled by Po . In `` Enter the Dragon , '' he and his bandits were conscripted into serving the demon Ke - Pa , but not long after were captured by the Furious Five again upon his defeat at the hands of Po . `` Terror Cotta '' would see Fung temporarily give up being a bandit after yet another defeat at Po 's hands and rejoin his father in the craft of making terra cotta warriors . Upon discovering his father 's lost formula for bringing them to life , Fung returned to his bandit path briefly before being bullied by his father into creating an army so that they could conquer China . In the course of the ensuing battle with Po and Fung 's old gang , who were serving as a backup Furious Five , it came out that Fung 's father had lost the formula when he had spent years blaming it on an assistant who never really existed . After his father admitted that his own failures had led to his mistreatment of Fung , Fung realized that he had projected similar frustration on his gang members , who forgave and rejoined him - even though it meant going to prison . In `` Huge , '' Fung and his gang would return and seek to gain greater power through a magical growth potion , only to be halted by a jealous Lidong who was intent on retaining his size advantage over everyone . `` The Break Up '' saw Gah - ri temporarily resign from Fung 's gang due to Fung 's mistreatment of him , but Fung and Po teamed up to try to get Gah - ri back and Gah - ri later realized that he preferred being a bandit - though he wanted Fung to work on his temper . In `` Croc You Like a Hurricane , '' Fung and his bandits had gained such a reputation for ineptitude that even the townspeople did n't take them seriously anymore . They were then approached by the legendary Kung Fu Master Jia - in reality a disguised Shifu - and trained in the art of Kung Fu , which they ended up using to help people out . As part of an effort to get the Furious Five and Po to take training more seriously , the Croc Bandits were revealed to have been trained as the heroes ' replacements . Unfortunately , Fung and his cohorts turned to using their position for their own benefit , and like Po and most of the real five became complacent about keeping up their training to stay in shape . They were thus defeated in a battle with the heroes , and Shifu then revealed the truth behind his ruse . In `` Apocalypse Yao , '' Fung and Gah - ri were part of a group of villains who gathered to bid on Kung Fu secrets stolen from Master Yao by Taotie , but were defeated despite gaining two of the secrets for their own use . Although he and his bandits are crocodiles , it is not made clear which breed they are specifically . They may be mugger crocodiles , because they were once situated in Indo - China ( and the use of `` mugger '' may be a tongue - in - cheek joke due to the fact they are bandits ) . Gah - ri ( edit ) Gah - ri Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Fred Tatasciore Information Species Mugger crocodile Combat style Unspecified Gah - ri is the member of the unnamed group of Crocodile Bandits from Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . Fung frequently calls him `` Gary , '' which Gah - ri gently corrects . Gah - ri is shown to be clumsy , apologetic , and often says that he has to go to the bathroom . In combat , Gah - ri is shown to be skilled in wielding various weapons including an axe . In `` The Most Dangerous Po , '' Gah - ri is among the villains that were hunted by General Tsin and subjected to stiffening Zu Chao Powder . He is later rescued by Po , but escapes upon being repelled by Po . Most other episodes feature him in a rather minor role , often frustrating Fung with his good grammar and manners . In `` The Break Up , '' the two get into a fight after Fung once again demonstrates his incompetence as a bandit leader and Gah - ri irritates Fung with his manners , intelligence , and interests unlikely for a bandit . This leads to Gah - ri leaving the Croc Bandits and working at Mr. Ping 's Noodle Shop , where he proves such an asset that Mr. Ping wants to adopt him . Fung and Po then join forces to get him fired - Fung wanting Gah - ri back as his right - hand man and Po wanting the crocodile out of his life - but Gah - ri ends up leaving of his own accord after tricking Constable Hu into thinking that Po and Fung had n't committed an actual crime . His name may possibly be an intentional reference to the crocodile subspecies gharial . Irwin ( edit ) Irwin Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Fred Tatasciore Information Species Mugger crocodile Combat style Unspecified Irwin is the member of the unnamed group of Crocodile Bandits from Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . Wall eye ( edit ) Wall Eye Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by John DiMaggio Information Species Mugger crocodile ( possible ) Combat style Unspecified Wall Eye is a member of the unnamed group of Crocodile Bandits from Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . He is known for his wall - eye condition , and like the other bandits - besides Fung and Gah - ri - is rather unintelligent . Lidong ( edit ) Lidong Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Jim Cummings Information Species Mugger crocodile Combat stlyle Unspecified Lidong is Fung 's younger cousin . He helped his cousin Fung and his Croc Bandits to capture Prince Zan from Po and the Furious Five for a share they would get from the ransom . He is a giant crocodile and is skilled in Kung Fu where he used his strength in combat against Tigress ( who protected Prince Zan ) . Lidong eventually betrayed Fung and his Croc Bandits because he viewed his cousin and his group as losers . He was defeated by Tigress at the end of the episode . In `` The Midnight Stranger , '' the pig criminals that manipulated Constable Hu into banning Kung Fu enlisted Lidong to fight the Midnight Stranger . When it was discovered that Po was masquerading as the Midnight Stranger , Lidong attacked Po . Lidong and the pig criminals were defeated by Po and Constable Hu . The episode `` Huge '' revealed that Lidong was a runt of a crocodile in his youth and was thus teased and tormented by others until hitting his fairly impressive growth spurt . As such , he is immensely proud of his size , and the idea of anyone surpassing him in this area is enough to enrage him and turn him against the other Croc Bandits . He attacked Mantis after the latter used a magic motion to grow even larger than him , and refused to allow Fung and the other crocodiles to partake of the potion . He instead drank some himself , attacking the village and later battling Mantis after the master consumed even more potion to try and match Lidong in a battle of giants . However , Mantis recognized his folly and drank an antidote that restored him to normal size , and then went down Lidong 's throat to attack him from the inside . He also dumped out the rest of the antidote inside Lidong 's stomach , causing Lidong to shrink down to a fraction of his original size . Qidan Clan ( edit ) The Qidan Clan are a group of water buffalo warriors that have fought Po and the Furious Five on different occasions . They were also known to have fought against the Emperor 's army in the past . Temutai ( edit ) Temutai Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson Information Species Water buffalo Combat style Unspecified Temutai is the Warrior - King of the Qidan Clan . He has claimed to have beaten every Kung Fu Master in the land . Master Tigress mentioned that his Kung Fu was strong enough to rip his opponents in half without even touching them . He has a habit of yelling the last word in each of his sentences . He first appeared in `` The Princess and the Po '' where Po , Master Tigress , and Master Mantis had to bring Princess Mei Li to him in order to achieve peace between the Qidan Clan and Princess Mei Li 's kingdom . Once a princess is given to Temutai , she ends up becoming his servant . When Po did n't want Temutai to get Princess Mei Li , he offered to challenge him to a fight to determine the fate of Princess Mei Li . When none of Po 's moves can faze Temutai , Po gets an idea from Princess Mei Li and uses the same moves that she used on him to take down Temutai . Temutai admitted defeat and ensured peace between Mei Li 's people and the Qidan . As a last act , he had rice balls prepared for Po and the others when they left as per their request . In `` Owl Be Back , '' Po found Temutai and his warriors fighting the Furious Five in the Jade Palace . This time , Po was fast enough to evade Temutai 's attacks . Po manages to use the Thundering Wind Hammer ( previously used by Fenghuang ) to send Temutai flying into the mountainside . Temutai shouted to Po to declare that fight a draw . In `` The Kung Fu Kid , '' Temutai and his Qidan Clan are invited to a Peace Jubilee . Temutai enters his nephew Jing Mei into the children Kung Fu competition where he fights a Kung Fu prodigy named Peng . Temutai was not pleased that his nephew was defeated by Peng . Temutai wants to have Peng to train with the Qidan Clan opposed to Po wanting Peng to train at the Jade Palace . Po 's argument with Temutai ends up disrupting the Peace Jubilee causing Master Shifu to break it up . Temutai gets angered at the fact that Peng wants to train with Po . After Po tells Peng that he is no longer needed , Peng decides to prove himself by destroying Temutai . Peng ends up fighting Temutai until Po arrived where their fight ends up causing the crowd to get out of control . Po manages to break up the fight upon telling Peng the truth . Po then does the ceremonial Tai Chi with Peng and Temutai . In `` My Favorite Yao , '' Temutai and his Qidan troops set out to capture Master Yao to interrogate him for his secrets . The abduction proved easier than anticipated owing to Yao , being impulsively released from his box by Shifu , began to run amok through the village with childish delight at all the sensations he denied himself for 65 years . However , the goat refused to cooperate and found even death threats an entertaining novelty . Eventually , Shifu and Po managed to rescue him with his help of his magic to stun Temutai and his troops into stillness . In the episode `` In With the Old , '' Temutai and his Qidan troops took advantage of the Furious Five 's absence for a training session to invade the Jade Palace and capture Shifu in an inescapable death trap in order to force him to surrender the Helmet of the Invincible Thunder Kick . Shifu refused and Temutai searched the Palace himself . Meanwhile , Po liberated the Palace with the help of Mr. Ping and the elderly but still formidable masters Mrs. Gow and Mr. Yeung . Eventually , Po found Temutai , but was unable to stop him from entering the storage room which had a wide variety of magic helmets . The warriors raced to search for the desired helmet , but Temutai was the one who eventually gained it . However , Po managed to defeat Temutai by tossing the Helmet of Your Own Worst Enemy on top of the Helmet of the Invincible Thunder Kick and Temutai was magically compelled to kick himself out of the Palace and out of the area in defeat . In `` The Most Dangerous Po , '' Temutai is pursued and chased by the minions of General Tsin . Temutai is then subjected to stiffening Zu Chao Powder . He is later rescued by Po , but escapes upon being repelled by Po . In `` Master and the Panda , '' Temutai and the Qidan Clan unearth the Gong Lu Medallion ( which enhances the wearer 's abilities and the person 's dark side ) which grants him more power as he plots to conquer China and the Moon . Temutai then attacks the Jade Palace and takes out Master Shifu and the Furious Five . Po even tries to fight Temutai only to be sent flying out of the Jade Palace . Po returns and fights Temutai in order to get the Gong Lu Medallion off him . Peng joins the fight and removes the Gong Lu Medallion from Temutai . Po and Peng then send Temutai flying out of the Jade Palace . In `` Invitation Only , '' Po fights Temutai and makes him get away upon hearing the gong for lunch . Temutai later plans to crash the banquet of Upper Head District Chief Superior Superintendent Chang . Temutai is told by his Qidan warriors that he was n't invited to the banquet . Temutai learns that Po was n't also invited and plans to crash the banquet . Temutai has his soldiers surround the building where the banquet is being held . Temutai then begins his attack on the banquet and immobilizes the Furious Five and Master Shifu with the bolos thrown by the Qidan warriors . When Po sneaks into the party , he runs into Temutai and attacks the Qidan warriors with Kung Fu , good manners , and etiquette . Po managed to defeat Temutai which impressed Superintendent Chang enough to invite Po to the banquet . In `` Mouth Off , '' Temutai comes to the Valley of Peace and demands that Po apologize to him , but Po is unable to do so on account of paralyzing his own vocal chords . When he finally regains the power of speech and apologies , Temutai is still furious , but is defeated by a new move Po has mastered through his experience with silence . He accepts Po 's apologies and leaves . Jing Mei ( edit ) Jing Mei Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson Information Species Water buffalo Combat style Unspecified Jing Mei is Temutai 's nephew . In `` The Kung Fu Kid , '' Jing Mei was with his uncle and the Qidan Clan when they are invited to a Peace Jubilee . Temutai enters his nephew Jing Mei into the children Kung Fu competition where he fights a Kung Fu prodigy named Peng . Temutai fought Peng and was defeated by him ; this frustrated Temutai , who commented that he should have brought Jing Mei 's sister instead . In `` The Most Dangerous Po , '' Jing Mei is among the villains that were hunted by General Tsin and subjected to stiffening Zu Chao Powder . He is later rescued by Po , but escapes upon being repelled by Po . He shouts a lot , too much . Bataar ( edit ) Bataar Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Max Koch Information Species Water buffalo Combat style Unspecified Bataar is a water buffalo who is exclusive to Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . Bataar is the son of Temutai , the brother of Chunlun , and the cousin of Jing Mei . Chunlun ( edit ) Chunlun Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Fred Tatasciore Information Species Water buffalo Combat style Unspecified Chunlun is a water buffalo who is exclusive to Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . Chunlun is the son of Temutai , the brother of Bataar , and the cousin of Jing Mei . Taotie ( edit ) Taotie Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Wallace Shawn Information Species Warthog Combat style Unspecified Taotie ( Chinese for `` Glutton '' ) is a warthog exclusive to Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . He is a mechanic who built the training hall in which the Furious Five train . Taotie and Master Shifu trained in combat together when they were younger up to the point where Master Shifu broke the tip of his left tusk during combat . Shifu , who was a friend of Taotie 's back then , is shown helping him up . After building the training hall ( that did not help him improve in kung fu like he thought it would ) he built a huge machine which included flame - throwers and throwing stars . He had a disagreement with Master Shifu and Grand Master Oogway about having machines surpass Kung Fu . Taotie left and vowed to get revenge on Master Shifu one day . Many years later in the episode `` Sticky Situation , '' Po ended up seeking out Taotie in order to repair the training hall that he accidentally broke . Behind Po 's back , Taotie reassembled the parts of the training hall into a machine that he uses in his revenge plot on Master Shifu . After the Furious Five were defeated , only Master Shifu was left and Po saved him by clogging the gears of Taotie 's machine enough for it to break . Taotie managed to get away . In `` Fluttering Finger Mindslip , '' Taotie discovers that the Furious Five have lost their memory after being exposed to Po 's move . While Po and Master Shifu are away , Taotie took the opportunity to use this to his advantage by having them attack Master Shifu and Po upon their return . When the Furious Five regain their memory , they attacked Taotie though allowing him to get away again . In `` Big Bro Po , '' Taotie uses his new Iron Claws of Doom harness to attack Po and the Furious Five . Taotie 's Iron Claws of Doom fails when Bian Zao fails to lubricate the claws . Taotie is defeated and is taken away to Chorh - Gom Prison leaving Bian Zao alone . Taotie is later visited by Po and Bian Zao who states that his father 's plans take up most of the time together . Taotie convinces Bian Zao to make a bunch of cakes that would help him break out of Chorh - Gom Prison . When Bian Zao is unable to make the visit to Chorh - Gom Prison , Po ends up making the deliveriy to Taotie 's cell not knowing that the final component of the Iron Claws of Doom is in it . With the Iron Claws of Doom rebuilt and lubricated , Taotie escapes from Chorh - Gom Prison . Taotie ends up attacking the Jade Palace stating to Bian Zao that they will do a sporting activity afterwards . After firing the chains at the Furious Five and Master Shifu , Taotie ends up fighting Po . When it came to a stalemate between Po and Taotie , Bian Zao ends up using a flying contraption to pick up Taotie and ends up knocking off the lubrication hose . Both of them managed to get away again as Po claims that he brought Taotie and Bian Zao 's family back together . In `` The Most Dangerous Po , '' Taotie is among the villains that were hunted by General Tsin and subjected to stiffening Zu Chao Powder . He is later rescued by Po , but escapes upon being repelled by Po . In `` Bosom Enemies , '' Taotie uses a knife stand machine to attack Po which ends up failed . Taotie ends up in a nervous breakdown following his defeat and Po accidentally ripping off his pants . Bian Zao later turns to Po to get Taotie back to normal . Taotie ends up seeing the light and Po plans to make Taotie a good guy by having him make crime - fighting gadgets while having some special nunchucks made for Po . When the Furious Five arrive , Taotie ends up showing off the special nunchucks as Po states that Taotie has changed . Taotie commented that his old friend Goatie , his parents , and the Cart Wash Manager turned against him . When the Furious Five leave vowing to come after Taotie if he has n't changed , Po states to Taotie that he can have Taotie make weapons for the Furious Five with Po secretly taking measurements of the Furious Five . Po comments that Taotie can make the best crime - fighting assistant to the Furious Five . After Po leaves upon handing him the measurements of the Furious Five for the weapons needed to fit the Furious Five 's talents , Taotie ends up snapping out of his good side as the measurements to make a machine . The next day , Taotie attacks Po and the Furious Five with the Adapto - Bot ( which can copy the movies of Po , Master Tigress 's claws , Master Monkey 's tail , Master Mantis ' pointed claws , Master Crane 's Flight , and Master Viper 's constructions ) stating that Taotie plays assistant to nobody . Taotie 's Adapto - Bot receives a magnifying glass from Po through Bian Zao and ends up using it to distract the Adapto - Bot while Po uses his nunchucks to throw the Adapto - Bot off balance and then destroys it . Po thanks Taotie for helping him out as he quotes `` What are Friends For . '' Yet Taotie and Bian Zao end up returned to Chorh - Gom Prison as Taotie works on the designs of his next invention to use on Po . In `` The Maltese Mantis , '' Taotie and Bian Zao were attending the Festival of Figurines where they are unpacking the figurines of Taotie 's inventions . Though Bian Zao was very doubtful that people would buy figurines of his father , Taotie was confident that he would make a fortune once the fans saw the power of his figurines ( demonstrated when one of them punched a hole through the table ) . Bian Zao eventually asked his father for some money so he could go and buy something that was n't `` lame . '' Bian Zao would eventually discover the paralyzed Mantis ( who was accidentally paralyzed by Po using the Paralyzing Touch Point ) and became intrigued when he spotted the `` figure 's '' eyes moving ( the only part of Mantis 's body not paralyzed ) . Po and Master Shifu learned from Bian Zao about where they can find Taotie . Po and Master Shifu confronted Taotie who refused to give Mantis up ... especially after Po unwisely revealed that Mantis would become permanently paralyzed in a matter of minutes . Taotie then attempts to make a break for it only for the skirmish between him , Po , and Master Shifu to make it onto the nearest stage . With help from the festival attendees , Po and Master Shifu cornered Taotie who ended up being beaten up by the attendees while Bian Zao gives Master Mantis back to Po and Master Shifu . While Master Shifu undoes the paralysis on Master Mantis , Bian Zao carried his beaten - up father away . Taotie returned in `` A Thousand and Twenty Questions , '' in which he approached Master Yao - albeit grudgingly - after failing time and again to make his Sphere of Unerringly Accurate Acu - Pressure function properly . After doing so , he used the sphere to force Po , Shifu , and all the members of the Furious Five except Tigress act like puppets , but was defeated after Tigress approached Yao for a means of destroying the weapon . In `` Apocalypse Yao , '' he created a machine capable of extracting information from the minds of others and turning it into cookies which , upon consumption , would grant that knowledge to the eater . He and Bian Zao used this to steal Master Yao 's five greatest Kung Fu secrets , which they then endeavored to sell to the highest bidder . Taotie briefly employed one of the secrets himself , but later became repulsed with himself for employing Kung Fu when he had dedicated his life to proving the superiority of technology . Bian Zao ( edit ) Bian Zao Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Simon Helberg Information Species Warthog Combat style Unspecified Bian Zao ( Chinese for `` Invent '' ) is the 13 - year - old son of Taotie , who would reluctantly help his father in his revenge plots on Master Shifu . In `` Big Bro Po , '' Bian Zao ends up staying at the Jade Palace when his father is in Chorh - Gom Prison . Master Shifu ends up appointing Po to watch of Bian Zao despite the suspicions of Bian Zao . Po tries to find common ground with Bian Zao until it came to Po baking with Mr. Ping . Bian Zao stated that he had wished that his father would do something with him that does n't involve destroying the Jade Palace . Bian Zao and Po end up visiting Taotie at Chorh - Gom Prison . Taotie convinces Bian Zao to make a bunch of cakes that would help him break out of Chorh - Gom Prison . Bian Zao secretly goes through with his father 's plans by sneaking the parts of the Iron Claws of Doom into every cake he made . Despite his father 's claims , Bian Zao thinks that his father would not go by his word not to do any other than attack the Jade Palace . Bian Zao ends up confessing to Po about Taotie 's plot . When it came to a stalemate between Po and Taotie , Bian Zao ends up using a flying contraption to pick up Taotie and ends up knocking off the lubrication hose . Both of them managed to get away as Po claims that he brought Taotie and Bian Zao 's family back together . In `` Bosom Enemies , '' Bian Zao assists Taotie into using a knife stand machine to attack Po which ends up failing . Taotie ends up in a nervous breakdown following his defeat and Po accidentally ripping off his pants . Bian Zao later turns to Po to get Taotie back to normal . In `` Apocalypse Yao , '' Bian Zao actually became intrigued by one of his father 's schemes after Taotie invented a machine to steal Master Yao 's secrets and sell them to the highest bidder . Taotie was defeated and most of the secrets returned , but Bian Zao managed to hang onto a move that allowed its user to create lightning . Jong Sung Jai Kai Chow ( edit ) Jong Sung Jai Kai Chow Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Wayne Knight Information Species Takin Jong Sung Jai Kai Chow is exclusive to Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . He is the ruler of a portion of land in China in which trespassers are severely dealt with where they `` have their heads boiled with cabbage and their ear lobes stretched around their heads '' as described by one of his warning signs . He has an unnamed son and is served by his guards which are made up of Javan rhinos and water buffalos . Fung tricked Po into helping him break into Jong 's castle so that he can abduct Jong 's son with Fung claiming that he was breaking out his brother . The two of them ran by Jong while on their way out . When Po returned to the Jade Palace , two representatives of Jong 's guards were seen telling Master Shifu that Po had assisted Fung into breaking into Jong 's castle . When Po states that he was just helping Fung save his brother , Master Shifu states that Fung does n't have a brother and the person that he helped Fung abduct was Jong 's son . Master Shifu had to reluctantly let Jong 's Javan rhino guard and water buffalo guard arrest Po and bring him before Jong to face his crimes . At Jong 's palace , Jong was preparing the trespassers penalty while Po is chained to the wall . In the nick of time , Fung in his water buffalo guard disguise returned and gave Jong his son back . Yet even Jong 's son wanted Po and Fung dealt with as Jong has his guards seize them . Po and Fung managed to escape from Jong 's castle . In `` Hall of Lame '' , Po ( who was looking for a trophy for the upcoming Warriors Festival at the time ) comes to the aid of kid named Han when Jong 's men led by Grim have been targeting Han 's doll . When it came to rescuing the doll , Po manages to get the doll despite Han giving him away to the guards . When it came to crossing the bridge , Jong arrived and demanded the doll . Jong had a guard reveal that Han 's father Han Sr. is in a cage that is hanging over the gorge the bridge is over . Jong tries to negotiate with Po for him to hand over the doll in exchange for Han Sr. 's freedom . Jong manages to claim the doll which actually contained a legendary dagger . Po ends up fighting Jong who activates the dagger 's power to attack Po , Han , and Han Sr. with the resulting battle slowly collapsing the bridge . Po claimed the dagger and knocked out Jong with his men getting Jong away from Po . Jong 's son ( edit ) Jong 's Son Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Wayne Knight Information Species Takin Jong 's son is exclusive to Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . As his name suggests , he is the son of Jong yet his real name is n't revealed . Fung tricked Po into thinking that Fung 's brother was captured by Jong so that he can abduct Jong 's son . Po learned this too late when two of Jong 's guards came to arrest Po . When Fung met up with his fellow bandits and learned what happened to Po , he felt remorse and decided to return Jong 's son . Just as Jong was about to invoke the trespassers penalty on Po , Fung arrived in his water buffalo guard disguise and released Jong 's son to him . Despite this Jong 's son still held it against Po and Fung and wanted them dead , only for Po and Fung to escape from Jong 's castle . Grim ( edit ) Grim Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Fred Tatasciore Information Species Water buffalo Grim is a water buffalo who is exclusive to the TV series . He is one of Jong 's henchmen . In `` Hall of Lame , '' Grim was ordered by Jong to obtain a doll that Han has in his possession as the doll contained a mystical dagger . After Po knocked out Jong , Grim helped the rest of Jong 's men get Jong away from Po . Tong Fo ( edit ) Tong Fo Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Jeff Bennett Information Species Loris Tong Fo ( Chinese for `` Pain Buddha '' ) is a loris crime lord exclusive to Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . His voice appears to have been based on the actor Christopher Walken . He was known for once wielding the Sacred Hammer of Lei Lang and caused mass destruction with it . Tong Fo ended up defeated and was imprisoned in Chorh - Gom Prison . Before Tong Fo was incarcerated , he made a replica of the hammer and hid the real one in Camelback Mountain keeping its whereabouts a secret with the fake copy eventually finding its way at the Jade Palace . Po used the Shift Stone to assume the form of a goat criminal named Sheng in order to infiltrate Chorh - Gom Prison . Po got information from Tong Fo on where the real Sacred Hammer of Lei Lang was located . Tong Fo planned to break out of prison with the help of Fung and his Croc Bandits . Tong Fo learned that Sheng was actually Po in disguise and managed to trap Po in a cell and steal his Shift Stone which he used to disguise himself as a Chorh - Gom Guard and walk out of Chorh - Gom Prison . Arriving at Camelback Mountain , Tong Fo ran into Po as Master Tigress and Master Monkey arrived unaware that Sheng is actually Po in disguise . Tong Fo managed to obtain the Sacred Hammer of Lei Lang as the Croc Bandits arrived . In the ensuing conflict , the Sacred Hammer of Lei Lang was taken by a Croc Bandit that was actually Master Shifu in disguise . Tong Fo and the Croc Bandits were defeated . In `` Father Crime , '' Tong Fo enlisted Fung and his Croc Bandits in a plot to capture Master Shifu . This plot was thwarted by Po , Master Shifu , and Master Shifu 's dad Shirong ; the latter originally worked with Tong Fo to help him capture Po so that Tong Fo would forgive his debt , but later had a change of heart after his own son was taken captive . He would eventually return in `` Mind Over Manners , '' which would expand on his family history : his grandfather Tong Lo once ruled China with the magical ability to read minds , but was driven insane by this talent . Tong Fo attempted to gain the same powers by capturing a lightning bolt with a magical sapphire , only for the sapphire to be destroyed and for Po to gain the powers instead . Tong Fo then attempted to steal the power from Po , but was thwarted and taken to prison . In `` The Goosefather '' Tong Fo learns that many of his minions have left his side to form a new gang under Po 's father , whom Tong Fo initially perceives as a rival , and then a potential partner . Eventually he learns that Po 's father is in fact a simple noodle - shop owner , but is defeated and sent back to prison . He would subsequently return in `` Kung Fu Club , '' where he captured Peng 's girlfriend Lian in order to force Peng to kill Po for him . However , Lian managed to escape , and the Kung Fu Club members teamed up with Po and Shifu to defeat Tong Fo and his minions , with Peng and Po defeating Tong Fo . Fenghuang ( edit ) Fenghuang Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Wendie Malick Information Species Eurasian eagle - owl Fenghuang ( Chinese for `` Phoenix '' ) is a Eurasian eagle - owl exclusive to Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . She was a member of the original Furious Five alongside Master Shifu , Master Snow Leopard , Master Rooster , and Master Elephant . Fenghuang became the strongest member of the Furious Five through a lot of training and even invented the Thundering Wind Hammer . As a result of being the strongest , she became power - hungry and evil . One day , Fenghuang decided she deserved to rule the Jade Palace instead of Grand Master Oogway , believing herself to be more powerful than him . She challenged Oogway to a fight for the Palace ; Oogway anticipated this and had an owl - shaped cage built for this occasion . After a long and fierce fight , Fenghuang knew that she could not defeat Oogway and fled before she could be captured , taking refuge in the Northern Mountains . Many years later , in `` Owl Be Back , '' Po ended up in the Northern Mountains and ended up caught by Fenghuang when he was falling . When Fenghuang learns that Grand Master Oogway is dead , she flies off to the Jade Palace . Master Shifu and the Furious Five face her , but she easily defeats them . When Po returns , she convinces him to turn evil and orders him to kill Shifu . Po uses a trick knife to fool Fenghuang into thinking that he had actually killed Master Shifu and then placed Fenghuang into the owl - shaped cage . As Fenghuang 's cage is being towed away to Chorh - Gom Prison , she vows to escape and have her revenge on Po . In `` Crane on a Wire , '' Fenghuang crashes Po 's Furious Five auction where she attacks Po and the Furious Five which resulted in Master Crane getting stuck in the wall . When Po discovered that Fenghuang 's talons ca n't shred iron , Po and the other Furious Five were able to use the iron objects to break Fenghuang 's talons . Fenghuang retreated with a broken wing . Upon news that Fenghuang is at the nearby mountains , Po and the Furious Five had to go confront her without Master Crane . Po and four of the Furious Five had a hard time fighting Fenghuang . After some encouragement from Zeng , Master Crane caught up with Po and helped to fight Fenghuang . Master Crane fought with Fenghuang in the sky over the village which ended with Master Crane and Po causing Fenghuang to crash to the ground in defeat . In `` A Stitch in Time , '' Fenghuang finds out about the Shuyong seeds that Po had found and steals some of them in order to learn some time - based moves . Upon managing to steal them and grow her own Shuyong seeds , Fenghuang started going back in time to prevent the birth of Master Shifu and the Furious Five . When she planned to go back in time to prevent Po 's birth , Po grabbed onto Fenghuang with the resulting battle causing the Shuyong seeds to fall and send both of them back to the beginning of time where they find themselves before the Shuyong Tree . Upon the Shuyong Tree judging Po and Fenghuang even after they bested the Shuyong Tree 's guardians , the Shuyong Tree deemed Po worthy of using its fruit and the Shuyong Tree used its powers to send Fenghuang into oblivion . Afterwards , Po restored time to the way it was and burned the Shuyong seeds except for one that he did n't notice . Fenghuag later returned in `` The First Five '' when her former teammates came together for a reunion at Po 's invitation . It is revealed that prior to her departure from the group they defeated the demon Xi'an , but Shifu dropped the demon 's mighty sword into the volcano before they could claim it . When the sword reappears years later , Fenghuang is released from prison - though manacled - by her former teammates to help them recover it in exchange for her freedom . Fenghuang later destroys the sword , and is freed after Po convinces the former Five to honor their agreement . Fenghuang also appears as an enemy in the Tales of Po game and made a cameo in the Titan Comics series . Fenghuang is also the name of a mythical composite Chinese bird creature of the same name that has beautiful singing talents and a varying description . Master Junjie ( edit ) Master Junjie Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Stephen Root Information Species Red fox Fighting Style Shaolin Kung Fu Master Junjie ( Chinese for `` Elite '' ) is a red fox Kung Fu Master exclusive to Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . He is a member of the Sacred Onyx Council alongside Master Chao . He first appeared in `` Sight for Sore Eyes , '' where he and Chao traveled to the Valley of Peace to evaluate Master Shifu 's skills as the master of the Jade Palace . He held a grudge against Shifu when Grand Master Oogway chose Shifu to run the Jade Palace . He also holds a hatred towards Po , believing him to be unworthy of taking the title of Dragon Warrior , despite Po 's success as the Dragon Warrior . Junjie plotted and succeeded into removing Master Shifu from his position by tricking Po into watching him and Shifu spar and use the Golden Lotus Clap , a move that renders the target blind . Junjie then fired the Furious Five and replaced them with a team of snow leopards . Because of this , the Furious Five turned their backs on Po . It was later revealed that Junjie had imprisoned Shifu and later did the same thing to Chao . While his Furious Five fought the actual Furious Five , Master Junjie fought against Master Po and was defeated . Master Shifu and the Furious Five were rehired while Junjie and his henchmen were apprehended to Chorh - Gom - Prison . It can also be implied that Junjie was also ousted from the Sacred Onyx Council for his actions . In `` Ghost of Oogway , '' Master Junjie posed as the ghost of Master Oogway in order to fool Master Po into letting his guard down by doing nothing in combat training and turn him and Shifu against each other . Once Po and Shifu were out of the palace , Junjie used his disguise to enter the Jade Palace and subdued the Furious Five . When Po returned , he found the Furious Five tied up as Junjie sheds his disguise . Junjie then unleashes his henchmen on Po . Things were n't looking good for the panda , but in the nick of time , Master Shifu arrived and fooled Junjie by assuming the form of Grand Master Oogway . While the Furious Five fought Master Junjie 's henchmen , Master Po managed to successfully use the Tae Bow Chow to knock out Master Junjie . Junjie later returned in `` Bride of Po , '' kidnapping the brother of a young goat maiden to force her into a marriage with Po intended to bring an end to Po 's status as the Dragon Warrior so that Junjie could take over the Jade Palace . This plan was thwarted , however , and Po saved both siblings from Junjie and defeated him . In `` Crazy Little Ling Called Love , '' it was revealed that Shifu 's ex-girlfriend Mei Ling attempted to steal from Junjie but was captured , and Junjie threatened to kill her and Shifu unless she stole the Crown of Heaven for him . This was later discovered by Po , who convinced Mei Ling to go along with the plan . After Junjie and his forces were defeated , he and Mei Ling were both sent to prison , the latter to pay her debt to society so that she could eventually be reunited with Shifu . Junjie 's Furious Five ( edit ) List of Kung Fu Panda characters Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Unknown Information Species Snow Leopards Junjie 's Furious Five were a bunch of snow leopards that are trained in Kung Fu by Master Junjie . They serve as Master Junjie 's students and henchmen when he succeeded in removing Master Shifu and the Furious Five from the Jade Palace . It was often speculated that one of its members is a female , but all the leopards appear identical . Even though Junjie 's Furious Five do n't normally speak , the one that does have dialogue in the first appearance was voiced by Toby Huss . Hundun ( edit ) Hundun Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Diedrich Bader Information Species Javan rhinoceros Hundun is a Javan rhinoceros who is exclusive to Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . He started out as a member of the Anvil of Heaven at Chorh - Gom Prison and was among the Anvil of Heaven members that tried to prevent Tai Lung from escaping Chorh - Gom Prison . When Po had defeated Tai Lung , Chorh - Gom Prison was closed down , leaving Hundun without a job . He lost his home and his wife leading Hundun to pin the blame of this on the Dragon Warrior . When he arrived in the Valley of Peace , he unknowingly befriended Po and learned some Kung Fu moves from him . When he finally learned that Po was the Dragon Warrior , he ended up attacking Po after easily taking down the Furious Five ( Po unknowingly told Hundun of their weaknesses ) . Po manages to fight Hundun in front of everyone and managed to defeat Hundun when the Statue of Po fell on him . Hundun was returned to Chorh - Gom Prison as a prisoner as Hundun vows to have his revenge on Po . In `` Challenge Day , '' Hundun returns having replaced his broken horn with a hollow one containing knock - out arrows and a concealed blade . He takes the opportunity to take part in the Dragon Warrior Challenge where he manages to defeat Master Po ( who was still weakened from rescuing a child from a collapsing chimney ) . After using the knock - out arrows on Shifu ( who stated that he made up the Dragon Warrior Challenge ) , Hundun ended up going on a rampage in the village until Po recovered and defeated him . In `` Royal Pain , '' Meng Tao freed Hundun from Chorh - Gom Prison to help him make Lu Kang fail in exchange for his freedom . Although Hundun managed to incapacitate Po , he and Meng Tao were defeated by Lu Kang and were returned to Chorh - Gom Prison . In `` The Most Dangerous Po , '' Hundun approaches General Tsin 's property looking for a bakery ( which General Tsin lured him here ) . It is also revealed that Hundun likes plum pie . General Tsin mentions to Po that he was hunting Hundun after luring him with a coupon for a bakery sale . Po fights Hundun ( who thinks that Po is after his pie ) while trying to secretly warn Hundun that General Tsin is hunting him . General Tsin then enters the battle and defeats him . Hundun is then subjected to the stiffening Zu Chao powder like the rest of the villains he had hunted . He is later rescued by Po , but escapes upon being repelled by Po . Hundun tells Po that this is n't over ( `` ... because it will continue '' ) . In `` War of the Noodles , '' Po finds Hundun where he mistook him for setting a building on fire where he has set up fireworks . Hundun reveals that he has opened up a new noodle shop where Po had demonstrated some of the recipes in Po 's last visit to Chorh - Gom Prison . He has enlisted a gorilla , a pig , and a rabbit to assist in his business . Mr. Ping was suspicious of Hundun 's activity . Mr. Ping remembers that the property of Hundun 's restaurant is above the tunnels leading to the Jade Palace and suspects that Hundun and his accomplices are going to attack the Jade Palace . Po investigates and is spotted by Hundun 's accomplices as Hundun suspects that Po is burglaring him . Hundun states that he does n't know what he is talking about and Po found that there is no tunnel as the previous owner filled it in . Po apologized to Hundun who tearfully walked away as Po leaves . As Mr. Ping and Hundun 's rivalry intenses , Po brings Hundun a fruit basket as an apology . Hundun agrees to forgive Po if he can get his restaurant off the ground . After Mr. Ping found Po also helping Hundun , he went to Hundun to beg for a job and finds that Hundun and his accomplices unfilling the tunnel and gets caught by Hundun who captures Mr. Ping . Hundun revealed to Mr. Ping that he tricked Po and that he will invade the Jade Palace and blow it up with his fireworks . Po arrives and fights Hundun and his accomplices while working to put out the fuse . Hundun manages to trap Po as he and his acommplices start to leave . Po puts out the fuse . Using a rocket , Po rides it through the tunnels as he collides it with Hundun and his accomplices . With Hundun 's noodle shop destroyed , he and his accomplices are arrested . Bao ( Legends of Awesomeness ) ( edit ) Bao Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Fred Tatasciore Information Species Pig Bao is a pig who is exclusive to Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . Bao first appeared in `` Master Ping '' where he and his accomplices Lao and Tsao attacked Mr. Ping 's noodle shop only to be defeated by Po . When Bao decides that he , Lao , and Tsao want to learn Kung Fu , they decide to abduct Master Shifu and force him to teach them Kung Fu . Unfortunately , they mistook Mr. Ping as Master Shifu as Mr. Ping only knew of the Chao Wa Punch Kick move which causes immobilization on whoever is hit by it . Bao and his followers decide to use it on Po when he comes to rescue Mr. Ping . With help from Po , Mr. Ping manages to use the Chao Wa Punch Kick on Bao and his followers . In `` The Most Dangerous Po , '' Bao is among the villains that were hunted by General Tsin and subjected to stiffening Zu Chao Powder . He is later rescued by Po , but escapes upon being repelled by Po . In `` Shifu 's Back , '' Bao , Lao , and Tsao captured Superintendent Woo after his inspection of the Jade Palace . When Po , Master Shifu , and Constable Hu arrived , Superintendent Woo had to reinstate Constable Hu and reopen the Jade Palace in order to get them to rescue him from Bao , Lao , and Tsao . Po , Master Shifu , and Constable Hu were able to rescue Superintendent Woo and fend off Bao , Lao , and Tsao . Lao ( edit ) Lao Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Gary Anthony Williams Information Species Pig Lao is one of Bao 's accomplices . Tsao ( edit ) Tsao Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Gary Anthony Williams Information Species Pig Tsao is one of Bao 's accomplices . Su ( edit ) Su Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Amy Hill Information Species Snow leopard Su is a snow leopard that is exclusive to Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . Su is the leader of the Ladies of the Shade , a group of traveling females that work as entertainers as a cover - up to the fact that they are actually a group of thieves . Su assigned Song to get close to Po and get him to enable the Ladies of the Shade to enter the Jade Palace so that they can steal the Dragon Chalice . Su eventually convinces Po to let the Ladies of the Shade perform at the Jade Palace where they claimed that they used to dance for a harsh Crocodile Warlord before they left which Po agreed to . The Ladies of the Shade did a private dance for Po and the Furious Five at the Jade Palace . As they danced however , one of them grabbed the Dragon Chalice which Tigress noticed and she leaped in to attack . The Furious Five fought the Ladies of the Shade with Po feeling dismayed and hurt from Song 's betrayal . The fight ended when the Ladies of the Shade made an escape taking the Chalice with them . Upon finding the Ladies of the Shade 's hideout , Po , Master Crane , and Master Viper had to disguise themselves with Po as a female , Master Crane as Po 's dress , and Master Viper as a parasol so that they can get the Dragon Chalice back from Su . Su saw threw their disguise and summoned the Ladies of the Shade to her aid . Song eventually turned against Su and assisted Po into fighting Su and the Ladies of the Shade . Su was defeated by Po while the rest of the Ladies of the Shade were blown away by the gust of the Canyon of the Shrieking Winds . Su was left tied up until a transport to Chorh - Gom Prison arrived while Song left to lead the Ladies of the Shade down the good path . Wu Kong ( edit ) Wu Kong Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by James Sie Information Species Gee 's golden langur Combat style Monkey Kung Fu Wu Kong is a Gee 's golden langur exclusive to Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . He is the older brother of Monkey and is skilled in thievery and some monkey - style Kung Fu techniques . His first and so far only appearance was in the episode `` Monkey in the Middle '' , where he came to the Valley of Peace and went on a crime spree across the village 's market . Even though he was defeated by Po and Master Monkey , Wu Kong ended up getting away . His name is a homage to Sun Wukong , the Monkey King . Meng Tao ( edit ) Meng Tao Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Jim Meskimen Information Species Tibetan antelope Meng Tao is the diplomat of the Emperor of China . He accompanied the Emperor 's grandson Lu Kang to the Kung Fu camp where Master Shifu and the Furious Five were counseling . Meng Tao left Lu Kang to Master Shifu and the Furious Five in order to learn Kung Fu . When Po , the Dragon Warrior and master in charge of Lu Kang 's training , rashly makes a vow to fully train Lu Kang , Meng Tao informs him that breaking that vow would result in beheading for every master of the Jade Palace . Meng Tao then left the horrified masters to continue with training . Unknown to all , Meng Tao actually wanted Lu Kang to fail as failure would bring great disgrace to the Emperor forcing him to give Meng Tao the throne . When Meng Tao learned that Po had successfully trained Lu Kang , Meng Tao went to Chorh - Gom Prison and made a deal with Hundun where he offered Hundun his freedom in exchange for helping Lu Kang to fail . While Hundun incapacitated Po at the Pool of Sacred Tears , Meng Tao drew a pair of blades and attempted to murder Lu Kang squashing Lu Kang 's bean pod in the process . At first , Lu Kang fell into despair . But when Po revealed that the bean pod he gave him was not magical and that Lu Kang had in fact done all his skills himself , Lu Kang regained the confidence to utilize the unorthodox techniques he had developed while training to ultimately defeat both Meng Tao and Hundun in combat . Meng Tao and Hundun were then remanded to Chorh - Gom Prison . General Tsin ( edit ) General Tsin Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by R. Lee Ermey Information Species Yak General Tsin is a character that is exclusive to Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . Once a well - known war hero throughout all of China , Tsin was forced into retirement after eliminating all of the country 's villainous threats and became one of the Jade Palace 's benefactors . The transition of all the threats eventually took its toll on his mind throughout the years . As a result , he began a new hobby of `` hunting and collecting '' villains ( somewhat similar to the motives of Zaroff from The Most Dangerous Game ) around the Valley of Peace where he subjected his victims to stiffening Zu Chao Powder . Some of his targets include Scorpion , Temutai , Fung , Gah - ri , Jing Mei , Taotie , and Bao . When Po is invited to General Tsin 's palace , he ends up taking part in a villain - stopping expedition , with Po unaware of Tsin 's motives . This involved Tsin hunting his latest target Hundun . Po fought with Hundun while trying to warn him only for Tsin to defeat Hundun and add him to his collection , in which Po believes this to be wrong . When Po started to question Tsin 's motives and mentality , Tsin ended up hunting Po . Po managed to evade Tsin , but doubled back following a vision revolving around Hundun speaking to him . During the fight with Po in his collection room , Tsin trapped Po in the Zu Chao Powder chamber where it was discovered that Po had reversed the powder 's effects freeing the villains who then vowed to have General Tsin pay for what he did to them and they begin attacking him . Tsin fought the villains and proves to be more of a match to them until they start to win and are then repelled by Po . Although Tsin is sent to Chorh - Gom Prison , Shifu was n't pleased that one of the Jade Palace 's benefactors ended up incarcerated because of his actions . Po then states that now they can go after the villains that escaped from Tsin 's palace . In `` Qilin Time , '' Tsin was released from jail to start a new life and recover from his insanity . Po and Mr. Ping encounter Tsin , who is hunting the Qilin . At the end of the episode , Po and Mr. Ping were able to convince him that there was no Qilin and he was still crazy . In `` See No Weevil '' Tsin returns , insane to a greater extent , having apparently married a pair of slippers . Tsin attacks a rice farm because evil Alien Rice Weevils were using it to take over minds and conquer the Earth . The Furious Five defeated Tsin , and planned to use the Zu Chao Powder on him . Po freed him after he found out the Weevils were real , and infected the Five and Shifu . However , the entire town except Mr. Ping was infected , and Tsin quickly joined the ranks of the infected . Po defeated the weevils , and the experience restored Tsin 's sanity , who left for Korea . Undertaker ( edit ) Undertaker Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Christopher McDonald Information Species Goat The Undertaker is the property caretaker of the Valley of Peace 's cemetery . He appeared in `` The Po Who Cried Ghost '' where it is shown that the Undertaker has been using a mystical staff to raise an army of Jiangshi in a plot to take over all of China . It is shown that Master Shifu has been converted into a Jiang Shi as the Undertaker unleashes the Jiangshi on Po , Master Tigress , and Master Monkey . Upon the three of them being pinned down by the Jiangshi , Po snatches the mystical staff from the Undertaker and orders the Jiangshi to return to the Earth to be at peace forever . Before they do so , Po orders the Jiang Shi to drop the Undertaker off at Chorh - Gom Prison . Ke - Pa ( edit ) Ke - Pa Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Alfred Molina Information Species Taihu pig ( mortal form ) Chinese dragon demon ( true form ) Ke - Pa is a dangerous dragon demon who first appeared in the Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness special `` Enter the Dragon . '' Ke - Pa was the ruler of all the demons from the Underworld . They ravaged all of China until Grand Master Oogway defeated the demons and sealed them away . Then Grand Master Oogway fought against Ke - Pa . When all hope seemed lost , the power of the Peach Tree ended up giving Grand Master Oogway the power to fend off Ke - Pa , known as `` Hero 's Chi '' . In present day , Ke - Pa is in his mortal guise of an old pig retelling his tale to some crocodile and water buffalo criminals in a bar who ended up laughing at his tale . When some of the Peach Tree started to fall off , Ke - Pa began to regain his powers and beat up the criminals . Ke - Pa then headed to the Valley of Peace . Po pridefully tries to stop him , but Ke - Pa has proven himself more than a match for him . When the tree dies , Ke - Pa regains his full powers and because he learned that Po was the Dragon Warrior , Ke - Pa decides the most appropriate to take to defeat him would be an actual beast and assumes his true form of a huge , colorful Dragon . Ke - Pa tells Po and Shifu that if they do n't surrender the Hero 's Chi so he can release the demons , he will devour the villagers . Shifu tells him that he has the Hero 's Chi and he harshly sends Po off for letting his selfishness get the best of him and forgetting to warn the villagers . However , Ke - Pa later finds out that Shifu is not the host of the Hero 's Chi , but Po is . Ke - Pa crushes Po close to death , extracting the Hero 's Chi and breaking the seal , thus releasing the demons . Po 's Life Force and Chi are restored by the Peach Tree sapling that Shifu planted in the Kung Fu Panda first movie . Po managed to defeat the demons and reseal the remaining ones . Po then fights Ke - Pa and uses the Chi he has left to defeat the demon . NOTE : Because dragons are considered beneficent deities in both real oriental culture and the Kung Fu Panda Universe that mirrors it , it is made clear that Ke - Pa was not a true dragon , but a maniacal demon that could change his shape to any creature , including a monster . Demons in their true form , as seen in this episode are black , amorphus spirit - devils . No actual oriental beings have appeared in the Kung Fu Panda world , and may not , since they are more of a deity than an actual animal . Master Ding ( edit ) Master Ding Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Enn Reitel Information species Taihu pig Master Ding is a Kung Fu master who had committed some mental attacks on innocent victims with his Spirit Orbs . It took Oogway and the Furious Five members at the time to defeat Ding and imprisoned him for life in a prison castle on Mugu Mountain while the Spirit Orbs were confiscated . Many years later , Po and Tigress accidentally released Ding 's Spirit Orbs which then left to Master Ding 's prison . Once Po and Tigress arrive , they ended up having to deal with Ding 's ghost , who gives Po and Tigress a hard time . When Ding manages to possess Po in order to exit his prison , Tigress gained control of the Spirit Orbs as Ding can no longer control them since Po is n't good at focusing , which puts him at a disadvantage . Tigress uses the Spirit Orbs to enter Po 's mind where she and Po fought against Ding . Po and Tigress were able to exorcise Ding 's ghost from Po 's body and return the Spirit Orbs to the Jade Palace . Lin Kuei ( edit ) The Lin Kuei ( also spelled Lin Quay ) are a group of Tibetan wolves that are exclusive to Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . The Lin Kuei are expert assassins and thieves who were trained from birth to steal priceful and powerful artifacts from Kung Fu Masters . Heilang ( edit ) Heilang Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Maurice LaMarche Information species Tibetan wolf Heilang is the leader of the Lin Kuei who is blind in one eye . He first appeared in `` The Secret Museum of Kung Fu '' where he led the Lin Kuei into going after the Phantom Orb ( an artifact that can make anyone intangible ) which was located in the Secret Museum of Kung Fu . Heilang and the Lin Kuei were repelled by Po , Master Shifu , and the Furious Five . In `` Mama Told Me Not to Kung Fu , '' Heilang and the Lin Kuei go after the Shadow Crown which would enable it 's wearer to become invisible . At that time , Master Crane 's mother Yan Fan thought that Heilang and the Lin Kuei were employees at the Jade Palace . When Heilang and the Lin Kuei gain the Phantom Crowns , the Furious Five had a hard time until Master Crane used one of his mother 's items to make the Lin Kuei visible after they threatened Yan Fan . Heilang and the Lin Kuei were defeated by Master Crane . Pai Mei ( edit ) Pai Mei Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Clancy Brown Information species Emperor tamarin Pai Mei is a rogue Kung Fu Master who is exclusive to Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . Pai Mei was a Kung Fu Master who was the most evil and abusive of all time . He was defeated by Master Shifu and exiled after attempting to overpower the Emperor . He first appeared in `` Five is Enough '' where he destroyed two guards and took down Master Chao . He then took a flag and ended up engaging Po , Master Shifu , and the Furious Five . He was defeated by them and fell off a cliff . His fate after that was unknown . Mei Ling ( villain ) ( edit ) Mei Ling Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Susanne Blakeslee Information Species Red fox Not to be confused with the female snow leopard of the same name , Mei Ling is a female fox ( vixen ) and an antagonist exclusive to Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . A rogue Kung Fu master with skills that rival Shifu 's , Mei Ling was also Shifu 's love interest for an unspecified amount of time ( much to Po 's disbelief when she tells him ) . Falling in love after their first confrontation , they quickly entered a relationship . However , Shifu broke off the relationship after Mei Ling refused to stop using her Kung Fu to steal . In `` Shifu 's Ex '' , she returns to the Jade Palace , much to Shifu 's dismay , causing him to panic hysterically and resort to hiding in a closet . Mei Ling though is wise to these avoidance tricks and easily finds him . She later uses the Zhou Deng Soul Gem to swap bodies with him during a kiss in order to manipulate Po and the Furious Five to rob an imperial convoy of precious jewels . However , this failed when Shifu ( still in Mei Ling 's body ) revealed the deception and used the Soul Gem to swap back their respective bodies while they embraced in another kiss . After she was defeated by Po and the Furious Five , Mei Ling was arrested and sent to Chorh - Gom Prison , only to escape while being escorted there . Her escape delighted Shifu to no end revealing that even after the events she put him through , he still is in love with Mei Ling . She reappears in `` Crazy little ling called love '' but this time as a redeemed villain . She starts the episode tricking Shifu into revealing the day when the Crown of Heaven was being transported to the Imperial Museum so that Master Jungjie could steal it along the way but she was only helping Jungjie because years ago he caught her stealing a silver sword from him and said that he would free her if someday she would help him complete a task or he would kill her and Shifu . This task is revealed to be the theft of the Crown of Heaven and when Shifu intends to steal the crown from the museum in order to protect Mei Ling from Jungjie , she sets a plan with Po and the Furious Five in order to apprehend Jungjie and save Shifu 's honor , however Mei Ling turns herself to the Imperial Guards as Jungjie 's conspirator in order to avoid Jungjie 's revenge against her and Shifu . Upon seeing the sacrifice Mei Ling has done for him , Shifu realizes that she really loves him and they rekindle their romance and have a picnic in Mei Ling 's cell in Chorh - Gom Prison . Kira Kozu ( edit ) Kira Kozu Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Tohoru Masamune Information Species Clam Kira Kozu is a clam who is exclusive to Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . Kira Kozu is a samurai that was a former comrade of Yijiro until the day that he betrayed the Ishida Clan and became a Rōnin with plans to take over Japan . Some time later , Kira Kozu and his followers arrived in the Valley of Peace . Yijiro teamed up with the Furious Five where the samurai methods that Yijiro taught Po was enough to defeat Kira . Fu - Xi ( edit ) Fu - Xi Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Dwight Schultz Information Species Cobra Combat style Snake Kung Fu Fu - Xi is a cobra who is exclusive to Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . Fu - Xi was once a famous hero that was descended from the Dragon Gods who fought nobly to defend China from evildoers . Fu - Xi later went rogue after he was betrayed by the `` two - leggers '' that he fought alongside of where the `` two - leggers '' feared his power and slew his family . Later on in his life , Fu - Xi appeared in the Valley of Peace where he had saved Master Viper from some paranoid villagers . He addressed Master Viper as `` Great Master Viper of the Jade Palace '' and saw her to be a potential ally / apprentice in his goals . He tries to get Master Viper to not fight alongside the `` two - leggers '' and that she should fight alongside the snakes , in which she agrees to help him , much to Po 's dismay . It is later revealed that Viper was pretending the whole time . With help from Po , Master Viper was able to defeat Fu - Xi where his plan to convert Master Viper to his side proved to be his downfall . NOTE : Fu - Xi was named after the Chinese deity of the same name . Sanzu ( edit ) Sanzu Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by John Kassir Information Species Chinese pangolin Combat style Unspecified Sanzu is a Chinese pangolin who is exclusive to Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . Sanzu is the greedy caretaker of a bunch of orphans . He organized them into stealing money and various things for him from the Valley of Peace 's citizens . Eventually , Po caught onto Sanzu 's plans where he was able to free the orphans from his control . Po then defeated Sanzu who is then brought to Chorh - Gom Prison . The orphans were then placed in the care of Mrs. Yoon . Lao Shu ( edit ) The Lao Shu are a band of renegade rats that number in the hundreds , possibly the thousands . Ju - long ( edit ) Ju - Long Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Paul Reubens Information Species Rat Combat style Unspecified Ju - Long is a rat who is exclusive to Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . Ju - Long is the leader of the Lao Shu . Ju - Long is described by Master Shifu as `` deadly and unbalanced '' . He is crazy , and likes to inflict suffering and chaos simply for fun . Ju - Long 's small size lets him easily evade larger opponents . He also has help from his hundreds of brothers and sisters who help to make up the Lao Shu . He used Po 's hunger against him , offering him food and then attacking him while his guard was down . He uses a conveniently - sized mallet for a weapon , and likes to use explosives . In `` The Hunger Game , '' Ju - Long collaborated with Madame Zhou in a plot to steal food from the Valley of Peace and sell it to different markets . Visiting Madame Zhou where he ended up discovering that Madame Zhou was a silent partner to the Lao Shu . She then traps Po and Lao Shu in an underground room while she works to sell the stolen food to other markets . Po and Lao Shu got out where Madame Zhou wielded an iron whip in battle ( she considers herself as the `` Master of the Iron Whip '' ) . After the explosions from Madame Zhou 's bombs released all the stolen food onto the Valley of Peace , Po then used the Iron Whip to wrap up Madame Zhou and Ju - Long where he left them for the authorities . Madame Zhou ( edit ) Madame Zhou Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Gaille Heidemann Information Species Gazelle Combat style Unspecified Madame Zhou is a gazelle who is exclusive to Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . Madame Zhou is a rich gazelle who owns a mansion outside of the Valley of Peace . The Furious Five once visited her place to get rice and had to defend it from the Lao Shu . After the Lao Shu were fended off , Madame Zhou had tempted Po into visiting her if he ever needed food . Po gave into this every night until Master Shifu and the Furious Five caught on to this . After a stern talking to from Master Shifu , Po visited Madame Zhou where he ended up discovering that Madame Zhou was a silent partner to the Lao Shu . She then traps Po and Lao Shu in an underground room while she works to sell the stolen food to other markets . Po and Lao Shu got out where Madame Zhou wielded an iron whip in battle ( she considers herself as the `` Master of the Iron Whip '' ) . After the explosions from Madame Zhou 's bombs released all the stolen food onto the Valley of Peace , Po then used the Iron Whip to wrap up Madame Zhou and Ju - Long where he left them for the authorities . Alien rice weevils ( edit ) The Alien Rice Weevils were a group of evil alien weevil conquerors , all named Hong that go into ears and take over their victim 's mind . General Tsin discovered them , and tried to destroy them . The Furious Five defeated Tsin , but Po was suspicious and discovered they existed . Po , Tsin , and Mr. Ping armed themselves with the weevil 's only weakness , copper bowls . The weevils took over the Valley of Peace and infected Tsin . Po and Mr. Ping freed everyone , and all the weevils were subjected to the Zhu Chao Powder . The frozen weevils were then sent to Chorh - Gom Prison . Supervisor Hong ( edit ) Supervisor Hong Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Nolan North Information Alien rice weevil Supervisor Hong is a character exclusive to Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . He is the leader of the Alien Rice Weevils . List of supporting characters ( edit ) Mr. Ping ( edit ) Mr. Ping Kung Fu Panda character Voiced by James Hong ( films , TV series , and video games ) Information Species Chinese goose Mr. Ping is Po 's adoptive father , who runs the most popular noodle shop in the Valley . He considers his work deeply fulfilling , and hopes that his son will continue to operate the shop , wishing to share with him the family 's secret recipe to great noodles ( which was passed down to Mr. Ping from his own father who took it from Mr. Ping 's paternal grandfather , who won it from a friend in a game of mahjong ) . When he believes his son is ready , he informs him that there is actually no secret ingredient , and that things are special if someone believes them to be . This piece of advice leads Po to understand the cryptic message of the Dragon Scroll , which makes him the Dragon Warrior and allows him to fulfill his destiny . Po and his father share a deep mutual love and respect . This shows in how Po can not bear to disappoint his father about his differing ambitions while Mr. Ping respects his son 's decisions enough to neither protest nor interfere after the panda is dubbed the Dragon Warrior . At Po 's triumph over Tai Lung , all of Mr. Ping 's doubts of his son 's destiny vanish as he proclaims his pride in Po to the world as they embrace . Furthermore , the end credit graphics indicate that Po keeps closely in touch with his father such as continuing to work at the restaurant . In addition , Ping establishes a friendship with the panda 's other father figure and master , Shifu . He is extremely skilled at Chinese chess as shown when he outwits Shifu in a match . However , the Kung Fu Panda Holiday shows that Mr. Ping harbors a deep - seated anxiety of Po leaving him in his nightmares . In addition , Ping finds the conflict of his priorities with his son 's responsibilities as the Dragon Warrior deeply upsetting , especially since Master Shifu is prone to imperiously draw Po away on these matters at will . This comes to a head when Po is tasked to host the Winter Festival banquet for the Masters , which takes place at the same night as their traditional dinner at the restaurant . Although Po offers to give his father the high honor of cooking for the formal banquet , Ping stubbornly insists that he can not close the restaurant for that night and forsake the lonely ( and profitable ) clientele who have nowhere else to celebrate the holiday . As a result , both father and son struggle in their separate culinary tasks , until Po decides he should be with his father and leaves the banquet early . In turn , Mr. Ping , who was struggling with his own preparations at this time , confesses that he was unfair to Po and concedes his larger duties with his martial arts calling . Regardless , the reunited family creates a successful event at the restaurant that not only pleases their usual customers , but also the visiting kung fu masters , who decide to come themselves out of admiration of Po 's loyalty and the relaxed atmosphere . As the second feature film indicates , he was then able to accept his son 's subsequent departure to follow his calling with some peace , though like any parent , he still worries for his son 's safety . In Kung Fu Panda 2 , it was revealed that one day , while gathering the new shipments of vegetables he ordered , Mr. Ping found a baby panda in one of the shipment 's radish crates ( with the shipment of radishes being eaten ) . Surprised , he looked around and waited for someone to come find the infant . When no one came , he decided to keep the child until someone came looking for him . Quickly finding out that the infant was too big and heavy to carry in , he led him inside with a trail of vegetables . He bathed him , fed him , and nurtured him until one day , he came to realize that no one was coming for the child . He then made two life - altering decisions : He would never use radishes for noodle soup , and he would keep the child as his own son . It is assumed that around this point , Mr. Ping named the baby panda Po . Mr. Ping is also shown to be a shrewd , if a bit opportunistic , businessman , despite seeming silly other times . For instance , he has renamed his restaurant as `` Mr. Ping 's Dragon Warrior Noodles and Tofu '' ( ironically , in the first film Mr. Ping mentioned he once dreamt of running away to make tofu , though he dismissed it as a `` stupid dream '' ) with Po 's belongings put on display . When Po comes to visit , he cries , `` In honor of my son , free tofu dessert for everybody , '' only to add `` with purchases , '' which causes his customers to groan and when Po returns from Gongmen City , Mr. Ping also shows him the posters he made advertising `` My Son Saved China -- You Too Can Save ( Money ) ! Buy 1 Dumpling , Get 1 Free '' . In the Holiday special , he tells Po that he owes him 17 yuan for the bedroom door , which Po had charged through believing his father was in trouble ( Mr. Ping had awoken from a `` noodle dream '' that turned bad ) and also appreciates hosting a feast for Winter Festival not only for giving comfort to the lonely , but also being able to charge a premium doing so ( `` And lonely people pay extra '' ) . Furthermore , at the end , when the Furious Five visit , Mr. Ping mentions to Po that Mantis , despite his size , must pay full price for his soup ( `` The little one pays full price , but eats like a child '' ) . From a behind - the - scenes featurette on the first Kung Fu Panda movie DVD , the filmmakers reveal that ( when hearing about James Hong 's father having a noodle shop ) they brought this to his character Mr. Ping . James Hong is the only voice actor to reprise his role as Mr. Ping in the films , TV series , and video games . Li Shan ( edit ) Li Shan Kung Fu Panda 3 character Voiced by Fred Tatasciore ( Kung Fu Panda 2 ) Bryan Cranston ( Kung Fu Panda 3 ) Information Species Giant panda Li Shan is the biological father of Po . He was a happy farmer who cared about his family when Po saw him in his visions . In Kung Fu Panda 2 , Li was separated from a baby Po when Lord Shen 's Wolf Army attacked their village . By the end of the film , it is revealed that Li and the surviving pandas have taken refuge in a secret paradise and senses that his son is alive . In Kung Fu Panda 3 , Li was reunited with Po where it is shown that they both have the same personality . Mei Mei ( edit ) Mei Mei Kung Fu Panda 3 character Voiced by Kate Hudson Information Species Giant panda Mei Mei is a giant panda and aspiring ribbon dancer who appears in Kung Fu Panda 3 . NOTE : Rebel Wilson was originally cast as Mei Mei . Due to an extended production schedule , Wilson dropped out and the role was recast to Kate Hudson . Dim ( edit ) Dim Kung Fu Panda 3 character Voiced by Willie Geist Information Species Giant panda Dim is a giant panda that appears in Kung Fu Panda 3 . Dim is the twin brother of Sum , the nephew of Li Shan , and the cousin of Po . He and his brother 's name are a nod to Dim sum , a style of Chinese cuisine . Sum ( edit ) Sum Kung Fu Panda 3 character Voiced by Al Roker Information Species Giant panda Sum is a giant panda that appears in Kung Fu Panda 3 . Sum is the twin brother of Dim , the nephew of Li Shan , and the cousin of Po . He and his brother 's name are a nod to Dim sum , a style of Chinese cuisine . Bao ( Kung Fu Panda 3 ) ( edit ) Bao Kung Fu Panda 3 character Voiced by Steele Gagnon Information Species Giant panda Bao is a young giant panda that appears in Kung Fu Panda 3 . Lei Lei ( edit ) Lei Lei Kung Fu Panda 3 character Voiced by TBA Information Species Giant panda Lei Lei is a young female giant panda that appears in Kung Fu Panda 3 . She is frequently shown around Tigress . Grandma Panda ( edit ) Grandma Panda Kung Fu Panda 3 character Voiced by TBA Information Species Giant panda Grandma Panda is an elderly giant panda that appears in Kung Fu Panda 3 . Shirong ( edit ) Shirong Kung Fu Panda Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Malcolm McDowell Information Species Red panda Combat Style Panda Kung Fu Shirong is the father of Master Shifu , and is a con Man by trade . When Shifu was young Shirong left him at the Jade Palace . He appears in the episode `` Father Crime '' . Years later he was supposedly rescued by Po and Tigress , but actually it was a plan set up by Tong Fo to capture Po and hold him for ransom . It ends up though that Shirong pretends to be kidnapped and Shifu goes to rescue him even though they have been estranged for a long time . Shifu acutely gets captured by Tong Fo in a trap that was meant for Po . Po and Tigress also went to rescue Shirong but they end up rescuing Shifu instead . Shirong comes back to help Shifu escape and he and his son and Po and Tigress defeat Tong Fo . After Tong Fo is defeated he leaves on good terms with his son , but he stole his son 's money pouch . He later told his son years later that he left Shifu at the Palace because he himself was a jerk . He also leaves on pretty good terms with his son . He also seems to feel the need to steal anything valuable in sight including a Gold Sword . Zeng ( edit ) Zeng Kung Fu Panda character Voiced by Dan Fogler ( film ) Mick Wingert ( video game and TV series ) Information Species Swan goose Zeng is a palace goose , who acts in the first movie as Master Shifu 's messenger and is specifically given the mission to try to double the amount of guards at Chorh - Gom Prison where Tai Lung is held captive , under the orders of Shifu , based on Oogway 's vision that Tai Lung will escape . The irony is that , while visiting the prison , one of Zeng 's feathers falls near Tai Lung , who uses it to pick the lock on his restraints and escape , echoing one of Oogway 's statements that `` one often meets his destiny on the road he takes to avoid it '' . In the resulting carnage , Zeng is spared and forced to return to the valley and herald Tai Lung 's escape . He is extremely nervous and pessimistic , but is nonetheless willing to fulfill the assignment given to him . During the credits , a picture shows Zeng gluing the Urn of Whispering Warriors , which Po had broken earlier , back together . He makes a small , non-speaking , cameo appearance in Kung Fu Panda 2 . In Kung Fu Panda Holiday , Zeng helps Po into picking out a chef to cook the meals at the Jade Palace 's formal Winter Feast dinner . He even knows the meanings of different gestures a host makes , interpreting Po 's wave to Monkey as the `` Hun Shu wave of dismissal '' . It is revealed in the episode `` Challenge Day '' that Zeng knows all 1200 bamboo types . Vachir ( edit ) Vachir Kung Fu Panda character Voiced by Michael Clarke Duncan Information Species Javan rhinoceros Commander Vachir is the chief of security at Chorh - Gom Prison , and the leader of the Anvil of Heaven , a one thousand - strong army of elite battle rhinos . He was placed in charge of the prison at the recommendation of Master Flying Rhino . Vachir has a ruby horn - shaped cap in place of his nose horn , as a decorative prosthetic . Before Tai Lung 's incarceration , the Anvil of Heaven opposed tyranny and injustice throughout China , and were notorious for their fearlessness and terrifying fighting skills . Vachir was charged with the construction of Chorh - Gom Prison , and he oversaw Tai Lung 's imprisonment for twenty years . Overconfident of the prison 's security , Vachir greatly underestimated Tai Lung 's potential and failed to stop him from escaping and was caught in an explosion along with many of his troops and is seen falling off a cliff . Although his horn - shaped cap was seen amongst the ruins , it is unknown if Commander Vachir survived or not . In issue one of the `` Kung Fu Panda '' comics ( which took place some time after Tai Lung 's escape ) , Chorh - Gom Prison was rebuilt with a variety of new traps . Po and the Furious Five volunteered to test the prison 's new security system and were given a tour by the new warden and Vachir 's successor ( who appeared to be just as overconfident as his predecessor ) . Mei Ling ( edit ) Mei Ling Secrets of the Furious Five character Voiced by Stephanie Lemelin Information Species Chinese mountain cat Combat style Unspecified Mei Ling , a Chinese mountain cat , is the star student at the Lee Da Kung Fu Academy where Crane worked as a janitor . Upon seeing Crane 's graceful movement , she urged him to attempt to enroll into the school as a student . Inspired by her faith in him , Crane agreed to make the attempt and she made sure his application was recognized at the induction challenge . Although Mei Ling felt she unnecessarily exposed Crane to public humiliation when his attempt was mocked , Crane stumbled into the obstacle course challenge for prospective students and performed well in it , leading to his enrollment at the academy . Wo Hop ( edit ) Wo Hop Kung Fu Panda Holiday character Voiced by Jack McBrayer Information Species Rabbit Wo Hop is a renowned chef who was among the first to audition for the honor to cook for the Kung Fu Masters Winter Festival banquet , which was hosted that year by Po . Unfortunately , Po was unfamiliar with the intricate customs of the selection process and inadvertently disgraced Hop while waving to Monkey . Although Po attempted to immediately undo the error , custom allowed for no flexibility on the matter and the disgrace stood . Desperate to redeem himself with his death , Wo Hop later attempted to assault Po in the kitchen in hopes that the Dragon Warrior would kill him in self - defense . Not wanting to harm the rabbit , Po was able to easily confine him to a flour pot , but he later escaped and harassed the panda as part of the overwhelming complications for the banquet preparations . However , Wo Hop 's casual observation about the limits of Kung Fu inspired Po to enlist the aid of the Furious Five while offering to kill the rabbit after he helped with the cooking . Wo Hop agreed , but Po still had to continually stop a number of his suicide attempts in the process . Regardless , the meal was successfully prepared with the rabbit 's help . After Po left to work with his father at the restaurant for their own Winter Festival occasion , Wo Hop made one last attempt to attack Po . However , Po then presented Wo Hop with the Golden Ladle , the intended honor for the official cook of the Master 's formal feast , which restored his honor in his eyes . Furthermore , Po also included the rabbit in the one approved commemorative portrait with all his family and friends as an additional honor . Soothsayer ( edit ) Soothsayer Kung Fu Panda 2 character Voiced by Michelle Yeoh Information Species Cashmere goat The Soothsayer is an elderly goat who once was Shen 's nanny who foretold Shen 's doom . The Soothsayer has a strange relationship with the peacock . She also knows what Lord Shen did to Po 's village and helps him to stop fighting his memories and achieve inner peace . Her extraordinary gift of second sight gives her insight in the true nature of any and all that she encounters . She is also shown to be an extremely skilled healer . She openly antagonizes Shen and bites / eats his robes several times , but obviously cares for him . As Lord Shen gradually sinks into madness , she continuously tries to get him to change and reform , telling him that his parents loved him and that they died from grief when he left , while he declares that they wronged him and hated him . The Soothsayer was present upon Lord Shen 's return where he used his cannon to kill Master Thundering Rhino , had Master Storming Ox and Master Croc imprisoned , and even took the Soothsayer with him as his prisoner . He seems to want her to admit that she was wrong , but does not harm her in any way . When he sets out to conquer China , he tells his guards to release her , not kill her . The Soothsayer later saves Po 's life with acupuncture when she finds him in the river . When he refuses to drink her herbal mixture , she presses his pressure points and forces him to open his mouth and swallow . After Lord Shen and his armies are defeated , the Soothsayer is last seen enjoying the fireworks with the Gongmen City residents . She was originally going to appear in Kung Fu Panda 3 , but was cut . Peng ( edit ) Peng Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Danny Cooksey Information Species Snow leopard Combat style Leopard Kung Fu Peng is the nephew of Tai Lung , who left his life as an assistant potter and took to traveling as a self - taught prodigy in the martial arts . He first appeared in `` The Kung Fu Kid '' , where he visited the Valley of Peace during its Peace Jubilee and was forced into a confrontation with Temutai 's nephew , Jing Mei . When the leopard quickly defeated the young water buffalo , the deeply impressed Po persuaded Master Shifu to consider taking him in as a student . Unfortunately , the combination of the cub 's likably humble character and his considerable skill drew him so much favor with Jade Palace 's residents that Po grew threatened and a little jealous , especially when the cub mused of becoming the Dragon Warrior himself . In response , Po falsely claimed to Peng that Shifu rejected him . Unfortunately , Peng in a rage decided to prove himself by killing Temutai and immediately attacked the water buffalo in his tent . Po , alarmed at his mistake and the cub 's murderous overreaction , attempted to intervene , but the fight drifted into the festivities and provoked a riot . Eventually , Po is finally able to confess his deception and apologize to Peng , who immediately calmed down and similarly apologized for losing his temper , allowing the unwitting rivals to reconcile along with Temutai in the spirit of the occasion . After the Jubilee , Peng decides to leave to continue the quest for his family that he tells Po about ... to find his uncle , whose name leaves the panda with a shock of terror . In `` Master and the Panda '' , Peng is first seen selling pottery in the markets of the Valley of Peace during the crafts fair . Two crocodile bandits harass and try to rob him , but Peng quickly defeats them , denying Po , Crane , and Monkey the opportunity . Po flees the scene during Peng 's battle , shortly after he tells Monkey and Crane of Peng 's relation to Tai Lung . When Monkey and Crane brought Peng back to the Jade Palace , the other masters were overjoyed to see him . Po attempted to hide by disguising himself as Zeng via a shift - stone , and was revealed by Shifu . Po was forced to reveal that he had vanquished Tai Lung to Peng in private and also trying to show that Tai Lung is evil , and Peng attacked and defeated Po in a rage as an attempt to avenge his uncle , sending him fleeing . The incident frightened Po where he stayed up all night until Peng ambushed him , bringing with him with Tai Lung 's sword . Peng admitted that Po was right about Tai Lung and that vengeance was not the answer , but decided to quit kung fu , out of fear that he would become as evil as his uncle had . However , this changed when Po came after him , begging for his help in order to defeat Temutai , whom had empowered himself with the Gong Lu Medallion , an amulet that enhanced his strength and his darkest crazed emotions . Together Po and Peng defeated Temutai , but upon stealing away the medallion , Peng was ensnared by its evil , declaring that he was not afraid of power and should instead embrace it while still trying to avenge his uncle . Peng then fought Po in an eerily similar battle to the one he fought against Tai Lung . During the battle , the crazed Peng also blamed Po for corrupting Tai Lung and taking the title and power of the Dragon Warrior from him . Upon wishing that Tai Lung was there to watch him defeat Po , Peng was shocked to see Tai Lung himself appear , who explained that the medallion brought him back to life . Tai Lung then agreed to help him destroy Po and his nephew 's enemies , but then horrified him with the idea of destroying everyone and finally learning of his evil . Peng then finally came to his senses , defeating Tai Lung and denouncing him as a villain and a disgrace , and refusing to kill him . Tai Lung then reveals himself to be Po , who used a shift - stone to trick Peng and bring him to his senses . Po explains and reassures that Peng and Tai Lung are nothing alike , as Peng has the heart and spirit of a true warrior . After safely disposing of the medallion , Peng is offered the chance to train at the Jade Palace and is offered his uncle 's sword , but Peng turns down the offer , and smashes the sword , saying it can no longer hurt anyone and neither can he . Peng decides to stop trying to avenge his uncle and states that kung fu is over for him and leaves out of fear of the darkness inside him and his fear of not being able to control or defeat it , leaving Shifu , the Furious Five , and especially Po greatly saddened . In `` Kung Fu Fight Club , '' Peng returns where he starts a Kung Fu Fight Club as a way for the defenseless to defend themselves . He even befriends Lian who helps him . Po ended up learning about this and had to keep this info private from Master Shifu . The antics of Peng 's students ended up thwarting the robberies of criminals who were working for Tong Fo . Upon finding the location of the Kung Fu Fight Club , Tong Fo raided the place where his gorillas held Lian hostage so that Tong Fo can get Peng to do as he says . The next day , Po spars against Peng as Tong Fo 's gang blended in with the crowd alongside a disguised Master Shifu . After figuring out that Tong Fo is secretly running the fights , Po helps Peng free Lian as the Kung Fu Fight Club members join in the fight against Tong Fo 's gang with the help of Master Shifu . After Tong Fo and his gang are defeated , Master Shifu allows the Kung Fu Fight Club to remain . Song ( edit ) Song Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Lauren Tom ( TV series ) Information Species Snow leopard Combat style Unspecified Song is a young snow leopard who is a member of The Ladies of the Shade , a group of snow leopard bandits who steals from others while entertaining them with parasol dancing . She visited the Valley of Peace with Su , the leader . They are introduced performers who steal from their audience . When they met Po , who stopped a thief from stealing their luggage , and learn that he lives in the Jade Palace , Su decides to make a plan to steal the Dragon Chalice . Su puts Song up to the task to charm Po into allowing them to enter the Jade Palace , so Song asks Po to `` show her around the village '' . They spend the time touring the town but with Po 's childlike behavior makes it hard for Song to charm Po and instead she finds herself beginning to like Po due to his kindness and humor . Afterwards , Po declares Song the first girl he has ever been best friends with . Song wanted to tell Po that she was a bandit , but Su comes in and tells Po that they are homeless . Feeling sorry , Po offers the ladies to spend a night in the Jade Palace . As a token of their gratitude , the ladies performed a dance for Po and the Furious Five . While dancing , they steal the dragon chalice , revealing the ladies as thieves leaving Po feeling betrayed by Song . When Po enters the campsite of The Ladies of the Shade , he runs into Song . Song feels guilty for what she did to Po and tries to apologize but he refused to accept it . Eventually Po is discovered as an intruder but instead of turning on him , Song helps to defend Po from Su and the Ladies of the Shade . In the end Po accepts Song 's apology and she thanks him with a kiss on the cheek before she leaves with her group , becoming the new leader of The Ladies of the Shade . Constable Hu ( edit ) Constable Hu Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Neil Ross Information Species Indian elephant Constable Hu is an Indian elephant that is exclusive to Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . He first appears in `` Present Tense '' where he offers up a bounty for the capture of Shengqi . Po takes up Constable Hu 's offer . When Po learns the truth about Shengqi and brings him to the Valley of Peace to be reunited with his daughter Xiao Niao , Constable Hu tried to stop them and apprehend Shengqi only for Po to tell Constable Hu the truth about what happened the day when Shengqi was incarcerated at Chorh - Gom Prison . Constable Hu tells Po that he 'll petition the Imperial Magistrate to have Shengqi 's sentence overturned . During this episode , it was mentioned that Constable Hu had a daughter who ran off with a street magician and has n't seen her in years . In `` Invitation Only , '' Constable Hu appears before the Furious Five and tells him that he is holding an invitation to Upper Head District Chief Superior Superintendent Chang . When Po arrives at Constable Hu 's house to ask about why his invitation has n't arrived yet . Constable Hu tells Po that he was n't invited and admitted that Po does n't have good table manners . When Po begs to Constable Hu to let him come , Constable Hu says `` no . '' When it comes time for the banquet , Constable Hu is nervous at what Superintendent Chang will think of the banquet . When Superintendent Chang gets bored , Constable Hu has Master Shifu and the Furious Five perform something that Superintendent Chang has n't seen until the banquet was crashed by Temutai . After Po defeated Temutai , Constable Hu told Po to skedaddle until Superintendent Chang invited Po to sit by him . Superintendent Chang tells Constable Hu that the banquet was boring until Po arrived . When Master Shifu hoped that Superintendent Chang would promote Constable Hu and reassign him , Superintendent Chang instead renews Constable Hu 's position for another 10 years . In `` Shifu 's Back '' , Po and the others are left waiting for a very long time when it is decided that they need a licence to use their kung fu . Constable Hu finally delivers it to the Jade Palace and , although he admits that criminals are running riot without the Dragon Warrior and the Furious Five to stop them , he does n't seem happy about giving them their licence . In `` The Midnight Stranger , '' Constable Hu outlaws Kung Fu due to the overdoing of Kung Fu and tells Po and the Furious Five if they do any Kung Fu , he will have them remanded to Chor - Gom Prison . When Po has been masquerading as the Midnight Stranger to defend the Valley of Peace , Constable Hu was surprised that he found some criminals in his cell after they were defeated by the Midnight Stranger . Constable Hu finds the Midnight Stranger saving a villager from a criminal causing Constable Hu to pursue him after stopping various criminals . Constable Hu later visits Po offering him the opportunity to do a little Kung Fu on the Midnight Stranger during the stakeout . When Mr. Ping masquerades as the Midnight Stranger and stops a robbery at an apple cart , Constable Hu mistakes him as the Midnight Stranger that he was stalking and arrests him . Po ends up becoming the Midnight Stranger and confesses that he was masquerading as him , admitting that he was doing what was right as Constable Hu arrests him . When the pig criminals arrive and admit they manipulated Constable Hu into outlawing Kung Fu , Constable Hu was surprised at this as the pig criminals bring Lidong to help them . Constable Hu helps Po fend off Lidong and the pig criminals . Constable Hu then lifts the ban on Kung Fu as he plans to have Lidong and the pig criminals remanded to Chor - Gom Prison . Yijiro ( edit ) Yijiro Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness character Voiced by Matthew Moy Information Species Prawn Yijiro is a prawn who is exclusive to Kung Fu Panda : Legends of Awesomeness . Yijiro is a master samurai that is associated with the Ishida Clan . He is loyal to the bushido code and will protect the weak . He was a former comrade of Kira until the day when Kira betrayed the Ishida Clan and formed his own army . Yijiro has been after him since . Some time later , Yijiro traced Kira and his allies to the Valley of Peace where he allied with Po and the Furious Five to fight Kira . Yijiro trained Po in the code of bushido which did come in handy with helping Yijiro defeat Kira . Video game characters ( edit ) The following characters had appeared in the video games : Blackhoof Boar Clan ( edit ) The Blackhoof Boar Clan is a group of boars who are exclusive to the Kung Fu Panda video game . They were one of the bandit groups that join Tai Lung after he escapes from Chor - Gom Prison . The Blackhoof Boar Clan come in different types : Thieving Boars - The first type of members of the Blackhoof Boar Clan . They are brown , wear white shirts , and do night fight . But they can steal items from Po . Primary Fighting Boars - The second type of members of the Blackhoof Boar Clan . They are the same size and colors of the Thieving Boars , but do not wear white shirts . They wield two axes in battle . Secondary Fighting Boars - The third type of members of the Blackhoof Boar Clan and are twice the size as the Primary Fighting Boars . They have gray fur and balding backs . They wield a single mace in battle . Blackhoof Boar Clan Leader ( voiced by Bill Farmer ) - The leader of the Blackhoof Boar Clan who is twice the size as the Secondary Fighting Boars . He has purple and gray fur with scars on his back . In Po 's dream , he fights with the Sword of Heroes . In the Blackhoof Boar Clan 's attack on the Jade Palace , he fights with a metal sword collected from the Jade Palace . Vultures ( edit ) Three unnamed Vultures appear as enemies in the Kung Fu Panda video game . They try to catch and eat Zeng ( who was on his way back from Chorh - Gom Prison ) only for the Vultures to be defeated by Master Crane . Two of the Vultures are voiced by Steven Blum and Andrew Kishino . Imperial Golden Croc gang ( edit ) The Imperial Golden Croc Gang is a group of crocodiles who are exclusive to the Kung Fu Panda video game . It consists of well - armored crocodiles who work for the Queen Crocodile and the Crocodile Sergeant . They were recruited by Tai Lung to serve him after he had escaped from Chor - Gom Prison . Po and Master Crane fight them when they attack the Tortoise Village in the Lake of Tears where the Imperial Golden Croc Gang ends up tormenting the Tortoises and stealing their eggs . The Imperial Golden Croc Gang shortly returns when Po and Shifu are steering a boat to try and escape ; the minions slow them down by throwing bombs at them . Queen Crocodile ( edit ) Queen Crocodile Kung Fu Panda : The Video Game character Voiced by Susan Blakeslee Information Species Crocodile The Queen Crocodile is the leader of the Imperial Golden Croc Gang . When Po and Master Crane accidentally awaken her when saving the last tortoise egg , she sends the Crocodile Sergeant after them . Crocodile Sergeant ( edit ) Crocodile Sergeant Kung Fu Panda : The Video Game character Voiced by Unknown Information Species Crocodile The Crocodile Sergeant is a member of the Imperial Golden Croc Gang and servant of the Queen Crocodile . He leads the soldiers of the Imperial Golden Croc Gang into stealing eggs from the Tortoises . When Po is spotted by the Crocodile Sergeant , he sends his soldiers to attack Po . When Po and Master Crane accidentally awakened the Queen Crocodile when saving the last tortoise egg , she sends the Crocodile Sergeant after them . Po and Master Crane managed to evade the Crocodile Sergeant who ends up falling off the large waterfall . Great Gorilla ( edit ) Great Gorilla Kung Fu Panda : The Video Game character Voiced by Phil Morris Information Species Mountain gorilla The Great Gorilla is a villain who is exclusive to the Kung Fu Panda video game . He and his gorilla minions are hired by Tai Lung to destroy the Dragon Warrior . When Po is fighting the gorillas , Great Gorilla threw boulders at Po . When preventing the gorillas from destroying a temple , Master Shifu ends up having to protect the relics as well . Great Gorilla is ultimately defeated by Po . Of course the remnants of Great Gorilla 's minions were later seen as members of the Lang Shadow Army . Lang Shadow Army ( edit ) The Lang Shadow Army is an army that is led by Tai Lung in the Kung Fu Panda video game . It consists of a group of Tibetan Wolves that were later joined the remnants of the Great Gorilla 's gang and two Ox Bandits . The Lang Shadow Army went into hiding after Tai Lung was imprisoned , but came out of hiding when Tai Lung escaped from Chor - Gom Prison . The Wolf Soldiers of the Lang Shadow Army come in different types : Wolf Soldiers - The common soldiers of the Lang Shadow Army . Wolf Archers - Wolf Soldiers armed with bows and arrows . Wolf Slashers - Wolf Soldiers that are dressed as ninjas and are armed with two hook swords . In multiplayer mode , a Wolf Slasher is a playable character . Wolf Samurai - The largest of the Lang Shadow Army 's soldiers , but are much slower and attack in groups . They serve as the elite force of the Lang Shadow Army . The Lang Shadow Army was originally planned in the early development of Kung Fu Panda , but was eventually scrapped . However , they do appear as an Easter egg on the surface of the Urn of Whispering Warrior . Wu Sisters ( edit ) The Wu Sisters are a trio of anthropomorphic snow leopards who appear primarily in the franchise 's video game productions . They consist of : Su Wu ( voiced by Sumalee Montano in Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Masters , Susan Blakeslee in the Kung Fu Panda video game , Jennifer Darling in Kung Fu Panda : Legendary Warriors ) - The eldest of the Wu Sisters who is the most ambitious and ruthless of the group . She is distinguishable from her sisters by her blind left eye which is blue while her right eye is gold . Wing Wu ( voiced by Sumalee Montano in Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Masters , Jennifer Darling in the Kung Fu Panda video game , Susan Blakeslee in Kung Fu Panda : Legendary Warriors ) - The younger sister of Su Wu . Wan Wu ( voiced by Sumalee Montano in Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Masters , Bobby Holliday in the Kung Fu Panda video game , April Stewart in Kung Fu Panda : Legendary Warriors ) - The younger sister of Su Wu . Their first film appearance is in Kung Fu Panda : Secrets of the Masters in Master Thundering Rhino , Master Storming Ox , and Master Croc 's youth . They were considered notorious criminals whose schemes seriously threatened China as a whole . Master Storming Ox mentioned that the Wu Sisters once challenged the Jackal nation and defeated them with just a pair of chopsticks . When Wing Wu and Wan Wu sprung Su Wu from her prison , they worked to unite all of China 's criminal gangs which caused Grand Master Oogway to enlist Master Thundering Rhino , Master Storming Ox , and Master Croc to help him . They were defeated by Master Thundering Rhino , Master Storming Ox , and Master Croc while Grand Master Oogway defeated the gangs they assembled . According to Po , their favored method of attack was for them to have their tails grip each other and then spin at tremendous speed . The device that Su Wu was once locked away in is now on display in the Hall of Warriors with Po accidentally getting himself locked in it at the end . In the Kung Fu Panda video game , Po ends up stumbling onto the Wu Sisters ' base camp when fleeing with the Dragon Scroll . When he asks them for directions , they mistake him as an enemy spy and attack him . Po managed to defeat them and claim a map that leads him back to the Jade Palace . In Kung Fu Panda : Legendary Warriors , the Wu Sisters return amongst the villains that Tai Lung assembles and attack the good guys while Tai Lung was targeting Master Crane . This time , the Wu Sisters have snow leopard minions to aid them in their fight against Po and the Furious Five . They end up defeated again . The Wu Sisters also appear in the online virtual game Kung Fu Panda World as statues . If clicked upon , the statue will bring up a mini-game called `` Legend of the Wu Sisters '' where the player must climb up treacherous buildings in order to collect enough keys to release and save one of the captured Wu Sisters from Tai Lung . Rat Boss ( edit ) Rat Boss Kung Fu Panda : Legendary Warriors character Voiced by S. Scott Bullock Information Species Rat The Rat Boss is a villain who is exclusive to the video game Kung Fu Panda : Legendary Warriors . He is among the villains who are assembled by Tai Lung and is the leader of the Black Moon Scavenger Clan . He and the Black Moon Scavenger Clan attacked the Jade Palace 's arena only to be defeated by the player 's character . Great General Ox ( edit ) Great General Ox Kung Fu Panda : Legendary Warriors character Voiced by Unknown Information Species Ox Great General Ox is a villain who is exclusive to the video game Kung Fu Panda : Legendary Warriors . He is among the villains who are assembled by Tai Lung and is the leader of the Hoof Clan . Great General Ox has the ability to absorb heat and flames and shoot them out . He and the Hoof Clan abducted some villagers and held them captive in the Wu Dang Mountains only to end up defeated by the player 's character . Yak ( edit ) Yak Kung Fu Panda : Legendary Warriors character Voiced by Unknown Information Species Yak Yak is a villain who is exclusive to the video game Kung Fu Panda : Legendary Warriors and a member of the Hoof Clan . Baboon Boss ( edit ) Baboon Boss Kung Fu Panda : Legendary Warriors character Voiced by Fred Tatasciore Information Species Baboon The Baboon Boss is a villain who is exclusive to the video game Kung Fu Panda : Legendary Warriors . He is among the villains who are assembled by Tai Lung and is the leader of a group of baboons . Baboon Boss and his servants had captured Master Mantis and had taken him to the Old Temple Grounds . He is defeated by the player 's character . Gorilla Boss ( edit ) Gorilla Boss Kung Fu Panda : Legendary Warriors character Voiced by Daran Norris Information Species Gorilla The Gorilla Boss is a villain who is exclusive to the video game Kung Fu Panda : Legendary Warriors . He is among the villains who are assembled by Tai Lung and is the leader of a group of gorillas . Gorilla Boss and his servants had captured Master Viper and had held her captive in the ruins of Chor - Gom Prison . He is defeated by the player 's character . Zhou Dan ( edit ) Zhou Dan Kung Fu Panda 2 : The Video Game character Information Species Komodo dragon Zhou Dan is a villain who is exclusive to the Kung Fu Panda 2 video game . He is the leader of a group of Komodo dragons . Following the defeat of Lord Shen , Zhou Dan and the Komodo dragons resurface and plot to take over Gongmen City upon taking advantage of the chaos caused by the remnants of Lord Shen 's Wolf Army and Gorilla Army . He is defeated by Po in the Under - City and the remaining Komodo dragons run away in fear . References ( edit ) Cheen - Gwan Jump up ^ `` Kung Fu Panda Official Site -- Sacred Peach Tree of Heavenly Wisdom '' . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Kung Fu Panda Official Site - Production - Five Fighting Warriors '' . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ https://interactchina.wordpress.com/2012/09/01/animal-styles-of-chinese-martial-arts-in-kung-fu-panda/ Jump up ^ http://www.debate.org/debates/The-Kung-fu-Panda-Characters-were-based-on-different-styles-of-kung-fu./1/ Jump up ^ `` Kung Fu Panda : ' Owl Be Back : The Tale of Fenghuang ' '' . Nickelodeon . pp. 0 : 25 , 0 : 53 . Retrieved 10 July 2014 . Jump up ^ In Kung Fu Panda 2 , Tigress ' comment about training twenty years . Jump up ^ early in Kung Fu Panda 2 during a boat ride while sparring at night when Tigress tells Po that she punched ironwood trees by the palace to train , and that she now feels nothing ( in response to him crying out in pain from punching her palm ) and Po asks how long that took , she says 20 years Jump up ^ `` Kung Fu Panda Official Site - Master Viper '' . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Kung Fu Panda Official Site - Master Monkey '' . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Kung Fu Panda Official Site - Master Mantis '' . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Kung Fu Panda Official Site - Master Crane '' . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Kung Fu Panda Official Site - Tai Lung '' . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Shen mentions in Kung Fu Panda 2 ( shortly after Tigress ' comment about training twenty years ) `` thirty years I 've waited for this moment '' as he places his fireworks cannon where his father 's throne used to be . Jump up ^ Stevenson , John and Mark Osborne ( directors ) ( 2008 ) . Kung Fu Panda ( DVD ) . Event occurs at 3.55 ... Po 's father is a goose . And he is a goose , he 's not a duck ... Jump up ^ `` Kate Hudson to Replace Rebel Wilson in ' Kung Fu Panda 3 ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Aibel , Jonathan & Berger , Glenn . Kung Fu Panda script , final draft . 3 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kung Fu Panda Official Site - Chor Ghom Prison '' . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Kung Fu Panda Legends of Awesomeness : Master and the Panda ( hide ) Kung Fu Panda Films Kung Fu Panda ( 2008 ) Kung Fu Panda 2 ( 2011 ) Kung Fu Panda 3 ( 2016 ) Shorts Secrets of the Furious Five ( 2009 ) Kung Fu Panda Holiday ( 2010 ) Secrets of the Masters ( 2011 ) Secrets of the Scroll ( 2016 ) Television Legends of Awesomeness Episodes Season 1 Games Kung Fu Panda Legendary Warriors Kung Fu Panda World Kung Fu Panda 2 Showdown of Legendary Legends Characters Po Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Kung_Fu_Panda_characters&oldid=804016989 '' Categories : Kung Fu Panda Lists of animated film characters Lists of fictional animals in animation Lists of fictional animals by work Fictional Shaolin kung fu practitioners CGI characters Hidden categories : Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from April 2011 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles that may be too long from November 2015 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from November 2015 All articles needing style editing Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 04 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays the duck in kung fu panda	[ "\n\nMr. Ping\n\n\nKung Fu Panda character\n\n\nVoiced by\nJames Hong (films, TV series, and video games)\n\n\nInformation\n\n\nSpecies\nChinese goose[14]\n\n" ]	[ "James Hong" ]
-2766167356479523692	Saint Lawrence River	Saint Lawrence River - wikipedia Saint Lawrence River This article 's factual accuracy is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Saint Lawrence River Fleuve Saint - Laurent , Fleuve St - Laurent , St - Lawrence River , St - Laurent River Saint Lawrence River near Alexandria Bay Name origin : Saint Lawrence of Rome Countries Canada , United States Provinces Ontario , Quebec State New York Source Lake Ontario - location Kingston , Ontario / Cape Vincent , New York - elevation 74.7 m ( 245 ft ) - coordinates 44 ° 06 ′ N 76 ° 24 ′ W / 44.100 ° N 76.400 ° W / 44.100 ; - 76.400 Mouth Gulf of St. Lawrence / Atlantic Ocean - elevation 0 m ( 0 ft ) - coordinates 49 ° 30 ′ N 64 ° 30 ′ W / 49.500 ° N 64.500 ° W / 49.500 ; - 64.500 Coordinates : 49 ° 30 ′ N 64 ° 30 ′ W / 49.500 ° N 64.500 ° W / 49.500 ; - 64.500 Length 500 km ( 310 mi ) Excluding the estuary . Ca . 1200 km if included . Basin 1,344,200 km ( 519,000 sq mi ) Discharge for below the Saguenay River - average 16,800 m / s ( 590,000 cu ft / s ) Map of the Saint Lawrence / Great Lakes Watershed The Saint Lawrence River ( French : Fleuve Saint - Laurent ; Tuscarora : Kahnawáʼkye ; Mohawk : Kaniatarowanenneh , meaning `` big waterway '' ) is a large river in the middle latitudes of North America . The Saint Lawrence River flows in a roughly north - easterly direction , connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean and forming the primary drainage outflow of the Great Lakes Basin . It traverses the Canadian provinces of Quebec and Ontario , and is part of the international boundary between Ontario , Canada , and the U.S. state of New York . This river also provides the basis of the commercial Saint Lawrence Seaway . Contents 1 Geography 2 History 3 Resident whales 4 Sources 5 Works 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Geography ( edit ) The Saint Lawrence River begins at the outflow of Lake Ontario and flows adjacent to Gananoque , Brockville , Morristown , Ogdensburg , Massena , Cornwall , Montreal , Trois - Rivières , and Quebec City before draining into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence , the largest estuary in the world . The estuary begins at the eastern tip of Île d'Orléans , just downstream from Quebec City . The river becomes tidal around Quebec City . The Saint Lawrence River runs 3,058 kilometres ( 1,900 mi ) from the farthest headwater to the mouth and 1,197 km ( 743.8 mi ) from the outflow of Lake Ontario . These numbers include the estuary ; without the estuary the length from Lake Ontario is ca . 500 km ( ca . 300 mi ) . The farthest headwater is the North River in the Mesabi Range at Hibbing , Minnesota . Its drainage area , which includes the Great Lakes , the world 's largest system of freshwater lakes , is 1,344,200 square kilometres ( 518,998.5 sq mi ) , of which 839,200 km ( 324,016.9 sq mi ) is in Canada and 505,000 km ( 194,981.6 sq mi ) is in the United States . The basin covers parts of Ontario and Quebec in Canada , parts of Illinois , Indiana , Minnesota , New York , Ohio , Pennsylvania , Vermont , and Wisconsin , and nearly the entirety of the state of Michigan in the United States . The average discharge below the Saguenay River is 16,800 cubic metres per second ( 590,000 cu ft / s ) . At Quebec City , it is 12,101 m / s ( 427,300 cu ft / s ) . The average discharge at the river 's source , the outflow of Lake Ontario , is 7,410 m / s ( 262,000 cu ft / s ) . The Saint Lawrence River includes Lake Saint - Louis south of Montreal , Lake Saint Francis at Salaberry - de-Valleyfield and Lac Saint - Pierre east of Montreal . It encompasses four archipelagoes : the Thousand Islands chain near Alexandria Bay , New York and Kingston , Ontario ; the Hochelaga Archipelago , including the Island of Montreal and Île Jésus ( Laval ) ; the Lake St. Pierre Archipelago ( classified biosphere world reserve by the UNESCO in 2000 ) and the smaller Mingan Archipelago . Other islands include Île d'Orléans near Quebec City and Anticosti Island north of the Gaspé . It is the second longest river in Canada . Lake Champlain and the Ottawa , Richelieu , Saint - Maurice , Saint - François and Saguenay rivers drain into the Saint Lawrence . The Saint Lawrence River is in a seismically active zone where fault reactivation is believed to occur along late Proterozoic to early Paleozoic normal faults related to the opening of Iapetus Ocean . The faults in the area are rift - related and comprise the Saint Lawrence rift system . According to the United States Geological Survey , the Saint Lawrence Valley is a physiographic province of the larger Appalachian division , containing the Champlain and Northern physiographic section . However , in Canada , where most of the valley is , it is instead considered part of a distinct Saint Lawrence Lowlands physiographic division , and not part of the Appalachian division at all . History ( edit ) Map of 1543 showing Cartier 's discoveries Basque settlements and sites dating from the 16th and 17th centuries The Norse explored the Gulf of Saint Lawrence in the 11th century and were followed by fifteenth and early sixteenth century European mariners , such as John Cabot , and the brothers Gaspar and Miguel Corte - Real . The first European explorer known to have sailed up the Saint Lawrence River itself was Jacques Cartier . At that time , the land along the river was inhabited by the St. Lawrence Iroquoians ; at the time of Cartier 's second voyage in 1535 . Because Cartier arrived in the estuary on Saint Lawrence 's feast day , he named it the Gulf of Saint Lawrence . The Saint Lawrence River is partly within the U.S. and as such is that country 's sixth oldest surviving European place - name . The earliest regular Europeans in the area were the Basques , who came to the St Lawrence Gulf and River in pursuit of whales from the early 16th century . The Basque whalers and fishermen traded with indigenous Americans and set up settlements , leaving vestiges all over the coast of eastern Canada and deep into the Saint Lawrence River . Basque commercial and fishing activity reached its peak before the Armada Invencible 's disaster ( 1588 ) , when the Spanish Basque whaling fleet was confiscated by King Philip II of Spain and largely destroyed . Initially , the whaling galleons from Labourd were not affected by the Spanish defeat . Until the early 17th century , the French used the name Rivière du Canada to designate the Saint Lawrence upstream to Montreal and the Ottawa River after Montreal . The Saint Lawrence River served as the main route for European exploration of the North American interior , first pioneered by French explorer Samuel de Champlain . Control of the river was crucial to British strategy to capture New France in the Seven Years ' War . Having captured Louisbourg in 1758 , the British sailed up to Quebec the following year thanks to charts drawn up by James Cook . British troops were ferried via the Saint Lawrence to attack the city from the west , which they successfully did at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham . The river was used again by the British to defeat the French siege of Quebec under the Chevalier de Lévis in 1760 . Because of the virtually impassable Lachine Rapids , the Saint Lawrence was once continuously navigable only as far as Montreal . Opened in 1825 , the Lachine Canal was the first to allow ships to pass the rapids . An extensive system of canals and locks , known as the Saint Lawrence Seaway , was officially opened on 26 June 1959 by Elizabeth II ( representing Canada ) and President Dwight D. Eisenhower ( representing the United States ) . The Seaway now permits ocean - going vessels to pass all the way to Lake Superior . During the Second World War , the Battle of the St. Lawrence involved submarine and anti-submarine actions throughout the lower Saint Lawrence River and the entire Gulf of Saint Lawrence , Strait of Belle Isle and Cabot Strait from May to October 1942 , September 1943 , and again in October and November 1944 . During this time , German U-boats sank several merchant marine ships and three Canadian warships . In the late 1970s , the river was the subject of a successful ecological campaign ( called `` Save the River '' ) , originally responding to planned development by the United States Army Corps of Engineers . The campaign was organized , among others , by Abbie Hoffman . Resident whales ( edit ) See also : Saguenay -- St. Lawrence Marine Park Watching fin whales off Tadoussac Beluga whale ( Near Threatened ) Sperm whale ( Vulnerable ) Minke whale Fin whale ( Endangered ) Blue whale ( Endangered ) Northern bottlenose whale Northern Atlantic right whale ( now rarer due to Endangered status , but increasing in St. Lawrence regions since in 1995 or 1998 ) Bowhead whale ( very occasionally , historically common ) North Atlantic gray whale ( Extinct ) Humpback whale Sources ( edit ) The source of the North River in the Mesabi Range in Minnesota ( Seven Beaver Lake ) is considered to be the source of the Saint Lawrence River . Because it crosses so many lakes , the water system frequently changes its name . From source to mouth , the names are : North River Saint Louis River Lake Superior Saint Marys River Lake Huron Saint Clair River Lake Saint Clair Detroit River Lake Erie Niagara River Lake Ontario The Saint Lawrence River also passes through Lake Saint - Louis and Lake Saint - Pierre in Quebec . Saint Lawrence River between Quebec City ( left foreground ) and Lévis ( seen at right ) . The Île d'Orléans appears in the central distance . Works ( edit ) The Saint Lawrence River is at the heart of many Quebec novels ( Anne Hébert 's Kamouraska , Réjean Ducharme 's L'avalée des avalés ) , poems ( in works of Pierre Morency , Bernard Pozier ) , and songs ( Leonard Cohen 's `` Suzanne '' , Michel Rivard 's `` L'oubli '' , Joe Dassin 's `` Dans les yeux d'Émilie '' ) , and André Gagnon 's `` Le Saint - Laurent '' ) . The river was the setting for the Canadian television drama series Seaway . The river has also been portrayed in paintings , notably by the Group of Seven . In addition , the river is the namesake of Saint - Laurent Herald at the Canadian Heraldic Authority . In 1980 Jacques Cousteau traveled to Canada to make two films on the Saint Lawrence River and the Great Lakes , Cries from the Deep and St. Lawrence : Stairway to the Sea . Musician David Usher released the song `` St. Lawrence River '' on his Little Songs album in 1998 . The novel and film Black Robe is set primarily on the St. Lawrence River during the 17th century . See also ( edit ) Gulf of Saint Lawrence Estuary of Saint Lawrence Lac Saint - Pierre Lachine Rapids RMS Empress of Ireland Saint Lawrence Seaway Steamboats in Canada NEPCO 140 Oil Spill Boldt Castle Container on barge Grindstone Island Jorstadt Castle Wellesley Island List of longest rivers of the United States ( by main stem ) List of longest rivers of Canada List of Quebec rivers List of Ontario rivers List of New York rivers List of crossings of the Saint Lawrence River Geography of Canada portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Natural Resources Canada , Atlas of Canada - Rivers ^ Jump up to : Benke , Arthur C. ; Cushing , Colbert E. ( 2005 ) . Rivers of North America . Academic Press . pp. 989 -- 990 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 088253 - 3 . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Rudes , B. Tuscarora English Dictionary Toronto : University of Toronto Press , 1999 Jump up ^ Arkus , Mike ( 27 October 2014 ) . `` Down the St. Lawrence , the World 's Largest Estuary : Canadian Odyssey on the Looney Front - Part 21 '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Dawson , Samuel Edward ( October 2007 ) . The Saint Lawrence : Its Basin and Border - lands . Heritage Books . p. 36 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7884 - 2252 - 2 . Retrieved 21 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Lac Saint - Pierre et son archipel . Pleinairalacarte.com ( 2008 - 11 - 07 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Physiographic divisions of the conterminous U.S. '' U.S. Geological Survey . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Physiographic Regions of Canada '' ( PDF ) . Natural Resources Canada . Natural Resources Canada . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , William Henry ( 2007 - 05 - 20 ) . French Pathfinders in North America . Gutenberg.org . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ The Spanish names Florida , Dry Tortugas , Cape Canaveral , Appalachian , and California appeared earlier ... From Spanish historian Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas 's accounts , published in 1601 -- Stewart , George ( 1945 ) . Names on the Land : A Historical Account of Place - Naming in the United States . New York : Random House . pp. 11 -- 17 , 29 . Jump up ^ `` Une baleine noire en vue ! Merci d'appeler Urgences Mammifères Marins ! - Baleines en direct '' . Jump up ^ `` Introduction '' . Archived from the original on 22 October 2013 . Retrieved 5 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hear them coming : right whales return to the Gulf of St. Lawrence '' . Fisheries and Oceans Canada Homepage. 2013 - 04 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Une baleine noire dans le Parc marin du Saguenay - Saint - Laurent '' . Jump up ^ `` Une baleine noire observée près de l'île Rouge - Baleines en direct '' . Jump up ^ Regional Species Extinctions - Examples of regional species extinctions over the last 1000 years and more . Jump up ^ `` Saint Lawrence River and Seaway '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Saint Lawrence '' . MSN Encarta . Archived from the original on 6 July 2008 . Retrieved 7 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Ohayon , Albert ( 2009 ) . `` When Cousteau Came to Canada '' . NFB.ca . National Film Board of Canada . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.ca/Little-Songs-Usher-David/dp/B000065Q67/ref=sr_1_5?ie=UTF8&qid=1410971002&sr=8-5&keywords=little+songs Further reading ( edit ) Creighton , Donald Grant ( 2002 ) ( 1937 ) , The empire of the St. Lawrence : a study in commerce and politics ( reprint ) , University of Toronto Press , ISBN 0 - 8020 - 8418 - 4 Dawson , Samuel Edward ( 2003 ) , The Saint Lawrence : Its Basin and Border - lands , Heritage Books , ISBN 0 - 7884 - 2252 - 9 Ellis , William S. ( May 1980 ) . `` Canada 's Highway to the Sea '' . National Geographic . Vol. 157 no . 5 . pp. 586 -- 623 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . OCLC 643483454 . McNeese , Tim ( 2005 ) , The St. Lawrence River , Chelsea House Publishers , ISBN 0791082458 Parham , Claire Puccia ( 2009 ) , The St. Lawrence Seaway and Power Project : an oral history of the greatest construction show on earth , Syracuse University , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8156 - 0913 - 1 Stagg , Ronald ( 2010 ) , The Golden Dream : A History of the St. Lawrence Seaway , Dundurn Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 55002 - 887 - 4 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint Lawrence River . Regional Geography of the Saint Lawrence River Information about Juniper Island ( Ontario ) St. Lawrence Parks Commission ( Ontario ) Great Lakes Saint Lawrence Seaway System Safe Passage : Aids to Navigation on the Saint Lawrence -- Historical essay , illustrated with drawings and photographs Annotated Bibliography on St. Lawrence County and Northern New York region . International Saint Lawrence River Board of Control Saint Lawrence River from The Canadian Encyclopedia Saint Lawrence River Cam Watch the Jacques Cousteau documentary , St. Lawrence : Stairway to the Sea The Steamboats Sir James Kemp and Lord Dalhousie on the River St. Lawrence , Upper Canada in 1833 by D.J. Kennedy , Historical Society of Pennsylvania Great Lakes of North America Main lakes Erie Huron Michigan Ontario Superior Secondary lakes Nipigon Nipissing St. Clair Simcoe Winnebago Bays and Waterways Detroit River Erie Canal French River Georgian Bay Great Lakes Waterway Green Bay Lake George Lake Kagawong Lake Manitou Lake Nicolet Manitou Passage Lake Mindemoya Munuscong Lake Niagara River Nipigon River North Channel Nottawasaga Bay Porte des Morts Potagannissing Bay Saginaw Bay St. Clair River Saint Lawrence River Saint Lawrence Seaway St. Marys River Sandusky Bay Sault Ste . Marie Canal Soo Locks Straits of Mackinac Trent -- Severn Waterway Welland Canal Islands Detroit River State of Michigan ( in Lake Huron , part of Isle Royale National Park ) Ontario Historic geology Lake Agassiz Lake Chicago Lake Maumee Mackinac Falls Midcontinent Rift System Niagara Escarpment Wisconsin glaciation Government Conference of Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Governors and Premiers Great Lakes Commission Great Lakes Fishery Commission International Joint Commission Related topics Basin Great Lakes region Lake - effect snow Lake Michigan -- Huron Marine protected areas Megalopolis Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor Great Lakes museum and historic ships Lake freighter Tall ships Great Lakes Areas of Concern Great Lakes Treaties WorldCat Identities BNF : cb15336896h ( data ) GND : 4077008 - 4 LCCN : sh85116587 NARA : 10045710 VIAF : 316432323 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Lawrence_River&oldid=866212402 '' Categories : Saint Lawrence River North American watersheds of the Atlantic Ocean Physiographic provinces International rivers of North America Rivers of New York ( state ) Rivers of Ontario Canada -- United States border Rivers of Montérégie Rivers of Capitale - Nationale Rivers of St. Lawrence County , New York Regions of New York ( state ) Rivers of Quebec Hidden categories : Accuracy disputes from September 2017 All accuracy disputes Coordinates on Wikidata Geobox usage tracking for river type Articles containing French - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Use dmy dates from November 2011 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chi - Chewa Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Ligure Lumbaart Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Taqbaylit ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语粵語中文 77 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 00 : 27 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does lake ontario end and the st lawrence river begin	[]	[]
-5368594060782751731	Aliphatic compound	Aliphatic compound - wikipedia Aliphatic compound acyclic aliphatic compound or non-aromatic ( butane ) Cyclic aliphatic / non-aromatic compound ( cyclobutane ) In organic chemistry , hydrocarbons ( compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen ) are divided into two classes : aromatic compounds and aliphatic compounds ( / ˌælɪˈfætɪk / ; G. aleiphar , fat , oil ) also known as non-aromatic compounds . Aliphatics can be cyclic , but only aromatic compounds contain an especially stable ring of atoms , such as benzene . Aliphatic compounds can be saturated , like hexane , or unsaturated , like hexene and hexyne . Open - chain compounds ( whether straight or branched ) contain no rings of any type , and are thus aliphatic . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Properties 3 Examples of aliphatic compounds / non-aromatic 4 References Structure ( edit ) Aliphatic compounds can be saturated , joined by single bonds ( alkanes ) , or unsaturated , with double bonds ( alkenes ) or triple bonds ( alkynes ) . Besides hydrogen , other elements can be bound to the carbon chain , the most common being oxygen , nitrogen , sulfur , and chlorine . The least complex aliphatic compound is methane ( CH ) . Properties ( edit ) Most aliphatic compounds are flammable , allowing the use of hydrocarbons as fuel , such as methane in Bunsen burners and as liquefied natural gas ( LNG ) , and acetylene in welding . Examples of aliphatic compounds / non-aromatic ( edit ) The most important aliphatic compounds are : n - , iso - and cyclo - alkanes ( saturated hydrocarbons ) n - , iso - and cyclo - alkenes and - alkynes ( unsaturated hydrocarbons ) . Important examples of low - molecular aliphatic compounds can be found in the list below ( sorted by the number of carbon - atoms ) : Formula Name Structural Formula Chemical Classification CH Methane Alkane Acetylene Alkyne Ethylene Alkene Ethane Alkane Propyne Alkyne Propene Alkene Propane Alkane 1 , 2 - Butadiene Diene 1 - Butyne Alkyne 1 - Butene Alkene Butane Alkane Cyclohexene Cycloalkene n - pentane Alkane Cycloheptane Cycloalkane Methylcyclohexane Cyclohexane Cubane Octane Nonane Alkane Dicyclopentadiene Diene , Cycloalkene Phellandrene Terpene , Diene Cycloalkene α - Terpinene Terpene , Cycloalkene , Diene Limonene Terpene , Diene , Cycloalkene Undecane Alkane Squalene Terpene , Polyene Polyethylene Alkane References ( edit ) Jump up ^ IUPAC , Compendium of Chemical Terminology , 2nd ed. ( the `` Gold Book '' ) ( 1997 ) . Online corrected version : ( 1995 ) `` aliphatic compounds '' . NDL : 00570883 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aliphatic_compound&oldid=825788653 '' Categories : Organic compounds Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 February 2018 , at 12 : 24 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is meant by aliphatic and aromatic compounds	[]	[]
-3528152977894659062	Jenna Boyd	Jenna Boyd - wikipedia Jenna Boyd Jump to : navigation , search This biographical article needs additional citations for verification , as its only attribution is to IMDb . IMDb may not be a reliable source for biographical information . Please help by adding additional , reliable sources for verification . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( July 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jenna Boyd Jenna Michelle Boyd ( 1993 - 03 - 04 ) March 4 , 1993 ( age 24 ) Bedford , Texas , U.S. Occupation Actress Years active 2001 -- present Jenna Michelle Boyd ( born March 4 , 1993 ) is an American actress . She is best known for her roles in the feature films The Missing and The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants and the Netflix Original Series Atypical . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 2 Filmography 3 Awards and nominations 4 External links Life and career ( edit ) Jenna Boyd was born in Bedford , Texas and moved with her parents and younger brother Cayden ( also an actor ) to Los Angeles to pursue her acting career . After a few small roles on television and film , Boyd 's big break came when she was cast in The Missing , alongside Cate Blanchett and Evan Rachel Wood . Boyd 's performance was praised in critical reviews of this film , although the film itself was not particularly well received . Previously she had been in Dickie Roberts : Former Child Star playing the daughter of a family hired by the title character ( David Spade ) to help him recapture his childhood . In 2005 Boyd played the Leukemia - suffering Bailey Graffman in The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants . Her recent roles include the Lifetime miniseries The Gathering in which she played the daughter of a doctor ( Peter Gallagher ) searching for his wife and in the Ghost Whisperer episode `` Children of Ghosts '' she played a troubled teenager living in a foster home . In 2017 , she played Paige Hardaway , the `` practice girlfriend '' of the autistic main character , Sam Gardner , in the Netflix Original Series Atypical . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 2003 Hunted , The The Hunted Loretta Kravitz 2003 Dickie Roberts : Former Child Star Sally Finley 2003 Missing , The The Missing Dot Gilkeson 2005 In an Instant The Girl 2005 Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants , The The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants Bailey 2012 Complicity Rachel 2012 Last Ounce of Courage Maddie Rogers 2014 Runaway Abby Television Year Title Role Notes 2001 Geena Davis Show , The The Geena Davis Show Kid Episode : `` Car Wash '' 2001 Titus 5 - Year - Old Shannon Episode : `` Shannon 's Song '' 2001 Just Shoot Me ! Hannah Gallo Episode : `` Christmas ? Christmas ! '' 2002 Special Unit 2 ( voice ) Episode : `` The Piper '' 2002 Six Feet Under 7 - Year - Old Girl Episode : `` The Secret '' 2002 CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Sasha Rittle Episode : `` Cross Jurisdictions '' 2002 Mary Christmas Felice Wallace TV movie 2003 Carnivàle Maddy Crane Episode : `` Milfay '' 2007 Ghost Whisperer Julie Parker Episode : `` Children of Ghosts '' 2007 Gathering , The The Gathering Elizabeth ' Zee ' Foster TV miniseries 2008 Criminal Minds Jessica Evanson Episode : `` Minimal Loss '' 2017 Atypical Paige Hardaway Recurring role Awards and nominations ( edit ) Award Year Result Role Young Artist Award 2003 Best Performance in a TV Movie , Mini-Series or Special - Supporting Young Actress Nominated Felice Wallace in Mary Christmas Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actress Nominated Sally Finney in Dickie Roberts : Former Child Star Best Performance in a Feature Film - Leading Young Actress Won Dot Gilkeson in The Missing Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards Best Performance by a Youth in a Lead or Supporting Role - Female Nominated Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards Youth in Film Nominated Saturn Award Best Performance by a Younger Actor Nominated Teen Choice Award 2005 Choice Movie Breakout Performance - Female Nominated Bailey Graffman in The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants Young Artist Award 2006 Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actress Nominated 2008 Best Performance in a TV Series - Guest Starring Young Actress Nominated Julie Parker in Ghost Whisperer External links ( edit ) Jenna Boyd on IMDb Jenna Boyd at AllMovie VIAF : 71106742 LCCN : no2004077159 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jenna_Boyd&oldid=810611976 '' Categories : 1993 births Living people Actresses from Texas American child actresses American film actresses American television actresses People from Dallas Pepperdine University alumni 21st - century American actresses Hidden categories : Articles lacking reliable references from July 2009 All articles lacking reliable references BLP articles lacking sources from July 2009 All articles sourced by IMDb Articles sourced only by IMDb from July 2009 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Nederlands Português Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 16 November 2017 , at 10 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays bailey in the sisterhood of the traveling pants	[ "Jenna Boyd was born in Bedford, Texas and moved with her parents and younger brother Cayden (also an actor) to Los Angeles to pursue her acting career. After a few small roles on television and film, Boyd's big break came when she was cast in The Missing, alongside Cate Blanchett and Evan Rachel Wood. Boyd's performance was praised in critical reviews of this film, although the film itself was not particularly well received. Previously she had been in Dickie Roberts: Former Child Star playing the daughter of a family hired by the title character (David Spade) to help him recapture his childhood. In 2005 Boyd played the Leukemia-suffering Bailey Graffman in The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants. Her recent roles include the Lifetime miniseries The Gathering in which she played the daughter of a doctor (Peter Gallagher) searching for his wife and in the Ghost Whisperer episode \"Children of Ghosts\" she played a troubled teenager living in a foster home. In 2017, she played Paige Hardaway, the \"practice girlfriend\" of the autistic main character, Sam Gardner, in the Netflix Original Series Atypical." ]	[ "Jenna Boyd" ]
-7376383269619307718	Xavier: Renegade Angel	Xavier : Renegade Angel - wikipedia Xavier : Renegade Angel Jump to : navigation , search Xavier : Renegade Angel Genre Adult animation Black comedy Surreal humour Horror Fantasy Science fiction Satire Created by PFFR Starring PFFR John Flansburgh Country of origin United States No. of seasons No. of episodes 20 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) PFFR Producer ( s ) PFFR Cinematico Williams Street Running time 11 minutes Release Original network Adult Swim Picture format 16 : 9 HDTV 4 : 3 SDTV ( episode 19 ) Original release November 4 , 2007 -- April 16 , 2009 External links Website www.adultswim.com/shows/xavier-renegade-angel/index.html Xavier : Renegade Angel is an American CGI surrealist dark comedy - fantasy television series created by PFFR . Vernon Chatman and John Lee are also the creators of Wonder Showzen . The show was produced by PFFR , with animation by Cinematico . It premiered at midnight on November 4 , 2007 on Adult Swim , and November 1 , 2007 on the Adult Swim website . Xavier features a style characterized by a nonlinear , incoherent plot following the humorous musings of an itinerant humanoid pseudo-shaman and spiritual seeker named Xavier . The show is known for its ubiquitous use of ideologically critical black comedy , surrealist and absurdist humor presented through a psychedelic and satirically New Age lens . Xavier : Renegade Angel premiered on November 4 , 2007 and ended on April 16 , 2009 , with a total of 20 episodes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters 2 Style and content 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2007 -- 08 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2009 ) 4 Home release 5 References 6 External links Characters ( edit ) Xavier -- A self - absorbed and oblivious faun - like shaman wanderer with delusions of grandeur , Xavier is the eponymous main character of the program , often shown to be a deeply insecure , near - sociopathic and childlike individual who can quickly turn against others if interactions with them lead to negative feelings about himself . Xavier 's physical appearance is composed of various absurdities . He wears the shell of an isopod - like creature as an armband on his right arm . His left hand is a snake from the elbow downwards . It usually acts like an ordinary hand , but in the episodes `` The 6th Teat of Good Intentions '' and `` El Tornadador '' , it appears to possess its own consciousness and speaks to Xavier directly . His knees bend at the joints backwards , he is covered in brown fur and has ocular heterochromia , having one brown eye and one blue . Instead of a nose , Xavier has a raptor - like beak , though he also has a mouth . He has six nipples and a giant eye in place of his genitalia . He typically wears tennis shoes and a loin cloth embroidered with varying symbols . Xavier 's purpose seems to change slightly with each episode , with the initial plot setting him as a wandering philosopher , aspiring `` wise man '' or sage of sorts whose intent on hermitism seems to give references to Native American vision quests . At first hand and of initial importance seems to be Xavier 's drawn - out search for an answer to the abstract question , `` What doth life ? '' Later on in the series , however , the original plot seems to alter slightly into a more personal and less transcendent search : Xavier announces his reasons for roaming the world as the means to which he can help others , his purpose being to improve the quality of human existence and generally speaking , do good . Much of the first season focuses on his search for the person who killed his father while the second season puts focus on his search for his mother , whom he believes to be alive due to digging up her grave and finding only the meat she had held for months to avoid touching Xavier , thus assuming that somehow his mother was still alive . In the series finale , he finds her in a lunatic asylum and has sex with her , which causes Xavier to see himself as the human he apparently always was . When he says `` I 'm cured , '' his psychiatrist says `` Cured ? who says there was anything wrong with you ? '' ; it is then revealed that the psychiatrist looks and sounds like whatever creature Xavier saw himself as . Chief Master Guru -- This supposedly Indigenous shaman took Xavier in after he became orphaned , and taught him mystical and spiritual practices ( one such teaching being the power to heal others with the use of a fictional instrument called a `` shakashuri '' ) . The Shaman features frequently in flashbacks , and -- despite Xavier 's adulation -- is shown to be abusive , sadistic , bullying and cruel . He eventually fakes his own death in order to get rid of Xavier , but it 's later revealed that he gave Xavier the loin cloth and the inspiration to help people in order to get rid of him . Xavier 's father -- Being dead , Xavier 's father only appears in flashbacks and visions . Xavier says he wants to avenge his father 's death , but in one such flashback his father insists that Xavier himself killed him . He asks the Viewers to judge the contest in Episode 10 . Xavier 's father seems to have been far less neglectful and more genuinely loving than his mother . In a flashback , however , ( one which Xavier later denies as being true ) , Xavier 's father takes Xavier to a remote location and abandons him as a child , only leaving him with a bicycle as a means of compensation before crashing into a truck and exploding . Xavier 's mother -- Xavier 's mother is generally seen in flashbacks as constantly either drunk , drug - addled , or having sex with ( often multiple ) men or animals . In `` Haunted Tonk '' , it is revealed that Xavier went back in time and told his younger self to give his mother only apple juice and sugar pills instead of alcohol and medication . Xavier 's mother seems to have hated him for his appearances , calling him a `` demon child '' , among other names . In `` Braingeas Final Cranny '' , it is revealed that Xavier 's mother tried to abort Xavier , though she found out that she was too far along into the pregnancy in order to do so . She instead allowed the abortionist doctor to torture her child while inside her womb with a cattle prod . In several episodes , Xavier is shown searching the world for his lost mother . Computer -- Computer is a sentient computer used by Xavier for analysis and information . He appears as a jerkily edited live - action actor set in front of a jarring black and white background . Played by John Flansburgh , half of the band They Might Be Giants . Style and content ( edit ) The computer - generated animation of Xavier : Renegade Angel resembles that of video games such as Second Life and The Sims . The show features ribald wordplay , nonchalant violence and transgressive sexuality , in deeply nested , often recursive plots . These plots are often very nonlinear in their chronology ; however , each episode seems to contain similar themes and motifs , as well as a single opening scene that has recurred in every episode of Xavier : a depiction of the titular character wandering through a desert ( possibly a reference to the 1970s television program Kung Fu ) as he narrates a semi-spontaneous , often nonsensical philosophical thought that many times connects with the episode at hand , whilst the title card of the show itself flies overhead , usually varying in action or position . An opening theme presumed to be played by Xavier on his `` shakashuri '' is present during these . Co-creator Vernon Chatman called the show `` a warning to children and adults about the dangers of spirituality '' . The show has been known to mock Christianity , Islam , Middle America , redneck stereotypes , and anarcho - punk subcultures . Xavier often incorporates underlying themes and concepts based outside of , though interconnected with , the plot of each episode . Philosophical or political concepts are often juxtaposed with the surrealistic and aleatory nature of the show . Society and cultural psychology and phenomena , the meaning of life , the existence of sentience and the nature of reality have been examined in one form or another throughout the program 's 2 seasons . Jokes and humor tend to be oriented towards Xavier 's own philosophical inquiry and the `` deep , '' `` zen - like '' diction of wisdom quotes from various spiritual systems ( particularly Native American and Hindu or Eastern spirituality ) that Xavier seemingly attempts to mimic . These are many times lightly mocked with Xavier 's misuse of the phrases , reflecting on contemporary humor and taking the often circular logic of such statements far out of context . `` Taboo '' topics such as necrophilia , bestiality , homophobia , abortion , pedophilia , Incest , self - injury , and racism may be hinted at , with Xavier ignorantly making light of such situations when trying to carry on conversation or simply speak to others . As well , racial and other epithets are frequently used by Xavier in a spontaneous and often non-meaningful way . In these aspects of Xavier : Renegade Angel , the program could be seen as containing a substantial amount of black comedy . Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2007 -- 08 ) ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code `` What Life D-D - Doth '' Vernon Chatman & John Lee Vernon Chatman & John Lee November 4 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 04 ) 101 After some rednecks beat up Xavier , they come back in a red pickup truck loaded with computers with viruses , planning to dump them in a landfill . But when they do so , the viruses from the computers infect the lake and town . When Xavier notices , he struggles to find a cure . `` Chief Beef Loco '' Vernon Chatman & John Lee Vernon Chatman & John Lee November 11 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 11 ) 102 Xavier steps in to replace a school mascot and in doing so earns the respect of a violent local gang , whom he hopes to win over with the power of passion and emotional healing . `` Weapons Grade Life '' Vernon Chatman & John Lee Vernon Chatman & John Lee November 18 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 18 ) 103 Xavier becomes the self - styled guardian angel of a young boy who is trying to impress his father . When the boy 's success with science sets off Xavier 's insecurities , he decides to become his `` guardian enemy '' instead . `` The 6th Teat of Good Intentions '' Vernon Chatman & John Lee Vernon Chatman & John Lee November 25 , 2007 ( 2007 - 11 - 25 ) 104 Xavier offers his mind , soul , and nipples to the care of seven babies that he finds in a park , but his snake hand has other ideas . Meanwhile , the police close in on a notorious baby - napper . 5 `` Pet Siouxicide '' Vernon Chatman & John Lee Vernon Chatman & John Lee December 2 , 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 02 ) 105 After being mistaken for a genetically engineered pet by a spoiled young child , Xavier decides to teach the child a spiritual lesson . Xavier sets out to teach the boy 's father too , who mines Indian blood and injects it into himself in order to own an Indian casino . He fails . 6 `` World of Hurt , BC '' Vernon Chatman & John Lee Vernon Chatman , Phil Hasenkamp & John Lee December 9 , 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 09 ) 106 In the search for himself , Xavier decides to go back in time to investigate a prehistoric mural of one of his ancestors . At the end of the episode , when the sand madness snails ' static fills the screen , what appears to be random static is , in fact , an autostereogram of a skull . ( Guest : Junior Brown ) 7 `` Bloodcorn '' Vernon Chatman & John Lee Vernon Chatman & John Lee December 16 , 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 16 ) 107 Xavier is trying to stop Mother - Earth from being raped , so he shuts down a factory . But that only starts a bigger problem : poor families without a job . Being a good Samaritan , Xavier offers to help a disgraced farmer transform his crap corn into a corn crop , even if that means opening up God 's drippy heaven crevice . 8 `` Escape from Squatopian Freedom '' Vernon Chatman & John Lee Vernon Chatman & John Lee December 23 , 2007 ( 2007 - 12 - 23 ) 108 Puggler the punk rock juggler steals Xavier 's significant necklace after tricking him into entering Squatopia , an anarchist commune . Now Xavier , a giant sperm , the world 's oldest slave and an anarchist crying out for chains , travels to the Burning Person festival ( a parody of Burning Man ) to get it back . ( Guest : Timothy Levitch ) 9 `` Signs from Godrilla '' Vernon Chatman & John Lee Vernon Chatman & John Lee January 6 , 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 06 ) 109 After a gorilla becomes a religious sensation , Xavier follows his mind 's heart and finds himself in trouble . ( Guests : Junior Brown , Will Oldham ) 10 `` Shakashuri Blowdown '' Vernon Chatman & John Lee Vernon Chatman & John Lee January 13 , 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 13 ) 110 After Xavier 's father reveals that his `` killer '' is Xavier himself , Xavier splits his personality in denial . A battle ensues between the two , and the episode ends before a victor is determined . Season 2 ( 2009 ) ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code 11 `` Vibracaust '' Vernon Chatman & John Lee Vernon Chatman & John Lee February 12 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 12 ) 201 Xavier helps out a couple who has just lost their son in a car accident and takes massive amounts of pills to cope . The pills are filled with monks ' zen vibrations . He takes a kid from a church , who he assumes is being sexually assaulted ( ironically , the kid is a sexual predator ) , to replace him . Xavier then tries to stop the monks who are producing the pills , only to start a World Wide Vibra ( Holo ) caust . ( Special guest : Bill Hader ) 12 `` Xavier 's Maneuver '' Vernon Chatman & John Lee Vernon Chatman & John Lee February 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 19 ) 202 After witnessing and causing the suicide of a window cleaner , Xavier vows to redeem the life of Mr. Squa by becoming the guardian of a mob boss . Through his sly detective work , a reinvention of the Heimlich Maneuver , and an encounter with a depressed hitman - slave , Xavier chokes his past with the gift of life . ( Special guest : Bill Hader ) 13 `` El Tornadador '' Vernon Chatman & John Lee Vernon Chatman & John Lee February 26 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 26 ) 204 Xavier confuses the friendship with the foe boat and ends up entangled in the energy crisis , deceiving a hurricane - driving scientist ( Vincent D'Onofrio ) and the self - abusing Society in order to simultaneously save the snakes and tame his enemy , the wind . Meanwhile , Snakehand throws up . The title is a play on the words `` El toreador '' ( Spanish for `` the bullfighter '' ) and `` tornado '' . 14 `` Haunted Tonk '' Vernon Chatman & John Lee Vernon Chatman & John Lee March 5 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 05 ) 205 After Xavier revisits his childhood home ( now a strip club for pregnant , lactating women ) , he reconnects with his youth by simply thinking he was visited by himself in the past . The process repeats , and then the Kuttlecrumbs are released . ( The title refers to Honky Tonks , a type of bar with musical entertainment that is common in the Southwestern and Southern United States . ) ( Special Guests : Judah Friedlander ) 15 `` Free Range Manibalism '' Vernon Chatman & John Lee Vernon Chatman & John Lee March 12 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 12 ) 203 Upon discovering that the livestock used by a local restaurant are treated better than the glue - huffing hobos outside , Xavier sets off to transform them in order to receive that standard of care , but only because he has to urinate badly . Free range is a method of farming husbandry where the animals are allowed to roam freely instead of being contained in any manner . ( Special Guests : Heather Lawless and Snoop Dogg ) 16 `` Damnesia Vu '' Vernon Chatman & John Lee Vernon Chatman & John Lee March 19 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 19 ) 206 When Xavier wakes up with no memories , the power of déjà vu reigns supreme . ( Special Guests : Vincent D'Onofrio as `` The Judge '' , Heather Lawless , and Judah Friedlander ) 17 `` Going Normal '' Vernon Chatman & John Lee Vernon Chatman & John Lee March 26 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 26 ) 207 When Xavier feels a lack of gratitude , he considers abandoning his lifequest and joining the Normal World or the World of Normals . He soon learns that is better to stay as he is . ( Special Guests : Michael Gladis , Kristen Schaal ) 18 `` Kharmarabionic Lotion '' Vernon Chatman & John Lee Vernon Chatman & John Lee April 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 02 ) 208 A reporter gets his scoop on Xavier . 19 `` Damnesia You '' Vernon Chatman & John Lee Vernon Chatman & John Lee April 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 09 ) 209 Part two of `` Damnesia Vu '' , the entire episode is a compilation and mixing of the videos that won the `` Make your own Xavier '' contest . 20 `` Braingeas Final Cranny '' Vernon Chatman & John Lee Vernon Chatman & John Lee April 16 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 16 ) 210 After struggling on a beach with his self - imposed policy of anti-violence , Xavier sneaks into a mental institution with the aim of reuniting with his long - lost mother . Home release ( edit ) Adult Swim released the series on DVD in America on November 10 , 2009 . Madman Entertainment released the series on DVD on Region 4 in Australia on February 10 , 2010 . It is rated MA15+ for strong themes , violence and sexual references . In addition to being available on DVD , the entire series is also available on iTunes . DVD name Release date Ep # Features Seasons 1 and 2 November 10 , 2009 20 `` Xaviercise ! '' , fan commentary and contest submissions References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Modell , Josh ( 12 February 2009 ) . `` Interview Vernon Chatman and John Lee of Xavier : Renegade Angel '' . The A.V. Club . Jump up ^ Xavier : Renegade Angel - Seasons 1 & 2 ( 2009 ) at Amazon.com Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( 9 July 2009 ) . `` Xavier : Renegade Angel - Seasons 1 & 2 of the Cartoon Network / adult swim Show Announced 2 - DVD set coming out in the first half of November '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved 5 August 2011 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutXavier : Renegade Angelat Wikipedia 's sister projects Quotations from Wikiquote Official website Xavier : Renegade Angel on IMDb Xavier : Renegade Angel at TV.com Make Your Own Xavier Contest ( Archived ) Adult Swim original programming Former 2000s debuts 12 oz . Mouse ( 2005 -- 06 ) Aqua Teen Hunger Force ( alternative titles ) ( 2000 -- 15 ) Assy McGee ( 2006 -- 08 ) The Boondocks ( 2005 -- 14 ) The Brak Show ( 2001 -- 03 ) Delocated ( 2009 -- 13 ) The Drinky Crow Show ( 2008 -- 09 ) Fat Guy Stuck in Internet ( 2008 ) Frisky Dingo ( 2006 -- 08 ) Harvey Birdman , Attorney at Law ( 2001 -- 07 ) Home Movies ( 2001 -- 04 ) Lucy , the Daughter of the Devil ( 2007 ) Metalocalypse ( 2006 -- 13 ) Minoriteam ( 2005 -- 06 ) Moral Orel ( 2005 -- 08 ; 2012 ) Perfect Hair Forever ( 2004 -- 07 ; 2014 ) The Rising Son ( 2009 ) Saul of the Mole Men ( 2007 ) Sealab 2021 ( 2001 -- 05 ) Space Ghost Coast to Coast ( 2001 -- 04 ) Stroker and Hoop ( 2004 -- 05 ) Superjail ! ( 2007 -- 14 ) Tim and Eric Awesome Show , Great Job ! ( 2007 -- 10 ; 2010 & 2017 ) Tom Goes to the Mayor ( 2004 -- 06 ) Titan Maximum ( 2009 ) Xavier : Renegade Angel ( 2007 -- 09 ) 2010s debuts Black Dynamite ( 2012 -- 15 ) Brad Neely 's Harg Nallin ' Sclopio Peepio ( 2016 ) Childrens Hospital ( 2010 -- 16 ) China , IL ( 2011 -- 15 ) Eagleheart ( 2011 -- 14 ) The Greatest Event in Television History ( 2012 -- 14 ) The Heart , She Holler ( 2011 - 14 ) Hot Package ( 2013 - 15 ) The Jack and Triumph Show ( 2015 ) King Star King ( 2014 ) Loiter Squad ( 2012 -- 14 ) Mary Shelley 's Frankenhole ( 2010 -- 12 ) Million Dollar Extreme Presents : World Peace ( 2016 ) Mongo Wrestling Alliance ( 2011 ) Newsreaders ( 2013 -- 15 ) NTSF : SD : SUV : : ( 2011 -- 13 ) Samurai Jack ( 2017 ) Soul Quest Overdrive ( 2011 ) You 're Whole ( 2012 -- 13 ) Current Apollo Gauntlet ( since 2016 ) Black Jesus ( since 2014 ) Check It Out ! with Dr. Steve Brule ( since 2010 ) Decker ( since 2016 ) Dream Corp , LLC ( since 2016 ) The Eric Andre Show ( since 2012 ) FishCenter Live ( since 2014 ) Infomercials ( since 2009 ) Mike Tyson Mysteries ( since 2014 ) Mr. Pickles ( since 2013 ) Neon Joe , Werewolf Hunter ( since 2015 ) Off the Air ( since 2011 ) Rick and Morty ( since 2013 ) Robot Chicken ( since 2005 ) Squidbillies ( since 2005 ) Tim & Eric 's Bedtime Stories ( since 2013 ) The Venture Bros. ( since 2003 ) Your Pretty Face Is Going to Hell ( since 2013 ) Upcoming Ballmastrz 9669 ( 2018 ) FLCL ( 2018 ) Hot Streets ( 2018 ) The Jellies ( 2017 ) Mostly 4 Millennials ( TBA ) See also : Adult Swim pilots and specials Williams Street Mike Lazzo Keith Crofford Channels Adult Swim programming Toonami programming Jetstream Films Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theaters ( 2007 ) Record label Albums Cerebral Ballzy ( Cerebral Ballzy ) The Dethalbum , Dethalbum II , Dethalbum III ( Dethklok ) Have Yourself a Meaty Little Christmas R.A.P. Music ( Killer Mike ) The Music of J.G. Thirlwell ( J.G. Thirlwell ) Compilations Adult Swim Singles Program 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 African Swim ATL RMX Chocolate Swim Definitive Swim Garage Swim Ghostly Swim Ghostly Swim 2 Metal Swim Unclassified Warm & Scratchy World Wide Renewal Program See also Adult Swim in a Box Cartoon Network Games Super Deluxe Turner Broadcasting System Book PFFR Members John Lee Vernon Chatman Jim Tozzi Television Wonder Showzen Xavier : Renegade Angel Delocated Totally for Teens Neon Knome The Heart , She Holler Neon Joe , Werewolf Hunter Jon Glaser Loves Gear Music United We Doth ( Birdman ) Films Final Flesh Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xavier:_Renegade_Angel&oldid=804585859 '' Categories : PFFR Adult Swim original programs 2000s American animated television series 2000s American comedy television series 2007 American television series debuts 2009 American television series endings American adult animated television series American black comedy television programs Satirical television programmes Hidden categories : All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from March 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 23 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the point of xavier renegade angel	[]	[]
-4515571585850712872	Jet stream	Jet stream - wikipedia Jet stream Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Jet stream ( disambiguation ) . Play media The polar jet stream can travel at speeds greater than 100 miles per hour ( 160 km / h ) . Here , the fastest winds are coloured red ; slower winds are blue . Clouds along a jet stream over Canada . Part of the nature series Weather Calendar seasons Winter Spring Summer Autumn Tropical seasons Dry season Wet season Storms Cloud Cumulonimbus cloud Arcus cloud Downburst Microburst Heat burst Dust storm Simoom Haboob Monsoon Gale Sirocco Firestorm Lightning Supercell Thunderstorm Severe thunderstorm Thundersnow Storm surge Tornado Cyclone Mesocyclone Anticyclone Tropical cyclone ( Hurricane ) Extratropical cyclone European windstorm Atlantic Hurricane Typhoon Derecho Landspout Dust devil Fire whirl Waterspout Winter storm Ice storm Blizzard Ground blizzard Snowsquall Precipitation Drizzle ( Freezing drizzle ) Graupel Hail Ice pellets ( Diamond dust ) Rain ( Freezing rain ) Cloudburst Snow Rain and snow mixed Snow grains Snow roller Slush Topics Atmospheric river Atmospheric convection Air pollution Climate Cloud Fog Cold wave Heat wave Jet stream Meteorology Severe weather Weather forecasting Weather portal Jet streams are fast flowing , narrow , meandering air currents in the atmospheres of some planets , including Earth . On Earth , the main jet streams are located near the altitude of the tropopause and are westerly winds ( flowing west to east ) . Their paths typically have a meandering shape . Jet streams may start , stop , split into two or more parts , combine into one stream , or flow in various directions including opposite to the direction of the remainder of the jet . The strongest jet streams are the polar jets , at 9 -- 12 km ( 30,000 -- 39,000 ft ) above sea level , and the higher altitude and somewhat weaker subtropical jets at 10 -- 16 km ( 33,000 -- 52,000 ft ) . The Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere each have a polar jet and a subtropical jet . The northern hemisphere polar jet flows over the middle to northern latitudes of North America , Europe , and Asia and their intervening oceans , while the southern hemisphere polar jet mostly circles Antarctica all year round . Jet streams are the product of two factors : the atmospheric heating by solar radiation that produces the large scale Polar , Ferrel , and Hadley circulation cells , and the action of the Coriolis force acting on those moving masses . The Coriolis force is caused by the planet 's rotation on its axis . On other planets , internal heat rather than solar heating drives their jet streams . The Polar jet stream forms near the interface of the Polar and Ferrel circulation cells ; the subtropical jet forms near the boundary of the Ferrel and Hadley circulation cells . Other jet streams also exist . During the Northern Hemisphere summer , easterly jets can form in tropical regions , typically where dry air encounters more humid air at high altitudes . Low - level jets also are typical of various regions such as the central United States . There are also jetstreams in the thermosphere . Meteorologists use the location of some of the jet streams as an aid in weather forecasting . The main commercial relevance of the jet streams is in air travel , as flight time can be dramatically affected by either flying with the flow or against , which results in significant fuel and time cost savings for airlines . Often , the airlines work to fly ' with ' the jet stream for this reason . Dynamic North Atlantic Tracks are one example of how airlines and air traffic control work together to accommodate the jet stream and winds aloft that results in the maximum benefit for airlines and other users . Clear - air turbulence , a potential hazard to aircraft passenger safety , is often found in a jet stream 's vicinity , but it does not create a substantial alteration on flight times . These are a narrow belt . Contents ( hide ) 1 Discovery 2 Description 3 Cause 3.1 Polar jet stream 3.2 Subtropical jet 3.3 Other planets 4 Some effects 4.1 Hurricane protection 5 Uses 5.1 Aviation 5.2 Possible future power generation 5.3 Unpowered aerial attack 6 Changes due to climate cycles 6.1 Effects of ENSO 6.1. 1 El Niño 6.1. 2 La Niña 6.2 Dust Bowl 7 Longer - term climatic changes 8 Other upper - level jets 8.1 Polar night jet 9 Low level jets 9.1 Barrier jet 9.2 Valley exit jet 9.3 Africa 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Discovery ( edit ) After the 1883 eruption of the Krakatoa volcano , weather watchers tracked and mapped the effects on the sky over several years . They labelled the phenomenon the `` equatorial smoke stream '' . In the 1920s , a Japanese meteorologist , Wasaburo Oishi , detected the jet stream from a site near Mount Fuji . He tracked pilot balloons , also known as pibals ( balloons used to determine upper level winds ) , as they rose into the atmosphere . Oishi 's work largely went unnoticed outside Japan because it was published in Esperanto . American pilot Wiley Post , the first man to fly around the world solo in 1933 , is often given some credit for discovery of jet streams . Post invented a pressurized suit that let him fly above 6,200 metres ( 20,300 ft ) . In the year before his death , Post made several attempts at a high - altitude transcontinental flight , and noticed that at times his ground speed greatly exceeded his air speed . German meteorologist Heinrich Seilkopf is credited with coining a special term , Strahlströmung ( literally `` jet current '' ) , for the phenomenon in 1939 . ( Modern German usage is `` Strahlstrom ''. ) Many sources credit real understanding of the nature of jet streams to regular and repeated flight - path traversals during World War II . Flyers consistently noticed westerly tailwinds in excess of 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) in flights , for example , from the US to the UK . Similarly in 1944 a team of American meteorologists in Guam , including Reid Bryson , had enough observations to forecast very high west winds that would slow bombers going to Japan . Description ( edit ) General configuration of the polar and subtropical jet streams Cross section of the subtropical and polar jet streams by latitude Polar jet streams are typically located near the 250 hPa ( about 1 / 4 atmosphere ) pressure level , or 7 to 12 kilometres ( 4.3 to 7.5 mi ) above sea level , while the weaker subtropical jet streams are much higher , between 10 and 16 kilometres ( 6.2 and 9.9 mi ) . Jet streams wander laterally dramatically , and have large changes in their altitude . The jet streams form near breaks in the tropopause , at the transitions between the Polar , Ferrel and Hadley circulation cells , and whose circulation , with the Coriolis force acting on those masses , drives the jet streams . The Polar jets , at lower altitude , and often intruding into mid-latitudes , strongly affects weather and aviation . The polar jet stream is most commonly found between latitudes 30 ° and 60 ° ( closer to 60 ° ) , while the subtropical jet streams are located close to latitude 30 ° . The northern Polar jet stream is said to `` follow the sun '' as it slowly migrates northward as that hemisphere warms , and southward again as it cools . The width of a jet stream is typically a few hundred kilometres or miles and its vertical thickness often less than five kilometres ( 3.1 miles ) . Meanders ( Rossby Waves ) of the Northern Hemisphere 's polar jet stream developing ( a ) , ( b ) ; then finally detaching a `` drop '' of cold air ( c ) . Orange : warmer masses of air ; pink : jet stream . Jet streams are typically continuous over long distances , but discontinuities are common . The path of the jet typically has a meandering shape , and these meanders themselves propagate eastward , at lower speeds than that of the actual wind within the flow . Each large meander , or wave , within the jet stream is known as a Rossby wave ( planetary wave ) . Rossby waves are caused by changes in the Coriolis effect with latitude . Shortwave troughs , are smaller scale waves superimposed on the Rossby waves , with a scale of 1,000 to 4,000 kilometres ( 620 -- 2,490 mi ) long , that move along through the flow pattern around large scale , or longwave , `` ridges '' and `` troughs '' within Rossby waves . Jet streams can split into two when it encounters an upper - level low , that diverts a portion of the jet stream under its base , while the remainder of the jet moves by to its north . The wind speeds are greatest where temperature differences ( gradient ) between air masses are greatest , and often exceed 92 km / h ( 50 kn ; 57 mph ) . Speeds over 398 km / h ( 215 kn ; 247 mph ) have been measured . The jet stream moves from West to East bringing changes of weather . Meteorologists now understand that the path of jet streams affects cyclonic storm systems at lower levels in the atmosphere , and so knowledge of their course has become an important part of weather forecasting . For example , in 2007 and 2012 , Britain experienced severe flooding as a result of the polar jet staying south for the summer . The polar and subtropical jets merge at some locations and times , while at other times they are well separated . Cause ( edit ) Highly idealised depiction of the global circulation . The upper - level jets tend to flow latitudinally along the cell boundaries . See also : Extratropical cyclone and Thermal wind In general , winds are strongest immediately under the tropopause ( except locally , during tornadoes , tropical cyclones or other anomalous situations ) . If two air masses of different temperatures or densities meet , the resulting pressure difference caused by the density difference ( which ultimately causes wind ) is highest within the transition zone . The wind does not flow directly from the hot to the cold area , but is deflected by the Coriolis effect and flows along the boundary of the two air masses . All these facts are consequences of the thermal wind relation . The balance of forces acting on an atmospheric air parcel in the vertical direction is primarily between the gravitational force acting on the mass of the parcel and the buoyancy force , or the difference in pressure between the top and bottom surfaces of the parcel . Any imbalance between these forces results in the acceleration of the parcel in the imbalance direction : upward if the buoyant force exceeds the weight , and downward if the weight exceeds the buoyancy force . The balance in the vertical direction is referred to as hydrostatic . Beyond the tropics , the dominant forces act in the horizontal direction , and the primary struggle is between the Coriolis force and the pressure gradient force . Balance between these two forces is referred to as geostrophic . Given both hydrostatic and geostrophic balance , one can derive the thermal wind relation : the vertical gradient of the horizontal wind is proportional to the horizontal temperature gradient . If two air masses , one cold and dense to the North and the other hot and less dense to the South , are separated by a vertical boundary and that boundary should be removed , the difference in densities will result in the cold air mass slipping under the hotter and less dense air mass . The Coriolis effect will then cause poleward - moving mass to deviate to the East , while equatorward - moving mass will deviate toward the west . The general trend in the atmosphere is for temperatures to decrease in the poleward direction . As a result , winds develop an eastward component and that component grows with altitude . Therefore , the strong eastward moving jet streams are in part a simple consequence of the fact that the Equator is warmer than the North and South poles . Polar jet stream ( edit ) The thermal wind relation does not explain why the winds are organized into tight jets , rather than distributed more broadly over the hemisphere . One factor that contributes to the creation of a concentrated polar jet is the undercutting of sub-tropical air masses by the more dense polar air masses at the polar front . This causes surface low pressure and higher pressure at altitude . At high latitudes , lack of friction allows air to respond freely to the steep pressure gradient with low pressure at high altitude over the pole . This results in the formation of planetary wind circulations that experience a strong Coriolis deflection and thus can be considered ' quasi-geostrophic ' . The polar front jet stream is closely linked to the frontogenesis process in midlatitudes , as the acceleration / deceleration of the air flow induces areas of low / high pressure respectively , which link to the formation of cyclones and anticyclones along the polar front in a relatively narrow region . Subtropical jet ( edit ) A second factor which contributes to a concentrated jet , that is more applicable to the subtropical jet , which forms at the poleward limit of the tropical Hadley cell and to first order this circulation is symmetric with respect to longitude . Tropical air rises to the tropopause , and moves poleward before sinking ; this is the Hadley cell circulation . As it does so it tends to conserve angular momentum , since friction with the ground is significant . Air masses that begin moving poleward are deflected eastward by the Coriolis force ( true for either hemisphere ) , which for poleward moving air implies an increased eastward component of the winds ( note that leftward deflection in the southern hemisphere ) . Other planets ( edit ) Jupiter 's atmosphere has multiple jet streams , caused by the convection cells that form the familiar banded color structure ; on Jupiter , these convection cells are driven by internal heating . The factors that control the number of jet streams in a planetary atmosphere is an active area of research in dynamical meteorology . In models , as one increases the planetary radius , holding all other parameters fixed , the number of jet streams decreases . Some effects ( edit ) Hurricane protection ( edit ) Note the large band of moisture that developed East of Hawaii Island that came from the hurricane . The subtropical jet stream rounding the base of the mid-oceanic upper trough is thought to be one of the reasons most of the Hawaiian Islands have been resistant to the long list of Hawaii hurricanes that have approached . For example , when Hurricane Flossie ( 2007 ) approached and dissipated just before reaching landfall , the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) cited vertical wind shear as evidenced in the photo . Uses ( edit ) On Earth , the northern polar jet stream is the most important one for aviation and weather forecasting , as it is much stronger and at a much lower altitude than the subtropical jet streams and also covers many countries in the Northern Hemisphere , while the southern polar jet stream mostly circles Antarctica and sometimes the southern tip of South America . The term jet stream in these contexts thus usually implies the northern polar jet stream . Aviation ( edit ) Flights between Tokyo and Los Angeles using the jet stream eastbound and a great circle route westbound . The location of the jet stream is extremely important for aviation . Commercial use of the jet stream began on 18 November 1952 , when Pan Am flew from Tokyo to Honolulu at an altitude of 7,600 metres ( 24,900 ft ) . It cut the trip time by over one - third , from 18 to 11.5 hours . Not only does it cut time off the flight , it also nets fuel savings for the airline industry . Within North America , the time needed to fly east across the continent can be decreased by about 30 minutes if an airplane can fly with the jet stream , or increased by more than that amount if it must fly west against it . Associated with jet streams is a phenomenon known as clear - air turbulence ( CAT ) , caused by vertical and horizontal wind shear caused by jet streams . The CAT is strongest on the cold air side of the jet , next to and just under the axis of the jet . Clear - air turbulence can cause aircraft to plunge and so present a passenger safety hazard that has caused fatal accidents , such as the death of one passenger on United Airlines Flight 826 . Possible future power generation ( edit ) See also : High - altitude wind power Scientists are investigating ways to harness the wind energy within the jet stream . According to one estimate , of the potential wind energy in the jet stream , only 1 percent would be needed to meet the world 's current energy needs . The required technology would reportedly take 10 -- 20 years to develop . There are two major but divergent scientific articles about jet stream power . Archer & Caldeira claim that the Earth 's jet streams could generate a total power of 1700 terawatts ( TW ) and that the climatic impact of harnessing this amount would be negligible . However , Miller , Gans , & Kleidon claim that the jet streams could generate a total power of only 7.5 TW and that the climatic impact would be catastrophic . Unpowered aerial attack ( edit ) Near the end of World War II the Japanese fire balloon was designed as a cheap weapon intended to make use of the jet stream over the Pacific Ocean to reach the west coast of Canada and the United States . They were relatively ineffective as weapons , but they were used in one of the few attacks on North America during World War II , causing six deaths and a small amount of damage . Changes due to Climate cycles ( edit ) Effects of ENSO ( edit ) Impact of El Niño and La Niña on North America Main article : Effects of the El Niño -- Southern Oscillation in the United States El Niño - Southern Oscillation ( ENSO ) influences the average location of upper - level jet streams , and leads to cyclical variations in precipitation and temperature across North America , as well as affecting tropical cyclone development across the eastern Pacific and Atlantic basins . Combined with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation , ENSO can also impact cold season rainfall in Europe . Changes in ENSO also change the location of the jet stream over South America , which partially affects precipitation distribution over the continent . El Niño ( edit ) During El Niño events , increased precipitation is expected in California due to a more southerly , zonal , storm track . During the Niño portion of ENSO , increased precipitation falls along the Gulf coast and Southeast due to a stronger than normal , and more southerly , polar jet stream . Snowfall is greater than average across the southern Rockies and Sierra Nevada mountain range , and is well below normal across the Upper Midwest and Great Lakes states . The northern tier of the lower 48 exhibits above normal temperatures during the fall and winter , while the Gulf coast experiences below normal temperatures during the winter season . The subtropical jet stream across the deep tropics of the Northern Hemisphere is enhanced due to increased convection in the equatorial Pacific , which decreases tropical cyclogenesis within the Atlantic tropics below what is normal , and increases tropical cyclone activity across the eastern Pacific . In the Southern Hemisphere , the subtropical jet stream is displaced equatorward , or north , of its normal position , which diverts frontal systems and thunderstorm complexes from reaching central portions of the continent . La Niña ( edit ) Across North America during La Niña , increased precipitation is diverted into the Pacific Northwest due to a more northerly storm track and jet stream . The storm track shifts far enough northward to bring wetter than normal conditions ( in the form of increased snowfall ) to the Midwestern states , as well as hot and dry summers . Snowfall is above normal across the Pacific Northwest and western Great Lakes . Across the North Atlantic , the jet stream is stronger than normal , which directs stronger systems with increased precipitation towards Europe . Dust Bowl ( edit ) Evidence suggests the jet stream was at least partly responsible for the widespread drought conditions during the 1930s Dust Bowl in the Midwest United States . Normally , the jet stream flows east over the Gulf of Mexico and turns northward pulling up moisture and dumping rain onto the Great Plains . During the Dust Bowl , the jet stream weakened and changed course traveling farther south than normal . This starved the Great Plains and other areas of the Midwest of rainfall , causing extraordinary drought conditions . Longer - term climatic changes ( edit ) Climate scientists have hypothesized that the jet stream will gradually weaken as a result of global warming . Trends such as Arctic sea ice decline , reduced snow cover , evapotranspiration patterns , and other weather anomalies are expected to make the Arctic heat up faster than other parts of the globe . This in turn reduces the temperature gradient that drives jet stream winds , causing the jet stream to become weaker and more variable in its course . Since 2007 , and particularly in 2012 and early 2013 , the jet stream has been at an abnormally low latitude across the UK , lying closer to the English Channel , around 50 ° N rather than its more usual north of Scotland latitude of around 60 ° N. However , between 1979 and 2001 , it has been found that the average position of the jet stream has been moving northward at a rate of 2.01 kilometres ( 1.25 mi ) per year across the Northern Hemisphere . Across North America , this type of change could lead to drier conditions across the southern tier of the United States and more frequent and more intense tropical cyclones in the tropics . A similar slow poleward drift was found when studying the Southern Hemisphere jet stream over the same time frame . Other upper - level jets ( edit ) Polar night jet ( edit ) This article or section appears to contradict itself . Please see the talk page for more information . ( December 2016 ) The polar - night jet stream forms only during the winter months when the nights are much longer , hence polar nights , in their respective hemispheres at around 60 ° latitude . The polar night jet moves at a greater height of about 80,000 feet ( 24,000 m ) than it does during the summer . During these dark months the air high over the poles becomes much colder than the air over the equator . This difference in temperature gives rise to extreme air pressure differences in the stratosphere , which , when combined with the Coriolis effect , create the polar night jets , that race eastward at an altitude of about 30 miles ( 48 km ) . The polar vortex is circled by the polar night jet . The warmer air can only move along the edge of the polar vortex , but not enter it . Within the vortex , the cold polar air becomes increasingly cold with neither warmer air from lower latitudes nor energy from the Sun during the polar night . Low level jets ( edit ) There are wind maxima at lower levels of the atmosphere that are also referred to as jets . Barrier jet ( edit ) A barrier jet in the low levels forms just upstream of mountain chains , with the mountains forcing the jet to be oriented parallel to the mountains . The mountain barrier increases the strength of the low level wind by 45 percent . In the North American Great Plains a southerly low - level jet helps fuel overnight thunderstorm activity during the warm season , normally in the form of mesoscale convective systems which form during the overnight hours . A similar phenomenon develops across Australia , which pulls moisture poleward from the Coral Sea towards cut - off lows which form mainly across southwestern portions of the continent . Valley exit jet ( edit ) A valley exit jet is a strong , down - valley , elevated air current that emerges above the intersection of the valley and its adjacent plain . These winds frequently reach a maximum of 20 m / s ( 45 mph or 72 km / h ) at a height of 40 -- 200 m above the ground . Surface winds below the jet may sway vegetation , but are significantly weaker . They are likely to be found in valley regions that exhibit diurnal mountain wind systems , such as those of the dry mountain ranges of the US . Deep valleys that terminate abruptly at a plain are more impacted by these factors than are those that gradually become shallower as downvalley distance increases . Africa ( edit ) See also : African easterly jet The mid-level African easterly jet occurs during the Northern Hemisphere summer between 10 ° N and 20 ° N above West Africa , and the nocturnal poleward low - level jet occurs in the Great Plains of east and South Africa . The low - level easterly African jet stream is considered to play a crucial role in the southwest monsoon of Africa , and helps form the tropical waves which move across the tropical Atlantic and eastern Pacific oceans during the warm season . The formation of the thermal low over northern Africa leads to a low - level westerly jet stream from June into October . See also ( edit ) Atmospheric river Block ( meteorology ) Polar vortex Surface weather analysis Sting jet Tornado Wind shear Weather References ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Geographic ( July 7 , 2013 ) . `` Jet stream '' . nationalgeographic.com . Jump up ^ University of Illinois . `` Jet Stream '' . Retrieved 4 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Winchester , Simon ( 15 April 2010 ) . `` A Tale of Two Volcanos '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ See : Bishop , Sereno E. ( 17 January 1884 ) `` Letters to the Editor : The remarkable sunsets , '' Nature , 29 : 259 -- 260 ; on page 260 , Bishop speculates that a rapid current in the upper atmosphere was carrying the dust from the eruption of Krakatau westward around the equator . Bishop , S.E. ( May 1884 ) `` The equatorial smoke - stream from Krakatoa , '' The Hawaiian Monthly , vol. 1 , no . 5 , pages 106 -- 110 . Bishop , S.E. ( 29 January 1885 ) `` Letters to the Editor : Krakatoa , '' Nature , vol. 31 , pages 288 -- 289 . Rev. Sereno E. Bishop ( 1886 ) `` The origin of the red glows , '' American Meteorological Journal , vol. 3 , pages 127 -- 136 , 193 -- 196 ; on pages 133 -- 136 , Bishop discusses the `` equatorial smoke stream '' that was produced by the eruption of Krakatau . Hamilton , Kevin ( 2012 ) `` Sereno Bishop , Rollo Russell , Bishop 's Ring and the discovery of the `` Krakatoa easterlies '' , '' Archived 22 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Atmosphere - Ocean , vol. 50 , no . 2 , pages 169 -- 175 . Krakatoa Committee of the Royal Society ( of London ) , The Eruption of Krakatoa and Subsequent Phenomena ( London , England : Harrison and Sons , 1888 ) . Evidence of an equatorial high - speed , high - altitude current ( actually , the quasi-biennial oscillation ) is presented in the following sections : Part IV. , Section II . General list of dates of first appearance of all the optical phenomena . By the Hon . Rollo Russell. , pages 263 -- 312 . Part IV. , Section III . ( A ) . General geographic distribution of all the optical phenomena in space and time ; including also velocity of translation of smoke stream . By the Hon . Rollo Russell. , pages 312 -- 326 . Part IV. , Section III . ( B ) . The connection between the propagation of the sky haze with its accompanying optical phenomena , and the general circulation of the atmosphere . By Mr. E. Douglas Archibald. , pages 326 -- 334 ; that Rev. S.E. Bishop of Honolulu first noticed a westward circulation of dust from Krakatau is acknowledged on page 333 . Part IV. , Section III . ( C ) . Spread of the phenomena round the world , with maps illustrative thereof . By the Hon . Rollo Russell. , pages 334 -- 339 ; after page 334 there are map inserts , showing the progressive spread , along the equator , of the dust from Krakatau . Jump up ^ Lewis , John M. ( 2003 ) . `` Oishi 's Observation : Viewed in the Context of Jet Stream Discovery '' . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society . 84 : 357 -- 369 . Bibcode : 2003BAMS ... 84 ... 357L . doi : 10.1175 / BAMS - 84 - 3 - 357 . Jump up ^ Ooishi , W. ( 1926 ) Raporto de la Aerologia Observatorio de Tateno ( in Esperanto ) . Aerological Observatory Report 1 , Central Meteorological Observatory , Japan , 213 pages . Jump up ^ Martin Brenner . Pilot Balloon Resources . Retrieved on 13 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Acepilots.com . Wiley Post . Retrieved on 8 May 2008 . 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( 2010 ) . `` A link between reduced Barents - Kara sea ice and cold winter extremes over northern continents '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 115 . Bibcode : 2010JGRD ... 11521111P . doi : 10.1029 / 2009JD013568 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . Jet stream found to be permanently drifting north . Retrieved on 14 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jet Streams around the World '' . BBC . Jump up ^ Gedney , Larry ( 1983 ) . `` The Jet Stream '' . University of Alaska Fairbanks . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Ozone - Hole Splitting -- Background '' . Ohio State University . Archived from the original on 21 June 2010 . Jump up ^ J.D. Doyle . The influence of mesoscale orography on a coastal jet and rainband . Retrieved on 25 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Matt Kumijan , Jeffry Evans , and Jared Guyer . The Relationship of the Great Plains Low - Level Jet to Nocturnal MCS Development . Retrieved on 8 May 2008 . Jump up ^ L. Qi , L.M. Leslie , and S.X. Zhao . Cut - off low pressure systems over southern Australia : climatology and case study . Retrieved on 8 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Whiteman , C. David ( 2000 ) . Mountain Meteorology , p. 193 . Oxford University Press , New York . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 803044 - 7 , pp. 191 -- 193 . Jump up ^ Dr. Alex DeCaria . Lesson 4 -- Seasonal - mean Wind Fields . Retrieved on 3 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Kerry H. Cook . Generation of the African Easterly Jet and Its Role in Determining West African Precipitation . Retrieved on 8 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Chris Landsea . AOML Frequently Asked Questions . Subject : A4 ) What is an easterly wave ? Archived 18 July 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved on 8 May 2008 . Jump up ^ B. Pu and K.H. Cook ( 2008 ) . Dynamics of the Low - Level Westerly Jet Over West Africa . American Geophysical Union , Fall Meeting 2008 , abstract # A13A - 0229 . Retrieved on 8 March 2009 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jet streams . CRWS Jet stream analyses Current map of winds at the 250 hPa level Earth 's atmosphere Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Exosphere Tropopause Stratopause Mesopause Thermopause / Exobase Ozone layer Turbopause Ionosphere LCCN : sh85070172 GND : 4183524 - 4 BNF : cb12494900f ( data ) NDL : 00574991 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jet_stream&oldid=820876216 '' Categories : Atmospheric dynamics Wind Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from June 2016 Self - contradictory articles from December 2016 All self - contradictory articles Good articles Use dmy dates from October 2012 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Kreyòl ayisyen Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 January 2018 , at 03 : 39 . 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4410478193881174849	Our Girl	Our Girl - wikipedia Our Girl Our Girl Genre Military drama Created by Tony Grounds Written by Tony Grounds Directed by David Drury Anthony Philipson Richard Senior Jan Matthys Luke Snellin Tim Fywell Jon Wright Starring Lacey Turner Michelle Keegan Ben Aldridge Simon Lennon Sean Ward Sean Sagar Rolan Bell Harki Bhambra Shalom Brune - Franklin Patrick McNamee Opening theme `` War Rages On '' -- Alex Clare ( Series 1 ) `` Hear You Calling '' -- Birdy ( Series 2 ) `` Battlecry '' -- Jordan Mackampa ( Series 3 ) Composer ( s ) Ben Foster Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 23 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) John Yorke Caroline Skinner Producer ( s ) Ken Horn Eric Coulter Production location ( s ) Hertfordshire Camp Bastion Army Training Centre , Pirbright South Africa Editor ( s ) Ben Drury Running time 60 minutes Production company ( s ) BBC Studios Distributor RLJ Entertainment Release Original network BBC One Picture format 16 : 9 ( 1080i ) Audio format Stereo Original release 24 March 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 24 ) -- present External links Website Our Girl is a British television military drama series , written and created by Tony Grounds , first broadcast on BBC One on 24 March 2013 . The series initially starred Lacey Turner as Molly Dawes , a young woman from a working - class background who joins the British Army after deciding her life is going nowhere . Following the feature - length pilot episode , a full series of five episodes was commissioned , commencing broadcast on 21 September 2014 . For the series , Iwan Rheon and Ben Aldridge joined the main cast as Private Dylan `` Smurf '' Smith and Captain Charles James respectively . Turner left her role after the first series , and was replaced Michelle Keegan as the series ' new lead , Lance Corporal Georgie Lane . Ben Aldridge returned to the cast , with newcomers Luke Pasqualino and Royce Pierreson amongst the new cast members . The second five - episode series began airing on 7 September 2016 . An extended third series , comprising twelve episodes , was commissioned in 2017 . Initially due to be broadcast in three blocks of four episodes , filming for this series took place in Nepal , South Africa and Malaysia . Keegan , Pasqualino and Aldridge all returned for this series , with Shalom Brune - Franklin and Rudi Dharmalingam amongst the new cast members for this series . The first four episodes , known as the Nepal Tour , began broadcasting on 10 October 2017 . The remaining eight episodes aired consecutively from 5 June 2018 , with Olly Rix joining the cast as new special forces Captain `` Bones '' McClyde . Contents 1 Plot 1.1 Pilot ( 2013 ) 1.2 Series 1 ( 2014 ) 1.3 Series 2 ( 2016 ) 1.4 Series 3 : Part 1 ( 2017 ) 1.5 Series 3 : Part 2 ( 2018 ) 2 Reception 3 Broadcast 4 Cast 4.1 2 Section 4.2 Special Forces 4.3 Families 4.4 Army 4.5 Other 5 Episodes 5.1 Pilot ( 2013 ) 5.2 Series 1 ( 2014 ) 5.3 Series 2 ( 2016 ) 5.4 Series 3 : Part 1 ( 2017 ) 5.5 Series 3 : Part 2 ( 2018 ) 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Pilot ( 2013 ) ( edit ) 18 - year - old Molly Dawes ( Lacey Turner ) , who lives in the East End of London , decides to join the army , deciding her life has no purpose on discovering that her boyfriend has been cheating on her . Encouraged only by the manager of the recruitment office , Sergeant Lamont ( Paul Fox ) , she initially keeps her decision a secret from her family , which consists of her controlling father Dave ( Sean Gallagher ) and doting mother Belinda ( Kerry Godliman ) . When the truth is exposed , Dave demands she changes her mind , threatening to disown her if she does not ; leaving her to make the heartbreaking decision to step away as she heads off to training camp . Here , Corporal Geddings ( Matthew McNulty ) initially doubts Molly 's merits as a potential soldier , but she strives to prove herself and eventually earns the respect of her peers , even reuniting with her mother Belinda when she visits her to apologise for Dave 's actions . Series 1 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Molly has completed training as a Combat Medical Technician . She is deployed to Afghanistan attached to a British Army infantry section based from a small UK / ANA shared FOB somewhere in Helmand . She arrives at Camp Bastion in Afghanistan alongside her new team , 2 Section , who are all males . She is disconcerted when she discovers that an ex-flame , Dylan `` Smurf '' Smith ( Iwan Rheon ) , belongs to her new section , and gets off on the wrong foot with haughty team leader Captain Charles James ( Ben Aldridge ) , a hailed war hero . On arrival in Afghanistan , Molly fights to prove herself to the men around her while also offering compassion to the locals , including 11 - year - old Afghan girl Bashira ( Becky Eggersglusz ) , giving herself an understanding of what it is like to be a civilian caught up in the Taliban 's war . Series 2 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Lance Corporal Georgie Lane ( Michelle Keegan ) is dispatched on a humanitarian tour to Kenya with 2 Section , and she quickly becomes involved in the activities of a terrorist group . Georgie 's ex-fiancé , Elvis ( Luke Pasqualino ) , a special forces officer in the Special Air Service , frequently attempts to regain her trust after jilting her at the altar on their wedding day several years previously . However , Georgie now has a new boyfriend , Dr. Jamie Cole ( Royce Pierreson ) . Molly has been written out of the story , having returned to Afghanistan for a short tour off - screen . It is briefly mentioned by Captain James that he and Molly are now married . Series 3 : part 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Georgie , now a Corporal , is dispatched alongside 2 Section on a humanitarian mission to Nepal following an earthquake . 2 Section discover a group responsible for trafficking children , connected to the Taliban , which sends them on a covert mission in the heart of Afghanistan supporting special forces . Captain James struggles with the point of British involvement in Afghanistan , and Elvis is desperate to get Georgie back . However , she is uninterested and meets a Nepalese engineer , Milan ( Rudi Dharmalingam ) , whom she takes a shine to . Meanwhile , romance between the two new privates of 2 Section , Maisie ( Shalom Brune - Franklin ) and Rab ( Harki Bhambra ) , blossoms . Series 3 : part 2 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Following Elvis ' death , Georgie returns to duty as 2 Section are deployed to Nigeria to help the Nigerian Army in the fight against Boko Haram . But when she goes in search of a group of missing children , who are suspected of having been trafficked out of the country , she is kidnapped and held hostage by a group of Boko Haram rebels . Undercover Special Forces Captain `` Bones '' McClyde ( Olly Rix ) , who has spent the last six months infiltrating Boko Haram , is forced to break cover in order to save Georgie . Later , 2 Section find themselves in Belize for a jungle training exercise . But when Captain James is severely injured by a bandit trap , Georgie is forced to put her all her skills into action in a desperate attempt to save him . In Bangladesh , 2 Section are called to assist local police inspector Chowdrey ( Navin Chowdhry ) and his wife Barsha ( Farzana Dua Elahe ) who are running a refugee camp for thousands forced to flee from their war - torn villages , but Georgie soon begins to suspect the inspector of being involved in the trafficking of prostitutes and drug smuggling . Reception ( edit ) The feature - length pilot episode first broadcast on BBC One on 24 March 2013 at 9 : 00pm . Based on official overnight figures , it gained an audience of 5.34 million viewers . Consolidated viewing increased this figure to 6.31 million . The pilot received mixed to positive reviews , with Dan Owen of MSN praising Turner 's acting and the moving storyline , while criticising some of the characterisation and `` weird shortcuts in the storyline '' . Sarah Crompton of The Telegraph found the pilot `` compelling '' but argued that `` the depiction of the army -- which became too obviously her surrogate family -- would be better suited to a glossy advertising campaign than a television drama , glamorising both its methods and its personnel '' . Audience reaction on social media website Twitter was overall positive . Broadcast ( edit ) The series premiered in Australia on ABC on 16 April 2015 . In New Zealand , the series premiered on TVNZ on 3 May 2015 . In Sweden , the series premiered on SVT on 15 June 2015 . In Finland , the series premiered on Yle on 20 March 2017 . On 7 April 2016 the series premiered in Germany under the title Eine Frau an der Front ( A Woman on the Frontline ) and in France and Belgium under the title Molly , une femme au combat ( Molly : A Woman In Battle ) . Cast ( edit ) 2 Section ( edit ) Lacey Turner as Private Molly Dawes ( Pilot -- Series 1 ) Michelle Keegan as Corporal Georgie Lane ( Series 2 -- ) Ben Aldridge as Captain Charles James ( Series 1 -- ) Simon Lennon as Private Harry `` Brains '' Wiggerty ( Series 1 -- ) Sean Ward as Private `` Fingers '' Stille ( Series 1 -- ) Sean Sagar as Private Jaiden `` Monk '' Montgomery ( Series 2 -- ) Rolan Bell as Platoon Sergeant `` Kingy '' King ( Series 2 -- ) Harki Bhambra as Private Rab Kalil ( Series 3.1 -- ) Shalom Brune - Franklin as Private Maisie Richards ( Series 3.1 -- ) Patrick McNamee as Private Jason `` Ruby '' Curry ( Series 3.2 -- ) John Michie as Brigadier ( Series 3.2 -- ) Iwan Rheon as Private Dylan `` Smurf '' Smith ( Series 1 ) Lawrence Walker as Private `` Dangleberries '' ( Series 1 -- 2 ) Nick Preston as Private Mike `` Mansfield Mike '' Cheam ( Series 1 -- 2 ) Arinze Kene as Corporal `` Eggy '' Kinders ( Series 1 ) Charley Palmer Rothwell as Private `` Baz Vegas '' ( Series 1 ) Ade Oyefeso as Private `` Nude - Nut '' ( Series 1 ) Special Forces ( edit ) Luke Pasqualino as Captain Elvis Harte ( Series 2 -- 3.1 ) Olly Rix as Captain `` Bones '' McClyde ( Series 3.1 -- 3.4 ) Mark Armstrong as SFS `` Spanner '' ( Series 2 -- ) Dwane Walcott as SFS `` Peanut '' ( Series 3.1 -- ) Ashley Houston as SFS `` Dyno '' ( Series 3.1 -- ) Jed O'Hagan as SFS `` Spunky '' ( Series 2 ) Jack Parry Jones as SFS `` Jackson '' ( Series 2 ) Families ( edit ) Kerry Godliman as Belinda Dawes ( Pilot -- Series 1 ) Sean Gallagher as Dave Dawes ( Pilot -- Series 1 ) Mimi Keene as Jade Dawes ( Pilot -- Series 1 ) Sean Gilder as Max Lane ( Series 2 ) Angela Lonsdale as Grace Lane ( Series 2 -- 3.1 ) Linzey Cocker as Marie Lane ( Series 2 ) Molly Wright as Lulu Lane ( Series 2 ) Royce Pierreson as Dr. Jamie Cole ( Series 2 ) Army ( edit ) Matthew McNulty as Corporal Geddings ; British Army ( Pilot ) Fiona Skinner as Corporal Richards ; British Army ( Pilot ) Kirsty Averton as Private Jackie Aston ; British Army ( Series 1 ) Jonas Khan as Captain Azizi ; Afghan National Army ( Series 1 & 3.1 ) Anthony Oseyemi as Captain Osman ; Kenya Army ( Series 2 ) Steve Toussaint as Captain Roger Mendez ; Belize Armed Forces ( Series 3.2 ) Other ( edit ) Zubin Varla as Qaseem ( Series 1 ) Becky Eggersglusz as Bashira ( Series 1 ) Michael James as Jason Raynott ( Series 2 ) Yusra Warsama as Nafula ( Series 2 ) Anna Tenta as Kicki ( Series 2 ) Rudi Dharmalingam as Milan ( Series 3.1 ) Salina Shrestha as Tara ( Series 3.1 ) Sabin Basnet as Da Chand ( Series 3.1 ) Navin Chowdhry as Inspector Chowdhrey ( Series 3.2 ) Farzana Dua Elahe as Barsha Chowdhrey ( Series 3.2 ) Episodes ( edit ) Series Episodes Originally aired Average UK viewers ( millions ) First aired Last aired 5 21 September 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 21 ) 19 October 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 19 ) 5.24 5 7 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 07 ) 5 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) 6.07 12 10 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 31 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) TBA 8 5 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 05 ) 24 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 24 ) Pilot ( 2013 ) ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' David Drury Tony Grounds 24 March 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 24 ) 6.31 Molly Dawes decides to change her life for the better and break away from her meaningless life by joining the army . However , the decision is not well received by either of her parents , and , having been forced to sever ties with them , she finds herself facing plain hard graft when it comes to training . However , Molly is determined to prove herself . Series 1 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) `` Time '' Anthony Philipson Tony Grounds 21 September 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 21 ) 5.22 Molly has been training for more than a year now , but is still thrown when she is told she is about to be sent to Camp Bastion in Afghanistan . With no time to say goodbye or consider what she is about to travel into , Molly finds herself with immediate adversaries in the forms of her fellow soldier ' Smurf ' , an ex-fling , and her captain , James , who doubts her competence as an army medic . Thrown into a dangerous situation almost immediately , Molly fights to prove herself and to save a life . `` Feelings '' Anthony Philipson Tony Grounds 28 September 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 28 ) 4.90 Smurf returns to the team following his recovery and immediately notes that Molly is becoming too attached to a local girl , Bashira . However , when Bashira warns her of a possible attack , Molly is left fearing for her own safety and Bashira 's , knowing that her father will likely punish her . Elsewhere , she finds herself caught between Smurf and Captain James , with Smurf showing an active interest but her true feelings lying with her captain . `` Changes '' Richard Senior Tony Grounds 5 October 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 05 ) 4.81 Molly returns home on rest and recuperation leave but finds that her life and perspective on the world have changed beyond measure since she has been away . Her family can see that they are growing apart . When she visits fellow squaddie Smurf , they bond over their shared difficulties in this new domesticity and both wish they were back in Afghanistan . As they grow closer , Smurf reveals he has fallen for Molly . Unfortunately her affections lie elsewhere - back in Camp Bastion with Captain James . `` Love '' Richard Senior Tony Grounds 12 October 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 12 ) 5.28 The platoon , preparing to withdraw from Afghanistan , is bored in Camp Bastion . Emotions ride high as both Captain James and Smurf declare their love for Molly , who worryingly finds herself at the centre of an illicit love triangle that contravenes army regulations . Trouble finds Molly one last time as she becomes entangled in a raid against the Taliban - and soon the entire platoon are sent on a final terrifying mission as a consequence . Not one of our three heroes can afford to take their eye off the job , not for a single moment , or disaster will surely strike . James , Smurf and Molly know the rules . But is n't love stronger than army regulations ? 5 5 `` Heroes '' Anthony Philipson Tony Grounds 19 October 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 19 ) 4.92 As she returns home from Afghanistan , difficult questions rain down upon Molly Dawes . Who will live and who will die ? Can she ever pick up the pieces ? Brave choices beckon for Our Girl as she faces her biggest challenge yet : how will she face her own future ? Series 2 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) 6 `` Lane '' Jan Matthys Tony Grounds 7 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 07 ) 6.23 Lance Corporal Georgie Lane , an experienced army medic , joins Captain James and 2 Section on a humanitarian tour of Kenya . Despite being desperate to return home to marry her fiance , Dr Jamie Cole , Georgie jumps straight into action when an IED attack on a refugee camp on the border of Somalia results in multiple casualties . Georgie meets aid worker Kicki , who runs a charity hospital across the border . When Kicki is later kidnapped by a terrorist group , Georgie 's determination to find her lands her in great danger . 7 `` Going On '' Jan Matthys Tony Grounds 14 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 14 ) 6.23 Having been taken hostage by the terrorist group , Georgie finally learns of Kicki 's whereabouts . Captain James requests help from a special forces unit to storm the base where Georgie is being held , but is shocked to discover that Elvis is leading the operation . Georgie tries to make an ally out of kindlier Zeki under the nose of her captors , but her plan backfires , leading her into grave danger . With the help of 2 Section , Elvis ' unit mount an attack on the base and manage to bring Georgie to safety , but Kicki is n't so fortunate . 8 `` Look Now '' Jan Matthys Tony Grounds 21 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 21 ) 6.06 Georgie identifies members of the Al Shabad cell , which allows Special Forces to co-ordinate an air strike on their suspected holding ground . Captain James announces that 2 Section have been granted two days rest before returning home to Britain , but during a beach party , a robbery in a nearby hotel turns into a shootout , forcing Elvis to take dramatic action . An exhausted Georgie ca n't wait to get home to see her family and fiancė Jamie , but unable to hide his feelings any longer , a desperate Elvis is forced to come clean . 9 `` Ready '' Luke Snellin Tony Grounds 28 September 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 28 ) 5.79 Georgie continues to make plans for her wedding , but is surprised when Elvis summons her to a private meeting in Whitehall with Special Branch . Intel suggests that radical convert Abu escaped the air strike in Kenya and has re-entered the country on a false passport . As Jamie begins to grow increasingly concerned about Georgie 's welfare , he seeks out Captain James for advice . Elvis and his unit are called to assist when intel suggests that Abu and his associates are to carry out a series of co-ordinated attacks across Manchester . 10 5 `` Afterwards '' Luke Snellin Tony Grounds 5 October 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) 6.03 Georgie and Jamie prepare for their big day , but Georgie is n't able to extinguish the thought of Abu still being free to roam the streets . Georgie decides to contact his ex-girlfriend Saira , in the hope of obtaining information that could lead to his capture . Elvis persuades Georgie that Abu will target her wedding ceremony , forcing her to postpone the wedding until the following day . But just as she prepares to walk down the aisle , Georgie realises who the real target is , and with the help of Elvis , sets about bringing Abu to justice . Series 3 : part 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) 11 `` Nepal Tour : Episode 1 '' Tim Fywell Tony Grounds 10 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) 6.30 2 Section are deployed on a humanitarian mission to Nepal after an earthquake , where newly promoted Georgie has her patience tested by a new recruit , Private Maisie Richards . 12 `` Nepal Tour : Episode 2 '' Tim Fywell Tony Grounds 17 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) 5.73 When some children , including Tara , are abducted from the village , Georgie leads a rescue mission to Kathmandu , where her relationship with Milan blossoms . 13 `` Nepal Tour : Episode 3 '' Jon Wright Amy Roberts & Loren Mclaughlan 24 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) 5.51 2 Section are in Afghanistan on a covert mission deep in the heart of the country . Georgie and Elvis are thrown together in some extreme circumstances , while Maisie begins to suspect something about Captain James ' mate and fellow soldier , Captain Azizi . 14 `` Nepal Tour : Episode 4 '' Jon Wright Tony Grounds 31 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) 5.36 An exhausted 2 Section retreat to Kabul only to be ordered to support Elvis in a final mission to capture Omar . Following Captain Azizi 's death , Captain James struggles to come to terms with the point of British involvement in Afghanistan . Romance between Elvis and Georgie is in the air , but is grounded due to an unexpected turn of events . Series 3 : part 2 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in series Title Directed by Written by Original air date UK viewers ( millions ) 15 5 `` Nigeria Tour : Episode 1 '' Rob Evans Tony Grounds 5 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 05 ) 5.00 Georgie throws herself into her work training Nigerian forces in the fight against Boko Haram , only to find herself pitched headlong into danger . 16 6 `` Nigeria Tour : Episode 2 '' Rob Evans Tony Grounds 12 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 12 ) 4.73 Georgie and the others must wait bravely as the ruthless Boko Haram rebels beat the Nigerian military members of their group . With their fate seemingly teetering on a knife edge , they are shocked when they discover that the local crime boss is in fact an undercover special forces operative . As he relays a plan to them , back at base Captain James is equally shocked to discover that the mercenary is also one of the undercover SF unit named Bones , and is an old acquaintance from Sandhurst - someone with whom he has history . As Georgie and the others are freed in a stunning operation , 2 Section and special forces work on recovering the beaten and imprisoned Nigerian military medic , trading him for the rebel leader 's son who has been detained by 2 Section . A tense stand - off ensues , with the rebels booby - trapping the prisoners . Will they all make it out alive ? 17 7 `` Belize Tour : Episode 1 '' Noreen Kershaw Tony Grounds 19 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 19 ) 5.32 Recovering after the ordeals of both Afghanistan and Nigeria , Georgie and 2 Section find themselves in Belize for a jungle training exercise and hopefully some much - needed R&R . But when Georgie learns that James has seemingly criticised her in a report into Elvis 's death , she becomes angry and distant . Wanting to prove herself a capable leader on the training exercise , she leads a team against James to settle a score , but is forced to step up when events take a turn for the worse . 2 Section retreat back to base to raise the alarm , while Georgie and James must work together to evade the wrath of a lethal drug gang who are operating nearby . 18 8 `` Belize Tour : Episode 2 '' Noreen Kershaw Tony Grounds 26 June 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 26 ) 5.42 With the training exercise now having become a fully fledged rescue mission , Georgie and James are compelled to use every ounce of cunning and training to evade capture while they wait to be rescued . As Bones and his special forces unit lead the effort to rescue them without attracting unwanted attention , Georgie and James , helped by local teenager Ezra , must overcome seemingly insurmountable odds . As well as evading capture , Georgie and James must also re-evaluate their professional relationship after James makes a stunning confession - a confession that not only forces Georgie to re-examine their relationship , but also forces James to ask if army life is still for him . 19 9 `` Bangladesh Tour : Episode 1 '' Brian Grant Tony Grounds 4 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 04 ) 4.18 Six months on from Captain James 's accident and 2 Section find themselves under the brutal command of the recently demoted Bones . Keen to toughen them up , he also wants to show the brigadier he 's capable of leadership . They get to work in a refugee camp run by Barsha Chowdhrey , the wife of the local police chief . Inspector CHowdhrey is known for his hatred of the corruption in the region and at a gala held for the Brigadier , he becomes the target of an assassination attempt . 2 Section are forced to act . 20 10 `` Bangladesh Tour : Episode 2 '' Brian Grant Kelly Jones 17 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 17 ) 4.06 2 Section have the camp on lockdown as Inspector Chowdhrey explains that the refugee route might be being exploited by yaba dealers , a local drug coming over the border from Myanmar . When Georgie meets Maya , a sex worker and yaba addict who is being treated at the clinic , she starts investigations of her own . 21 11 `` Bangladesh Tour : Episode 3 '' Sarah O'Gorman Tony Grounds 23 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 23 ) 4.02 22 12 `` Bangladesh Tour : Episode 4 '' Sarah O'Gorman Tony Grounds 24 July 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 24 ) N / A Jump up ^ This episode was originally due for broadcast on 3 July , but was moved due to coverage of the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Jump up ^ This episode was originally due for broadcast on 10 July , but was originally moved to 13 July due to coverage of the 2018 FIFA World Cup . However , due to overrunning coverage of Wimbledon 2018 , broadcast was again moved to 17 July . Jump up ^ This episode was originally due for broadcast on 17 July , but was moved due to the delayed broadcast of Episode 2 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` BBC One enlists Lacey Turner for Tony Grounds ' compelling new drama Our Girl '' . BBC Media Centre . 18 October 2012 . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Studios and Post Production completes post production for upcoming BBC One prime - time drama , Our Girl '' . BBC Studios and Post Production . 18 March 2013 . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` lacey turner on Twitter '' . Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Fletcher , Alex ( 25 March 2013 ) . `` Lacey Turner 's ' Our Girl ' may return as full series , says writer '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Melanie Hancill ( 24 March 2013 ) . `` Lacey Turner Q&A : Our Girl , getting fit and why she 'll never escape Stacey Slater - Mirror Online '' . Mirror.co.uk . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Our Girl series 2 confirmed '' . Radio Times . 21 June 2015 . Retrieved 25 April 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/proginfo/2017/41/our-girl Jump up ^ `` Olly Rix character interview '' . BBC . 29 May 2018 . Retrieved 9 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( 4 December 2012 ) . `` BBC Dramas ' Luther ' , ' Our Girl ' & ' Peaky Blinders ' Book Guest Stars '' . tvwise.co.uk . Retrieved 19 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC One Picks Up ' Our Girl ' To Series , Orders ' Grey Mates ' Comedy & KFC Documentary Series '' . TVWise.co.uk . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Freeth , Becky . `` Michelle Keegan lands lead in BBC army drama Our Girl and says she 's looking forward to the ' challenge ' Daily Mail Online '' . Dailymail.co.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Top 30s / Mar 18 - Mar 24 / BBC1 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board ( BARB ) . Retrieved 7 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Owen , Dan ( 25 March 2013 ) . `` Our Girl : Lacey Turner superb in BBC army drama '' . MSN TV . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Crompton , Sarah ( 25 March 2013 ) . `` Our Girl , BBC One , review '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 25 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( 13 April 2015 ) . `` Airdate = Our Girl '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 13 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Our Girl Television New Zealand Entertainment TV One , TV2 '' . Tvnz.co.nz . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Our Girl '' . imdb.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly top 30 programmes '' . BARB . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Pearce , Tilly ( 29 May 2018 ) . `` When does Our Girl series four start on BBC One , who 's in the cast with Michelle Keegan and what 's it about ? '' . The Sun . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Radio Times - Our Girl - Episode Guide '' . Radio Times . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . External links ( edit ) Our Girl at BBC Programmes Our Girl ( TV movie ) on IMDb Our Girl ( TV series ) on IMDb Our Girl at epguides.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Our_Girl&oldid=854749172 '' Categories : 2013 British television programme debuts 2010s British drama television series BBC high definition programmes BBC television dramas British military television series English - language television programs London Borough of Newham Television shows set in Afghanistan Television shows set in Kenya Television shows set in London Television shows set in Manchester Television shows set in Nepal Hidden categories : Use British English from May 2018 Use dmy dates from March 2013 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter BBC programme ID not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 14 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was our girl in the first series	[ "Our Girl is a British television military drama series, written and created by Tony Grounds, first broadcast on BBC One on 24 March 2013.[4] The series initially starred Lacey Turner as Molly Dawes, a young woman from a working-class background who joins the British Army after deciding her life is going nowhere.[4] Following the feature-length pilot episode, a full series of five episodes was commissioned, commencing broadcast on 21 September 2014.[4] For the series, Iwan Rheon and Ben Aldridge joined the main cast as Private Dylan \"Smurf\" Smith and Captain Charles James respectively.[5] \n" ]	[ "Lacey Turner" ]
-5280332545347544994	Amaya (Spanish-language name)	Amaya ( Spanish - language name ) - wikipedia Amaya ( Spanish - language name ) Amaya is a given name and surname of Spanish origins , derived from the village of Amaya and its neighboring mountain in Castile and León , Spain . The name of the village , in turn , has Indo - European roots and means `` am ( ma ) '' or `` mother '' . The suffix io - ia is also used to form action names or toponyms , implying that the meaning of Amaya or Amaia is `` mother city '' , as it will be called later , `` the capital '' . Other hypothesis is that the name derived from the Proto - Basque or Basque word Amaia , meaning `` the end '' . Variations include Amaia , Amayah , Ammaya , and Amya . Amaya was one of the main villages of the Cantabri celtic tribes , and played a key role in the Cantabrian wars during the Roman conquest of Hispania , and later , during the Visigothic Kingdom , as the capital of the Duchy of Cantabria . In the first stages of the Reconquista , the city was part of the repopulating efforts of the Kingdom of Asturias in the border region of Bardulia , the primitive territories of Castile . A Japanese surname Amaya of unrelated origin also exists , `` usually written with characters meaning ' heavenly valley ' '' . People with the name Amaya , as derived from its Spanish origin , include : Contents ( hide ) 1 Given name 1.1 Amaya 1.2 Amaia 2 Surname 3 References Given name ( edit ) Amaya ( edit ) Amaya Alonso ( born 1989 ) , Spanish swimmer Amaya Arzuaga ( born 1970 ) , Spanish fashion designer Amaya Forch ( born 1972 ) , Chilean actress and pop singer Amaya Garbayo ( born 1970 ) , Spanish swimmer Amaya Gastaminza ( born 1991 ) , Spanish basketball player Maja Keuc ( born 1992 ) , Slovenian singer known as Amaya Amaya Salazar ( born 1951 ) , Dominican artist Amaya Uranga ( born 1947 ) , Spanish singer Amaya Valdemoro ( born 1976 ) , Spanish basketball player Amaia ( edit ) Amaia Andrés ( born 1966 ) , Spanish middle - distance runner Amaia Erbina ( born 1997 ) , Spanish rugby sevens player Amaia González de Garibay ( born 1994 ) , Spanish handball player Amaia Montero ( born 1976 ) , Spanish Basque singer / songwriter , formerly part of the Spanish pop - band La Oreja de Van Gogh ( ( Amaia Olabarrieta ( born 1982 ) , Spanish football player Amaia Piedra ( born 1972 ) , Spanish athlete who specialized in long - distance running Amaia Romero ( born 1999 ) , Spanish singer , representing Spain in Eurovision Song Contest 2018 as a duo Amaia y Alfred Amaia Salamanca ( born 1986 ) , Spanish actress Surname ( edit ) Alejandro Amaya ( born 1977 ) , Mexican matador Andrés Amaya ( c. 1645 - 1704 ) , Spanish Baroque painter Antonio Amaya ( born 1983 ) , Spanish footballer Ariel Amaya , Argentine footballer Ashraf Amaya ( born 1971 ) , American basketball player Carmen Amaya ( 1918 -- 1963 ) , Romani - Spanish dancer and singer Ezequiel Guillermo Jesús Amaya ( born 1978 ) , Argentine footballer Felipe Enrique Amaya ( born 1988 ) , Salvadoran footballer Iván Amaya ( born 1978 ) , Spanish footballer Jaime Prieto Amaya ( 1941 -- 2010 ) , Colombian Catholic bishop Jesús Álvarez Amaya ( 1925 -- 2010 ) , Mexican artist Jesús Amaya ( born 1969 ) , Colombian golfer Jonathon Amaya ( born 1988 ) , American football player José Alexander Amaya ( born 1975 ) , Salvadoran footballer José Amaya ( born 1980 ) , Colombian footballer María de Lourdes Amaya ( born 1980 ) , Mexican politician Mario Amaya ( 1933 -- 1986 ) , American art critic Miguel Alberto Amaya ( born 1964 ) , Argentine footballer Rafael Amaya ( born 1977 ) , Mexican model , singer , and actor Rafael Amaya ( soccer ) ( born 1965 ) , Colombian - American footballer Raul Amaya ( born 1986 ) , American mixed martial artist Remedios Amaya ( born 1962 ) , Spanish singer Rufina Amaya ( 1943 -- 2007 ) , Salvadoran attack survivor Victor Amaya ( born 1954 ) , American tennis player References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Patrick Hanks , Dictionary of American Family Names ( 2003 ) , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Lastra Barrio , José ( 2008 ) . Amaya y Peones . Burgos : Publicaciones de la Excma . Diputación Provincial de Burgos y Caja Círculo . ISBN 978 - 84 - 95874 - 55 - 9 . Pp. 13 Jump up ^ Lastra Barrio , José ( 2008 ) . Amaya y Peones . Burgos : Publicaciones de la Excma . Diputación Provincial de Burgos y Caja Círculo . ISBN 978 - 84 - 95874 - 55 - 9 . Pp. 13 - 14 Jump up ^ Justin Cord Hayes , The Terrible Meanings of Names ( 2013 ) , p. 14 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amaya_(Spanish-language_name)&oldid=834212930 '' Categories : Spanish given names Spanish - language surnames Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 14 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the last name amaya come from	[]	[]
-3633303324640920630	Knights of the Southern Cross	Knights of the Southern Cross - Wikipedia Knights of the Southern Cross Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the organisation in Australia . For the organisation in New Zealand , see Knights of the Southern Cross ( New Zealand ) . Knights of the Southern Cross Abbreviation KSC Formation 1919 Type Catholic fraternal service Headquarters PO Box 216 , Campbell , ACT , Australia , 2612 Supreme Knight Brian Cooper Key people Patrick Minahan and Joseph Lynch Website ksca.org.au The Knights of the Southern Cross ( KSC ) is a Catholic fraternal order committed to promoting the Christian way of life throughout Australia . The Order was founded in Sydney in 1919 with the approval of the Catholic Bishops of Australia . In 1922 it merged with its Victorian counterpart the Knights of St. Francis Xavier . Branches operate in many Catholic Parishes throughout Australia and membership is open to Catholic men over the age of 18 . St. Mary MacKillop is patron saint of the Knights of the Southern Cross . The order also established the non-profit aged care organisation , Southern Cross Care . Contents ( hide ) 1 The objects of the order 2 History 3 International Alliance of Catholic Knights 4 Notes and references 5 External links The objects of the order ( edit ) To promote the advancement of Australia To foster the Christian way of life throughout the nation To promote the welfare of members of the Order and their families To encourage spiritual , social and intellectual activities amongst members of the Order To conduct and support educational , charitable , religious and social welfare work History ( edit ) The Order was founded in 1919 in Sydney at a time when Catholics were regarded with suspicion by the Protestant majority in Australia . The two co-founders were Patrick Minahan , a boot manufacturer and member of the NSW Legislative Assembly , and Joseph Lynch , a school inspector . Within a year of its establishment over 1,000 men had joined the order from every state in Australia and a national council was established to oversee the organisation . In the beginning it served to assist Catholic servicemen returned from the First World War in finding employment , and also to defend the rights and interests of the Catholic Church in Australia -- a mission which it continues to promote today . International Alliance of Catholic Knights ( edit ) Through the International Alliance of Catholic Knights , the Knights of the Southern Cross are associated with the Knights of Columbus , the Knights of St Columbanus , the Knights of Da Gama , the Knights of Peter Claver , the Knights of the Southern Cross ( New Zealand ) and the Knights of Saint Columba . Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Who we are '' . Knights of the Southern Cross - Australia . 2004 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 08 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Baxter , Clifford , Reach for the Stars 1919 - 2009 : NSW Knights of the Southern Cross Bold Men of Faith , Hope and Charity , Connor Court Publishing Pty Ltd , 2009 , pages 47 - 49 , ISBN 978 - 1921421 - 28 - 0 . Jump up ^ Baxter , Clifford , Reach for the Stars 1919 - 2009 : NSW Knights of the Southern Cross Bold Men of Faith , Hope and Charity , Connor Court Publishing Pty Ltd , 2009 , page 15 , ISBN 978 - 1921421 - 28 - 0 ; C. Baxter , The Knights of the Southern Cross , Journal of the Australian Catholic Historical Society 31 / 2 ( 2010 / 11 ) , 83 - 94 . External links ( edit ) Knights of the Southern Cross Southern Cross Care Knights of the Southern Cross - History ( hide ) International Alliance of Catholic Knights Non-governmental organisation of Catholic fraternal societies in the United States Knights of Columbus Knights of Saint Columbanus Knights of Saint Columba Knights of the Southern Cross Knights of the Southern Cross ( New Zealand ) Knights of Da Gama Knights of Marshall Knights of Saint Mulumba Knights of Peter Claver Knights of Saint Virgil Fraternal Order of Saints Peter and Paul Knights of Saint Thomas the Apostle Order of Our Lady Queen of Peace Knights of Saint Thomas More Catholicism portal This article about a Christian organization is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knights_of_the_Southern_Cross&oldid=825863225 '' Categories : Catholic Church in Australia Religious organisations based in Australia 1919 establishments in Australia Fraternal service organizations Religious organizations established in 1919 International Alliance of Catholic Knights Christian organization stubs Hidden categories : Use Australian English from February 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 15 February 2018 , at 21 : 30 . About Wikipedia	what do the knights of the southern cross do	[ "\nTo promote the advancement of Australia\nTo foster the Christian way of life throughout the nation\nTo promote the welfare of members of the Order and their families\nTo encourage spiritual, social and intellectual activities amongst members of the Order\nTo conduct and support educational, charitable, religious and social welfare work\n", "\nTo promote the advancement of Australia\nTo foster the Christian way of life throughout the nation\nTo promote the welfare of members of the Order and their families\nTo encourage spiritual, social and intellectual activities amongst members of the Order\nTo conduct and support educational, charitable, religious and social welfare work\n", "\nTo promote the advancement of Australia\nTo foster the Christian way of life throughout the nation\nTo promote the welfare of members of the Order and their families\nTo encourage spiritual, social and intellectual activities amongst members of the Order\nTo conduct and support educational, charitable, religious and social welfare work\n", "\nTo promote the advancement of Australia\nTo foster the Christian way of life throughout the nation\nTo promote the welfare of members of the Order and their families\nTo encourage spiritual, social and intellectual activities amongst members of the Order\nTo conduct and support educational, charitable, religious and social welfare work\n", "\nTo promote the advancement of Australia\nTo foster the Christian way of life throughout the nation\nTo promote the welfare of members of the Order and their families\nTo encourage spiritual, social and intellectual activities amongst members of the Order\nTo conduct and support educational, charitable, religious and social welfare work\n" ]	[ "promote the advancement of Australia", "foster the Christian way of life throughout the nation", "promote the welfare of members of the Order and their families", "encourage spiritual, social and intellectual activities amongst members of the Order", "conduct and support educational, charitable, religious and social welfare work" ]
-6597063267633200980	Justice League	Justice League - wikipedia Justice League Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Justice League ( disambiguation ) . Justice League Pictured clockwise , from top right : Green Lantern Simon Baz , Cyborg , Flash ( Barry Allen ) , Wonder Woman , Superman , Batman , Aquaman , and Green Lantern Jessica Cruz . Art by Jason Fabok and Alex Sinclair . Publication information Publisher DC Comics First appearance The Brave and the Bold # 28 ( March 1960 ) Created by Gardner Fox In - story information Base ( s ) The Hall Watchtower The Refuge JLI Embassies Detroit Bunker Satellite Secret Sanctuary Member ( s ) Justice League Core Members Superman Batman Wonder Woman Aquaman Flash Cyborg Green Lantern ( Simon Baz ) Green Lantern ( Jessica Cruz ) Reserved Members Green Lantern ( Hal Jordan ) Green Arrow Mera Justice League of America Batman Black Canary Vixen The Ray Lobo Frost The Atom Aztek Roster See : List of Justice League members The Justice League is a group of fictional superheroes appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . The Justice League was conceived by writer Gardner Fox and first appeared as a team in The Brave and the Bold # 28 ( March 1960 ) . The team is an assemblage of independent superheroes who join together as the Justice League . The seven original members were Superman , Aquaman , Flash , Green Lantern , Martian Manhunter , Batman , and Wonder Woman . The team roster has rotated throughout the years , consisting of many superheroes from the DC Universe , such as Atom , Black Canary , Cyborg , Green Arrow , Hawkgirl , Hawkman , Plastic Man , Stargirl , Captain Marvel / Shazam , and Zatanna , among others . The team received its own comic book title called Justice League of America in November 1960 . With the 2011 relaunch , DC Comics released a second volume of Justice League . In July 2016 , the DC Rebirth initiative again relaunched the Justice League comic book titles with the third volume of Justice League . Since its inception , the team has been featured in various television programs , video games and a live action film . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Various origins of the Justice League 1.1. 1 Justice League 1.2 Antagonists 1.3 Related series 1.3. 1 Formerly Known as the Justice League 1.3. 2 JLA / Avengers 1.3. 3 JLA : Classified 1.3. 4 Justice 1.3. 5 Justice League : Cry for Justice 1.3. 6 JLA / The 99 2 Publication history 2.1 Golden Age 2.2 Silver and Bronze Age 2.2. 1 Satellite years 2.2. 2 Detroit 2.3 Modern incarnations 2.3. 1 Justice League International 2.3. 2 JLA 2.3. 3 52 2.3. 4 Justice League of America ( vol. 2 ) 2.3. 5 The New 52 2.3. 6 DC Rebirth 3 Cultural impact 3.1 Awards 4 In other media 4.1 Movies 4.1. 1 Justice League : The New Frontier 4.1. 2 Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths 4.1. 3 Justice League : Doom 4.1. 4 Justice League : Gods and Monsters 4.1. 5 Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox 4.1. 6 Justice League ( 2017 ) 4.1. 7 DC Animated Movie Universe 4.1. 7.1 Justice League : War 4.1. 7.2 Justice League : Throne of Atlantis 4.1. 7.3 Justice League vs. Teen Titans 4.1. 7.4 Justice League Dark 4.2 TV shows 4.2. 1 Super Friends 4.2. 2 Justice League ( 2001 ) 4.2. 3 Justice League : Action 5 Attractions 6 Collected editions 6.1 Silver Age Justice League of America 6.2 Justice League / Justice League International / Justice League America ( 1987 -- 1996 ) 6.3 JLA ( 1997 -- 2006 ) 6.4 Justice League of America ( vol. 2 ) ( 2006 -- 2011 ) 6.5 The New 52 Justice League ( vol. 2 ) ( 2011 -- 2016 ) 6.6 The New 52 Justice League of America ( vol. 3 ) ( 2013 -- 2014 ) 6.7 DC Rebirth Justice League ( vol. 3 ) ( 2016 -- present ) 6.8 Miscellaneous reprints 7 See also 7.1 Affiliations and spin - off groups 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) The seven original members of the Justice League pictured from left to right : Green Lantern , Flash , Superman , Batman , Wonder Woman , Aquaman , and Martian Manhunter . Art by Alex Ross . Various comic book series featuring the Justice League have remained generally popular with fans since inception and , in most incarnations , its roster includes DC 's most popular characters . The Justice League concept has also been adapted into various other entertainment media , including various forms of television from the classic Saturday morning Super Friends animated series ( 1973 -- 1986 ) , an live action series of specials Legends of the Superheroes ( 1979 ) , an unproduced Justice League of America live - action series ( for which the pilot film exists ) , the acclaimed Justice League animated series ( 2001 -- 2004 ) , its sequel Justice League Unlimited ( 2004 -- 2006 ) , and Justice League Action ( 2016 -- present ) . A live - action film was also in the works around 2008 before being shelved . On June 6 , 2012 , Warner Bros. announced a new live action Justice League film was in development with Will Beall hired as screenwriter . However , the project was scrapped again . After the success of the Superman reboot Man of Steel , a film titled Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice was released in March 2016 , directed by Zack Snyder . Batman v Superman script writer Chris Terrio has also penned the script for Justice League . Various Origins of the Justice League ( edit ) In a story told in flashback in Justice League of America # 9 ( February 1962 ) , the Appelaxians infiltrated Earth . Competing alien warriors were sent to see who could conquer Earth first , to determine who will become the new ruler of their home planet . The aliens ' attacks drew the attentions of Aquaman , Batman , Flash ( Barry Allen ) , Green Lantern ( Hal Jordan ) , Martian Manhunter , Superman , and Wonder Woman . While the superheroes individually defeated most of the invaders , the heroes fell prey to a single competitor 's attack ; only by working together were they able to defeat the competitor . For many years , the heroes heralded this adventure as the event that prompted them to agree to pool resources when confronted with similar menaces . In Justice League of America # 144 ( July 1977 ) , Green Arrow uncovered inconsistencies in the team 's records and extracted admissions from his colleagues that the seven founders had actually formed the League after Martian Manhunter was rescued from Martian forces by the other six founders , along with several other heroes including Robin , Robotman , Congorilla , Rex the Wonder Dog , and even Lois Lane . Green Lantern participated in this first adventure solely as Hal Jordan , as he had yet to become the costumed hero , the biggest inconsistency Arrow found , as they celebrated the earlier incident 's date , while recounting only the later one 's events . When the group formalized their agreement , they suppressed news of it because of anti-Martian hysteria . Because the heroes had not revealed their identities to each other at the time , they did not realize that Jordan and Green Lantern were one and the same when he turned up in costume during the event described in # 9 . While most subsequent accounts of the League have made little mention of this first adventure , the animated Justice League series adapted this tale as the origin of the Justice League as well . Secret Origins vol. 2 , # 32 ( Nov. 1988 ) updated Justice League of America # 9 's origin for post-Crisis continuity . Differences included the inclusion of the Silver Age Black Canary as a founding member and the absence of Batman , Wonder Woman and Superman . The JLA : Year One limited series , by Mark Waid , Brian Augustyn and Barry Kitson , further expanded the Secret Origins depiction . In Justice League Task Force # 16 ( Sept. 1994 ) , during Zero Hour , a then unknown superhuman named Triumph appeared . Triumph was revealed to have been a founding member of the Justice League and was their leader . On his first mission with the Justice League , Triumph seemingly `` saved the world '' but was teleported into a dimensional limbo that also affected the timestream , erasing all memory of him . In Infinite Crisis # 7 ( June 2006 ) , the formation of `` New Earth '' ( the new name for the post-Crisis Earth ) restored Wonder Woman as a founding member of the Justice League . In Brad Meltzer 's Justice League of America ( vol. 2 ) # 0 ( September 2006 ) , it was revealed that Superman and Batman were again founding members as well . 52 # 51 ( June 2007 ) confirmed that the 1989 Secret Origins and JLA : Year One origins were still in continuity at that time , with Superman , Batman and Wonder Woman joining the team with founding members ' status shortly after the group 's formation with Aquaman , Black Canary , Flash , Green Lantern and Martian Manhunter . In Justice League of America # 12 ( October 2007 ) , the founding members of the Justice League were shown to be Superman , Batman , Wonder Woman , Green Lantern ( Hal Jordan ) , Flash ( Barry Allen ) , Aquaman , and the Martian Manhunter . With DC 's history rewritten due to the Flashpoint limited series , an entirely new origin for the Justice League appeared in the subsequent Justice League series which debuted with an October 2011 cover date as part of the company - wide event , The New 52 . Issue # 1 portrayed the first meeting between Batman and Hal Jordan , with the two encountering each other during a battle against a Parademon in Gotham City . After realizing the creature is extraterrestrial in origin , the two heroes head to Metropolis to seek out Superman only to be attacked by him . Later , after a brief fight in which the Flash arrives and Batman convinces Superman they are on the same side , they move to an abandoned building to work on analyzing a mysterious alien box , when it suddenly activates and more Parademons arrive . While fighting the Parademons , Aquaman and Wonder Woman appear and join forces with the other heroes . The mysterious box leads to Darkseid 's arrival on Earth , and the heroes come together , along with the newcomer Cyborg , to defeat him . The public becomes enamored with the heroes , and a writer dubs the group the `` Justice League '' , following the Flash 's suggestion of `` Super Seven '' . Justice League ( edit ) Character Real name Joined in Notes New 52 Justice League The Justice League was rebooted in 2011 . Aquaman Orin / Arthur Curry Justice League Vol. 2 # 6 Founding member Batman Bruce Wayne Cyborg Victor Stone Flash Barry Allen Green Lantern Hal Jordan Superman Clark Kent / Kal - El Wonder Woman Princess Diana Martian Manhunter J'onn J'onzz / John Jones Between Justice League Vol. 2 # 6 and Justice League Vol. 2 # 7 Joined but later attacked the Justice League and left , as noted in Justice League vol. 2 # 8 . Former member of Stormwatch . Former member of the Justice League of America . The Atom / Atomica Rhonda Pineda Justice League Vol. 2 # 18 Revealed in Justice League Vol. 2 # 23 to actually be a member of the Crime Syndicate of America , a spy posing as a member of the Justice League . Died in Forever Evil # 7 . Element Woman Emily Sung Left after Forever Evil # 7 Firestorm Ronnie Raymond and Jason Rusch Captain Marvel Billy Batson Justice League Vol. 2 # 31 No longer a member after the DC Rebirth event Lex Luthor Lex Luthor Justice League Vol. 2 # 33 Captain Cold Leonard Snart Green Lantern Jessica Cruz Justice League Vol. 2 # 35 Left the team in Justice League Vol. 3 # 8 but returned in Vol. 3 # 11 Green Lantern Simon Baz Green Lanterns : Rebirth # 1 Former member of the Justice League of America . Black Canary Dinah Laurel Lance Justice League of America : Rebirth # 1 Founding members of the Justice League of America . The Ray Ray Terril Vixen Mari McCabe Killer Frost Caitlin Snow Lobo The Atom Ryan Choi Mera Justice League Vol. 3 # 24 Former member of the Justice League United Antagonists ( edit ) Main article : List of Justice League enemies The Justice League often unite to face supervillains who pose catastrophic challenges to the world . Related series ( edit ) Throughout the years , various incarnations or subsections of the team have operated as Justice League Dark , Justice League Europe , Justice League International , Justice League Task Force , Justice League Elite , Justice League United , and Extreme Justice . Formerly known as the Justice League ( edit ) Main article : Super Buddies In 2003 , Giffen , DeMatteis , and Maguire returned with a separate limited series called Formerly Known as the Justice League with the same humor as their Justice League run , and featuring some of the same characters in a team called the `` Super Buddies '' ( a parody of the Super Friends ) . A follow - up limited series , entitled I Ca n't Believe It 's Not the Justice League , soon was prepared , although it was delayed due to the events shown in the Identity Crisis limited series , but was eventually released as the second arc in JLA : Classified . The Super Buddies consisted of Blue Beetle , Booster Gold , Captain Atom , Fire , Mary Marvel , the Elongated Man with his wife , Sue Dibny , Maxwell Lord , and L - Ron . The second story arc of JLA : Classified focuses on the Super Buddies in a humorous story that features Power Girl , Guy Gardner , with and associated by Doctor Fate . JLA / Avengers ( edit ) Main article : JLA / Avengers In 2003 -- 2004 , George Pérez and Kurt Busiek produced a JLA / Avengers crossover , an idea that had been delayed for 20 years for various reasons . In this limited series , the Justice League and Marvel Comics ' superhero team the Avengers were forced to find key artifacts in one another 's universe , as well as deal with the threats of villains Krona and the Grandmaster . JLA : Classified ( edit ) Cover of JLA : Classified # 1 ( January 2005 ) . Art by Ed McGuinness In 2004 , DC began an anthology series titled JLA : Classified , which would feature rotating writers and artists producing self - contained story - arcs and aborted mini-series projects that were reappropriated for publication within the pages of the series , starring the JLA . While the bulk of the stories took place within the continuity of the series ( circa JLA # 76 -- 113 ) some of the stories take place outside of regular DC Universe canon . The series was canceled as of issue # 54 ( May 2008 ) . Justice ( edit ) Main article : Justice ( DC Comics ) In October 2005 , DC began publishing the 12 - issue miniseries Justice by writer Jim Krueger , writer / illustrator Alex Ross , and artist Doug Braithwaite . The story , which takes place outside regular DC continuity , has Lex Luthor assembling the Legion of Doom after he and several other villains begin to have nightmares about the end of the world and the failure of the Justice League to prevent the apocalypse . As the Legion begins engaging in unprecedented humanitarian deeds throughout the world , they also launch a series of attacks on the Justice League and their families . The threat that the Legion was warned about destroying the Earth turns out to be caused by Brainiac , who seeks to destroy Earth during the chaos . Justice League : cry for Justice ( edit ) Main article : Justice League : Cry for Justice Originally planned as an ongoing title , Justice League : Cry For Justice is a mini-series created by writer James Robinson and artist Mauro Cascioli . The mini-series , set after the events of Final Crisis , has Hal Jordan leaving the League following the deaths of Batman and Martian Manhunter , as their deaths have caused Hal to seek a more proactive manner of dealing with super-villains . Hal , along with Green Arrow , and later joined by Supergirl , Captain Marvel Jr. , and Batwoman are then recruited by Ray Palmer to investigate a murder of a former colleague that had been carried out on orders from Prometheus . This ties into another string of murders , bringing Starman Mikaal Tomas and Congorilla together as their investigation of the murders of several European super-heroes are also revealed to be the work of Prometheus . With help from the Hawkman villain I.Q. , Prometheus plans on creating the ultimate weapon in mass murder , a massive doomsday device which he plans on using to destroy entire cities , as part of his revenge scheme against the JLA for lobotomizing him . Disguised as Captain Marvel Jr. , Prometheus maims Roy Harper and brutally injures JLA members Dr. Light II , Vixen , and Plastic Man while using the JLA Satellite to activate his doomsday device , which destroys Star City , killing 90,000 innocent civilians , including Roy Harper 's young daughter Lian . Prometheus ultimately extorts his freedom from the League in exchange for the codes that will shut down his weapon , much to the horror of the JLA members . Green Arrow ( with help from reformed villain the Shade ) , tracks Prometheus down and kills him by firing an arrow into his head . The mini-series leads directly into the formation of a brand new JLA roster with Green Lantern Hal Jordan , Donna Troy , Dick Grayson as Batman , Doctor Light ( Kimiyo Hoshi ) , Mon - El , Cyborg , Starfire , Congorilla , Guardian , and Mikaal Tomas . JLA / the 99 ( edit ) Main article : JLA / The 99 Launching in October 2010 , JLA / The 99 was a crossover mini-series featuring the Justice League teaming up with the heroes of Teshkeel Comics ' The 99 series . The JLA consisted of Batman , Superman , Wonder Woman , Green Lantern ( John Stewart ) , The Flash ( Barry Allen ) , The Atom ( Ray Palmer ) , Doctor Light ( Kimiyo Hoshi ) , Hawkman , and Firestorm ( Jason Rusch ) . Publication history ( edit ) Golden Age ( edit ) Main article : Golden Age of Comic Books Justice League of America Cover for Justice League of America # 1 ( October 1960 ) . Art by Murphy Anderson Publication information Publisher DC Comics Schedule List ( show ) ( vol. 1 ) Bimonthly : # 1 -- 8 ; # 105 -- 116 Eight times a year : # 9 -- 32 ; # 96 -- 104 Nine times a year : # 33 -- 95 Monthly : # 117 -- 261 ( vol. 2 - 5 ) Monthly Format Ongoing Genre Superhero Publication date List ( show ) ( vol. 1 ) November -- December 1960 -- April 1987 ( vol. 2 ) September 2006 - October 2011 ( vol. 3 ) April 2013 - July 2014 ( vol. 4 ) August 2015 -- September 2016 ( vol. 5 ) April 2017 -- present No. of issues List ( show ) ( vol. 1 ) 261 and 3 Annuals ( vol. 2 ) 61 ( # 1 -- 60 plus # 0 ) ( vol. 3 ) 14 ( vol. 4 ) 9 ( vol. 5 ) 17 ( as of December 2017 cover date ) 5 DC Rebirth one - shots and 1 Annual Creative team Created by Gardner Fox Mike Sekowsky Written by List ( show ) ( vol. 1 ) Gardner Fox Dennis O'Neil Len Wein Steve Englehart Gerry Conway J.M. DeMatteis ( vol. 2 ) Brad Meltzer Dwayne McDuffie James Robinson ( vol. 3 ) Geoff Johns Matt Kindt ( vol. 4 ) Bryan Hitch ( vol. 5 ) Steve Orlando Penciller ( s ) List ( show ) ( vol. 1 ) Mike Sekowsky Dick Dillin George Pérez Don Heck Chuck Patton Luke McDonnell ( vol. 2 ) Ed Benes Mark Bagley Daniel Sampere ( vol. 3 ) David Finch Brett Booth Doug Mahnke Eddy Barrows ( vol. 4 ) Bryan Hitch ( vol. 5 ) Ivan Reis Joe Prado Inker ( s ) List ( show ) ( vol. 1 ) Sid Greene Dick Giordano Frank McLaughlin Romeo Tanghal Mike Machlan Bill Wray ( vol. 2 ) Sandra Hope Rob Hunter Wayne Faucher ( vol. 3 ) Norm Rapmund Christian Alamy ( vol. 4 ) Daniel Henriques Colorist ( s ) List ( show ) ( vol. 1 ) Carl Gafford Gene D'Angelo ( vol. 2 ) Alex Sinclair Pete Pantazis Andrew Dalhouse ( vol. 3 ) Sonia Oback Chris Sotomayor ( vol. 4 ) Alex Sinclair Having successfully reintroduced a number of DC Comics ' ( then known as National Periodical Publications ) Golden Age superhero characters ( Flash , Green Lantern , etc . ) during the late 1950s , editor Julius Schwartz asked writer Gardner Fox to reintroduce the Justice Society of America . Schwartz , influenced by the popularity of Major League Baseball 's National League and American League , decided to change the name of the team from Justice Society to Justice League . The Justice League of America debuted in The Brave and the Bold # 28 ( March 1960 ) , and after two further appearances in that title , got their own series which quickly became one of the company 's best - selling titles . Fox and artist Mike Sekowsky were the creative team for the title 's first eight years . Sekowsky 's last issue was # 63 ( June 1968 ) and Fox departed with # 65 ( September 1968 ) . Schwartz was the new title 's editor and oversaw it until 1979 . Silver and bronze Age ( edit ) Main articles : Silver Age of Comic Books and Bronze Age of Comic Books The Justice League debuted in The Brave and the Bold # 28 ( 1960 ) . Art by Mike Sekowsky and Murphy Anderson . The initial Justice League lineup included seven of DC Comics ' superheroes who were regularly published at that time : Superman , Batman , Aquaman , Flash , Green Lantern , Martian Manhunter , and Wonder Woman . Rarely featured in most of the stories , Superman and Batman did not even appear on the cover most of the time . Three of DC 's other surviving or revived characters , Green Arrow , the Atom , and Hawkman were added to the roster over the next four years . The Justice League operated from a secret cave outside of the small town of Happy Harbor , Rhode Island . A teenager named Lucas `` Snapper '' Carr tagged along on missions , becoming both the team 's mascot and an official member . Snapper , noted for speaking in beatnik dialect and snapping his fingers , helped the group defeat the giant space starfish Starro the Conqueror in the team 's first appearance . The supervillain Doctor Light first battled the team in issue # 12 ( June 1962 ) . Justice League of America # 21 and # 22 ( August -- September 1963 ) saw the first team - up of the Justice League and the Justice Society of America as well as the first use of the term `` Crisis '' in reference to a crossover between characters . The following year 's team - up with the Justice Society introduced the threat of the Crime Syndicate of America of Earth - Three . The character Metamorpho was offered membership in the Justice League but declined . Following the departures of Gardner Fox and Mike Sekowsky , writer Denny O'Neil and artist Dick Dillin became the new creative team . Dillin would draw the title from issue # 64 ( August 1968 ) through # 183 ( October 1980 ) . O'Neil reshaped the Justice League 's membership by removing Wonder Woman in issue # 69 and the Martian Manhunter in issue # 71 . Following the JLA -- JSA team - up in issues # 73 -- 74 and the death of her husband , the Black Canary decided to move to Earth - One to make a fresh start , where she joins the Justice League . The following issue saw the character develop the superpower known as her `` canary cry '' . In issue # 77 ( December 1969 ) , Snapper Carr is tricked into betraying the cave headquarters ' secret location to the Joker , resulting in his resignation from the team . Satellite years ( edit ) Main article : Justice League Satellite In need of a new secure headquarters , the Justice League moved into an orbiting satellite headquarters in Justice League of America # 78 ( February 1970 ) . The Elongated Man , the Red Tornado , Hawkgirl , Zatanna , and Firestorm joined the team , and Wonder Woman returned during this period . Len Wein wrote issues # 100 -- 114 , in which he and Dillin re-introduced the Seven Soldiers of Victory in issues # 100 -- 102 and the Freedom Fighters in issues # 107 -- 108 . In the fall of 1972 , Wein and writers Gerry Conway and Steve Englehart crafted a metafictional unofficial crossover spanning titles from both Marvel and DC . Each comic featured Englehart , Conway , and Wein , as well as Wein 's first wife Glynis , interacting with Marvel or DC characters at the Rutland Halloween Parade in Rutland , Vermont . Beginning in Amazing Adventures # 16 ( by Englehart with art by Bob Brown and Frank McLaughlin ) , the story continued in Justice League of America # 103 ( by Wein , Dillin and Dick Giordano ) , and concluded in Thor # 207 ( by Conway and penciler John Buscema ) . As Englehart explained in 2010 , `` It certainly seemed like a radical concept and we knew that we had to be subtle ( laughs ) and each story had to stand on its own , but we really worked it out . It 's really worthwhile to read those stories back to back to back -- it did n't matter to us that one was at DC and two were at Marvel -- I think it was us being creative , thinking what would be really cool to do . '' Justice League of America # 103 also featured the Justice League offering membership to the Phantom Stranger . Len Wein commented on the Phantom Stranger 's relationship with the JLA in a 2012 interview stating that the character `` only sort of joined . He was offered membership but vanished , as per usual , without actually accepting the offer . Over the years , other writers have just assumed ( he ) was a member , but in my world , he never really said yes . '' Issues # 110 ( March -- April 1974 ) to # 116 ( March -- April 1975 ) of the series were in the 100 Page Super Spectacular format . Libra , a supervillain created by Wein and Dillin in Justice League of America # 111 ( May -- June 1974 ) , would play a leading role in Grant Morrison 's Final Crisis storyline in 2008 . Writers Cary Bates and Elliot S. Maggin wrote themselves into the 1975 JLA -- JSA crossover in issues # 123 and 124 with Bates becoming a supervillain . Wonder Woman rejoined the team following a major two - year story arc , largely written by Martin Pasko . To prove her worthiness to rejoin the JLA , Wonder Woman voluntarily underwent twelve trials analogous to the labors of Hercules , each of which was monitored in secret by a member of the JLA . After the conclusion of the storyline in Wonder Woman # 222 , the character 's return to the JLA occurred in a two - part story in Justice League of America # 128 -- 129 ( March -- April 1976 ) . Steve Englehart wrote the series beginning with issue # 139 and provided another unofficial crossover with Marvel Comics in issue # 142 by reworking his character Mantis into the DC Universe as a character named `` Willow '' . Englehart left the title with issue # 150 . From issue # 139 to # 157 the issues were giant sized . Writer Gerry Conway had a lengthy association with the title as well . His first JLA story appeared in issue # 125 ( December 1975 ) and he became the series ' regular writer with issue # 151 ( February 1978 ) . With a few exceptions , Conway would write the team 's adventures until issue # 255 ( October 1986 ) . Julius Schwartz , who had edited the title since the first issue , left the series with issue # 165 ( April 1979 ) . The 1979 crossover with the Justice Society in issues # 171 and 172 saw the death of the original Mister Terrific . After Dick Dillin 's death , George Pérez , Don Heck , and Rich Buckler would rotate as artist on the title . The double - sized anniversary issue # 200 ( March 1982 ) was a `` jam '' featuring a story written by Conway , a framing sequence drawn by Pérez , and chapters drawn by Pat Broderick , Jim Aparo , Dick Giordano , Gil Kane , Carmine Infantino , Brian Bolland , and Joe Kubert . Bolland 's chapter gave the artist his `` first stab at drawing Batman . '' Pérez would leave the title with issue # 200 to concentrate on The New Teen Titans although he would contribute covers to the JLA through issue # 220 ( November 1983 ) . The 1982 team - up with the Justice Society in issues # 207 -- 209 crossed over with All - Star Squadron # 14 -- 15 . A Justice League story by Gerry Conway and Rich Buckler originally intended for publication as an issue of All - New Collectors ' Edition saw print in Justice League of America # 210 -- 212 ( January -- March 1983 ) . Detroit ( edit ) Seeking to capitalize on the popularity of their other team books , which focused upon heroes in their late teens / early 20s , Gerry Conway and artist Chuck Patton revamped the Justice League series . After most of the original heroes fail to help fend off an invasion of Martians , Aquaman dissolves the League and rewrites its charter to allow only heroes who will devote their full - time to the roster . The new team initially consists of Aquaman , Zatanna , Martian Manhunter , Elongated Man , the Vixen , and a trio of teenage heroes Gypsy , Steel , and Vibe . Aquaman leaves the team after a year , due to resolving marital problems , and his role as leader is assumed by the Martian Manhunter . The final storyline for the original Justice League of America series ( # 258 -- 261 ) , by writer J.M. DeMatteis and artist Luke McDonnell , concludes with the murders of Vibe and Steel at the hands of robots created by long - time League nemesis Professor Ivo , and the resignations of Vixen , Gypsy , and the Elongated Man during the events of DC 's Legends miniseries , which sees the team disband . Modern incarnations ( edit ) Main article : Modern Age of Comic Books Justice League International ( edit ) Main articles : Justice League International and Justice League Europe The 1986 company - wide crossover `` Legends '' concluded with the formation of a new Justice League . The new team was dubbed `` Justice League '' then `` Justice League International '' ( JLI ) and was given a mandate with less of an American focus . The new series , written by Keith Giffen and J.M. DeMatteis with art by Kevin Maguire ( and later Adam Hughes ) , added quirky humor to the team 's stories . In this incarnation , the membership consisted partly of heroes from Earths that , prior to their merging in the Crisis on Infinite Earths , were separate . The initial team included Batman , Black Canary , Blue Beetle , Captain Marvel , Doctor Light ( a new Japanese female character , emerging from the Crisis of Infinite Earths , not the supervillain who had appeared previously ) , Doctor Fate , Martian Manhunter , Mister Miracle , and Guy Gardner ; and soon after inception , adds Booster Gold , Captain Atom , Fire ( then known as the Global Guardians ' Green Flame ) , Ice ( then known as the Global Guardians ' Icemaiden ) , and two Rocket Reds ( one was a Manhunter spy , and one was Dimitri Pushkin ) . The Giffen / DeMatteis team worked on Justice League for five years and closed out their run with the `` Breakdowns '' storyline in 1991 and 1992 . The series ' humorous tone and high level of characterization proved very popular . After Giffen and DeMatteis ' departure DC created numerous spin - off titles . In 1996 , the series was canceled , along with spinoffs Justice League Europe , Extreme Justice , and Justice League Task Force . JLA ( edit ) Main article : JLA ( comic book ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The low sales of the various Justice League spinoff books prompted DC to revamp the League as a single team ( all the branch teams were disbanded ) on a single title . A Justice League of America formed in the September 1996 limited series Justice League : A Midsummer 's Nightmare by Mark Waid and Fabian Nicieza , which reunited the `` Original Seven '' of the League for the first time since Crisis on Infinite Earths . In 1997 , DC Comics launched a new Justice League series titled JLA , written by Grant Morrison with art by Howard Porter and inker John Dell . Morrison introduced the idea of the JLA allegorically representing a pantheon of gods , with their different powers and personalities , incorporating such characters as Zauriel , Big Barda , Orion , Huntress , Oracle ( Barbara Gordon ) , Steel ( John Henry Irons ) , and Plastic Man . He also had Aztek , Tomorrow Woman , and Green Arrow ( Connor Hawke ) as temporaries . Morrison revamped the League 's Rogues Gallery by introducing new powerful adversaries for them to face . These include ; White Martians , Renegade Angels , a new incarnation of the Injustice Gang led by Lex Luthor , and the Key . Other foes were the new villain Prometheus , the existing JLA villain Starro the Conqueror , `` The Ultra-Marines '' , and a futuristic Darkseid . During the 2005 -- 2006 event `` Infinite Crisis '' , the series ended as Green Arrow struggled in vain to keep the League afloat . ( JLA # 120 -- 125 ) 52 ( edit ) Main article : 52 ( comics ) In 52 Week 24 , Firestorm recruits a group to reform the Justice League . It consists of Firehawk , Super-Chief , Bulleteer , and Ambush Bug . They fight a deranged Skeets who takes Super-Chief's powers , killing him and numerous people who had received powers through Lex Luthor 's Everyman Project . Afterward , Firestorm breaks up the team . Also in the series , Luthor 's new Infinity , Inc. was informally referred to as a `` Justice League '' in solicitations and on covers . Justice League of America ( vol. 2 ) ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Variant cover of Justice League of America vol. 2 , # 1 . Art by Michael Turner . One year after the events of Infinite Crisis , Superman , Batman , and Wonder Woman reunite in the Batcave to re-form the League in Justice League of America # 0 , the kick - off for a new series by Brad Meltzer and Ed Benes . The series featured a roster which included Green Lantern ( Hal Jordan ) , Black Canary , Red Arrow ( Green Arrow 's former sidekick ) , Red Tornado , Vixen , Black Lightning , and Hawkgirl . The first arc of the series focused upon Red Tornado and pitted the team against a new intelligent incarnation of Solomon Grundy and the rebuilt Amazo . The new incarnation of the team has two main headquarters , linked by a transporter . At the first site is the Hall , which in the mainstream DC Universe is a refurnished version of the Justice Society of America and the All - Star Squadron 's former headquarters located in Washington , D.C. . Black Canary is elected as the first official Chairperson after the fight against Amazo and Solomon Grundy , and led both the Justice League and Justice Society in a complex quest to reunite time - lost members of the pre-Crisis Legion of Super-Heroes , who had been sent back in time to free both Bart Allen and Flash from the other dimensional realm of the Speed Force . Meltzer left the series at the end of issue # 12 , with one of his subplots ( Per Degaton , a pre-nuclear fire mutation version of Despero , and a circa 1948 version of the Ultra-Humanite gathering for an unknown plot ) resolved in the pages of Booster Gold . Dwayne McDuffie took over the writing job with the Justice League Anniversary Special and the main book with issue # 13 . Due to DC Comics seeking to launch a spin - off Justice League book led by Hal Jordan , the character was removed from the main League series and replaced by John Stewart . Firestorm also joined the roster , with the series entering into a series of tie - in storylines towards Countdown to Final Crisis , with the arrest of a large number of supervillains ( gathered by Lex Luthor and Deathstroke to attack the League on the eve of the wedding of Black Canary and Green Arrow ) setting up the Salvation Run tie - in miniseries . Also , roster members Red Tornado and Geo - Force were written out . Jordan was restored to the roster by issue # 19 of the series , only to be removed once again by issue # 31 . Issue # 21 saw the return of Libra and the Human Flame , setting up their appearances in Final Crisis . Later issues would resolve issues involving Vixen 's power level increase and see the integration of the Milestone Comics characters the Shadow Cabinet and Icon , who fought the Justice League over the remains of the villainous Doctor Light . The group suffered greater losses during Final Crisis with the deaths of Martian Manhunter and Batman , as well as the resignations of Superman and Wonder Woman , who could no longer devote themselves full - time to the League due to the events of the New Krypton and Rise of the Olympian storylines in their respective titles . Hal Jordan would resign as well , clearing the way for John Stewart 's return to the team . Black Canary found herself declaring the League no more , though the group would continue with Canary taking a secondary role . Her last act as leader was to assign John Stewart and Firestorm the task of hunting down the Human Flame , for his part in the murder of Martian Manhunter , as seen in the Final Crisis Aftermath : Run ! miniseries . Vixen would take over the team , with Plastic Man rejoining the group . Len Wein wrote a three - part fill - in story for Justice League of America that ran from # 35 to # 37 . McDuffie was fired from the title before he could return , after discussion postings to the DC Comics message board , detailing behind - the - scenes creative decisions on his run , which were republished in the rumor column `` Lying In The Gutter '' . James Robinson was announced as the new Justice League of America writer . Wein 's fill - in run would be published as Justice League : Cry For Justice neared its conclusion , as Vixen and Black Canary 's group ( sans John Stewart ) would confront Hal Jordan and Green Arrow 's makeshift Justice League group , which had stumbled upon a plot by the villain Prometheus that had resulted in much death and carnage . During the confrontation over Jordan 's group using torture to extract information from the villains being blackmailed into carrying out Prometheus ' plan , both Roy Harper and Supergirl would discover that one of Jordan 's heroes , Captain Marvel Jr. , was really Prometheus in disguise . In the ensuing battle , the League would suffer horrible losses : Roy Harper was maimed and his daughter Lian and hundreds of thousands of people in Star City would be killed by a doomsday device a Prometheus had activated . Vixen would have her leg broken and Plastic Man would have his powers permanently scrambled , making him a slowly disintegrating puddle creature . To save other cities from being destroyed like Star City , the League reluctantly allowed Prometheus to go free . Green Arrow ( with help from the Shade ) would later track down and kill Prometheus . Following the events of `` Blackest Night '' , Hal Jordan and Donna Troy begin the task of rebuilding the League , with Green Arrow , the Atom , Batman , Mon - El , Donna , Cyborg , Doctor Light , Starfire , Congorilla , and the Guardian . At the end of issue # 43 , the majority of the new members leave . Mon - El and the Guardian leave after Mon - El returns to the future , Black Canary returns to the Birds of Prey , Starfire leaves to join the R.E.B.E.L.S. , Green Lantern leaves to locate the other Lantern Corps Entities , and Green Arrow is forced to leave due to his fugitive status . James Robinson said this was due to having second thoughts about his decision to use so many characters , and that the team would have a different roster in the coming months . To replace the departed members , Jade and Jesse Quick were added to the team . Cyborg remained with the team in a reduced capacity , and was eventually given his own co-feature storyline for issues # 48 -- 50 . DC announced that Saint Walker of the Blue Lantern Corps would be joining the Justice League during a tie - in to the Reign of Doomsday crossover , but the character did not become a full member due to the cancellation of the title . The series ended with issue # 60 ( October 2011 ) , the title being one of the numerous DC books cancelled after the `` Flashpoint '' crossover . The finale issue was set one year after the events of # 59 and saw Batman disbanding the League due to most of the individual members becoming preoccupied with personal commitments . The final storyline recounted the League 's activities during the year - long gap , summarizing story arcs that had been planned for upcoming JLA issues but abandoned due to the transition to the New 52 continuity . The new 52 ( edit ) Justice League Cover for Justice League vol. 2 , # 1 ( Oct. 2011 ) Art by Jim Lee and Scott Williams Publication information Publisher DC Comics Schedule Monthly Format Ongoing Publication date List ( show ) ( vol. 2 ) October 2011 -- August 2016 ( vol. 3 ) September 2016 -- Present No. of issues List ( show ) ( vol. 2 ) 57 ( # 1 -- 52 plus # 0 and # 23.1 & 23.4 ) ( vol. 3 ) 28 ( as of October 2017 ) Main character ( s ) Justice League Creative team Created by Geoff Johns Jim Lee Written by List ( show ) ( vol. 2 ) Geoff Johns ( vol. 3 ) Bryan Hitch Penciller ( s ) List ( show ) ( vol. 2 ) Jim Lee Gene Ha Doug Mahnke Ivan Reis Tony Daniel Jason Fabok ( vol. 3 ) Tony Daniel Jesus Merino Neil Edwards Fernando Pasarin Bryan Hitch Inker ( s ) List ( show ) ( vol. 2 ) Scott Williams Keith Champagne ( vol. 3 ) Sandu Florea Daniel Henriques Matt Ryan Colorist ( s ) List ( show ) ( vol. 2 ) Alex Sinclair Brad Anderson ( vol. 3 ) Tomeu Morey Brad Anderson In September 2011 , following the conclusion of the Flashpoint miniseries , all DC titles were canceled , relaunched as the New 52 , and started at issue # 1 , rebooting DC 's continuity . Justice League of America was relaunched as Justice League , written by Geoff Johns and drawn by Jim Lee , and was the first of the new titles released , coming out the same day as the final issue of Flashpoint . The first six - issue storyline is set five years in the past and features a new origin for the team . The series then shifted to the present in issue # 7 . After the first 12 issues , Jim Lee was succeeded as artist by Ivan Reis . Subsequently , Jason Fabok succeeded Reis as the book 's regular penciller . The initial roster of the team consists of Superman , Batman , Wonder Woman , Green Lantern ( Hal Jordan ; who has since left the team ) , Aquaman , the Flash ( Barry Allen ) , and Cyborg , while the Atom ( Rhonda Pineda ) , Firestorm ( Ronnie Raymond ) , and Element Woman join as additional members . In addition to this series , two other Justice League - related titles were launched during the same month : a new Justice League International ; written by Dan Jurgens and drawn by Aaron Lopresti ; featuring an initial roster of Batman , Booster Gold , Rocket Red ( Gavril Ivanovich ) , Vixen , Green Lantern ( Guy Gardner ) , Fire , Ice , August General in Iron , and Godiva , and Justice League Dark ; written by Peter Milligan and drawn by Mikel Janin ; featuring an initial roster consisting of John Constantine , Shade , the Changing Man , Madame Xanadu , Deadman , Zatanna , and new character called Mindwarp . In May 2012 , DC announced the cancellation of Justice League International with issue 12 and an annual . The cancellation of Justice League International led into the launch of a new Justice League of America title ( volume 3 ) . The new Justice League of America is entirely separate from the main Justice League as the new team was formed by Amanda Waller and consists of Steve Trevor , Martian Manhunter , Green Arrow , Hawkman , Catwoman , the new Green Lantern Simon Baz , Stargirl , Katana , and Vibe . Katana and Vibe later received their own ongoing titles , although both were cancelled after 10 issues . The new Atom , Rhonda Pineda , is also a member of the Justice League of America . She works as a spy to gain intel on the Justice League , reporting to Amanda Waller and Steve Trevor . It is later revealed that , unknown to the members of either team , she is actually a member of Earth - 3 's Crime Syndicate , and is betraying both teams . Each member of the Justice League of America is intended to be a counterpart to the members of the Justice League , in case the Justice League would ever go rogue . Catwoman and Green Arrow both serve as counterparts for Batman . The Justice League , Justice League of America and Justice League Dark clash in the `` Trinity War '' storyline , and Shazam ( whose origin was told in a back - up feature in Justice League ) joins the Justice League . Atom is revealed to be from a parallel universe ; she is in fact a mole spying on both teams for the evil Crime Syndicate of Earth - 3 . The Syndicate roundly defeats the assembled Leagues , triggering the Forever Evil crossover event . In the aftermath of Forever Evil , following their crucial and public role in defeating the Crime Syndicate , Lex Luthor and Captain Cold join the Justice League . A young woman named Jessica Cruz joins the team after becoming attached to Crime Syndicate 's sentient Power Ring and gaining control of its Green Lantern - like abilities . In August 2013 , it was announced that Justice League of America would be retitled Justice League Canada following Forever Evil , with the team relocating to Canada , although in the end it launched as a new series , Justice League United in January 2014 . Its team members are Animal Man , Martian Manhunter , Green Arrow , Hawkman , Stargirl , Supergirl , Adam Strange and his wife Alanna , along with new Canadian superhero Equinox , a 16 - year - old Cree teenager from Moose Factory whose civilian name is Miiyahbin and whose powers change with the seasons . The series , written by Lemire and drawn by Mike McKone . This new team has taken part in mostly space - faring adventures , and its adventures have not involved the other Justice League . In April 2015 , DC began `` Justice League : The Darkseid War '' , which would be the final installment in Geoff Johns five year run of Justice League . The event consisted of 10 Justice League issues , 6 one - shots , and one Special issue . The story took hidden elements from John 's run as well as answering all questions posed since the beginning . In June 2015 , DC launched a fourth volume , Justice League of America , written and illustrated by Bryan Hitch . It features the same members from Justice League . DC Rebirth ( edit ) Cover of Justice League vol. 3 , # 1 ( Sept. 2016 ) . Art by Tony Daniel and Tomeu Morey In February 2016 , DC announced a `` Rebirth '' event similar to the New 52 . In March , they announced a new line of books , including a Justice League series written by Bryan Hitch and drawn by Tony Daniel and Fernando Pasarin , which debuted in June 2016 . The team consists of Superman ( pre-Flashpoint version , prior to Superman Reborn event ) , Batman , Wonder Woman , the Flash ( Barry Allen ) , Aquaman , Cyborg , two Green Lanterns , Jessica Cruz and Simon Baz & Mera . Starting in February 2017 as part of DC Rebirth 's second wave , a new Justice League of America series was released . The team consists of the Atom , Vixen , the Ray , and Killer Frost . The month prior to this , each of these members received a one - shot issue . On October 28 , it was revealed that Batman , Black Canary , and Lobo would be joining the team as well . Batman will have a dual membership in both Justice League teams . During the events of Justice League vs. Suicide Squad , Maxwell Lord uses the Heart of Darkness to infect Superman , Wonder Woman , Aquaman , the Flash , Cyborg , and the two Green Lanterns . In order to stop Lord and the infected League members , Batman recruits and temporarily inducts Suicide Squad members : Deadshot , Harley Quinn , Killer Croc , Captain Boomerang , Killer Frost and Lobo ( a member of Waller 's first Suicide Squad ) into the Justice League . Following this crisis , Batman , concluding that the world needs more human , relatable heroes to prepare for a new threat , assembles his new Justice League , selecting Killer Frost due to her actions in the battle with Lord , Black Canary to act as the team conscience , Lobo in return for a favor he owes Batman after beating Lord , the Atom and Ray as he sees their potential , and Vixen to act as the team 's core due to her ability to coordinate so much in her life . In Justice League # 24 , Mera joins the team . In issue # 34 Mera leaves the League . In the Dark Nights : Metal event series written by Scott Snyder and Greg Capullo , the league roster reverts to Superman , Batman , Wonder Woman , Green Lantern Hal Jordan , the Flash , Cyborg , and Aquaman . In the event the league fights against the Dark Nights with the assistance of Mr. Terrific , Hawkgirl and Doctor Fate . Cultural impact ( edit ) The comic 's early success was indirectly responsible for the creation of the Fantastic Four . When Marvel - Timely owner Martin Goodman heard in 1961 how well DC 's then - new book Justice League was selling , he told Stan Lee , his comics editor , to come up with a team of superheroes for Marvel . The result was Fantastic Four # 1 by Lee and Jack Kirby , which debuted in November 1961 . Marvel also introduced a team of villains in 1971 based on the Justice League called Squadron Sinister which has appeared in print as well as Disney XD 's Avengers Assemble animated series . The characters are analogous to Superman ( Hyperion ) , Batman ( Nighthawk ) , Wonder Woman ( Power Princess ) , Green Lantern ( Doctor Spectrum ) , and Flash ( Speed Demon ) . Awards ( edit ) The original Justice League of America series has won : 1961 Alley Awards for `` Best Comic Book '' 1961 Alley Awards for `` Best Adventure - Hero Group '' 1963 Alley Awards for `` Favorite Novel '' ( `` Crisis on Earth - One / Crisis on Earth - Two '' in Justice League of America # 21 -- 22 by Gardner Fox and Mike Sekowsky ) 1963 Alley Awards for `` Strip that Should Be Improved '' 1963 Alley Awards for `` Artist Preferred on Justice League of America '' ( Murphy Anderson ) 1973 Shazam Awards for `` Best Inker ( Dramatic Division ) '' ( Dick Giordano ) In other media ( edit ) Main article : Justice League in other media Movies ( edit ) Justice League : the new Frontier ( edit ) Main article : Justice League : The New Frontier Justice League : The New Frontier was based on Darwyn Cooke 's 2003 -- 2004 comic book limited series DC : The New Frontier where the heroes of Earth unite to take on an evil entity called the Centre . It was released on February 26 , 2008 . Justice League : The New Frontier received mostly positive reviews . Screener copies were sent to website reviewers a month before the DVD 's official release . Most of the reviews were positive and geared up the film 's release even more . Justice League : Crisis on two Earths ( edit ) Main article : Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths In 2004 , Bruce Timm revealed that a DCAU direct - to - video Justice League feature was in development to connect Justice League and Justice League Unlimited . The film was titled as Justice League : Worlds Collide . Later the film was rewritten by the late Dwayne McDuffie for DC Universe Animated Original Movies as Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths , but removing all connections with the animated series Based on Grant Morrison 's 2000 comic book JLA : Earth 2 , Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths dealt with a heroic Lex Luthor from an alternate universe appearing to recruit the Justice League to help save his Earth from the Crime Syndicate , a gang of villainous characters who are essentially evil versions of the Justice League . The good performance of the Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths release led Warner Premiere and DC Universe to release the sequel Justice League : Doom . Justice League : Doom ( edit ) Main article : Justice League : Doom Justice League : Doom , a sequel to Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths , is a loose adaptation of Mark Waid 's JLA story arc , `` JLA : Tower of Babel '' . It earned $6,543,809 from domestic home video sales . Justice League : Gods and Monsters ( edit ) Main article : Justice League : Gods and Monsters In July 2014 , as part of the San Diego Comic - Con , DC Comics announced Justice League : Gods and Monsters for a 2015 release . The movie , featuring an original plot , was written by Alan Burnett and directed by Sam Liu and executive produced by Bruce Timm and Sam Register . Along with the film , a three - part animated series entitled Justice League : Gods and Monsters Chronicles was released before the film on Machinima with Timm as an executive producer in 2015 . Justice League : the Flashpoint Paradox ( edit ) Main article : Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox received very positive reviews . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100 % approval rating. Critics and audiences said that the film stays true to its source material . It is generally praised for its mature storyline and the way Flash obtains justice , but criticized for its excessive violence and use of blood that exceeds the comics it is adapted from . Justice League ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Justice League ( film ) Justice League is a 2017 American superhero film based on the DC Comics superhero team of the same name , distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures . It is the fifth installment in the DC Extended Universe . The film was directed by Zack Snyder , with a screenplay by Chris Terrio and Joss Whedon , from a story by Snyder and Terrio . In July 2015 , it was revealed that filming would begin in spring 2016 after Wonder Woman ended principal photography . Principal photography commenced on April 11 , 2016 , with shooting taking place at Warner Bros. Studios , Leavesden , as well as various locations around London , Scotland , Los Angeles and in Djúpavík in the Westfjords of Iceland . Snyder 's longtime cinematographer Larry Fong was replaced by Fabian Wagner due to scheduling conflicts . The film premiered in Beijing on October 26 , 2017 , and was released in the United States in 2D , 3D , and IMAX on November 17 , 2017 . It grossed over $650 million worldwide , against a production budget of $300 million . DC animated movie Universe ( edit ) This sections covers the DC Animated Movie Universe movies focused on the justice league . See all DC Animated Movie Universe movies Justice League : War ( edit ) Main article : Justice League : War War was released on February 4 , 2014 . The film is based on Geoff Johns and Jim Lee 's `` Origin '' storyline. The film depicts an invasion of Earth by the alien Darkseid and the subsequent formation of the titular superhero team to counter it , which includes Superman , Batman , Wonder Woman , Flash , Green Lantern , Cyborg and Shazam . Justice League : throne of atlantis ( edit ) Main article : Justice League : Throne of Atlantis The film is based on the 2012 storyline of the same name by Geoff Johns and Ivan Reis . In the film , Arthur Curry , a half - Atlantean prince , discovers his heritage and aids the Justice League in preventing his half - brother Ocean Master from taking over Metropolis . The film was released for downloading on January 13 , 2015 , and was released on Blu - ray and DVD formats on January 27 , 2015 . Justice League vs. Teen Titans ( edit ) Main article : Justice League vs. Teen Titans On July 11 , 2015 , it was announced that a film was in development and slated for release in 2016 , It would feature the Justice League and the Teen Titans . The film had its world premiere at WonderCon on March 26 , 2016 , and was released through digital download on March 29 , 2016 . It was released through home media on April 12 , 2016 by Warner Home Video . Justice League Dark ( edit ) Main article : Justice League Dark ( film ) An adaptation of Justice League Dark where the titular group will unite to deal with heavenly forces that the Justice League ca n't handle . The Justice League will also have new members with them . Matt Ryan , who portrayed John Constantine on NBC 's Constantine as well as The CW 's Arrow , returns to voice the character . It is the first Justice League film and the second DC Universe animated film to be rated R by the MPAA . Tv shows ( edit ) Super Friends ( edit ) Main article : Super Friends Super Friends is an American animated television series about the Justice League , which ran from 1973 to 1986 on ABC as part of its Saturday morning cartoon lineup . It was produced by Hanna - Barbera and was based on the Justice League of America ( JLA ) and associated comic book characters published by DC Comics . There were a total of 109 episodes and two backdoor - pilot episodes of The New Scooby - Doo Movies Justice League ( 2001 ) ( edit ) Main articles : Justice League ( TV series ) , Justice League Unlimited Justice League is an American animated television series which ran from 2001 to 2006 on Cartoon Network . It is part of the DC animated universe . The show was produced by Warner Bros. Animation . It is based on the Justice League of America and associated comic book characters published by DC Comics . After the second season , the series name changed to Justice League Unlimited . Justice League : action ( edit ) Main article : Justice League Action Justice League Action is an American animated television series based on the DC Comics superhero team of the same name . The series is produced by Jim Krieg , Butch Lukic , and Alan Burnett . This show debuted on Cartoon Network UK on November 26 , 2016 and premiered in the United States on Cartoon Network on December 16 , 2016 . Attractions ( edit ) Justice League : Alien Invasion 3D Justice League : Battle for Metropolis Collected editions ( edit ) Silver Age Justice League of America ( edit ) This series has been collected in the following : # Title Material collected ISBN Justice League of America Archives volume 1 The Brave and the Bold # 28 -- 30 , Justice League of America # 1 -- 6 978 - 1563890437 Justice League of America Archives volume 2 Justice League of America # 7 -- 14 978 - 1563891199 Justice League of America Archives volume 3 Justice League of America # 15 -- 22 978 - 1563891595 Justice League of America Archives volume 4 Justice League of America # 23 -- 30 978 - 1563894121 5 Justice League of America Archives volume 5 Justice League of America # 31 -- 38 , # 40 * 978 - 1563895401 6 Justice League of America Archives volume 6 Justice League of America # 41 -- 47 , # 49 -- 50 * 978 - 1563896255 7 Justice League of America Archives volume 7 Justice League of America # 51 -- 57 , # 59 -- 60 * 978 - 1563897047 8 Justice League of America Archives volume 8 Justice League of America # 61 -- 66 , # 68 -- 70 * 978 - 1563899775 9 Justice League of America Archives volume 9 Justice League of America # 71 -- 80 978 - 1401204020 10 Justice League of America Archives volume 10 Justice League of America # 81 -- 93 978 - 1401234126 11 Showcase Presents Justice League of America volume 1 The Brave and the Bold # 28 -- 30 ; Justice League of America # 1 -- 16 ; Mystery in Space # 75 978 - 1401207618 12 Showcase Presents Justice League of America volume 2 Justice League of America # 17 -- 36 978 - 1401212032 13 Showcase Presents Justice League of America volume 3 Justice League of America # 37 -- 38 ; # 40 -- 47 ; # 49 -- 57 ; # 59 -- 60 * 978 - 1401217181 14 Showcase Presents Justice League of America volume 4 Justice League of America # 61 -- 66 ; # 68 -- 75 ; # 77 -- 83 * 978 - 1401221843 15 Showcase Presents Justice League of America volume 5 Justice League of America # 84 ; # 86 -- 92 ; # 94 -- 106 * 978 - 1401230258 16 Showcase Presents Justice League of America volume 6 Justice League of America # 107 -- 132 * 978 - 1401238353 17 Justice League of America Chronicles volume 1 The Brave and the Bold # 28 -- 30 ; Justice League of America # 1 -- 3 978 - 1401240820 * omitted issues that featured reprints of material from earlier volumes . Also collected in Omnibus # Title Material collected Release Date ISBN `` Justice League of America Omnibus '' Volume 1 The Brave and the Bold # 28 -- 30 , Justice League of America # 1 -- 30 April 2014 978 - 1401248420 `` Justice League of America Silver Age Omnibus '' Volume 2 Justice League of America # 31 -- 76 , Mystery in Space # 75 June 2016 978 - 1401266608 `` Justice League of America : The Bronze Age Omnibus '' Volume 1 Justice League of America # 77 -- 113 March 2017 978 - 1401268060 `` Justice League of America : The Bronze Age Omnibus '' Volume 2 * Justice League of America # 114 - 146 , DC Super-Stars # 10 March 2018 978 - 1401277857 Justice League of America : The Detroit Era Omnibus '' Justice League of America # 233 - 261 , Justice League of America Annual # 2 - 3 , JLA Classified # 22 - 25 , JSA Classified # 14 - 16 , DC Retroactive : JLA - the 80 's # 1 and Infinity Inc # 19 December 2017 978 - 1401276850 Justice League / Justice League International / Justice League America ( 1987 -- 1996 ) ( edit ) This series has been collected in the following collections ( there are hardcover and trade paperback versions of all volumes ) : # Title Material collected ISBN Justice League International Volume 1 Justice League # 1 -- 6 , Justice League International # 7 1 - 4012 - 1666 - 8 Justice League International Volume 2 Justice League International # 8 -- 14 , Justice League Annual # 1 1 - 4012 - 1826 - 1 Justice League International Volume 3 Justice League International # 15 -- 22 1 - 4012 - 1941 - 1 Justice League International Volume 4 Justice League International # 23 -- 25 , Justice League America # 26 -- 30 1 - 4012 - 2196 - 3 5 Justice League International Volume 5 Justice League International Annual # 2 -- 3 , Justice League Europe # 1 -- 6 978 - 1 - 4012 - 3010 - 4 6 Justice League International Volume 6 Justice League America # 31 -- 35 , Justice League Europe # 7 -- 11 978 - 1 - 4012 - 3119 - 4 Justice League Breakdowns ( Cancelled by publisher ) Justice League America # 52 - 60 , Justice League Europe # 29 - 36 N / A Superman and Justice League America Volume 1 Justice League America # 61 - 68 , Justice League Spectacular # 1 978 - 1 - 4012 - 6097 - 2 Superman and Justice League America Volume 2 Justice League America # 69 - 77 , Justice League of America Annual # 6 978 - 1401263843 Wonder Woman and Justice League America Volume 1 Justice League America # 78 - 85 , Justice League of America Annual # 7 978 - 1401268343 Wonder Woman and Justice League America Volume 2 Justice League America # 86 - 91 , Justice League International Vol. 2 # 65 - 66 and Justice League Task Force # 13 - 14 978 - 1401274009 JLA ( 1997 -- 2006 ) ( edit ) This series has been collected in the following trade paperbacks : # Title Material collected ISBN New World Order JLA # 1 -- 4 1 - 56389 - 369 - X American Dreams JLA # 5 -- 9 1 - 56389 - 394 - 0 Rock of Ages JLA # 10 -- 15 1 - 56389 - 416 - 5 Strength in Numbers JLA # 16 -- 23 , JLA Secret Files # 2 , New Year 's Evil : Prometheus ( one - shot ) 1 - 56389 - 435 - 1 5 Justice For All JLA # 24 -- 33 1 - 56389 - 511 - 0 6 World War III JLA # 34 -- 41 1 - 56389 - 618 - 4 7 Tower of Babel JLA # 42 -- 46 , JLA Secret Files # 3 , JLA 80 - Page Giant # 1 1 - 56389 - 727 - X 8 Divided We Fall JLA # 47 -- 54 1 - 56389 - 793 - 8 9 Terror Incognita JLA # 55 -- 60 1 - 56389 - 936 - 1 10 Golden Perfect JLA # 61 -- 65 1 - 56389 - 941 - 8 11 The Obsidian Age ( Book 1 ) JLA # 66 -- 71 1 - 56389 - 991 - 4 12 The Obsidian Age ( Book 2 ) JLA # 72 -- 76 1 - 4012 - 0043 - 5 13 Rules of Engagement JLA # 77 -- 82 1 - 4012 - 0215 - 2 14 Trial By Fire JLA # 84 -- 89 1 - 4012 - 0242 - X 15 The Tenth Circle JLA # 94 -- 99 1 - 4012 - 0346 - 9 16 Pain of the Gods JLA # 101 -- 106 1 - 4012 - 0468 - 6 17 Syndicate Rules JLA # 107 -- 114 , and a story from JLA Secret Files 2004 1 - 4012 - 0477 - 5 18 Crisis of Conscience JLA # 115 -- 119 1 - 4012 - 0963 - 7 19 World Without a Justice League JLA # 120 -- 125 1 - 4012 - 0964 - 5 This series has been collected in the following Grant Morrison - centric hardcover collections : # Title Material collected ISBN JLA : The Deluxe Edition HC Vol. 1 JLA # 1 -- 9 , plus a story included in JLA : Secret Files and Origins # 1 1 - 4012 - 1843 - 1 JLA : The Deluxe Edition HC Vol. 2 JLA # 10 -- 17 , Prometheus ( one - shot ) , plus JLA / WILDCATS 1 - 4012 - 2265 - X JLA : The Deluxe Edition HC Vol. 3 JLA # 22 -- 26 , 28 -- 31 and 1,000,000 1 - 4012 - 2659 - 0 JLA : The Deluxe Edition HC Vol. 4 JLA # 34 , 36 -- 41 , JLA : Classified # 1 -- 3 , JLA : Earth II 1 - 4012 - 2909 - 3 Deluxe Trade Paperbacks # Title Material collected ISBN JLA : The Deluxe Edition Vol. 1 JLA # 1 -- 9 , plus a story included in JLA : Secret Files and Origins # 1 978 - 1401233143 JLA : The Deluxe Edition Vol. 2 JLA # 10 -- 17 , Prometheus ( one - shot ) , plus JLA / WILDCATS , JLA : Secret Files and Origins # 2 978 - 1401235185 JLA : The Deluxe Edition Vol. 3 JLA # 18 - 31 978 - 1401238322 JLA : The Deluxe Edition Vol. 4 JLA # 32 - 46 978 - 1401243852 5 JLA : The Deluxe Edition Vol. 5 JLA # 47 - 60 , JLA Heaven 's Ladder 978 - 1401247508 6 JLA : The Deluxe Edition Vol. 6 JLA # 61 - 76 978 - 1401251369 7 JLA : The Deluxe Edition Vol. 7 JLA # 77 - 93 978 - 1401255282 8 JLA : The Deluxe Edition Vol. 8 JLA # 94 - 106 978 - 1401263423 9 JLA : The Deluxe Edition Vol. 9 JLA # 107 - 125 , JLA Secret Files 2004 978 - 1401265670 Justice League of America ( vol. 2 ) ( 2006 -- 2011 ) ( edit ) This series has been collected in the following hardcover collections : # Title Material collected ISBN The Tornado 's Path Justice League of America ( vol. 2 ) # 1 -- 7 HC : 978 - 1401213497 SC : 978 - 1401215804 The Lightning Saga Justice League of America ( vol. 2 ) # 0 , # 8 -- 12 ; Justice Society of America ( vol. 3 ) # 5 -- 6 HC : 978 - 1401216528 SC : 978 - 1401218690 The Injustice League Justice League of America ( vol. 2 ) # 13 -- 16 ; JLA Wedding Special # 1 HC : 978 - 1401218027 SC : 978 - 1401220501 Sanctuary Justice League of America ( vol. 2 ) # 17 -- 21 HC : 978 - 1401219925 SC : 978 - 1401220105 5 The Second Coming Justice League of America ( vol. 2 ) # 22 -- 26 HC : 978 - 1401222529 SC : 978 - 1401222536 6 When Worlds Collide Justice League of America ( vol. 2 ) # 27 -- 28 , # 30 -- 34 HC : 978 - 1401224226 SC : 978 - 1401224233 7 Team History Justice League of America ( vol. 2 ) # 38 -- 43 HC : 978 - 1401228385 SC : 978 - 1401232603 8 The Dark Things Justice League of America ( vol. 2 ) # 44 -- 48 ; Justice Society of America ( vol. 3 ) # 41 -- 42 HC : 978 - 1401230111 SC : 978 - 1401231934 9 Omega Justice League of America ( vol. 2 ) # 49 -- 53 HC : 978 - 1401232436 SC : 978 - 1401233563 10 The Rise of Eclipso Justice League of America ( vol. 2 ) # 54 -- 60 ; Justice Society of America ( vol. 3 ) # 43 SC : 978 - 1401234133 The New 52 Justice League ( vol. 2 ) ( 2011 -- 2016 ) ( edit ) The series has been collected in the following hardcover collections : # Title Material collected ISBN Origin Justice League ( vol. 2 ) # 1 -- 6 978 - 1401234614 The Villain 's Journey Justice League ( vol. 2 ) # 7 -- 12 978 - 1401237646 Throne of Atlantis Justice League ( vol. 2 ) # 13 -- 17 ; Aquaman ( vol. 7 ) # 15 -- 16 978 - 1401242404 The Grid Justice League ( vol. 2 ) # 18 -- 20 , 22 -- 23 978 - 1401247171 5 Forever Heroes Justice League ( vol. 2 ) # 24 -- 29 978 - 1401254193 6 Injustice League Justice League ( vol. 2 ) # 30 -- 39 978 - 1401252366 7 The Darkseid War Part 1 Justice League ( vol. 2 ) # 40 -- 44 and a sneak peek from Divergence 978 - 1401259778 8 The Darkseid War Part 2 Justice League ( vol. 2 ) # 45 -- 50 , Justice League : Darkseid War # 1 The New 52 Justice League of America ( vol. 3 ) ( 2013 -- 2014 ) ( edit ) # Title Material collected ISBN World 's Most Dangerous Justice League of America Vol. 3 # 1 -- 7 978 - 1401242367 Survivors of Evil Justice League of America Vol. 3 # 8 -- 14 978 - 1401247263 DC Rebirth Justice League ( vol. 3 ) ( 2016 -- present ) ( edit ) # Title Material collected ISBN The Extinction Machine Justice League : Rebirth # 1 , Justice League Vol. 3 # 1 -- 5 Outbreak Justice League Vol. 3 # 6 -- 11 Timeless Justice League Vol. 3 # 14 -- 19 Endless Justice League Vol. 3 # 20 -- 25 5 Legacy Justice League Vol. 3 # 26 -- 31 Miscellaneous reprints ( edit ) These trades reprint themed issues . # Title Material collected ISBN Justice League of America Hereby Elects Justice League of America # 4 , 75 , 105 -- 106 , 146 , 161 , and 173 -- 174 978 - 1401212674 JLA : The Greatest Stories Ever Told Justice League of America # 19 , 77 , 122 , and 166 -- 168 , Justice League # 1 , JLA Secret Files # 1 and JLA # 61 978 - 1401209322 Crisis on Multiple Earths volume 1 Justice League of America # # 21 -- 22 , 29 -- 30 , 37 -- 38 , and 46 -- 47 978 - 1563898952 Crisis on Multiple Earths volume 2 Justice League of America # 55 -- 56 , 64 -- 65 , 73 -- 74 , and 82 -- 83 978 - 1401200039 5 Crisis on Multiple Earths volume 3 Justice League of America # 91 -- 92 , 100 -- 102 , 107 -- 108 , and 113 978 - 1401202316 6 Crisis on Multiple Earths volume 4 Justice League of America # 123 -- 124 , 135 -- 137 , and 147 -- 148 978 - 1401209575 7 Crisis on Multiple Earths volume 5 Justice League of America # 159 -- 160 , 171 -- 172 , and 183 -- 185 978 - 1401226237 8 Crisis on Multiple Earths volume 6 Justice League of America # 195 -- 197 , 207 -- 209 and crossover issues All - Star Squadron # 14 -- 15 978 - 1401238223 See also ( edit ) Comics portal Justice Society of America Affiliations and spin - off groups ( edit ) Extreme Justice Justice League 3000 Justice League Antarctica Justice League Dark Justice League Elite Justice League Europe Justice League International Justice League Task Force Justice League United Justice Leagues Super Buddies Super Friends Shadowpact Teen Titans Young Justice References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fox , Gardner ( w ) , Sekowsky , Mike ( p ) , Sachs , Bernard , Giella , Joe , Anderson , Murphy ( i ) . `` Starro the Conqueror '' The Brave and the Bold 28 ( March 1960 ) Jump up ^ Rosen , Christopher ( June 6 , 2012 ) . `` Justice League Movie : Warner Bros. Hires Gangster Squad Writer To Resurrect Superhero Supergroup '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2012 . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McAvennie `` 1960s '' in Dolan , p. 104 : `` While celebrating their anniversary as a team , the Justice League shared their pandu with Snapper Carr and new member Green Arrow . When representatives of the planet Appellax sought to conquer Earth , they drew the individual attentions of the Flash , Green Lantern , Aquaman , Wonder Woman and the Martian Manhunter . '' Jump up ^ McAvennie `` 1970s '' in Dolan , p. 174 : `` Green Arrow thought he had learned the Justice League of America 's origin back in issue # 9 ... Now , he found inconsistencies in the story . Writer Steve Englehart and artist Dick Dillin revealed the truth as told by former JLA member J'onn J'onzz . '' Jump up ^ Manning `` 1990s '' in Dolan , p. 282 : `` It was up to writers Mark Waid and Brian Augustyn and artist Barry Kitson to fill in the blanks . With their twelve - issue maxiseries JLA : Year One , the trio examined the early days of the team ... JLA : Year One proved a success and cleaned up decades of convoluted comic history . '' Jump up ^ Waid , Mark ; Reis , Ivan ; Albert , Oclair . `` The Origin of the Justice League of America '' . DC Comics . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2012 . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Johns , Geoff ( w ) , Lee , Jim ( p ) , Williams , Scott ( i ) . `` Justice League Part One '' Justice League v2 , 1 ( October 2011 ) Jump up ^ Johns , Geoff ( w ) , Lee , Jim ( p ) , Williams , Scott ( i ) . `` Justice League Part Two '' Justice League v2 , 2 ( December 2011 ) Jump up ^ Johns , Geoff ( w ) , Lee , Jim ( p ) , Williams , Scott ( i ) . `` Justice League Part Three '' Justice League v2 , 3 ( January 2012 ) Jump up ^ Johns , Geoff ( w ) , Lee , Jim ( p ) , Williams , Scott ( i ) . `` Justice League Part Six '' Justice League v2 , 6 ( April 2012 ) Jump up ^ Cowsill `` 2000s '' in Dolan , p. 311 : `` In 2003 , writers J.M. DeMatteis and Keith Giffen and original artist Kevin Maguire worked on a six - part series reuniting ( their version of ) the team . '' Jump up ^ Cowsill `` 2000s '' in Dolan , p. 311 `` ( JLA / Avengers ) was an event that ... proved to be one of the biggest and best of the DC and Marvel crossovers , incorporating many of the two companies ' greatest heroes and villains . '' Jump up ^ Eury , Michael ( 2005 ) . The Justice League Companion . Raleigh , North Carolina : TwoMorrows Publishing . p. 10 . ISBN 1 - 893905 - 48 - 9 . The readers were more familiar with ' League ' from the National League and the American League . Jump up ^ McAvennie , Michael ; Dolan , Hannah , ed. ( 2010 ) . `` 1960s '' . DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle . London , United Kingdom : Dorling Kindersley . p. 99 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7566 - 6742 - 9 . Editor Julius Schwartz had repopulated the ( superhero ) subculture by revitalizing Golden Age icons like Green Lantern and the Flash . He recruited writer Gardner Fox and artist Mike Sekowsky , and together they came up with the Justice League of America , a modern version of the legendary Justice Society of America from the 1940s . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Daniels , Les ( 1995 ) . `` The Justice League of America A Team of Good Sports '' . DC Comics : Sixty Years of the World 's Favorite Comic Book Heroes . New York , New York : Bulfinch Press . p. 127 . ISBN 0821220764 . Justice League was a hit . It solidified once and for all the importance of super hero groups , and in the process provided a playground where DC 's characters could attract new fans while entertaining established admirers . ^ Jump up to : `` Julius Schwartz ' run on the Justice League of America '' . Grand Comics Database . Jump up ^ Fox , Gardner ( w ) , Sekowsky , Mike ( p ) , Sachs , Bernard ( i ) . `` Doom of the Star Diamond '' Justice League of America 4 ( April -- May 1961 ) Jump up ^ Fox , Gardner ( w ) , Sekowsky , Mike ( p ) , Sachs , Bernard ( i ) . `` The Menace of the ' Atom ' Bomb ! '' Justice League of America 14 ( September 1962 ) Jump up ^ Fox , Gardner ( w ) , Sekowsky , Mike ( p ) , Sachs , Bernard ( i ) . `` Riddle of the Runaway Room ! '' Justice League of America 31 ( November 1964 ) Jump up ^ McAvennie `` 1960s '' in Dolan , p. 105 : `` In a tale written by Gardner Fox , with art by Mike Sekowsky , Dr. Light 's first ( adventure ) was almost the JLA 's last . '' Jump up ^ McAvennie `` 1960s '' in Dolan , p. 109 : `` The two - part ' Crisis on Earth - One ! ' and ' Crisis on Earth - Two ! ' saga represented the first use of the term ' Crisis ' in crossovers , as well as the designations ' Earth - 1 ' and ' Earth - 2 ' . In it editor Julius Schwartz , ( writer Gardner ) Fox , and artist Mike Sekowsky devised a menace worthy of the World 's Greatest Heroes . '' Jump up ^ McAvennie `` 1960s '' in Dolan , p. 112 : `` Writer Gardner Fox and artist Mike Sekowsky crafted a tale in which the Crime Syndicate ... ambushed the JLA on Earth - 1 . '' Jump up ^ Fox , Gardner ( w ) , Sekowsky , Mike ( p ) , Sachs , Bernard ( i ) . `` Metamorpho Says No ! '' Justice League of America 42 ( February 1966 ) Jump up ^ Dick Dillin 's run on Justice League of America at the Grand Comics Database . Dillin missed only the planned reprint issues # 67 , 76 , 85 and 93 ; issue # 153 which was pencilled by George Tuska ; and issue # 157 where Dillin provided the intro and epilogue pages while Juan Ortiz pencilled the main story . Jump up ^ McAvennie `` 1960s '' in Dolan , p. 133 : `` In less than a year on the Justice League of America series , scribe Denny O'Neil and artist Dick Dillin had made major changes to the team . Two issues after Wonder Woman left the JLA , the Martian Manhunter did the same . '' Jump up ^ O'Neil , Denny ( w ) , Dillin , Dick ( p ) , Greene , Sid ( i ) . `` Where Death Fears to Tread '' Justice League of America 74 ( September 1969 ) Jump up ^ McAvennie `` 1960s '' in Dolan , p. 135 : `` November ( 1969 ) saw Black Canary both relocate and develop her ' canary cry ' ... The crime - fighting beauty at the behest of writer Denny O'Neil and artist Dick Dillin , left the JSA on Earth - 2 to join the JLA on Earth - 1 . '' Jump up ^ McAvennie `` 1960s '' in Dolan , p. 135 : `` As told by writer Denny O'Neil and artist Dick Dillin , the JLA suffered heartbreak at the hands of Snapper Carr ... a disgraced Snapper resigned his JLA honorary membership . '' Jump up ^ O'Neil , Denny ( w ) , Dillin , Dick ( p ) , Giella , Joe ( i ) . `` The Coming of the Doomsters '' Justice League of America 78 ( February 1970 ) Jump up ^ Wein , Len ( w ) , Dillin , Dick ( p ) , Giordano , Dick ( i ) . `` Specter in the Shadows ! '' Justice League of America 105 ( April -- May 1973 ) Jump up ^ Wein , Len ( w ) , Dillin , Dick ( p ) , Giordano , Dick ( i ) . `` Wolf in the Fold ! '' Justice League of America 106 ( July -- August 1973 ) Jump up ^ Englehart , Steve ( w ) , Dillin , Dick ( p ) , McLaughlin , Frank ( i ) . `` Inner Mission ! '' Justice League of America 146 ( September 1977 ) Jump up ^ Conway , Gerry ( w ) , Dillin , Dick ( p ) , McLaughlin , Frank ( i ) . `` The Reverse - Spells of Zatanna 's Magic '' Justice League of America 161 ( December 1978 ) Jump up ^ Conway , Gerry ( w ) , Dillin , Dick ( p ) , McLaughlin , Frank ( i ) . `` The Siren Song of the Satin Satan '' Justice League of America 179 ( June 1980 ) Jump up ^ McAvennie `` 1970s '' in Dolan , p. 152 `` Through an impromptu team - up of the JLA and the Justice Society on Earth - 2 , writer Len Wein and artist Dick Dillin ushered in the return of DC 's Seven Soldiers of Victory . '' Jump up ^ McAvennie `` 1970s '' in Dolan , p. 156 `` The annual Justice League - Justice Society get - together resulted in scribe Len Wein and artist Dick Dillin transporting both teams to the alternate reality of Earth - X . There , Nazi Germany ruled after winning a prolonged World War II and only a group of champions called the Freedom Fighters remained to oppose the regime . '' Jump up ^ Larnick , Eric ( October 30 , 2010 ) . `` The Rutland Halloween Parade : Where Marvel and DC First Collided '' . ComicsAlliance . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2011 . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cronin , Brian ( October 1 , 2010 ) . `` Comic Book Legends Revealed # 280 '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2011 . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Amazing Adventures # 16 ( Jan. 1973 ) Archived 2016 - 01 - 13 at the Wayback Machine. , Justice League of America # 103 ( Dec. 1972 ) Archived 2011 - 09 - 28 at the Wayback Machine. , and Thor # 207 ( Jan. 1973 ) Archived 2011 - 07 - 31 at the Wayback Machine . at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ Riley , Shannon E. ( August 2012 ) . `` Flashback : 22,300 Miles Above Earth A Look Back at the JLA 's ' Satellite Years ' '' . Back Issue ! . Raleigh , North Carolina : TwoMorrows Publishing ( 58 ) : 14 . Jump up ^ Eury , Michael ( July 2015 ) . `` A Look at DC 's Super Specs '' . Back Issue ! . Raleigh , North Carolina : TwoMorrows Publishing ( 81 ) : 25 . Jump up ^ McAvennie `` 1970s '' in Dolan , p. 160 `` Through the words of scripter Len Wein and the art of Dick Dillin , the masked menace of Libra established himself as a grave threat to the World 's Greatest Heroes . '' Jump up ^ Bates , Cary ; Maggin , Elliot S. ( w ) , Dillin , Dick ( p ) , McLaughlin , Frank ( i ) . `` Where on Earth Am I ? '' Justice League of America 123 ( October 1975 ) , DC Comics Jump up ^ Bates , Cary ; Maggin , Elliot S. ( w ) , Dillin , Dick ( p ) , McLaughlin , Frank ( i ) . `` Avenging Ghosts of the Justice Society ! '' Justice League of America 124 ( November 1975 ) , DC Comics Jump up ^ Jimenez , Phil ; Wells , John ( 2010 ) . The Essential Wonder Woman Encyclopedia . New York , New York : Del Rey Books . pp. 420 -- 421 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 50107 - 1 . Retrieved November 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McAvennie `` 1970s '' in Dolan , p. 169 : `` The Justice League officially reinstated Wonder Woman in issue # 222 of her own series . However , her meeting with the JLA within the pages of their comic ( Justice League of America # 128 ) did n't go well , thanks to writer Martin Pasko and artist Dick Dillin . '' Jump up ^ Cronin , Brian ( September 15 , 2005 ) . `` Comic Book Urban Legends Revealed # 16 ! '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2012 . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Englehart next began a run on Justice League of America , and in issue # 142 , Mantis showed up ! Only this time , she was calling herself Willow . Jump up ^ Gerry Conway 's run on Justice League of America at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ McAvennie `` 1970s '' in Dolan , p. 182 : `` Writer Gerry Conway and artist Dick Dillin crafted a tale of foul play aboard the JLA satellite , during the team 's annual get - together with Earth - 2 's JSA . Mr. Terrific ... was murdered before he could expose a turncoat among the heroes . '' Jump up ^ Sanderson , Peter ( September -- October 1981 ) . `` Justice League # 200 All - Star Affair '' . Comics Feature . New Media Publishing ( 12 / 13 ) : 17 . Jump up ^ Bolland , Brian ( 2006 ) . Pruett , Joe , ed . The Art of Brian Bolland . Berkeley , California : Image Comics . p. 130 . ISBN 1 - 58240 - 603 - 0 . Jump up ^ George Pérez ' run on Justice League of America at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ Manning , Matthew K. `` 1980s '' in Dolan , p. 198 : `` The Justice League of America teamed up with the Justice Society of America on a large - scale with ' Crisis on Earth - Prime ' , a five - part saga that crossed from the pages of Justice League of America into All - Star Squadron . '' Jump up ^ Thomas , Roy ( 2000 ) . `` The Justice League - Justice Society Team - Ups '' . The All - Star Companion . Raleigh , North Carolina : TwoMorrows Publishing . pp. 191 -- 192 . ISBN 1 - 893905 - 05 - 5 . Justice League of America # 207 -- 209 ( Oct. - Dec. 1982 ) and All - Star Squadron # 14 -- 15 ( Oct. - Nov. 1982 ) Jump up ^ Justice League of America # 210 Archived 2012 - 03 - 11 at the Wayback Machine . at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ Wells , John ( October 24 , 1997 ) . `` ' Lost ' DC : The DC Implosion '' . Comics Buyer 's Guide ( 1249 ) . Iola , Wisconsin . p. 132 . Jump up ^ Wells , John ( December 2012 ) . `` The Perils of the DC / Marvel Tabloid Era '' . Back Issue ! . Raleigh , North Carolina : TwoMorrows Publishing ( 61 ) : 6 . Jump up ^ Conway , Gerry ( w ) , Patton , Chuck ( p ) , Hunt , Dave ( i ) . `` -- The End of the Justice League ! '' Justice League of America Annual 2 ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ Manning `` 1980s '' in Dolan , p. 209 `` The prestigious Justice League of America got a bit easier to join , thanks to writer Gerry Conway and artist Chuck Patton . Marking the debut of camouflaging hero Gypsy , the shockwave - casting Vibe , and the second generation hero Steel , this landmark comic saw many of the more famous League members step down in order to make way for a younger roster to carry on their legacy . '' Jump up ^ Manning `` 1980s '' in Dolan , p. 226 : `` Alongside artist Luke McDonnell , DeMatteis crafted a dramatic four - part finale to the first series of DC 's premier team of superheroes . '' Jump up ^ Manning `` 1980s '' in Dolan , p. 228 : `` It was clear that the ( Justice League ) needed a major overhaul . But no one quite expected how drastic the transformation would truly be in the hands of writers Keith Giffen and J.M. DeMatteis and artist Kevin Maguire . '' Jump up ^ Manning `` 1990s '' in Dolan , p. 251 : `` The lauded Giffen / DeMatteis era of the Justice League came to a dramatic close with `` Breakdowns '' , a sixteen - part storyline that crossed through the pages of both Justice League America and Justice League Europe . '' Jump up ^ Manning `` 1990s '' in Dolan , p. 278 : `` JLA # 1 hit the stands , enthralling readers with its compelling , fast - paced story by writer Grant Morrison , and showcasing the art of talented relative newcomer Howard Porter '' Jump up ^ Grant. , Morrison , ( 2011 ) . Supergods . Spiegel & Grau . ISBN 1400069122 . OCLC 754332179 . Jump up ^ Cowsill , Alan `` 2000s '' in Dolan , p. 326 : `` After the success of Identity Crisis , best - selling novelist Brad Meltzer was given the job of relaunching the Justice League of America in the title 's second series . With Ed Benes providing the pencils , Meltzer stripped the Justice League back to basics . '' Jump up ^ Renaud , Jeffrey ( April 22 , 2009 ) . `` Len Wein Talks JLA Two - Parter '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2009 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Parkin , JK ( May 28 , 2009 ) . `` Dwayne McDuffie fired from Justice League '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2009 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Segura , Alex ( June 18 , 2009 ) . `` Some news for you : Robinson , Bagley step aboard Justice League of America '' . The Source . DC Comics.com . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2009 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Evans , Chris ( April 5 , 2010 ) . `` WC10 : Spotlight on James Robinson '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2010 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Manning , Shaun ( April 17 , 2010 ) . `` C2E2 : DC Universe Panel '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2010 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Vaneta ( December 22 , 2010 ) . `` Black & Blue : James Robinson on the JLA 's New Members '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hyde , David ( May 31 , 2011 ) . `` DC Comics Announces Historic Renumbering of All Superhero Titles and Landmark Day - and - Date Digital Distribution '' . DC Comics . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2012 . Retrieved April 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( May 31 , 2011 ) . `` DC Comics unleashes a new universe of superhero titles '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2012 . 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Jump up ^ Gallaher , Valerie . `` Exclusive ! : Justice League of America # 1 Triumphs with 52 State Variants , Plus More News '' . MTV Geek . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2013 . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Johns , Geoff ( w ) , Cannon , Zander ; Ha , Gene ; Guinaldo , Andres ; Prado , Joe ( p ) , Ha , Gene ; Hunter , Rob ; Prado , Joe ( i ) . `` Prologue to Trinity War Chapter Two Secrets '' Justice League v2 , 20 ( July 2013 ) Jump up ^ Johns , Geoff ( w ) , Finch , David ( p ) , Finch , David ( i ) . `` World 's Most Dangerous Chapter One '' Justice League of America v3 , 1 ( April 2013 ) Jump up ^ Johns , Geoff ( w ) , Booth , Brett ( p ) , Rapmund , Norm ( i ) . `` World 's Most Dangerous Chapter Four The Good The Bad And The Shaggy '' Justice League of America v3 , 4 ( July 2013 ) Jump up ^ Mudhar , Raju ( August 23 , 2013 ) . `` DC Comics to launch Justice League Canada in 2014 '' . Toronto Star . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2013 . 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Archived from the original on October 17 , 2016 . Retrieved February 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marston , George ( March 26 , 2016 ) . `` DC Comics Rebirth Recap - Creative Teams , Schedule & a Few New Details '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Yehl , Joshua ( October 28 , 2016 ) . `` Justice League of America Adds Batman , Black Canary , and LOBO ? ! '' . IGN . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Justice League vs. Suicide Squad # 4 - 5 Jump up ^ Lee , Stan ( 1974 ) . Origins of Marvel Comics . New York , New York : Simon & Schuster / Fireside Books . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 0671218638 . Jump up ^ Lee , Stan ; Mair , George ( 2002 ) . Excelsior ! The Amazing Life of Stan Lee . New York , New York : Fireside Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 87305 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1961 Alley Awards '' . Hahn Library Comic Book Awards Almanac . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1963 Alley Awards '' . Hahn Library Comic Book Awards Almanac . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1973 Academy of Comic Book Arts Awards '' . Hahn Library Comic Book Awards Almanac . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` DC Universe Animated Original Movies '' . Wikipedia . 2017 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Affleck and Gal Gadot at Beijing premiere of Justice League '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Justice League ( 2017 ) - Box Office Mojo '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 23 . 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8335499156198086459	The Price Is Right (UK game show)	The Price is Right ( UK game show ) - wikipedia The Price is Right ( UK game show ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Price is Right Title card for 2017 special Also known as The New Price is Right Bruce 's Price is Right Genre Game show Created by Bob Stewart Presented by Leslie Crowther ( 1984 -- 88 ) Bob Warman ( 1989 -- 90 ) Bruce Forsyth ( 1995 -- 2001 ) Joe Pasquale ( 2006 -- 07 ) Alan Carr ( 2017 ) Voices of Simon Prebble ( 1984 -- 88 ) Bobby Bragg ( 1989 ) Al Sherwin ( 1989 -- 90 ) Peter Dickson ( 1995 -- 2001 , 2006 -- 07 ) Mike Hurley ( stand - in : 2006 -- 07 ) Tony Hirst ( 2017 ) Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series 5 ( Leslie Crowther ) 1 ( Bob Warman ) 7 ( Bruce Forsyth ) 1 ( Joe Pasquale ) No. of episodes 100 ( Leslie Crowther ) 350 + ( Bob Warman ) 116 ( 3 unaired ) ( Bruce Forsyth ) 124 ( Joe Pasquale ) 1 ( Alan Carr ) Production Running time 60 minutes ( inc . adverts ) ( 1984 -- 88 , 2006 -- 07 , 2017 ) 30 minutes ( inc . adverts ) ( 1989 -- 90 , 1995 -- 2001 , 2006 ) Production company ( s ) Central in association with Mark Goodson Productions and Talbot Television ( 1984 -- 88 ) Talbot Telegame and Mark Goodson Productions ( 1989 -- 90 ) Yorkshire Television and Talbot Television in association with Mark Goodson Productions ( 1995 -- 96 ) Yorkshire Television and Fremantle ( UK ) Productions ( Grundy ) ( 1996 -- 2001 ) Talkback Thames ( 2006 -- 07 ) Thames ( 2017 ) Distributor ITV Studios FremantleMedia Release Original network ITV ( 1984 -- 88 , 1995 -- 2001 , 2006 -- 2007 ) Sky One ( 1989 -- 90 ) Channel 4 ( 2017 -- ) Picture format 4 : 3 ( 1984 -- 88 , 1989 -- 90 , 1995 -- 2000 ) 16 : 9 ( 2001 , 2006 -- 07 ; 2017 ) Original release 24 March 1984 ( 1984 - 03 - 24 ) -- 12 January 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 12 ) TV special : 30 December 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 30 ) Chronology Related shows The Price Is Right The Price is Right is a British game show based on the US version of the same name . It originally aired on ITV from 24 March 1984 to 8 April 1988 and was hosted by Leslie Crowther . The show later briefly moved to Sky One for one series as The New Price is Right from 4 September 1989 to 31 August 1990 with Bob Warman as the host . It returned to ITV , as Bruce 's Price is Right , from 4 September 1995 to 16 December 2001 with Bruce Forsyth hosting for seven series , and again on the same channel from 8 May 2006 until 12 January 2007 , this time hosted by Joe Pasquale . Two one - off specials aired as part of ITV 's Gameshow Marathon in September 2005 and April 2007 . On 30 December 2017 , it was revived for a one - off pilot hosted by Alan Carr on Channel 4 . In June 2017 , Carr was announced as the new host . Contents 1 Crowther era ( The Price is Right ) 1.1 Pricing Games 1.2 Announcer 1.3 Models 2 Warman era ( The New Price is Right ) 2.1 Pricing Games 2.2 Announcers 2.3 Models 3 Forsyth era ( Bruce 's Price is Right ) 3.1 Pricing Games 3.2 Announcer 3.3 Models 4 Ant and Dec 's Gameshow Marathon ( The Price is Right ) 4.1 Announcer 4.2 Games played 4.3 Other results 5 Pasquale era ( The Price is Right ) 5.1 Pricing Games 5.2 Announcers 5.3 Models 5.4 Cancellation 6 Vernon Kay 's Gameshow Marathon ( The Price is Right ) 6.1 Contestants 6.2 Announcer 7 Transmissions 7.1 Crowther era ( The Price is Right ) 7.2 Warman era ( The New Price Is Right ) 7.3 Forsyth era ( Bruce 's Price Is Right ) 7.4 Pasquale era ( The Price is Right ) 7.5 Carr era ( The Price is Right ) 8 References 9 External links Crowther era ( the Price is Right ) ( edit ) Logo from Leslie Crowther - era . Leslie Crowther hosted the original UK version , having beaten Joe Brown to the role of host after both recorded pilot episodes . It was also notable for being produced by William G. Stewart ( of later Fifteen to One fame ) , who made the occasional cameo appearance . The Crowther version is popular with fans of the show for its near - campiness , frenetic pace , glamour , and the endearing presentation skills of its host , not for its cheaper prizes ( which were forced on it by the Independent Broadcasting Authority 's prize limits ) . Its format was nearly identical to that of CBS 's daytime show in the United States . It initially used the Big Wheel to decide who would go through to the Range Finder ( Scoring 100 won £ 500 and a bonus spin which awarded an additional £ 1,000 for spinning 100 or £ 250 for landing on an adjacent section ) , but the IBA forced Central to abandon this because of the lack of pricing skill involved . In fact , the show had to go off air for a while during its first season on the IBA 's instructions ( the regulator was also unhappy that prize values had exceeded its limits ) , so that the format could be adapted to fit into a much more tightly - regulated UK broadcasting environment . After this ruling was made , the show replaced the Big Wheel rounds with a game called `` Supermarket '' , a game loosely based on the American version 's `` Grocery Game '' pricing game . In `` Supermarket '' , each of the three people would select up to four of six presented grocery products ; the one whose total was closest to £ 20 , above or below , advanced to the Range Finder . Series two saw the Big Wheel return for a spin - off to see who would have the option of bidding or passing on the first showcase ; each contestant had to take two spins . If a person scored 100 , £ 400 would be donated to charity on their behalf , and Leslie would ask the person a consumer - related question to win £ 100 for him / herself . The winner was the contestant who came closer to 100 in either direction . The Crowther version later replaced Supermarket and the Big Wheel called with the `` Showcase Showdown '' , where all six on - stage contestants played a series of estimated - guess questions and the person farthest away from the actual prize was eliminated . This was done until the last two contestants were left , and they then advanced to the Range Finder . The final round , the Range Finder , was played largely the same way as on the Showcase finale on the American version . In the first season , the winner would n't win the largest prize in their showcase if their winning guess was not within 10 % of the showcase total . In subsequent seasons , the game was played with 1972 -- 74 United States rules ( no Double Showcase rule ) , while it did use the rule for a double overbid . Pricing games ( edit ) 3 in a Row ( not based on any US game . ) 3 Strikes Any Number Bargain Bar ( `` Barker 's Bargain Bar '' in the US . ) Blank Cheque ( Now known as `` Check Game '' in the US . ) Bonus Game ( The ) Card Game Check - Out Cliffhanger ( `` Cliff Hangers '' in the US . ) ( The ) Clock Game Danger Price Dice Game Escalator ( `` Walk of Fame '' in the US . ) Five Price Tags Give or Keep ? Hi Lo ( played with small prizes instead of grocery items . ) Hole in One Lucky 7 ( played with seven £ 1 coins for a prize with a three - digit price . ) Master Key Matchmaker ( not based on any US game ; a pricing game in name only , as it actually involved no prices at all . ) Money Game ( played for a vehicle with a three - digit price . ) Most Expensive ( an original game later introduced in the US as `` Easy as 1 , 2 , 3 '' ; not the US ' `` Most Expensive '' ; contestants only won the most expensive prize . ) One Away Partners ( loosely based on Double Bullseye . ) The Penny Drops ( `` Penny Ante '' in the US . ) Permutation ( not based on any US game ; played much like Balance Game II . ) Pick - a-Pair ( played with small prizes instead of grocery items . ) Punch a Bunch Race Game Range Game Safecracker ( `` Safe Crackers '' in the US . ) Secret X ( contestant has three chances to win up to two X 's in addition to the one given at the outset . ) Side by Side ( not based on any US game ; not related to the US ' Side by Side in any way . ) Squeeze Play ( played for a three - digit prize ; players remove two numbers instead of one from a set of five digits or one number from a set of four . ) Switcheroo ( played for four two - digit prizes and one three - digit prize . ) Take Two Temptation Ten Chances ( played for two two - digit prizes and one three - digit prize . ) Tic - Tac - Toe ( a variation on Secret X . ) Time - Play ( a variation on Clock Game ; played for three three - digit prizes in ascending order of price . ) Trade Up ( `` Trader Bob '' in the US . ) Announcer ( edit ) Simon Prebble ( 1984 -- 1988 ) Models ( edit ) Marie - Elise Grepne ( 1984 -- 1985 ) Jacqueline Bucknell ( 1984 -- 1986 ) Julia Roberts ( 1984 -- 1986 ) Denise Kelly ( 1984 -- 1988 ) Sandra Easby ( 1985 ) Cindy Day ( 1986 -- 1988 ) Carol Greenwood ( 1986 -- 1988 ) Gillian de Terville ( 1986 -- 1988 ) Elsa O'Toole ( 1986 ) Judy Bailey ( 1986 -- 1988 ) Laura Calland ( 1987 -- 1988 ) Sarah Wynter ( 1988 ) Warman era ( the new Price is Right ) ( edit ) Logo from Bob Warman - era . The second version hosted by Bob Warman is considered to be a precursor to the third version hosted by Bruce Forsyth , as it was a half - hour and used the Showcase range game . Having premiered shortly after Leslie Crowther 's version went off the air , it retained many elements from the set and props , but was somewhat `` Americanized '' . The show was hence called `` The New Price is Right '' and had a red , yellow and green pound sign . The Warman version also had slightly better and more expensive prizes than the Crowther version due to the program 's shorter length , in - show sponsorship , and lighter government regulation of satellite television channels . The show also had a light border in the opening ( mimicking the American version ) , used US music ( including the opening theme , the Match Game - Hollywood Squares Hour theme and Concentration car cues , to name a few ) , and had more colour on the set . The Showcase round was played considerably differently : After three games and a single Showcase Showdown at the Big Wheel ( in which spinning 100 earned a bonus spin worth a bonus prize ) , the Showdown winner selected a range at random from £ 250 to £ 1,000 ; if the bid was within the selected range of the price of the presented showcase without going over , they won the Showcase . Pricing games ( edit ) Bargain Bar Cliffhanger Danger Price Five Price Tags ( played with grocery items , and players are given a free pick at the start . ) Hi Lo Lucky 7 ( played with seven tokens . ) Money Game ( played for a car , as in America . ) Pick - a-Pair ( played with grocery items . ) Race Game Side by Side ( not based on any American pricing game , including `` Side by Side '' . ) Switcheroo Ten Chances Announcers ( edit ) Bobby Bragg Al Sherwin Models ( edit ) Suzie Marlowe Tracie Williams Katrina Maltby Julie Broster Peitra Caston Forsyth era ( Bruce 's Price is Right ) ( edit ) Logo for the Bruce Forsyth - era . When it started in 1995 , Bruce 's Price is Right was one of the first shows to fully take advantage of the Independent Television Commission 's lifting of the prize limits and the general deregulation of the UK broadcasting environment . The Showcase Showdown was played on the Big Wheel ( objections to lack of skill no longer being a factor ) , with the highest - scoring contestant on one spin or a combination of two spins going through to the Range Finder , and any contestant who scored 100 on one spin or a combination of two spins would win £ 1,000 . The ranges for the Range Finder in this version went from £ 1,000 to £ 5,000 . ( Unlike the other three versions , this version did not involve any bonus spin . ) Although , it was only in a half - hour format with three pricing games per show ( the Crowther show had been an hour long with six games ) , it still gave away more valuable prizes each week than the previous ITV version had done ( for example , it was possible for a contestant to win two cars , one in a pricing game and one in the showcase , which would have been utterly unthinkable on British TV in the 1980s ) . Cars offered were usually superminis , from makers like Daihatsu and Daewoo , or models like a Ford Ka or Mazda Demio , but small sports cars like a Hyundai Accent or Vauxhall Tigra were offered on occasion . On the Forsyth version , the game Plinko was played to very different rules from the US version ; considerably less money could be won , and contestants could risk their cash winnings on one final Plinko chip in hopes of adding a car or other large prize to their winnings ( the cash spaces on the board were replaced with alternating `` WIN '' and `` LOSE '' tags ) . Landing on `` LOSE '' would lose all the money accumulated , while landing on `` WIN '' won the car or other large prize plus the money . ( Ant and Dec 's Gameshow Marathon used these rules for their playing of Plinko , with an extra choice of a pound sign in addition to `` WIN '' and `` LOSE '' , so that landing in the pound sign slot would double the winnings . Vernon Kay 's extra chip , however , landed in a `` WIN '' slot . ) Many European versions of the show that debuted after the Forsyth version based their games and sound cues on that show . The main theme , an update of the US theme , and the `` come on down '' music are from the short - lived 1994 US syndicated version . Forsyth initially opened this version with a modified version of his trademark line of `` Nice to see you , to see you ... NICE ! '' ( where the audience yells the word `` nice '' at the end ) adding `` ... and it 's nice to meet the stars of our show , whoever you are ! '' In later series the original line was used , followed by `` Let 's meet the stars of our show , whoever you are ! '' Pricing games ( edit ) Introduced Series 1 ( 1995 ) Cliffhanger ( `` Cliff Hangers '' in the US ; contestants were told that the prices increased as the game progressed . ) Clock Game ( rules modified after Series 1 so that all prizes ended in either ' 0 ' or ' 5 ' . ) Danger Price ( contestant could not win the prize that cost the danger price . ) Double Price Tags ( `` Double Prices '' in the US . ) Hole in One ( played with four small prizes instead of six grocery products , uses two - putt rule . ) Master Key Money Game Most Expensive ( contestant only won the most expensive prize . ) One Right Price ( regularly played for two cars , though the contestant could only choose one . ) Pathfinder Pick - a-Pair ( played with the prizes themselves instead of with grocery products . ) Plinko Race Game ( played with a 30 - second timer . ) Secret `` X '' ( except on earliest playings , contestants had three chances to win the two additional Xs . ) Swap ( `` Switch ? '' in the US ; contestant could only win one prize they would choose . ) Switcheroo ( a non-car game ) Introduced Series 2 ( 1996 ) Check - Out Lucky Seven ( modified so that no numbers appeared in the price more than once . ) Make Your Move Pick - a-Number Introduced Series 3 ( 1997 ) Credit Card ( contestant won the three prizes they picked , and only one prize can create a loss and may still win the game ; rules modified later on so that they also kept the remaining money on the card ) Most Expensive ( replaced original `` Most Expensive '' from Series 1 ; now a renamed version of `` Easy as 1 , 2 , 3 '' . ) Split Decision ( used the game 's timed format . ) Three Strikes ( ' one strike in the bag ' rule implemented from Series 5 onward . ) Introduced Series 4 ( 1998 ) Any Number Bruce 's Bargain Bar ( `` Barker 's Bargain Bar '' in the US , contestant only won one of the prizes . ) Hi Lo ( played for two prizes , contestants chose one prize if game was won . ) Introduced Series 5 ( 1999 ) Joker Side by Side Price Tags ( `` Barker 's Markers '' / `` Make Your Mark '' in the US ) Introduced Series 6 ( 2000 ) Clearance Sale Let ' em Roll ( except on earliest playings , the number of rolls was determined using a grocery product and three price choices . ) Push Over ( the blocks went `` to Australia '' according to Bruce . ) Introduced Series 7 ( 2001 ) No new games were introduced . Announcer ( edit ) Peter Dickson ( 1995 -- 2001 ) Models ( edit ) Kimberley Cowell ( 1995 -- 2001 ) Emma Noble ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Emma Steadman ( 1995 -- 2001 ) Brian Tattersall ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Simon Peat ( 1998 -- 2001 ) Lea Kristensen ( 1998 -- 2001 ) Ant and Dec 's Gameshow Marathon ( the Price is Right ) ( edit ) On 17 September 2005 , as part of a celebration of the 50th birthday of ITV , Ant & Dec hosted a one - off revival of The Price is Right as part of Ant & Dec 's Gameshow Marathon ; they also hosted revivals of several other game shows that were once popular on the ITV network . The original titles were from the Central version , however the Yorkshire Television logo was used instead . Announcer ( edit ) Peter Dickson ( 2005 ) Games played ( edit ) Cliffhanger ( Carol Vorderman ) ; game won Plinko ( Vernon Kay ) ; gamble taken and extra prize ( car ) won Race Game ( Ruby Wax ) ; one prize out of four won Other results ( edit ) Carol Vorderman won the Showcase Showdown and proceeded to win her showcase . Pasquale era ( the Price is Right ) ( edit ) Logo from Joe Pasquale - era . Talkback Thames debuted a revival on ITV1 on 8 May 2006 , this time with former I 'm a Celebrity , Get Me Out of Here ! winner Joe Pasquale as host . It followed the same gameplay format as Bob Warman and Bruce Forsyth 's versions , with Range Finder ranges going from £ 500 to £ 3000 ( sometimes £ 4000 ) , and the Showcase Showdown adapted the bonus spin from the Warman version , with a car at stake ; later replaced by the £ 1000 bonus . It had a very `` panto '' feel to it , and it relies on nostalgia of the Crowther version , which was known for its cheap prizes because of the regulations of the time . Joe 's tour manager , Ray Tizzard , made appearances as his `` twin '' in various pricing games . The show expanded to an hour from 3 July 2006 . This involved three games being played , a Showcase Showdown , three more games , another Showcase Showdown , and then , the winners from both showdowns take part in the ' Pasquale Finale ' , a spin - off on the wheel to see who will go through to the Range Finder . In addition , prior to this , the maximum range in the Range Finder increased to £ 4000 , as the budget increased . After the first three games and Showcase Showdown , Contestants ' Row was cleared of people , and a new set of four contestants was called down . In all versions of the programme , a perfect bid in Contestants ' Row resulted in a £ 100 bonus in either cash or , in the Warman version , gift certificates . Pricing games ( edit ) Any Number Cliffhanger ( `` Cliff Hangers '' in the US . ) Danger Price Deck of Cards ( `` Card Game '' in the US ; introduced when the show went hour - long . ) Easy as 1 , 2 , 3 Find the Lady ( `` Shell Game '' in the US , played here with playing cards , including a Queen . ) Half & Half ( `` Money Game '' in the US . ) Hi Lo Hole in One Joe 's Bargain Bar ( `` Barker 's Bargain Bar '' in the US . ) Joe 's Lucky Bags ( `` 3 Strikes '' in the US . ) Joe Ker ( introduced when the show went hour - long ; known as `` Joker '' in the US . ) Lucky 7 ( `` Lucky Seven '' in the US ; introduced when the show went hour - long , follows the same rules as Bruce Forsyth 's version . ) On the Nose One Right Price ( not the US ' 1 Right Price ; actually more similar to the US ' Double Prices , with three choices , so you could call it `` Triple Prices '' . ) One Wrong Price Pick a Number Pick - a-Pair ( played with only four items . ) Plinko Price Tags ( `` Five Price Tags '' in the US ; introduced when the show went hour - long . ) Push Over Safecracker ( `` Safe Crackers '' in the US . ) Side by Side Swap ( `` Switch ? '' in the US . ) Take 2 Walk the Line ( the grocery portion of Let ' em Roll with five items ; based on the high - low game on Play Your Cards Right with prices of grocery items instead of playing cards ; to win , a contestant must correctly run the board with no mistakes . ) Announcers ( edit ) Peter Dickson ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Mike Hurley ( 2006 -- 2007 ) ( occasional cover for Peter Dickson ) Models ( edit ) Natalie Denning ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Amanda Robbins ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Richard Kyte ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Natalie Pike ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Cancellation ( edit ) ITV chiefs cancelled The Price is Right at the end of its latest run on 12 January 2007 , citing the fact that while The Paul O'Grady Show on Channel 4 regularly attracted over 2.5 million viewers , Pasquale only managed to pull in 800,000 . Vernon Kay 's Gameshow Marathon ( the Price is Right ) ( edit ) After the success of Ant & Dec 's Gameshow Marathon in 2005 , ITV brought the show back , this time hosted by Vernon Kay , a contestant in the first series . Vernon Kay 's Gameshow Marathon began on 7 April 2007 with The Price is Right . Contestants ( edit ) Michael Le Vell ( Coronation Street actor ) Jamelia ( Singer ) Graeme Le Saux ( Footballer ) Wendy Richard ( Former EastEnders actress ) Ben Shephard ( TV presenter ) Andrea Catherwood ( The Sunday Edition presenter ) The winner of the show was Graeme Le Saux , who as a result advanced to the quarter - final of the show . The five remaining contestants returned in the next week 's show , Blockbusters , to battle for the second spot in the quarter - final round . Announcer ( edit ) Peter Dickson ( 2007 ) Transmissions ( edit ) Crowther era ( The Price is Right ) ( edit ) Series Start date End date Episodes 24 March 1984 16 June 1984 9 29 December 1984 15 June 1985 25 18 January 1986 21 June 1986 23 22 November 1986 23 May 1987 25 5 27 November 1987 8 April 1988 18 Warman era ( The New Price Is Right ) ( edit ) Series Start date End date Episodes 4 September 1989 31 August 1990 350 + Forsyth era ( Bruce 's Price Is Right ) ( edit ) Series Start date End date Episodes 4 September 1995 27 December 1995 17 2 September 1996 23 December 1996 17 29 August 1997 9 January 1998 17 4 September 1998 15 January 1999 17 5 10 September 1999 4 September 2000 17 6 8 September 2000 16 December 2000 17 7 23 June 2001 16 December 2001 14 Pasquale era ( The Price is Right ) ( edit ) Series Start date End date Episodes 8 May 2006 12 January 2007 124 Carr era ( The Price is Right ) ( edit ) Series Start date End date Episodes Special 30 December 2017 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Alan Carr to Host a new pilot of the Price is Right for C4 '' . Channel 4 Press . 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Evening Times https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2mus-XyGPC0C . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 31 Aug 1990 , 29 '' . Retrieved 1 April 2014 . External links ( edit ) The Price is Right ( 1984 -- 1988 ) on IMDb . Bruce 's Price is Right on IMDb . The Price is Right ( 2006 -- 2007 ) on IMDb . The Price is Right ( 1984 -- 1988 ) at BFI . Bruce 's Price is Right at BFI . The Price is Right ( 2006 -- 2007 ) at BFI . The Price Is Right at UKGameshows.com . The Price Is Right United States Versions The Price Is Right The Price Is Right ( 1956 -- 65 ) The New Price Is Right ( 1994 -- 95 ) Gameshow Marathon The Price Is Right Live ! Production List of The Price Is Right pricing games Models International Australia Current series 1957 -- 1974 original series United Kingdom France Mexico Philippines Italy Sky One original programming 1980s debuts The DJ Kat Show Fun Factory The New Price is Right Sale of the Century 1990s debuts Beat the Crusher Blockbusters CI5 : The New Professionals Diana : Her True Story Dream Team Games World Guilty ! Jeopardy ! Police Stop ! Prickly Heat Space Island One Space Precinct Spellbound Springhill Through the Keyhole Uncovered The Villa The Wanderer 2000s debuts All - Star Cup Angela and Friends Are You Smarter than a 10 Year Old ? Baddiel 's Syndrome Badger or Bust Big Ron Manager The Bombmaker Brainiac : History Abuse Brainiac : Science Abuse Brainiac 's Test Tube Baby Britain 's Hardest Cirque de Celebrité Dirty Money Do n't Forget the Lyrics ! Ed vs. Spencer Entertainment Tonight UK Fear Factor Fight School Football Icon Gamezville Gladiators Grease : The School Musical Guinness World Records Smashed Hairspray : The School Musical Harry Enfield 's Brand Spanking New Show Hex Is Harry on the Boat ? Kirsty 's Home Videos Little Monsters The Match Mile High Mission Implausible Noel 's Christmas Presents Noel 's HQ Nothing but the Truth Oops TV The Pop Years Porno Valley Project Catwalk The Race Road Raja Road Wars Ross Kemp : Behind the Story Ross Kemp in Afghanistan Ross Kemp in Search of Pirates Ross Kemp on Gangs Sell Me the Answer Shock Treatment Skellig The Strangerers Street Wars The Stretch The Sun Military Awards The Take Taste Terry Pratchett 's Hogfather Terry Pratchett 's The Colour of Magic There 's Something About Miriam Time Gentleman , Please ! UK Border Force Vroom ! Vroom ! Wayne Rooney 's Street Striker 2010s debuts After Hours Ashley Banjo 's Secret Street Crew The Angel The Big Spell Bill Bailey 's Birdwatching Bonanza Bring the Noise The Café Chickens Chris & Wes : Let 's Do This Cop Squad Critical David Attenborough 's Conquest of the Skies 3D David Haye versus Do n't Stop Me Now ! Emergency with Angela Griffin Fat Families Football 's Next Star Gadget Geeks Got to Dance Harrow : A Very British School Harry Hill 's Tea Time Hooten & the Lady An Idiot Abroad Inside Gatwick King of the Nerds The Kumars Little Crackers Liza & Huey 's Pet Nation Louie Spence 's Showbusiness Mad Dogs The Moaning of Life Moonfleet Moone Boy Mount Pleasant Must Be the Music Obese : A Year to Save My Life One Hundred and Eighty Parents Pineapple Dance Studios Prison : First & Last 24 Hours Ross Kemp : Battle for the Amazon Ross Kemp : Extreme World Rovers The Runaway Safebreakers Showboaters Sinbad Sing : Ultimate A Cappella The Smoke Spy Starlings Stella Terry Pratchett 's Going Postal Thorne A Touch of Cloth Treasure Island Wall of Fame Yonderland You , Me and the Apocalypse Current Agatha Raisin ( since 2014 ) Bliss ( since 2018 ) Bounty Hunters ( since 2017 ) Bulletproof ( since 2018 ) Carnage ( since 2018 ) Carters Get Rich ( since 2017 ) Delicious ( since 2016 ) Duck Quacks Do n't Echo ( since 2014 ) The Five ( since 2016 ) In the Long Run ( since 2018 ) Jamestown ( since 2017 ) A League of Their Own ( since 2010 ) Living the Dream ( since 2017 ) Revolution ( since 2018 ) The Russell Howard Hour ( since 2017 ) Sick Note ( since 2017 ) Sick of It ( since 2018 ) Stan Lee 's Lucky Man ( since 2016 ) Stop Search Seize ( since 2015 ) Strike Back ( since 2010 ) Trollied ( since 2011 ) Wild Things ( since 2015 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Price_Is_Right_(UK_game_show)&oldid=857101294 '' Categories : 1984 British television programme debuts 1980s British game shows 1990s British game shows 2000s British game shows 2010s British game shows British game shows British television series based on American television series English - language television programs ITV game shows Sky television programmes Channel 4 game shows Television programmes produced by Central Independent Television Television series by FremantleMedia Television series by ITV Studios Television series by Mark Goodson - Bill Todman Productions Television series by Reg Grundy Productions Television series by Yorkshire Television British television series revived after cancellation The Price Is Right Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs EngvarB from November 2017 Use dmy dates from November 2017 Articles needing additional references from September 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 15 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the original price is right girl	[]	[]
-3365661959731558991	Small finance bank	Small finance bank - wikipedia Small finance bank Jump to : navigation , search Small finance banks are a type of niche banks in India . Banks with a small finance bank license can provide basic banking service of acceptance of deposits and lending . The aim behind these to provide financial inclusion to sections of the economy not being served by other banks , such as small business units , small and marginal farmers , micro and small industries and unorganised sector entities . Contents ( hide ) 1 Regulations 2 Guidelines 3 History 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading Regulations ( edit ) The firms must have a capital of ₹ 100 crore . Existing non-banking financial companies ( NBFC ) , micro-finance institutions ( MFI ) and local area banks ( LAB ) ( Local area banks are non scheduled banks They were set up with the twin objectives of providing an institutional mechanism for promoting rural and semi urban savings and for providing credit for viable economic activities in the local areas They were established as public limited companies in the private sector They are promoted either by individuals , corporate , trusts or societies The minimum paid up capital of such banks was Rs. 100 crores The promoter 's contribution should be at least Rs. 40 crores ( This also looks incorrect ) Local area banks can operate and open their branches in a maximum of three geographically contiguous districts . They are governed by the provisions of Reserve Bank of India act 1934 , Banking Regulation act 1949 and other relevant statutes . They are to be registered as public limited companies under the Indian companies act 1956 Since they are non scheduled banks , they can not borrow funds from Reserve Bank of India like other scheduled commercial banks ) are allowed to set up small finance banks . The promoters should have 10 years experience in banking and finance . The promoters stake in the paid - up equity capital will be 40 % initially which must be brought down to 26 % in 12 years . Joint ventures are not permitted . Foreign share holding will be allowed in these banks as per the rules for FDI in private banks in India . The banks will not be restricted to any region . 75 % of its net credits should be in priority sector lending and 50 % of the loans in its portfolio must in 25 lakh range . Guidelines ( edit ) 1 . Registration , licensing and regulations The small finance bank shall be registered as a public limited company under the Companies Act , 2013 . It will be licensed under Section 22 of the Banking Regulation Act , 1949 and governed by the provisions of the Banking Regulation Act , 1949 ; Reserve Bank of India Act , 1934 ; Foreign Exchange Management Act , 1999 ; Payment and Settlement Systems Act , 2007 ; Credit Information Companies ( Regulation ) Act , 2005 ; Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation Act , 1961 ; other relevant Statutes and the Directives , Prudential Regulations and other Guidelines / Instructions issued by RBI and other regulators from time to time . The small finance banks will be given scheduled bank status once they commence their operations , and found suitable as per Section 42 ( 6 ) ( a ) of the Reserve Bank of India Act , 1934 . 2 . Objectives The objectives of setting up of small finance banks will be for furthering financial inclusion by ( i ) provision of savings vehicles primarily to unserved and underserved sections of the population , and ( ii ) supply of credit to small business units ; small and marginal farmers ; micro and small industries ; and other unorganised sector entities , through high technology - low cost operations . 3 . Eligible promoters Resident individuals / professionals with 10 years of experience in banking and finance ; and Companies and Societies owned and controlled by residents will be eligible as promoters to set up small finance banks . Existing Non-Banking Finance Companies ( NBFCs ) , Micro Finance Institutions ( MFIs ) , and LABs that are owned and controlled by residents can also opt for conversion into small finance banks after complying with all legal and regulatory requirements of various authorities and if they conform to these guidelines . However , joint ventures by different promoter groups for the purpose of setting up small finance banks would not be permitted . As local focus and the ability to serve smaller customers will be the key criteria in licensing such banks , this may be a more appropriate vehicle for local players or players who are focused on lending to unserved / underserved sections of the society . Accordingly , proposals from large public sector entities and industrial and business houses , including from NBFCs promoted by them , will not be entertained . Promoter / Promoter Groups as defined in the SEBI ( Issue of Capital & Disclosure Requirements ) Regulations , 2009 should be ' fit and proper ' in order to be eligible to promote small finance banks . RBI would assess the ' fit and proper ' status of the applicants on the basis of their past record of sound credentials and integrity ; financial soundness and successful track record of professional experience or of running their businesses , etc. for at least a period of five years . 4 . Scope of activities The small finance bank , in furtherance of the objectives for which it is set up , shall primarily undertake basic banking activities of acceptance of deposits and lending to unserved and underserved sections including small business units , small and marginal farmers , micro and small industries and unorganised sector entities . It can also undertake other non-risk sharing simple financial services activities , not requiring any commitment of own fund , such as distribution of mutual fund units , insurance products , pension products , etc. with the prior approval of the RBI and after complying with the requirements of the sectoral regulator for such products . The small finance bank can also become a Category II Authorised Dealer in foreign exchange business for its clients ' requirements . It can not set up subsidiaries to undertake non-banking financial services activities . The annual branch expansion plans of the small finance banks for the initial five years would need prior approval of RBI . The annual branch expansion plans should be in compliance with the requirement of opening at least 25 per cent of its branches in unbanked rural centres ( population up to 9,999 as per the latest census ) . There will not be any restriction in the area of operations of small finance banks ; however , preference will be given to those applicants who in the initial phase set up the bank in a cluster of under - banked States / districts , such as in the North - East , East and Central regions of the country . These applicants will not have any hindrance to expand to other regions in due course . It is expected that the small finance bank should primarily be responsive to local needs . After the initial stabilisation period of five years , and after a review , RBI may liberalize the requirement of prior approval for annual branch expansion plans and scope of activities of the small finance banks . The other financial and non-financial services activities of the promoters , if any , should be kept distinctly ring - fenced and not commingled with the banking business . The small finance bank will be required to use the words `` Small Finance Bank '' in its name in order to differentiate it from other banks . 5 . Capital requirement The minimum paid - up equity capital for small finance banks shall be Rs. 100 crore . In view of the inherent risk of a small finance bank , it shall be required to maintain a minimum capital adequacy ratio of 15 per cent of its risk weighted assets ( RWA ) on a continuous basis , subject to any higher percentage as may be prescribed by RBI from time to time . Tier I capital should be at least 7.5 per cent of RWAs . Tier II capital should be limited to a maximum of 100 per cent of total Tier I capital . As small finance banks are not expected to deal with sophisticated products , the capital adequacy ratio will be computed under Basel Committee 's standardised approaches . 6 . Promoter 's contribution The promoter 's minimum initial contribution to the paid - up equity capital of such small finance bank shall at least be 40 per cent . If the initial shareholding by promoter in the bank is in excess of 40 per cent , it should be brought down to 40 per cent within a period of five years . The promoter 's minimum contribution of 40 per cent of paid - up equity capital shall be locked in for a period of five years from the date of commencement of business of the bank . Further , the promoter 's stake should be brought down to 30 per cent of the paid - up equity capital of the bank within a period of 10 years , and to 26 per cent within 12 years from the date of commencement of business of the bank . Proposals having diversified shareholding subject to the initial minimum shareholding of promoters and a time frame for listing of the bank will be preferred . However , after the small finance bank reaches the net worth of Rs. 500 crore , listing will be mandatory within three years of reaching that net worth . However , small finance banks having net worth of below Rs. 500 crore could also get their shares listed voluntarily , subject to fulfillment of the requirements of the capital markets regulator . 7 . Foreign shareholding The foreign shareholding in the small finance bank would be as per the Foreign Direct Investment ( FDI ) policy for private sector banks as amended from time to time . As per the current FDI policy , the aggregate foreign investment in a private sector bank from all sources will be allowed up to a maximum of 74 per cent of the paid - up capital of the bank ( automatic up to 49 per cent and approval route beyond 49 per cent to 74 per cent ) . At all times , at least 26 per cent of the paid - up capital will have to be held by residents . In the case of Foreign Institutional Investors ( FIIs ) / Foreign Portfolio Investors ( FPIs ) , individual FII / FPI holding is restricted to below 10 per cent of the total paid - up capital , aggregate limit for all FIIs / FPIs / Qualified Foreign Investors ( QFIs ) can not exceed 24 per cent of the total paid - up capital , which can be raised to 49 per cent of the total paid - up capital by the bank concerned through a resolution by its Board of Directors followed by a special resolution to that effect by its General Body . In the case of NRIs , the individual holding is restricted to 5 per cent of the total paid - up capital both on repatriation and non-repatriation basis and aggregate limit can not exceed 10 per cent of the total paid - up capital both on repatriation and non-repatriation basis . However , Non-Resident Indian ( NRI ) holding can be allowed up to 24 per cent of the total paid - up capital both on repatriation and non-repatriation basis provided the banking company passes a special resolution to that effect in the General Body . 8 . Voting rights and transfer / acquisition of shares As per Section 12 ( 2 ) of the Banking Regulation Act , 1949 , any shareholder 's voting rights in private sector banks are capped at 10 per cent . This limit can be raised to 26 per cent in a phased manner by the RBI . Further , as per Section 12B of the Act ibid , any acquisition of 5 per cent or more of paid - up share capital in a private sector bank will require prior approval of RBI . This will also apply to the small finance banks . 9 . Prudential norms The newly set up small finance banks should ensure that they put in place a robust risk management framework . The small finance bank will be subject to all prudential norms and regulations of RBI as applicable to existing commercial banks including requirement of maintenance of CRR and SLR . No forbearance would be provided for complying with the statutory provisions . In view of the objective for which small finance bank will be set up , it will be required to extend 75 per cent of its Adjusted Net Bank Credit ( ANBC ) to the sectors eligible for classification as priority sector lending ( PSL ) by RBI . While 40 per cent of its ANBC should be allocated to different sub-sectors under PSL as per the extant PSL prescriptions , the bank can allocate the balance 35 per cent to any one or more sub-sectors under the PSL where it has competitive advantage . The maximum loan size and investment limit exposure to a single and group obligor would be restricted to 10 per cent and 15 per cent of its capital funds , respectively . Further , in order to ensure that the bank extends loans primarily to small borrowers , at least 50 per cent of its loan portfolio should constitute loans and advances of up to Rs. 25 lakh . After the initial stabilisation period of five years , and after a review , RBI may relax the above exposure limits . In addition to the restrictions placed on banks ' loans and advances to its directors and the companies in which its directors are interested under Section 20 of the Banking Regulation Act , 1949 , the small finance bank is precluded from having any exposure to its promoters , major shareholders ( who have shareholding of 10 per cent of paid - up equity shares in the bank ) , the relatives ( as defined in Section 2 ( 77 ) of the Companies Act , 2013 and Rules made there under ) of the promoters as also the entities in which they have significant influence or control ( as defined under Accounting Standards AS 21 and AS 23 ) . 10 . Additional conditions for NBFCs / MFIs / LABs converting into a bank An existing NBFC / MFI / LAB , if it meets the conditions under these guidelines , could apply to convert itself into a small finance bank , after complying with all legal and approval requirements from various authorities . In such a case , the entity shall have a minimum net worth of Rs. 100 crore or it shall infuse additional paid - up equity capital to achieve net worth of Rs. 100 crore . It may be noted that on conversion into a small finance bank , the NBFC / MFI will cease to exist and all its business which a bank can undertake should fold into the bank and the activities which a bank can not statutorily undertake be divested / disposed of . Further , the branches of the NBFC / MFI should either be converted into bank branches or be merged / closed as per the business plan . The small finance bank and the NBFC / MFI can not co-exist . Banks are precluded from creating floating charge on their assets . For such NBFCs / MFIs , which succeed in obtaining licences to convert into small finance banks , if they have created floating charges on their assets for secured borrowings which stand in their balance sheets on the day of conversion into a bank , RBI will permit grandfathering of such borrowings till their maturity , subject to imposition of additional capital charge in order to protect the interest of the depositors . If the existing NBFCs / MFIs / LABs have diluted the promoters ' shareholding to below 40 per cent , but above 26 per cent , due to regulatory requirements or otherwise , RBI may not insist on the promoters ' minimum initial contribution as indicated in paragraph 6 of the guidelines . 11 . Business plan The applicants for small finance bank licences will be required to furnish their business plans along with project reports with their applications . The business plan will have to address how the bank proposes to achieve the objectives behind setting up of small finance banks and in the case of an NBFC / MFI applicant , how the existing business of NBFC / MFI will fold into the bank or divested / disposed of . The business plan submitted by the applicant should be realistic and viable . In case of deviation from the stated business plan after issue of licence , RBI may consider restricting the bank 's expansion , effecting change in management and imposing other penal measures as may be necessary . 12 . Corporate governance The Board of the small finance bank should have a majority of independent Directors . The bank should comply with the corporate governance guidelines including ' fit and proper ' criteria for Directors as issued by RBI from time to time . 13 . Other conditions If a promoter setting up a small finance bank desires to set up a Payments Bank , it should set up both types of banks under a Non-Operative Financial Holding Company ( NOFHC ) structure . However , a promoter will not be granted licences for both universal bank and small finance bank even if the proposal is to set them up under the NOFHC structure . Individuals ( including relatives ) and entities other than the promoters will not be permitted to have shareholding in excess of 10 per cent of the paid - up equity capital of the bank . In case of existing NBFCs / MFIs / LABs converting into small finance bank , where there is shareholding in excess of 10 per cent of the paid - up equity capital by entities other than the promoters , RBI may consider providing time up to 3 years for the shareholding to be brought down to 10 per cent . The small finance bank can not be a Business Correspondent ( BC ) for another bank . However , it can have its own BC network . The operations of the bank should be technology driven from the beginning , conforming to generally accepted standards and norms ; while new approaches ( such as for data storage , security and real time data updation ) are encouraged , a detailed technology plan for the same should be furnished to RBI . The bank should have a high powered Customer Grievances Cell to handle customer complaints . The small finance banks will come under the purview of RBI 's Banking Ombudsman Scheme , 2006 . The compliance of terms and conditions laid down by RBI is an essential condition of grant of licence . Any non-compliance will attract penal measures including cancellation of licence of the bank . 14 . Transition path The small finance bank may choose to continue as a differentiated bank . If it aspires to transit into a universal bank , such transition will not be automatic , but would be subject to it applying to RBI for such conversion and fulfilling minimum paid - up capital / net worth requirement as applicable to universal banks ; its satisfactory track record of performance as a small finance bank for a minimum period of five years and the outcome of RBI 's due diligence exercise . On transition into a universal bank , it will be subjected to all the norms including NOFHC structure as applicable to universal banks . History ( edit ) On 17 July 2014 , the Reserve Bank of India ( RBI ) released the draft guidelines for small finance banks , seeking comments for interested entities and the general public . The final guidelines were released by RBI on 27 November 2014 . It was also announced that interested parties should submit applications before 16 January 2015 . In February 2015 , RBI released the list of entities which had applied for a small finance bank license . There were 72 applicants . It was also announced that an external advisory committee headed by Usha Thorat will evaluate the license applications . On 17 September 2015 , The Reserve Bank of India ( RBI ) announced that it had given provisional licenses to 10 entities who would have to convert into Small Finance Banks within one year . 8 out of these 10 entities are microfinance NBFCs reiterating RBIs agenda of financial inclusion . The names of the licensees are as below Ujjivan Janalakshmi Equitas AU Financiers Capital LAB Disha ESAF RGVN Suryoday Utkarsh See also ( edit ) Priority sector lending Payments bank References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` RBI issues final norms for payment , small finance banks '' . Zee News . 28 November 2014 . Retrieved 8 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guidelines for Licensing of Small Finance Banks in the Private Sector '' . Reserve Bank of India . Retrieved 8 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` RBI releases Draft Guidelines for Licensing of Payments Banks and Small Banks '' . Reserve Bank of India . 17 July 2014 . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RBI releases applicants list of payment , small bank licence '' . The Hindu Business Line . 4 February 2015 . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Usha Thorat , Nachiket Mor to head RBI panels for differentiated bank licenses '' . Business Standard . 3 February 2015 . Retrieved 8 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Small Finance Bank Licenses issued to 10 Companies '' . India Microfinance. 17 September 2015 . Retrieved 8 March 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) `` Guidelines for Licensing of Small Finance Banks in the Private Sector '' . Reserve Bank of India . `` List of Microfinance Companies issued Small Finance Bank Licenses by RBI '' . India Microfinance . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Small_finance_bank&oldid=802032537 '' Categories : Banking in India Talk Contents About Wikipedia മലയാളം Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 15 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	purpose of setting up small finance bank in india	[]	[]
7814973547347878369	Gold teeth	Gold teeth - wikipedia Gold teeth Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Gold teeth are a form of dental prosthesis . They are sometimes used for cosmetic purposes . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 World War II 1.2 United States 1.3 South Africa 2 Current use 2.1 Grills 3 In media 4 See also 5 Notes 6 Further reading 7 External links History ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dentists have used gold for filling cavities ( before mercury amalgam became available ) , for crowns , and for other purposes since ancient times . Gold is malleable , nearly immune to corrosion , and hard enough to form a biting surface that can be used for years . Gold was used before silver became available and has continued to be used for specialized purposes . Dental restorations are often made from a combination of precious metals . World war ii ( edit ) Burning of bodies at Auschwitz - Birkenau by Sonderkommando prisoners after removal of gold teeth In Auschwitz : A Doctor 's Eyewitness Account , concentration camp survivor Dr. Miklós Nyiszli ( who served on Dr. Josef Mengele 's medical kommando ) describes the `` tooth - pulling kommando '' . These teams of eight , all `` fine stomatologists and dental surgeons '' equipped `` in one hand with a lever , and in the other a pair of pliers for extracting teeth '' , worked in the crematoria . Stationed in front of the ovens , their job was to pry open the mouths of prisoners who had been gassed and extract , or break off , `` all gold teeth , as well as any gold bridgework and fillings '' . The teeth were collected and stored at the camp before being sent on to the Reichsbank to be melted down and converted into gold bullion , which could then be sold on with no trace of its origin . United States ( edit ) Gold teeth were first present in America before the Jim Crow era . Originally it had become a tradition in Louisiana and around the and after the slave trade After Jim Crow it was believed that many African Americans who were former slaves began getting the gold caps to replace their rotting teeth . It later became a symbol of wealth and freedom and for the slaves that once worked on the plantations fields in South Louisiana in the late 1700 's . It also became a tradition in New Orleans This tradition dates back to the late 1700 to early 1800 's when runaway slaves had encounters with the Indians . The Natives helped the slaves escape and they celebrated freedom this gave birth to the Mardi Gras Indian . Many Slaves intermarried with Native Americans who wore gold teeth.It became a tradition for African - Americans who are of French Creole , African and Native American decent to have more than one gold tooth , in homage of their Native ancestors . This tradition was strongly carried out by families in New Orleans for centuries . After Jim Crow alot of sharecroppers from Louisiana migrated to East Texas . East Texas had the most land and was purchased by poor families from Louisiana . Blacks who had money would get gold caps as flaunted by Jack Johnson , the first black heavyweight boxing champion . Bootleggers and pimps sported gold teeth during that time as well . After 1980 , gold inlays and gold foil work became rare in the United States . In the late 1980 's they were popularized in New York by Brooklyn native Mike Tyson , who got gold caps in mimicking his idol Jack Johnson . Rappers such as Rakim and Slick Rick began to sport gold grills instead of permanent gold teeth . This trend lasted in New York for ten years . South Africa ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Gold teeth in South Africa has become part of the South African fashion culture . Gold teeth are very popular in the country with people getting permanent gold teeth from as young as 12 years old . Gold teeth became a big trend in South Africa in the late 1960s among the Coloured and Black South African communities . Permanent Gold teeth in South Africa is not considered a sign of wealth like in other countries , but a fashion trend . Since the end of Apartheid in many white Afrikaans people and Indian people in the country have also started getting permanent gold teeth . The trend of permanent gold teeth is so big in South Africa that many politicians , celebrities and even pastors have them . Popular belief is that gold will scare away evil spirits ( with it being a representation of light in South African culture ) , the Tikoloshe was said to be afraid of the light and gold teeth wearers were generally very superstitious . Current Use ( edit ) In many regions of the world , including some parts of Eastern Europe , Central Asia , and the Caucasus Regions , gold teeth are also worn as a status symbol . They are considered a symbol of wealth and sometimes installed in the place of healthy teeth or as crowns over filed - down healthy teeth . Grills ( edit ) A woman with gold teeth from Tajikistan , where they are considered a symbol of wealth Grills , false tooth covers made of metal , have become a popular hip hop fashion in the United States since the 1980s . In the early 2000s , Grills were popularized in hip hop videos by Nelly , Three 6 Mafia , Lil Wayne , Ludacris , Paul Wall , and other rappers from the south . The gold grills are still being sported by rappers in various colors . Grills were also worn by Miley Cyrus , Beyonce , and Madonna . While some rap musicians have had their gold teeth permanently attached to existing teeth , most people who purchase them for aesthetic purposes opt for removable gold teeth caps . In 2005 , Nelly released the rap single `` Grillz '' which promotes the dental apparatus . In media ( edit ) Gold teeth have appeared in characters conveyed through many different forms of entertainment media . See also ( edit ) Dentistry portal Grill Prosthodontics Status symbol Dental restoration Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nyiszli , Miklós ( 2011 ) . `` Chapter III '' . Auschwitz : A Doctor 's Eyewitness Account . Trans . by Richard Seaver . New York : Arcade Publishing . pp. 53 -- 55 . ISBN 9781611450118 . OCLC 761307497 . Jump up ^ http://hiphopdx.com/editorials/id.600/title.history-of-the-grill Jump up ^ https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB995489523610582068 Jump up ^ http://www.neworleansbar.org/uploads/files/Creative%20Crescent%20City_8-13.pdf Jump up ^ http://host.madison.com/lifestyles/in-your-face-madison-man-can-create-all-types-of/article_c997b9f5-247c-5f20-8d13-6f75cbc12029.html Jump up ^ https://espn.go.com/sportscentury/features/00014275.html Jump up ^ https://www.si.com/longform/2015/1985/tyson/index.html Jump up ^ https://www.midlothiandentalarts.com/a-history-of-gold-dental-crowns/ Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/the-hook/5915737/pop-star-ladies-wearing-grills-madonna-miley-beyonce-more-show-off Jump up ^ Schepp , David ( August 3 , 2001 ) . `` Gold teeth are a gold mine '' . BBC News . Retrieved January 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Gold Tooth '' . TV Tropes . Further reading ( edit ) May , Meredith ( May 1 , 2005 ) . `` The gold standard of style : No longer just for tough guys , glittering grills go mainstream '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Gold dental crowns at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gold_teeth&oldid=826693649 '' Categories : Restorative dentistry Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia introduction cleanup from December 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from December 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia עברית Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 14 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where do you go to get a gold tooth	[]	[]
7250453610236906517	Banking in Switzerland	Banking in Switzerland - wikipedia Banking in Switzerland Jump to : navigation , search `` Swiss Bank '' redirects here . For the former bank and predecessor to UBS , see Swiss Bank Corporation . Swiss banks are known for their banking secrecy and security . Pictured : the Mont Cervin Palace in Zermatt . A hub of tourism , many private banks service the city and maintain underground bunkers and storage facilities for gold at the foothills of the Swiss Alps . Part of a series on the Culture of Switzerland History People Languages Mythology and folklore ( show ) Mythology folklore Cuisine Festivals Religion ( show ) Christianity Catholicism Protestantism Islam Ahmadiyya Judaism Hinduism Art ( show ) Architecture Literature Music and performing arts ( show ) Music Media ( show ) Television Cinema Sport Monuments ( show ) World Heritage Sites Castles Heritage Sites Symbols ( show ) Flag Coat of arms Switzerland portal Banking in Switzerland began in the early 18th century through Switzerland 's merchant trade and has , over the centuries , grown into a complex , regulated , and international industry . Along with the Swiss Alps , chocolate , watchmaking and mountaineering , banking is seen as emblematic of Switzerland . Switzerland has a long , kindred history of banking secrecy and client confidentiality reaching back to the early 1700s . Started as a way to protect wealthy European banking interests , Swiss banking secrecy was codified in 1934 with the passage of the landmark federal law , the Federal Act on Banks and Savings Banks . Controversial protection of foreign accounts and assets during World War II sparked a series of proposed financial regulations seeking to temper bank secrecy to little success . Switzerland , considered the `` grandfather of bank secrecy '' , has been one of the largest offshore financial centers and tax havens in the world since the mid-20th century . Despite an international push to meaningfully roll back banking secrecy laws in the country , Swiss social and political forces have minimized and reverted much of proposed roll backs . Disclosing client information has been considered a serious social and criminal offence since the early 1900s . Employees working in Switzerland and abroad at Swiss banks `` have long adhered to an unwritten code similar to that observed by doctors or priests '' . The Swiss Bankers Association ( SBA ) estimated in 2018 that Swiss banks held US $ 6.5 trillion in assets or 25 % of all global cross-border assets . Switzerland 's main lingual hubs , Geneva ( for French ) , Lugano ( for Italian ) , and Zürich ( for German ) service the different geographical markets . It consistently ranks in the top three states on the Financial Secrecy Index and was named first many times , most recently in 2018 . The three largest banks -- UBS , Credit Suisse , Julius Bär -- are all regulated by the Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority ( FINMA ) , and the Swiss National Bank ( NSB ) which derives its authority from a series of federal statutes . Banking in Switzerland has historically played , and still continues to play , a dominant role in the Swiss economy and society . According to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , total banking assets amount to 467 % of total gross domestic product . Banking in Switzerland has been portrayed , to varying degrees of accuracy , in overall popular culture , books , movies , and television shows . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Swiss economy 3 Regulation 4 Banking secrecy 4.1 History 4.2 Modern secrecy 4.3 Bank vaults and bunkers 4.4 Numbered bank accounts 5 Taxation evasion 6 Major banks 6.1 UBS 6.2 Credit Suisse 7 Other banks 7.1 Central Bank 7.2 Private banks 7.3 Cantonal banks 8 In popular culture 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links History ( edit ) Further information : Banking in Switzerland § Banking secrecy During the 18th century , Swiss mercenaries brought home funds from their contracts that helped Swiss banks begin . Banking began in the eighteenth century by way of the riches of merchants . Wegelin & Co. , established in 1741 , was the oldest bank in Switzerland until it restructured into a new legal entity in 2013 . Hy Hentsch & Co. bank and Lombard Odier , were both founded in 1796 in Geneva as private banks , and The Pictet Group was established in 1805 as a merchant bank . Hentsch & Cie was a founding member of the Swiss National bank during 1852 . Swiss economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of Switzerland Switzerland is a prosperous nation with a per capita gross domestic product higher than that of most Western European nations . In addition , the value of the Swiss franc ( CHF ) has been relatively stable compared with that of other currencies . Swiss neutrality and national sovereignty , long recognized by foreign nations , have fostered a stable environment in which the banking sector was able to develop and thrive . Switzerland has maintained neutrality through both World Wars , is not a member of the European Union , and was not a member of the United Nations until 2002 . The Bank of International Settlements , an organization that facilitates cooperation among the world 's central banks , is headquartered in the city of Basel . Founded in 1930 , the BIS chose to locate in Switzerland because of the country 's neutrality , which was important to an organization founded by countries that had been on both sides of World War I . Banking in Switzerland has historically played , and still continues to play , a dominant role in the Swiss economy . According to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) , total banking assets amount to 467 % of total gross domestic product . Regulation ( edit ) Main article : Federal Act on Banks and Savings Banks § Revisions The Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority ( FINMA ) is a public law institution that supervises most banking - related activities as well as securities markets and investment funds . Regulatory authority is derived from the Swiss Financial Market Supervision Act ( FINMASA ) and Article 98 of the Swiss Federal Constitution . The office of the Swiss Banking Ombudsman , founded in 1993 , is sponsored by the Swiss Banking Ombudsman Foundation , which was established by the Swiss Bankers Association . The ombudsman 's services , which are offered free of charge , include mediation and assistance to persons searching for dormant assets . The ombudsman handles about 1,500 complaints raised against banks yearly . Banking secrecy ( edit ) History ( edit ) Swiss banking secrecy was born in Geneva during the 1700s . The first renditions of banking secrecy in the Swiss region reaches back to the early 1700s . The Great Council of Geneva outlawed the disclosure information relating to the European upper class , mostly of French origin , in 1713 . As a way of avoiding the Protestant banking system , Catholic French Kings deposited their holdings in Geneva accounts . During the 1780s , Swiss bank accounts began insuring deposits which contributed to a wide spread reputation for financial security . In 1815 , the Congress of Vienna formally established Switzerland 's international neutrality which led to a large capital influx . The wealthy of Switzerland , landlocked , saw banking secrecy as a way to build an empire similar to that of France , Spain , and the United Kingdom . Swiss historian Sébastian Guex notes in The Origins of Secret Swiss Bank Accounts : This is what the Swiss bourgeoisie are thinking : ' That 's our future . We will play on the contradictions between the European powers and , protected by the shield of our neutrality , our arm will be industry and finance . ' After a small scale civil war in the 1840s between the Swiss cantons , the Swiss Federation was founded in 1848 . The formation of the state , through a direct democracy , contributed to the political stability needed for banking secrecy . The mountainous terrain of Switzerland also provided a natural environment to store gold and diamonds underground and in mountains . During the 1910s , Swiss bankers traveled to France to advertise its banking secrecy during World War I . The war 's contribution to political and economic instability , sparked a rapid capital movement into Switzerland . As European countries began to increase taxes to finance the war , wealthy clients moved their holdings into Swiss accounts to avoid taxation . The French banked in Geneva , the Italians in Lugano , and the Germans in Zurich . While disclosing client information was a civil offence in Switzerland for centuries , the Swiss Federal Assembly made it a federal criminal offence in 1934 with the passage of the landmark legislation , the Federal Act on Banks and Savings Banks . Colloquially known as the `` Banking Law of 1934 '' or the `` Swiss Banking Law of 1934 '' , it codified banking secrecy in the eyes of Swiss law . The Federal Assembly enacted the law to quell controversy over the alleged tax evasion of wealthy French businessmen , military generals , and Catholic bishops . An additional provision of the law , Article 47 ( b ) , was drafted before its ratification to protect Jewish assets against Nazi forces during World War II . Switzerland 's mountainous terrain helps to store gold in underground bunkers . Along with protecting German Jewish assets , Swiss banks collaborated with Nazi Germany and their allies by storing their gold and cash balances in underground vaults . It is estimated that Adolf Hitler maintained an account at the Union Bank of Switzerland ( UBS ) worth 1.1 billion Reichsmarks . After the United States formally asked the bank to transfer the money in the 1990s , UBS wired US $ 400 to 700 million worth of Reichsmarks to U.S. authorities . Banking regulations in Switzerland places a limit on the amount of orphaned assets allowed to leave a bank 's custody . UBS , with consent from the Swiss government , placed the remainder of Hitler 's assets underground , indefinitely froze the account , and clipped the Reichsmarks , stripping the currency of value . During World War II , UBS also maintained accounts for hundreds of German Jewish businesspeople and households . After the Banking Law of 1934 was passed , the bank aggressively protected assets of the `` enemies of Nazi Germany '' . When Hitler announced his invasion of Switzerland in 1940 , UBS contracted the Swiss Armed Forces to blockade their retail banks and transport Jewish assets to underground military bunkers . Other Swiss banks , namely the Swiss Bank Corporation ( SBC ) and Credit Suisse , did likewise and along with UBS , were fined hundreds of millions of dollars in reparations for their dealings with Nazi Germany . All throughout the 1980s and 1990s , numerous international proposals for bank secrecy rollbacks were proposed by foreign states to little success . International pressure to roll back banking secrecy is seen as an attack on Swiss culture and values . The Swiss parliament expressed an interest in adopting banking secrecy into their constitution in 2017 . After the 2008 financial crisis , Switzerland signed the European Union Savings Tax Directive ( EUSTD ) which obliges Swiss banks to report to 43 European countries non-identifying annual tax statistics . On December 3 , 2008 , the Federal Assembly increased the prison sentence for violations of banking secrecy from a maximum of six months to a maximum of five years . In late 2008 , after an international , multi-state investigation into Switzerland 's role in U.S. tax evasion , the Swiss government entered into a limited , Deferred Prosecution Agreement ( DPA ) with the U.S. Department of Justice . The agreement saw to the controversial Birkenfeld Disclosure , a release of information on more than 4,000 clients , a landmark disclosure . `` If there is anything the Swiss take more seriously than the precision of their watches or the quality of their chocolate , its the secrecy of their banks . '' -- Steve Kroft , host of Banking : A Crack In the Swiss Vault In another step toward loosening banking secrecy , Switzerland signed the U.S. Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act ( FATCA ) , after rejecting it twice in parliament . The FACTA requires Swiss banks to disclose non-identifying U.S. client information to the Internal Revenue Service , annually . This agreement , however , does not guarantee Swiss cooperation , merely semi-automatic information transfers , at the discretion of Swiss authorities . If a client does not consent to having their information shared with the IRS , Swiss banking secrecy laws prohibit the disclosure of client information to the IRS . If a client does consent , Swiss bank are allowed to send the IRS tax - related information about the account holder but are prohibited from disclosing identities pursuant to Article 47 of the Banking Law of 1934 . The 2018 Financial Secrecy Index stated : `` this ( does ) not mean that Swiss banking secrecy was finished , as some excitable news reports suggest ... the breach was a partial ( dent ) '' . In March 2015 , the Swiss government entered into bilateral `` Rubik Agreements '' with Germany , Austria , and the United Kingdom allowing foreign holders of Swiss bank accounts to retain the anonymity in exchange for paying predetermined back taxes . Switzerland formally adopted the International Convention on the Automatic Exchange of Banking Information ( AEOI ) in 2017 , agreeing to automatically release limited financial information to a limited amount of certain countries for the sole purpose of tax auditing . This agreement includes the Common Reporting Standard ( CRS ) which obliges Swiss banks to automatically send foreign tax authorities the following information : a client 's name , address , domicile , tax number , date of birth , account number , account balance at years end , and the gross investment income . The CRS can not , however , override the Swiss Banking Law of 1934 , so what clients spend their money on ( e.g. their withdrawals ) and what they invest in are not disclosed to tax authorities . In other words , tax authorities can not `` go fishing '' for tax evaders , they must directly establish a link between a financial crime and a client account . Furthermore , the disclosed information can only be used for tax auditing and Swiss authorities can stop disclosing whenever and if ever they wish . In December 2017 , the Swiss parliament launched a standing initiative and expressed an interest in formally embedding banking secrecy within the Swiss Constitution making it a federally - protected constitutional right . In January , 2018 , a U.S. district court ruled that Swiss bankers `` ( have ) nothing to do with the choice that an American taxpayer makes to not declare offshore assets '' , later clarifying they should not be seen as facilitating tax evasion but rather providing a legal service that is made illegal by the client . The Swiss Justice Ministry announced in March 2018 that anyone who disclosed client information in a pending court case involving a Swiss bank is subject to federal espionage and extortion charges in addition to charges relating to the violation of banking secrecy laws . Modern secrecy ( edit ) Main article : Federal Act on Banks and Savings Banks § Revisions `` ( Banking secrecy ) is comparable to medical confidentiality ... ( Switzerland ) must absolutely respect the private sphere ... ( no one should ) know what there is in your bank account . '' -- Ueli Maurer , former President of Switzerland in 2013 Switzerland , considered the `` grandfather of bank secrecy '' , has been one of the largest offshore financial centers and tax havens in the world since the mid-20th century . Despite an international push to meaningfully roll back banking secrecy laws in the country , Swiss social and political forces have minimized and reverted much of the proposed roll backs . Disclosing client information has been considered a serious social and criminal offense since the early 1900s . Whistleblowers , despite legal protections , have been treated with hostility from the public and often face professional set backs in Switzerland . Swiss bankers who maintain offices exclusively in Switzerland are shielded from a foreign state 's lawsuits , extradition requests , and criminal charges , as long as they remain within the country 's legal jurisdiction . In spite of minor adjustments to bank secrecy , bankers working in Switzerland and abroad at Swiss banks `` have long adhered to an unwritten code similar to that observed by doctors or priests '' . Switzerland 's main lingual hubs , Geneva ( for French ) , Lugano ( for Italian ) , and Zürich ( for German ) service the different geographical markets . It consistently ranks in the top three states on the Financial Secrecy Index and was named first many times , most recently in 2018 . The Swiss Bankers Association estimated in 2018 that Swiss banks held US $6.5 trillion in assets or 25 % of all global cross-border assets . Bank vaults and bunkers ( edit ) A handful of larger Swiss banks operate undisclosed or otherwise secretive bank vaults , storage facilities or underground bunkers for gold bars , diamonds , or other valuable physical assets . Most of these underground bunkers are located near or at the foothills of the mountainous regions of the Swiss Alps . These facilitates are not subject to the same banking regulations as banks in Switzerland and do not have to report holdings to regulatory agencies . The Swiss defense department estimates that of the ten former military bunkers available for sale , six of them were sold to Swiss banks to house assets during the 1980s and 1990s . Storage in these underground bunkers and bank vaults is typically reserved for clients that pass a multi-stage security clearance . Some of these bunkers are not accessible by road or foot and require aircraft transportation . Numbered bank accounts ( edit ) Main article : Numbered bank account Many banks in Switzerland offer clients numbered bank accounts , accounts where the identity of the holder is replaced with a multi-digit number known only to the client and select private bankers . Although these accounts do add another layer of banking secrecy , they are not completely anonymous as the name of the client is still recorded by the bank and subject to limited , warranted disclosure . Some Swiss banks supplement the number with a code name such as `` Cardinal '' , `` Octopussy '' or `` Cello '' that identifies the client , alternatively . However , to open this type of account in Switzerland , clients must pass a multi-stage clearance procedure and prove to the bank the lawful origins of their assets . Taxation evasion ( edit ) Citizens of Switzerland retain the country 's strictest , most expansive , and unalienable banking secrecy protections as it pertains to taxation . Further information : Federal Act on Banks and Savings Banks § Revisions Many sovereign states do not legally require private bankers to confirm whether or not a client has or has not paid their taxes , in any capacity . On top of this , Switzerland 's banking secrecy laws prohibit the disclosure of client information under a variety of federal , cantonal , and civil policies . Many foreign nationals open Swiss bank accounts to take advantage of these laws and tax distinctions . While citizens of Switzerland retain the full force of banking secrecy protections , foreign clients are afforded some of the most stringent bank -- client confidentiality protections in the world . In exchange for banking services , the Swiss government charges `` a low , lump - sum option on the money they bank '' , after which Swiss tax authorities consider client tax burdens `` settled '' . After the Banking Law of 1934 was passed , Swiss bankers traveled across Europe to advertise its banking secrecy during World War II . As European countries began to increase taxes to finance the war , wealthy clients moved their holdings into Swiss accounts to avoid taxation . According to the 2018 Financial Secrecy Index , Switzerland 's banking secrecy laws have rendered it a premier tax haven since the 1900s . One of the most prominent attractions to the disclosure protection laws is the distinction between tax evasion ( non-reporting of income ) and tax fraud ( active deception ) . Akin to the distinction between legal tax avoidance and illegal tax evasion in the U.S. , the non-reporting of income is only a civil offense in Switzerland while tax fraud is a financial crime . When foreign clients deposit holdings into a Swiss bank account , the bank is legally prohibited from disclosing balances or client information to tax authorities . This prohibition can only be waved if the client has produced a written statement of consent or a financial crime has been directly linked to the bank account . More often than not , clients do n't consent to foreign tax authorities which leaves only the latter circumstance available . Many client services available in Switzerland ( e.g. numbered bank accounts ) are used to shield client data from tax authorities . Breaches of banking secrecy laws in Switzerland are automatically processed pursuant to Article 47 of the Banking Law of 1934 : those who disclose client information are subject to a maximum of five years imprisonment and 250,000 francs ( € 215,000 or US $ 250,000 ) in fines . Whistleblowers and leakers of client information often face hostility from the public and sustain professional set backs . Denounced as a criminal in Switzerland , a federal arrest warrant has been in place for Bradley Birkenfeld since 2008 , after he disclosed UBS client information to the U.S. Internal Revenue Service in 2007 . After the 2008 financial crisis , the Swiss Parliament initiated a series of international tax treaties that rolled back banking secrecy protections for foreign clients in response to pressure from the European Union , United States , and United Kingdom . Despite implementing nearly 50 information transfer agreements and numerous limitations to banking secrecy protections for foreign clients , Switzerland has been ranked among the top three tax havens in the world every single year since the financial crisis , most recently in 2018 . Major banks ( edit ) The largest bank in Switzerland : UBS The second largest bank in Switzerland : Credit Suisse As of 2018 , there are more than 400 securities dealers and banking instituons in Switzerland , ranging from the `` Two Big Banks '' down to small banks serving the needs of a single community or a few special clients . The largest and second largest Swiss banks are UBS Group AG and Credit Suisse Group AG , respectively . They account for over 50 % of all deposits in Switzerland ; each has extensive branch networks throughout the country and most international centers . Due to their size and complexity , UBS and Credit Suisse are subject to an extra degree of supervision from the Federal Banking Commission . UBS ( edit ) Main article : UBS UBS Group AG came into existence in June 1998 , when Union Bank of Switzerland , founded in 1862 , and Swiss Bank Corporation , founded in 1872 , merged . Headquartered in Zurich and Basel , it is Switzerland 's largest bank . It maintains seven main offices around the world ( four in the United States and one each in London , Tokyo , and Hong Kong ) and branches on five continents . Credit Suisse ( edit ) Main article : Credit Suisse Credit Suisse Group is the second - largest Swiss bank . Based in Zurich and founded in 1856 , Credit Suisse offers private banking , investment banking and asset management services . It acquired the First Boston Corporation in 1988 and merged with the Winterthur insurance company in 1997 ; the latter was sold to AXA in 2006 . The asset management services were sold to Aberdeen Asset Management during the 2008 financial crisis . Other banks ( edit ) Central bank ( edit ) Main article : Swiss National Bank The central bank of Switzerland , the Swiss National Bank ( SNB ) is headquartered in Bern . The Swiss National Bank ( SNB ) serves as the country 's central bank . Founded by the Federal Act on the Swiss National Bank ( 16 January 1906 ) , it began conducting business on 20 June 1907 . Its shares are publicly traded , and are held by the cantons , cantonal banks , and individual investors ; the federal government does not hold any shares . Although a central bank often has regulatory authority over the country 's banking system , the SNB does not ; regulation is solely the role of the Federal Banking Commission . Raiffeisen Banks `` assumes the role of central bank '' in providing treasury services , and is the third largest group consisting of 328 banks in 2011 , 390 in 2012 with 1,155 branches . During February 2012 , P. Vincenz was chief executive . During January , an announcement was made that the non-U.S. businesses of Wegelin & Co , the oldest Swiss bank , would be bought by the Raiffeisen group . The group has 3 million plus clients within Switzerland . Private banks ( edit ) The term private bank refers to a bank that offers private banking services and in its legal form is a partnership . The first private banks were created in St. Gallen in the mid-18th century and in Geneva in the late 18th century as partnerships , and some are still in the hands of the original families such as Hottinger and Mirabaud . In Switzerland , such private banks are called private bankers ( a protected term ) to distinguish them from the other private banks which are typically shared corporations . Historically in Switzerland a minimum of CHF1 million was required to open an account , however , over the last years many private banks have lowered their entry hurdles to CHF250 , 000 for private investors . Cantonal banks ( edit ) There are , as of 2006 , 24 cantonal banks ; these banks are state - guaranteed semi-governmental organizations controlled by one of Switzerland 's 26 cantons that engage in all banking businesses . The largest cantonal bank , the Zurich Cantonal Bank , had a 2005 net income of CHF810 million . In popular culture ( edit ) Banking in Switzerland , in particular Swiss banking secrecy practices , has been detailed in global popular culture to varying degrees of accuracy . According to official statements from the Swiss National Film Archives , inaccurate or exaggerated portrayals negatively impact Switzerland by reducing bankers to unflattering `` caricatures '' that are `` ever disposed to accept funds from questionable sources '' . In 2014 , Sindy Schmiegel , a spokeswoman for the Swiss Bankers Association ( SBA ) stressed that financial regulation in Switzerland is dramatically more strict than portrayed fictionally . The Economic Times noted that popular culture portrays Swiss bank accounts as `` completely anonymous '' later adding `` this is simply not true . '' Swiss banking was prominently featured in the following films and television shows : The Great Spy Chase ( 1964 ) : Francis Lagneau ( Lino Ventura ) engages with a Swiss banker to open a bank account containing patents to powerful weapons . This film is considered the first motion picture to reference banking in Switzerland . `` If you ca n't trust a Swiss banker , then what 's the world come to ? '' -- James Bond in The World Is Not Enough Swiss banking has been mentioned by James Bond in film and in literature dozens of times , it plays a central role in : Goldfinger ( 1964 ) : James Bond ( Sean Connery ) thwarts Goldfinger 's plans to rob a U.S. gold depository frequently citing Swiss underground gold bunkers and bank accounts numbers as motivation . This film was written after Switzerland 's role in World War II was at the forefront of international critique on bank secrecy . On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( 1969 ) : supervillian Ernst Stavro Blofeld ( Telly Savalas ) tells James Bond ( George Lazenby ) that unless a large sum of money is deposited into a Swiss bank account , a bomb will detonate and kill thousands of people . Mentions of Swiss banking in the James Bond novels have been viewed as `` reinforcing a stereotype '' . The World Is Not Enough ( 1999 ) : James Bond ( Pierce Brosnan ) visits a Swiss bank in Spain called La Banque Suisse de L'Industrie to meet an associate before jumping out of a five - story window . Casino Royal ( 2006 ) : After a high stakes poker game is completed , the winnings of James Bond ( Daniel Craig ) is transferred to a Swiss bank account for security . The Godfather Part III ( 1990 ) : Frederick Keinszig ( Helmut Berger ) , a Swiss banker for the Vatican , gets into a shootout with the Corleone family over technicalities over bank -- client confidentiality . The movie was seen as establishing the `` Swiss banker trope '' within mainstream culture . The Bourne Identity ( 2002 ) : Jason Bourne ( Matt Damon ) , a secret operative for the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) suffering from retrograde amnesia , begins to recall life events after opening a bank deposit box containing a gun , large amounts of international currency and a variety of passports . The scene was seen as unduly `` ( emphasizing ) the issue of ( bank ) secrecy '' . `` Like most Swiss banks , our safe - deposit boxes are attached to a number , not a name . You have a key and a personal number known only to you . '' -- Dan Brown in The Da Vinci Code The Da Vinci Code ( 2006 ) : Robert Langdon ( Tom Hanks ) opens a Swiss bank account at the Paris - based `` Depository Bank of Zürich '' , a high - tech bank that allows clients to deposit and withdraw assets with complete anonymity . The usage of this type of numbered bank account is illegal both in France and Switzerland . The Wolf of Wall Street ( 2013 ) : Jordon Belfort ( Leonardo DiCaprio ) travels to the Genva - based Union Bancaire Privée ( UBP ) to meet with private banker Jean Jacques Saurel ( Jean Dujardin ) who advises Belfort to open an account in the name of a relative with a European passport to avoid U.S. taxation . This is technically legal in Switzerland as Belfort was not charged with a financial crime ( at the time of meeting ) and extra banking secrecy is afforded to European citizens . Belfort 's bank -- client confidentiality was waved because Saurel traveled outside of Switzerland and was arrested on U.S. soil for a crime ( money laundering ) illegal in both countries . The fictional interaction was called `` a bit ridiculous and exaggerated '' and `` not very Swiss '' by the Swiss Bankers Association . See also ( edit ) List of Swiss financial market regulation List of banks in Switzerland References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Thomasson , Emma ( April 18 , 2013 ) . `` Special Report : The battle for the Swiss soul '' . Reuters . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Financial Secrecy Index : Narrative Report on Switzerland ( 2018 ) , p. 2 Jump up ^ McPhee , John ( October 31 , 1983 ) . `` La Place de la Concorde Suisse - I '' . The New Yorker . p. 50 . Retrieved 22 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Bob Van Voris . `` Wegelin & Co . Must Forfeit $16 Million , U.S. Judge Rules '' . Bloomberg.com . Jump up ^ Neate , Ruper ( 4 January 2013 ) , `` Oldest Swiss bank Wegelin to close after admitting aiding US tax evasion '' , The Guardian Jump up ^ Denise H. Kenyon - Rouvinez , Gordon Adler , Guido Corbetta , Gianfilippo Cuneo ( 2011 ) - Sharing Wisdom , Building Values : Letters from Family Business Owners to Their Successors p. xvi Palgrave Macmillan , 11 January 2011 ISBN 1137510374 Accessed January 12th , 2018 Jump up ^ `` Wealth and Asset Manager - Private Banking - Swiss Private Bank - Pictet '' . pictet.com . Jump up ^ Pohl , Manfred ( 1994 ) . European Association for Banking History - Handbook on the History of European Banks . Youssef Cassis - Banks and Banking in Switzerland in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries . Edward Elgar Publishing . ISBN 1852789190 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ Kenyon - Rouvinez , D. ( 2002 ) . Sharing Wisdom , Building Values : Letters from Family Business Owners to Their Successors . Family Enterprise Publisher . ISBN 1891652087 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook -- Switzerland -- Economy '' . Central Intelligence Agency . Archived from the original on 5 July 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook -- Switzerland -- Introduction '' . Central Intelligence Agency . 2006 - 06 - 13 . Archived from the original on 29 May 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Country profile : Switzerland '' . BBC News . 2006 - 03 - 26 . Archived from the original on 14 July 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Origins : Why Basel ? '' . Bank of International Settlements . Archived from the original on 15 June 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` About FINMA '' . Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss Banking Ombudsman '' . Swiss Banking Ombudsman . Archived from the original on 20 July 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Financial Secrecy Index : Narrative Report on Switzerland ( 2018 ) , p. 2 Jump up ^ Guex , Sébastian ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` The Origins of Secret Swiss Bank Accounts JSTOR Daily '' . JSTOR Daily . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Financial Secrecy Index : Narrative Report on Switzerland ( 2018 ) , p. 3 Jump up ^ Komisar , Lucy ( Spring 2003 ) . `` Offshore banking , the secret threat to America '' . Dissent Magazine . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mueller , Kurt ( 1969 ) . `` The Swiss Banking Secret : From a Legal View '' . The International and Comparative Law Quarterly . 18 ( 2 ) : 361 -- 362 . doi : 10.1093 / iclqaj / 18.2. 360 . JSTOR 757529 . ^ Jump up to : Boggan , Steve ( September 5 , 1996 ) . `` Discovered : Hitler 's secret Swiss bank account '' . The Independent . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Declassified intelligence documents at the US National Archives show that one of Hitler 's closest confidantes opened the accounts at the Union Bank of Switzerland in Bern after the Fuhrer 's book became required reading in German schools . Jump up ^ Schütz , Dirk ( 2000 ) . The Fall of UBS : The Forces that Brought Down Switzerland 's Biggest Bank . Pyramid Media Group . ISBN 9780944188200 . Jump up ^ Financial Secrecy Index : Narrative Report on Switzerland ( 2018 ) , p. 5 Jump up ^ Neghaiwi , Brenna Hughes ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Swiss prosecutors seek widening of secrecy law to ... '' Reuters . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Financial Secrecy Index : Narrative Report on Switzerland ( 2018 ) , p. 4 Jump up ^ Kroft , Steve ( August 15 , 2010 ) . `` Banking : A Crack In the Swiss Vault '' . 1 ( published May 13 , 2018 ) -- via CBS . ^ Jump up to : Song , Jane ( November 1 , 2015 ) . `` The End of Secret Swiss Accounts ? : The Impact of the U.S. Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act ( FATCA ) on Switzerland 's Status as a Haven for Off Shore Accounts '' . Northwestern University . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Financial Secrecy Index : Narrative Report on Switzerland ( 2018 ) , p. 4 Jump up ^ `` Do n't ask , wo n't tell '' . The Economist . February 12 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Naravane , Vaiju ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` End of banking secrecy in Switzerland '' . The Hindu . ISSN 0971 - 751X . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss say goodbye to banking secrecy '' . SWI swissinfo.ch . January 1 , 2017 . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Financial Secrecy Index : Narrative Report on Switzerland ( 2018 ) , p. 4 Jump up ^ `` Swiss Bank Secrecy : The Facts '' . www.moneyland.ch . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Parliament : do n't touch banking secrecy for Swiss clients '' . SWI swissinfo.ch . Retrieved May 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ M.V. ( July 19 , 2014 ) . `` Swiss bank secrecy : a whistleblower 's woes '' . The Economist . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . The American - led attack on the Gnomes of Zurich has produced a backlash : a right - wing party has almost collected enough signatures to force a referendum on whether to strengthen constitutional support for financial secrecy . Swiss bankers who spill the beans continue to do so at their peril . Jump up ^ Enrich , David ( January 6 , 2018 ) . `` A Swiss Banker Helped Americans Dodge Taxes . Was It a Crime ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Several hunkered down in Switzerland , which refused to extradite its citizens to the United States for actions that were n't illegal in Switzerland . None had actually gone on trial . Jump up ^ Editorial , Reuters ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` Swiss charge three Germans in bank secrecy clash '' . Reuters . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss president sees no need to change banking secrecy '' . Indian Express . 2013 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Financial Secrecy Index : Narrative Report on Switzerland ( 2018 ) , p. 1 ^ Jump up to : Carvajal , Doreen ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Swiss Banks ' Tradition of Secrecy Clashes With Quests Abroad for Disclosure '' . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . If you blow the whistle you are socially and financially dead . ^ Jump up to : Enrich , David ( January 6 , 2018 ) . `` A Swiss Banker Helped Americans Dodge Taxes . Was It a Crime ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Several hunkered down in Switzerland , which refused to extradite its citizens to the United States for actions that were n't illegal in Switzerland . None had actually gone on trial . Jump up ^ Schütz , Dirk ( 2000 ) . The Fall of UBS : The Forces that Brought Down Switzerland 's Biggest Bank . Pyramid Media Group . ISBN 9780944188200 . Jump up ^ Kroft , Steve ( December 30 , 2009 ) . `` Banking : A Crack In The Swiss Vault '' . CBC News : 60 Minutes . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . The subterranean vaults of Geneva and Zurich have served as sanctuaries for the wealth of dictators and despots , mobsters and arms dealers , corrupt officials and tax cheats of all kinds . ^ Jump up to : Baker , Stephanie ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` Secret Alpine Gold Vaults Are the New Swiss Bank Accounts '' . Bloomberg.com . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Sinister Face Of ' Neutrality ' Frontline PBS '' . www.pbs.org. 1996 . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . Before the Second World War , with the rise of Nazism , many Jews in Central and East Europe sought to protect a part of their assets by depositing money in Swiss accounts , and their valuables in Swiss safe deposit boxes . To encourage such transfers , in 1934 the Swiss even strengthened special banking secrecy laws which facilitated preservation of the anonymity of depositors . Jump up ^ Schütz , Dirk ( 2000 ) . The Fall of UBS : The Forces that Brought Down Switzerland 's Biggest Bank . Pyramid Media Group . ISBN 9780944188200 . Jump up ^ Bloomberg , News ( August 17 , 2013 ) . `` Got gold ? Switzerland has an underground bunker just for you '' . The Mercury News . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schütz , Dirk ( 2000 ) . The Fall of UBS : The Forces that Brought Down Switzerland 's Biggest Bank . Pyramid Media Group . ISBN 9780944188200 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fancy yourself a numbered Swiss Bank account ? Here 's how you can get one '' . The Economic Times . October 30 , 2013 . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Obringer , Lee Ann ( June 8 , 2011 ) . `` How Swiss Bank Accounts Work '' . HowStuffWorks . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Browning , Lynnley ( August 19 , 2009 ) . `` Under Agreement , UBS to Give Up 4,450 Names '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Numbered Bank Accounts - Series 10 Investopedia '' . Investopedia . November 12 , 2014 . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . A broker dealer , at the request of the customer , may open an account that is simply identified by a number or a symbol , as long as there is a statement signed by the customer attesting to the ownership of the account . Jump up ^ Koba , Mark ( August 20 , 2008 ) . `` How To Open A Swiss Bank Account '' . CNBC . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Enrich , David ( January 6 , 2018 ) . `` A Swiss Banker Helped Americans Dodge Taxes . Was It a Crime ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Maurice , Aubert , ( 1984 ) . `` The Limits of Swiss Banking Secrecy under Domestic and International Law '' . Berkeley Journal of International Law . 2 ( 2 ) . doi : 10.15779 / Z38DW7X . Jump up ^ Goetz , Lisa ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Why is Switzerland considered a tax haven ? '' . Investopedia . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Switzerland to adopt OECD standard on administrative assistance in fiscal matters '' . Federal Department of Finance . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UBS exec indicted in tax evasion scheme . '' The Recorder ( 2008 ) . General Reference Center Gold . Web . 17 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Figures on Switzerland as a location for financial services '' . Federal Department of Finance . 2009 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Supervision of large banking groups '' . Swiss Federal Banking Commission . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of UBS '' . Global topics . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of Credit Suisse '' . Credit Suisse . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Company Profile '' ( PDF ) . Credit Suisse . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 15 June 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The National Bank as a joint - stock company '' . Swiss National Bank . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2002 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Players '' . Swiss Bankers Association . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ http://www.swissbanking.org/en/bankengruppen.htm Jump up ^ `` unico.nl - unico Resources and Information '' . www.unico.nl . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Raiffeisen bank breaks ranks over tax dispute '' . SWI Swissinfo.ch . Jump up ^ `` US tax scandal brings down Wegelin '' . SWI Swissinfo.ch . Jump up ^ https://www.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20120127-706462.html ^ Jump up to : Noonan , Laura ( December 10 , 2017 ) . `` The decline of the Swiss private bank '' . Financial Times . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bank groups '' . Swiss Bankers Association . Archived from the original on 17 June 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` ZKB Company Profile 2005 '' ( PDF ) . Zürich Cantonal Bank . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Dupraz - Dobias , Paula ( January 21 , 2014 ) . `` Hollywood sticks with Swiss banker ' caricature ' '' . SWI swissinfo.ch . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fancy yourself a numbered Swiss Bank account ? Here 's how you can get one '' . The Economic Times . October 30 , 2014 . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Haver , Gianni ; Middleton , Robert ( May 18 , 2018 ) . Swissness in a Nutshell . Schwabe AG . ISBN 9783905252644 . Jump up ^ Carvajal , Doreen ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Swiss Banks ' Tradition of Secrecy Clashes With Quests Abroad for Disclosure '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stephens , Thomas . `` James Bond : half - Swiss , totally profitable '' . SWI swissinfo.ch . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mr Lachaise 's Swiss Bank James Bond Locations '' . www.jamesbondmm.co.uk . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Emmenegger , Patrick ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` The Politics of Financial Intransparency : The Case of Swiss Banking Secrecy '' . Swiss Political Science Review . 20 ( 1 ) : 146 -- 164 . doi : 10.1111 / spsr. 12092 . ISSN 1424 - 7755 . Jump up ^ Broom , Giles ( August 12 , 2016 ) . `` Swiss Bank Secrets '' . Bloomberg.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brown , Dan ( November 18 , 2003 ) . The Da Vinci Code : Featuring Robert Langdon . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . p. 181 . ISBN 9780385504218 . Jump up ^ Kinsman , Robert . `` Swiss Bank Account '' . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . In fact , mystery writers have utilized the Swiss Bank as the central focus of intrigue . Where else would one think to store the secrets of the holy grail but in a Swiss bank account , as was the case in the novel the `` Da Vinci Code '' . But events in recent years have chipped away at this polished veneer to reveal some rather unseemly criminal behavior . ^ Jump up to : Obringer , Lee Ann ( June 8 , 2011 ) . `` How Swiss Bank Accounts Work '' . HowStuffWorks . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gumbel , Peter ( 2002 - 09 - 08 ) . `` Silence Is Golden '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 16 . Bibliography ( edit ) `` Financial Secrecy Index : Narrative Report on Switzerland '' ( PDF ) . Financial Secrecy Index : 1 -- 10 . May 2018 -- via Tax Justice Network . Guex , Sébastien ( 2000 ) . `` The Origins of the Swiss Banking Secrecy Law and Its Repercussions for Swiss Federal Policy '' . Business History Review . 74 ( 2 ) : 237 -- 266 . doi : 10.2307 / 3116693 . JSTOR 3116693 . Mueller , Kurt ( 1969 ) . `` The Swiss Banking Secret : From a Legal View '' . International and Comparative Law Quarterly . 18 ( 2 ) : 360 -- 377 . doi : 10.1093 / iclqaj / 18.2. 360 . JSTOR 757529 . 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-6549268280695677107	Bullying	Bullying - wikipedia Bullying Jump to : navigation , search `` Bully '' redirects here . For other uses , see Bully ( disambiguation ) . For school bullying , see School bullying . Banner in a campaign against bullying Cefet - MG . Bullying is the use of force , threat , or coercion to abuse , intimidate , or aggressively dominate others . The behavior is often repeated and habitual . One essential prerequisite is the perception , by the bully or by others , of an imbalance of social or physical power , which distinguishes bullying from conflict . Behaviors used to assert such domination can include verbal harassment or threat , physical assault or coercion , and such acts may be directed repeatedly towards particular targets . Rationalizations of such behavior sometimes include differences of social class , race , religion , gender , sexual orientation , appearance , behavior , body language , personality , reputation , lineage , strength , size , or ability . If bullying is done by a group , it is called mobbing . Bullying can be defined in many different ways . The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland has no legal definition of bullying , while some states in the United States have laws against it . Bullying is divided into four basic types of abuse -- emotional ( sometimes called relational ) , verbal , physical , and cyber . It typically involves subtle methods of coercion , such as intimidation . Bullying ranges from one - on - one , individual bullying through to group bullying called mobbing , in which the bully may have one or more `` lieutenants '' who may seem to be willing to assist the primary bully in his or her bullying activities . Bullying in school and the workplace is also referred to as peer abuse . Robert W. Fuller has analyzed bullying in the context of rankism . A bullying culture can develop in any context in which humans interact with each other . This includes school , family , the workplace , home , and neighborhoods . In a 2012 study of male adolescent American football players , `` the strongest predictor ( of bullying ) was the perception of whether the most influential male in a player 's life would approve of the bullying behavior '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Definition 3 Types 3.1 Individual 3.1. 1 Physical 3.1. 2 Verbal 3.1. 3 Relational 3.1. 4 Cyber-bullying 3.2 Collective 3.2. 1 Mobbing 4 Characteristics 4.1 Of bullies and accomplices 4.2 Of typical bystanders 4.3 Of victims 5 Effects 5.1 Suicide 5.2 Violence 5.3 Positive development 6 Dark triad 7 Projection 8 Emotional intelligence 9 In different contexts 9.1 Cyberbullying 9.2 Disability bullying 9.3 Gay bullying 9.4 Legal bullying 9.5 Military bullying 9.6 Parental bullying of children 9.7 Prison bullying 9.8 School bullying ( bullying of students in schools ) 9.9 Sexual bullying 9.10 Trans bullying 9.11 Workplace bullying 9.11. 1 In academia 9.11. 2 In blue collar jobs 9.11. 3 In information technology 9.11. 4 In the legal profession 9.11. 5 In medicine 9.11. 6 In nursing 9.11. 7 In teaching 9.12 In other areas 10 Prevention 11 Responding to bullying 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Etymology The word `` bully '' was first used in the 1530s meaning `` sweetheart '' , applied to either sex , from the Dutch boel `` lover , brother '' , probably diminutive of Middle High German buole `` brother '' , of uncertain origin ( compare with the German buhle `` lover '' ) . The meaning deteriorated through the 17th century through `` fine fellow '' , `` blusterer '' , to `` harasser of the weak '' . This may have been as a connecting sense between `` lover '' and `` ruffian '' as in `` protector of a prostitute '' , which was one sense of `` bully '' ( though not specifically attested until 1706 ) . The verb `` to bully '' is first attested in 1710 . In the past , in American culture , the term has been used differently , as an exclamation / exhortation , in particular famously associated with Theodore Roosevelt and continuing to the present in the bully pulpit and also as faint / deprecating praise ( `` bully for him '' ) . Definition Bullying synonyms There is no universal definition of bullying , however , it is widely agreed upon that bullying is a subcategory of aggressive behavior characterized by the following three minimum criteria : ( 1 ) hostile intent , ( 2 ) imbalance of power , and ( 3 ) repetition over a period of time . Bullying may thus be defined as the activity of repeated , aggressive behavior intended to hurt another individual , physically , mentally or emotionally . The Norwegian researcher Dan Olweus says bullying occurs when a person is `` exposed , repeatedly and over time , to negative actions on the part of one or more other persons '' . He says negative actions occur `` when a person intentionally inflicts injury or discomfort upon another person , through physical contact , through words or in other ways . '' Individual bullying is usually characterized by a person behaving in a certain way to gain power over another person . Types Individual bullying can be classified into four types . Collective bullying is known as mobbing , and can include any of the individual types of bullying . Physical , verbal , and relational bullying are most prevalent in primary school and could also begin much earlier whilst continuing into later stages in individuals lives . It is stated that Cyber-bullying is more common in secondary school than in primary school . Individual Individual bullying tactics can be perpetrated by a single person against a target or targets . Physical This is any bullying that hurts someone 's body or damages their possessions . Stealing , shoving , hitting , fighting , and destroying property all are types of physical bullying . Physical bullying is rarely the first form of bullying that a target will experience . Often bullying will begin in a different form and later progress to physical violence . In physical bullying the main weapon the bully uses is their body when attacking their target. Sometimes groups of young adults will target and alienate a peer because of some adolescent prejudice . This can quickly lead to a situation where they are being taunted , tortured , and beaten - up by their classmates . Physical bullying can lead to a tragic ending and therefore must be stopped quickly to prevent any further escalation . Verbal This is any bullying that is conducted by speaking . Calling names , spreading rumors , threatening somebody , and making fun of others are all forms of verbal bullying . Verbal bullying is one of the most common types of bullying . In verbal bullying the main weapon the bully uses is their voice . In many cases , verbal bullying is the province of girls . Girls are more subtle ( and can be more devastating ) , in general , than boys . Girls use verbal bullying , as well as social exclusion techniques , to dominate and control other individuals and show their superiority and power . However , there are also many boys with subtlety enough to use verbal techniques for domination , and who are practiced in using words when they want to avoid the trouble that can come with physically bullying someone else . Relational This is any bullying that is done with the intent to hurt somebody 's reputation or social standing which can also link in with the techniques included in physical and verbal bullying . Relational Bullying is a form of bullying common amongst youth , but particularly upon girls . Relational bullying can be used as a tool by bullies to both improve their social standing and control others . Unlike physical bullying which is obvious , relational bullying is not overt and can continue for a long time without being noticed . Cyberbullying Cyber bullying is the use of technology to harass , threaten , embarrass , or target another person . When an adult is involved , it may meet the definition of cyber-harassment or cyberstalking , a crime that can have legal consequences and involve jail time . This includes email , instant messaging , social networking sites ( such as Facebook ) , text messages , and cell phones . Collective Collective bullying tactics are employed by more than one individual against a target or targets . Trolling behavior on social media , although generally assumed to be individual in nature by the casual reader , is sometime organized efforts by sponsored astroturfers . Mobbing Main article : Mobbing Mobbing refers to the bullying of an individual by a group , in any context , such as a family , peer group , school , workplace , neighborhood , community , or online . When it occurs as emotional abuse in the workplace , such as `` ganging up '' by co-workers , subordinates or superiors , to force someone out of the workplace through rumor , innuendo , intimidation , humiliation , discrediting , and isolation , it is also referred to as malicious , nonsexual , nonracial / racial , general harassment . Characteristics This section may lend undue weight to certain ideas , incidents , or controversies . Please help to create a more balanced presentation . Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message . ( May 2014 ) Of bullies and accomplices Studies have shown that envy and resentment may be motives for bullying . Research on the self - esteem of bullies has produced equivocal results . While some bullies are arrogant and narcissistic , they can also use bullying as a tool to conceal shame or anxiety or to boost self - esteem : by demeaning others , the abuser feels empowered . Bullies may bully out of jealousy or because they themselves are bullied . Psychologist Roy Baumeister asserts that people who are prone to abusive behavior tend to have inflated but fragile egos . Because they think too highly of themselves , they are frequently offended by the criticisms and lack of deference of other people , and react to this disrespect with violence and insults . Researchers have identified other risk factors such as depression and personality disorders , as well as quickness to anger and use of force , addiction to aggressive behaviors , mistaking others ' actions as hostile , concern with preserving self - image , and engaging in obsessive or rigid actions . A combination of these factors may also be causes of this behavior . In one study of youth , a combination of antisocial traits and depression was found to be the best predictor of youth violence , whereas video game violence and television violence exposure were not predictive of these behaviors . Bullying may also result from a genetic predisposition or a brain abnormality in the bully . While parents can help a toddler develop emotional regulation and control to restrict aggressive behavior , some children fail to develop these skills due to insecure attachment with their families , ineffective discipline , and environmental factors such as a stressful home life and hostile siblings . Moreover , according to some researchers , bullies may be inclined toward negativity and perform poorly academically . Dr. Cook says that `` a typical bully has trouble resolving problems with others and also has trouble academically . He or she usually has negative attitudes and beliefs about others , feels negatively toward himself / herself , comes from a family environment characterized by conflict and poor parenting , perceives school as negative and is negatively influenced by peers '' . Contrarily , some researchers have suggested that some bullies are psychologically strongest and have high social standing among their peers , while their targets are emotionally distressed and socially marginalized . Peer groups often promote the bully 's actions , and members of these peer groups also engage in behaviors , such as mocking , excluding , punching , and insulting one another as a source of entertainment . Other researchers also argued that a minority of the bullies , those who are not in - turn bullied , enjoy going to school , and are least likely to take days off sick . Research indicates that adults who bully have authoritarian personalities , combined with a strong need to control or dominate . It has also been suggested that a prejudicial view of subordinates can be a particularly strong risk factor . Of typical bystanders Often , bullying takes place in the presence of a large group of relatively uninvolved bystanders . In many cases , it is the bully 's ability to create the illusion that he or she has the support of the majority present that instills the fear of `` speaking out '' in protestation of the bullying activities being observed by the group . Unless the `` bully mentality '' is effectively challenged in any given group in its early stages , it often becomes an accepted , or supported , norm within the group . Unless action is taken , a `` culture of bullying '' is often perpetuated within a group for months , years , or longer . Bystanders who have been able to establish their own `` friendship group '' or `` support group '' have been found to be far more likely to opt to speak out against bullying behavior than those who have not . In addition to communication of clear expectations that bystanders should intervene and increasing individual self - efficacy , there is growing research that suggests interventions should build on the foundation that bullying is morally wrong . Among adults , being a bystander to workplace bullying was linked to depression , particularly in women . Of victims Dr. Cook says that `` A typical victim is likely to be aggressive , lack social skills , think negative thoughts , experience difficulties in solving social problems , come from a negative family , school and community environments and be noticeably rejected and isolated by peers '' . Victims often have characteristics such as being physically weak , as well as being easily distraught emotionally . They may also have physical characteristics that make them easier targets for bullies such as being overweight or having some type of physical deformity . Boys are more likely to be victims of physical bullying while girls are more likely to be bullied indirectly . The results of a meta - analysis conducted by Cook and published by the American Psychological Association in 2010 concluded the main risk factors for children and adolescents being bullied , and also for becoming bullies , are the lack of social problem - solving skills . Children who are bullied often show physical or emotional signs , such as : being afraid to attend school , complaining of headaches or a loss of appetite , a lack of interest in school activities and spending time with friends or family , and having an overall sense of sadness . Effects This section may lend undue weight to certain ideas , incidents , or controversies . Please help to create a more balanced presentation . Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message . ( May 2014 ) Mona O'Moore of the Anti-Bullying Centre at Trinity College in Dublin , has written , `` There is a growing body of research which indicates that individuals , whether child or adult , who are persistently subjected to abusive behavior are at risk of stress related illness which can sometimes lead to suicide '' . Those who have been the targets of bullying can suffer from long term emotional and behavioral problems . Bullying can cause loneliness , depression , anxiety , lead to low self - esteem and increased susceptibility to illness . Bullying has also been shown to cause maladjustment in young children , and targets of bullying who were also bullies themselves exhibit even greater social difficulties . Suicide Main articles : Bullying and suicide and List of suicides which have been attributed to bullying Even though there is evidence that bullying increases the risk of suicide , bullying alone does not cause suicide . Depression is one of the main reasons why kids who are bullied commit suicide . It is estimated that between 15 and 25 children commit suicide every year in the UK alone because they are being bullied . Certain attributes of a person are correlated to a higher risk for suicide than others such as : American Indians , Alaskan Natives , Asian Americans , and LGBT people . When someone is unsupported by his or her family or friends , it can make the situation much worse for the victim . While some people find it very easy to ignore a bully , others may find it very difficult and reach a breaking point . There have been cases of apparent bullying suicides that have been reported closely by the media . These include the deaths of Ryan Halligen , Phoebe Prince , Dawn - Marie Wesley , Kelly Yeomans , Brodie Panlock , Jessica Haffer , Hamed Nastoh , April Himes , Cherice Moralez and Rebecca Ann Sedwick . According to the suicide awareness voices for education , suicide is one of the leading causes of death for youth from 15 to 24 years old . Over 16 percent of students seriously consider suicide , 13 percent create a plan , and 8 percent have made a serious attempt . Violence Serial killers were frequently bullied through direct and indirect methods as children or adolescents . Henry Lee Lucas , a serial killer and diagnosed psychopath , said the ridicule and rejection he suffered as a child caused him to hate everyone which he believes to have evoked this behavior . Kenneth Bianchi , a serial killer and member of the Hillside Stranglers , was teased as a child because he urinated in his pants and suffered twitching , and as a teenager was ignored by his peers . It is realised from these recent studies that individuals who were previously involved in a violent childhood whom was effected mentally and emotionally due these experiences later rationally adapts this violent behaviour and provokes other victims . This violent behavior that is performed by these so - called serial killers allows these individuals to escape from their past of feeling trapped and weak to taking control over innocent victim . Positive Development Some have argued that bullying can teach life lessons and instill strength . Helene Guldberg , a child development academic , sparked controversy when she argued that being a target of bullying can teach a child `` how to manage disputes and boost their ability to interact with others '' , and that teachers should not intervene , but leave children to respond to the bullying themselves . The teaching of such anti-bullying coping skills to `` would - be-targets '' and to others has been found to be an effective long term means of reducing bullying incidence rates and a valuable skill - set for individuals . Dark triad Main article : Dark triad Research on the dark triad ( narcissism , Machiavellianism and psychopathy ) indicate a correlation with bullying as part of evidence of the aversive nature of those traits . Projection Main article : Psychological projection A bully may project his / her own feelings of vulnerability onto the target ( s ) of the bullying activity . Despite the fact that a bully 's typically denigrating activities are aimed at the bully 's targets , the true source of such negativity is ultimately almost always found in the bully 's own sense of personal insecurity and / or vulnerability . Such aggressive projections of displaced negative emotions can occur anywhere from the micro-level of interpersonal relationships , all the way up through to the macro-level of international politics , or even international armed conflict . Emotional intelligence Main article : Bullying and emotional intelligence Bullying is abusive social interaction between peers which can include aggression , harassment , and violence . Bullying is typically repetitive and enacted by those who are in a position of power over the victim . A growing body of research illustrates a significant relationship between bullying and emotional intelligence ( EI ) . Mayer et al. , ( 2008 ) defines the dimensions of overall EI as : `` accurately perceiving emotion , using emotions to facilitate thought , understanding emotion , and managing emotion '' . The concept combines emotional and intellectual processes . Lower emotional intelligence appears to be related to involvement in bullying , as the bully and / or the victim of bullying . EI seems to play an important role in both bullying behavior and victimization in bullying ; given that EI is illustrated to be malleable , EI education could greatly improve bullying prevention and intervention initiatives . In different contexts Cyberbullying Main article : Cyberbullying Cyberbullying is any bullying done through the use of technology . This form of bullying can easily go undetected because of lack of parental / authoritative supervision . Because bullies can pose as someone else , it is the most anonymous form of bullying . Cyberbullying includes , but is not limited to , abuse using email , instant messaging , text messaging , websites , social networking sites , etc . With the creation of social networks like Facebook , Myspace , Instagram , and Twitter , cyberbullying has increased . Particular watchdog organizations have been designed to contain the spread of cyberbullying . Disability bullying Main article : Disability bullying It has been noted that disabled people are disproportionately affected by bullying and abuse , and such activity has been cited as a hate crime . The bullying is not limited to those who are visibly disabled , such as wheelchair - users or physically deformed such as those with a cleft lip , but also those with learning disabilities , such as autism and developmental coordination disorder . There is an additional problem that those with learning disabilities are often not as able to explain things to other people , so are more likely to be disbelieved or ignored if they do complain . Gay bullying Main article : Gay bashing Gay bullying and gay bashing designate direct or indirect verbal or physical actions by a person or group against someone who is gay or lesbian , or perceived to be so due to rumors or because they are considered to fit gay stereotypes . Gay and lesbian youth are more likely than straight youth to report bullying . Legal bullying Main article : Legal abuse Legal bullying is the bringing of a vexatious legal action to control and punish a person . Legal bullying can often take the form of frivolous , repetitive , or burdensome lawsuits brought to intimidate the defendant into submitting to the litigant 's request , not because of the legal merit of the litigant 's position , but principally due to the defendant 's inability to maintain the legal battle . This can also take the form of SLAPPs . It was partially concern about the potential for this kind of abuse that helped to fuel the protests against SOPA and PIPA in the United States in 2011 and 2012 . Military bullying Main article : Bullying in the military In 2000 , the UK Ministry of Defence ( MOD ) defined bullying as `` the use of physical strength or the abuse of authority to intimidate or victimize others , or to give unlawful punishments '' . Some argue that this behaviour should be allowed , due to ways in which `` soldiering '' is different from other occupations . Soldiers expected to risk their lives should , according to them , develop strength of body and spirit to accept bullying . Parental bullying of children See also : Child abuse , Narcissistic parent , and Parental narcissistic abuse Parents who may displace their anger , insecurity , or a persistent need to dominate and control upon their children in excessive ways have been proven to increase the likelihood that their own children will in turn become overly aggressive or controlling towards their peers . The American Psychological Association advises on its website that parents who may suspect that their own children may be engaging in bullying activities among their peers should carefully consider the examples which they themselves may be setting for their own children regarding how they typically interact with their own peers , colleagues , and children . Prison bullying Main article : Prisoner abuse An environment known for bullying is a country 's prison service . An additional complication is the staff and their relationships with the inmates . Thus the following possible bullying scenarios are possible : Inmate bullies inmate ( echoing school bullying ) Staff bullies inmate Staff bullies staff ( a manifestation of workplace bullying ) Inmate bullies staff School bullying ( bullying of students in schools ) Main article : School bullying Bullying can occur in nearly any part in or around the school building , although it may occur more frequently during physical education classes and activities such as recess . Bullying also takes place in school hallways , bathrooms , on school buses and while waiting for buses , and in classes that require group work and / or after school activities . Bullying in school sometimes consists of a group of students taking advantage of or isolating one student in particular and gaining the loyalty of bystanders who want to avoid becoming the next target . In the 2011 documentary Bully , we see first hand the torture that kids go through both in school and while on the school bus . As the movie follows around a few kids we see how bullying affects them both at school as well as in their homes . While bullying has no age limit , these bullies may taunt and tease their target before finally physically bullying them . Bystanders typically choose to either participate or watch , sometimes out of fear of becoming the next target . Bullying can also be perpetrated by teachers and the school system itself ; there is an inherent power differential in the system that can easily predispose to subtle or covert abuse ( relational aggression or passive aggression ) , humiliation , or exclusion -- even while maintaining overt commitments to anti-bullying policies . In 2016 , in Canada , a North American legal precedent was set by a mother and her son , after the son was bullied in his public school . The mother and son won a court case against the Ottawa - Carleton District School Board , making this the first case in North America where a school board has been found negligent in a bullying case for failing to meet the standard of care ( the `` duty of care '' that the school board owes to its students ) . Thus , it sets a precedent of a school board being found liable in negligence for harm caused to a child , because they failed to protect a child from the bullying actions of other students . There has been only one other similar bullying case and it was won in Australia in 2013 ( Oyston v. St. Patricks College , 2013 ) . Sexual bullying Main article : Sexual bullying See also : Slut - shaming Sexual bullying is `` Any bullying behaviour , whether physical or non-physical , that is based on a person 's sexuality or gender . It is when sexuality or gender is used as a weapon by boys or girls towards other boys or girls -- although it is more commonly directed at girls . It can be carried out to a person 's face , behind their back or through the use of technology . '' Trans bullying Main article : Trans bashing Trans bashing is the act of victimizing a person physically , sexually , or verbally because they are transgender or transsexual . Unlike gay bashing , it is committed because of the target 's actual or perceived gender identity , not sexual orientation . Workplace bullying Main article : Workplace bullying Workplace bullying occurs when an employee experiences a persistent pattern of mistreatment from others in the workplace that causes harm . Workplace bullying can include such tactics as verbal , nonverbal , psychological , physical abuse and humiliation . This type of workplace aggression is particularly difficult because , unlike the typical forms of school bullying , workplace bullies often operate within the established rules and policies of their organization and their society . Bullying in the workplace is in the majority of cases reported as having been perpetrated by someone in authority over the target . However , bullies can also be peers , and occasionally can be subordinates . The first known documented use of `` workplace bullying '' is in 1992 in a book by Andrea Adams called Bullying at Work : How to Confront and Overcome It . Research has also investigated the impact of the larger organizational context on bullying as well as the group - level processes that impact on the incidence , and maintenance of bullying behavior . Bullying can be covert or overt . It may be missed by superiors or known by many throughout the organization . Negative effects are not limited to the targeted individuals , and may lead to a decline in employee morale and a change in organizational culture . A Cochrane Collaboration systematic review has found very low quality evidence to suggest that organizational and individual interventions may prevent bullying behaviors in the workplace . In academia Main article : Bullying in academia Bullying in academia is workplace bullying of scholars and staff in academia , especially places of higher education such as colleges and universities . It is believed to be common , although has not received as much attention from researchers as bullying in some other contexts . In blue collar jobs Bullying has been identified as prominent in blue collar jobs , including on oil rigs and in mechanic shops and machine shops . It is thought that intimidation and fear of retribution cause decreased incident reports . In industry sectors dominated by males , typically of little education , where disclosure of incidents are seen as effeminate , reporting in the socioeconomic and cultural milieu of such industries would likely lead to a vicious circle . This is often used in combination with manipulation and coercion of facts to gain favour among higher - ranking administrators . In Information technology Main article : Bullying in information technology A culture of bullying is common in information technology ( IT ) , leading to high sickness rates , low morale , poor productivity , and high staff - turnover . Deadline - driven project work and stressed - out managers take their toll on IT workers . In the legal profession Main article : Bullying in the legal profession Bullying in the legal profession is believed to be more common than in some other professions . It is believed that its adversarial , hierarchical tradition contributes towards this . Women , trainees and solicitors who have been qualified for five years or less are more impacted , as are ethnic minority lawyers and lesbian , gay and bisexual lawyers . In Medicine Main article : Bullying in medicine Bullying in the medical profession is common , particularly of student or trainee doctors and of nurses . It is thought that this is at least in part an outcome of conservative traditional hierarchical structures and teaching methods in the medical profession , which may result in a bullying cycle . In nursing Main article : Bullying in nursing Even though The American Nurses Association believes that all nursing personnel have the right to work in safe , non-abusive environments , bullying has been identified as being particularly prevalent in the nursing profession although the reasons are not clear . It is thought that relational aggression ( psychological aspects of bullying such as gossipping and intimidation ) are relevant . Relational aggression has been studied among girls but not so much among adult women . In teaching Main article : Bullying in teaching School teachers are commonly the subject of bullying but they are also sometimes the originators of bullying within a school environment . In other areas As the verb to bully is defined as simply `` forcing one 's way aggressively or by intimidation '' , the term may generally apply to any life experience where one is motivated primarily by intimidation instead of by more positive goals , such as mutually shared interests and benefits . As such , any figure of authority or power who may use intimidation as a primary means of motivating others , such as a neighborhood `` protection racket don '' , a national dictator , a childhood ring - leader , a terrorist , a terrorist organization , or even a ruthless business CEO , could rightfully be referred to as a bully . According to psychologist Pauline Rennie - Peyton , we each face the possibility of being bullied in any phase of our lives . Prevention Bullying prevention is the collective effort to prevent , reduce , and stop bullying . Many campaigns and events are designated to bullying prevention throughout the world . Bullying prevention campaigns and events include : Anti-Bullying Day , Anti-Bullying Week , International Day of Pink , International STAND UP to Bullying Day , and National Bullying Prevention Month . Anti-Bullying laws in the U.S. have also been enacted in 23 of its 50 states , making bullying in schools illegal . Responding to bullying Bullying is typically ongoing and not isolated behaviour . Common ways that people try to respond , are to try to ignore it , to confront the bullies or to turn to an authority figure to try and address it . Ignoring it often does nothing to stop the bullying continuing , and it can become worse over time . It can be important to address bullying behaviour early on , as it can be easier to control the earlier it is detected . Bystanders play an important role in responding to bullying , as doing nothing can encourage it to continue , while small steps that oppose the behaviour can reduce it . Authority figures can play an important role , such as parents in child or adolescent situations , or supervisors , human - resources staff or parent - bodies in workplace and volunteer settings . Authority figures can be influential in recognising and stopping bullying behaviour , and creating an environment where it does n't continue . In many situations however people acting as authority figures are untrained and unqualified , do not know how to respond , and can make the situation worse . In some cases the authority figures even support the people doing the bullying , facilitating it continuing and increasing the isolation and marginalising of the target . Some of the most effective ways to respond , are to recognise that harmful behaviour is taking place , and creating an environment where it wo n't continue . People that are being targeted have little control over which authority figures they can turn to and how such matters would be addressed , however one means of support is to find a counsellor or psychologist that is trained in handling bullying . See also Book : Bullying Abuse Abusive power and control Bashing ( pejorative ) Brodie 's Law ( act ) Bully ( 2011 film ) The Bully : A Discussion and Activity Story ( book ) Bullying and suicide Complex post-traumatic stress disorder Discrimination Harassment Hate crime Hazing Mobbing Oppression Passive - aggressive behavior Persecution Police brutality Psychological manipulation Psychological trauma Relational aggression Scapegoating Social dominance orientation Social exclusion Social undermining Social rejection Taunting Teasing Victim blaming Victim playing Victimisation References Jump up ^ Juvonen , J. ; Graham , S. ( 2014 ) . `` Bullying in Schools : The Power of Bullies and the Plight of Victims '' . Annual Review of Psychology . 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( 2005 ) . Bullying at work : A perspective from Britain and North America . In S. Fox & P.E. Spector ( eds . ) Counterproductive work behavior : Investigations of actors and targets ( pp. 271 - 296 ) . Washington DC : American Psychological Association . Jump up ^ Rayner , C. , & Cooper , C.L. ( 2006 ) . Workplace Bullying . In Kelloway , E. , Barling , J. & Hurrell Jr. , J. ( eds . ) , Handbook of workplace violence ( pp. 47 - 90 ) . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage . Jump up ^ Google ngrams Jump up ^ Adams , Andrea with contributions from Crawford , Neil Bullying at Work : How to Confront and Overcome It ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ Ramsay , S. , Troth , A & Branch , S . ( 2010 ) . Work - place bullying : A group processes framework Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology , 84 ( 4 ) , 799 - 816 . Jump up ^ Gillen , Patricia A ; Sinclair , Marlene ; Kernohan , W George ; Begley , Cecily M ; Luyben , Ans G ( 2017 - 01 - 30 ) . Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews . 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ComputerWeekly.com : Feature . TechTarget . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Ann Richards ; Sharon L. Edwards ( 2008 ) . A Nurse 's Survival Guide to the Ward . Churchill Livingstone . ISBN 978 - 0 - 443 - 06897 - 3 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Le Mire , Suzanne ; Owens , Rosemary A propitious moment ? : Workplace bullying and regulation of the legal profession University of New South Wales Law Journal , The Volume 37 Issue 3 ( Dec 2014 ) Archived 2015 - 02 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Society publishes guidance on tackling bullying in solicitor profession Archived 2015 - 02 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . The Journal Of The Law Society of Scotland 27 June 2011 Jump up ^ http://www.nursingworld.org/Bullying-Workplace-Violence Workplace Violence Statistics Dellasega , Cheryl A. ( 2009 ) . `` Bullying Among Nurses '' . American Journal of Nursing . 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PMID 20514181 . doi : 10.1901 / jaba. 2009.42 - 747 . Jump up ^ W. Craig et al. , `` Responding to bullying , what works '' Jump up ^ W. Ci , `` What can be done to stop bullying among children ? Evidence from Canada '' Jump up ^ Bully - zero Australia Foundation , `` Respond to bullying '' Jump up ^ `` Stop bullying on the spot '' Jump up ^ Safe work Australia , `` Guide for preventing and responding to workplace bullying '' Jump up ^ Veronica Birkett , `` Bullied ? Do n't tell the teacher '' Jump up ^ `` Responding to bullying in Arc UNSW sports '' Jump up ^ E. Field , `` The prevalence of workplace bullying in Australia '' Further reading Kohut MR The Complete Guide to Understanding , Controlling , and Stopping Bullies & Bullying : A Complete Guide for Teachers & Parents ( 2007 ) Bullies and Victims in Schools : a guide to understanding and management by Valerie E. Besag ( 1989 ) The Fight That Never Ends by Tim Brown Odd Girl Out : The Hidden Culture of Aggression in Girls '' by Rachel Simmons ISBN 0 - 15 - 602734 - 8 Bullycide , Death at Playtime by Neil Marr and Tim Field ISBN 0 - 9529121 - 2 - 0 Bullycide in America : Moms Speak Out about the Bullying / Suicide Connection -- by Brenda High , Bullycide.org A Journey Out of Bullying : From Despair to Hope by Patricia L. Scott `` Peer Abuse Know More ! Bullying From A Psychological Perspective '' By Elizabeth Bennett New Perspectives on Bullying by Ken Rigby Garbarino , J. & de Lara , E. ( 2003 ) . And Words Can Hurt Forever : How to Protect Adolescents from Bullying , Harassment , and Emotional Violence . The Free Press : New York NY . Joanne Scaglione , Arrica Rose Scaglione Bully - proofing children : a practical , hands - on guide to stop bullying 2006 Why Is Everybody Always Picking on Me : A Guide to Handling Bullies for Young People . by Terrence Webster - Doyle . Book and Teaching curriculum . `` Why Nerds are Unpopular '' , by Paul Graham . This essay is an example of how even medium differences , in a hierarchical , zero - sum , or negative environments , can lead to ostracism or persecution . Lord of the Flies by William Golding ( 1954 ) . A famous work describing how a group of schoolboys trapped on an island descends into savagery . External links Library resources about Bullying Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Look up bullying in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Citizens Advice in the UK Bullying . No Way ! ( Australian Education Authorities ) Bullying in schools ( UK -- schools ) PBSKids.org `` Great Books About Bullies '' Be Brave Against Bullying , a UFT project U.S. Department of Education 's Education Resources Information Center ( ERIC ) Bullying Types Abusive supervision Cyberbullying Disability bullying Gay bashing Hazing Military bullying Mobbing Parental bullying of children Passive aggression Peer victimization Prison bullying Rankism Relational aggression School bullying Sexual bullying Workplace bullying ( Academia Higher education Information technology Legal aspects Legal profession Medicine Nursing Teaching Toxic leader ) Elements Betrayal Blacklisting Bullying and emotional intelligence Bullying culture Character assassination Control Coercion Climate of fear Defamation Destabilisation Discrediting Embarrassment False accusation Gaslighting Gossip Harassment Humiliation Incivility Innuendo Insult Intimidation Isolation Kiss up kick down Mind games Moving the goalposts Nagging Name calling Personal attacks Psychological abuse Physical abuse Rudeness Sarcasm School pranks Setting up to fail Silent treatment Smear campaign Social exclusion Social undermining Taunting Teasing Whispering campaign Workplace incivility Verbal abuse Yelling Organizations Act Against Bullying Ditch the Label Bullying UK It Gets Better Project Kidscape GRIN Campaign Jer 's Vision Activists and academics Andrea Adams Louise Burfitt - Dons Tim Field SuEllen Fried Liam Hackett Heinz Leymann Gary Namie Kenneth Westhues Actions Anti-Bullying Day Anti-Bullying Week International STAND UP to Bullying Day Anti-bullying legislation International Day of Pink Notable suicides ( List ) Kelly Yeomans ( 1997 ) Dawn - Marie Wesley ( 2000 ) Nicola Ann Raphael ( 2001 ) Ryan Halligan ( 2003 ) Megan Meier ( 2006 ) Tyler Clementi ( 2010 ) Phoebe Prince ( 2010 ) Jamey Rodemeyer ( 2011 ) Jamie Hubley ( 2011 ) Kenneth Weishuhn ( 2012 ) Amanda Todd ( 2012 ) Audrie Pott ( 2012 ) Jadin Bell ( 2013 ) Rehtaeh Parsons ( 2013 ) Murder -- suicides ( incidents ) Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold ( Columbine , 1999 ) Jeff Weise ( Red Lake , 2005 ) Elliot Rodger ( Isla Vista , 2014 ) Related topics Control freak Complex post-traumatic stress disorder Dehumanization Depression Emotional blackmail Just - world hypothesis Machiavellianism in the workplace Narcissism in the workplace Personal boundaries Personality disorders Psychological manipulation Psychological projection Psychological trauma Psychopathy in the workplace Scapegoating Self - esteem Social dominance orientation Suicide among LGBT youth Sycophancy Victim blaming Victim playing Victimisation Whistleblowing Abuse Types Abuse during childbirth Anti-social behaviour Bullying Child abuse ( neglect , sexual ) Cruelty to animals Domestic abuse Elder abuse Gaslighting Harassment Humiliation Incivility Institutional abuse Intimidation Neglect Persecution Professional abuse Proxy abuse Psychological abuse Physical abuse Religious abuse Sexual abuse Stalking Structural abuse Verbal abuse more ... Related topics Abusive power and control Child grooming Complex post-traumatic stress disorder Dehumanization Denial Destabilisation Disengaging from an abuser Exaggeration Isolation Just - world hypothesis Lying Manipulation Minimisation Narcissism Psychological projection Psychological trauma Psychopathy Rationalization Traumatic bonding Victim blaming Victim playing Victimisation Psychological manipulation Rewarding - pleasant ( positive reinforcement ) Attention Bribery Child grooming Flattery Gifts Ingratiation Love bombing Nudging Praise Seduction Smiling Superficial charm Superficial sympathy Aversive - unpleasant ( positive punishment ) Anger Character assassination Crying Emotional blackmail Fearmongering Frowning Glaring Guilt trip Inattention Intimidation Nagging Nit - picking criticism Passive aggression Relational aggression Sadism Shaming Silent treatment Social rejection Swearing Threats Victim blaming Victim playing Yelling intermittent or partial negative reinforcement Climate of fear Traumatic bonding Other techniques Bait - and - switch Deception Denial Deprogramming Disinformation Distortion Diversion Divide and rule Double bind Entrapment Evasion Exaggeration Gaslighting Good cop / bad cop Indoctrination Low - balling Lying Minimisation Moving the goalposts Pride - and - ego down Rationalization Reid technique Setting up to fail Trojan horse You 're either with us , or against us Contexts Abuse Abusive power and control Advertising Bullying Catholic guilt Confidence trick Guilt culture Interrogation Jewish guilt Jewish mother stereotype Moral panic Media manipulation Mind control Mind games Mobbing Propaganda Salesmanship Scapegoating Shame culture Smear campaign Social engineering ( blagging ) Spin Suggestibility Whispering campaign Related topics Antisocial personality disorder Assertiveness Blame Borderline personality disorder Carrot and stick Dumbing down Enabling Fallacy Femme fatale Gaming the system Gullibility Histrionic personality disorder Impression management Machiavellianism Narcissism Narcissistic personality disorder Personal boundaries Persuasion Popularity Projection Psychopathy Conformity Group pressures Authoritarian personality Bandwagon effect Collectivism Coercive persuasion Consensus reality Contagion Behavioral Crime Hysterical Suicide Groupthink Hazing Herd mentality Indoctrination Memory conformity Milieu control Mobbing Nationalism Normalization Normative social influence Ostracism Panopticon Patriotism Peer pressure Peer review Pluralistic ignorance Propaganda Right - wing authoritarianism Scapegoating Shunning Social influence Socialization Spiral of silence Teasing Tyranny of the majority Xeer Conforming oneself Compliance Countersignaling Herd behavior Internalisation Social proof Obedience Experiments Asch conformity experiments Milgram experiment Stanford prison experiment Counterconformity Anti-authoritarianism Antisocial tendencies Auto - segregation Civil disobedience Cosmopolitanism Counterculture Culture jamming Deviance Eclecticism Eccentricity Hermit Idiosyncrasy Individualism Rebellion Ritual clown Satire Shock value NDL : 01060293 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bullying&oldid=800897311 '' Categories : Bullying Abuse Aggression Injustice Persecution Psychological abuse Interpersonal conflict Human behavior Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : external links Articles with inconsistent citation formats Pages using web citations with no URL CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages NPOV disputes from May 2014 All NPOV disputes Articles needing more detailed references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from December 2014 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from March 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 11 : 00 . 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-6846162104495440197	Indigenous languages of the Americas	Indigenous languages of the Americas - wikipedia Indigenous languages of the Americas Jump to : navigation , search `` Amerindian language '' redirects here . For the proposed language family , see Amerind languages . Yucatec Maya writing in the Dresden Codex , ca . 11 -- 12th century , Chichen Itza Indigenous languages of the Americas are spoken by indigenous peoples from Alaska and Greenland to the southern tip of South America , encompassing the land masses that constitute the Americas . These indigenous languages consist of dozens of distinct language families , as well as many language isolates and unclassified languages . Many proposals to group these into higher - level families have been made , such as Joseph Greenberg 's Amerind hypothesis . This scheme is rejected by nearly all specialists . According to UNESCO , most of the indigenous American languages in North America are critically endangered , and many are already extinct . The most widely spoken indigenous language is Southern Quechua , with about 6 to 7 million speakers , primarily in South America . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Origins 3 Language families and unclassified languages 3.1 North America 3.2 Central America and Mexico 3.3 South America and the Caribbean 4 Language stock proposals 5 Linguistic areas 6 Unattested languages 7 Pidgins and mixed languages 8 See also 9 Notes 10 Bibliography 10.1 North America 10.2 South America 11 External links Background ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Further information : Indigenous peoples of the Americas Thousands of languages were spoken by various peoples in North and South America prior to their first contact with Europeans . These encounters occurred between the beginning of the 11th century ( with the Nordic settlement of Greenland and failed efforts in Newfoundland and Labrador ) and the end of the 15th century ( the voyages of Christopher Columbus ) . Several indigenous cultures of the Americas had also developed their own writing systems , the best known being the Maya script . The indigenous languages of the Americas had widely varying demographics , from the Quechuan languages , Aymara , Guarani , and Nahuatl , which had millions of active speakers , to many languages with only several hundred speakers . After pre-Columbian times , several indigenous creole languages developed in the Americas , based on European , indigenous and African languages . The European colonizers and their successor states had widely varying attitudes towards Native American languages . In Brazil , friars learned and promoted the Tupi language . In many Latin American colonies , Spanish missionaries often learned local languages and culture in order to preach to the natives in their own tongue and relate the Christian message to their indigenous religions . In the British American colonies , John Eliot of the Massachusetts Bay Colony translated the Bible into the Massachusett language , also called Wampanoag , or Natick ( 1661 -- 1663 ; he published the first Bible printed in North America , the Eliot Indian Bible . The Europeans also suppressed use of indigenous American languages , establishing their own languages for official communications , destroying texts in other languages , and insisting that indigenous people learn European languages in schools . As a result , indigenous American languages suffered from cultural suppression and loss of speakers . By the 18th and 19th centuries , Spanish , English , Portuguese , French , and Dutch , brought to the Americas by European settlers and administrators , had become the official or national languages of modern nation - states of the Americas . Many indigenous languages have become critically endangered , but others are vigorous and part of daily life for millions of people . Several indigenous languages have been given official status in the countries where they occur , such as Guaraní in Paraguay . In other cases official status is limited to certain regions where the languages are most spoken . Although sometimes enshrined in constitutions as official , the languages may be used infrequently in de facto official use . Examples are Quechua in Peru and Aymara in Bolivia , where in practice , Spanish is dominant in all formal contexts . In North America and the Arctic region , Greenland in 2009 adopted Kalaallisut as its sole official language . In the United States , the Navajo language is the most spoken Native American language , with more than 200,000 speakers in the Southwestern United States . The US Marine Corps recruited Navajo men , who were established as code talkers during World War II , to transmit secret US military messages . Neither the Germans nor Japanese ever deciphered the Navajo code , which was a code using the Navajo language . Today , governments , universities , and indigenous peoples are continuing to work for the preservation and revitalization of indigenous American languages . Origins ( edit ) See also : Settlement of the Americas In American Indian Languages : The Historical Linguistics of Native America ( 1997 ) , Lyle Campbell lists several hypotheses for the historical origins of Amerindian languages . A single , one - language migration ( not widely accepted ) A few linguistically distinct migrations ( favored by Edward Sapir ) Multiple migrations Multilingual migrations ( single migration with multiple languages ) The influx of already diversified but related languages from the Old World Extinction of Old World linguistic relatives ( while the New World ones survived ) Migration along the Pacific coast instead of by the Bering Strait Roger Blench ( 2008 ) has advocated the theory of multiple migrations along the Pacific coast of peoples from northeastern Asia , who already spoke diverse languages . These proliferated in the New World . Language families and unclassified languages ( edit ) Further information : Classification schemes for indigenous languages of the Americas Notes : Extinct languages or families are indicated by : † . The number of family members is indicated in parentheses ( for example , Arauan ( 9 ) means the Arauan family consists of nine languages ) . For convenience , the following list of language families is divided into three sections based on political boundaries of countries . These sections correspond roughly with the geographic regions ( North , Central , and South America ) but are not equivalent . This division can not fully delineate indigenous culture areas . North America ( edit ) Pre-contact : distribution of North American language families , including northern Mexico Bilingual stop sign in English and the Cherokee syllabary , Tahlequah , Oklahoma There are approximately 296 spoken ( or formerly spoken ) indigenous languages north of Mexico , 269 of which are grouped into 29 families ( the remaining 27 languages are either isolates or unclassified ) . The Na - Dené , Algic , and Uto - Aztecan families are the largest in terms of number of languages . Uto - Aztecan has the most speakers ( 1.95 million ) if the languages in Mexico are considered ( mostly due to 1.5 million speakers of Nahuatl ) ; Na - Dené comes in second with approximately 200,000 speakers ( nearly 180,000 of these are speakers of Navajo ) , and Algic in third with about 180,000 speakers ( mainly Cree and Ojibwe ) . Na - Dené and Algic have the widest geographic distributions : Algic currently spans from northeastern Canada across much of the continent down to northeastern Mexico ( due to later migrations of the Kickapoo ) with two outliers in California ( Yurok and Wiyot ) ; Na - Dené spans from Alaska and western Canada through Washington , Oregon , and California to the U.S. Southwest and northern Mexico ( with one outlier in the Plains ) . Several families consist of only 2 or 3 languages . Demonstrating genetic relationships has proved difficult due to the great linguistic diversity present in North America . Two large ( super - ) family proposals , Penutian and Hokan , look particularly promising . However , even after decades of research , a large number of families remain . North America is notable for its linguistic diversity , especially in California . This area has 18 language families comprising 74 languages ( compared to three families in Europe : Indo - European , Uralic and Turkic and one isolate : Basque ) . Another area of considerable diversity appears to have been the Southeastern United States ; however , many of these languages became extinct from European contact and as a result they are , for the most part , absent from the historical record . This diversity has influenced the development of linguistic theories and practice in the US . Due to the diversity of languages in North America , it is difficult to make generalizations for the region . Most North American languages have a relatively small number of vowels ( i.e. four or five vowels ) . Languages of the western half of North America often have relatively large consonant inventories . The languages of the Pacific Northwest are notable for their complex phonotactics ( for example , some languages have words that lack vowels entirely ) . The languages of the Plateau area have relatively rare pharyngeals and epiglottals ( they are otherwise restricted to Afroasiatic languages and the languages of the Caucasus ) . Ejective consonants are also common in western North America , although they are rare elsewhere ( except , again , for the Caucasus region , parts of Africa , and the Mayan family ) . Head - marking is found in many languages of North America ( as well as in Central and South America ) , but outside of the Americas it is rare . Many languages throughout North America are polysynthetic ( Eskimo -- Aleut languages are extreme examples ) , although this is not characteristic of all North American languages ( contrary to what was believed by 19th - century linguists ) . Several families have unique traits , such as the inverse number marking of the Tanoan languages , the lexical affixes of the Wakashan , Salishan and Chimakuan languages , and the unusual verb structure of Na - Dené . The classification below is a composite of Goddard ( 1996 ) , Campbell ( 1997 ) , and Mithun ( 1999 ) . See also : List of unclassified languages of North America Adai † Algic ( 30 ) Alsea ( 2 ) † Atakapa † Beothuk † Caddoan ( 5 ) Cayuse † Chimakuan ( 2 ) Chimariko † Chinookan ( 3 ) Chitimacha † Chumashan ( 6 ) † Coahuilteco † Comecrudan ( United States & Mexico ) ( 3 ) † Coosan ( 2 ) † Cotoname † Eskimo -- Aleut ( 7 ) Esselen † Haida Iroquoian ( 11 ) Kalapuyan ( 3 ) † Karankawa † Karuk Keresan ( 2 ) Kutenai Maiduan ( 4 ) Muskogean ( 9 ) Na - Dené ( United States , Canada & Mexico ) ( 39 ) Natchez † Palaihnihan ( 2 ) Plateau Penutian ( 4 ) ( also known as Shahapwailutan ) Pomoan ( 7 ) Salinan † Salishan ( 23 ) Shastan ( 4 ) † Siouan ( 19 ) Siuslaw † Solano † Takelma † Tanoan ( 7 ) Timucua † Tonkawa † Tsimshianic ( 2 ) Tunica † Utian ( 15 ) ( also known as Miwok -- Costanoan ) Uto - Aztecan ( 33 ) Wakashan ( 7 ) Wappo † Washo Wintuan ( 4 ) Yana † Yokutsan ( 3 ) Yuchi Yuki † Yuman -- Cochimí ( 11 ) Zuni Central America and Mexico ( edit ) The indigenous languages of Mexico that have more than 100,000 speakers The Mayan languages The Chibchan languages In Central America the Mayan languages are among those used today . Mayan languages are spoken by at least 6 million indigenous Maya , primarily in Guatemala , Mexico , Belize and Honduras . In 1996 , Guatemala formally recognized 21 Mayan languages by name , and Mexico recognizes eight more . The Mayan language family is one of the best documented and most studied in the Americas . Modern Mayan languages descend from Proto - Mayan , a language thought to have been spoken at least 5,000 years ago ; it has been partially reconstructed using the comparative method . See also : Mesoamerican languages Alagüilac ( Guatemala ) † Chibchan ( Central America & South America ) ( 22 ) Coahuilteco † Comecrudan ( Texas & Mexico ) ( 3 ) † Cotoname † Cuitlatec ( Mexico : Guerrero ) † Epi - Olmec ( Mexico : language of undeciphered inscriptions ) † Guaicurian ( 8 ) Huave Jicaquean Lencan Maratino ( northeastern Mexico ) † Mayan ( 31 ) Miskito Misumalpan Mixe -- Zoquean ( 19 ) Naolan ( Mexico : Tamaulipas ) † Oto - Manguean ( 27 ) Purépecha Quinigua ( northeast Mexico ) † Seri Solano † Tequistlatecan ( 3 ) Totonacan ( 2 ) Uto - Aztecan ( United States & Mexico ) ( 33 ) Xincan Yuman ( United States & Mexico ) ( 11 ) South America and the caribbean ( edit ) Some of the greater families of South America : dark spots are language isolates or quasi-isolate , grey spots unclassified languages or languages with doubtful classification . ( Note that Quechua , the family with most speakers , is not displayed . ) A Urarina shaman , 1988 Although both North and Central America are very diverse areas , South America has a linguistic diversity rivalled by only a few other places in the world with approximately 350 languages still spoken and an estimated 1,500 languages at first European contact . The situation of language documentation and classification into genetic families is not as advanced as in North America ( which is relatively well studied in many areas ) . Kaufman ( 1994 : 46 ) gives the following appraisal : Since the mid 1950s , the amount of published material on SA ( South America ) has been gradually growing , but even so , the number of researchers is far smaller than the growing number of linguistic communities whose speech should be documented . Given the current employment opportunities , it is not likely that the number of specialists in SA Indian languages will increase fast enough to document most of the surviving SA languages before they go out of use , as most of them unavoidably will . More work languishes in personal files than is published , but this is a standard problem . It is fair to say that SA and New Guinea are linguistically the poorest documented parts of the world . However , in the early 1960s fairly systematic efforts were launched in Papua New Guinea , and that area -- much smaller than SA , to be sure -- is in general much better documented than any part of indigenous SA of comparable size . As a result , many relationships between languages and language families have not been determined and some of those relationships that have been proposed are on somewhat shaky ground . The list of language families , isolates , and unclassified languages below is a rather conservative one based on Campbell ( 1997 ) . Many of the proposed ( and often speculative ) groupings of families can be seen in Campbell ( 1997 ) , Gordon ( 2005 ) , Kaufman ( 1990 , 1994 ) , Key ( 1979 ) , Loukotka ( 1968 ) , and in the Language stock proposals section below . See also : List of unclassified languages of South America Aguano † Aikaná ( Brazil : Rondônia ) ( also known as Aikanã , Tubarão ) Andaquí ( also known as Andaqui , Andakí ) † Andoque ( Colombia , Peru ) ( also known as Andoke ) Andoquero † Arauan ( 9 ) Arawakan ( South America & Caribbean ) ( 64 ) ( also known as Maipurean ) Arutani Aymaran ( 3 ) Baenan ( Brazil : Bahia ) ( also known as Baenán , Baenã ) † Barbacoan ( 8 ) Betoi ( Colombia ) ( also known as Betoy , Jirara ) † Bororoan Botocudoan ( 3 ) ( also known as Aimoré ) Cahuapanan ( 2 ) ( also known as Jebero , Kawapánan ) Camsá ( Colombia ) ( also known as Sibundoy , Coche ) Candoshi ( also known as Maina , Kandoshi ) Canichana ( Bolivia ) ( also known as Canesi , Kanichana ) Carabayo Cariban ( 29 ) ( also known as Caribe , Carib ) Catacaoan ( also known as Katakáoan ) † Cayubaba ( Bolivia ) Chapacuran ( 9 ) ( also known as Chapacura - Wanham , Txapakúran ) Charruan ( also known as Charrúan ) † Chibchan ( Central America & South America ) ( 22 ) Chimuan ( 3 ) † Chipaya -- Uru ( also known as Uru -- Chipaya ) Chiquitano Choco ( 10 ) ( also known as Chocoan ) Chon ( 2 ) ( also known as Patagonian ) Chono † Coeruna ( Brazil ) † Cofán ( Colombia , Ecuador ) Cueva † Culle ( Peru ) ( also known as Culli , Linga , Kulyi ) † Cunza ( Chile , Bolivia , Argentina ) ( also known as Atacama , Atakama , Atacameño , Lipe , Kunsa ) † Esmeraldeño ( also known as Esmeralda , Takame ) † Fulnió Gamela ( Brazil : Maranhão ) † Gorgotoqui ( Bolivia ) † Guaicuruan ( 7 ) ( also known as Guaykuruan , Waikurúan ) Guajiboan ( 4 ) ( also known as Wahívoan ) Guamo ( Venezuela ) ( also known as Wamo ) † Guató Harakmbut ( 2 ) ( also known as Tuyoneri ) Hibito -- Cholon † Himarimã Hodï ( Venezuela ) ( also known as Jotí , Hoti , Waruwaru ) Huamoé ( Brazil : Pernambuco ) † Huaorani ( Ecuador , Peru ) ( also known as Auca , Huaorani , Wao , Auka , Sabela , Waorani , Waodani ) Huarpe ( also known as Warpe ) † Irantxe ( Brazil : Mato Grosso ) Itonama ( Bolivia ) ( also known as Saramo , Machoto ) Jabutian Je ( 13 ) ( also known as Gê , Jêan , Gêan , Ye ) Jeikó † Jirajaran ( 3 ) ( also known as Hiraháran , Jirajarano , Jirajarana ) † Jivaroan ( 2 ) ( also known as Hívaro ) Kaimbe Kaliana ( also known as Caliana , Cariana , Sapé , Chirichano ) Kamakanan † Kapixaná ( Brazil : Rondônia ) ( also known as Kanoé , Kapishaná ) Karajá Karirí ( Brazil : Paraíba , Pernambuco , Ceará ) † Katembrí † Katukinan ( 3 ) ( also known as Catuquinan ) Kawésqar ( Chile ) ( Kaweskar , Alacaluf , Qawasqar , Halawalip , Aksaná , Hekaine ) Kwaza ( Koayá ) ( Brazil : Rondônia ) Leco ( Lapalapa , Leko ) Lule ( Argentina ) ( also known as Tonocoté ) Maku ( cf . other Maku ) Malibú ( also known as Malibu ) Mapudungu ( Chile , Argentina ) ( also known as Araucanian , Mapuche , Huilliche ) Mascoyan ( 5 ) ( also known as Maskóian , Mascoian ) Matacoan ( 4 ) ( also known as Mataguayan ) Matanawí † Maxakalían ( 3 ) ( also known as Mashakalían ) Mocana ( Colombia : Tubará ) † Mosetenan ( also known as Mosetén ) Movima ( Bolivia ) Munichi ( Peru ) ( also known as Muniche ) Muran ( 4 ) Mutú ( also known as Loco ) Nadahup ( 5 ) Nambiquaran ( 5 ) Natú ( Brazil : Pernambuco ) † Nonuya ( Peru , Colombia ) Ofayé Old Catío -- Nutabe ( Colombia ) † Omurano ( Peru ) ( also known as Mayna , Mumurana , Numurana , Maina , Rimachu , Roamaina , Umurano ) † Otí ( Brazil : São Paulo ) † Otomakoan ( 2 ) † Paez ( also known as Nasa Yuwe ) Palta † Pankararú ( Brazil : Pernambuco ) † Pano -- Tacanan ( 33 ) Panzaleo ( Ecuador ) ( also known as Latacunga , Quito , Pansaleo ) † Patagon † ( Peru ) Peba -- Yaguan ( 2 ) ( also known as Yaguan , Yáwan , Peban ) Pijao † Pre-Arawakan languages of the Greater Antilles ( Guanahatabey , Macorix , Ciguayo ) † ( Cuba , Hispaniola ) Puelche ( Chile ) ( also known as Guenaken , Gennaken , Pampa , Pehuenche , Ranquelche ) † Puinave ( also known as Makú ) Puquina ( Bolivia ) † Purian ( 2 ) † Quechuan ( 46 ) Rikbaktsá Saliban ( 2 ) ( also known as Sálivan ) Sechura ( Atalan , Sec ) † Tabancale † ( Peru ) Tairona ( Colombia ) † Tarairiú ( Brazil : Rio Grande do Norte ) † Taruma † Taushiro ( Peru ) ( also known as Pinchi , Pinche ) Tequiraca ( Peru ) ( also known as Tekiraka , Avishiri ) † Teushen † ( Patagonia , Argentina ) Ticuna ( Colombia , Peru , Brazil ) ( also known as Magta , Tikuna , Tucuna , Tukna , Tukuna ) Timotean ( 2 ) † Tiniguan ( 2 ) ( also known as Tiníwan , Pamiguan ) † Trumai ( Brazil : Xingu , Mato Grosso ) Tucanoan ( 15 ) Tupian ( 70 , including Guaraní ) Tuxá ( Brazil : Bahia , Pernambuco ) † Urarina ( also known as Shimacu , Itukale , Shimaku ) Vilela Wakona † Warao ( Guyana , Surinam , Venezuela ) ( also known as Guarao ) Witotoan ( 6 ) ( also known as Huitotoan , Bora -- Witótoan ) Xokó ( Brazil : Alagoas , Pernambuco ) ( also known as Shokó ) † Xukurú ( Brazil : Pernambuco , Paraíba ) † Yaghan ( Chile ) ( also known as Yámana ) Yanomaman ( 4 ) Yaruro ( also known as Jaruro ) Yuracare ( Bolivia ) Yuri ( Colombia , Brazil ) ( also known as Carabayo , Jurí ) † Yurumanguí ( Colombia ) ( also known as Yurimangui , Yurimangi ) † Zamucoan ( 2 ) Zaparoan ( 5 ) ( also known as Záparo ) Language stock proposals ( edit ) Main article : Classification schemes for indigenous languages of the Americas Hypothetical language - family proposals of American languages are often cited as uncontroversial in popular writing . However , many of these proposals have not been fully demonstrated , or even demonstrated at all . Some proposals are viewed by specialists in a favorable light , believing that genetic relationships are very likely to be established in the future ( for example , the Penutian stock ) . Other proposals are more controversial with many linguists believing that some genetic relationships of a proposal may be demonstrated but much of it undemonstrated ( for example , Hokan -- Siouan , which , incidentally , Edward Sapir called his `` wastepaper basket stock '' ) . Still other proposals are almost unanimously rejected by specialists ( for example , Amerind ) . Below is a ( partial ) list of some such proposals : Algonquian -- Wakashan ( also known as Almosan ) Almosan -- Keresiouan ( Almosan + Keresiouan ) Amerind ( all languages excepting Eskimo -- Aleut & Na - Dené ) Angonkian -- Gulf ( Algic + Beothuk + Gulf ) ( macro - ) Arawakan Arutani -- Sape ( Ahuaque -- Kalianan ) Aztec -- Tanoan ( Uto - Aztecan + Tanoan ) Chibchan -- Paezan Chikitano -- Boróroan Chimu -- Chipaya Coahuiltecan ( Coahuilteco + Cotoname + Comecrudan + Karankawa + Tonkawa ) Cunza -- Kapixanan Dené -- Caucasian Dené -- Yeniseian Esmerelda -- Yaruroan Ge -- Pano -- Carib Guamo -- Chapacuran Gulf ( Muskogean + Natchez + Tunica ) Macro-Kulyi -- Cholónan Hokan ( Karok + Chimariko + Shastan + Palaihnihan + Yana + Pomoan + Washo + Esselen + Yuman + Salinan + Chumashan + Seri + Tequistlatecan ) Hokan -- Siouan ( Hokan + Keresiouan + Subtiaba -- Tlappanec + Coahuiltecan + Yukian + Tunican + Natchez + Muskogean + Timucua ) Je -- Tupi -- Carib Jivaroan -- Cahuapanan Kalianan Kandoshi -- Omurano -- Taushiro ( Macro - ) Katembri -- Taruma Kaweskar language area Keresiouan ( Macro-Siouan + Keresan + Yuchi ) Lule -- Vilelan Macro-Andean Macro-Carib Macro-Chibchan Macro-Gê ( also known as Macro-Jê ) Macro-Jibaro Macro-Lekoan Macro-Mayan Macro-Otomákoan Macro-Paesan Macro-Panoan Macro-Puinavean Macro-Siouan ( Siouan + Iroquoian + Caddoan ) Macro-Tucanoan Macro-Tupí -- Karibe Macro-Waikurúan Macro-Warpean ( Muran + Matanawi + Huarpe ) Mataco -- Guaicuru Mosan ( Salishan + Wakashan + Chimakuan ) Mosetén -- Chonan Mura -- Matanawian Sapir 's Na - Dené including Haida ( Haida + Tlingit + Eyak + Athabaskan ) Nostratic -- Amerind Paezan ( Andaqui + Paez + Panzaleo ) Paezan -- Barbacoan Penutian ( many languages of California and sometimes languages in Mexico ) California Penutian ( Wintuan + Maiduan + Yokutsan + Utian ) Oregon Penutian ( Takelma + Coosan + Siuslaw + Alsean ) Mexican Penutian ( Mixe -- Zoque + Huave ) Puinave -- Maku Quechumaran Saparo -- Yawan ( also known as Zaparo -- Yaguan ) Sechura -- Catacao ( also known as Sechura -- Tallan ) Takelman ( Takelma + Kalapuyan ) Tequiraca -- Canichana Ticuna -- Yuri ( Yuri -- Ticunan ) Totozoque ( Totonacan + Mixe -- Zoque ) Tunican ( Tunica + Atakapa + Chitimacha ) Yok -- Utian Yuki -- Wappo Good discussions of past proposals can be found in Campbell ( 1997 ) and Campbell & Mithun ( 1979 ) . Amerindian linguist Lyle Campbell also assigned different percentage values of probability and confidence for various proposals of macro-families and language relationships , depending on his views of the proposals ' strengths . For example , the Germanic language family would receive probability and confidence percentage values of + 100 % and 100 % , respectively . However , if Turkish and Quechua were compared , the probability value might be − 95 % , while the confidence value might be 95 % . 0 % probability or confidence would mean complete uncertainty . Language Family Probability Confidence Algonkian -- Gulf − 50 % 50 % Almosan ( and beyond ) − 75 % 50 % Atakapa -- Chitimacha − 50 % 60 % Aztec -- Tanoan 0 % 50 % Coahuiltecan − 85 % 80 % Eskimo -- Aleut , Chukotan − 25 % 20 % Guaicurian -- Hokan 0 % 10 % Gulf − 25 % 40 % Hokan -- Subtiaba − 90 % 75 % Jicaque -- Hokan − 30 % 25 % Jicaque -- Subtiaba − 60 % 80 % Jicaque -- Tequistlatecan + 65 % 50 % Keresan and Uto - Aztecan 0 % 60 % Keresan and Zuni − 40 % 40 % Macro-Mayan + 30 % 25 % Macro-Siouan − 20 % 75 % Maya -- Chipaya − 80 % 95 % Maya -- Chipaya -- Yunga − 90 % 95 % Mexican Penutian − 40 % 60 % Misumalpan -- Chibchan + 20 % 50 % Mosan − 60 % 65 % Na - Dene 0 % 25 % Natchez -- Muskogean + 40 % 20 % Nostratic -- Amerind − 90 % 75 % Otomanguean -- Huave + 25 % 25 % Purépecha -- Quechua − 90 % 80 % Quechua as Hokan − 85 % 80 % Quechumaran + 50 % 50 % Sahaptian -- Klamath -- ( Molala ) + 75 % 50 % Sahaptian -- Klamath -- Tsimshian + 10 % 10 % Takelman + 80 % 60 % Tlapanec -- Subtiaba as Otomanguean + 95 % 90 % Tlingit -- Eyak -- Athabaskan + 75 % 40 % Tunican 0 % 20 % Wakashan and Chimakuan 0 % 25 % Yukian -- Gulf − 85 % 70 % Yukian -- Siouan − 60 % 75 % Zuni -- Penutian − 80 % 50 % Linguistic areas ( edit ) Main article : Linguistic areas of the Americas Unattested languages ( edit ) Several languages are only known by mention in historical documents or from only a few names or words . It can not be determined that these languages actually existed or that the few recorded words are actually of known or unknown languages . Some may simply be from a historian 's errors . Others are of known people with no linguistic record ( sometimes due to lost records ) . A short list is below . Ais Akokisa Aranama Ausaima Avoyel Bayogoula Bidai Cacán ( Diaguita -- Calchaquí ) Calusa - Mayaimi - Tequesta Cusabo Eyeish Grigra Guale Houma Koroa Manek'enk ( Haush ) ( perhaps Chon ) Mayaca ( possibly related to Ais ) Mobila Okelousa Opelousa Pascagoula Pensacola - Chatot ( Muscogean languages , possibly related to Choctaw ) Quinipissa Taensa Tiou Yamacraw Yamasee Yazoo Loukotka ( 1968 ) reports the names of hundreds of South American languages which do not have any linguistic documentation . Pidgins and mixed languages ( edit ) Various miscellaneous languages such as pidgins , mixed languages , trade languages , and sign languages are given below in alphabetical order . American Indian Pidgin English Algonquian - Basque pidgin ( also known as Micmac - Basque Pidgin , Souriquois ; spoken by the Basques , Micmacs , and Montagnais in eastern Canada ) Broken Oghibbeway ( also known as Broken Ojibwa ) Broken Slavey Bungee ( also known as Bungi , Bungie , Bungay , or the Red River Dialect ) Callahuaya ( also known as Machaj - Juyai , Kallawaya , Collahuaya , Pohena , Kolyawaya Jargon ) Carib Pidgin ( also known as Ndjuka - Amerindian Pidgin , Ndjuka - Trio ) Carib Pidgin -- Arawak Mixed Language Catalangu Chinook Jargon Delaware Jargon ( also known as Pidgin Delaware ) Eskimo Trade Jargon ( also known as Herschel Island Eskimo Pidgin , Ship 's Jargon ) Greenlandic Pidgin ( West Greenlandic Pidgin ) Guajiro - Spanish Güegüence - Nicarao Haida Jargon Inuktitut - English Pidgin ( Quebec ) Jargonized Powhatan Labrador Eskimo Pidgin ( also known as Labrador Inuit Pidgin ) Lingua Franca Apalachee Lingua Franca Creek Lingua Geral Amazônica ( also known as Nheengatú , Lingua Boa , Lingua Brasílica , Lingua Geral do Norte ) Lingua Geral do Sul ( also known as Lingua Geral Paulista , Tupí Austral ) Loucheux Jargon ( also known as Jargon Loucheux ) Media Lengua Mednyj Aleut ( also known as Copper Island Aleut , Medniy Aleut , CIA ) Michif ( also known as French Cree , Métis , Metchif , Mitchif , Métchif ) Mobilian Jargon ( also known as Mobilian Trade Jargon , Chickasaw - Chocaw Trade Language , Yamá ) Montagnais Pidgin Basque ( also known as Pidgin Basque - Montagnais ) Nootka Jargon ( spoken during the 18th - 19th centuries ; later replaced by Chinook Jargon ) Ocaneechi ( also known as Occaneechee ; spoken in Virginia and the Carolinas in early colonial times ) Pidgin Massachusett Plains Indian Sign Language See also ( edit ) Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal Indigenous peoples of North America portal Amerind languages Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America Classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas Classification schemes for indigenous languages of the Americas Haplogroup Q - M242 ( Y - DNA ) Indigenous peoples of the Americas Language families and languages Languages of Peru List of endangered languages in Canada List of endangered languages in Mexico List of endangered languages in the United States of America List of endangered languages with mobile apps List of indigenous languages in Argentina Mesoamerican languages Native American Languages Act of 1990 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Greenberg , Joseph ( 1987 ) . Language in the Americas . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 1315 - 3 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Lyle ( 2000 ) . American Indian Languages : The Historical Linguistics of Native America . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 534983 - 2 . , page 253 Jump up ^ Gordon , Raymond G. , Jr . ( Ed . ) . ( 2005 ) . Ethnologue : Languages of the World ( 15th ed . ) . Dallas , Texas : SIL International . ISBN 1 - 55671 - 159 - X . ( Online version : http://www.ethnologue.com ) Jump up ^ Wichmann , Soren ( 2006 ) . `` Mayan Historical Linguistics and Epigraphy : A New Synthesis '' . Annual Review of Anthropology. 35 : 279 -- 294 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. anthro. 35.081705. 123257 . Jump up ^ Shapiro , Judith ( 1987 ) . `` From Tupã to the Land without Evil : The Christianization of Tupi - Guarani Cosmology '' . American Ethnologist. 1 ( 14 ) : 126 -- 139 . doi : 10.1525 / ae. 1987.14. 1.02 a00080 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Lyle ( 1997 ) . American Indian languages : the historical linguistics of Native America . Ch. 3 The Origin of American Indian Languages , pp. 90 -- 106 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509427 - 1 . Jump up ^ Blench , Roger . ( 2008 ) Accounting for the Diversity of Amerindian Languages : Modelling the Settlement of the New World . Paper presented at the Archaeology Research Seminar , RSPAS , Canberra , Australia . Jump up ^ If the Caucasus is considered to be a part of Europe , Northwest Caucasian and Northeast Caucasian would be included resulting in five language families within Europe . Other language families , such as the Turkic , Mongolic , Afroasiatic families have entered Europe in later migrations . Jump up ^ Nater 1984 , pg. 5 Jump up ^ Ruhlen , Merritt. ( 1991 ( 1987 ) ) . A Guide to the World 's Languages Volume 1 : Classification , p. 216 . Edward Arnold . Paperback : ISBN 0 - 340 - 56186 - 6 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Lyle ( 1997 ) . American Indian languages : the historical linguistics of Native America . Ch. 8 Distant Genetic Relationships , pp. 260 -- 329 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509427 - 1 . Jump up ^ American - Arctic -- Paleosiberian Phylum , Luoravetlan -- and beyond Jump up ^ Macro-Mayan includes Mayan , Totonacan , Mixe -- Zoquean , and sometimes Huave . Jump up ^ Siouan -- Iroquoian -- Caddoan -- ( Yuchi ) Jump up ^ Alternatively Takelma -- Kalapuyan Bibliography ( edit ) Bright , William . ( 1984 ) . The classification of North American and Meso - American Indian languages . In W. Bright ( Ed . ) , American Indian linguistics and literature ( pp. 3 -- 29 ) . Berlin : Mouton de Gruyter . Bright , William ( Ed . ) . ( 1984 ) . American Indian linguistics and literature . Berlin : Mouton de Gruyter . ISBN 3 - 11 - 009846 - 6 . Brinton , Daniel G. ( 1891 ) . The American race . New York : D.C. Hodges . Campbell , Lyle. ( 1997 ) . American Indian languages : The historical linguistics of Native America . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509427 - 1 . Campbell , Lyle ; & Mithun , Marianne ( Eds . ) . ( 1979 ) . The languages of native America : Historical and comparative assessment . Austin : University of Texas Press . North America ( edit ) Boas , Franz . ( 1911 ) . Handbook of American Indian languages ( Vol. 1 ) . Bureau of American Ethnology , Bulletin 40 . Washington : Government Print Office ( Smithsonian Institution , Bureau of American Ethnology ) . Boas , Franz . ( 1922 ) . Handbook of American Indian languages ( Vol. 2 ) . Bureau of American Ethnology , Bulletin 40 . Washington : Government Print Office ( Smithsonian Institution , Bureau of American Ethnology ) . Boas , Franz . ( 1929 ) . Classification of American Indian languages . Language , 5 , 1 -- 7 . Boas , Franz . ( 1933 ) . Handbook of American Indian languages ( Vol. 3 ) . Native American legal materials collection , title 1227 . Glückstadt : J.J. Augustin . Bright , William . ( 1973 ) . North American Indian language contact . In T.A. Sebeok ( Ed . ) , Linguistics in North America ( part 1 , pp. 713 -- 726 ) . Current trends in linguistics ( Vol. 10 ) . The Hauge : Mouton . Goddard , Ives ( Ed . ) . ( 1996 ) . Languages . Handbook of North American Indians ( W.C. Sturtevant , General Ed . ) ( Vol. 17 ) . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution . ISBN 0 - 16 - 048774 - 9 . Goddard , Ives. ( 1999 ) . Native languages and language families of North America ( rev. and enlarged ed. with additions and corrections ) . ( Map ) . Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press ( Smithsonian Institution ) . ( Updated version of the map in Goddard 1996 ) . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 9271 - 6 . Goddard , Ives. ( 2005 ) . The indigenous languages of the southeast . Anthropological Linguistics , 47 ( 1 ) , 1 -- 60 . Mithun , Marianne. ( 1990 ) . Studies of North American Indian Languages . Annual Review of Anthropology , 19 ( 1 ) : 309 -- 330 . Mithun , Marianne. ( 1999 ) . The languages of Native North America . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 23228 - 7 ( hbk ) ; ISBN 0 - 521 - 29875 - X . Nater , Hank F. ( 1984 ) . The Bella Coola Language . Mercury Series ; Canadian Ethnology Service ( No. 92 ) . Ottawa : National Museums of Canada . Powell , John W. ( 1891 ) . Indian linguistic families of America north of Mexico . Seventh annual report , Bureau of American Ethnology ( pp. 1 -- 142 ) . Washington , D.C. : Government Printing Office . ( Reprinted in P. Holder ( Ed . ) , 1966 , Introduction to Handbook of American Indian languages by Franz Boas and Indian linguistic families of America , north of Mexico , by J.W. Powell , Lincoln : University of Nebraska ) . Powell , John W. ( 1915 ) . Linguistic families of American Indians north of Mexico by J.W. Powell , revised by members of the staff of the Bureau of American Ethnology . ( Map ) . Bureau of American Ethnology miscellaneous publication ( No. 11 ) . Baltimore : Hoen . Sebeok , Thomas A. ( Ed . ) . ( 1973 ) . Linguistics in North America ( parts 1 & 2 ) . Current trends in linguistics ( Vol. 10 ) . The Hauge : Mouton . ( Reprinted as Sebeok 1976 ) . Sebeok , Thomas A. ( Ed . ) . ( 1976 ) . Native languages of the Americas . New York : Plenum . Sherzer , Joel . ( 1973 ) . Areal linguistics in North America . In T.A. Sebeok ( Ed . ) , Linguistics in North America ( part 2 , pp. 749 -- 795 ) . Current trends in linguistics ( Vol. 10 ) . The Hauge : Mouton . ( Reprinted in Sebeok 1976 ) . Sherzer , Joel . ( 1976 ) . An areal - typological study of American Indian languages north of Mexico . Amsterdam : North - Holland . Sletcher , Michael , ' North American Indians ' , in Will Kaufman and Heidi Macpherson , eds. , Britain and the Americas : Culture , Politics , and History , ( 2 vols. , Oxford , 2005 ) . Sturtevant , William C. ( Ed . ) . ( 1978 -- present ) . Handbook of North American Indians ( Vol. 1 -- 20 ) . Washington , D.C. : Smithsonian Institution . ( Vols. 1 -- 3 , 16 , 18 -- 20 not yet published ) . Vaas , Rüdiger : ' Die Sprachen der Ureinwohner ' . In : Stoll , Günter , Vaas , Rüdiger : Spurensuche im Indianerland . Hirzel . Stuttgart 2001 , chapter 7 . Voegelin , Carl F. ; & Voegelin , Florence M. ( 1965 ) . Classification of American Indian languages . Languages of the world , Native American fasc. 2 , sec . 1.6 ) . Anthropological Linguistics , 7 ( 7 ) : 121 - 150 . Zepeda , Ofelia ; Hill , Jane H. ( 1991 ) . The condition of Native American Languages in the United States . In R.H. Robins & E.M. Uhlenbeck ( Eds . ) , Endangered languages ( pp. 135 -- 155 ) . Oxford : Berg . South America ( edit ) Adelaar , Willem F.H. ; & Muysken , Pieter C. ( 2004 ) . The languages of the Andes . Cambridge language surveys . Cambridge University Press . Fabre , Alain. ( 1998 ) . `` Manual de las lenguas indígenas sudamericanas , I - II '' . München : Lincom Europa . Kaufman , Terrence. ( 1990 ) . Language history in South America : What we know and how to know more . In D.L. Payne ( Ed . ) , Amazonian linguistics : Studies in lowland South American languages ( pp. 13 -- 67 ) . Austin : University of Texas Press . ISBN 0 - 292 - 70414 - 3 . Kaufman , Terrence. ( 1994 ) . The native languages of South America . In C. Mosley & R.E. Asher ( Eds . ) , Atlas of the world 's languages ( pp. 46 -- 76 ) . London : Routledge . Key , Mary R. ( 1979 ) . The grouping of South American languages . Tübingen : Gunter Narr Verlag . Loukotka , Čestmír. ( 1968 ) . Classification of South American Indian languages . Los Angeles : Latin American Studies Center , University of California . Mason , J. Alden. ( 1950 ) . The languages of South America . In J. Steward ( Ed . ) , Handbook of South American Indians ( Vol. 6 , pp. 157 -- 317 ) . Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology bulletin ( No. 143 ) . Washington , D.C. : Government Printing Office . Migliazza , Ernest C. ; & Campbell , Lyle. ( 1988 ) . Panorama general de las lenguas indígenas en América . Historia general de América ( Vol. 10 ) . Caracas : Instituto Panamericano de Geografía e Historia . Rodrigues , Aryon. ( 1986 ) . Linguas brasileiras : Para o conhecimento das linguas indígenas . São Paulo : Edições Loyola . Rowe , John H. ( 1954 ) . Linguistics classification problems in South America . In M.B. Emeneau ( Ed . ) , Papers from the symposium on American Indian linguistics ( pp. 10 -- 26 ) . University of California publications in linguistics ( Vol. 10 ) . Berkeley : University of California Press . Sapir , Edward . ( 1929 ) . Central and North American languages . In The encyclopædia britannica : A new survey of universal knowledge ( 14 ed . ) ( Vol. 5 , pp. 138 -- 141 ) . London : The Encyclopædia Britannica Company , Ltd . Voegelin , Carl F. ; & Voegelin , Florence M. ( 1977 ) . Classification and index of the world 's languages . Amsterdam : Elsevier . ISBN 0 - 444 - 00155 - 7 . Debian North American Indigenous Languages Project External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Native American languages . Catálogo de línguas indígenas sul - americanas Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos Towards a general typology of South American indigenous languages . 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-8643213823357512894	List of NBA teams by single season win percentage	List of NBA teams by single season win percentage - wikipedia List of NBA teams by single season win percentage This is a list of the all - time best regular season winning percentages in the NBA . NBA Champions Conference Champions Active season Contents 1 Above . 750 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References Above . 750 ( edit ) PCT Diff Team Season Results Notes Coach Regular season Postseason . 890 73 9 39 -- 2 34 -- 7 0 -- 0 10.8 Golden State Warriors 2015 -- 16 Lost in NBA Finals 15 9 11 -- 3 4 -- 6 List ( show ) Most wins in NBA history ( 73 ) Best start in NBA history ( 24 -- 0 ) Best start in NBA history for every number of losses from 1 - 2 and 4 - 9 : ( 29 -- 1 , . 967 ) , ( 36 -- 2 , . 947 ) , ( 48 -- 4 , . 923 ) , ( 55 -- 5 , . 917 ) , ( 62 -- 6 , . 912 ) , ( 68 -- 7 , . 907 ) , ( 69 -- 8 , . 896 ) , ( 73 -- 9 , . 890 ) Most wins in NBA history ( regular season and postseason combined ) ( 88 ) Started 36 -- 0 at home , part of an NBA record 54 - straight home wins dating back to 2014 -- 15 season 28 game winning streak dating back to 2014 -- 15 , second longest in NBA history Most road wins in NBA history ( 34 ) Best road start in NBA history and third longest road winning streak ( 14 -- 0 ) Undefeated November ( 16 -- 0 ) Best record heading into the All - Star Break in NBA history ( 48 -- 4 , 0.923 ) Winning streaks of 24 and 11 games Second earliest clinch of playoff berth in NBA history ( the Warriors beat it by two days in the 2016 -- 17 season ) First team in NBA history to make over 1,000 three - pointers in regular - season Only team in NBA history not to have lost to same opponent twice in regular season Only team in NBA history not to lose back - to - back games in regular season The 10th team in NBA history to win a playoff series coming back from a 1 -- 3 playoff series deficit ( won 4 -- 3 against the Oklahoma City Thunder in the Western Conference Finals ) The 11th team in NBA history to lose a playoff series after taking a 3 -- 1 playoff series lead ( lost 3 -- 4 against the Cleveland Cavaliers in the NBA Finals ) , and the only team to do so in the NBA Finals . Only team in NBA history to finish with same number of regular season and postseason losses ( 9 ) Steve Kerr . 878 72 10 39 -- 2 33 -- 8 0 -- 0 12.2 Chicago Bulls 1995 -- 96 Won NBA Championship 15 10 -- 0 5 -- 3 List ( show ) Best combined regular and postseason record in NBA history ( 87 -- 13 , . 870 ) Second most wins in NBA history ( 72 ) Most wins by a championship - winning team Best 3 - loss start in NBA history ( 41 -- 3 , . 932 ) Second most road wins in NBA history ( 33 ) Started 37 -- 0 at home , part of 44 game home winning streak Winning streaks of 18 and 13 games Undefeated January ( 14 -- 0 ) One of five teams in NBA history to have three players selected to the NBA All - Defensive First Team Final three losses were by a margin of one point Defeated 64 -- 18 Seattle SuperSonics in NBA Finals Phil Jackson . 841 69 13 36 -- 5 31 -- 7 2 -- 1 12.3 Los Angeles Lakers 1971 -- 72 Won NBA Championship 12 6 -- 2 6 -- 1 List ( show ) 33 game winning streak , longest in NBA history 16 game road winning streak , longest in NBA history Started 39 -- 3 Undefeated November ( 14 -- 0 ) and December ( 16 -- 0 ) Second best road winning percentage Highest point - differential in NBA regular - season history ( + 12.3 ) Bill Sharman . 841 69 13 39 -- 2 30 -- 11 0 -- 0 10.8 Chicago Bulls 1996 -- 97 Won NBA Championship 15 10 -- 1 5 -- 3 List ( show ) Started 12 -- 0 ; started 17 -- 1 Second most home wins in NBA history Five eight - game winning streaks Lost three of final four games Defeated 64 -- 18 Utah Jazz in NBA Finals First team to win 30 road games in back - to - back seasons Phil Jackson . 840 68 13 28 -- 2 26 -- 8 14 -- 3 9.4 Philadelphia 76ers 1966 -- 67 Won NBA Championship 11 6 -- 2 5 -- 2 List ( show ) Started 26 -- 2 Best 50 - game start in NBA history ( 46 -- 4 , . 920 ) Alex Hannum . 829 68 14 33 -- 6 32 -- 8 3 -- 0 8.2 Boston Celtics 1972 -- 73 Lost Eastern Conference Finals 7 6 4 -- 3 3 -- 3 List ( show ) Third most road wins in NBA history Highest winning percentage for a team that did not reach the NBA Finals (. 829 ) Tom Heinsohn . 817 67 15 40 -- 1 27 -- 14 0 -- 0 9.4 Boston Celtics 1985 -- 86 Won NBA Championship 15 10 -- 0 5 -- 3 List ( show ) Shares best home record in NBA history ( with 2015 -- 16 San Antonio Spurs ) Winning streaks of 14 and 13 games K.C. Jones . 817 67 15 36 -- 5 31 -- 10 0 -- 0 10.4 Chicago Bulls 1991 -- 92 Won NBA Championship 15 7 9 -- 3 6 -- 4 Winning streaks of 14 and 13 games Phil Jackson . 817 67 15 36 -- 5 31 -- 10 0 -- 0 8.5 Los Angeles Lakers 1999 -- 00 Won NBA Championship 15 8 11 -- 2 4 -- 6 Winning streaks of 19 , 16 , and 11 games Phil Jackson . 817 67 15 36 -- 5 31 -- 10 0 -- 0 7.2 Dallas Mavericks 2006 -- 07 Lost Western Conference 1st Round 2 -- 1 0 -- 3 List ( show ) Started 0 -- 4 Only team in NBA history with three winning streaks of at least 12 games ( 17 , 13 , 12 ) Undefeated February ( 10 -- 0 ) Only team over . 800 to be eliminated in the first round Avery Johnson . 817 67 15 39 -- 2 28 -- 13 0 -- 0 10.1 Golden State Warriors 2014 -- 15 Won NBA Championship 16 5 9 -- 2 7 -- 3 List ( show ) Winning streaks of 16 and 11 games Second most home wins in NBA history Most wins by a rookie head coach Undefeated in the regular season when allowing under 100 points Steve Kerr . 817 67 15 40 -- 1 27 -- 14 0 -- 0 10.6 San Antonio Spurs 2015 -- 16 Lost Western Conference Semi-Finals 6 3 -- 2 3 -- 2 List ( show ) Shares best home record in NBA history ( with 1985 -- 86 Boston Celtics ) , with only loss inflicted by the 73 -- 9 Warriors Best home start in NBA history ( 39 -- 0 ) , part of a 48 - game home winning streak dating back to 2014 -- 15 season Best season record that was not also league - best record Gregg Popovich . 817 67 15 36 -- 5 31 -- 10 0 -- 0 11.6 Golden State Warriors 2016 -- 17 Won NBA Championship 16 9 -- 0 7 -- 1 List ( show ) Best playoff record in NBA history ( 16 -- 1 , . 941 ) Longest winning streak in NBA playoff history ( 15 games ) First team in NBA playoff history to start 15 -- 0 First team in all four major professional sports in America to start 15 -- 0 in the postseason . Second highest point - differential in NBA playoffs history ( + 13.5 ) NBA record 146 regular - season games without back - to - back losses ( dating back to 2014 -- 15 season ) Winning streaks of 14 and 12 games Second team to win 30 road games in back - to - back seasons ( after 1995 -- 96 and 1996 -- 97 Chicago Bulls ) Most wins in NBA history over the course of three regular - seasons ( 207 ) , Chicago Bulls had 203 between 1995 -- 96 and 1997 -- 98 Earliest clinch of playoff berth in NBA history Steve Kerr . 817 49 11 29 -- 1 20 -- 10 0 -- 0 9.9 Washington Capitols 1946 -- 47 Lost Semi-Finals 0 -- 3 2 -- 1 List ( show ) Winning streaks of 17 and 15 games Undefeated December ( 10 -- 0 ) Red Auerbach . 805 66 16 34 -- 2 28 -- 13 4 -- 1 12.3 Milwaukee Bucks 1970 -- 71 Won NBA Championship 12 8 -- 0 4 -- 2 List ( show ) Started 17 -- 1 Winning streaks of 20 , 16 , and 10 games Lost five of final six games Highest point - differential in NBA playoffs history ( + 14.5 ) Larry Costello . 805 66 16 35 -- 6 31 -- 10 0 -- 0 10.3 Boston Celtics 2007 -- 08 Won NBA Championship 16 10 13 -- 1 3 -- 9 List ( show ) Best single - season improvement in NBA history ( 42 wins ) Started 29 -- 3 Won title 22 years after the last one in franchise history ( 1986 ) Played a record 26 games in the postseason Doc Rivers . 805 66 16 39 -- 2 27 -- 14 0 -- 0 8.9 Cleveland Cavaliers 2008 -- 09 Lost Eastern Conference Finals 10 6 -- 1 4 -- 3 List ( show ) 13 game winning streak Second most home wins in NBA history Mike Brown . 805 66 16 37 -- 4 29 -- 12 0 -- 0 7.9 Miami Heat 2012 -- 13 Won NBA Championship 16 7 10 -- 3 6 -- 4 List ( show ) Started 29 -- 14 27 - game winning streak ( 2nd - longest in NBA history in a season ) First team in NBA history to win 17 games in one month Best second half of season in NBA history ( 38 -- 3 , . 927 ) Erik Spoelstra . 797 51 13 31 -- 1 15 -- 12 5 -- 0 8.2 Syracuse Nationals 1949 -- 50 Lost NBA Finals 6 5 5 -- 1 1 -- 4 List ( show ) Started 16 -- 1 12 game winning streak Al Cervi . 793 65 17 35 -- 6 30 -- 11 0 -- 0 7.7 Philadelphia 76ers 1982 -- 83 Won NBA Championship 12 7 -- 0 5 -- 1 List ( show ) Third highest postseason winning percentage in NBA history ( behind the 2016 - 17 Golden State Warriors and 2000 -- 01 Los Angeles Lakers 14 game winning streak Billy Cunningham . 793 65 17 37 -- 4 28 -- 13 0 -- 0 9.3 Los Angeles Lakers 1986 -- 87 Won NBA Championship 15 10 -- 0 5 -- 3 Pat Riley . 793 65 17 36 -- 5 29 -- 12 0 -- 0 7.7 Los Angeles Lakers 2008 -- 09 Won NBA Championship 16 7 10 -- 2 6 -- 5 Phil Jackson . 793 65 17 34 -- 7 31 -- 10 0 -- 0 8.5 Houston Rockets 2017 -- 18 Lost Western Conference Finals 11 6 7 -- 3 4 -- 3 Winning streaks of 17 , 14 , and 11 games Most three - pointers made in a regular season Most consecutive three - pointers missed in a playoff game Mike D'Antoni . 787 59 16 25 -- 2 23 -- 9 11 -- 5 8.3 Boston Celtics 1959 -- 60 Won NBA Championship 8 5 5 -- 2 3 -- 3 List ( show ) 17 game winning streak Undefeated December ( 15 -- 0 ) Red Auerbach . 780 64 18 38 -- 3 26 -- 15 0 -- 0 7.8 Seattle SuperSonics 1995 -- 96 Lost NBA Finals 13 8 8 -- 3 5 -- 5 List ( show ) 14 game winning streak Lost to 72 -- 10 Chicago Bulls in NBA Finals George Karl . 780 64 18 38 -- 3 26 -- 15 0 -- 0 8.8 Utah Jazz 1996 -- 97 Lost NBA Finals 13 7 10 -- 1 3 -- 6 List ( show ) Two 15 game winning streaks Four game losing streak Lost to 69 -- 13 Chicago Bulls in NBA Finals Jerry Sloan . 780 64 18 37 -- 4 27 -- 14 0 -- 0 6.6 Detroit Pistons 2005 -- 06 Lost Eastern Conference Finals 10 8 8 -- 2 2 -- 6 Flip Saunders . 775 62 18 27 -- 3 27 -- 11 8 -- 4 8.4 Boston Celtics 1964 -- 65 Won NBA Championship 8 7 -- 0 1 -- 4 16 game winning streak Red Auerbach . 768 63 19 31 -- 5 27 -- 12 5 -- 2 11.2 Milwaukee Bucks 1971 -- 72 Lost Western Conference Finals 6 5 3 -- 3 3 - 2 Started 17 -- 1 Larry Costello . 768 63 19 35 -- 6 28 -- 13 0 -- 0 6.4 Boston Celtics 1981 -- 82 Lost Eastern Conference Finals 7 5 4 -- 3 3 -- 2 18 game winning streak Bill Fitch . 768 63 19 35 -- 6 28 -- 13 0 -- 0 6.6 Boston Celtics 1984 -- 85 Lost NBA Finals 13 8 9 -- 2 4 -- 6 Lost to 62 -- 20 Los Angeles Lakers in NBA Finals K.C. Jones . 768 63 19 37 -- 4 26 -- 15 0 -- 0 5.8 Detroit Pistons 1988 -- 89 Won NBA Championship 15 8 -- 1 7 -- 1 Chuck Daly . 768 63 19 37 -- 4 26 -- 15 0 -- 0 6.8 Los Angeles Lakers 1989 -- 90 Lost Western Conference Semi-Finals 5 3 -- 2 1 -- 3 Pat Riley . 768 63 19 36 -- 5 27 -- 14 0 -- 0 8.7 Portland Trail Blazers 1990 -- 91 Lost Western Conference Finals 9 7 8 -- 1 1 -- 6 List ( show ) Started 19 -- 1 16 game winning streak Rick Adelman . 768 63 19 37 -- 4 26 -- 15 0 -- 0 9.1 Seattle SuperSonics 1993 -- 94 Lost Western Conference 1st Round 2 -- 1 0 -- 2 List ( show ) Started 16 -- 1 First team to lose to an 8th seed George Karl . 768 63 19 34 -- 7 29 -- 12 0 -- 0 6.8 San Antonio Spurs 2005 -- 06 Lost Western Conference Semi-Finals 7 6 5 -- 2 2 -- 4 Gregg Popovich . 758 50 16 26 -- 7 24 -- 9 0 -- 0 8.2 Chicago Bulls 2011 -- 12 Lost Eastern Conference 1st Round 2 -- 1 0 -- 3 Held tie - breaker over San Antonio Spurs Tom Thibodeau . 758 50 16 28 -- 5 22 -- 11 0 -- 0 7.2 San Antonio Spurs 2011 -- 12 Lost Western Conference Finals 10 6 -- 1 4 -- 3 Won last ten games of the regular season and first ten games of the playoffs Gregg Popovich . 756 62 20 27 -- 8 25 -- 12 10 -- 0 8.6 Philadelphia 76ers 1967 -- 68 Lost Eastern Division Finals 7 6 4 -- 3 3 -- 3 Alex Hannum . 756 62 20 35 -- 6 27 -- 14 0 -- 0 5.9 Boston Celtics 1980 -- 81 Won NBA Championship 12 5 7 -- 2 5 -- 3 Winning streaks of 13 and 12 games Bill Fitch . 756 62 20 37 -- 4 25 -- 16 0 -- 0 7.9 Philadelphia 76ers 1980 -- 81 Lost Eastern Conference Finals 9 7 6 -- 2 3 -- 5 12 game winning streak and two additional streaks of 10 games Billy Cunningham . 756 62 20 33 -- 8 29 -- 12 0 -- 0 6.6 Boston Celtics 1983 -- 84 Won NBA Championship 15 8 12 -- 1 3 -- 7 K.C. Jones . 756 62 20 36 -- 5 26 -- 15 0 -- 0 7.4 Los Angeles Lakers 1984 -- 85 Won NBA Championship 15 8 -- 2 7 -- 2 Defeated 63 -- 19 Boston Celtics in NBA Finals NBA record 52 regular - season games with 30 + assists Pat Riley . 756 62 20 35 -- 6 27 -- 14 0 -- 0 7.7 Los Angeles Lakers 1985 -- 86 Lost Western Conference Finals 8 6 6 -- 2 2 -- 4 Pat Riley . 756 62 20 36 -- 5 26 -- 15 0 -- 0 5.8 Los Angeles Lakers 1987 -- 88 Won NBA Championship 15 9 12 -- 2 3 - 7 15 game winning streak Pat Riley . 756 62 20 35 -- 6 27 -- 14 0 -- 0 6.7 Phoenix Suns 1992 -- 93 Lost NBA Finals 13 11 7 -- 6 6 -- 5 List ( show ) Undefeated December ( 14 -- 0 ) 14 game winning streak Paul Westphal . 756 62 20 33 -- 8 29 -- 12 0 -- 0 6.0 San Antonio Spurs 1994 -- 95 Lost Western Conference Finals 9 6 4 -- 4 5 -- 2 List ( show ) 15 game winning streak Started 7 -- 9 Bob Hill . 756 62 20 37 -- 4 25 -- 16 0 -- 0 7.1 Chicago Bulls 1997 -- 98 Won NBA Championship 15 6 10 -- 2 5 -- 4 List ( show ) 13 game winning streak Defeated 62 -- 20 Utah Jazz in NBA Finals Phil Jackson . 756 62 20 36 -- 5 26 -- 15 0 -- 0 6.5 Utah Jazz 1997 -- 98 Lost NBA Finals 13 7 8 -- 3 5 -- 4 Lost to 62 -- 20 Chicago Bulls in NBA Finals Jerry Sloan . 756 62 20 31 -- 10 31 -- 10 0 -- 0 7.1 Phoenix Suns 2004 -- 05 Lost Western Conference Finals 9 6 4 -- 4 5 -- 2 Followed a series of going 18 -- 1 with a 6 - game losing streak Mike D'Antoni . 756 62 20 35 -- 6 27 -- 14 0 -- 0 7.5 Boston Celtics 2008 -- 09 Lost Eastern Conference Semifinals 7 7 5 -- 3 2 -- 4 List ( show ) 2nd best two - loss start in NBA History ( 27 -- 2 , . 931 ) Lost seven of next nine games afterwards Winning streaks of 19 and 12 games Doc Rivers . 756 62 20 36 -- 5 26 -- 15 0 -- 0 7.3 Chicago Bulls 2010 -- 11 Lost Eastern Conference Finals 9 7 6 -- 3 3 -- 4 Won Central Division by 25 games over 2nd place Indiana Pacers Tom Thibodeau . 756 62 20 32 -- 9 30 -- 11 0 -- 0 7.7 San Antonio Spurs 2013 -- 14 Won NBA Championship 16 7 11 -- 2 5 -- 5 List ( show ) 19 - game winning streak Undefeated March ( 16 -- 0 ) Gregg Popovich See also ( edit ) NBA regular season records List of National Basketball Association longest winning streaks Notes ( edit ) Formula for average point differential : Average point differential = Total points for − Total points against Total games played ( \ displaystyle ( \ mbox ( Average point differential ) ) = ( \ frac ( ( \ mbox ( Total points for ) ) - ( \ mbox ( Total points against ) ) ) ( \ mbox ( Total games played ) ) ) ) The Boston Celtics appear ten times on the list , followed by the Los Angeles Lakers with eight appearances and the Chicago Bulls with six . Phil Jackson appears six times on the list ; Pat Riley appears five times and Gregg Popovich four . Jackson ( coaching the Lakers and the Chicago Bulls ) and Red Auerbach ( coaching the Celtics and the Washington Capitols ) are the only coaches to appear leading different teams . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls Schedule and Results '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : NBA.com : Regular Season Records : Miscellaneous Jump up ^ `` 1971 -- 72 Los Angeles Lakers Schedule and Results '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 -- 97 Chicago Bulls Schedule and Results '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ ESPN -- Elias Says ... -- ESPN Jump up ^ `` 1966 - 67 Philadelphia 76ers Schedule and Results '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Chicago Bulls 1991 -- 92 Games -- Basketball-Reference.com Jump up ^ ESPN -- Atlanta vs. Dallas Recap , February 26 , 2007 Jump up ^ 2006 -- 07 Dallas Mavericks Games -- Basketball-Reference.com Jump up ^ 1946 -- 47 Washington Capitols Games -- Basketball-Reference.com Jump up ^ 1970 -- 71 Milwaukee Bucks Games -- Basketball-Reference.com Archived 2011 - 08 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Mark Murphy , C 's can do as they please -- Stars sit , but team still clinches homecourt , Boston Herald , April 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ 1982 -- 83 Philadelphia 76ers Games -- Basketball-Reference.com Jump up ^ 1959 -- 60 Boston Celtics Games -- Basketball-Reference.com Jump up ^ 1996 -- 97 Utah Jazz Games -- Basketball-Reference.com Jump up ^ 1964 -- 65 Boston Celtics Games -- Basketball-Reference.com Jump up ^ 1981 -- 82 Boston Celtics Games -- Basketball-Reference.com Jump up ^ 1990 -- 91 Portland Trail Blazers Games -- Basketball-Reference.com Jump up ^ 1987 -- 88 Los Angeles Lakers Games -- Basketball-Reference.com Jump up ^ 1992 -- 93 Phoenix Suns Games -- Basketball-Reference.com Jump up ^ 1994 -- 95 San Antonio Spurs Games -- Basketball-Reference.com Jump up ^ 2004 -- 05 Phoenix Suns Games -- Basketball-Reference.com National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three - point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three - point field goals Three - point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest - paid players Teams Winningest teams All - time win - loss records Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest - scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_NBA_teams_by_single_season_win_percentage&oldid=853505971 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 07 : 27 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who has the best nba record in history	[ "\n\nPCT\n\nW\n\nL\n\nH\n\nR\n\nN\n\nDiff[a]\n\nTeam\n\nSeason\n\nResults\n\nW\n\nL\n\nH\n\nR\n\nNotes\n\nCoach\n\nRegular season\n\nPostseason\n\n\n\n.890\n73\n9\n39–2\n34–7\n0–0\n10.8\nGolden State Warriors\n2015–16\nLost in NBA Finals\n15\n9\n11–3\n4–6\n\n\nList[show]\n\nMost wins in NBA history (73)\nBest start in NBA history (24–0)\nBest start in NBA history for every number of losses from 1-2 and 4-9: (29–1, .967), (36–2, .947), (48–4, .923), (55–5, .917), (62–6, .912), (68–7, .907), (69–8, .896), (73–9, .890)\nMost wins in NBA history (regular season and postseason combined) (88)\nStarted 36–0 at home, part of an NBA record 54-straight home wins dating back to 2014–15 season\n28 game winning streak dating back to 2014–15, second longest in NBA history\nMost road wins in NBA history (34)\nBest road start in NBA history and third longest road winning streak (14–0)\nUndefeated November (16–0)\nBest record heading into the All-Star Break in NBA history (48–4, 0.923)\nWinning streaks of 24 and 11 games\nSecond earliest clinch of playoff berth in NBA history (the Warriors beat it by two days in the 2016–17 season)\nFirst team in NBA history to make over 1,000 three-pointers in regular-season\nOnly team in NBA history not to have lost to same opponent twice in regular season\nOnly team in NBA history not to lose back-to-back games in regular season\nThe 10th team in NBA history to win a playoff series coming back from a 1–3 playoff series deficit (won 4–3 against the Oklahoma City Thunder in the Western Conference Finals)\nThe 11th team in NBA history to lose a playoff series after taking a 3–1 playoff series lead (lost 3–4 against the Cleveland Cavaliers in the NBA Finals), and the only team to do so in the NBA Finals.\nOnly team in NBA history to finish with same number of regular season and postseason losses (9)\n\n\nSteve Kerr\n\n\n.878\n72\n10\n39–2\n33–8\n0–0\n12.2\nChicago Bulls\n1995–96\nWon NBA Championship\n15\n3\n10–0\n5–3\n\n\nList[show]\n\nBest combined regular and postseason record in NBA history (87–13, .870)[1]\nSecond most wins in NBA history (72)\nMost wins by a championship-winning team\nBest 3-loss start in NBA history (41–3, .932)\nSecond most road wins in NBA history (33)\nStarted 37–0 at home, part of 44 game home winning streak\nWinning streaks of 18 and 13 games\nUndefeated January (14–0)\nOne of five teams in NBA history to have three players selected to the NBA All-Defensive First Team\nFinal three losses were by a margin of one point\nDefeated 64–18 Seattle SuperSonics in NBA Finals\n\n\n\nPhil Jackson\n\n\n.841\n69\n13\n36–5\n31–7\n2–1\n12.3\nLos Angeles Lakers\n1971–72\nWon NBA Championship\n12\n3\n6–2\n6–1\n\n\nList[show]\n\n33 game winning streak, longest in NBA history\n16 game road winning streak, longest in NBA history[2]\nStarted 39–3\nUndefeated November (14–0) and December (16–0)\nSecond best road winning percentage\nHighest point-differential in NBA regular-season history (+12.3)[3]\n\n\n\nBill Sharman\n\n\n.841\n69\n13\n39–2\n30–11\n0–0\n10.8\nChicago Bulls\n1996–97\nWon NBA Championship\n15\n4\n10–1\n5–3\n\n\nList[show]\n\nStarted 12–0; started 17–1\nSecond most home wins in NBA history\nFive eight-game winning streaks[4]\nLost three of final four games\nDefeated 64–18 Utah Jazz in NBA Finals\nFirst team to win 30 road games in back-to-back seasons\n\n\n\nPhil Jackson\n\n\n.840\n68\n13\n28–2\n26–8\n14–3\n9.4\nPhiladelphia 76ers\n1966–67\nWon NBA Championship\n11\n4\n6–2\n5–2\n\n\nList[show]\n\nStarted 26–2\nBest 50-game start in NBA history (46–4, .920)[5][6]\n\n\n\nAlex Hannum\n\n\n.829\n68\n14\n33–6\n32–8\n3–0\n8.2\nBoston Celtics\n1972–73\nLost Eastern Conference Finals\n7\n6\n4–3\n3–3\n\n\nList[show]\n\nThird most road wins in NBA history\nHighest winning percentage for a team that did not reach the NBA Finals (.829)\n\n\n\nTom Heinsohn\n\n\n.817\n67\n15\n40–1\n27–14\n0–0\n9.4\nBoston Celtics\n1985–86\nWon NBA Championship\n15\n3\n10–0\n5–3\n\n\nList[show]\n\nShares best home record in NBA history (with 2015–16 San Antonio Spurs)[2]\nWinning streaks of 14 and 13 games\n\n\n\nK. C. Jones\n\n\n.817\n67\n15\n36–5\n31–10\n0–0\n10.4\nChicago Bulls\n1991–92\nWon NBA Championship\n15\n7\n9–3\n6–4\n\n\nWinning streaks of 14 and 13 games[7]\n\nPhil Jackson\n\n\n.817\n67\n15\n36–5\n31–10\n0–0\n8.5\nLos Angeles Lakers\n1999–00\nWon NBA Championship\n15\n8\n11–2\n4–6\n\n\nWinning streaks of 19, 16, and 11 games\n\nPhil Jackson\n\n\n.817\n67\n15\n36–5\n31–10\n0–0\n7.2\nDallas Mavericks\n2006–07\nLost Western Conference 1st Round\n2\n4\n2–1\n0–3\n\n\nList[show]\n\nStarted 0–4\nOnly team in NBA history with three winning streaks of at least 12 games (17, 13, 12)[8]\nUndefeated February (10–0)[9]\nOnly team over .800 to be eliminated in the first round\n\n\n\nAvery Johnson\n\n\n.817\n67\n15\n39–2\n28–13\n0–0\n10.1\nGolden State Warriors\n2014–15\nWon NBA Championship\n16\n5\n9–2\n7–3\n\n\nList[show]\n\nWinning streaks of 16 and 11 games\nSecond most home wins in NBA history\nMost wins by a rookie head coach\nUndefeated in the regular season when allowing under 100 points\n\n\n\nSteve Kerr\n\n\n.817\n67\n15\n40–1\n27–14\n0–0\n10.6\nSan Antonio Spurs\n2015–16\nLost Western Conference Semi-Finals\n6\n4\n3–2\n3–2\n\n\nList[show]\n\nShares best home record in NBA history (with 1985–86 Boston Celtics), with only loss inflicted by the 73–9 Warriors\nBest home start in NBA history (39–0), part of a 48-game home winning streak dating back to 2014–15 season\nBest season record that was not also league-best record\n\n\n\nGregg Popovich\n\n\n.817\n67\n15\n36–5\n31–10\n0–0\n11.6\nGolden State Warriors\n2016–17\nWon NBA Championship\n16\n1\n9–0\n7–1\n\n\nList[show]\n\nBest playoff record in NBA history (16–1, .941)\nLongest winning streak in NBA playoff history (15 games)\nFirst team in NBA playoff history to start 15–0\nFirst team in all four major professional sports in America to start 15–0 in the postseason.\nSecond highest point-differential in NBA playoffs history (+13.5)\nNBA record 146 regular-season games without back-to-back losses (dating back to 2014–15 season)\nWinning streaks of 14 and 12 games\nSecond team to win 30 road games in back-to-back seasons (after 1995–96 and 1996–97 Chicago Bulls)\nMost wins in NBA history over the course of three regular-seasons (207), Chicago Bulls had 203 between 1995–96 and 1997–98\nEarliest clinch of playoff berth in NBA history\n\n\n\nSteve Kerr\n\n\n.817\n49\n11\n29–1\n20–10\n0–0\n9.9\nWashington Capitols\n1946–47\nLost Semi-Finals\n2\n4\n0–3\n2–1\n\n\nList[show]\n\nWinning streaks of 17 and 15 games\nUndefeated December (10–0)[10]\n\n\n\nRed Auerbach\n\n\n.805\n66\n16\n34–2\n28–13\n4–1\n12.3\nMilwaukee Bucks\n1970–71\nWon NBA Championship\n12\n2\n8–0\n4–2\n\n\nList[show]\n\nStarted 17–1\nWinning streaks of 20, 16, and 10 games\nLost five of final six games\nHighest point-differential in NBA playoffs history (+14.5)[11]\n\n\n\nLarry Costello\n\n\n.805\n66\n16\n35–6\n31–10\n0–0\n10.3\nBoston Celtics\n2007–08\nWon NBA Championship\n16\n10\n13–1\n3–9\n\n\nList[show]\n\nBest single-season improvement in NBA history (42 wins)[12]\nStarted 29–3\nWon title 22 years after the last one in franchise history (1986)\nPlayed a record 26 games in the postseason\n\n\n\nDoc Rivers\n\n\n.805\n66\n16\n39–2\n27–14\n0–0\n8.9\nCleveland Cavaliers\n2008–09\nLost Eastern Conference Finals\n10\n4\n6–1\n4–3\n\n\nList[show]\n\n13 game winning streak\nSecond most home wins in NBA history\n\n\n\nMike Brown\n\n\n.805\n66\n16\n37–4\n29–12\n0–0\n7.9\nMiami Heat\n2012–13\nWon NBA Championship\n16\n7\n10–3\n6–4\n\n\nList[show]\n\nStarted 29–14\n27-game winning streak (2nd-longest in NBA history in a season)\nFirst team in NBA history to win 17 games in one month\nBest second half of season in NBA history (38–3, .927)\n\n\n\nErik Spoelstra\n\n\n.797\n51\n13\n31–1\n15–12\n5–0\n8.2\nSyracuse Nationals\n1949–50\nLost NBA Finals\n6\n5\n5–1\n1–4\n\n\nList[show]\n\nStarted 16–1\n12 game winning streak\n\n\n\nAl Cervi\n\n\n.793\n65\n17\n35–6\n30–11\n0–0\n7.7\nPhiladelphia 76ers\n1982–83\nWon NBA Championship\n12\n1\n7–0\n5–1\n\n\nList[show]\n\nThird highest postseason winning percentage in NBA history (behind the 2016-17 Golden State Warriors and 2000–01 Los Angeles Lakers\n14 game winning streak[13]\n\n\n\nBilly Cunningham\n\n\n.793\n65\n17\n37–4\n28–13\n0–0\n9.3\nLos Angeles Lakers\n1986–87\nWon NBA Championship\n15\n3\n10–0\n5–3\n\n\n\nPat Riley\n\n\n.793\n65\n17\n36–5\n29–12\n0–0\n7.7\nLos Angeles Lakers\n2008–09\nWon NBA Championship\n16\n7\n10–2\n6–5\n\n\n\nPhil Jackson\n\n\n.793\n65\n17\n34–7\n31–10\n0–0\n8.5\nHouston Rockets\n2017–18\nLost Western Conference Finals\n11\n6\n7–3\n4–3\n\n\nWinning streaks of 17, 14, and 11 games\nMost three-pointers made in a regular season\nMost consecutive three-pointers missed in a playoff game\n\nMike D'Antoni\n\n\n.787\n59\n16\n25–2\n23–9\n11–5\n8.3\nBoston Celtics\n1959–60\nWon NBA Championship\n8\n5\n5–2\n3–3\n\n\nList[show]\n\n17 game winning streak\nUndefeated December (15–0)[14]\n\n\n\nRed Auerbach\n\n\n.780\n64\n18\n38–3\n26–15\n0–0\n7.8\nSeattle SuperSonics\n1995–96\nLost NBA Finals\n13\n8\n8–3\n5–5\n\n\nList[show]\n\n14 game winning streak\nLost to 72–10 Chicago Bulls in NBA Finals\n\n\n\nGeorge Karl\n\n\n.780\n64\n18\n38–3\n26–15\n0–0\n8.8\nUtah Jazz\n1996–97\nLost NBA Finals\n13\n7\n10–1\n3–6\n\n\nList[show]\n\nTwo 15 game winning streaks[15]\nFour game losing streak\nLost to 69–13 Chicago Bulls in NBA Finals\n\n\n\nJerry Sloan\n\n\n.780\n64\n18\n37–4\n27–14\n0–0\n6.6\nDetroit Pistons\n2005–06\nLost Eastern Conference Finals\n10\n8\n8–2\n\n2–6\n\n\n\nFlip Saunders\n\n\n.775\n62\n18\n27–3\n27–11\n8–4\n8.4\nBoston Celtics\n1964–65\nWon NBA Championship\n8\n4\n7–0\n1–4\n\n\n16 game winning streak[16]\n\nRed Auerbach\n\n\n.768\n63\n19\n31–5\n27–12\n5–2\n11.2\nMilwaukee Bucks\n1971–72\nLost Western Conference Finals\n6\n5\n3–3\n\n3-2\n\n\nStarted 17–1\n\nLarry Costello\n\n\n.768\n63\n19\n35–6\n28–13\n0–0\n6.4\nBoston Celtics\n1981–82\nLost Eastern Conference Finals\n7\n5\n4–3\n\n3–2\n\n\n18 game winning streak[17]\n\nBill Fitch\n\n\n.768\n63\n19\n35–6\n28–13\n0–0\n6.6\nBoston Celtics\n1984–85\nLost NBA Finals\n13\n8\n9–2\n4–6\n\n\nLost to 62–20 Los Angeles Lakers in NBA Finals\n\nK. C. Jones\n\n\n.768\n63\n19\n37–4\n26–15\n0–0\n5.8\nDetroit Pistons\n1988–89\nWon NBA Championship\n15\n2\n8–1\n7–1\n\n\n\nChuck Daly\n\n\n.768\n63\n19\n37–4\n26–15\n0–0\n6.8\nLos Angeles Lakers\n1989–90\nLost Western Conference Semi-Finals\n4\n5\n3–2\n\n1–3\n\n\n\nPat Riley\n\n\n.768\n63\n19\n36–5\n27–14\n0–0\n8.7\nPortland Trail Blazers\n1990–91\nLost Western Conference Finals\n9\n7\n8–1\n1–6\n\n\nList[show]\n\nStarted 19–1\n16 game winning streak[18]\n\n\n\nRick Adelman\n\n\n.768\n63\n19\n37–4\n26–15\n0–0\n9.1\nSeattle SuperSonics\n1993–94\nLost Western Conference 1st Round\n2\n3\n2–1\n0–2\n\n\nList[show]\n\nStarted 16–1\nFirst team to lose to an 8th seed\n\n\n\nGeorge Karl\n\n\n.768\n63\n19\n34–7\n29–12\n0–0\n6.8\nSan Antonio Spurs\n2005–06\nLost Western Conference Semi-Finals\n7\n6\n5–2\n2–4\n\n\n\nGregg Popovich\n\n\n.758\n50\n16\n26–7\n24–9\n0–0\n8.2\nChicago Bulls\n2011–12\nLost Eastern Conference 1st Round\n2\n4\n2–1\n0–3\n\n\nHeld tie-breaker over San Antonio Spurs\n\nTom Thibodeau\n\n\n.758\n50\n16\n28–5\n22–11\n0–0\n7.2\nSan Antonio Spurs\n2011–12\nLost Western Conference Finals\n10\n4\n6–1\n4–3\n\n\nWon last ten games of the regular season and first ten games of the playoffs\n\nGregg Popovich\n\n\n.756\n62\n20\n27–8\n25–12\n10–0\n8.6\nPhiladelphia 76ers\n1967–68\nLost Eastern Division Finals\n7\n6\n4–3\n3–3\n\n\n\nAlex Hannum\n\n\n.756\n62\n20\n35–6\n27–14\n0–0\n5.9\nBoston Celtics\n1980–81\nWon NBA Championship\n12\n5\n7–2\n5–3\n\n\nWinning streaks of 13 and 12 games\n\nBill Fitch\n\n\n.756\n62\n20\n37–4\n25–16\n0–0\n7.9\nPhiladelphia 76ers\n1980–81\nLost Eastern Conference Finals\n9\n7\n6–2\n3–5\n\n\n12 game winning streak and two additional streaks of 10 games\n\nBilly Cunningham\n\n\n.756\n62\n20\n33–8\n29–12\n0–0\n6.6\nBoston Celtics\n1983–84\nWon NBA Championship\n15\n8\n12–1\n3–7\n\n\n\nK. C. Jones\n\n\n.756\n62\n20\n36–5\n26–15\n0–0\n7.4\nLos Angeles Lakers\n1984–85\nWon NBA Championship\n15\n4\n8–2\n7–2\n\n\nDefeated 63–19 Boston Celtics in NBA Finals\nNBA record 52 regular-season games with 30+ assists\n\nPat Riley\n\n\n.756\n62\n20\n35–6\n27–14\n0–0\n7.7\nLos Angeles Lakers\n1985–86\nLost Western Conference Finals\n8\n6\n6–2\n2–4\n\n\n\nPat Riley\n\n\n.756\n62\n20\n36–5\n26–15\n0–0\n5.8\nLos Angeles Lakers\n1987–88\nWon NBA Championship\n15\n9\n12–2\n3-7\n\n\n15 game winning streak[19]\n\nPat Riley\n\n\n.756\n62\n20\n35–6\n27–14\n0–0\n6.7\nPhoenix Suns\n1992–93\nLost NBA Finals\n13\n11\n7–6\n6–5\n\n\nList[show]\n\nUndefeated December (14–0)\n14 game winning streak[20]\n\n\n\nPaul Westphal\n\n\n.756\n62\n20\n33–8\n29–12\n0–0\n6.0\nSan Antonio Spurs\n1994–95\nLost Western Conference Finals\n9\n6\n4–4\n5–2\n\n\nList[show]\n\n15 game winning streak[21]\nStarted 7–9\n\n\n\nBob Hill\n\n\n.756\n62\n20\n37–4\n25–16\n0–0\n7.1\nChicago Bulls\n1997–98\nWon NBA Championship\n15\n6\n10–2\n5–4\n\n\nList[show]\n\n13 game winning streak\nDefeated 62–20 Utah Jazz in NBA Finals\n\n\n\nPhil Jackson\n\n\n.756\n62\n20\n36–5\n26–15\n0–0\n6.5\nUtah Jazz\n1997–98\nLost NBA Finals\n13\n7\n8–3\n5–4\n\n\nLost to 62–20 Chicago Bulls in NBA Finals\n\nJerry Sloan\n\n\n.756\n62\n20\n31–10\n31–10\n0–0\n7.1\nPhoenix Suns\n2004–05\n\nLost Western Conference Finals\n9\n6\n4–4\n5–2\n\n\nFollowed a series of going 18–1 with a 6-game losing streak[22]\n\nMike D'Antoni\n\n\n.756\n62\n20\n35–6\n27–14\n0–0\n7.5\nBoston Celtics\n2008–09\nLost Eastern Conference Semifinals\n7\n7\n5–3\n2–4\n\n\nList[show]\n\n2nd best two-loss start in NBA History (27–2, .931)\nLost seven of next nine games afterwards\nWinning streaks of 19 and 12 games\n\n\n\nDoc Rivers\n\n\n.756\n62\n20\n36–5\n26–15\n0–0\n7.3\nChicago Bulls\n2010–11\nLost Eastern Conference Finals\n9\n7\n6–3\n3–4\n\n\nWon Central Division by 25 games over 2nd place Indiana Pacers\n\nTom Thibodeau\n\n\n.756\n62\n20\n32–9\n30–11\n0–0\n7.7\nSan Antonio Spurs\n2013–14\nWon NBA Championship\n16\n7\n11–2\n5–5\n\n\nList[show]\n\n19-game winning streak\nUndefeated March (16–0)\n\n\n\nGregg Popovich\n" ]	[ ".890" ]
946081897592818205	List of museums in Washington, D.C.	List of museums in Washington , D.C. - Wikipedia List of museums in Washington , D.C. This list of museums in Washington , D.C. encompasses museums defined for this context as institutions ( including nonprofit organizations , government entities , and private businesses ) that collect and care for objects of cultural , artistic , scientific , or historical interest and make their collections or related exhibits available for public viewing . Also included are university and non-profit art galleries . Museums that exist only in cyberspace ( i.e. , virtual museums ) are not included . Contents 1 Museums 2 Defunct museums 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Museums ( edit ) To use the sortable table , click on the icons at the top of each column to sort that column in alphabetical order ; click again for reverse alphabetical order . Additionally , the museums listed below are all mapped with pricing for each one . Name Image Smithsonian Type Summary / Website African American Civil War Memorial Museum African American history Operated by the National Mall and Memorial Parks , history of the African American soldiers and sailors who fought for the Union in the United States Civil War American University Museum Art Part of American University , regional , national , and international contemporary art Anacostia Community Museum Smithsonian Institution African American history Local history and culture Anderson House Historic house Headquarters of the Society of the Cincinnati , early 1900s palatial residence with period furnishings , Society artifacts , portraits , armaments , and personal artifacts of Revolutionary War soldiers Art Museum of the Americas Art Founded by the Organization of American States as a museum for modern and contemporary Latin American and Caribbean art Charles Sumner School History One of the first public school buildings erected for the education of Washington 's black community Clara Barton Missing Soldiers Office History website , apartment where Clara Barton lived throughout the Civil War that was her home base for her work as the `` angel of the battlefield . '' After the war , she ran the Missing Soldiers Office out of this apartment . Barton and her staff received approximately 66,000 letters from families looking for their lost loved ones . They were able to locate approximately 23,000 missing men . DAR Museum Art Owned by Daughters of the American Revolution , features 30 period rooms of decorative arts including furniture , silver , paintings , ceramics , textiles , toys , quilts Decatur House Historic house Early 19th - century house with exhibits about the White House . Currently closed for tours . Dumbarton House Historic house Early 19th century period house , headquarters of The National Society of The Colonial Dames of America Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection Library Exhibits of Byzantine and Pre-Columbian art and European masterpieces from its collections Folger Shakespeare Library Library Exhibits from its collections about William Shakespeare Ford 's Theatre National Historic Site History Site of assassination of President Abraham Lincoln , includes theater presentation , Lincoln museum , and Petersen House where he was taken Freer Gallery of Art Smithsonian Art Asian art including East Asia , South Asia , Southeast Asia , the Islamic world , the ancient Near East , and ancient Egypt , as well as a significant collection of American art Frederick Douglass National Historic Site Historic house Home and estate of Frederick Douglass , one of the most prominent African Americans of the 19th century Gallaudet University Museum Culture / history Permanent and rotating exhibits chronicling deaf culture and history General Federation of Women 's Clubs Headquarters Historic house Tours of the social clubhouse headquarters , changing exhibits of art , photographs and artifacts from its collections George Washington University Art Galleries Art Two galleries , includes painting , sculpture , and photographs , ranging from rare historic pieces to Washingtoniana and Americana to modern art Georgetown University Art Galleries Art Located in the Walsh building and around the Georgetown campus German - American Heritage Museum of the USA Ethnic German American German - American history and culture , operated by the German - American Heritage Foundation of the USA in a Victorian townhouse Heurich House Museum Historic house Gilded Age mansion with early household innovations Hillwood Estate , Museum & Gardens Decorative arts Estate and gardens of Marjorie Merriweather Post , rooms decorated with her collections of 18th - and 19th - century French art , china and art treasures from Imperial Russia Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Smithsonian Art Contemporary and modern art Historical Society of Washington , D.C. History , Library Exhibits of the city 's history from its collections Howard University Gallery of Art Art Located in Childers Hall , home of the Fine Arts Division of the College of Arts and Sciences Interior Museum History Activities of the agencies of the United States Department of the Interior , including the National Park Service , Bureau of Indian Affairs , Bureau of Land Management , Bureau of Reclamation , United States Fish and Wildlife Service and United States Geological Survey International Spy Museum History Espionage history , artifacts , famous figures Kreeger Museum Art 19th - and 20th - century paintings and sculptures by internationally known artists , works by local Washington artists , traditional west and central African art Laogai Museum Prison Confronts the tragic legacy of China 's Laogai system of forced labor prisons L. Ron Hubbard House Historic house Residence of Scientology founder L. Ron Hubbard from 1955 until 1959 Library of Congress Library Exhibits from its collections in American history , culture and art Lillian & Albert Small Jewish Museum Ethnic - Jewish history History of the local Jewish community ; preserves the oldest synagogue building in the Washington , D.C. , area ; operated by the Jewish Historical Society of Greater Washington Lincoln Memorial History Includes displays about the building of the Memorial and some of Lincoln 's phrases Madame Tussauds Washington D.C. Wax museum Wax figures of media celebrities , Presidents , political figures , historical figures , sports stars and more Mary McLeod Bethune Council House National Historic Site Historic house Home of educator and civil rights leader Mary McLeod Bethune Meridian International Center Art Exhibitions of paintings , photographs , sculptures , videos , and crafts that reflect various aspects of American culture to encourage foreign understanding Museum of Cultures and Heritages of America - MOCHA Art Contemporary and heritage artwork exhibitions , focus on culturally diverse , old and newer native born artists , and immigrant artists Museum of the Bible Religious Documents the narrative , history and impact of the Bible . O Street Museum Foundation Art The collection rotates and changes daily and includes art , music , architecture , memorabilia , manuscripts , sculpture and other items that promote exploration of the creative process . National Air and Space Museum Smithsonian Aerospace History and science of aviation and spaceflight , as well as planetary science and terrestrial geology and geophysics National Archives Archives / History Exhibits from its collections including the Declaration of Independence , the Constitution , the Bill of Rights , and a copy of the 1297 Magna Carta confirmed by Edward I National Bonsai and Penjing Museum Natural history Located on the campus of the United States National Arboretum , Bonsai and Penjing botanical specimens and displays National Building Museum Architecture Exhibits about architecture , design , engineering , construction , and urban planning National Gallery of Art Art Paintings , drawings , prints , photographs , sculpture , medals , and decorative arts that trace the development of Western Art from the Middle Ages to the present National Geographic Museum Natural history Operated by the National Geographic Society , changing exhibits of photography , natural history , culture and history National Guard Memorial Museum Military History of the National Guard of the United States from the Revolutionary War era to post-9 / 11 era National Museum of African American History and Culture Smithsonian Ethnic - African American National museum devoted to the documentation of African American life , history , and culture . Opened September 24 , 2016 . National Museum of African Art Smithsonian Art African art and culture , includes paintings , musical instruments , sculpture , jewelry , regalia , textiles , pottery National Museum of American History Smithsonian History American social , political , cultural , scientific and military history National Museum of the American Indian Smithsonian Ethnic - Native American Life , languages , literature , history and arts of the Native Americans of the Western Hemisphere National Museum of American Jewish Military History Ethnic - Jewish - Military - History Jewish Americans who served in the armed forces National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Natural history Galleries include paleontology , geology , mammals , human origins , insects , ocean life , gems and minerals , Western , African and Korean cultures National Museum of Women in the Arts Art Women 's achievements in the visual , performing and literary arts National Portrait Gallery Smithsonian Art - History Images and history of famous individual Americans National Postal Museum Smithsonian Philately History of the United States Postal Service and of mail service around the world Newseum Media Interactive museum of news and journalism The Octagon House Historic house Early 19th - century townhouse Old Stone House Historic house Mid 18th century period house Phillips Collection Art American and European impressionist and modern art President Lincoln 's Cottage at the Soldiers ' Home Historic house Cottage retreat of President Abraham Lincoln and other Presidents Renwick Gallery Smithsonian Decorative arts American craft and decorative arts from the 19th century to the 21st century Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Smithsonian Art Include Chinese , Indian , Korean and Japanese paintings , photography , contemporary ceramics from China , 19th - and 20th - century Japanese prints , contemporary Japanese pottery , Persian and Islamic paintings and manuscripts Saint John Paul II National Shrine Religion Life and papacy of Pope John Paul II and the history of Catholic heritage in North America Salve Regina Gallery Art Part of Catholic University of America Scottish Rite Temple and Supreme Council Library Masonic Masonic principles of personal , social and intellectual freedom , artifacts of American history , Masonic regalia and memorabilia S. Dillon Ripley Center Smithsonian Exhibition Exhibits of art , photography Sewall - Belmont House and Museum Historic house - History U.S. women 's suffrage and equal - rights movements Smithsonian American Art Museum Smithsonian Art American art that covers all regions and art movements found in the United States Textile Museum Textiles Textiles from around the world including rugs , clothing , located at George Washington University Tudor Place Historic house Mansion with European and American decorative arts including American silver , porcelain , furniture , glassware , sculpture , portraits , prints , and textiles United States Capitol Government Tours of the building United States Capitol Visitor Center History History of the U.S. Capitol and Congress United States Holocaust Memorial Museum History History of the Holocaust in Europe U.S. Navy Museum Maritime - Military History of the U.S. Navy from the American Revolution to the present , naval artifacts , models , documents and fine art Washington Monument History White House Historic house Official state residence of the President of the United States , tours by advance reservation The Wilderness Society Gallery Photography Exhibits from its collections , including photos by Ansel Adams Woman 's National Democratic Club Museum Historic house website , political memorabilia , artwork , and photographs in the Whittemore House , headquarters of the Woman 's National Democratic Club Woodrow Wilson House Historic house Home of President Woodrow Wilson after he left office Defunct museums ( edit ) Army Medical Museum and Library , opened 1862 , became the National Museum of Health and Medicine in 1989 and relocated to Silver Spring , Maryland in 2011 Bead Museum , closed December 2008 , museum website Black Fashion Museum , founded 1979 , moved to Washington in 1994 , closed in 2007 and collection donated to the National Museum of African American History and Culture Corcoran Gallery of Art , open 1869 - 2014 . Art holdings donated to the National Gallery of Art , building donated to George Washington University . Fondo del Sol Marine Corps Museum , 1960 - 2005 , collections now part of the National Museum of the Marine Corps National Children 's Museum , founded as the Capital Children 's Museum in 1974 , closed in 2015 , planned reopening in 2019 National Gallery of Caricature and Cartoon Art , open 1994 - 1997 , collections now at the Library of Congress . National Jewish Museum , collections now online , trying to establish to new museum National Museum of Crime & Punishment , closed in September 2015 and is now operated as Alcatraz East in Pigeon Forge , Tennessee National Pinball Museum , website , planned move to Baltimore , Maryland Washington Doll 's House and Toy Museum , founded in 1975 , closed 2004 . Washington Gallery of Modern Art USS Barry ( DD - 933 ) , opened as a museum ship in 1984 , closed in 2015 See also ( edit ) District of Columbia portal Arboreta in Washington , D.C. ( category ) Aquaria in Washington , D.C. ( category ) Botanical gardens in Washington , D.C. ( category ) Houses in Washington , D.C. ( category ) Museums list Nature centers in Washington , D.C. Observatories in Washington , D.C. ( category ) Smithsonian museums References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Gallaudet University Museum '' . Gallaudet University . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Art Galleries '' . Georgetown University Department of Art and Art History . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gallery of Art '' . Howard University . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official site '' . MOCHA . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Smithsonian Opening African - American History Museum Sept. 24 '' . Associated Press . February 1 , 2016 . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Exhibitions at Salve Regina Gallery '' . Catholic University of America . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Visitor Information '' . The Wilderness Society . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 25 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 02 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Bead Museum to Close , DCist , Dec. 24 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Black Fashion Museum collection finds a fine home with Smithsonian '' . Washington Post . May 23 , 2010 . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Black Fashion Museum , African American Heritage Trail '' . Cultural Tourism DC . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MOCHA History '' . Museum of Cultures and Heritages of America -- `` MOCHA '' . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wood collection of cartoon and caricature drawings '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . During his professional life , Wood worked diligently to establish a museum or gallery to preserve and showcase his collection . He achieved his goal in 1995 with the opening of the National Gallery of Caricature and Cartoon Art in downtown Washington , D.C. , but the gallery closed in 1997 , due to a lack of sustained funding . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 04 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) B'nai B'rith Klutznick National Jewish Museum - Virtual Gallery Jump up ^ http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/63005/decision-coming-on-national-jewish-museum-in-d.c/ `` Decision coming on national Jewish museum in D.C '' , JWeekly.com , 9 / 29 / 2011 Jump up ^ http://www.bizjournals.com/washington/news/2015/08/31/crime-museum-gets-30-days-to-vacate.html Jump up ^ `` Flora Gill Jacibs , 87 , Who Opened Doll House Museum , Dies '' . NY Times . June 12 , 2006 . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Dolls ' House & Toy Museum founder 's collection heading to market '' . Antique Trader Antiques Auction News . March 23 , 2014 . Retrieved 9 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Display Ship USS BARRY leaving Washington Navy Yard '' . Historic Naval Ships Association . February 2 , 2015 . Archived from the original on 10 June 2015 . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Museums in Washington , D.C. . Cultural Tourism DC Museums in the United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York NYC North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming U.S. territories Puerto Rico District of Columbia Capital of the United States Book Topics History Timeline Geography Media Music Sports Symbols Tourist attractions Emancipation Day Politics Elections Government Home rule Retrocession Statehood movement Voting rights Initiatives and referendums Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Government Fire Libraries Mayors Police Public Schools Transportation Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_museums_in_Washington,_D.C.&oldid=849672082 '' Categories : Lists of buildings and structures in Washington , D.C. Museums in Washington , D.C. Lists of museums in the United States Lists of museums in the United States by city Washington , D.C. education - related lists Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Talk Contents About Wikipedia Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 10 July 2018 , at 15 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what are the names of the museums in washington dc	[]	[]
3971849854142858043	Gun laws in Canada	Gun laws in Canada - Wikipedia Gun laws in Canada Jump to : navigation , search The neutrality of this article is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Gun laws by country Overview Australia Brazil Canada China Czech Republic European Union Finland France Germany Honduras Italy Ireland Jamaica Kuwait Mexico New Zealand Norway Pakistan Philippines South Africa Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom United States USSR Gun legislation in Canada is largely about licensing and registration . Handgun registration became law in 1934 , and automatic firearms registration was added in 1951 . In 1969 , laws classified firearms as `` non-restricted '' , `` restricted '' and `` prohibited '' . Starting in 1979 , individuals who wished to acquire firearms were required to obtain a firearms acquisition certificate ( FAC ) from their local police agency . From 1995 to 2012 , all firearms owners were required to possess a firearms licence ( either a PAL , POL , FAC or a minors licence ) and all firearms were required to be registered . In April 2012 , the requirement to register non-restricted firearms was dropped in every province and territory , except for Quebec ; the requirement for all firearms owners to possess a valid firearms licence remains law . In 2015 , the Supreme Court of Canada ruled against Quebec , entirely eliminating non-restricted registry records . However , the government of Quebec received a partial copy of the deleted federal firearms registry , and passed Bill 64 to create a Quebec firearms registry . Residents have until January 2019 to register all non-restricted firearms within Quebec . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of firearm laws in Canada 2 Licensing of firearms owners 3 Canadian Firearms Program 4 Laws and regulations 4.1 Prohibited devices 4.2 Prohibited ammunition 4.3 Magazine capacity 4.4 Storage 4.5 Transportation 4.6 Display 4.7 Public agents firearms regulations 4.8 Registration 4.9 Restricted firearms 4.10 Legality of self - defence 5 Classification of firearms 6 Firearms registry 7 Violent crime , suicide , and accidents in Canada 8 Legal 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History of firearm laws in Canada ( edit ) Controls on civilian use of firearms date from the early days of Confederation , when justices of the peace could impose penalties for carrying a handgun without reasonable cause . Amendments to the Criminal Code between the 1890s and the 1970s introduced a series of minor controls on firearms . In the late 1970s , controls of intermediate strength were introduced . In the mid-1990s , significant increases in controls occurred . A 1996 study showed that Canada was in the mid-range of firearm ownership when compared with eight other western nations . Nearly 22 % of Canadian households had at least one firearm , including 2.3 % of households possessing a handgun . As of September 2010 , the Canadian Firearms Program recorded a total of 1,831,327 valid firearm licences , which is roughly 5.4 % of the Canadian population . The four most licensed provinces are Ontario , Quebec , Alberta and British Columbia . In 2005 almost 3 % of households in Canada possessed handguns , compared to 18 % of U.S. households that possessed handguns . In 2005 almost 16 % of households in Canada possessed firearms of some kind . The following is a summary of the history of gun control laws in Canada : The federal Parliament instituted a system of gun control in the North - West Territories in 1885 to hinder the Red River Rebellion for Métis rights . Permission in writing from the territorial government was needed to possess any firearm ( other than a smooth - bore shotgun ) , and also ammunition . Possession of a firearm or ammunition without the necessary permit was an offence , and could lead to the forfeiture of the firearm and ammunition . These gun control provisions applied to all of what is now Alberta , Saskatchewan , parts of Manitoba , the current Northwest Territories , Yukon , and Nunavut . The Criminal Code , enacted in 1892 , required individuals to have a permit to carry a pistol unless the owner had cause to fear assault or injury . Not until 1935 was it considered an offence to sell a pistol to anyone under 16 . Vendors who sold handguns had to keep records , including purchaser 's name , the date of sale and a description of the gun . In the 1920s , permits became necessary for all firearms newly acquired by foreigners . Legislation in 1934 required the registration of handguns with records identifying the owner , the owner 's address and the firearm . Registration certificates were issued and records kept by the Commissioner of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police ( RCMP ) or by other police forces designated by provincial attorneys general . In 1947 , the offence of `` constructive murder '' was added to the Criminal Code for offences resulting in death , when the offender carried a firearm . This offence was struck down as unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of Canada in a 1987 case called R. v. Vaillancourt . Automatic firearms were added to the category of firearms that had to be registered in 1951 . The registry system was centralized under the Commissioner of the RCMP . In 1969 , Bill C - 150 created categories of `` non-restricted '' , `` restricted '' and `` prohibited '' firearms . Police were also given preventive powers of search and seizure by judicial warrant if they had grounds to believe that firearms that belonged to an individual endangered the safety of society . In 1977 , Bill C - 51 required firearms acquisition certificates ( FACs ) to purchase any firearm , and introduced controls on the selling of ammunition . Applicants were required to pass a basic criminal record check before receiving the FAC . In 1991 , Bill C - 17 was introduced , coming into force between 1992 and 1994 . It required FAC applicants to pass a safety course in addition to a thorough background check , and to wait a minimum of 28 days after applying before an FAC could be issued . It also created new Criminal Code offences , new definitions for prohibited and restricted weapons , and new regulations for firearms dealers . It increased penalties for firearm - related crimes . It clearly outlined regulations for firearms storage , handling and transportation . A major focus of C - 17 was the control of military and paramilitary firearms . It created orders prohibiting or restricting most paramilitary rifles and some types of non-sporting ammunition . It prohibited firearms that had been converted to avoid a 1978 prohibition ( exempting existing owners ) , and it prohibited high - capacity magazines for automatic and semi-automatic firearms . ( It limited handguns to ten rounds and most semi-automatic centre - fire rifles to five rounds . ) In 1995 , the Criminal Code was amended to include Bill C - 68 , the Firearms Act . It implemented a new central licensing system to replace the FAC system . It also required registration of all firearms and firearm licence holders ; banned short - barrelled and small - calibre handguns ( `` grandfathering '' in previous owners ) ; and required a licence to buy ammunition . Most of the bill 's provisions came into force in 1998 , and the registration of long guns became mandatory in 2003 . Legislation was upheld by the Supreme Court in Reference re Firearms Act ( 2000 ) . The FAC system was replaced with possession - only licences ( POLs ) and possession and acquisition licences ( PALs ) . Referring to Bill C - 68 , John Dixon , a former advisor to Deputy Minister of Justice John C. Tait , stated that the Firearms Act was part of a policy exercise by the Liberal Party of Canada so as to appear to be `` tougher '' on guns than Prime Minister Kim Campbell , and thus defeat her in the 1993 election . In 2001 , the registration portion of Bill C - 68 was implemented . The government asked for all firearms , including long guns ( rifles and shotguns ) , to be registered . In 2003 , the registration of long guns became mandatory . Failure to register a firearm now results in criminal charges . In 2006 , although legislation was still in place , the government no longer asked long gun owners for a registration fee and an amnesty ( until May 16 , 2011 ) temporarily protected licensed owners of non-restricted firearms ( or those whose licences had expired since January 1 , 2004 ) from prosecution for the possession of unregistered long guns . In November 2009 , Bill C - 391 passed second reading in the House of Commons by a vote of 164 to 137 . If passed through the entire parliamentary process by the House and Senate , the bill would have abolished the requirement to register non-restricted long guns . While the proposed legislation was a private member 's bill , it had the support of the Conservative government . The bill was referred to the House of Commons Committee on Public Safety for further action . However , after several months of hearings , the Opposition majority on the committee recommended that no further action be taken to advance the bill . In September 2010 Bill C - 391 failed to pass a third reading . On October 25 , 2011 , Public Safety Minister Vic Toews introduced a bill to amend the Criminal Code and the Firearms Act , to abolish the long gun registry and destroy all records . On February 15 , 2012 , Bill C - 19 passed third reading in the House of Commons ; the motion to abolish the long gun registry passed 159 to 130 and Bill C - 19 became law . In October 2014 , Public Safety Minister Stephen Blaney and the Conservatives introduced another bill , Bill C - 42 , also known as the Common Sense Firearms Licensing Act . This legislation reduced required paperwork for the transportation of restricted firearms , held by licensed firearms owners , for certain lawful activities ( such as transportation to a shooting range and to gunsmiths or gun shows ) . It lifted the ban on the Swiss Arms Classic Green Carbine , introduced a six - month `` grace period '' for firearms licence renewals before an individual might otherwise face criminal charges and abolished the possession - only licence , permitting holders of such licences to enjoy the same full acquisition privileges as a PAL holders . The legislation also implemented mandatory training for all first - time firearms licence applicants . This legislation was passed and enacted in 2015 , but the new Liberal government , formed in November 2015 , pledged to reverse some of its provisions . Licensing of firearms owners ( edit ) Main article : Possession and Acquisition Licence All licensing and registration is managed by the RCMP 's Canadian Firearms Program ( CFP ) , under the Deputy Commissioner Policing Support Services ( PSS ) . In the Canadian system , there are three classes of firearms and firearm licences : non-restricted , restricted and prohibited . Prohibited firearms are not forbidden outright , as the name might imply , but their legal possession and acquisition are dependent upon their registration history and an individual 's firearm licence . As of December 1 , 1998 , the prohibited clause must be grandfathered to acquire or possess prohibited firearms . New prohibited licences are available only at the discretion of the Chief Firearms Officer of the province or the RCMP . See Classification of firearms below for complete details on prohibited , restricted and non-restricted firearms . Individuals who wish to possess or acquire firearms in Canada must have a valid possession - acquisition , or possession - only , licence ( PAL / POL ) ; either of these licences allows the licensee to purchase ammunition . The PAL is distributed exclusively by the RCMP and is generally obtained in the following three steps : Safety training : To be eligible to receive a PAL , all applicants must successfully complete the Canadian Firearms Safety Course ( CFSC ) for a non-restricted licence , and the Canadian Restricted Firearms Safety Course ( CRFSC ) for a restricted licence ; the non-restricted class is a prerequisite to the restricted licence . Each province / territory 's chief firearms officer publishes information on the locations and availability of these courses . Applying for a licence : Currently only one type of licence is available to new applicants , the possession - acquisition licence ( PAL ) . People can request a PAL by filling out Form CAFC 921 . Security screening : Background checks and reference interviews are performed . All applicants are screened , and a mandatory 28 - day waiting period is imposed on first - time applicants , but final approval time may be longer . Licences are typically valid for five years and must be renewed prior to expiry to maintain all classes . Once licensed , an individual can apply for a firearm transfer ; and an authorization to transport ( ATT ) for restricted firearms . People may hunt with firearms in Canada only with non-restricted firearms , and this requires an additional `` Hunting with Firearms '' course . Businesses , museums and organizations must have a valid firearms business licence to possess , manufacture or sell firearms , restricted or prohibited firearms , prohibited devices , or prohibited ammunition . A licence is not required to possess regular ammunition , but is required to manufacture or sell ammunition . A separate licence is required for each location where the business operates , and each business licence is valid only for the activities specified on the licence . Registering firearms . In order to be legally owned , a restricted or prohibited firearm must be registered in the Canadian Firearms Registry , which stores all data regarding firearms in Canada . To register a firearm into the system , a firearm must first be verified ; its identification and classification being confirmed by an authorized verifier working with the RCMP . One must submit a registration application , which can be done online . If the firearm is being transferred from one owner to another the process can be done by telephone . Firearm registration certificates do not expire and do not need to be renewed . The Canadian Firearms Registry Online ( CFRO ) is accessible to police through CPIC . Public Agents Firearms Regulations , which took effect on October 31 , 2008 , require public service agencies to report all firearms in their possession . Agency firearms are those used by employees ( i.e. service firearms ) while protected firearms are those that have been found or seized or are otherwise being held . The timely reporting and sharing of information about protected firearms is particularly important for police as it will have a significant impact on investigators ' efforts to monitor the locations , movement and distribution of illicit firearms in Canada . Canadian firearms Program ( edit ) Main article : Canadian Firearms Program There are four major areas within the Canadian Firearms Program , which are managed by the Deputy Commissioner Policing Support Services ( PSS ) : Firearms Administration Centre ( for licensing , registration , customer service and operations ) ; Firearms Investigative and Enforcement Services Directorate ( who assist police in countering illegal movement and criminal use of firearms ) ; Strategic Integration and Program Management Services ( program support policy , research and planning , business management ) ; Partnership and Outreach ( communications , client / partner and stakeholder relationship ) The CFP offers a wide variety of investigational support services to police : Firearms Reference Table ( FRT ) is a comprehensive firearms database with over 130,000 entries which establishes a systematic , standard method of identifying , describing and classifying firearms . Firearms Identification , for questionable firearms Firearms Analysis , for potential evidence in crimes Tracing of illicit firearms , the Canadian National Firearm Tracing Centre ( CNFTC ) assists police in tracing illegal firearms Investigational support and assistance helps police in preparing , obtaining and executing search warrants , location search and seizure , exhibit identification and organisation and court preparation Expert firearms advice and witness provides firearm - related guidance for testimony and court preparation and acts as liaison with partner agencies that can provide these services Firearm Case Law Database , firearm - related cases can be researched , and are distributed to investigators Crown Attorney Program , working with crown attorney offices , a network that specializes in firearms investigations Firearms Operations and Enforcement Support ( FOES ) , intelligence support to firearm investigators and research that identifies trends and patterns in the criminal use of firearms in Canada . Pricing of illicit firearms , a record of firearm `` street prices '' is maintained and the information is made available to investigators Access to specialized firearms information databases , Canadian Firearm Information System ( CFIS ) , Canadian Integrated Ballistic Identification Network ( CIBIN ) and the Suspect Gun Database Training , lectures , conferences , outreach and learning material available across Canada are available on a broad range of topics involving firearms Firearms registration information , querying records contained within the Canadian Firearms Registry Online ( CFRO ) Public Agent Firearms Reporting assistance , helping public agents use the Public Agency Web Services ( PWS ) to report agency and protected firearms and assisting Public Agents understand their obligations under the Public Agents Firearms Regulations Laws and Regulations ( edit ) Prohibited devices ( edit ) Replica firearms ( i.e. : `` any device that is designed or intended to exactly resemble , or to resemble with near precision , a firearm , and that itself is not a firearm , but does not include any such device that is designed or intended to exactly resemble , or to resemble with near precision , an antique firearm '' ) Suppressors ( i.e. : `` a device or contrivance designed or intended to muffle or stop the sound or report of a firearm '' ) Handgun barrels that are 105 millimetres ( 4.1 in ) and under ( excluding barrels of pistols used in international sporting competitions governed by the rules of the International Shooting Union ) Electrical or mechanical devices designed or adapted to render the trigger mechanism of a semi-automatic firearm to discharge in a fully automatic fashion `` Any rifle , shotgun or carbine stock of the type known as the `` bull - pup '' design , being a stock that , when combined with a firearm , reduces the overall length of the firearm such that a substantial part of the reloading action or the magazine - well is located behind the trigger of the firearm when it is held in the normal firing position . '' ( i.e. : only removable stocks are prohibited by this regulation , fixed - stock firearms such as the FN P90 and IWI Tavor are excluded ) Prohibited ammunition ( edit ) Handgun ammunition designed to penetrate body armour , for example : KTW and THV round , 5.7 × 28 mm ( excluding sporting rounds such as SS196SR and SS197SR ) . Incendiary or explosive ammunition designed for use in or in conjunction with a magazine and does not exceed 15 mm in diameter . Flechette rounds Magazine capacity ( edit ) Common AR - 15 30 round magazines that have been pinned to 5 rounds Some magazines are prohibited regardless of the class of firearm to which the magazines are attached . As a general rule , under the Criminal Code , the maximum magazine capacity is five rounds for most magazines designed for rifles that shoot centre - fire in a semi-automatic fashion , or ten rounds for most handgun magazines . Magazines designed to contain centre - fire cartridges and designed or manufactured for use in a semiautomatic handgun are limited to 10 cartridges . The capacity is measured by the kind of cartridge the magazine was designed to contain . In some cases the magazine will be capable of containing more than 10 rounds of a different calibre ; however , that is not relevant in the determination of the maximum permitted capacity . The maximum permitted capacity of a magazine is determined by the kind of firearm it is designed or manufactured for and not the kind of firearm that might actually use it . As a consequence , the maximum permitted capacity remains the same regardless of which firearm it might be used in . Example : The Marlin Camp Carbine chambered for . 45 ACP uses magazines designed and manufactured for the M1911 pistol , therefore the seven - and eight - round capacities are permitted . A similar example is the 10 - round capacity magazine for the Rock River Arms LAR - 15 pistol , regardless of the kind of firearm it is actually used in . Many common magazines are manufactured to hold more rounds than law allows in Canada . These magazines must be permanently altered so they no longer hold more than the number of rounds allowed by law . Acceptable ways to alter a magazine are set out in the Criminal Code Regulations . With the exception of the Ruger BX - 25 25 round magazine , there is no limit to the magazine capacity for semi-automatic rim - fire rifles or manually - operated rifles or shotguns ( i.e. , lever - action , pump - action , or bolt - action ) . Additionally , there are a few exclusions on magazine regulations for certain specific firearms . Magazines designed or manufactured for use in U.S. Rifle M1 ( Garand ) , including Springfield Armory , Breda and Beretta M1 Garands Magazines designed or manufactured for use in Charlton rifle , Farquhar - Hill rifle and Huot Automatic Rifle that are not reproductions Drum - type magazines for . 303 Lewis Mk1 , Mk2 , Mk3 , Mk4 , Lewis SS and . 30 Savage - Lewis ; . 303 Vickers Mk1 , Mk2 , Mk3 , Mk4 , Mk4B , Mk5 , Mk6 , Mk7 , as well as Bren Light MG including Mk1 , Mk2 , Mk3 , Mk4 , and any variant or modified versions of them that are not reproductions Stripper magazines for Hotchkiss Model 1895 , 1897 , 1900 , 1909 , 1914 , 1917 machine - guns , including Hotchkiss ( Enfield ) No. 2 , Mk1 machine - guns and any variant or modified versions of them that are not reproductions Double drum -- type magazines designed or manufactured for use in MG - 13 , MG - 15 , MG - 17 , MG - 34 , T6 - 200 , T6 - 220 machine - guns and any variant or modified versions of them that are not reproductions Ammunition belts ( metallic or fabric ) that are `` not a reproduction and was originally designed or manufactured for the purpose of feeding rounds into an automatic firearm of a type that was in existence before 1945 '' . Semi-automatic handgun magazines that were manufactured before 1910 `` Snail - drum '' type magazines that were originally designed or manufactured for use in the `` Parabellum - Pistol or Luger '' , Borchardt - Luger , Model 1900 , 1902 , 1904 ( Marine ) , 1904 / 06 ( Marine ) , 1904 / 08 ( Marine ) , 1906 , 1908 , 1908 ( Artillery ) and any variant or modified version of them Magazines that were originally designed or manufactured as an integral part of the Mauser C96 , including Model 1895 , 1896 , 1902 , 1905 , 1912 , 1915 , 1930 , 1931 , M711 and M712 and any variant or modified version of them Magazines that were originally designed or manufactured for use in the semi-automatic Webley&Scott , Model 1912 and 1915 Storage ( edit ) Non-restricted firearms must be unloaded and either : Made inoperable with a secure locking device ( such as a trigger lock ) ; or Have bolts or bolt - carriers removed ; or Securely locked in a sturdy container , cabinet or room that can not be easily broken into Except if : ( 1 ) in areas where it is legal to fire a gun , non-restricted firearms needed for predator control can temporarily be left unlocked and operable , but they must be kept unloaded and all ammunition must be stored separately , and ( 2 ) in wilderness areas , non-restricted firearms can be left unlocked and / or operable , but must be left unloaded ( ammunition may be kept nearby ) . Restricted firearms must be unloaded and either : Made inoperable with a secure locking device ( such as a trigger lock ) and securely locked in a sturdy container , cabinet or room that can not be easily broken into ; or Locked in a vault , safe or room that was built or adapted for storing these types of firearms For automatic firearms , the bolt ( s ) or bolt - carrier ( s ) must be removed , if removable , and stored in a separate locked room that can not be easily broken into Ammunition : Having ammunition kept in a location where it is not available for loading the firearm , unless both the firearm and its ammunition are securely locked up is recommended , however is not required . Transportation ( edit ) Non-restricted firearms left unattended in a car must be locked in the trunk or in a similar lockable compartment . If the vehicle does not have a trunk or compartment , the firearm must be placed out of sight inside the vehicle and the vehicle must be locked ( same rules apply for transport of replica firearms ) Non-restricted firearms must be : transported unloaded ( with the exception of muzzle - loading rifles , which can be transported loaded between hunting sites so long as the firing cap or flint is removed ) . Restricted and prohibited firearms must be : unloaded , made inoperable with a secure locking device , and locked in a sturdy container . Prohibited firearms must also have their bolts or bolt - carriers removed , if removable . Display ( edit ) Non-restricted firearms must be unloaded and either : Made inoperable with a secure locking device ( such as a trigger lock ) ; or Locked in a sturdy container , cabinet or room that can not be easily broken into . Restricted and prohibited firearms must be unloaded and : Made inoperable with a secure locking device ( such as a trigger lock ) ; and Securely attached to something that can not be moved . The bolts or bolt - carriers must be removed , if removable , and stored in a separate locked room that can not be easily broken into Ammunition : Must not be displayed with a firearm that can discharge it Public Agents firearms Regulations ( edit ) When not in use , agency firearms and other controlled items must be : Stored in a container , receptacle , vault , safe or room That is controlled by the public agency and kept securely locked ; or In a dwelling place if authorized by the public agency Other controlled items being stored in a dwelling place must be securely locked in a container or receptacle that can not be easily broken into , unless the agency has provided other instructions in writing . By law , a potential customer must be 18 years of age or older to purchase a firearm or legally maintain possession of one . People under the age of 18 but over the age of 12 may procure a minor 's licence , which does not allow them to purchase a firearm but allows them to borrow a firearm unsupervised and purchase ammunition . Children under the age of 12 that are found to need a firearm to hunt or trap may also be awarded the minor 's licence . This is generally reserved for children in remote locations , primarily aboriginal communities that engage in subsistence hunting . Registration ( edit ) Long gun registration is no longer required after Bill C - 19 was passed and made into law . However , it was still required in Quebec until March 27 , 2015 , when the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that the destruction of long - gun registry records was within the constitutional power of Parliament to make criminal law , denying the Quebec government 's legal challenge and allowing for those records to be destroyed . The history of the long gun registry : On January 1 , 2001 , all firearms in Canada did have to be registered with the Canadian Firearms Registry . In early 2006 , the Conservative Party of Canada became the largest party in the 39th Canadian Parliament , and the new government announced an amnesty period of one year ( later extended by a further year ) in which licensed or previously licensed long gun owners would not be punished for not registering their long guns . The legal requirement to register as set forth by law has not been revoked ; legislation to revoke the requirement to register long guns was introduced by the government during the 39th Parliament but was not brought to a vote . It was opposed by the Opposition parties who together had a majority of seats in the House of Commons . Similar legislation was again brought forward in the form of private member 's bill C - 391 during the 40th Parliament but was narrowly defeated on September 22 , 2010 . During the 41st Parliament the newly formed Conservative majority government again introduced legislation to repeal the requirement to register non-restricted firearms and to destroy the registry database . Bill C - 19 passed both the House and Senate and received royal assent on April 5 , 2012 . The repeal of the long gun registry had been a long - standing campaign promise of the Conservative Party . Restricted firearms ( edit ) To purchase a handgun or other restricted firearm , a person must have a restricted possession and acquisition licence ( RPAL ) for restricted firearms . Canada 's federal laws severely restrict the ability of civilians to transport restricted or prohibited ( grandfathered ) firearms in public . Section 17 of the Firearms Act makes it an offence to possess prohibited or restricted firearms other than at a dwelling - house or authorized location , but there are two exceptions to this prohibition found in sections 19 and 20 of the act . Section 19 allows for persons to be issued an authorization to transport , or ATT , authorizing the transport of a firearm outside the home for certain purposes , such as for its transfer to a new owner , going to and from a range , a training course , repair shop or gun show , or when the owner wishes to change the address where the firearm is stored . Such firearms must be transported unloaded , equipped with a trigger lock and stored in secure , locked containers . In rarer cases , section 20 of the act allows individuals to receive an authorization to carry , or ATC , granting permission to carry loaded restricted firearms or ( section 12 ( 6 ) ) prohibited handguns on their persons for certain reasons specified in the act . These reasons are as follows : if the person is a licensed trapper and carries the firearm while trapping , if the person is in a remote wilderness area and needs the firearm for protection against wildlife , if the person 's work involves guarding or handling money or other items of substantial value , or if the person 's life is in danger and police protection is inadequate to protect him or her . It should be noted that the authorities almost never issue an ATC for the last reason , that is to say , because a person 's life is threatened and police protection is inadequate . The vast majority of ATC 's issued are to employees of armoured car companies to allow carry of a company owned firearm only while working . Legality of self - defence ( edit ) The issue of the legality of self - defence with a firearm in Canada has been the subject of controversy . While self - defence is legal , it is very restricted . The Criminal Code recognizes self - defence with a firearm . The Firearms Act provides a legal framework wherein an individual may acquire , possess and carry a restricted or ( a specific class of ) prohibited firearm for protection from other individuals when police protection is deemed insufficient . This situation is extremely rare : the ( publicly available version of the ) RCMP authorization to carry application refers only to protection of life during employment that involves handling of valuable goods or dangerous wildlife . While self - defence is rarely considered a legal reason for attaining a PAL , the use of force with a firearm is legal as long as the accused can prove that his or her life was in danger . Sections 34 and 35 of the Criminal Code provide the legal framework of the use of force against intruders . Classification of firearms ( edit ) Main article : Possession and Acquisition Licence § Classification of firearms According to licences , firearms are classified into prohibited , restricted and non-restricted categories , as defined by Part III of Criminal Code ( R.S. , 1985 , c. C - 46 ) Note : The word `` prohibited '' is a classification and does not indicate that such firearms are `` prohibited '' as per the normal use of the word . Prohibited firearms include : Handguns with a barrel length less than to 105 millimetres ( 4.1 in ) , or ; that are designed to discharge . 25 or . 32 calibre ammunition ; exceptions are stated in the Regulations Prescribing Exclusions from Certain Definitions of the Criminal Code International Sporting Competition Handguns Rifles and shotguns that have been altered by sawing , cutting or any other means , so that : the barrel length is inferior to 457 millimetres ( 18.0 in ) ( regardless of overall length ) , or ; the overall length is inferior to 660 millimetres ( 26 in ) Firearms which have fully automatic fire capability , or `` converted automatics '' ( i.e. : firearms which were originally fully automatic , but have been modified to discharge ammunition in a semi-automatic fashion ) Firearms prescribed as prohibited by the Regulations Prescribing Certain Firearms and other Weapons , Components and Parts of Weapons , Accessories , Cartridge Magazines , Ammunition and Projectiles as Prohibited or Restricted ( SOR / 98 - 462 ) : . This includes all versions ( even semi-automatic ) versions of certain military weapons such as the AK - 47 and the FN - FAL . Firearm capable of discharging dart or other object carrying electric current or substance , including Taser Public Defender and any variant or modified version of it Firearm known as SSS - 1 Stinger and any similar firearm designed or of a size to fit in the palm of the hand Hundreds of other firearms listed by name , including any variants or modified versions . The list includes shotguns , carbines , rifles , pistols , and submachine guns . Restricted firearms are : Any handgun that is not prohibited ( note : handguns are prohibited if the barrel length is inferior to 105 millimetres ( 4.1 in ) ; handguns can not be non-restricted ) Any firearm that is : not prohibited that has a barrel length inferior to 470 millimetres ( 18.5 in ) , and is capable of discharging centre - fire ammunition in a semi-automatic manner Any firearm that can be fired when the overall length has been reduced by folding , telescoping , or other means to less than 660 millimetres ( 26 in ) Firearms prescribed as restricted by the Regulations Prescribing Certain Firearms and other Weapons , Components and Parts of Weapons , Accessories , Cartridge Magazines , Ammunition and Projectiles as Prohibited or Restricted ( SOR / 98 - 462 ) : The firearms of the designs commonly known as the High Standard Model 10 , Series A shotgun and the High Standard Model 10 , Series B shotgun , and any variants or modified versions of them . The firearm of the design commonly known as the M - 16 rifle , and any variant or modified version of it , including the Colt AR - 15 ; Colt AR - 15 SPI / Sporter / Collapsible Stock Model / A2 / A2 Carbine / A2 Government Model Rifle / A2 Government Model Target Rifle / A2 Government Model Carbine / A2 Sporter II / A2 H - BAR / A2 Delta H - BAR / A2 Delta H - BAR Match / 9mm Carbine ; Armalite AR - 15 ; AAI M15 ; AP74 ; EAC J - 15 ; PWA Commando ; SGW XM15A ; SGW CAR - AR ; SWD AR - 15 ; and any 22 - calibre rimfire variant , including the Mitchell M - 16A - 1 / 22 , Mitchell M - 16 / 22 , Mitchell CAR - 15 / 22 , and AP74 Auto Rifle . ( Note : legally , restricted firearms can only be discharged at shooting ranges ; so while one can use them in competitions , one can not use them for hunting ) Non-restricted firearms are : any other rifle or shotgun , other than those referred to above . Firearms registry ( edit ) Main article : Canadian Firearms Registry Violent Crime , suicide , and accidents in Canada ( edit ) Gun control laws are often enacted to control injury and death with target areas broadly classified as violent crime , suicide , and accidental injury . Statistics are often used to demonstrate the need for new legislation , or highlight the successes and failures of existing legislation . In the year following the introduction of firearms licensing in Canada ( 1977 ) , the already ongoing decline in murder involving firearms continued , relative to other mechanisms . From 1977 to 2003 Canada firearm homicide has declined from 1.15 to 0.5 per 100,000 , while other mechanisms declined slightly less ( 1.85 to 1.23 per 100,000 ) . A comprehensive review of firearm control legislation found that studies on the effects of the 1977 bill C - 51 and bill C - 68 from 1995 on firearm homicide rates came to differing conclusions , but generally found that bill C - 17 from 1991 was not associated with all of firearm homicides . Currently , shooting and stabbing represent the two most common mechanisms for homicide in Canada , each accounting for approximately 30 % of murders . Overall suicide in Canada peaked in 1978 at 14.5 per 100,000 , declining by 22 % ( 11.3 per 100,000 ) in 2004 . Several studies have found that that the 1977 bill C - 51 was linked to lower suicide and firearm suicide rates in Canada . Several studies examining the effect of bill C - 17 ( mostly using data from Quebec ) found that it was associated with a decline in firearm suicides , but that the rate of overall suicides did not change , largely because of a rise in suicides due to hanging suggesting a substitution of suicide methods . Accidental death , of any kind , is rare , claiming 27.9 people per 100,000 in 2000 . Of these , firearms accidents account for 0.3 % ( 0.1 per 100,000 ) , ranking below the 37 % for transportation ( 10.2 per 100,000 ) , 28 % for unspecified ( 7.7 per 100,000 ) , 18 % for falls ( 5.1 per 100,000 ) , and 11 % for poisoning ( 3.1 per 100,000 ) . Two studies by Leenaars and Lester using national data from 1969 to 1985 find that bill C - 51 was associated with a reduced accidental death rate from firearms . Legal ( edit ) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : Poorly written Please help improve this section if you can . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Although firearms laws are officially controlled by the federal government , which should create identical conditions across the country , the role of provincial governments in implementing those laws complicates this matter . As prescribed in the constitution , provinces are free to opt out and administer any federal program provincially . Currently half of the provinces allow the federal government to administer the Firearms Act , and the other half choose to administer it provincially ( see CFP for more information ) . Charges under the Criminal Code can be prosecuted only by a provincial attorney general . With the exception of offences in the three federal territories and certain national security offences , the federal attorney general does not prosecute offences under the Criminal Code . However , the federal attorney general can prosecute offences under other federal statutes , such as the Firearms Act . Since both the Criminal Code and the Firearms Act contain offences relating to firearms , the nature of the charge will determine which attorney general is responsible for prosecuting the offence . For reasons of cost or public opinion , nine provinces except Quebec , have refused to prosecute people for social regulation charges , such as many under the Firearms Act , page 43 . Also , since CFOs are responsible for issuing authorization to transport and authorization to carry , firearms ' regulation procedures differ between provinces . Some provinces allow municipalities to regulate the use of firearms within their boundaries . For example , in British Columbia , under section 8 ( 5 ) of the Community Charter , municipal councils can `` regulate and prohibit in relation to the discharge of firearms '' . Similar laws are also in effect in Alberta and Nova Scotia ( Municipal Government Act ) , Ontario and Manitoba ( Municipal Act ) , New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island ( Municipalities Act ) , Newfoundland and Labrador ( City of St. John 's Act , R.S.N. 1990 c. C - 17 ) and Quebec ( Municipal Code of Québec ) but not in Saskatchewan . In Saskatchewan , discharge of firearms is typically considered within the provincial wildlife statutes . There has been significant criticism levelled at Canadian gun laws , particularly regarding safe storage requirements . While the Firearms Act has simple language , jurisprudence of what meets that standard causes ambiguity . Generally , vaults , safes , secured rooms , and solid front locking cabinets are all technically acceptable storage containers . See also ( edit ) Dominion of Canada Rifle Association National Firearms Association Gun politics Gun safe Index of gun politics articles References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gregg Lee Carter ( 2012 ) . Guns in American Society : An Encyclopedia of History , Politics , Culture , and the Law , 2nd Edition ( 3 volumes ) : An Encyclopedia of History , Politics , Culture , and the Law . ABC - CLIO . pp. 250 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 38671 - 8 . Jump up ^ https://siaf.gouv.qc.ca/accueil.html?L=1 Jump up ^ `` History of Firearms Control in Canada : Up to and Including the Firearms Act '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ In a study of gun ownership in selected nations , Canada 's level of gun ownership ( 21.8 % ) was similar to France 's ( 23.8 % ) and Sweden 's ( 16.6 % ) . Of the eight countries compared , firearm ownership was highest in the United States ( 48.6 % ) and lowest in the Netherlands ( 2 % ). `` Firearms in Canada and Eight Other Western Countries : Selected Findings of the 1996 International Crime ( Victim ) Survey '' , Canada Firearms Centre . Accessed : 2014 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Facts and Figures '' . Rcmp-grc.gc.ca. 2010 - 11 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Criminal Victimisation in International Perspective , by the International Crime Victims Survey . See Table 18 on page 279 . Jump up ^ `` History of Firearms Control in Canada : Up to and Including the Firearms Act '' Canadian Firearms Centre . Accessed : June 3 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Untitled - 4 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ The North - West Territories Act , R.S.C. 1886 , c. 50 , s . 101 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of Firearms Control in Canada : Up to and Including the Firearms Act '' . rcmp-grc.gc.ca . Royal Canadian Mounted Police . 2012 - 06 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Facts and Figures '' . Rcmp-grc.gc.ca. 2015 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Bill C - 19 - An Act to amend the Criminal Code and the Firearms Act '' . ccja-acjp.ca . Canadian Criminal Justice Association . February 2012 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` A Gang That Could n't Shoot Straight '' , The Globe and Mail , January 8 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Tories give long guns a break '' , The Globe and Mail , May 17 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` Bill C - 19 is law -- Canada 's Long Gun Registration Ends '' . National Firearms Association . April 5 , 2012 . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bill C - 19 ( Historical ) '' . openparliament.ca/ . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Bill C - 42 ( Historical ) '' . Jump up ^ `` The ' Common Sense Firearms Licensing Act ' Is Now The Law Of The Land In Canada '' . AmmoLand.com Shooting Sports News . Jump up ^ `` Harper Government : New Provisions Of Common Sense Gun Licensing Act Coming To Force '' . AmmoLand.com Shooting Sports News . Jump up ^ `` Archived - The Common Sense Firearms Licensing Act receives Royal Assent - Canada News Centre '' . News.gc.ca. 2015 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Graeme Hamilton ( 7 October 2015 ) . `` Firearms groups apoplectic after Liberals promise new gun control measures '' . National Post . Jump up ^ `` Prohibited Firearms - Royal Canadian Mounted Police '' . rcmp-grc.gc.ca . Royal Canadian Mounted Police . 2013 - 12 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Firearms Safety Course '' . Rcmp-grc.gc.ca. 2004 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Restricted Firearms Safety Course '' . Rcmp-grc.gc.ca. 2004 - 02 - 05 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` CFSC and CRFSC Contact Information '' . Pub.rcmp-grc.gc.ca. 2011 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Form CAFC 921 '' . RCMP . October 5 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` THE GUN LAW : PRO AND CON '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 23 , 2011 . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Forms '' . Rcmp-grc.gc.ca. 2010 - 06 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Information Sheet : Application for an Authorization to Transport Restricted Firearms and Prohibited Firearms '' ( PDF ) . Rcmp-grc.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Regulations Prescribing Certain Firearms and other Weapons , Components and Parts of Weapons , Accessories , Ammunition Magazines , Ammunition and Projectiles as Prohibited or Restricted '' . Laws.justice.gc.ca . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maximum Permitted Magazine Capacity - Royal Canadian Mounted Police '' . Rcmp-grc.gc.ca. 2015 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Firearm Users Younger than 18 - Royal Canadian Mounted Police '' . Rcmp-grc.gc.ca. 2015 - 08 - 17 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Private Member 's Bill C - 391 ( 40 - 2 ) '' . Parliament of Canada . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` House Government Bill C - 19 ( 41 - 1 ) '' . Parliament of Canada . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Gun control in Canadian sights '' , The Guardian , September 18 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` Who may carry handguns in Canada ? '' . 15 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Part 1 , Section 2 : Protection of Life . Archived March 10 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Authorizations to Carry Restricted Firearms and Certain Handguns Regulations . Department of Justice Canada . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Application for an Authorization to Carry Restricted Firearms and Prohibited Handguns '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 2 , 2012 . Retrieved September 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Criminal Code '' . Laws-lois.justice.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Criminal Code '' . Laws.justice.gc.ca . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Regulations Prescribing Exclusions from Certain Definitions of the Criminal Code ( International Sporting Competition Handguns ) '' . Laws.justice.gc.ca . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 13 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Criminal Code '' . Laws-lois.justice.gc.ca . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ Program , Government of Canada , Royal Canadian Mounted Police , Canadian Firearms . `` Classes of firearms '' . www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Sproule , C. & Kennett , D. ( January 1988 ) . Use of Firearms in Canadian Homicides 1972 - 1982 : The Need for Gun Control . Canadian Journal of Criminology 30 ( 1 ) : 31 - 37 . NCJ 109420 . Retrieved on : 2012 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Homicide in Canada , 2010 '' . Statcan.gc.ca. 2011 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Santaella - Tenorio J , Cerdá M , Villaveces A , Galea S ( 10 February 2016 ) . `` What Do We Know About the Association Between Firearm Legislation and Firearm - Related Injuries ? '' . Epidemiol Rev. 38 ( 1 ) : 140 -- 57 . doi : 10.1093 / epirev / mxv012 . PMID 26905895 . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Homicides by method '' . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2011 . Retrieved December 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Suicide in Canada : Update of the Report of the Task Force on Suicide in Canada '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Department of Justice -- Site Map '' ( PDF ) . Justice.gc.ca. 2007 - 11 - 14 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Mortality , summary list of causes : Tables '' . Statcan.ca. 2006 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Criminal Code Archived August 29 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , R.S.C. 1985 , c. C - 46 , s . 2 , definition of `` Attorney General ' . Jump up ^ `` Crown Counsel Policy Manual '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` New Brunswick AG Policy '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` MB AG Policy '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ http://www.publications.gov.sk.ca/details.cfm?p=30785 External links ( edit ) Canadian Firearms Act Canadian Firearms Program by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police in English and French The gun registry debate : Implementing the Firearms Act , CBC News 2009 Canada History Year list ( Timeline ) Pre-colonization New France ( 1534 -- 1763 ) British Canada ( 1763 -- 1867 ) Post-Confederation ( 1867 -- 1914 ) World Wars and Interwar Years ( 1914 -- 1945 ) Modern times : 1945 -- 1960 1960 -- 1981 1982 -- 1992 since 1992 Topics Constitutional Crown & Aboriginals Economic Etymology Former colonies & territories Immigration Military Monarchical National Historic Sites Persons of significance Territorial evolution Women Provinces and territories Provinces Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Territories Northwest Territories Nunavut Yukon Government Law Constitution Monarch Governor General Parliament ( Senate House of Commons ) Prime Minister list Courts Supreme Court Military Local government Foreign relations Law enforcement Politics Elections LGBT rights Multiculturalism Geography Regions ( west to east ) Pacific Northwest Western Canada Great Plains Canadian Prairies Northern Canada Canadian Shield Great Lakes Central Canada The Maritimes Eastern Canada Atlantic Canada Topics Animals Cities Earthquakes Islands Mountains National Parks Plants Great Lakes Regions Rivers Volcanoes Economy Agriculture Banking Bank of Canada Dollar Communications Companies Energy Fishing Oil Stock exchange Taxation Tourism Transportation Science and technology Social programs Poverty Society Education Healthcare Crime Values Demographics Topics Canadians Immigration Languages Religion 2001 Census 2006 Census 2011 Census 2016 Census Population Top 100s Metropolitan areas and agglomerations Population centres Municipalities Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Festivals Folklore People Holidays Identity Literature Music Nationalisms Online media Protectionism Sports Theatre Symbols Coat of arms Flags Provincial and territorial Royal Heraldic Article overviews Index Outline Topics Research Bibliography Historiography Book Portal Lists of countries by laws and law enforcement rankings Age of Consent Legal candidacy for political office Criminal responsibility Legal drinking Legal driving Majority Legal marriage Retirement age Mandatory retirement School - leaving age Legal smoking Voting Suffrage Youth suffrage Working age Drugs Alcohol Alcohol consumption Alcohol law Bath salts Legal status of Mephedrone Legal status of MPDV Legal status of Methylone Cannabis Legality annual use lifetime use Cocaine use Legality Methamphetamine Legality LSD Legality Opiate use Salvia divinorum Legality Death Legality of euthanasia Homicide by decade Law enforcement killings Legality of suicide Legality of assisted suicide Guns Deaths Ownership Punishment Corporal punishment At home At school In court Death penalty Incarceration Obscenity Incest Laws Pornography Child pornography Simulated child pornography Drawn pornography depicting minors Internet pornography Prostitution Sexual assault Child sexual abuse Rape Sodomy law Sex trafficking Zoophilia Censorship Censorship by country Book censorship by country Film censorship by country Internet censorship by country Cartographic censorship Political censorship Video gaming censorship by country Human rights Children 's rights Children in the military Intersex rights LGBT Rights Slavery Human trafficking Freedom of movement by country In the air Abode Property and Environmental Air Estate Land Minerals Mining Mortgage Water Riparian water Business Corporate Corporate liability Competition Mergers and acquisitions Monopoly Legality of bitcoin by country or territory International ownership International waters Sea law Maritime law Antarctic Treaty System Other Abortion law Minors and abortion Animal rights Immigration law Human cloning National legal systems Police brutality Prisoner abuse Religious law Separation of church and state Sharia Size of police forces World Justice Project List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Gun laws in the Americas North America South America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Falkland Islands French Guiana Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands US Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gun_laws_in_Canada&oldid=831055449 '' Categories : Firearm laws Gun politics in Canada Canadian law Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2016 Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links NPOV disputes from February 2018 All NPOV disputes Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles needing cleanup from April 2014 All pages needing cleanup Cleanup tagged articles with a reason field from April 2014 Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from April 2014 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 March 2018 , at 13 : 48 . 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-7378947483828909961	Anya	Anya - wikipedia Anya Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Anya ( disambiguation ) . Anya Gender Female Language ( s ) several Origin Meaning `` Graceful '' , `` Inexhaustible '' , `` Rhythm '' / `` Melody '' Other names See also Hannah , Anna , Áine Anya is a feminine given name . It is also found as a surname . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins and variant forms 2 People with the given name Anya 3 People with the given name Anja 4 People with the given name Ania 5 Fictional characters 6 People with the surname Anya 7 See also 8 References Origins and variant forms ( edit ) Anya ( Аня ) is a Russian diminutive of Anna , derived from Hannah which means `` gracious '' or `` bringing goodness '' in the original Hebrew language . Anya ( Ania ) is a Hungarian word for `` mother '' . Anya ( ⴰⵏⵢⴰ ) is an Amazigh / Berber name . It means `` Rhythm '' or `` Melody '' in Berber languages . Anya is also an Indian / Hindu name . Ania is the spelling in Polish , which is also a diminutive of Anna . The spelling Anja is common in Croatian , Norwegian , Danish , German , Swedish , Finnish , Dutch , Slovenian , Macedonian , Bosnian and Serbian . Áine is the Irish spelling of the name . People with the given name Anya ( edit ) Anya Ayoung - Chee , former Miss Trinidad and Tobago and winner of season 9 of Project Runway Anya Corke , Woman Grandmaster and the top female chess player in Hong Kong Anya Gallaccio , British artist Anya Garnis , Siberian Ballroom and Latin Dancer Anya Hindmarch , a British fashion designer Anya Kamenetz , a freelance writer Anya Rozova , a fashion model , runner - up in America 's Next Top Model under the name Anya Kop Anya Lahiri , a British singer Anya Major , an athlete , actress , model and singer Anya Marina , a singer - songwriter Anya Monzikova , a Russian - American model on the Deal or No Deal game show Anya Schiffrin , an international business professor at Columbia University Anya Seton , author of historical romances Anya Shrubsole , cricketer for Somerset and England Anya Taranda , an American model Anya Teixeira , a street photographer People with the given name Anja ( edit ) Anja Andersen , Danish handball player Anja Edin , Norwegian handball player Anja Garbarek , Norwegian musician Anja Hazekamp , Dutch politician Anja Plaschg , alias Soap&Skin , Austrian musician Anja Pärson , Swedish alpine skier Anja Rubik , Polish fashion model Anja Steinlechner , Austrian - American musician Anja Spiegelman , Author Art Spiegelman 's mom in the book Maus People with the given name Ania ( edit ) Ania ( singer ) ( born 1981 ) , Polish singer and composer Ania Said Chaurembo ( 21st century ) , Tanzanian politician Ania Walwicz ( born 1951 ) , Australian poet and prose writer Ania Wiśniewska ( born 1977 ) , Polish singer Fictional characters ( edit ) Anya Alstreim , a supporting character in Code Geass . Anya Amasova , a Soviet spy played by Barbara Bach in the James Bond movie The Spy Who Loved Me . Anya Claus , wife of Dudley Moore 's Santa in Santa Claus : The Movie . Anya Jenkins , a thousand - year - old vengeance demon played by Emma Caulfield in the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer . Anya MacPherson in Degrassi : The Next Generation . Anya Stroud , the dispatch girl from the science fiction video game Gears of War Ania Williams in the soap opera Family Affairs . Anya , an alchemist in Diablo II : Lord of Destruction . Anya , Princess Ann played by Audrey Hepburn in Roman Holiday . Anya , daughter of the Marvel Comics character Magneto . Anya ( Star Trek ) , a guardian in the Star Trek episode `` The Dauphin '' . Anya is Princess Anastasia 's name as an orphan in the theatrical release of the 1997 animated family film Anastasia produced by 20th Century Fox . Anya in Negima ! . Ania , Iolaus 's wife - to - be , played by Jill Sayre in Hercules and the Amazon Women . Anya , a mission director in the game Project I.G.I. : I 'm Going In and its sequel . Anya Borzakovskaya , from the 2011 graphic novel Anya 's Ghost . The Groovy Girls doll line , by Manhattan Toy , features a doll named Anya . Anya Hepburn , a wealthy meister in the DWMA . Soul Eater Not ! . Anya , a recurring character in the first and second season of The 100 played by Dichen Lachman . Anya , a lighthouse in the game To The Moon Anya Oliwa , a Polish doctor in Wolfenstein : The New Order . Anya Corazon , a superhero from Marvel Comics . People with the surname Anya ( edit ) Ikechi Anya , a professional footballer See also ( edit ) Áine ( given name ) , an Irish given name with the same pronunciation Anya ( disambiguation ) , other meanings Ania ( disambiguation ) Anya ( musical ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://amawal.wikidot.com/anya Jump up ^ `` origin and personality of Indian baby name Anya '' . India Parenting . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . This page or section lists people that share the same given name . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anya&oldid=830925867 '' Categories : Given names Slavic feminine given names Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from August 2017 All set index articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Ελληνικά Français 한국어 日本語 Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 17 March 2018 , at 18 : 46 . About Wikipedia	what does the name anya mean in greek	[]	[]
-8153142841367158786	Ted Nugent	Ted Nugent - Wikipedia Ted Nugent This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 13 August 2018 . `` Motor City Madman '' redirects here . For the WCW wrestler , see Mike Moore ( wrestler ) . Ted Nugent Nugent at the White House in April 2017 Background information Birth name Theodore Anthony Nugent Also known as The Nuge Motor City Madman Uncle Ted Motormouth ( 1948 - 12 - 13 ) December 13 , 1948 ( age 69 ) Redford , Michigan , U.S. Genres Hard rock rock psychedelic rock ( early ) acid rock ( early ) Occupation ( s ) Musician Gun rights and hunting advocate Instruments Guitar vocals Years active 1958 -- present Associated acts The Amboy Dukes Hear ' n Aid Damn Yankees Damnocracy Website Official website Theodore Anthony Nugent ( / ˈnuːdʒɪnt / ; born December 13 , 1948 ) is an American singer - songwriter , guitarist and activist . Nugent initially gained fame as the lead guitarist of the Amboy Dukes , a band formed in 1963 that played psychedelic rock and hard rock . After playing with the Amboy Dukes , he embarked on a solo career when he became known for his energetic live shows and aggressive blues - tinged guitar style . Nugent is also noted for and has attracted controversy for his conservative political views , particularly his advocacy of hunting and gun ownership rights . He is a board member of the National Rifle Association and a strong supporter of the Republican Party , and has made a number of controversial and threatening statements against advocates of gun control , in one case having the Secret Service investigate him based on comments about President Barack Obama . Nugent is also known for his stance against drug and alcohol abuse . Contents 1 Early life 1.1 Draft status 2 Musical career 2.1 The Amboy Dukes 2.2 Solo career 2.3 Damn Yankees 2.4 Return to solo career 3 Media appearances 3.1 Reality programming 3.2 Acting 3.3 Other media appearances 4 Personal life 4.1 Family 4.2 Drug and alcohol stances 5 Politics 5.1 Gun rights 5.2 Animal rights 5.3 Obama administration 5.4 Donald Trump 5.5 Potential runs for office 6 Band members 7 Discography 7.1 Solo 7.2 Damn Yankees 8 Published books 8.1 Articles 9 References 10 External links Early life ( edit ) Nugent was born the third of four siblings in Redford , Michigan , and raised in metropolitan Detroit , Michigan , the son of Marion Dorothy ( née Johnson ) and Warren Henry Nugent . As a teenager , Nugent attended St. Viator High School in Arlington Heights , Illinois . His maternal grandparents were Swedish . Draft status ( edit ) In a 1977 High Times article , Nugent stated that he took crystal meth and defecated in his pants in order to avoid being drafted into the Vietnam War . Nugent reaffirmed this in a 1990 interview with Detroit Free Press , stating that `` a week before his physical , he stopped using the bathroom altogether , virtually living inside his pants caked with excrement and urine '' . In other interviews , Nugent has denied this claim , stating that he dodged the draft by enrolling at Oakland Community College to get a student deferment . However , his Selective Service classification record shows ratings of 1 - Y and 4 - F for 1969 and 1972 respectively , indicating ineligibility for military service under established physical , mental , or moral standards , rather than student deferment . Nugent denied his defecation story in a appearance on The Joe Rogan Experience ; he asserted that he invented it for his own amusement due to previous published interviews having disseminated incorrect information on him and The Amboy Dukes . He also stated he was eligible for military service and passed a draft physical in 1969 and received a student designation rather than a student deferment several months later while he was attending Oakland Community College , but was not called to service . Nugent further stated that his 4 - F rating on Wikipedia was `` made up '' , despite the fact that the article sourced it to snopes . Musical career ( edit ) In concert with his signature Gibson Byrdland guitar Performing since 1958 , Nugent has been touring annually since 1967 , averaging more than 300 shows per year ( 1967 -- 73 ) , 200 per year ( 1974 -- 80 ) , 150 ( 1981 -- 89 ) , 127 concerts in 1990 , 162 concerts in 1991 , 150 concerts in 1993 , 180 in 1994 , 166 in 1995 , 81 in 1996 , Summer Blitz ' 97 , ' 98 , Rock Never Stops ' 99 , and 133 concerts with KISS 2K . Nugent toured with local Detroit musician Alex Winston during the summers of 2007 and 2008 . On July 4 , 2008 , at the DTE Energy Music Theater in Clarkston , Michigan , Ted Nugent played his 6,000 th concert . Derek St. Holmes ( original singer for the Ted Nugent band ) , Johnny Bee Badanjek ( drummer for Mitch Ryder and The Detroit Wheels ) , and Nugent 's guitar teacher from 1958 , Joe Podorsek , all jammed on stage with Nugent for various tunes . The Amboy Dukes ( edit ) His first edition of the Amboy Dukes played at The Cellar , a teen dance club outside of Chicago in Arlington Heights , Illinois , starting in late 1965 , while Nugent was a student at St. Viator High School . The Cellar 's `` house band '' at the time had been the Shadows of Knight , although the Amboy Dukes eventually became a staple until the club 's closing . The Amboy Dukes ' second single was `` Journey to the Center of the Mind '' , which featured lyrics written by the Dukes ' second guitarist Steve Farmer . Nugent , an ardent anti-drug campaigner , has always claimed that he had no idea that this song was about drug use . The Amboy Dukes ( 1967 ) , Journey to the Center of the Mind ( 1968 ) , Migration and Rusty Day ( 1969 ) -- all recorded on the Mainstream label -- sold moderately well . On April 5 , 1968 , Nugent along with a group of musicians paid tribute to Martin Luther King by having a folk , rock and blues jam session . Joni Mitchell played first , followed by Buddy Guy , Cactus , and Jimi Hendrix . Other musicians who participated were BB King and Al Kooper . After settling down on a ranch in Michigan in 1973 , Nugent signed a record deal with Frank Zappa 's DiscReet Records label and recorded Call of the Wild . The following year , Tooth Fang & Claw ( which contained the song `` Great White Buffalo '' , arranged with Rob Grange ) established a fan base for Nugent and the other Amboy Dukes . Personnel changes nearly wrecked the band , which became known as Ted Nugent & the Amboy Dukes . Nugent reunited with the other members of the Amboy Dukes at the 2009 Detroit Music Awards , which took place April 17 , 2009 . The psychedelic band received a distinguished achievement honor at the event . The Dukes also played together at the ceremony , marking their first public performance in more than 30 years . Solo career ( edit ) See also : Ted Nugent discography Nugent dropped the Amboy Dukes band name for good in 1975 , and signed to Epic Records . Derek St. Holmes ( guitar , vocals ) , Rob Grange ( bass ) and Clifford Davies ( drums ) were the primary additional band members for his 1970s multi-platinum albums : Ted Nugent ( 1975 ) , Free - for - All ( 1976 ) and Cat Scratch Fever ( 1977 ) . These albums produced the popular radio anthems `` Hey Baby '' , `` Stranglehold '' , `` Dog Eat Dog '' , and `` Cat Scratch Fever '' . Despite most of the songwriting credits being listed as solely Nugent , St. Holmes claims they were co-written by the whole band , and that Nugent took sole credit as a way to not pay them royalties . It was during these three years that Nugent emerged as a guitar hero to hard rock fans , many of whom were unaware of his lengthy apprenticeship with the Amboy Dukes . This band lineup toured extensively , also releasing the multi-platinum live album Double Live Gonzo ! ( 1978 ) , until its breakup in 1978 when St. Holmes and Grange departed . St. Holmes was replaced by Charlie Huhn and Grange by Dave Kiswiney . Davies left around 1982 after staying on to record Weekend Warriors ( 1978 ) , State of Shock ( 1979 ) , Scream Dream ( 1980 ) and Intensities in 10 Cities ( 1981 ) . The `` Intensities in 10 Cities '' album includes the controversial song `` Jailbait . '' On July 8 , 1979 , Ted was on the rock radio program King Biscuit Flower Hour . This was the original broadcast of Ted 's performance of Live at Hammersmith ' 79 which had been recorded during the second set of a night at London 's Hammersmith Odeon in 1979 . An album of this program was released in 1997 . Damn Yankees ( edit ) 2007 During the period of 1982 -- 89 , Nugent released a series of moderately successful solo albums . In 1989 , he joined the supergroup Damn Yankees , with Jack Blades ( bass / vocals , of Night Ranger ) , Tommy Shaw ( guitar / vocals , of Styx ) and Michael Cartellone ( drums ) . Damn Yankees ( 1990 ) was a hit , going multi-platinum in the U.S. , thanks in no small part to the smash hit power ballad `` High Enough '' . Return to solo career ( edit ) Returning to a solo career , Nugent released Spirit of the Wild in 1995 , his best - reviewed album in quite some time . The album also marked the return of Derek St. Holmes to Nugent 's studio band . A series of archival releases also came out in the 1990s , keeping Nugent 's name in the national consciousness . He also began hosting a radio show in Detroit on WWBR - FM ( `` 102.7 The Bear , Detroit 's Rock Animal '' ) and took ownership in several hunting - related businesses . He created TV shows for several networks ; Wanted : Ted or Alive on Versus , Ted Nugent Spirit of the Wild on PBS and The Outdoor Channel , as well as Surviving Nugent and Supergroup - Damnocracy on VH1 . In 2006 , Ted Nugent was voted into the Michigan Rock and Roll Legends Hall of Fame . Ted Nugent appears on David Crowder Band 's 2007 release , Remedy , playing guitar on the song `` We Wo n't Be Quiet '' . He announced his `` Trample the Weak , Hurdle the Dead '' tour on April 21 , 2010 . On March 14 , 2011 , Nugent released a new song , `` I Still Believe '' , as a free download via his website to subscribers to his newsletter . Nugent says of the song : `` America is a target - rich environment for an independent man addicted to logic , truth and The American Way . ' I Still Believe ' throttles the animal spirit of rugged individualism in pure MotorCity ultra high - energy rhythm and blues and rock and roll . '' In April 2011 Nugent announced that former frontman Derek St. Holmes would be joining his band for Nugent 's I Still Believe Tour . Media Appearances ( edit ) Reality programming ( edit ) Nugent starred in his own outdoors television show , named after his popular song `` Spirit of the Wild '' . The song was the theme music to the TV series , in which Nugent took viewers on a variety of wild game hunts using his bow . In the series , he taught and advised hunters and `` hands - on '' conservationists around the world on the different aspects of hunting and politics . In one episode of Spirit of the Wild , Nugent hits a young deer with a bow . Two game wardens saw the episode , later charging Nugent with 11 misdemeanor violations of California hunting law . Nugent plead guilty to two violations . In 2003 , he was host of the VH1 reality television program Surviving Nugent , in which city dwellers such as model Tila Tequila moved to Nugent 's Michigan ranch in order to survive such `` backwoods '' activities as building an outhouse and skinning a boar . The success of the two - hour show spawned a four - part miniseries in 2004 , titled Surviving Nugent : The Ted Commandments . This time it was filmed on Nugent 's ranch in China Spring , Texas . During filming , Nugent injured himself with a chainsaw , requiring 44 stitches and a leg brace . In 2003 , Nugent also guested on the VH1 program Forever Wild , hosted by Sebastian Bach , former lead vocalist for the band Skid Row . They shot some firearms and walked around Nugent 's cabin in the woods . Two years later , in 2005 , Nugent hosted a reality - type show , Wanted : Ted or Alive , on what was then called the OLN , or Outdoor Life Network , before it became the NBC Sports Network of the present day . In Wanted : Ted or Alive , contestants competed for money as well as for opportunities to go hunting with `` Uncle Ted . '' The contestants had to kill and clean their own food to survive . In 2006 , he appeared on VH1 's reality show SuperGroup , with Anthrax guitarist Scott Ian , Biohazard bassist Evan Seinfeld , ex-Skid Row lead singer Sebastian Bach , and John Bonham 's son Jason Bonham , who had been the drummer for Bonham , UFO , and Foreigner . The name of the supergroup was originally FIST but later was changed to Damnocracy . Bach had lobbied for the name Savage Animal . Captured on film by VH1 was a rare Nugent duet with guitarist Joe Bonamassa at the Sand Dollar Blues Room for a 45 - minute blues jam . He starred in another reality show for CMT in August 2009 . The show , titled Runnin ' Wild ... From Ted Nugent , featured Nugent instructing competitors in the art of survival ; the competitors had to use those skills in challenges in which Nugent himself hunted them down . In 2008 , Nugent was a guest on the episode Southwest Road Trip Special of Anthony Bourdain : No Reservations , where he spoke against obesity and public health care . Also in 2009 , Nugent played guitar at The Alamo for a Tax Day Tea Party hosted by Glenn Beck and Fox News . Most notable in his set was a version of `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' in which he used alternate picking and whammy bar effects . The clip and sound bite of this came to be played extensively on Fox News as well as on The Glenn Beck Program . Acting ( edit ) In 1976 Nugent was in the documentary Demon Lover Diary , about the making of the John Dods ' horror / comedy movie My Demon Lover . He is shown supplying real guns for the making of My Demon Lover , as the crew films at Nugent 's house . In 1986 , he guest starred in an episode of the hit television show Miami Vice entitled `` Definitely Miami '' . Nugent played a villain . His song `` Angry Young Man '' was featured in the episode . His song `` Little Miss Dangerous '' was also featured on a Miami Vice episode of the same name , although he did not appear in the episode . In 2001 , Nugent appeared as himself in a third - season episode of That ' 70s Show entitled `` Backstage Pass '' . Donna Pinciotti ( Laura Prepon ) , who works for radio station WFPP , obtains tickets to the upcoming Ted Nugent concert for the entire gang . Following the concert , her boss Max ( Howard Hesseman ) gives Donna a backstage pass to meet Nugent , where he volunteers to sit for an interview . Meanwhile , Steven Hyde ( Danny Masterson ) and Fez ( Wilmer Valderrama ) try to sell unauthorized concert t - shirts accidentally spelled Tad Nugent . Also in 2001 , Nugent appeared as himself in the second episode of the short - lived university campus FOX comedy series , Undeclared . In the episode `` Full Bluntal Nugety '' , Nugent is a guest at the university , there to speak on his favorite topics , mainly hunting and gun control . This is where new student Steven Karp ( Jay Baruchel ) takes his love interest Lizzie ( Carla Gallo ) on their first date . Karp tries to heckle Nugent during his speech in an attempt to impress Lizzie , with disastrous results . FOX did n't like the idea of Nugent and his political views appearing on this show , so the episode was re-shot and re-edited as `` Oh , So You Have a Boyfriend ? '' which aired without any Ted Nugent content whatsoever . The complete `` Full Bluntal Nugety ( Director 's Cut ) '' episode is available in its entirety , in the Undeclared DVD box set , including some extra Ted Nugent scenes that had been deleted . He made a guest appearance on the cult television series Aqua Teen Hunger Force , in the episode `` Gee Whiz '' , on Adult Swim . Locals believe to have seen the face of Jesus in a billboard , and they mention how it looks like Ted Nugent . Throughout the episode they think it 's Jesus ' face , but at the end they discover it was in fact Nugent 's . He proceeds to shoot a flaming explosive arrow at Carl ( mistaking him for a `` varmint '' ) . Ted also appeared in Seth MacFarlane 's Cavalcade of Cartoon Comedy in a sketch where he kills the Ghost of Christmas Past and serves him to guests for dinner . In 2007 , Nugent appeared in the music video for Nickelback 's song `` Rockstar '' , and in 2008 he played a key role in the Toby Keith film Beer for My Horses as the quiet deputy named Skunk . In 2007 , Nugent debated The Simpsons producer Sam Simon on the Howard Stern Show about the ethics of hunting animals . Coincidentally , Nugent would later lend his voice to an over-the - phone appearance in the season 19 episode of The Simpsons , `` I Do n't Wanna Know Why the Caged Bird Sings '' , where , in a humorous jab at his political stance , inmate Dwight picks up his call for voting no to the fictional Proposition 87 , which bans crossbows in public schools . As part of his pre-recorded message , Nugent asks `` If we outlaw crossbows in our public schools , who 's going to protect our children from charging elk ? '' . In 2012 , Nugent again appeared as himself on The Simpsons , on the episode `` Politically Inept , with Homer Simpson , '' in which he is nominated as a Presidential candidate for the Republican Party . Other media Appearances ( edit ) In the late 1990s , Nugent began writing for various magazines . He has written for more than 20 publications and is the author of New York Times Best Seller God , Guns and Rock ' n ' Roll ( July 2000 ) , Kill It and Grill It ( 2002 ) ( co-authored with his wife , Shemane ) , BloodTrails II : The Truth About Bowhunting ( 2004 ) , and Ted , White , and Blue : The Nugent Manifesto ( 2008 ) . In 1996 Nugent joined the WWBR - FM air staff . The Ted Nugent Morning Show on 102.7 FM in Detroit was a success . He and co-host Steve Black ( now host of the syndicated radio show Chop Shop and Chop Shop Classic ) often shocked Detroit with their opinions . Attracting attention for his outspoken statements on issues ranging from guns to biodiversity , Nugent has been a regular guest on such programs as Larry King Live , The Howard Stern Show , and Politically Incorrect . In 1978 Nugent appeared on The Midnight Special as host and a performer . In 1978 Nugent 's song `` Queen of the Forest '' was featured on the pilot episode of WKRP in Cincinnati as the first record the fictional radio station played upon switching formats . In 1980 , Nugent appeared on Fridays as the musical guest . He performed `` Paralyzed '' and `` Scream Dream '' . He also appeared on Chicago Radio personality Jonathon Brandmeir 's short lived talk show , `` Johnny B. on the Loose '' . In 1991 , he guest - starred on the PBS science show Newton 's Apple in a short comedic feature called Science of the Rich and Famous in which he demonstrates and explains the phenomenon of electric guitar feedback . On March 13 , 2007 , Nugent was interviewed on ABC 's Jimmy Kimmel Live ! and performed the songs `` Cat Scratch Fever '' and `` Rawdogs and Warhogs '' . On April 15 , 2009 , Nugent appeared onstage with his guitar in San Antonio as part of Glenn Beck 's coverage of the Tax Day Tea Party protests on the Fox News Channel . He hosted the show with Beck , and played music for the protestors at the Alamo . He made an appearance in Guitar Hero World Tour . As part of the solo guitar career , the player engages in a guitar duel with Nugent , after which the song `` Stranglehold '' is unlocked and Nugent becomes available as a playable character . On July 30 , 2008 , Nugent was interviewed on The Alex Jones Show about his book `` Ted , White , and Blue : The Nugent Manifesto '' ( 2008 ) . On July 9 , 2010 , Nugent was again interviewed by Jones and criticized the latest policies issued by the Obama administration and the US Supreme Court concerning gun policy . He claimed that rejecting the idea of the right to self - defense being expressed in the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution , which Nugent called `` gun control '' policies , is most likely to destroy American society . Nugent also claimed similar policies were the cause of the downfall of every society in human history . Nugent also appeared in the season 2 Penn & Teller : Bullshit ! episode on P.E.T.A in 2004 . He was a weekly contributor to the newspaper , the Waco Tribune - Herald until 2009 . Personal life ( edit ) Nugent is a fan of the Detroit Red Wings in hockey , Detroit Pistons in basketball , Detroit Lions in football , and Detroit Tigers in baseball . Two women have accused Nugent of having sexual relationships with them when they were under 18 years old . In 1978 , Nugent began a relationship with seventeen - year - old Hawaii native Pele Massa . Due to the age difference , they could not marry so Nugent joined Massa 's parents in signing documents to make himself her legal guardian . Courtney Love also claimed that she was forced to perform fellatio on Nugent when she was 12 . On The Joe Rogan Experience , Nugent denied that he had ever been in a romantic relationships with underage girls , other than when he was underage himself . This goes against what Nugent previously said in a Behind The Music episode , where he admitted to several affairs with underage girls . In his 1981 song , Jailbait , Nugent wrote the lyrics : Well I don _́ t care if you 're just thirteen You look too good to be true I just know that you _́ re probably clean There 's one lil ' thing I got to do to you Nugent suffers from hearing loss . He said in a 2007 interview : `` The ear 's not too good , especially with background noise , but that 's a small price to pay . Believe me the journey was worth it . '' Family ( edit ) Nugent has been married twice and has six children with four women . In the late 1960s , prior to his first marriage , Nugent fathered a boy ( Ted ( Mann ) ) and a girl , both of whom he gave up for adoption in infancy . This did not become public knowledge until 2010 . The siblings were adopted separately and had no contact with one another . The son learned the identity of his birth father in 2010 through the daughter 's quest to make contact with him and their birth parents . According to a news report , over the years Nugent had discussed the existence of these children with his other children . He was married to his first wife , Sandra Jezowski , from 1970 to 1979 . They had two children , son Theodore Tobias `` Toby '' Nugent and daughter Sasha Nugent . Sandra died in a car crash in 1982 . His second marriage is to Shemane Deziel , whom he met while a guest on Detroit 's WLLZ - FM , where she was a member of the news staff . They married on January 21 , 1989 . Together they have one child , son Rocco Winchester Nugent . In 2005 , Nugent agreed to pay $3,500 monthly in child support for a son fathered with Karen Gutowski while he was married to Deziel . Drug and alcohol stances ( edit ) Since the 1970s Nugent has promoted anti-drug and anti-alcohol stances . In an interview for VH1 's Behind The Music , Nugent said this was due to his father 's having reprimanded him when he came home smelling of alcohol after a night of drinking . He has been cited as a key influence on the straight edge movement , a punk rock - associated lifestyle that developed in the early 1980s and discourages drug and alcohol use . Henry Rollins , vocalist for Black Flag , reports that he and friend Ian MacKaye ( vocalist for Minor Threat and writer of the song `` Straight Edge '' that gave the movement its name ) were inspired by Nugent during their high school years in the 1970s when he was the only major rock star to publicly eschew drug use : `` ( We ) would read about the Nuge and the thing that really rubbed off on us was the fact that he did n't drink or smoke or do drugs ... ( Nugent 's performance ) was the craziest thing we 'd ever seen onstage and here 's this guy saying , ' I do n't get high . ' We thought that was so impressive . '' Nugent is a national spokesman for the Drug Abuse Resistance Education ( DARE ) program , In 2015 , however , Nugent declared his support for the legalization of marijuana for medical use . In 2018 he admitted that he drinks `` a little wine '' . Politics ( edit ) Nugent is a vocal supporter of the U.S. Republican Party and various associated conservative causes , particularly gun rights and hunter 's rights . He is a supporter of President Trump , and has made a number of statements critical of Trump 's predecessor Barack Obama , one of which was perceived as potentially threatening and lead to Nugent being investigated by the Secret Service . In an interview in 1990 , a few months after the release of Nelson Mandela during the negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa , Nugent stated : `` apartheid is n't that cut - and - dry . All men are not created equal . '' He described black South Africans as `` a different breed of man '' who `` still put bones in their noses , they still walk around naked , they wipe their butts with their hands '' . As a reward for entertaining U.S. troops in Iraq in 2004 , Nugent visited Saddam Hussein 's war room . He commented on Iraq , `` Our failure has been not to Nagasaki them . '' On July 17 , 2008 , during the presidential election season and shortly before the Republican presidential nominating convention , Nugent expressed his skepticism about presumptive GOP Presidential nominee John McCain , stating that McCain was `` catering to a growing segment of soulless Americans who care less what they can do for their country , but whine louder and louder about what their country must do for them . That is both un-American and pathetic . '' At a 2009 West Virginia rally sponsored in part by Massey Energy , Nugent `` defended mountaintop removal mining , '' according to reporters on the scene . `` On behalf of the Nugent family , I say , start up the bulldozers and get me some more coal , Massey , '' Nugent was recorded as saying . Nugent is an outspoken critic of Islam , which he describes as a `` voodoo religion '' which `` believes in world domination '' . During an interview with Piers Morgan , Nugent denied that he considered himself homophobic , saying `` I 'm repulsed at the concept of man - on - man sex , I think it 's against nature . I think it 's strange as hell , but if that 's what you are , I love you . I 'm not going to judge another 's morals . I say live and let live . I have friends that are gay . '' Nugent clashed in 2014 with Jay Dean , then the mayor of Longview , Texas , and an incoming Republican member of the Texas House of Representatives after Dean moved to cancel Nugent 's scheduled appearance at the Longview Independence Day concert . Dean said that he finds Nugent 's music unsuitable for family - oriented audiences on July 4 . Longview hence paid Nugent $16,000 , half of the amount he had been promised , to drop him from the concert . Nugent in turn called Dean `` racist '' and `` clueless , dishonest , and one of the bad guys . '' In June 2018 , Nugent said that `` evil , dishonesty and scam artists have always been around and that right now they 're liberal , they 're Democrat , they 're RINOs , they 're Hollywood , they 're fake news , they 're media , they 're academia , and they 're half of our government , at least ... There are rabid coyotes running around , you do n't wait till you see one to go get your gun , keep your gun handy . And every time you see one , shoot one . '' Nugent speaking at a campaign event for Sheriff Joe Arpaio in Scottsdale , Arizona . Nugent 's conservative views have prompted feuds with other musicians . These include Paul McCartney and David Crosby . Gun rights ( edit ) Nugent is an advocate of the right to bear arms , but while performing he instructs venues to not allow firearms . When interviewed by Texas Monthly editor Evan Smith in season 5 of TexasMonthlyTalks he said , `` I would rather that ( a victim of violent crime ) in Massachusetts last month who was taking her daughter to soccer when they were carjacked by a recidivist maggot , who had been in the prison system all his life but was let out again because we feel sorry for him , maybe he had a bad childhood . Instead of her being hijacked and murdered , I 'd rather she just shot the bastard dead ... But in Massachusetts , somebody decided she ca n't do that . So she 's dead . I would rather she was alive and the carjacker was dead . '' Nugent currently serves on the Board of Directors of the National Rifle Association ( NRA ) . In 2016 , Nugent posted an image on his Facebook page implying that Jews were responsible for gun control . Nugent 's antisemitic rant sparked outrage and gun owners called for his NRA resignation . In March 2018 , Nugent criticized the survivors of the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting who became gun control activists , calling them `` mushy brained children '' and stating that `` the evidence is irrefutable : They have no soul . '' Animal rights ( edit ) Nugent , an opponent of animal rights , said in a long interview , `` I 'm stymied to come up with anything funnier than people who think animals have rights . Just stick an arrow through their lungs . '' In 2000 , Bhaskar Sinha was jailed briefly following an incident outside a department store in San Francisco in which he threatened and physically assaulted Nugent , who in turn took Sinha into custody until San Francisco Police arrived and arrested the protester . However , protesters claim that Nugent started the altercation by spitting in the face of one of the protester when offered an anti-fur flyer . A San Francisco police officer who said he was on the scene , stated he did n't believe Nugent spat on anyone . Nugent has reported receiving death threats against him and his family from animal rights activists . On the Penn & Teller 's Bullshit ! episode about People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals ( PETA ) , Nugent claimed , `` We 've got reports and files with law enforcement across America where the animal rights extremists are on record threatening to kill my children on the way to school because we eat pheasant . '' In 2006 , he stated in an interview that `` anyone who thinks hunting is terrible can kiss my ass . '' In a 1992 radio interview , Nugent referred to Heidi Prescott of the Fund for Animals as a `` worthless whore '' and a `` shallow slut , '' asking `` who needs to club a seal , when you can club Heidi ? '' He was ordered by a court to pay Prescott $75,000 . Nugent defended Kid Rock , a fellow rocker and hunter , when he killed a mountain lion in January 2015 , calling the people who targeted Rock `` braindead squawkers '' and that Rock did good by keeping predator numbers low and helping the deer population , which is vital for hunting . In July 2015 , Nugent was one of the few to defend the killing of Cecil the lion . Nugent owns a 340 - acre hunting ranch near Jackson , Michigan , called Sunrize Acres . Anti-hunters claim this fenced facility offers `` canned '' hunts . Nugent has said , `` I understand the criticism from those who say canned hunting violates the ethic of fair chase '' , though he still operates the facility , and refers to it as `` high fence hunting '' . Nugent was interviewed in October 2011 by Field & Stream magazine regarding `` canned '' hunts . In April 2012 , Nugent pleaded guilty to illegally killing and transporting an American black bear in Alaska . His sentence included two years of probation , a prohibition on hunting and fishing in Alaska and on any U.S. Forest Service lands for one year , and a fine of $10,000 , and he was required to produce and broadcast at his own expense a 30 - 60 second Public Service Announcement ( PSA ) on the responsibilities of hunters . Obama administration ( edit ) Nugent has been particularly critical of President Barack Obama and his Secretary of State Hillary Clinton , saying they `` should be tried for treason & hung '' . At various times he has labeled Clinton a `` worthless bitch '' , `` toxic cunt '' , and `` two - bit whore for Fidel Castro '' . On Facebook he shared a video depiction of Clinton being shot by her 2016 Democratic presidential primary opponent , Bernie Sanders , commenting `` I got your guncontrol ( sic ) right here bitch . '' At a concert on August 22 , 2007 , while wielding what appeared to be automatic rifles , Nugent said in reference of Obama , `` suck on my machine gun '' . In the same gun wielding rant , Nugent said of Dianne Feinstein , `` ride one of these you worthless whore '' . In January 2014 , Nugent called Obama a `` communist - educated , communist - nurtured subhuman mongrel '' . That February , Nugent endorsed Greg Abbott in the Republican primary election for Texas Governor . Abbott however , distanced himself from Nugent due to the `` subhuman mongrel '' comment , saying , `` This is not the kind of language I would use or endorse in any way . '' After being further chastised about it by Senator Rand Paul , Nugent apologized for the comment . However , when asked in April 2017 if he regretted his comments about Obama , he replied `` No ! I will never apologize for calling out evil people '' On April 17 , 2012 , while stumping for Obama 's opponent Mitt Romney at the 2012 NRA Convention , Nugent said , `` If Barack Obama becomes the president in November , again , I will either be dead or in jail by this time next year . '' Nugent received a visit from the Secret Service for these remarks . Following these comments , commanders at Fort Knox opted not to allow him to perform at a previously scheduled event . On February 12 , 2013 , Nugent attended the State of the Union address given by President Obama . He was the guest of U.S. Representative Steve Stockman of Texas 's 36th congressional district . Donald Trump ( edit ) In a blog post published in July 2015 , he praised Donald Trump 's presidential candidacy and called for Trump to be given the Presidential Medal of Freedom . In February 2016 , Ted Nugent praised Trump 's 2016 Republican Presidential Primary opponent Ted Cruz , stating `` My dream would be if Ted Cruz became president tonight . I really admire Ted Cruz , on many levels . '' However Nugent later endorsed Donald Trump , and during the last week of the U.S. presidential election campaign performed at a number of Trump rallies in Michigan , including Trump 's final campaign rally in Grand Rapids . On April 19 , 2017 Nugent , in the company of Kid Rock and Sarah Palin , had a `` long planned '' visit at the White House . According to Nugent the visit lasted four hours and was like `` a family reunion . '' Nugent described it as `` a wonderful personal tour of every room '' followed by photo sessions and dinner with Donald Trump . Potential runs for office ( edit ) Referring to Michigan governor Jennifer Granholm ( in office 2003 - 11 ) , during performances he would frequently interject `` Jennifer Granholm , kiss my ass '' into his songs , and shoot an arrow at her likeness . In a 2007 interview , in discussing running for governor of Michigan , he stated that Granholm `` is not doing an ugly job , but as the perfect woman , she is scrotumless '' . Although Nugent has never run for government office , in the 2000s , he publicly speculated about doing so on several occasions . In May 2005 , he announced he was `` getting real close to deciding to run '' for governor of Michigan in 2006 , while in 2007 , he talked about running for that office in 2010 . During the latter period , he stated , `` Michigan was once a great state . Michigan was a state that rewarded the entrepreneur and the most productive , work - ethic families of the state . Now the pimps and the whores and the welfare brats are basically the state 's babies . '' Earlier , Nugent had been rumored to be under consideration by the Illinois Republican Party as its candidate in that state 's 2004 Senate race , given his roots in ( Illinois ) ) . In July 2008 , Nugent declared `` I was serious when I threatened to run for office in the past if I can not find a candidate who respects the U.S. Constitution and our sacred Bill of Rights . '' When asked by Imagineer magazine in a 2010 interview about what he would do if elected to political office , he responded : `` Slash the living hell out of the waste and corruption and the outrageous army of do - nothing bureaucrats . I would fire every government worker whose job I would deem to be redundant and wasteful . No able - bodied human being would ever get a handout again . '' In a July 2013 interview with The Washington Post , Nugent expressed interest in possibly running for President of the United States as a Republican in the 2016 election . He never sought the office . Band members ( edit ) Current members Ted Nugent -- lead guitar , vocals , bass , percussion ( 1974 -- present ) Greg Smith -- bass , backing vocals ( 2007 -- present ) Jason Hartless -- drums ( 2016 -- present ) Former members Derek St. Holmes -- lead vocals , rhythm guitar ( 1974 -- 1978 , 1982 , 1993 -- 1995 , 2011 -- 2016 ) Cliff Davies -- drums ( 1974 -- 1981 ) Tommy Clufetos -- drums ( 2002 -- 2005 , 2007 ) Mick Brown -- drums , backing vocals ( 2005 -- 2016 ) Chuck Wright -- bass Ricky Phillips -- bass Charlie Huhn -- lead vocals , rhythm guitar ( 1978 -- 1982 ) Carmine Appice -- drums ( 1982 -- 1983 ) Rob Grange -- bass ( 1971 -- 1978 ) Dave Amato -- lead vocals , rhythm guitar ( 1985 -- 1988 ) Alan St. John -- keyboard Marco Mendoza -- bass Barry Sparks -- bass ( 2003 -- 2007 ) Jack Blades -- bass , backing vocals ( 2007 ) Tommy Aldridge -- drums Brian Howe -- vocals ( 1984 -- 1985 ) Meat Loaf -- vocals ( 1976 ) Jonathan Kutz -- drums ( 2014 ) Johnny Bee Badanjek -- drums ( 2014 ) Discography ( edit ) Main article : Ted Nugent discography Solo ( edit ) Ted Nugent ( 1975 ) Free - for - All ( 1976 ) Cat Scratch Fever ( 1977 ) Double Live Gonzo ! ( 1978 ) Weekend Warriors ( 1978 ) State of Shock ( 1979 ) Scream Dream ( 1980 ) Intensities in 10 Cities ( 1981 ) Nugent ( 1982 ) Penetrator ( 1984 ) Little Miss Dangerous ( 1986 ) If You Ca n't Lick ' Em ... Lick ' Em ( 1988 ) Spirit of the Wild ( 1995 ) Craveman ( 2002 ) Love Grenade ( 2007 ) Shutup & Jam ! ( 2014 ) Damn Yankees ( edit ) Damn Yankees ( 1990 ) Do n't Tread ( 1992 ) Published books ( edit ) Nugent , Ted . Blood Trails : The Truth About Bowhunting Ted Nugent ( 1991 ) ISBN B0006ORP2G ( 146 pages ) Nugent , Ted . God , Guns & Rock and Roll . Regnery Publishing , Inc . ( August 21 , 2000 ) ISBN 0 - 89526 - 173 - 1 ( 316 pages ) Nugent , Ted . Blood Trails II : The Truth About Bowhunting . Woods N ' Water Inc . ( November 12 , 2004 ) ISBN 0 - 9722804 - 7 - 2 ( 256 pages ) Nugent , Ted and Nugent , Shemane . Kill It & Grill It : A Guide to Preparing and Cooking Wild Game and Fish . Regnery Publishing , Inc . ( June 25 , 2005 ) ISBN 0 - 89526 - 164 - 2 ( 250 pages ) Nugent , Ted . Ted , White , and Blue : The Nugent Manifesto . Regnery Publishing Inc . ( November 12 , 2008 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 59698 - 555 - 1 ( 256 pages ) Articles ( edit ) Nugent , Ted ( March 13 , 2001 ) . `` Cat Scratch Thiever '' . Nugent , Ted ( July 31 , 2013 ) . `` The greatest phony America 's ever known '' . WorldNetDaily.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2013 . Nugent , Ted ( May 20 , 2015 ) . `` To The Graduating Class Of 2015 ... '' dailycaller.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Phillips , William ( 2008 ) . Encyclopedia of Heavy Metal Music . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 23 . ISBN 978 - 0313348006 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Roger ( 2009 ) . Culture Wars : An Encyclopedia of Issues , Viewpoints and Voices . M.E. Sharpe . p. 482 . ISBN 978 - 0765617613 . Jump up ^ Talevski , Nick ( 2006 ) . Rock Obituaries - Knocking On Heaven 's Door . Omnibus Press . p. 124 . ISBN 978 - 1846090912 . Jump up ^ Greene , Doyle ( 2014 - 03 - 10 ) . The Rock Cover Song : Culture , History , Politics . McFarland & Company . p. 62 . ISBN 978 - 0786478095 . Jump up ^ Root , Jay ( May 4 , 2012 ) . `` Bearing Arms and Cranking Up the Controversy '' . New York Times . p. 21A . Jump up ^ `` Ted Nugent : Romney Camp ' Expressed Support ' After Controversial Comments on Obama '' . ABC News . May 4 , 2012 . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Alessia Grunberger , April 7 , 2018 , CNN , Ted Nugent likens Democrats , media , academics to ' rabid coyotes ' , Retrieved April 8 , 2018 , `` ... '' So come to that realization , '' he continued . `` There are rabid coyotes running around , you do n't wait till you see one to go get your gun , keep your gun handy . And every time you see one , shoot one . '' ... '' Jump up ^ Rolling Stone , August 24 , 2007 , Elizabeth Goodman , Ted Nugent Threatens to Kill Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton During Vicious Onstage Rant , Retrieved April 8 , 2018 , `` ... Renegade right - winger Ted Nugent recently went on a vicious onstage rant in which he threatened the lives of Democratic presidential candidates Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton ... '' ^ Jump up to : Greg Price , `` Ted Nugent says Democrats should be shot like coyotes '' , Newsweek , April 7 , 2018 . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 , `` ... Musician and NRA board member Ted Nugent likened Democrats , members of the media and others to `` rabid coyotes '' on Friday and suggested people should not wait to `` get '' their guns and `` shoot '' them on sight ... '' ^ Jump up to : Root , Jay ( May 3 , 2012 ) . `` Bearing Arms and Cranking Up the Controversy '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Ted Nugent '' . Celebrity Birthplace . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ferro , Michael ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` Motor City Madman Ted Nugent posts controversial photo with Kid Rock on Facebook '' . AXS TV . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ted Nugent Net Worth '' . The Richest . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marion ` Ma ` Nugent , 62 , Mother Of The Rock Star '' . Jump up ^ Nugent , Ted ( 2010 ) . Ted , White , and Blue : The Nugent Manifesto . Regnery Publishing . p. 5 . ISBN 1 - 59698 - 605 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` TedNugent.com '' . TedNugent.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ted Nugent To Run For U.S. Senate ? '' . Roadrun.com . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2006 . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` America 's on the cusp -- are you raising enough hell ? '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Ted Nugent Dodged the Draft ? '' . Snopes.com. 2012 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Please enjoy this old Ted Nugent interview in which he defends Apartheid and his love of racial slurs '' . Death and Taxes. 2014 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joe Rogan Experience # 1138 - Ted Nugent '' . June 28 , 2018 . Retrieved July 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : MccCollum , Brian ( July 3 , 2008 ) . `` Brian McCollum 's Big Gigs '' . Detroit Free Press . Jump up ^ `` Music - Interview with Teenaged Rocker Alex Winston '' . Thedetroiter.com . August 30 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2011 . Retrieved November 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ted , White , and Blue : Nugent Recalls Some Career Milestones . '' Retrieved November 30 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Graff , Gary ( April 11 , 2009 ) . `` Ted Nugent reuniting Amboy Dukes for Detroit event '' . Reuters . Retrieved December 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Joni Mitchell 's Chronology of Appearances , 1968 '' . Jonimitchell.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA Gold and Platinum Search for albums by Ted Nugent '' . Riaa.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Michael Brandvold ( December 26 , 2017 ) . `` Ep. 260 Derek St. Holmes , The Voice of Ted Nugent Remembers Touring with KISS in the 70s '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Charlesworth , Chris . A-Z of Rock Guitarists , pg. 65 Jump up ^ Womack , Larry ( April 25 , 2014 ) . `` Ted Nugent 's Jailbait Problem '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Advertising , OJ . `` Michigan Rock and Roll Legends - TED NUGENT '' . www.michiganrockandrolllegends.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` David Crowder talks about `` Remedy '' `` . Hear It First . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2010 . Retrieved November 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Trample the Weak , Hurdle the Dead Tour 2010 '' . TedNugent.com . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2010 . Retrieved November 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ted Nugent : New Song Available For Free Download , March 14 , 2011 '' . Blabbermouth.net . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2013 . Retrieved March 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SIGN UP & GET A FREE MP3 OF I STILL BELIEVE '' . TedNugent.com . Retrieved March 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gibson Lifestyle , 2011 '' . Gibson.com . June 24 , 2008 . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Spirit of the Wild . Outdoor Channel . Jump up ^ `` Ted Nugent charged with 11 deer hunting violations in California '' . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Runnin Wild From Ted Nugent Series Coming to CMT CMT.com , April 2 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Tony chews the fat with Ted Nugent '' . Anthony Bourdain : No Reservations . The Travel Channel L.L.C . Retrieved August 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` I Do n't Wanna Know Why the Caged Bird Sings '' . The Simpsons . Season 19 . Event occurs at 12 : 30 . Retrieved May 24 , 2011 . If we outlaw crossbows in our public schools , who 's going to protect our children from charging elk ? Jump up ^ Ted Nugent on the Alex Jones Show : `` APATHY '' on YouTube July 30 , 2008 Jump up ^ Ted Nugent ( October 7 , 2008 ) . `` Ted , White , and Blue : The Nugent Manifesto '' . Tednugent.com . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2011 . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ted Nugent : Obama is Waging War on The American Way of Life '' on YouTube , July 9 , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Ted Nugent : ' Live and let live ' foreign idea to left '' . webarchive.loc.gov . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Married to a Rock Star '' . google.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spitz , Marc ( 2000 ) . Wang Dang Technically Legal Poontang : Whether Hunting or Romancing , the Nuge Likes Fresh Meat . SPIN Media LLC . p. 134 . Jump up ^ `` Ted Nugent '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` How Ted Nugent riles and divides '' . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Can We Talk About Ted Nugent 's Predilection for Teenaged Girls Yet ? '' . www.mediaite.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` COURTNEY LOVE : I Gave TED NUGENT Oral Sex At Age 12 '' . Blabbermouth.net . March 24 , 2004 . Retrieved July 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Womack , Larry ( March 23 , 2014 ) . `` Ted Nugent 's Jailbait Problem '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved July 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Greg Abbott under fire for allying with rocker Ted Nugent '' . February 17 , 2014 . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Paper Wants To Know What Abbott Thinks Of Nugent 's ' Paean To Sex With Underage Girls ' '' . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Segell , Michael ( 7 February 1980 ) . `` The Sounds of Silence '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . Nugent discovered that he had suffered a hearing loss of nearly twenty percent in his left ear , and now wears earplugs during his concerts . ^ Jump up to : Tanner , Adam . `` Ted Nugent might run for Governor of Michigan . '' Article at MaconDaily.com , via Reuters , on August 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Erica ( March 11 , 2011 ) . `` Chip off the old ' Madman ' block - Brooklyn restaurateur finds out he 's the son of Ted Nugent '' . New York Daily News . Jump up ^ `` Ted Nugent To Pay Child Support To New Hampshire Woman '' . June 22 , 2005 . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ As quoted by Michael Azerrad ( 2001 ) Our Band Could Be Your Life : Scenes from the American Indie Underground , 1981 -- 1991 . New York : Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 0 - 316 - 78753 - 1 , p. 121 Jump up ^ Tim Mak ( 2010 ) 10 little - known facts about Nugent , Politico.com , accessed 16 June 2017 Jump up ^ Tom Angell . `` Ted Nugent : ' Take a Toke on the Hippie Weed ' '' . Marijuana . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ JRE Clips ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` Joe Rogan & Ted Nugent Disagree Over Marijuana '' . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Involvement '' . Tednugent.com . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2012 . Retrieved December 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` So NRA Board Member Ted Nugent Spews a Little Hate at Texas Inaugural Festivities : What Next , Dog Bites Man ? '' . Huffington Post . 25 May 2011 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` The Five Most Repellent Things Ted Nugent Has Ever Done '' . Houston Press . 14 August 2014 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Ted Nugent : Off his rocker ? '' . The Independent . London . May 28 , 2006 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2009 . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Des Moines Register text of interview with Nugent Jump up ^ `` Friends of America crowd smaller than anticipated '' Archived November 25 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . by Jessica Lilly and Scott Finn . West Virginia Public Broadcasting Jump up ^ Nugent , Ted . `` Nugent : Muslim mosque - teers '' . The Washington Times . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ted Nugent : ' I 'm repulsed by gay sex ' '' . NME . May 20 , 2011 . Retrieved October 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` CNN.com Video '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Jessica Chasmar ( March 27 , 2014 ) . `` Ted Nugent calls mayor ' racist , ' ' anti-Texas ' after town pays him not to show '' . Washington Times . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Daniel Kreps ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` Ted Nugent , David Crosby Spar Over White House Visit '' . Rolling Stone . David Crosby and Ted Nugent have engaged in a war of words following the ultra-conservative rocker 's White House visit . Jump up ^ Rosie Swash ( September 23 , 2008 ) . `` Ted Nugent : ' I 'll be Paul McCartney 's bodyguard ' '' . The Guardian . Previously , there has been no love lost between these two contrasting musicians Jump up ^ `` Ted Nugent bars guns from his concert in last - minute switch '' . Jump up ^ `` Texas Monthly Talks '' . Texasmonthly.com . Retrieved November 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NRA 2011 Annual Meetings & Exhibits - Past Meetings '' . Nraam.org . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nugent : Gun - free zones are recipe for disaster - CNN.com '' . CNN . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ted Nugent Posts Anti-Semitic Facebook Message About Gun Control '' . Jump up ^ `` Ted Nugent 's ' anti-Semitic ' rant sparks outrage ; gun owners call for NRA ouster '' . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( March 31 , 2018 ) . `` Ted Nugent : Parkland teens attacking the NRA have ' no soul ' '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Inside the mind of Ted Nugent -- RF6 Exclusive `` Royal Flush Magazine '' . Royalflushmagazine.com . December 29 , 2009 . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Martin , Mark ; Shallwani , Pervaiz ( July 31 , 2000 ) . `` San Francisco altercation between Nugent and anti-fur activists '' . Articles.sfgate.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ted Nugent : People Who Think Hunting Is Terrible Can Kiss My A * * '' . Roadrunnerrecords.com . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2010 . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Know Your Right - Wing Speakers '' . Campusprogress.org. April 25 , 2005 . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kid Rock Poses With Dead Mountain Lion And Ted Nugent Loves It '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ted Nugent Says Everyone Angry over Cecil the Lion 's Death Is ' Stupid ' '' . May 30 , 2016 . People . Jump up ^ `` Sunrize Safaris '' . Tednugent.com . Retrieved July 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Community of Ted Nugent '' . Tednugent.com . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2008 . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ CNN , By Chelsea J. Carter , . `` Ted Nugent agrees to plea deal over illegal killing of black bear in Alaska - CNN '' . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Kim ( April 20 , 2012 ) . `` Ted Nugent will plead guilty to illegal black bear hunt '' . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 -- via LA Times . Jump up ^ https://www.justice.gov/archive/usao/ak/news/2012/April_2012/Theodore%20A.%20Nugent.html ^ Jump up to : `` NRA board member Ted Nugent stands by call for Hillary Clinton to be hanged '' . June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Liveleak.com - Ted Nugent Goes Off On Obama And Hillary ! '' . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Michael ( July 27 , 1994 ) . `` TED 'S WORLD '' . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Misogynist Attacks From Ted Nugent , Greg Abbott 's New Surrogate ( NSFW ) '' . February 14 , 2014 . Retrieved August 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Whitaker , Morgan ( January 22 , 2014 ) . `` Ted Nugent calls Obama ' subhuman mongrel ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Ted Nugent 's comments may hurt Greg Abbott 's campaign '' . Fox News . Retrieved March 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shabad , Rebecca ( February 21 , 2014 ) . `` Nugent apologizes for calling Obama ' subhuman mongrel ' '' . thehill.com . News Communications , Inc . Retrieved February 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Thrush , Glenn ( 2017 - 04 - 20 ) . `` 4 Hours at the White House With Ted Nugent , Sarah Palin and Kid Rock '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Makarechi , Kia ( April 16 , 2012 ) . `` Ted Nugent For Mitt Romney : Rocker Stumps For GOP Candidate At NRA Convention '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved April 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Secret Service made the right call on Ted Nugent '' . CNN . April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ted Nugent 's cross-aisle schmoozing at the State of the Union '' . Washington Post . February 13 , 2013 . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nugent , Ted . `` Give Trump the Medal of Freedom '' . WND . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Bill ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Ted Nugent : Trump ' As Close to Ted Nugent as You 're Going to Get ' '' . Newsmax . Jump up ^ `` Ted Nugent : Obama ' Is The Biggest Racist In America ' - Right Wing Watch '' . Jump up ^ `` 4 Hours at the White House With Ted Nugent , Sarah Palin and Kid Rock '' . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Blabbermouth.net Archived December 13 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , January 7 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` Outspoken Nugent charts life of successful rocker and hunter '' . Des Moines Register . Jump up ^ `` Ted Nugent on what he would if elected to public office '' . Imagineermagazine.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hendrix , Steve ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` Ted , white and blue : How Ted Nugent has rocked politics '' . Washington Post . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutTed Nugentat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Biography portal Music portal Official website Ted Nugent at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Ted Nugent on IMDb Ted Nugent Ted Nugent Greg Smith Jason Hartless Studio albums Ted Nugent Free - for - All Cat Scratch Fever Weekend Warriors State of Shock Scream Dream Nugent Penetrator Little Miss Dangerous If You Ca n't Lick ' Em ... Lick ' Em Spirit of the Wild Craveman Love Grenade Shutup & Jam ! Compilation albums Great Gonzos ! : The Best of Ted Nugent Out of Control The Ultimate Ted Nugent Hunt Music Extended Versions Playlist : The Very Best of Ted Nugent Live albums Double Live Gonzo Intensities in 10 Cities Live at Hammersmith ' 79 Full Bluntal Nugity Sweden Rocks Singles `` Stranglehold '' `` Hey Baby '' `` Cat Scratch Fever '' `` Home Bound '' `` Yank Me , Crank Me '' `` Need You Bad '' `` Wango Tango '' `` Jailbait '' `` Land of a Thousand Dances '' `` The Flying Lip Lock '' Former band members Vocalists Derek St. Holmes Meat Loaf Charlie Huhn Brian Howe Dave Amato Rhythm Guitarists Derek St. Holmes Charlie Huhn Dave Amato Bassists Rob Grange Chuck Wright Ricky Phillips Marco Mendoza Barry Sparks Jack Blades Keyboardists Alan St. John Drummers Cliff Davies Carmine Appice Tommy Clufetos Mick Brown Jonathan Kutz Johnny Bee Badanjek Tommy Aldridge Related articles Ted Nugent discography The Amboy Dukes Damn Yankees Supergroup The Amboy Dukes Ted Nugent Bob Lehnert Gary Hicks Dick Treat Gail Uptadale Steve Farmer Dave Palmer John Drake Rick Lober Bill White Andy Solomon Greg Arama Rusty Day Rob Ruzga Rob Grange K.J. 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7160708659690243670	Babar the Elephant	Babar the Elephant - wikipedia Babar the Elephant Jump to : navigation , search Babar the Elephant Cover of the first Babar story , Histoire de Babar ( Story of Babar ) , published 1931 First appearance Histoire de Babar , 1931 Created by Jean de Brunhoff Voiced by Gordon Pinsent Dan Lett Gavin McGrath ( young ) Kristin Fairlie ( young ) Information Species Elephant Gender Male Occupation King Spouse ( s ) Celeste Children Pom , Flora , Alexander , Isabelle Relatives Arthur ( cousin ) , Badou ( grandson ) , Periwinkle ( daughter - in - law ) , Cory ( son - in - law ) Babar the Elephant Author Jean de Brunhoff Country France Language French Genre Children 's literature Media type Print ( hardcover and paperback ) Audiobook Babar the Elephant ( French pronunciation : ( babaʁ ) ; UK : / ˈbæbˌɑːr / ; US : / bəˈbɑːr / ) is a fictional character who first appeared in 1931 in the French children 's book Histoire de Babar by Jean de Brunhoff . The book is based on a tale that Brunhoff 's wife , Cécile , had invented for their children . It tells of a young elephant Babar whose mother is killed by a hunter . Babar escapes , and in the process leaves the jungle , visits a big city , and returns to bring the benefits of civilization to his fellow elephants . Just as he returns to his community of elephants , their king dies from eating a bad mushroom . Because of his travels and civilization , Babar is appointed king of the elephant kingdom . He marries his cousin , and they subsequently have children and teach them valuable lessons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Story synopsis 2 History 3 Influence and legacy 4 Criticism and controversy 5 Books 6 Films and television 7 Notes and references 8 External links Story synopsis ( edit ) After Babar 's mother is shot by a hunter , he flees the jungle and finds his way to an unspecified big city with no particular characteristics . He is befriended by The Old Lady , who buys him clothes and hires him a tutor . Babar 's cousins Celeste and Arthur find him in the big city and help him return to the Elephant realm . Following the death of the King of the Elephants , who had eaten a poisonous mushroom ( fly agaric ? ) , a council of elephants approach Babar , saying that as he has `` lived among men and learned much '' , he would be suitable to become the new King . Babar is crowned King of the Elephants and marries his cousin Celeste . In Jean de Brunhoff 's second Babar book , The Travels of Babar , when the married couple leave by balloon on their honeymoon : `` ... stormy winds down the balloon on an island , and yet again will the royal couple escape by whale , be marooned on an even smaller island and be rescued by a passing ocean liner only to be turned over to an animal trainer and put to work in a circus . And when they escape and return home , what awaits them but war with the rhinoceroses . '' Babar wins the war by having the elephants paint monster faces on their backsides , which cause the frightened rhinoceroses to run away . After the victory celebrations , the book ends with Babar , Celeste and The Old Lady sitting together and discussing how Babar can rule wisely and make all the elephants happy . In the third book , Babar the King , he founds the city of Celesteville . Among Babar 's other associates in the various incarnations of the series are the monkey Zephir , the old elephant counsellor Cornelius ( also later Pompadour who was created for the Babar TV series ) , Babar 's cousin Arthur , and Babar 's children , Pom , Flora , and Alexander . Later , a second daughter , Isabelle , was introduced . The Old Lady comes to live in the Kingdom as an honoured guest . Despite the presence of these counsellors , Babar 's rule seems to be totally independent of any elected body , and completely autocratic ; however , his leadership style seems to be one that works for the overall benefit of his elephant subjects -- a form of benevolent dictator . Besides his Westernizing policies , Babar engages in warfare with the warlike rhinoceroses of a hostile bordering nation , who are led by Lord Rataxes . Much later , in Babar and the Adventures of Badou , Pom grew up and became the father of Prince Babar II ( known as Badou ) Babar 's grandson . History ( edit ) In 1931 , Jean de Brunhoff introduced Babar in Histoire de Babar , and Babar enjoyed immediate success . In 1933 , A.A. Milne introduced an English - language version , The Story of Babar , in Britain and the United States . Before his death in 1937 , Jean de Brunhoff published six more stories . His son Laurent de Brunhoff , also a writer and illustrator , carried on the series from 1946 , beginning with Babar et Le Coquin d'Arthur . An animated TV series Babar was produced in Canada by Nelvana Limited and Clifford Ross Company , originally running from 3 January 1989 to 5 June 1991 , with 65 episodes . An additional 13 episodes aired in 2000 . The character has also appeared in a number of films . The first two of Jean de Brunhoff 's Babar books have inspired two major concert works : L'Histoire de Babar , le petit éléphant ( The Story of Babar , the Little Elephant ) by Francis Poulenc in 1940 ; and The Travels of Babar ( Le Voyage de Babar ) by Raphael Mostel in 1994 . Influence and legacy ( edit ) Babar , who likes to wear a bright green suit , introduces a very French form of Western civilization to the elephants , and they soon dress in Western attire . The attention to stylish clothing perhaps reflects the fact that the original publisher of the books was Editions du Jardin des Modes , owned by Condé - Nast . The Babar books were the first Condé - Nast publications not specifically about fashion . Author Maurice Sendak described the innovations of Jean de Brunhoff : `` Like an extravagant piece of poetry , the interplay between few words and many pictures , commonly called the picture book , is a difficult , exquisite , and most easily collapsible form that few have mastered ... Jean de Brunhoff was a master of this form . Between 1931 and 1937 he completed a body of work that forever changed the face of the illustrated book . '' The series has over 100 licensees worldwide , and the `` Babar '' brand has a multi-generational following . There are 12 Babar stores in Japan . A global cultural phenomenon , whose fans span generations , Babar stands alongside Mickey Mouse as one of the most recognized children 's characters in the world . There are now over 30,000 Babar publications in over 17 languages , and over 8 million books have been sold . Laurent de Brunhoff 's Babar 's Yoga for Elephants is a top seller in the U.S. with over 100,000 copies sold to date . The Babar series of books are recommended reading on former First Lady Laura Bush 's national reading initiative list . All 78 episodes of the TV series are broadcast in 30 languages in over 150 countries , making Babar one of the largest distributed animation shows in history . Babar has been a perennial favorite for years at the White House Easter Egg Roll . Since 2001 , the Babar franchise has been owned by Corus Entertainment 's Nelvana in conjunction with the artist , Clifford Ross . Babar made a nameless appearance in The New Traveller 's Almanac ( part of The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen series ) . Babar and his elephants escort Mina Murray and Allan Quartermain through the African jungle . Mina considers them `` civilized and gentle '' , but Allan denies that their leader is really wearing a crown . Criticism and controversy ( edit ) Some writers , notably Herbert R. Kohl and Vivian Paley , have argued that , although superficially delightful , the stories can be seen as a justification for colonialism . Others argue that the French civilization described in the early books had already been destroyed by World War I and the books were originally an exercise in nostalgia for pre-1914 France . Ariel Dorfman 's The Empire 's Old Clothes is another highly critical view , in which he concludes , `` In imagining the independence of the land of the elephants , Jean de Brunhoff anticipates , more than a decade before history forced Europe to put it into practice , the theory of neocolonialism . '' Adam Gopnik has a different point of view . In Freeing the Elephants he writes that it `` is not an unconscious expression of the French colonial imagination ; it is a self - conscious comedy about the French colonial imagination and its close relation to the French domestic imagination . The gist ... is explicit and intelligent : the lure of the city , of civilization , of style and order and bourgeois living is real , for elephants as for humans . '' He concludes that the satisfaction derived from Babar is based on the knowledge that `` while it is a very good thing to be an elephant , still , the life of an elephant is dangerous , wild , and painful . It is therefore a safer thing to be an elephant in a house near a park . '' Babar 's Travels was removed from the shelves by library staff in East Sussex for what was perceived as stereotypes of Africans . Some people have also felt that the killing of Babar 's mother ( and the poisoning death of the Elephant King , also ) was too violent and upsetting an idea for the series ' intended audience of young children , who would feel especially horrified and terrified at the idea of their own parents ' being killed and their feeling alone and unprotected . Books ( edit ) Jean de Brunhoff wrote and illustrated seven Babar books ; the series was continued by his son , Laurent de Brunhoff . Jean de Brunhoff 's Babar books , and the titles of the English translations , were : Histoire de Babar ( 1931 ) -- The Story of Babar Le Voyage de Babar ( 1932 ) -- The Travels of Babar , or Babar 's Travels Le Roi Babar ( 1933 ) -- Babar the King L'ABC de Babar ( 1934 ) -- A.B.C. of Babar Les vacances de Zéphir ( 1936 ) -- Zephir 's Holidays , Zephir 's Vacation , or Babar and Zephir Babar en famille ( 1938 ) -- Babar and His Children , or Babar at Home Babar et le père Noël ( 1941 ) -- Babar and Father Christmas Laurent de Brunhoff 's books ( selected list ) : Babar et ce coquin d'Arthur ( 1948 ) -- Babar 's Cousin : That Rascal Arthur Pique - nique chez Babar ( 1949 ) -- Babar 's Picnic Babar dans l'Île aux oiseaux ( 1952 ) -- Babar 's Visit to Bird Island Babar au cirque ( 1952 ) -- Babar At The Circus La fête à Celesteville ( 1954 ) -- Babar 's Fair Babar et le professeur Grifaton ( 1956 ) -- Babar and the Professor Le château de Babar ( 1961 ) -- Babar 's Castle Je parle anglais avec Babar ( 1963 ) -- Babar 's English Lessons ( published as French Lessons in English ) Babar Comes to America ( 1965 ) Je parle allemand avec Babar ( 1966 ) -- Babar 's German Lessons Je parle espagnol avec Babar ( 1966 ) -- Babar 's Spanish Lessons Babar Loses His Crown ( 1967 ) Babar Visits another Planet ( 1972 ) Babar and the Wully - Wully ( 1975 ) Babar Learns to Cook ( 1978 ) Babar the Magician ( 1980 ) Babar 's Little Library ( 1980 ) Babar and the Ghost ( 1981 ) Babar 's Anniversary Album ( 1982 ) Babar 's ABC ( 1983 ) Babar 's Book of Color ( 1984 ) Babar 's Counting Book ( 1986 ) Babar 's Little Girl ( 1987 ) Babar 's Little Circus Star ( 1988 ) Babar 's Busy Year ( 1989 ) Babar 's Rescue ( 1993 ) Le Musée de Babar ( 2002 ) -- Babar 's Museum Babar Goes to School ( 2003 ) Babar 's Museum of Art ( 2003 ) Babar 's Book of Color ( 2004 ) Babar 's Busy Year ( 2005 ) Babar 's World Tour ( 2005 ) Babar 's Yoga for Elephants ( 2006 ) Babar 's USA ( 2008 ) Babar 's Celesteville Games ( 2011 ) Babar on Paradise Island ( 2014 ) English translations of the original Babar books are routinely republished in the UK and in the USA , individually and in collections . Other English - language titles about Babar include the following : Babar Comes to America . New York : Random House , 1965 . Babar Learns to Cook . New York : Random House , 1967 . Babar Loses His Crown . New York : Random House , 1967 . Babar 's Games . New York : Random House , 1968 . Babar 's Fair . New York : Random House , 1969 . Babar Goes Skiing . New York : Random House , 1969 . Babar 's Moon Trip . New York : Random House , 1969 . Babar 's Trunk . New York : Random House , 1969 . Babar 's Birthday Surprise . New York : Random House , 1970 Babar 's Other Trunk . New York : Random House , 1971 . Babar Visits Another Planet . New York : Random House , 1972 . Meet Babar and His Family . New York : Random House , 1973 . Babar 's Bookmobile . New York : Random House , 1974 . Babar and the Wully - Wully . New York : Random House , 1975 . Babar Saves the Day . New York : Random House , 1976 . Babar 's Mystery . New York : Random House , 1978 . Babar 's Little Library . New York : Random House , 1980 Babar the Magician . New York : Random House , 1980 . Babar 's Anniversary Album . New York : Random House , 1981 . Babar 's A.B.C . New York : Random House , 1983 . Babar 's Book of Color . New York : Random House , 2009 Babar and the Ghost . Easy to Read Edition . New York : Random House , 1986 . Babar 's Counting Book . New York : Random House , 1986 . `` Christmas with Babar & Baby Isabelle . '' Woman 's Day , 22 December 1987 . Babar 's Little Circus Star . New York : Random House , 1988 . Babar 's Busy Year . New York : Random House , 1989 . Isabelle 's New Friend . New York : Random House , 1990 . Babar and the Succotash Bird . New York : Harry N. Abrams Inc. , 2000 . Films and television ( edit ) Les Aventures de Babar ( French language TV series ) ( 1968 ) The Story of Babar the Little Elephant ( 1968 ) Babar the Elephant Comes to America ( 1971 ) Babar and Father Christmas ( 1986 ) Babar ( 1989 -- 91 ; 2000 ) Babar : The Movie ( 1989 ) Babar : King of the Elephants ( 1999 ) Babar and the Adventures of Badou ( 2010 -- 2014 ) Notes and references ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bremner , Charles ( 8 August 2006 ) . `` Why Babar the Elephant just ca n't forget his colonial past '' . London : The Times . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Freeing the elephants '' . The New Yorker . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Cécile de Brunhoff '' . London : Daily Telegraph . 9 April 2003 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Mehren , Elizabeth ( 24 December 1989 ) . `` A Legendary Elephant King of the Forest Has Taken Up U.S. Residency With His Growing Family and His Illustrator '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Stating , as it is sometimes done , that the city is Paris is wrong . No recognisable building of Paris or , for that matter , any other larger town is shown in any of the drawings . Since Babar flees by foot , the city would presumably be located in Africa , anyway , although its population ( as it is drawn ) is exclusively white . Jump up ^ Haas , Laurent de Brunhoff . Transl. from the French by Merle S. ( 1961 ) . The story of Babar the little elephant ( Rinenewed ed . ) . New York : Random House . ISBN 0394805755 . Jump up ^ Van Gelder , Lawrence ( 23 December 2002 ) . `` Elephants Aloft '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Haas , Jean de Brunhoff ; translated from the French by Merle S. ( 1985 ) . The travels of Babar ( 1st jacketed hardcover ed. ed . ) . New York : Random House . ISBN 0394805763 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ Haas , Jean de Brunhoff ; translated from the French by Merle S. ( 1963 ) . Babar the King ( ( New ed . ) ed . ) . New York : Random House . ISBN 0394805801 . Jump up ^ August , Marilyn ( 19 May 1991 ) . `` Babar the Elephant Still Reigns at Age 61 '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Thwaite , Ann . A.A. Milne . His Life ( Faber & Faber , 1990 ) , p. 411 . Jump up ^ Rothstein , Edward ( 22 September 2008 ) . `` All About Mr. Elephant , in His Becoming Green Suit '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Kyle , Gann ( 11 June 2000 ) . `` Making Bowls Sing And Elephants Talk '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Kozinn , Allan ( 20 June 2000 ) . `` Little Ears And Big Elephants '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Fox Weber , Nicholas ( 1989 ) . The Art of Babar . Harry N. Abrams . p. 54 . ISBN 0810926245 . Jump up ^ Sendak , Maurice ( 1981 ) . `` Homage to Babar on his 50th Birthday '' . introduction to Jean de Brunhoff & Laurent de Brunhoff 's Babar 's Anniversary Album . Random House . p. 7 . ISBN 0394848136 . Jump up ^ `` Babar and the Adventures of Badou '' . Treehouse TV . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Nelvana and The Clifford Ross Company Enter Into Five - Year Administration Deal '' . Business Wire . The Free Library . 5 November 2001 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Alan Moore , chapter four ( pages not numbered ) , Volume II , The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen , ISBN 1 - 4012 - 0118 - 0 Jump up ^ Kohl , Herbert R. Should We Burn Babar ? : Essays On Children 's Literature and the Power Of Stories ; Introduction by Jack Zipes , New Press ( 2007 ) ISBN 1 - 59558 - 130 - 8 Jump up ^ Dorfman , Ariel . The Empire 's Old Clothes : What the Lone Ranger , Babar , and Other Innocent Heroes Do to Our Minds , Penguin ( 1996 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 4671 - 5 ^ Jump up to : Gopnik , Adam . Freeing the Elephants , The New Yorker , 22 September 2008 . Written for Drawing Babar : Early Drafts and Watercolors , Morgan Library and Museum , 2008 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 87598 - 151 - 2 Jump up ^ Copping , Jasper . `` From Horrible Histories to Babar the Elephant -- the ' offensive ' children 's books withdrawn by libraries '' , The Telegraph , 22 April 2012 Jump up ^ Paul , Pamela . `` The 80th Anniversary of Babar '' , The New York Times , 12 August 2011 Jump up ^ `` Works of Jean and Laurent de Brunhoff '' . Angelfire.com. 22 December 1987 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Babar and Father Christmas at the Internet Movie Database Jump up ^ `` Babar the Elephant Making Jump to TV '' . The Los Angeles Times . 25 March 1989 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Babar : The Movie at Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ Babar : King of the Elephants at the Internet Movie Database Jump up ^ `` The New Adventures Of Babar Now In Production '' ( Press release ) . Corusent.com. 9 March 2009 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 24 . External links ( edit ) France portal Children 's literature portal Official website of Random House , North American publisher of the Babar books of Jean de Brunhoff Official website of Harry N. Abrams , North American publisher of the Babar books of Laurent de Brunhoff Official Babar site of Treehouse TV Digital maquette of Jean de Brunhoff 's Histoire de Babar le petit Éléphant New York Review of Books article Laurent de Brunhoff - Video Interview Out of Print Babar Yoga Licensed product ( hide ) Babar the Elephant by Jean de Brunhoff and Laurent de Brunhoff Books Histoire de Babar ( 1931 ) Le Voyage de Babar ( 1932 ) Le Roi Babar ( 1933 ) L'ABC de Babar ( 1934 ) Les vacances de Zéphir ( 1936 ) Babar en famille ( 1938 ) Babar et le père Noël ( 1941 ) Babar et ce coquin d'Arthur ( 1948 ) Pique - nique chez Babar ( 1949 ) Babar dans l'Île aux oiseaux ( 1952 ) La fête à Celesteville ( 1954 ) Babar et le professeur Girafon ( 1956 ) Le château de Babar ( 1961 ) Je parle anglais avec Babar ( 1963 ) Je parle allemand avec Babar ( 1966 ) Je parle espagnol avec Babar ( 1966 ) Babar à New York ( 1966 ) Babar 's Museum of Art ( 2003 ) Characters Babar Lord Rataxes Films Babar ( 1960 ) Babar ( 1969 ) The Adventures of Babar ( 1985 ) Babar and Father Christmas ( 1986 ) Babar : The Movie ( 1989 ) Babar : King of the Elephants ( 1999 ) Television Babar ( 1989 - 1991 , 2000 ) Babar and the Adventures of Badou ( 2010 - 2015 ) Other articles Jean de Brunhoff Laurent de Brunhoff Cecile de Brunhoff Celesteville Nelvana HBO Family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Babar_the_Elephant&oldid=799690903 '' Categories : Fictional characters introduced in 1931 Characters in French novels of the 20th century Fictional anthropomorphic characters Fictional elephants Fictional kings French children 's books Literature featuring anthropomorphic characters Animal tales Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text Use dmy dates from July 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Suomi Svenska Türkçe Walon 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 September 2017 , at 07 : 38 . 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-5358823873158825	Abul Kalam Azad	Abul Kalam Azad - Wikipedia Abul Kalam Azad Jump to : navigation , search This article is about an Indian scholar . For the Indian minister , see Abul Kalam Azad ( Indian politician ) . For the Indian photographer , see Abul Kalam Azad ( photographer ) . For the former Indian president , see A.P.J Abdul Kalam . Abul Kalam Azad Sayyid Maulana Abul Kalam Ghulam Mohiuddin Ahmed 1st Minister of Education In office 15 August 1947 -- 2 February 1958 Preceded by Post Created Succeeded by K.L. Shrimali Personal details ( 1888 - 11 - 11 ) 11 November 1888 Makkah , Hejaz Vilayet , Ottoman Empire ( now Saudi Arabia ) 22 February 1958 ( 1958 - 02 - 22 ) ( aged 69 ) Delhi , India Cause of death Stroke Political party Indian National Congress Spouse ( s ) Zulaikha Begum Awards Bharat Ratna Signature Maulana Sayyid Abul Kalam Ghulam Muhiyuddin Ahmed Azad ( pronunciation ( help info ) ; 11 November 1888 -- 22 February 1958 ) was an Indian scholar and the senior Muslim leader of the Indian National Congress during the Indian independence movement . Following India 's independence , he became the first Minister of Education in the Indian government . He is commonly remembered as Maulana Azad ; the word Maulana is an honorific meaning ' Our Master ' , and he had adopted Azad ( Free ) as his pen name . His contribution to establishing the education foundation in India is recognised by celebrating his birthday as `` National Education Day '' across India . As a young man , Azad composed poetry in Urdu language , as well as treaties on religion and philosophy . He rose to prominence through his work as a journalist , publishing works critical of the British Raj and espousing the causes of Indian nationalism . Azad became the leader of the Khilafat Movement , during which he came into close contact with the Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi . Azad became an enthusiastic supporter of Gandhi 's ideas of non-violent civil disobedience , and worked to organise the non-co - operation movement in protest of the 1919 Rowlatt Acts . Azad committed himself to Gandhi 's ideals , including promoting Swadeshi ( indigenous ) products and the cause of Swaraj ( Self - rule ) for India . In 1923 , at an age of 35 , he became the youngest person to serve as the President of the Indian National Congress . In October 1920 , Maulana Abul Kalam Azad was elected as a member of foundation committee to establish Jamia Millia Islamia at Aligarh in U.P. without taking help from British colonial government . He helped a lot in shifting of the campus of the university to New Delhi from Aligarh in 1934 . The main gate ( Gate No. 7 ) to main campus of the university is named after him . Azad was one of the main organisers of the Dharasana Satyagraha in 1931 , and emerged as one of the most important national leaders of the time , prominently leading the causes of Hindu - Muslim unity as well as espousing secularism and socialism . He served as Congress president from 1940 to 1945 , during which the Quit India rebellion was launched . Azad was imprisoned , together with the entire Congress leadership . Amidst communal turmoil following the partition of India , he worked for religious harmony . As India 's Education Minister , Azad oversaw the establishment of a national education system with free primary education and modern institutions of higher education . He is also credited with the establishment of the Indian Institutes of Technology and the foundation of the University Grants Commission , an important institution to supervise and advance the higher education in the nation . National Education Day ( India ) an annual observance in India to commemorate the birth anniversary of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad , the first education minister of independent India , who served from 15 August 1947 until 2 February 1958 . National Education Day of India is celebrated on 11 November every year in India . He also worked for Hindu - Muslim unity through the Al - Hilal newspaper . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Revolutionary and journalist 3 Literary works 3.1 Ghubar - e-Khatir 4 Non-co - operation 5 Congress leader 6 Quit India 7 Partition of India 8 Post-Independence 9 Criticism 10 Legacy and influence 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links Early life ( edit ) Azad was born on 11 November 1888 in Mecca , Saudi Arabia . His real name was Sayyid Abul Kalaam Ghulam Muhiyuddin Ahmed who eventually became known as Maulana Azad . Azad 's father was a scholar. He lived in Delhi with his maternal grandfather , as his father had died at a very young age . During Sepoy Mutiny he left India and settled in Mecca . Maulana Sayyid Muhammad Khairuddin bin Ahmed AlHussaini , authored a dozen of books and had thousands of disciples as well as claiming his ancestry to Imam Hussain , while his mother was Sheikha Alia bint Mohammad , the daughter of Sheikh Mohammad bin Zaher AlWatri , himself a reputed scholar from Medina who had a reputation that extended even outside of Arabia . In Mecca , where Maulana Azad was born , but returned to Calcutta with his family in 1890 . Azad began to master several languages , including Urdu , Hindi , Persian , Bengali , Arabic , and English . He was also trained in the Mazahibs of Hanafi , Maliki , Shafi'i and Hanbali fiqh , Shariat , mathematics , philosophy , world history and science by reputed tutors hired by his family . An avid and determined student , the precocious Azad was running a library , a reading room , a debating society before he was twelve , wanted to write on the life of Ghazali at twelve , was contributing learned articles to Makhzan ( A literary magazine ) at fourteen , was teaching a class of students , most of whom were twice his age , when he was merely fifteen and succeeded in completing the traditional course of study at the young age of sixteen , nine years ahead of his contemporaries , and brought out a magazine at the same age . In fact , in the field of journalism , he was publishing a poetical journal ( Nairang - e-Aalam ) and was already an editor of a weekly ( Al - Misbah ) , in 1900 , at the age of twelve and , in 1903 , brought out a monthly journal , Lissan - us - Sidq , which soon gained popularity . At the age of thirteen , he was married to a young Muslim girl , Zulaikha Begum . Azad compiled many treatises interpreting the Qur'an , the Hadis , and the principles of Fiqh and Kalam . Revolutionary and journalist ( edit ) Azad developed political views considered radical for most Akbad Muslims of the time and became a full - fledged Indian nationalist . He fiercely criticised the British for racial discrimination and ignoring the needs of common people across India . He also criticised Muslim politicians for focusing on communal issues before the national interest and rejected the All India Muslim League 's communal separatism . Azad developed curiosity and interest in the pan-Islamic doctrines of Jamal al - Din al - Afghani and visited Afghanistan , Iraq , Egypt , Syria and Turkey . But his views changed considerably when he met revolutionary activists in Iraq and was influenced by their fervent anti-imperialism and nationalism . Against common Muslim opinion of the time , Azad opposed the partition of Bengal in 1905 and became increasingly active in revolutionary activities , to which he was introduced by the prominent Hindu revolutionaries Aurobindo Ghosh and Shyam Sundar Chakravarty . Azad initially evoked surprise from other revolutionaries , but Azad won their praise and confidence by working secretly to organise revolutionaries activities and meetings in Bengal , Bihar and Bombay ( now called Mumbai ) . Azad 's education had been shaped for him to become a cleric , but his rebellious nature and affinity for politics turned him towards journalism . He established an Urdu weekly newspaper in 1912 called Al - Hilal , and openly attacked British policies while exploring the challenges facing common people , but it was banned in 1914 . Espousing the ideals of Indian nationalism , Azad 's publications were aimed at encouraging young Muslims into fighting for independence and Hindu - Muslim unity . His work helped improve the relationship between Hindus and Muslims in Bengal , which had been soured by the controversy surrounding the partition of Bengal and the issue of separate communal electorates . With the onset of World War I , the British stiffened censorship and restrictions on political activity . Azad 's Al - Hilal was consequently banned in 1914 under the Press Act . Azad started a new journal , the Al - Balagh , which increased its active support for nationalist causes and communal unity . In this period Azad also became active in his support for the Khilafat agitation to protect the position of the Sultan of Ottoman Turkey , who was considered the Caliph or Khalifa for Muslims worldwide . The Sultan had sided against the British in the war and the continuity of his rule came under serious threat , causing distress amongst Muslim conservatives . Azad saw an opportunity to energise Indian Muslims and achieve major political and social reform through the struggle . With his popularity increasing across India , the government outlawed Azad 's second publication under the Defence of India Regulations Act and arrested him . The governments of the Bombay Presidency , United Provinces , Punjab and Delhi prohibited his entry into the provinces and Azad was moved to a jail in Ranchi , where he was incarcerated until 1 January 1920 . Literary works ( edit ) Maulana Azad is considered one of the greatest Urdu writers of the 20th century . He has written many books including India Wins Freedom , Ghubar - e-Khatir , Tazkirah , Tarjumanul Quran , etc . Ghubar - e-Khatir ( edit ) Ghubar - e-Khatir ( Sallies of Mind ) , ( Urdu : غُبارِخاطِر ‎ ‎ ) is one of the most important works of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad , written primarily during 1942 to 1946 when he was imprisoned in Ahmednagar Fort in Maharashtra by British Raj while he was in Bombay ( now Mumbai ) to preside over the meeting of All India Congress Working Committee . The book is basically a collection of 24 letters he wrote addressing his close friend Maulana Habibur Rahman Khan Sherwani . These letters were never sent to him because there was no permission for that during the imprisonment and after the release in 1946 , he gave all these letters to his friend Ajmal Khan who let it published for the first time in 1946 . Although the book is a collection of letters but except one or two letters , all other letters are unique and most of the letters deal with complex issues such as existence of God , the origin of religions , the origin of music and its place in religion , etc . The book is primarily an Urdu language book ; however , there are over five hundred of couplets , mostly in Persian and Arabic languages . It is because , Maulana was born in a family where Arabic and Persian were used more frequently than Urdu . He was born in Mekkah , given formal education in Persian and Arabic languages but he was never taught Urdu . It is often said that his book India wins Freedom is about his political life and Ghubar - e-Khatir deals with his social and spiritual life . Non-co - operation ( edit ) Main article : Non-Cooperation Movement Upon his release , Azad returned to a political atmosphere charged with sentiments of outrage and rebellion against British rule . The Indian public had been angered by the passage of the Rowlatt Acts in 1919 , which severely restricted civil liberties and individual rights . Consequently , thousands of political activists had been arrested and many publications banned . The killing of unarmed civilians at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar on 13 April 1919 had provoked intense outrage all over India , alienating most Indians , including long - time British supporters , from the authorities . The Khilafat struggle had also peaked with the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I and the raging Turkish War of Independence , which had made the caliphate 's position precarious . India 's main political party , the Indian National Congress came under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi , who had aroused excitement all over India when he led the farmers of Champaran and Kheda in a successful revolt against British authorities in 1918 . Gandhi organised the people of the region and pioneered the art of Satyagraha -- combining mass civil disobedience with complete non-violence and self - reliance . Taking charge of the Congress , Gandhi also reached out to support the Khilafat struggle , helping to bridge Hindu - Muslim political divides . Azad and the Ali brothers - Maulana Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali - warmly welcomed Congress support and began working together on a programme of non-co - operation by asking all Indians to boycott British - run schools , colleges , courts , public services , the civil service , police and military . Non-violence and Hindu - Muslim unity were universally emphasised , while the boycott of foreign goods , especially clothes were organised . Azad joined the Congress and was also elected president of the All India Khilafat Committee . Although Azad and other leaders were soon arrested , the movement drew out millions of people in peaceful processions , strikes and protests . This period marked a transformation in Azad 's own life . Along with fellow Khilafat leaders Dr. Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari , Hakim Ajmal Khan and others , Azad grew personally close to Gandhi and his philosophy . The three men founded the Jamia Millia Islamia in Delhi as an institution of higher education managed entirely by Indians without any British support or control . Both Azad and Gandhi shared a deep passion for religion and Azad developed a close friendship with him . He adopted the Prophet Muhammad 's ideas by living simply , rejecting material possessions and pleasures . He began to spin his own clothes using khadi on the charkha , and began frequently living and participating in the ashrams organised by Gandhi . Becoming deeply committed to ahimsa ( non-violence ) himself , Azad grew close to fellow nationalists like Jawaharlal Nehru , Chittaranjan Das and Subhas Chandra Bose . He strongly criticised the continuing suspicion of the Congress amongst the Muslim intellectuals from the Aligarh Muslim University and the Muslim League . The movement had a sudden decline with rising incidences of violence ; a nationalist mob killed 22 policemen in Chauri Chaura in 1922 . Fearing degeneration into violence , Gandhi asked Indians to suspend the revolt and undertook a five - day fast to repent and encourage others to stop the rebellion . Although the movement stopped all over India , several Congress leaders and activists were disillusioned with Gandhi . The following year , the caliphate was overthrown by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and the Ali brothers grew distant and critical of Gandhi and the Congress . Azad 's close friend Chittaranjan Das co-founded the Swaraj Party , breaking from Gandhi 's leadership . Despite the circumstances , Azad remained firmly committed to Gandhi 's ideals and leadership . In 1923 , he became the youngest man to be elected Congress president . Azad led efforts to organise the Flag Satyagraha in Nagpur . Azad served as president of the 1924 Unity Conference in Delhi , using his position to work to re-unite the Swarajists and the Khilafat leaders under the common banner of the Congress . In the years following the movement , Azad travelled across India , working extensively to promote Gandhi 's vision , education and social reform . Congress leader ( edit ) At Simla Conference ( 1946 ) with Rajendra Prasad , Jinnah and C. Rajagopalachari Azad became an inspiring personality in the field of politics . Azad became an important national leader , and served on the Congress Working Committee and in the offices of general secretary and president many times . The political environment in India re-energised in 1928 with nationalist outrage against the Simon Commission appointed to propose constitutional reforms . The commission included no Indian members and did not even consult Indian leaders and experts . In response , the Congress and other political parties appointed a commission under Motilal Nehru to propose constitutional reforms from Indian opinions . In 1928 , Azad endorsed the Nehru Report , which was criticised by the Ali brothers and Muslim League politician Muhammad Ali Jinnah . Azad endorsed the ending of separate electorates based on religion , and called for an independent India to be committed to secularism . At the 1928 Congress session in Guwahati , Azad endorsed Gandhi 's call for dominion status for India within a year . If not granted , the Congress would adopt the goal of complete political independence for India . Despite his affinity for Gandhi , Azad also drew close to the young radical leaders Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhash Bose , who had criticised the delay in demanding full independence . Azad developed a close friendship with Nehru and began espousing socialism as the means to fight inequality , poverty and other national challenges . Azad decided the name of Muslim political party Majlis - e-Ahrar - ul - Islam . He was also a friend of Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari , founder of All India Majlis - e-Ahrar . When Gandhi embarked on the Dandi Salt March that inaugurated the Salt Satyagraha in 1930 , Azad organised and led the nationalist raid , albeit non-violent on the Dharasana salt works to protest the salt tax and restriction of its production and sale . The biggest nationalist upheaval in a decade , Azad was imprisoned along with millions of people , and would frequently be jailed from 1930 to 1934 for long periods of time . Following the Gandhi - Irwin Pact in 1931 , Azad was amongst millions of political prisoners released . When elections were called under the Government of India Act 1935 , Azad was appointed to organise the Congress election campaign , raising funds , selecting candidates and organising volunteers and rallies across India . Azad had criticised the Act for including a high proportion of un-elected members in the central legislature , and did not himself contest a seat . He again declined to contest elections in 1937 , and helped head the party 's efforts to organise elections and preserve co-ordination and unity amongst the Congress governments elected in different provinces . At the 1936 Congress session in Lucknow , Azad was drawn into a dispute with Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel , Dr. Rajendra Prasad and Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari regarding the espousal of socialism as the Congress goal . Azad had backed the election of Nehru as Congress president , and supported the resolution endorsing socialism . In doing so , he aligned with Congress socialists like Nehru , Subhash Bose and Jayaprakash Narayan . Azad also supported Nehru 's re-election in 1937 , at the consternation of many conservative Congressmen . Azad supported dialogue with Jinnah and the Muslim League between 1935 and 1937 over a Congress - League coalition and broader political co-operation . Less inclined to brand the League as obstructive , Azad nevertheless joined the Congress 's vehement rejection of Jinnah 's demand that the League be seen exclusively as the representative of Indian Muslims . Quit India ( edit ) Main article : Quit India Movement In 1938 , Azad served as an intermediary between the supporters of and the Congress faction led by Congress president Subhash Bose , who criticised Gandhi for not launching another rebellion against the British and sought to move the Congress away from Gandhi 's leadership . Azad stood by Gandhi with most other Congress leaders , but reluctantly endorsed the Congress 's exit from the assemblies in 1939 following the inclusion of India in World War II . Nationalists were infuriated that Viceroy Lord Linlithgow had entered India into the war without consulting national leaders . Although willing to support the British effort in return for independence , Azad sided with Gandhi when the British ignored the Congress overtures . Azad 's criticism of Jinnah and the League intensified as Jinnah called Congress rule in the provinces as `` Hindu Raj '' , calling the resignation of the Congress ministries as a `` Day of Deliverance '' for Muslims . Jinnah and the League 's separatist agenda was gaining popular support amongst Muslims . Muslim religious and political leaders criticised Azad as being too close to the Congress and placing politics before Muslim welfare . As the Muslim League adopted a resolution calling for a separate Muslim state ( Pakistan ) in its session in Lahore in 1940 , Azad was elected Congress president in its session in Ramgarh . Speaking vehemently against Jinnah 's Two - Nation Theory -- the notion that Hindus and Muslims were distinct nations -- Azad lambasted religious separatism and exhorted all Muslims to preserve a united India , as all Hindus and Muslims were Indians who shared deep bonds of brotherhood and nationhood . In his presidential address , Azad said : `` ... Full eleven centuries have passed by since then . Islam has now as great a claim on the soil of India as Hinduism . If Hinduism has been the religion of the people here for several thousands of years Islam also has been their religion for a thousand years . Just as a Hindu can say with pride that he is an Indian and follows Hinduism , so also we can say with equal pride that we are Indians and follow Islam . I shall enlarge this orbit still further . The Indian Christian is equally entitled to say with pride that he is an Indian and is following a religion of India , namely Christianity . '' Azad , Patel and Gandhi at an AICC meeting in Bombay , 1940 . In face of increasing popular disenchantment with the British across India , Gandhi and Patel advocated an all - out rebellion demanding immediate independence . The situation had grown precarious as the Japanese conquered Burma and approached India 's borders , which left Indians insecure but resentful of the British inability to protect India . Azad was wary and sceptical of the idea , aware that India 's Muslims were increasingly looking to Jinnah and had supported the war . Feeling that a struggle would not force a British exit , Azad and Nehru warned that such a campaign would divide India and make the war situation even more precarious . Intensive and emotional debates took place between Azad , Nehru , Gandhi and Patel in the Congress Working Committee 's meetings in May and June 1942 . In the end , Azad became convinced that decisive action in one form or another had to be taken , as the Congress had to provide leadership to India 's people and would lose its standing if it did not . Supporting the call for the British to `` Quit India '' , Azad began exhorting thousands of people in rallies across the nation to prepare for a definitive , all - out struggle . As Congress president , Azad travelled across India and met with local and provincial Congress leaders and grass - roots activists , delivering speeches and planning the rebellion . Despite their previous differences , Azad worked closely with Patel and Dr. Rajendra Prasad to make the rebellion as effective as possible . On 7 August 1942 at the Gowalia Tank in Mumbai , Congress president Azad inaugurated the struggle with a vociferous speech exhorting Indians into action . Just two days later , the British arrested Azad and the entire Congress leadership . While Gandhi was incarcerated at the Aga Khan Palace in Pune , Azad and the Congress Working Committee were imprisoned at a fort in Ahmednagar , where they would remain under isolation and intense security for nearly four years . Outside news and communication had been largely prohibited and completely censored . Although frustrated at their incarceration and isolation , Azad and his companions attested to feeling a deep satisfaction at having done their duty to their country and people . Azad occupied the time playing bridge and acting as the referee in tennis matches played by his colleagues . In the early mornings , Azad began working on his classic Urdu work , the Ghubhar - i - Khatir . Sharing daily chores , Azad also taught the Persian and Urdu languages , as well as Indian and world history to several of his companions . The leaders would generally avoid talking of politics , unwilling to cause any arguments that could exacerbate the pain of their imprisonment . However , each year on 26 January , which was then considered Poorna Swaraj ( Complete Independence ) Day , the leaders would gather to remember their cause and pray together . Azad , Nehru and Patel would briefly speak about the nation and the future . Azad and Nehru proposed an initiative to forge an agreement with the British in 1943 . Arguing that the rebellion had been mistimed , Azad attempted to convince his colleagues that the Congress should agree to negotiate with the British and call for the suspension of disobedience if the British agreed to transfer power . Although his proposal was overwhelmingly rejected , Azad and a few others agreed that Gandhi and the Congress had not done enough . When they learnt of Gandhi holding talks with Jinnah in Mumbai in 1944 , Azad criticised Gandhi 's move as counter-productive and ill - advised . Partition of India ( edit ) At Wardha Railway Station : Maulana Azad , Acharya Kripalani , Sardar Patel , Subhash Bose . With the end of the war , the British agreed to transfer power to Indian hands . All political prisoners were released in 1946 and Azad led the Congress in the elections for the new Constituent Assembly of India , which would draft India 's constitution . He headed the delegation to negotiate with the British Cabinet Mission , in his sixth year as Congress president . While attacking Jinnah 's demand for Pakistan and the mission 's proposal of 16 June 1946 that envisaged the partition of India , Azad became a strong proponent of the mission 's earlier proposal of 16 May . The proposal advocated a federal system with a limited central government and autonomy for the provinces . The central government would have Defence , Foreign Affairs and Communication while the provinces would win all other subjects unless they voluntarily relinquished selected subjects to the Central Government . Additionally , the proposal called for the `` grouping '' of provinces on religious lines , which would informally band together the Muslim - majority province in the West as Group B , Muslim - majority provinces of Bengal and Assam as Group C and the rest of India as Group A. While Gandhi and others expressed scepticism of this clause , Azad argued that Jinnah 's demand for Pakistan would be buried and the concerns of the Muslim community would be assuaged . Under Azad and Patel 's backing , the Working Committee approved the resolution against Gandhi 's advice . Azad also managed to win Jinnah 's agreement to the proposal citing the greater good of all Indian Muslims . Azad had been the Congress president since 1939 , so he volunteered to resign in 1946 . He nominated Nehru , who replaced him as Congress president and led the Congress into the interim government . Azad was appointed to head the Department of Education . However , Jinnah 's Direct Action Day agitation for Pakistan , launched on 16 August sparked communal violence across India . Thousands of people were killed as Azad travelled across Bengal and Bihar to calm the tensions and heal relations between Muslims and Hindus . Despite Azad 's call for Hindu - Muslim unity , Jinnah 's popularity amongst Muslims soared and the League entered a coalition with the Congress in December , but continued to boycott the constituent assembly . Later in his autobiography , Azad indicated Patel having become more pro-partition than the Muslim League , largely due to the League 's not co-operating with the Congress in the provisional government on any issue . Azad had grown increasingly hostile to Jinnah , who had described him as the `` Muslim Lord Haw - Haw '' and a `` Congress Showboy . '' Muslim League politicians accused Azad of allowing Muslims to be culturally and politically dominated by the Hindu community . Azad continued to proclaim his faith in Hindu - Muslim unity : `` I am proud of being an Indian . I am part of the indivisible unity that is Indian nationality . I am indispensable to this noble edifice and without me this splendid structure is incomplete . I am an essential element , which has gone to build India . I can never surrender this claim . '' Amidst more incidences of violence in early 1947 , the Congress - League coalition struggled to function . The provinces of Bengal and Punjab were to be partitioned on religious lines , and on 3 June 1947 the British announced a proposal to partition India on religious lines , with the princely states free to choose between either dominion . The proposal was hotly debated in the All India Congress Committee , with Muslim leaders Saifuddin Kitchlew and Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan expressing fierce opposition . Azad privately discussed the proposal with Gandhi , Patel and Nehru , but despite his opposition was unable to deny the popularity of the League and the unworkability of any coalition with the League . Faced with the serious possibility of a civil war , Azad abstained from voting on the resolution , remaining silent and not speaking throughout the AICC session , which ultimately approved the plan . Post-independence ( edit ) India 's partition and independence on 15 August 1947 brought with it a scourge of violence that swept the Punjab , Bengal , Bihar , Delhi and many other parts of India . Millions of Hindus and Sikhs fled the newly created Pakistan for India , and millions of Muslims fled for West Pakistan and East Pakistan , created out of East Bengal . Violence claimed the lives of an estimated one million people . Azad took up responsibility for the safety of Muslims in India , touring affected areas in Bengal , Bihar , Assam and the Punjab , guiding the organisation of refugee camps , supplies and security . Azad gave speeches to large crowds encouraging peace and calm in the border areas and encouraging Muslims across the country to remain in India and not fear for their safety and security . Focusing on bringing the capital of Delhi back to peace , Azad organised security and relief efforts , but was drawn into a dispute with the Deputy prime minister and Home Minister Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel when he demanded the dismissal of Delhi 's police commissioner , who was a Sikh accused by Muslims of overlooking attacks and neglecting their safety . Patel argued that the commissioner was not biased , and if his dismissal was forced it would provoke anger amongst Hindus and Sikhs and divide the city police . In Cabinet meetings and discussions with Gandhi , Patel and Azad clashed over security issues in Delhi and Punjab , as well as the allocation of resources for relief and rehabilitation . Patel opposed Azad and Nehru 's proposal to reserve the houses vacated by Muslims who had departed for Pakistan for Muslims in India displaced by the violence . Patel argued that a secular government could not offer preferential treatment for any religious community , while Azad remained anxious to assure the rehabilitation of Muslims in India , secularism , religious freedom and equality for all Indians . He supported provisions for Muslim citizens to make avail of Muslim personal law in courts . Azad remained a close confidante , supporter and advisor to prime minister Nehru , and played an important role in framing national policies . Azad masterminded the creation of national programmes of school and college construction and spreading the enrolment of children and young adults into schools , to promote universal primary education . Elected to the lower house of the Indian Parliament , the Lok Sabha in 1952 and again in 1957 , Azad supported Nehru 's socialist economic and industrial policies , as well as the advancing social rights and economic opportunities for women and underprivileged Indians . In 1956 , he served as president of the UNESCO General Conference held in Delhi . Azad spent the final years of his life focusing on writing his book India Wins Freedom , an exhaustive account of India 's freedom struggle and its leaders , which was published in 1957 . As India 's first Minister of Education , he emphasised on educating the rural poor and girls . As Chairman of the Central Advisory Board of Education , he gave thrust to adult literacy , universal primary education , free and compulsory for all children up to the age of 14 , girls education , and diversification of secondary education and vocational training . Addressing the conference on All India Education on 16 January 1948 , Maulana Azad emphasised , We must not for a moment forget , it is a birthright of every individual to receive at least the basic education without which he can not fully discharge his duties as a citizen . He oversaw the setting up of the Central Institute of Education , Delhi , which later became the Department of Education of the University of Delhi as `` a research centre for solving new educational problems of the country '' . Under his leadership , the Ministry of Education established the first Indian Institute of Technology in 1951 and the University Grants Commission in 1953. , He also laid emphasis on the development of the Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore and the Faculty of Technology of the Delhi University . He foresaw a great future in the IITs for India : I have no doubt that the establishment of this Institute will form a landmark in the progress of higher technological education and research in the country . Criticism ( edit ) During his life and in contemporary times , Maulana Azad has been criticised for not doing enough to prevent the partition of India although he was committed to united India till his last attempt . He was condemned by the advocates of Pakistan , especially Muslim League . Legacy and influence ( edit ) Azad is remembered as one of the leading Indian nationalists of his time . His firm belief in Hindu - Muslim unity earned him the respect of the Hindu community and he still remains one of the most important symbols of communal harmony in modern India . His work for education and social uplift in India made him an important influence in guiding India 's economic and social development . Abulkalam Azad tomb The Ministry of Minority Affairs of the central Government of India set up the Maulana Azad Education Foundation in 1989 on the occasion of his birth centenary to promote education amongst educationally backward sections of the Society . The Ministry also provides the Maulana Abul Kalam Azad National Fellowship , an integrated five - year fellowship in the form of financial assistance to students from minority communities to pursue higher studies such as M. Phil and PhD Numerous institutions across India have also been named in his honour . Some of them are the Maulana Azad Medical College in New Delhi , the Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology in Bhopal , the Maulana Azad National Urdu University in Hyderabad , Maulana Azad Centre for Elementary and Social Education ( MACESE Delhi University ) , the Maulana Azad College , Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies , and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology , in Kolkata , Bab - e - Maulana Abul Kalam Azad ( Gate No. 7 ) , Jamia Millia Islamia , A Central ( Minority ) University in New Delhi , the Maulana Azad library in the Aligarh Muslim University in Aligarh and Maulana Azad Stadium in Jammu . His home housed the Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies earlier , and is now the Maulana Azad Museum . He is celebrated as one of the founders and greatest patrons of the Jamia Millia Islamia . Azad 's tomb is located next to the Jama Masjid in Delhi . In recent years great concern has been expressed by many in India over the poor maintenance of the tomb . On 16 November 2005 the Delhi High Court ordered that the tomb of Maulana Azad in New Delhi be renovated and restored as a major national monument . Azad 's tomb is a major landmark and receives large numbers of visitors annually . Jawaharlal Nehru referred to him as Mir - i - Karawan ( the caravan leader ) , `` a very brave and gallant gentleman , a finished product of the culture that , in these days , pertains to few ''. Mahatma Gandhi remarked about Azad by counting him as `` a person of the calibre of Plato , Aristotle and Pythagorus '' . Azad was portrayed by actor Virendra Razdan in the 1982 biographical film , Gandhi , directed by Richard Attenborough . His birthday , 11 November is celebrated as National Education Day in India . See also ( edit ) Cyrus the Great as Dhul - Qarnayn , a theory first proposed by Azad Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` International Urdu conference from Nov. 10 '' . The Hindu . 7 November 2010 . Retrieved 13 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Muhammad Chawla , `` Maulana Azad and the Demand for Pakistan : A Reappraisal , '' Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society ( July - Sept 2016 ) 64 # 3 pp 7 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Biography - Maulana Azad Indian Freedom Fighter - Information on Maulana Azad - History of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad '' . www.iloveindia.com . Retrieved 3 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Remembering Maulana Abul Kalam Azad : A Short Biography '' . Institute of Asian Studies . Retrieved 1 January 2013 . Maulana Abul Kalam Azad was born on November 11 , 1888 , in Mecca . He came back to Calcutta with his family in 1890 . Jump up ^ BIOGRAPHY OF MAULANA AZAD Jump up ^ Abul Kalam Azad , India Wins Freedom , Orient Blackswan ( 2003 ) , pp. 1 - 2 ^ Jump up to : Islam , Sirajul ( 2012 ) . `` Azad , Maulana Abul Kalam '' . In Islam , Sirajul ; Jamal , Ahmed A. Banglapedia : National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh ( Second ed . ) . Asiatic Society of Bangladesh . ^ Jump up to : Gandhi , Rajmohan ( 1986 ) . Eight Lives : A Study of the Hindu - Muslim Encounter . USA : State University of New York Press . p. 219 . ISBN 0 - 88706 - 196 - 6 . Jump up ^ S.M. Ikram ( 1995 ) . Indian Muslims and Partition of India . Atlantic Publishers and Distributors . p. 139 . Jump up ^ Maulana Abul Kalam Azad -- The Builder of Modern India Jump up ^ K.R. Gupta , Amita Gupta ( 2006 ) . Concise Encyclopaedia of India , Vol # 3 . Atlantic Publishers & Distributors . p. 1040 Jump up ^ Various . Encyclopaedia of Indian literature . Sahitya Akademi . p. 315 ^ Jump up to : Huq , Mushirul ( 23 July 2006 ) . `` President Azad '' . Archived from the original ( PHP ) on 9 April 2009 . Retrieved 23 July 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Azad , Abul Kalam ( 2010 ) . Ghubar - e-Khatir . New Delhi : Sahitya Akademi . p. 5 , 7 . ISBN 81 - 260 - 0132 - 1 . Jump up ^ Azad , Abul Kalam ( 2010 ) . Ghubar - e-Khatir . New Delhi : Sahitya Akademi . p. 106 . ISBN 81 - 260 - 0132 - 1 . Jump up ^ Nandurkar . Sardarshri Ke Patra ( 2 ) . p. 390 . Jump up ^ Gandhi , Rajmohan. Patel : A Life . pp. 330 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Menon , V.P. Transfer of Power in India . p. 235 . ^ Jump up to : Azad ( 2003 ) . India Wins Freedom : the Complete Version . Orient Blackswan . ISBN 9788125005148 . Jump up ^ Azad ( 2007 ) . The Elephant , the Tiger and the Cellphone : Reflections on India in the Twenty - first Century . PENGUIN INDIA . ISBN 9780670081455 . Jump up ^ `` The man who stayed behind '' . The Hindu . 11 November 2007 . Retrieved 6 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Mushirul Hasan ( January 2000 ) . `` One hundred people who shaped India in the 20th century , Maulana Abul Kalam Azad -- II '' . India Today , special millennium issue , January 2000 . Archived from the original ( PHP ) on 22 November 2008 . Retrieved 14 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Gandhi , Rajmohan. Patel : A Life . p. 402 . ^ Jump up to : Gandhi , Rajmohan. Patel : A Life . pp. 432 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Gandhi , Rajmohan. Patel : A Life . pp. 502 -- 05 . ^ Jump up to : Speech of Hon'ble Human Resource Minister on National Education Day 2009 , Ministry of HRD , Government of India Archived 7 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ About us Central Institute of Education Jump up ^ UGC Genesis Archived 6 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ IIT Kharagpur , History Archived 13 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Proceedings of the 19th meeting of The Central Advisory Board of Education , New Delhi on 15 and 16 March 1952 Archived 16 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Maulana Azad Education Foundation website Jump up ^ Shri Salman Khurshid Launches Maulana Abul Kalam Azad National Fellowship , Press Information Bureau , Government of India , Tuesday , 22 December 2009 Jump up ^ `` VISIT MAULANA AZAD MUSEUM '' . makaias.gov.in . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Restore Maulana Azad 's grave : HC '' ( PHP ) . Express News Service , Expressindia.com. 17 November 2005 . Retrieved 6 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Virendra Razdan dead '' . The Deccan Herald , The Free Press Journal . Ministry of Information and Broadcasting ( India ) Bulletin on Film Volume XLVII No. 6 . 15 June 2003 . Retrieved 28 November 2012 . References ( edit ) Ashraf , Muhammad Arslan . Why Partition of India ? : Gandhi , Jinnah , Nehru , Azad - Congress and Muslim League ( 2016 ) online , 20pp Chawla , Muhammad , `` Maulana Azad and the Demand for Pakistan : A Reappraisal , '' Journal Of The Pakistan Historical Society ( July - Sept 2016 ) 64 # 3 pp 7 -- 24 . Maulana Azad 's commentary on the Holy Qur'an -- Tarjuman al - Quran India Wins Freedom , from Orient Longman Book - Institute Ghubar - e-Khatir ( Sallies of the Mind ) Tazkirah Die politische Willensbildung in Indien 1900 -- 1960 ; 1965 von Dietmar Rothermund Life and Works of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad , from Ravindra Kumar , published by Atlantic Publishers & Distributors , 1991 Maulana Abul Kalam Azad , by Mahadev Haribhai Desai The Educational Ideas of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad , by G. Rasool Abduhu , published by Sterling Publishers , 1973 India 's Maulana Abul Kalam Azad , by Abulkalam Azad , Syeda Saiyidain Hameed , Mujib Rizvi , Sughra Mahdi , published by Indian Council for Cultural Relations , 1990 Maulana Azad ek Muttala by Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman , Jawahar aur Azad , Edited by Professor Abdul Qavi Desnavi , Saifia College , Bhopal , 1990 . Maulana Azad Aur Bhopal by Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman , Fikro Nazar ( Maulana Azad Number ) , Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh , 1989 , p. 107 -- 112 . Gandhi , R ( 1990 ) . Patel : A Life . Navajivan , Ahmedabad . Pattabhi , Sitaramayya ( 1946 ) . Feathers & Stones `` my study windows '' . Padma Publications , . Azad , Abul Kalam ( 1989 ) ( 1958 ) . India Wins Freedom . Stosius Inc / Advent Books Division . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86131 - 913 - 8 . Nandurkar , G.M. ( 1981 ) . Sardar 's letters , mostly unknown . Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Smarak Bhavan , . `` Brief sketch of life and thinking of Maulana Azad '' . Liveindia.com . `` Life of Azad '' . CIS - CA . `` Maulana Abul Kalam Azad : The Odd Secularist '' . India Today . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutMaulana Abul Kalam Azadat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maulana Abul Kalam Azad . INDIA WINS FREEDOM by Maulana Azad ( Book ) Azad 's Careers -- Roads taken and roads not taken -- Lineages of the Present : Ideology and Politics in Contemporary South Asia By Aijaz Ahmad An Introduction to Abul Kalam Azad & collection of his quotes -- Eminent Indian freedom fighters Vol2 Chapter 11 Pg 310 By S.K. Sharma Abu'l Kalam Azad , Chapter 44 , Pg 325 -- 333 , Modernist Islam , 1840 -- 1940 : a sourcebook By Charles Kurzman Abul Kalam Azad , Chapter 9 , Pg 138 - Pg 153 , Indian Muslims and partition of India By S.M. Ikram National Education Day 2012 Celebrated at Sangam University Bhilwara Rajasthan Web Portal dedicated to Maulana Abul Kalam Azad First Cabinet of Independent India Nehru ( Prime Minister , External Affairs ) Patel ( Deputy Prime Minister , Home Affairs ) Baldev Singh ( Defence ) Chetty ( Finance ) Maulana Azad ( Education ) Jagjivan Ram ( Labour ) Ambedkar ( Law ) Gadgil ( Public Works , Power ) R. A. Kidwai ( Communications ) S. P. Mookerjee ( Industry ) Amrit Kaur ( Health ) Mathai ( Railways ) Indian National Congress Seva Dal Mahila Congress Minority Congress Youth Congress National Students Union of India ( NSUI ) Indian National Trade Union Congress ( INTUC ) Congress Karma Parishad History Statewise Election history of Congress Party Nehru -- Gandhi family Congress Radio 10 Janpath The Emergency Bofors scandal INA Defence Committee Indian National Congress ( Organisation ) Breakaway parties Internal Organisations Congress President Working President Congress Working Committee Central Election Committee All India Congress Committee Pradesh Congress Committees ( PCC ) Andhra Pradesh CC Assam PCC Bihar PCC Chhattisgarh PCC Core group Gujarat PCC Karnataka PCC Kerala PCC Maharashtra PCC Mizoram PCC Mumbai PCC Punjab PCC Tamil Nadu PCC Telangana PCC Uttarakhand PCC West Bengal PCC Presidents Banerjee Naoroji Tyabji Yule Wedderburn Mehta Charlappa Banerjee Naoroji Webb Banerjee Sayani Nair A.M. Bose Dutt Chandavarkar Wacha Banerjee L. Ghosh H. Cotton Gokhale Naoroji R. Ghosh ( 1907 -- 1908 ) Malaviya Wedderburn Dar Mudholkar Bahadur B.N. Bose Sinha Mazumdar Besant Malaviya Imam M. Nehru Rai C. Vijayaraghavachariar Khan Das M. Ali A.K. Azad Mahatma Gandhi Naidu Iyengar Ansari Motilal Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru S.V. Patel Malaviya ( 1932 -- 1933 ) Nellie Sengupta Rajendra Prasad ( 1934 -- 1935 ) Jawaharlal Nehru ( 1936 -- 1937 ) S.C. Bose ( 1938 -- 1939 ) A.K. Azad ( 1940 -- 1946 ) J.B. Kripalani Sitaramayya ( 1948 -- 1949 ) Tandon Jawaharlal Nehru ( 1951 -- 1954 ) Dhebar ( 1955 -- 1959 ) Indira Gandhi Neelam Sanjiva Reddy ( 1960 -- 1963 ) K. Kamaraj ( 1964 -- 1967 ) S. Nijalingappa ( 1968 -- 1969 ) Jagjivan Ram ( 1970 -- 1971 ) S.D. Sharma ( 1972 -- 1974 ) Baruah ( 1975 -- 1977 ) Indira Gandhi ( 1978 -- 1984 ) Rajiv Gandhi ( 1985 -- 1991 ) Narasimha Rao ( 1992 -- 1996 ) Kesri ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Sonia Gandhi ( 1998 -- present ) Leaders in the Lok Sabha Gandhi Rao Pawar S. Gandhi Mukherjee Shinde Kharge Leaders in the Rajya Sabha Manmohan Singh Vora Patel Sharma Azad Ramesh Antony Digvijay Chidambaram Singhvi Sibal Indian Independence Movement History Colonisation Porto Grande de Bengala Dutch Bengal East India Company British Raj French India Portuguese India Battle of Plassey Battle of Buxar Anglo - Mysore Wars First Second Third Fourth Anglo - Maratha Wars First Second Third Polygar Wars Vellore Mutiny First Anglo - Sikh War Second Anglo - Sikh War Sannyasi Rebellion Rebellion of 1857 Radcliffe Line more Philosophies and ideologies Ambedkarism Gandhism Hindu nationalism Indian nationalism Khilafat Movement Muslim nationalism in South Asia Satyagraha Socialism Swadeshi movement Swaraj Events and movements Partition of Bengal ( 1905 ) Partition of Bengal ( 1947 ) Revolutionaries Direct Action Day Delhi - Lahore Conspiracy The Indian Sociologist Singapore Mutiny Hindu -- German Conspiracy Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Rowlatt Committee Rowlatt Bills Jallianwala Bagh massacre Noakhali riots Non-Cooperation Movement Christmas Day Plot Coolie - Begar Movement Chauri Chaura incident , 1922 Kakori conspiracy Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre Flag Satyagraha Bardoli 1928 Protests Nehru Report Fourteen Points of Jinnah Purna Swaraj Salt March Dharasana Satyagraha Vedaranyam March Chittagong armoury raid Gandhi -- Irwin Pact Round table conferences Act of 1935 Aundh Experiment Indische Legion Cripps ' mission Quit India Bombay Mutiny Coup d'état of Yanaon Provisional Government of India Independence Day Organisations All India Kisan Sabha All - India Muslim League Anushilan Samiti Arya Samaj Azad Hind Berlin Committee Ghadar Party Hindustan Socialist Republican Association Indian National Congress India House Indian Home Rule movement Indian Independence League Indian National Army Jugantar Khaksar Tehrik Khudai Khidmatgar Swaraj Party more Social reformers A. Vaidyanatha Iyer Ayya Vaikundar Ayyankali B.R. Ambedkar Baba Amte Bal Gangadhar Tilak Dayananda Saraswati Dhondo Keshav Karve G. Subramania Iyer Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty Gopal Ganesh Agarkar Gopal Hari Deshmukh Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar J.B. Kripalani Jyotirao Phule Kandukuri Veeresalingam Mahadev Govind Ranade Mahatma Gandhi Muthulakshmi Reddi Narayana Guru Niralamba Swami Pandita Ramabai Periyar E.V. Ramasamy Ram Mohan Roy Rettamalai Srinivasan Sahajanand Saraswati Savitribai Phule Shahu Sister Nivedita Sri Aurobindo Syed Ahmad Khan Vakkom Moulavi Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Vinoba Bhave Vitthal Ramji Shinde Vivekananda Independence activists Abul Kalam Azad Accamma Cherian Achyut Patwardhan A.K. Fazlul Huq Alluri Sitarama Raju Annapurna Maharana Annie Besant Ashfaqulla Khan Babu Kunwar Singh Bagha Jatin Bahadur Shah II Bakht Khan Bal Gangadhar Tilak Basawon Singh Begum Hazrat Mahal Bhagat Singh Bharathidasan Bhavabhushan Mitra Bhikaiji Cama Bhupendra Kumar Datta Bidhan Chandra Roy Bipin Chandra Pal C. Rajagopalachari Chandra Shekhar Azad Chetram Jatav Chittaranjan Das Dadabhai Naoroji Dayananda Saraswati Dhan Singh Dukkipati Nageswara Rao Gopal Krishna Gokhale Govind Ballabh Pant Har Dayal Hemu Kalani Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi Jatindra Mohan Sengupta Jatindra Nath Das Jawaharlal Nehru K. Kamaraj Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Khudiram Bose Krishna Singh Lala Lajpat Rai M. Bhaktavatsalam M.N. Roy Mahadaji Shinde Mahatma Gandhi Mangal Pandey Mir Qasim Mithuben Petit ‎ Muhammad Ali Jauhar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari Nagnath Naikwadi Nana Fadnavis Nana Sahib P. Kakkan Prafulla Chaki Pritilata Waddedar Pritilata Waddedar Purushottam Das Tandon R. Venkataraman Rahul Sankrityayan Rajendra Prasad Ram Prasad Bismil Rani Lakshmibai Rash Behari Bose Sahajanand Saraswati Sangolli Rayanna Sarojini Naidu Satyapal Dang Shuja - ud - Daula Shyamji Krishna Varma Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi Siraj ud - Daulah Subhas Chandra Bose Subramania Bharati Subramaniya Siva Surya Sen Syama Prasad Mukherjee Tara Rani Srivastava Tarak Nath Das Tatya Tope Tiruppur Kumaran Ubaidullah Sindhi VO Chidamabaram V.K. Krishna Menon Vallabhbhai Patel Vanchinathan Veeran Sundaralingam Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Virendranath Chattopadhyaya Yashwantrao Holkar Yogendra Shukla more British leaders Wavell Canning Cornwallis Irwin Chelmsford Curzon Ripon Minto Dalhousie Bentinck Mountbatten Wellesley Lytton Clive Outram Cripps Linlithgow Hastings Independence Cabinet Mission Annexation of French colonies in India Constitution Republic of India Indian annexation of Goa Indian Independence Act Partition of India Political integration Simla Conference Bharat Ratna laureates 1954 -- 1960 C. Rajagopalachari , Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , and C.V. Raman ( 1954 ) Bhagwan Das , Mokshagundam Visvesvarayya , and Jawaharlal Nehru ( 1955 ) Govind Ballabh Pant ( 1957 ) Dhondo Keshav Karve ( 1958 ) 1961 -- 1980 Bidhan Chandra Roy and Purushottam Das Tandon ( 1961 ) Rajendra Prasad ( 1962 ) Zakir Husain and Pandurang Vaman Kane ( 1963 ) Lal Bahadur Shastri ( 1966 ) Indira Gandhi ( 1971 ) V.V. Giri ( 1975 ) K. Kamaraj ( 1976 ) Mother Teresa ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 Vinoba Bhave ( 1983 ) Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan ( 1987 ) M.G. Ramachandran ( 1988 ) B.R. Ambedkar and Nelson Mandela ( 1990 ) Rajiv Gandhi , Vallabhbhai Patel , and Morarji Desai ( 1991 ) Abul Kalam Azad , J.R.D. Tata , and Satyajit Ray ( 1992 ) Gulzarilal Nanda , Aruna Asaf Ali , and A.P.J. Abdul Kalam ( 1997 ) M.S. Subbulakshmi and Chidambaram Subramaniam ( 1998 ) Jayaprakash Narayan , Amartya Sen , Gopinath Bordoloi , and Ravi Shankar ( 1999 ) 2001 -- present Lata Mangeshkar and Bismillah Khan ( 2001 ) Bhimsen Joshi ( 2008 ) C.N.R. Rao and Sachin Tendulkar ( 2014 ) Madan Mohan Malaviya and Atal Bihari Vajpayee ( 2015 ) Muslim scholars of the Hanbali School by century ( AH CE ) 3rd / 9th Ahmad ibn Hanbal ( founder of the school ) Abu Dawood Ibrahim ibn Ya'qub al - Juzajani 4th / 10th Abu Bakr al - Ajurri Abu Bakr al - Khallal Al - Hasan ibn Ali al - Barbahari Ibn Battah Ibn Manda 5th / 11th Abu Saeed Mubarak Makhzoomi Al - Qadi Abu Ya'la Ibn Aqil Khwaja Abdullah Ansari 6th / 12th Abdul - Razzaq Gilani Abdul - Qadir Gilani Awn ad - Din ibn Hubayra Diya al - Din al - Maqdisi Hammad al - Harrani Ibn al - Jawzi 7th / 13th Abd al - Ghani al - Maqdisi Ibn Qudamah Zayn al - Din al - Amidi 8th / 14th Ibn Abd al - Hadi Ibn Muflih Ibn Qayyim al - Jawziyya Ibn Rajab Ibn Taymiyyah 11th / 17th Al - Bahūtī 12th / 18th Muhammad ibn Abd al - Wahhab 14th / 20th Abd al - Aziz ibn Baz Abdul Rahman Al - Sudais Abdullah Ibn Jibreen Abul Kalam Azad Ibn Humaid Jonathan A.C. Brown Muhammad ibn al Uthaymeen Saeed Abubakr Zakaria Saleh Al - Fawzan Saud Al - Shuraim Scholars of other Sunni Islamic schools of jurisprudence Hanafi Maliki Shafi'i Zahiri VIAF : 71439924 LCCN : n50038846 ISNI : 0000 0003 6855 6649 GND : 118896814 SUDOC : 050153315 BNF : cb122131527 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abul_Kalam_Azad&oldid=804362880 '' Categories : First Nehru ministry 1888 births 1958 deaths Politicians from Kolkata Indian independence activists from Delhi Indian religious writers 20th - century Muslim scholars of Islam Indian people of Arab descent Hanbalis Presidents of the Indian National Congress Recipients of the Bharat Ratna Indian Muslims Hashemite people Indian nationalists 1st Lok Sabha members Members of the Constituent Assembly of India 2nd Lok Sabha members Prisoners and detainees of British India People of British India Founders of Indian schools and colleges Indian revolutionaries Indian editors Indian male journalists Journalists from Delhi People from Mecca Translators of the Quran into Urdu Education Ministers of India 20th - century Indian journalists Scholars from Kolkata Writers from Kolkata Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from November 2015 Use Indian English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles with hAudio microformats Articles containing Urdu - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ कॉशुर / کٲشُر Latina मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी नेपाल भाषा ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Русский संस्कृतम् سنڌي தமிழ் తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Winaray Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 14 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the writer of india wins freedom	[ "Maulana Sayyid Abul Kalam Ghulam Muhiyuddin Ahmed Azad ( pronunciation (help·info); 11 November 1888 – 22 February 1958) was an Indian scholar and the senior Muslim leader of the Indian National Congress during the Indian independence movement. Following India's independence, he became the first Minister of Education in the Indian government. He is commonly remembered as Maulana Azad; the word Maulana is an honorific meaning 'Our Master', and he had adopted Azad (Free) as his pen name. His contribution to establishing the education foundation in India is recognised by celebrating his birthday as \"National Education Day\" across India.[1][2]" ]	[ "Abul Kalam Ghulam Muhiyuddin Ahmed Azad" ]
2065365295879167604	Banana	Banana - wikipedia Banana Jump to : navigation , search This article is about sweet bananas . For the genus to which banana plants belong , see Musa ( genus ) . For starchier bananas used in cooking , see Cooking banana . For other uses , see Banana ( disambiguation ) . Fruits of four different banana cultivars A banana is an edible fruit -- botanically a berry -- produced by several kinds of large herbaceous flowering plants in the genus Musa . In some countries , bananas used for cooking may be called plantains , distinguishing them from dessert bananas . The fruit is variable in size , color , and firmness , but is usually elongated and curved , with soft flesh rich in starch covered with a rind , which may be green , yellow , red , purple , or brown when ripe . The fruits grow in clusters hanging from the top of the plant . Almost all modern edible parthenocarpic ( seedless ) bananas come from two wild species -- Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana . The scientific names of most cultivated bananas are Musa acuminata , Musa balbisiana , and Musa × paradisiaca for the hybrid Musa acuminata × M. balbisiana , depending on their genomic constitution . The old scientific name Musa sapientum is no longer used . Musa species are native to tropical Indomalaya and Australia , and are likely to have been first domesticated in Papua New Guinea . They are grown in 135 countries , primarily for their fruit , and to a lesser extent to make fiber , banana wine , and banana beer and as ornamental plants . The world 's largest producers of bananas in 2016 were India and China , which together accounted for 28 % of total production . Worldwide , there is no sharp distinction between `` bananas '' and `` plantains '' . Especially in the Americas and Europe , `` banana '' usually refers to soft , sweet , dessert bananas , particularly those of the Cavendish group , which are the main exports from banana - growing countries . By contrast , Musa cultivars with firmer , starchier fruit are called `` plantains '' . In other regions , such as Southeast Asia , many more kinds of banana are grown and eaten , so the binary distinction is not useful and is not made in local languages . Banana. arp . The term `` banana '' is also used as the common name for the plants that produce the fruit . This can extend to other members of the genus Musa , such as the scarlet banana ( Musa coccinea ) , the pink banana ( Musa velutina ) , and the Fe'i bananas . It can also refer to members of the genus Ensete , such as the snow banana ( Ensete glaucum ) and the economically important false banana ( Ensete ventricosum ) . Both genera are in the banana family , Musaceae . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Etymology 3 Taxonomy 4 Bananas and plantains 5 Historical cultivation 5.1 Early cultivation 5.2 Plantation cultivation in the Caribbean , Central and South America 5.3 Peasant cultivation for export in the Caribbean 5.4 East Africa 6 Modern cultivation 6.1 Cavendish 6.2 Ripening 6.3 Storage and transport 7 Production and export 7.1 Developing countries 8 Pests , diseases , and natural disasters 8.1 Panama disease 8.1. 1 Tropical race 4 8.2 Black sigatoka 8.2. 1 In East Africa 8.3 Banana bunchy top virus 8.4 Banana bacterial wilt 9 Nutrition 10 Culture 10.1 Food and cooking 10.1. 1 Fruit 10.1. 2 Flower 10.1. 3 Leaves 10.1. 4 Trunk 10.2 Fiber 10.2. 1 Textiles 10.2. 2 Paper 10.3 Cultural roles 10.3. 1 Arts 10.3. 2 Religion and popular beliefs 10.3. 3 Racist symbol 10.3. 4 Unicode 10.4 Other uses 11 Gallery 12 References 13 Bibliography 14 Further reading 15 External links Description A banana corm , about 25 cm ( 10 in ) across A banana farm in Chinawal , India Young banana plant The banana plant is the largest herbaceous flowering plant . All the above - ground parts of a banana plant grow from a structure usually called a `` corm '' . Plants are normally tall and fairly sturdy , and are often mistaken for trees , but what appears to be a trunk is actually a `` false stem '' or pseudostem . Bananas grow in a wide variety of soils , as long as the soil is at least 60 cm deep , has good drainage and is not compacted . The leaves of banana plants are composed of a `` stalk '' ( petiole ) and a blade ( lamina ) . The base of the petiole widens to form a sheath ; the tightly packed sheaths make up the pseudostem , which is all that supports the plant . The edges of the sheath meet when it is first produced , making it tubular . As new growth occurs in the centre of the pseudostem the edges are forced apart . Cultivated banana plants vary in height depending on the variety and growing conditions . Most are around 5 m ( 16 ft ) tall , with a range from ' Dwarf Cavendish ' plants at around 3 m ( 10 ft ) to ' Gros Michel ' at 7 m ( 23 ft ) or more . Leaves are spirally arranged and may grow 2.7 metres ( 8.9 ft ) long and 60 cm ( 2.0 ft ) wide . They are easily torn by the wind , resulting in the familiar frond look . When a banana plant is mature , the corm stops producing new leaves and begins to form a flower spike or inflorescence . A stem develops which grows up inside the pseudostem , carrying the immature inflorescence until eventually it emerges at the top . Each pseudostem normally produces a single inflorescence , also known as the `` banana heart '' . ( More are sometimes produced ; an exceptional plant in the Philippines produced five . ) After fruiting , the pseudostem dies , but offshoots will normally have developed from the base , so that the plant as a whole is perennial . In the plantation system of cultivation , only one of the offshoots will be allowed to develop in order to maintain spacing . The inflorescence contains many bracts ( sometimes incorrectly referred to as petals ) between rows of flowers . The female flowers ( which can develop into fruit ) appear in rows further up the stem ( closer to the leaves ) from the rows of male flowers . The ovary is inferior , meaning that the tiny petals and other flower parts appear at the tip of the ovary . The banana fruits develop from the banana heart , in a large hanging cluster , made up of tiers ( called `` hands '' ) , with up to 20 fruit to a tier . The hanging cluster is known as a bunch , comprising 3 -- 20 tiers , or commercially as a `` banana stem '' , and can weigh 30 -- 50 kilograms ( 66 -- 110 lb ) . Individual banana fruits ( commonly known as a banana or `` finger '' ) average 125 grams ( 0.276 lb ) , of which approximately 75 % is water and 25 % dry matter ( nutrient table , lower right ) . The fruit has been described as a `` leathery berry '' . There is a protective outer layer ( a peel or skin ) with numerous long , thin strings ( the phloem bundles ) , which run lengthwise between the skin and the edible inner portion . The inner part of the common yellow dessert variety can be split lengthwise into three sections that correspond to the inner portions of the three carpels by manually deforming the unopened fruit . In cultivated varieties , the seeds are diminished nearly to non-existence ; their remnants are tiny black specks in the interior of the fruit . Bananas are naturally slightly radioactive , more so than most other fruits , because of their potassium content and the small amounts of the isotope potassium - 40 found in naturally occurring potassium . The banana equivalent dose of radiation is sometimes used in nuclear communication to compare radiation levels and exposures . Etymology The word banana is thought to be of West African origin , possibly from the Wolof word banaana , and passed into English via Spanish or Portuguese . Taxonomy The Musa ' Nendran ' cultivar grown widely in the Indian state of Kerala is a member of the AAB cultivar group The genus Musa was created by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 . The name may be derived from Antonius Musa , physician to the Emperor Augustus , or Linnaeus may have adapted the Arabic word for banana , mauz . The old biological name Musa sapientum = `` Muse of the wise '' arose because of homophony in Latin with the classical Muses . Musa is in the family Musaceae . The APG III system assigns Musaceae to the order Zingiberales , part of the commelinid clade of the monocotyledonous flowering plants . Some 70 species of Musa were recognized by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families as of January 2013 ; several produce edible fruit , while others are cultivated as ornamentals . The classification of cultivated bananas has long been a problematic issue for taxonomists . Linnaeus originally placed bananas into two species based only on their uses as food : Musa sapientum for dessert bananas and Musa paradisiaca for plantains . More species names were added , but this approach proved to be inadequate for the number of cultivars in the primary center of diversity of the genus , Southeast Asia . Many of these cultivars were given names that were later discovered to be synonyms . In a series of papers published from 1947 onwards , Ernest Cheesman showed that Linnaeus 's Musa sapientum and Musa paradisiaca were cultivars and descendants of two wild seed - producing species , Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana , both first described by Luigi Aloysius Colla . Cheesman recommended the abolition of Linnaeus 's species in favor of reclassifying bananas according to three morphologically distinct groups of cultivars -- those primarily exhibiting the botanical characteristics of Musa balbisiana , those primarily exhibiting the botanical characteristics of Musa acuminata , and those with characteristics of both . Researchers Norman Simmonds and Ken Shepherd proposed a genome - based nomenclature system in 1955 . This system eliminated almost all the difficulties and inconsistencies of the earlier classification of bananas based on assigning scientific names to cultivated varieties . Despite this , the original names are still recognized by some authorities today , leading to confusion . The accepted scientific names for most groups of cultivated bananas are Musa acuminata Colla and Musa balbisiana Colla for the ancestral species , and Musa × paradisiaca L. for the hybrid M. acuminata × M. balbisiana . Synonyms of M. × paradisica include a large number of subspecific and varietial names of M. × paradisiaca , including M. p. subsp . sapientum ( L . ) Kuntze Musa × dacca Horan . Musa × sapidisiaca K.C. Jacob , nom . superfl . Musa × sapientum L. , and a large number of its varietal names , including M. × sapientum var . paradisiaca ( L . ) Baker , nom . illeg . Generally , modern classifications of banana cultivars follow Simmonds and Shepherd 's system . Cultivars are placed in groups based on the number of chromosomes they have and which species they are derived from . Thus the Latundan banana is placed in the AAB Group , showing that it is a triploid derived from both M. acuminata ( A ) and M. balbisiana ( B ) . For a list of the cultivars classified under this system , see `` List of banana cultivars '' . In 2012 , a team of scientists announced they had achieved a draft sequence of the genome of Musa acuminata . Bananas and plantains In regions such as North America and Europe , Musa fruits offered for sale can be divided into `` bananas '' and `` plantains '' , based on their intended use as food . Thus the banana producer and distributor Chiquita produces publicity material for the American market which says that `` a plantain is not a banana '' . The stated differences are that plantains are more starchy and less sweet ; they are eaten cooked rather than raw ; they have thicker skin , which may be green , yellow or black ; and they can be used at any stage of ripeness . Linnaeus made the same distinction between plantains and bananas when first naming two `` species '' of Musa . Members of the `` plantain subgroup '' of banana cultivars , most important as food in West Africa and Latin America , correspond to the Chiquita description , having long pointed fruit . They are described by Ploetz et al. as `` true '' plantains , distinct from other cooking bananas . The cooking bananas of East Africa belong to a different group , the East African Highland bananas , so would not qualify as `` true '' plantains on this definition . Cavendish bananas are the most common dessert bananas sold An alternative approach divides bananas into dessert bananas and cooking bananas , with plantains being one of the subgroups of cooking bananas . Triploid cultivars derived solely from M. acuminata are examples of `` dessert bananas '' , whereas triploid cultivars derived from the hybrid between M. acuminata and M. balbinosa ( in particular the plantain subgroup of the AAB Group ) are `` plantains '' . Small farmers in Colombia grow a much wider range of cultivars than large commercial plantations . A study of these cultivars showed that they could be placed into at least three groups based on their characteristics : dessert bananas , non-plantain cooking bananas , and plantains , although there were overlaps between dessert and cooking bananas . In Southeast Asia -- the center of diversity for bananas , both wild and cultivated -- the distinction between `` bananas '' and `` plantains '' does not work , according to Valmayor et al . Many bananas are used both raw and cooked . There are starchy cooking bananas which are smaller than those eaten raw . The range of colors , sizes and shapes is far wider than in those grown or sold in Africa , Europe or the Americas . Southeast Asian languages do not make the distinction between `` bananas '' and `` plantains '' that is made in English ( and Spanish ) . Thus both Cavendish cultivars , the classic yellow dessert bananas , and Saba cultivars , used mainly for cooking , are called pisang in Malaysia and Indonesia , kluai in Thailand and chuoi in Vietnam . Fe'i bananas , grown and eaten in the islands of the Pacific , are derived from entirely different wild species than traditional bananas and plantains . Most Fe'i bananas are cooked , but Karat bananas , which are short and squat with bright red skins , very different from the usual yellow dessert bananas , are eaten raw . In summary , in commerce in Europe and the Americas ( although not in small - scale cultivation ) , it is possible to distinguish between `` bananas '' , which are eaten raw , and `` plantains '' , which are cooked . In other regions of the world , particularly India , Southeast Asia and the islands of the Pacific , there are many more kinds of banana and the two-fold distinction is not useful and not made in local languages . Plantains are one of many kinds of cooking bananas , which are not always distinct from dessert bananas . Historical cultivation Early cultivation See also : Musa acuminata Original native ranges of the ancestors of modern edible bananas . Musa acuminata is shown in green and Musa balbisiana in orange . Farmers in Southeast Asia and Papua New Guinea first domesticated bananas . Recent archaeological and palaeoenvironmental evidence at Kuk Swamp in the Western Highlands Province of Papua New Guinea suggests that banana cultivation there goes back to at least 5000 BCE , and possibly to 8000 BCE . It is likely that other species were later and independently domesticated elsewhere in Southeast Asia . Southeast Asia is the region of primary diversity of the banana . Areas of secondary diversity are found in Africa , indicating a long history of banana cultivation in the region . Actual and probable diffusion of bananas during Islamic times ( 700 -- 1500 CE ) Phytolith discoveries in Cameroon dating to the first millennium BCE triggered an as yet unresolved debate about the date of first cultivation in Africa . There is linguistic evidence that bananas were known in Madagascar around that time . The earliest prior evidence indicates that cultivation dates to no earlier than late 6th century CE . It is likely , however , that bananas were brought at least to Madagascar if not to the East African coast during the phase of Malagasy colonization of the island from South East Asia c. 400 CE . The banana may also have been present in isolated locations elsewhere in the Middle East on the eve of Islam . The spread of Islam was followed by far - reaching diffusion . There are numerous references to it in Islamic texts ( such as poems and hadiths ) beginning in the 9th century . By the 10th century the banana appears in texts from Palestine and Egypt . From there it diffused into North Africa and Muslim Iberia . During the medieval ages , bananas from Granada were considered among the best in the Arab world . In 650 , Islamic conquerors brought the banana to Palestine . Today , banana consumption increases significantly in Islamic countries during Ramadan , the month of daylight fasting . Bananas were certainly grown in the Christian Kingdom of Cyprus by the late medieval period . Writing in 1458 , the Italian traveller and writer Gabriele Capodilista ( it ) wrote favourably of the extensive farm produce of the estates at Episkopi , near modern - day Limassol , including the region 's banana plantations . Bananas were introduced to the Americas by Portuguese sailors who brought the fruits from West Africa in the 16th century . Many wild banana species as well as cultivars exist in extraordinary diversity in India , China , and Southeast Asia . There are fuzzy bananas whose skins are bubblegum pink ; green - and - white striped bananas with pulp the color of orange sherbet ; bananas that , when cooked , taste like strawberries . The Double Mahoi plant can produce two bunches at once . The Chinese name of the aromatic Go San Heong banana means ' You can smell it from the next mountain . ' The fingers on one banana plant grow fused ; another produces bunches of a thousand fingers , each only an inch long . -- Mike Peed , The New Yorker Plantation cultivation in the Caribbean , Central and South America Main article : History of modern banana plantations in the Americas Fruits of wild - type bananas have numerous large , hard seeds . In the 15th and 16th centuries , Portuguese colonists started banana plantations in the Atlantic Islands , Brazil , and western Africa . North Americans began consuming bananas on a small scale at very high prices shortly after the Civil War , though it was only in the 1880s that the food became more widespread . As late as the Victorian Era , bananas were not widely known in Europe , although they were available . Jules Verne introduces bananas to his readers with detailed descriptions in Around the World in Eighty Days ( 1872 ) . The earliest modern plantations originated in Jamaica and the related Western Caribbean Zone , including most of Central America . It involved the combination of modern transportation networks of steamships and railroads with the development of refrigeration that allowed more time between harvesting and ripening . North American shippers like Lorenzo Dow Baker and Andrew Preston , the founders of the Boston Fruit Company started this process in the 1870s , but railroad builders like Minor C. Keith also participated , eventually culminating in the multi-national giant corporations like today 's Chiquita Brands International and Dole . These companies were monopolistic , vertically integrated ( meaning they controlled growing , processing , shipping and marketing ) and usually used political manipulation to build enclave economies ( economies that were internally self - sufficient , virtually tax exempt , and export - oriented that contribute very little to the host economy ) . Their political maneuvers , which gave rise to the term Banana republic for states like Honduras and Guatemala , included working with local elites and their rivalries to influence politics or playing the international interests of the United States , especially during the Cold War , to keep the political climate favorable to their interests . Peasant cultivation for export in the Caribbean Main article : History of peasant banana production in the Americas The vast majority of the world 's bananas today are cultivated for family consumption or for sale on local markets . India is the world leader in this sort of production , but many other Asian and African countries where climate and soil conditions allow cultivation also host large populations of banana growers who sell at least some of their crop . Peasant sector banana growers produce for the world market in the Caribbean , however . The Windward Islands are notable for the growing , largely of Cavendish bananas , for an international market , generally in Europe but also in North America . In the Caribbean , and especially in Dominica where this sort of cultivation is widespread , holdings are in the 1 -- 2 acre range . In many cases the farmer earns additional money from other crops , from engaging in labor outside the farm , and from a share of the earnings of relatives living overseas . This style of cultivation often was popular in the islands as bananas required little labor input and brought welcome extra income . Banana crops are vulnerable to destruction by high winds , such as tropical storms or cyclones . After the signing of the NAFTA agreements in the 1990s , however , the tide turned against peasant producers . Their costs of production were relatively high and the end of favorable tariff and other supports , especially in the European Economic Community , made it difficult for peasant producers to compete with bananas grown on large plantations by the well - capitalized firms like Chiquita and Dole . Not only did the large companies have access to cheap labor in the areas they worked , but they were better able to afford modern agronomic advances such as fertilization . The `` dollar banana '' produced by these concerns made the profit margins for peasant bananas unsustainable . Caribbean countries have sought to redress this problem by providing government supported agronomic services and helping to organize producers ' cooperatives . They have also been supporters of the Fair Trade movement which seeks to balance the inequities in the world trade in commodities . East Africa Main article : East African Highland bananas Illustration of fruit and banana plant from Acta Eruditorum , 1734 Most farms supply local consumption . Cooking bananas represent a major food source and a major income source for smallhold farmers . In east Africa , highland bananas are of greatest importance as a staple food crop . In countries such as Uganda , Burundi , and Rwanda per capita consumption has been estimated at 45 kilograms ( 99 lb ) per year , the highest in the world . Modern cultivation All widely cultivated bananas today descend from the two wild bananas Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana . While the original wild bananas contained large seeds , diploid or polyploid cultivars ( some being hybrids ) with tiny seeds are preferred for human raw fruit consumption . These are propagated asexually from offshoots . The plant is allowed to produce two shoots at a time ; a larger one for immediate fruiting and a smaller `` sucker '' or `` follower '' to produce fruit in 6 -- 8 months . The life of a banana plantation is 25 years or longer , during which time the individual stools or planting sites may move slightly from their original positions as lateral rhizome formation dictates . Cultivated bananas are parthenocarpic , i.e. the flesh of the fruit swells and ripens without its seeds being fertilized and developing . Lacking viable seeds , propagation typically involves farmers removing and transplanting part of the underground stem ( called a corm ) . Usually this is done by carefully removing a sucker ( a vertical shoot that develops from the base of the banana pseudostem ) with some roots intact . However , small sympodial corms , representing not yet elongated suckers , are easier to transplant and can be left out of the ground for up to two weeks ; they require minimal care and can be shipped in bulk . It is not necessary to include the corm or root structure to propagate bananas ; severed suckers without root material can be propagated in damp sand , although this takes somewhat longer . In some countries , commercial propagation occurs by means of tissue culture . This method is preferred since it ensures disease - free planting material . When using vegetative parts such as suckers for propagation , there is a risk of transmitting diseases ( especially the devastating Panama disease ) . As a non-seasonal crop , bananas are available fresh year - round . Cavendish Main article : Cavendish bananas Cavendish bananas are the main commercial banana cultivars sold in the world market . In global commerce in 2009 , by far the most important cultivars belonged to the triploid AAA group of Musa acuminata , commonly referred to as Cavendish group bananas . They accounted for the majority of banana exports , despite only coming into existence in 1836 . The cultivars Dwarf Cavendish and Grand Nain ( Chiquita Banana ) gained popularity in the 1950s after the previous mass - produced cultivar , Gros Michel ( also an AAA group cultivar ) , became commercially unviable due to Panama disease , caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum which attacks the roots of the banana plant . Cavendish cultivars are resistant to the Panama Disease but in 2013 there were fears that the Black Sigatoka fungus would in turn make Cavendish bananas unviable . Ease of transport and shelf life rather than superior taste make the Dwarf Cavendish the main export banana . Even though it is no longer viable for large scale cultivation , Gros Michel is not extinct and is still grown in areas where Panama disease is not found . Likewise , Dwarf Cavendish and Grand Nain are in no danger of extinction , but they may leave supermarket shelves if disease makes it impossible to supply the global market . It is unclear if any existing cultivar can replace Cavendish bananas , so various hybridisation and genetic engineering programs are attempting to create a disease - resistant , mass - market banana . One such strain that has emerged is the Taiwanese Cavendish , also known as the Formosana . Ripening Export bananas are picked green , and ripen in special rooms upon arrival in the destination country . These rooms are air - tight and filled with ethylene gas to induce ripening . The vivid yellow color consumers normally associate with supermarket bananas is , in fact , caused by the artificial ripening process . Flavor and texture are also affected by ripening temperature . Bananas are refrigerated to between 13.5 and 15 ° C ( 56.3 and 59.0 ° F ) during transport . At lower temperatures , ripening permanently stalls , and the bananas turn gray as cell walls break down . The skin of ripe bananas quickly blackens in the 4 ° C ( 39 ° F ) environment of a domestic refrigerator , although the fruit inside remains unaffected . Ripened bananas ( left , under sunlight ) fluoresce in blue when exposed to UV light . `` Tree - ripened '' Cavendish bananas have a greenish - yellow appearance which changes to a brownish - yellow as they ripen further . Although both flavor and texture of tree - ripened bananas is generally regarded as superior to any type of green - picked fruit , this reduces shelf life to only 7 -- 10 days . Bananas can be ordered by the retailer `` ungassed '' ( i.e. not treated with ethylene ) , and may show up at the supermarket fully green . Guineos verdes ( green bananas ) that have not been gassed will never fully ripen before becoming rotten . Instead of fresh eating , these bananas can be used for cooking , as seen in Jamaican cuisine . A 2008 study reported that ripe bananas fluoresce when exposed to ultraviolet light . This property is attributed to the degradation of chlorophyll leading to the accumulation of a fluorescent product in the skin of the fruit . The chlorophyll breakdown product is stabilized by a propionate ester group . Banana - plant leaves also fluoresce in the same way . Green bananas do not fluoresce . The study suggested that this allows animals which can see light in the ultraviolet spectrum ( tetrachromats and pentachromats ) to more easily detect ripened bananas . Storage and transport Bananas must be transported over long distances from the tropics to world markets . To obtain maximum shelf life , harvest comes before the fruit is mature . The fruit requires careful handling , rapid transport to ports , cooling , and refrigerated shipping . The goal is to prevent the bananas from producing their natural ripening agent , ethylene . This technology allows storage and transport for 3 -- 4 weeks at 13 ° C ( 55 ° F ) . On arrival , bananas are held at about 17 ° C ( 63 ° F ) and treated with a low concentration of ethylene . After a few days , the fruit begins to ripen and is distributed for final sale . Unripe bananas can not be held in home refrigerators because they suffer from the cold . Ripe bananas can be held for a few days at home . If bananas are too green , they can be put in a brown paper bag with an apple or tomato overnight to speed up the ripening process . Carbon dioxide ( which bananas produce ) and ethylene absorbents extend fruit life even at high temperatures . This effect can be exploited by packing banana in a polyethylene bag and including an ethylene absorbent , e.g. , potassium permanganate , on an inert carrier . The bag is then sealed with a band or string . This treatment has been shown to more than double lifespans up to 3 -- 4 weeks without the need for refrigeration . Production and export 2016 Production millions of tonnes Country Bananas Plantains Total India 29.1 29.1 China 13.1 13.1 Philippines 5.8 3.1 8.9 Ecuador 6.5 0.6 7.1 Indonesia 7.0 7.0 Brazil 6.8 6.8 Colombia 2.0 3.5 5.5 Cameroon 4.3 5.5 Uganda 0.6 3.7 4.3 Ghana 0.09 4.0 4.1 Guatemala 3.8 0.3 4.1 World 113.3 35.1 148.4 Source : FAOSTAT of the United Nations Note : Some countries produce statistics distinguishing between bananas and plantain production , but four of the top six producers do not , requiring comparisons using the total for bananas and plantains combined . In 2016 , world production of bananas and plantains was 148 million tonnes , led by India and China with a combined total ( only for bananas ) of 28 % of global production ( table ) . Other major producers were the Philippines , Ecuador , Indonesia , and Brazil , together accounting for 20 % of the world total of bananas and plantains ( table ) . As reported for 2013 , total world exports were 20 million tonnes of bananas and 859,000 tonnes of plantains . Ecuador and the Philippines were the leading exporters with 5.4 and 3.3 million tonnes , respectively , and the Dominican Republic was the leading exporter of plantains with 210,350 tonnes . Developing countries Bananas and plantains constitute a major staple food crop for millions of people in developing countries . In most tropical countries , green ( unripe ) bananas used for cooking represent the main cultivars . Most producers are small - scale farmers either for home consumption or local markets . Because bananas and plantains produce fruit year - round , they provide a valuable food source during the hunger season ( when the food from one annual / semi-annual harvest has been consumed , and the next is still to come ) . Bananas and plantains are important for global food security . Pests , diseases , and natural disasters Main article : List of banana and plantain diseases Banana bunches are sometimes encased in plastic bags for protection . The bags may be coated with pesticides . While in no danger of outright extinction , the most common edible banana cultivar Cavendish ( extremely popular in Europe and the Americas ) could become unviable for large - scale cultivation in the next 10 -- 20 years . Its predecessor ' Gros Michel ' , discovered in the 1820s , suffered this fate . Like almost all bananas , Cavendish lacks genetic diversity , which makes it vulnerable to diseases , threatening both commercial cultivation and small - scale subsistence farming . Some commentators remarked that those variants which could replace what much of the world considers a `` typical banana '' are so different that most people would not consider them the same fruit , and blame the decline of the banana on monogenetic cultivation driven by short - term commercial motives . Panama disease Panama disease is caused by a fusarium soil fungus ( Race 1 ) , which enters the plants through the roots and travels with water into the trunk and leaves , producing gels and gums that cut off the flow of water and nutrients , causing the plant to wilt , and exposing the rest of the plant to lethal amounts of sunlight . Prior to 1960 , almost all commercial banana production centered on `` Gros Michel '' , which was highly susceptible . Cavendish was chosen as the replacement for Gros Michel because , among resistant cultivars , it produces the highest quality fruit . However , more care is required for shipping the Cavendish , and its quality compared to Gros Michel is debated . According to current sources , a deadly form of Panama disease is infecting Cavendish . All plants are genetically identical , which prevents evolution of disease resistance . Researchers are examining hundreds of wild varieties for resistance . Tropical race 4 Tropical race 4 ( TR4 ) , a reinvigorated strain of Panama disease , was first discovered in 1993 . This virulent form of fusarium wilt has wiped out Cavendish in several southeast Asian countries and has recently spread to Australia , India and Mozambique . It has yet to reach the Americas ; however , the soil - based fungi can easily be carried on boots , clothing , or tools . This is how TR4 travels and will be its most likely route into Latin America . Cavendish is highly susceptible to TR4 , and over time Cavendish will almost certainly be eliminated from commercial production by this disease . The only known defense to TR4 is genetic resistance . This is conferred either by RGA2 , a gene isolated from a TR4 - resistant diploid banana , or by the nematode - derived Ced9 . Black sigatoka Black sigatoka is a fungal leaf spot disease first observed in Fiji in 1963 or 1964 . Black Sigatoka ( also known as black leaf streak ) has spread to banana plantations throughout the tropics from infected banana leaves that were used as packing material . It affects all main cultivars of bananas and plantains ( including the Cavendish cultivars ) , impeding photosynthesis by blackening parts of the leaves , eventually killing the entire leaf . Starved for energy , fruit production falls by 50 % or more , and the bananas that do grow ripen prematurely , making them unsuitable for export . The fungus has shown ever - increasing resistance to treatment , with the current expense for treating 1 hectare ( 2.5 acres ) exceeding $ 1,000 per year . In addition to the expense , there is the question of how long intensive spraying can be environmentally justified . Several resistant cultivars of banana have been developed , but none has yet received commercial acceptance due to taste and texture issues . In East Africa With the arrival of black sigatoka , banana production in eastern Africa fell by over 40 % . For example , during the 1970s , Uganda produced 15 to 20 tonnes ( 15 to 20 long tons ; 17 to 22 short tons ) of bananas per hectare . Today , production has fallen to only 6 tonnes ( 5.9 long tons ; 6.6 short tons ) per hectare . The situation has started to improve as new disease - resistant cultivars have been developed by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture and the National Agricultural Research Organisation of Uganda ( NARO ) , such as FHIA - 17 ( known in Uganda as the Kabana 3 ) . These new cultivars taste different from the Cabana banana , which has slowed their acceptance by local farmers . However , by adding mulch and manure to the soil around the base of the plant , these new cultivars have substantially increased yields in the areas where they have been tried . The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture and NARO , funded by the Rockefeller Foundation and CGIAR have started trials for genetically modified bananas that are resistant to both Black sigatoka and banana weevils . It is developing cultivars specifically for smallholder and subsistence farmers . Banana bunchy top virus Banana bunchy top virus ( BBTV ) jumps from plant to plant using aphids . It stunts leaves , resulting in a `` bunched '' appearance . Generally , an infected plant does not produce fruit , although mild strains exist which allow some production . These mild strains are often mistaken for malnourishment , or a disease other than BBTV . There is no cure ; however , its effect can be minimized by planting only tissue - cultured plants ( in vitro propagation ) , controlling aphids , and immediately removing and destroying infected plants . Banana bacterial wilt Banana bacterial wilt ( BBW ) is a bacterial disease caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv . musacearum . After being originally identified on a close relative of bananas , Ensete ventricosum , in Ethiopia in the 1960s , BBW occurred in Uganda in 2001 affecting all banana cultivars . Since then BBW has been diagnosed in Central and East Africa including the banana growing regions of Rwanda , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , Tanzania , Kenya , Burundi , and Uganda . Nutrition Bananas , raw ( Daily Value ) Nutritional value per 100 g ( 3.5 oz ) Energy 371 kJ ( 89 kcal ) Carbohydrates 22.84 g Sugars 12.23 g Dietary fiber 2.6 g Fat 0.33 g Protein 1.09 g Vitamins Quantity % DV Thiamine ( B1 ) 3 % 0.031 mg Riboflavin ( B2 ) 6 % 0.073 mg Niacin ( B3 ) 4 % 0.665 mg Pantothenic acid ( B5 ) 7 % 0.334 mg Vitamin B6 31 % 0.4 mg Folate ( B9 ) 5 % 20 μg Choline 2 % 9.8 mg Vitamin C 10 % 8.7 mg Minerals Quantity % DV Iron 2 % 0.26 mg Magnesium 8 % 27 mg Manganese 13 % 0.27 mg Phosphorus 3 % 22 mg Potassium 8 % 358 mg Sodium 0 % 1 mg Zinc 2 % 0.15 mg Other constituents Quantity Water 74.91 g Link to USDA Database entry values are for edible portion Units μg = micrograms mg = milligrams IU = International units Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults . Source : USDA Nutrient Database Raw bananas ( not including the peel ) are 75 % water , 23 % carbohydrates , 1 % protein , and contain negligible fat ( table ) . In a 100 gram amount , bananas supply 89 Calories and are a rich source of vitamin B , providing 31 % of the US recommended Daily Value , and contain moderate amounts of vitamin C , manganese and dietary fiber ( table ) . Potassium Although bananas are commonly thought to supply exceptional potassium content , their actual potassium content is relatively low per typical food serving at only 8 % of the US recommended Daily Value ( table ) . Vegetables with higher potassium content than raw dessert bananas ( 358 mg per 100 grams ) include raw spinach ( 558 mg per 100 grams ) , baked potatoes without skin ( 391 mg per 100 grams ) , cooked soybeans ( 539 mg per 100 grams ) , grilled portabella mushrooms ( 437 mg per 100 grams ) and processed tomato sauces ( 413 -- 439 mg per 100 grams ) . Raw plantains contain 499 mg potassium per 100 grams . Dehydrated dessert bananas or banana powder contain 1491 mg potassium per 100 grams . Allergens Individuals with a latex allergy may experience a reaction to bananas . Culture Food and cooking See also : Cooking plantain and List of banana dishes Banana with Lemon curry made in a house of Andhra Pradesh , Vijayawada Fruit Bananas are a staple starch for many tropical populations . Depending upon cultivar and ripeness , the flesh can vary in taste from starchy to sweet , and texture from firm to mushy . Both the skin and inner part can be eaten raw or cooked . The primary component of the aroma of fresh bananas is isoamyl acetate ( also known as banana oil ) , which , along with several other compounds such as butyl acetate and isobutyl acetate , is a significant contributor to banana flavor . During the ripening process , bananas produce the gas ethylene , which acts as a plant hormone and indirectly affects the flavor . Among other things , ethylene stimulates the formation of amylase , an enzyme that breaks down starch into sugar , influencing the taste of bananas . The greener , less ripe bananas contain higher levels of starch and , consequently , have a `` starchier '' taste . On the other hand , yellow bananas taste sweeter due to higher sugar concentrations . Furthermore , ethylene signals the production of pectinase , an enzyme which breaks down the pectin between the cells of the banana , causing the banana to soften as it ripens . Bananas are eaten deep fried , baked in their skin in a split bamboo , or steamed in glutinous rice wrapped in a banana leaf . Bananas can be made into jam . Banana pancakes are popular amongst backpackers and other travelers in South Asia and Southeast Asia . This has elicited the expression Banana Pancake Trail for those places in Asia that cater to this group of travelers . Banana chips are a snack produced from sliced dehydrated or fried banana or plantain , which have a dark brown color and an intense banana taste . Dried bananas are also ground to make banana flour . Extracting juice is difficult , because when a banana is compressed , it simply turns to pulp . Bananas feature prominently in Philippine cuisine , being part of traditional dishes and desserts like maruya , turón , and halo - halo or saba con yelo . Most of these dishes use the Saba or Cardaba banana cultivar . Bananas are also commonly used in cuisine in the South - Indian state of Kerala , where they are steamed ( puzhungiyathu ) , made into curries , fried into chips , ( upperi ) or fried in batter ( pazhampori ) . Pisang goreng , bananas fried with batter similar to the Filipino maruya or Kerala pazhampori , is a popular dessert in Malaysia , Singapore , and Indonesia . A similar dish is known in the United Kingdom and United States as banana fritters . Plantains are used in various stews and curries or cooked , baked or mashed in much the same way as potatoes , such as the pazham pachadi dish prepared in Kerala . Seeded bananas ( Musa balbisiana ) , one of the forerunners of the common domesticated banana , are sold in markets in Indonesia . Flower Banana hearts are used as a vegetable in South Asian and Southeast Asian cuisine , either raw or steamed with dips or cooked in soups , curries and fried foods . The flavor resembles that of artichoke . As with artichokes , both the fleshy part of the bracts and the heart are edible . Leaves Main article : Banana leaf Banana leaves are large , flexible , and waterproof . They are often used as ecologically friendly disposable food containers or as `` plates '' in South Asia and several Southeast Asian countries . In Indonesian cuisine , banana leaf is employed in cooking method called pepes and botok ; the banana leaf packages containing food ingredients and spices are cooked on steam , in boiled water or grilled on charcoal . In the South Indian states of Tamil Nadu , Karnataka , Andhra Pradesh and Kerala in every occasion the food must be served in a banana leaf and as a part of the food a banana is served . Steamed with dishes they impart a subtle sweet flavor . They often serve as a wrapping for grilling food . The leaves contain the juices , protect food from burning and add a subtle flavor . In Tamil Nadu ( India ) leaves are fully dried and used as packing material for food stuffs and also making cups to hold liquid foods . In Central American countries , banana leaves are often used as wrappers for tamales . Trunk The tender core of the banana plant 's trunk is also used in South Asian and Southeast Asian cuisine , and notably in the Burmese dish mohinga . Fiber Textiles Banana fiber harvested from the pseudostems and leaves of the plant has been used for textiles in Asia since at least the 13th century . Both fruit - bearing and fibrous varieties of the banana plant have been used . In the Japanese system Kijōka - bashōfu , leaves and shoots are cut from the plant periodically to ensure softness . Harvested shoots are first boiled in lye to prepare fibers for yarn - making . These banana shoots produce fibers of varying degrees of softness , yielding yarns and textiles with differing qualities for specific uses . For example , the outermost fibers of the shoots are the coarsest , and are suitable for tablecloths , while the softest innermost fibers are desirable for kimono and kamishimo . This traditional Japanese cloth - making process requires many steps , all performed by hand . In a Nepalese system the trunk is harvested instead , and small pieces are subjected to a softening process , mechanical fiber extraction , bleaching and drying . After that , the fibers are sent to the Kathmandu Valley for use in rugs with a silk - like texture . These banana fiber rugs are woven by traditional Nepalese hand - knotting methods , and are sold RugMark certified . In South Indian state of Tamil Nadu after harvesting for fruit the trunk ( outer layer of the shoot ) is made into fine thread used in making of flower garlands instead of thread . In India , a banana fiber separator machine has been developed , which takes the agricultural waste of local banana harvests and extracts strands of the fiber . Paper Main article : Banana paper Banana fiber is used in the production of banana paper . Banana paper is made from two different parts : the bark of the banana plant , mainly used for artistic purposes , or from the fibers of the stem and non-usable fruits . The paper is either hand - made or by industrial process . Cultural roles Coconut , banana and banana leaves used while worshiping River Kaveri at Tiruchirappalli , India . Banana flowers and leaves for sale in the Thanin market in Chiang Mai , Thailand . Arts The song `` Yes ! We Have No Bananas '' was written by Frank Silver and Irving Cohn and originally released in 1923 ; for many decades , it was the best - selling sheet music in history . Since then the song has been rerecorded several times and has been particularly popular during banana shortages . A person slipping on a banana peel has been a staple of physical comedy for generations . An American comedy recording from 1910 features a popular character of the time , `` Uncle Josh '' , claiming to describe his own such incident : Now I do n't think much of the man that throws a banana peelin ' on the sidewalk , and I do n't think much of the banana peel that throws a man on the sidewalk neither ... my foot hit the bananer peelin ' and I went up in the air , and I come down ker - plunk , jist as I was pickin ' myself up a little boy come runnin ' across the street ... he says , `` Oh mister , wo n't you please do that agin ? My little brother did n't see you do it . '' The poet Bashō is named after the Japanese word for a banana plant . The `` bashō '' planted in his garden by a grateful student became a source of inspiration to his poetry , as well as a symbol of his life and home . The cover artwork for the debut album of The Velvet Underground features a banana made by Andy Warhol . On the original vinyl LP version , the design allowed the listener to `` peel '' this banana to find a pink , peeled phallic banana on the inside . Religion and popular beliefs Nang Tani , the female ghost of Thai folklore that haunts banana plants In Burma , bunches of green bananas surrounding a green coconut in a tray form an important part of traditional offerings to the Buddha and the Nats . In all the important festivals and occasions of Hindus , the serving of bananas plays a prominent part . Traditionally in Tamil marriages , banana plants are tied on both sides of the entrance of houses to bless the newlyweds to be useful to each other . The banana is one of three fruits with this significance , the others being mango and jack fruit . In Thailand , it is believed that a certain type of banana plants may be inhabited by a spirit , Nang Tani , a type of ghost related to trees and similar plants that manifests itself as a young woman . Often people tie a length of colored satin cloth around the pseudostem of the banana plants . In Malay folklore , the ghost known as Pontianak is associated with banana plants ( pokok pisang ) , and its spirit is said to reside in them during the day . Racist symbol There is a long racist history of describing people of African descent as being more like monkeys than humans , and due to the assumption in popular culture that monkeys like bananas , bananas have been used in symbolic acts of hate speech . In April 2014 , during a match at Villarreal 's stadium , El Madrigal , Dani Alves was targeted by Villareal supporter David Campaya Lleo , who threw a banana at him . Alves picked up the banana , peeled it and took a bite , and the meme went viral on social media in support of him . Racist taunts are an ongoing problem in football . Bananas were hung from nooses around the campus of American University in May 2017 after the student body elected its first black woman student government president . Unicode The Unicode standard includes the emoji character U + 1F34C 🍌 BANANA ( HTML & # 127820 ; ) . Other uses The large leaves may be used as umbrellas . Banana peel may have capability to extract heavy metal contamination from river water , similar to other purification materials . In 2007 , banana peel powder was tested as a means of filtration for heavy metals and radionuclides occurring in water produced by the nuclear and fertilizer industries ( cadmium contaminant is present in phosphates ) . When added and thoroughly mixed for 40 minutes , the powder can remove roughly 65 % of heavy metals , and this can be repeated . Waste bananas can be used to feed livestock . Gallery Peeled , whole , and longitudinal section A bunch of Cavendish bananas Kilawin na pusô ng saging , a Filipino dish using banana flowers Nicaraguan Nacatamales , in banana leaves , ready to be steamed Kaeng yuak is a northern Thai curry made with the core of the banana plant Pisang goreng fried banana coated in batter , popular snack in Indonesia Banana in sweet gravy , known as pengat pisang in Malaysia . Banana ' tree ' showing fruit and inflorescence . Banana inflorescence , partially opened Wild banana with flowers and stem growing in reverse direction seen in Réunion Female flowers have petals and other flower parts at the tip of the ovary Wild banana with flowers and stem growing in reverse direction seen in Kodagu , India References ^ Jump up to : `` Banana from ' Fruits of Warm Climates ' by Julia Morton '' . Hort.purdue.edu . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 15 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 16 . 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Last updated on March 25 , 2016 , 10 : 36 Bibliography Nelson , S.C. ; Ploetz , R.C. & Kepler , A.K. ( 2006 ) . `` Musa species ( bananas and plantains ) '' . In Elevitch , C.R. Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry ( PDF ) . Hōlualoa , Hawai'i : Permanent Agriculture Resources ( PAR ) . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 10 . Office of the Gene Technology Regulator ( 2008 ) . The Biology of Musa L. ( banana ) ( PDF ) . Australian Government . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 30 . Ploetz , R.C. ; Kepler , A.K. ; Daniells , J. & Nelson , S.C. ( 2007 ) . `` Banana and Plantain : An Overview with Emphasis on Pacific Island Cultivars '' . In Elevitch , C.R. Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry ( PDF ) . Hōlualoa , Hawai'i : Permanent Agriculture Resources ( PAR ) . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 10 . Stover , R.H. & Simmonds , N.W. ( 1987 ) . Bananas ( 3rd ed . ) . Harlow , England : Longman . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 46357 - 8 . Valmayor , Ramón V. ; Jamaluddin , S.H. ; Silayoi , B. ; Kusumo , S. ; Danh , L.D. ; Pascua , O.C. & Espino , R.R.C. ( 2000 ) . Banana cultivar names and synonyms in Southeast Asia ( PDF ) . Los Baños , Philippines : International Network for Improvement of Banana and Plantain -- Asia and the Pacific Office . ISBN 978 - 971 - 91751 - 2 - 4 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 08 . Further reading Harriet Lamb , `` Fighting The Banana Wars and other Fairtrade Battles '' , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84604 - 083 - 2 External links Kew plant profile : Musa acuminata ( banana ) Articles on banana trade at Agritrade Lists of countries by agricultural output rankings Cereals Barley Buckwheat Maize Millet Oats Rice Rye Sorghum Triticale Wheat exports Fruit Apples Apricots Bananas Citrus Oranges Plums Pear Grapes Mango Tomatoes Vegetables Artichoke Onion Potato Rapeseed Soybean Cucumber Other Cacao Cassava Coffee Cotton Fish Garlic Milk Sugar beet Sugar cane Sunflower seed Tea Tobacco Wine Related Irrigation Land use List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Bananas and plantains Culinary usage Banana beer Banana bread Banana cake Banana chips Banana cue Banana custard Banana flour Bananas Foster Banana fritter Banana ketchup Banana leaf Banana powder Banana pudding Banana split Banana wine Banania Bánh chuối Frozen banana Ginanggang Maruya Matoke Pisang goreng Tonto Turón Related topics Banana equivalent dose Banana paper Banana peel Banana plantation Bananadine BanLec Cooking banana List of banana and plantain diseases List of banana cultivars List of banana dishes Production Banana cultivars Musa acuminata , M. balbisiana , and their hybrid M. × paradisiaca AA Lacatan Lady Finger Señorita AAA Cavendish Dwarf Cavendish Grand Nain Masak Hijau East African Highland bananas Other Gros Michel Red Dacca AAB Iholena Maoli - Popo'ulu Maqueño Popoulu True plantains French Green French Horn Nendran Pink French Tiger Pome Pome Prata - anã Silk Latundan African plantains Others Pisang Seribu Rhino Horn AABB Kalamagol Pisang Awak AB Ney Poovan ABB Blue Java Bluggoe Subgroup Bluggoe Silver Bluggoe Pelipita Pelipia Pilipia Saba Benedetta Cardaba Dippig ABBB Tiparot BBB Kluai Lep Chang Kut Musa section Callimusa Fe'i Karat Utin Iap Yunnan cuisine Adzuki bean Baba Bamboo Banana flower Barbeque Coconut Eggplant Erkuai Ferns Flowers Crossing the bridge noodles Honey Hot pot Jackfruit Jidou liangfen Granny 's potato Lufu Mi gan Mi xian Mushrooms Nashi pear Palm sugar Pineapple rice Pu'er tea Steam pot chicken Rubing Rushan Sichuan pepper Shiping tofu Spring rolls Sweet potato Tangerine Xuanwei ham Xidoufen Zhe'ergen Chinese cuisine History of Chinese cuisine GND : 4204383 - 9 NDL : 00560501 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banana&oldid=843653117 '' Categories : Bananas Fiber plants Staple foods Tropical agriculture Tropical fruit Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from May 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2013 All articles containing potentially dated statements Interlanguage link template link number All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Bikol Central Bislama Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Čeština ChiTumbuka Corsu Cymraeg Dansk ދިވެހިބަސް Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Eʋegbe فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan कॉशुर / کٲشُر Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lingála La . lojban . 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6838330069983406173	Battles of Saratoga	Battles of Saratoga - wikipedia Battles of Saratoga Jump to : navigation , search Battles of Saratoga Part of the American Revolutionary War Saratoga campaign Surrender of General Burgoyne by John Trumbull , 1822 . This painting hangs in the United States Capitol Rotunda . Date September 19 and October 7 , 1777 Location Stillwater , Saratoga County , New York 42 ° 59 ′ 56 '' N 73 ° 38 ′ 15 '' W / 42.99889 ° N 73.63750 ° W / 42.99889 ; - 73.63750 Coordinates : 42 ° 59 ′ 56 '' N 73 ° 38 ′ 15 '' W / 42.99889 ° N 73.63750 ° W / 42.99889 ; - 73.63750 Result Freeman 's Farm : British Pyrrhic victory Bemis Heights : Decisive American victory British surrender October 17 Belligerents United States Canadian auxiliaries Great Britain Quebec Loyalists Hesse Brunswick Commanders and leaders Horatio Gates Benedict Arnold Benjamin Lincoln Enoch Poor Ebenezer Learned Daniel Morgan James Livingston John Burgoyne Simon Fraser † Baron Riedesel Strength 9,000 ( first battle ) over 12,000 ( second battle ) over 15,000 ( at time of surrender ) 7,200 ( first battle ) 6,600 ( second battle ) Casualties and losses 90 killed 240 wounded 440 killed 695 wounded 6,222 captured Saratoga Campaign 1777 Fort Ticonderoga Hubbardton Fort Anne Slaying of Jane McCrea Fort Stanwix Oriskany Bennington 1st Saratoga ( Freeman 's Farm ) Forts Clinton and Montgomery 2nd Saratoga ( Bemis Heights ) Kingston The Battles of Saratoga ( September 19 and October 7 , 1777 ) marked the climax of the Saratoga campaign , giving a decisive victory to the Americans over the British in the American Revolutionary War . British General John Burgoyne led a large invasion army southward from Canada in the Champlain Valley , hoping to meet a similar British force marching northward from New York City and another British force marching eastward from Lake Ontario ; the southern and western forces never arrived , and Burgoyne was surrounded by American forces in upstate New York . He fought two small battles to break out which took place 18 days apart on the same ground , 9 miles ( 14 km ) south of Saratoga , New York . They both failed . Burgoyne found himself trapped by superior American forces with no relief in sight , so he retreated to Saratoga ( now Schuylerville ) and surrendered his entire army there on October 17 . His surrender , says historian Edmund Morgan , `` was a great turning point of the war because it won for Americans the foreign assistance which was the last element needed for victory . '' Burgoyne 's strategy to divide New England from the southern colonies had started well but slowed due to logistical problems . He won a small tactical victory over General Horatio Gates and the Continental Army in the September 19 Battle of Freeman 's Farm at the cost of significant casualties . His gains were erased when he again attacked the Americans in the October 7 Battle of Bemis Heights and the Americans captured a portion of the British defenses . Burgoyne was therefore compelled to retreat , and his army was surrounded by the much larger American force at Saratoga , forcing him to surrender on October 17 . News of Burgoyne 's surrender was instrumental in formally bringing France into the war as an American ally , although it had previously given supplies , ammunition , and guns , notably the de Valliere cannon which played an important role in Saratoga . This battle also resulted in Spain joining France in the war against Britain . The battle on September 19 began when Burgoyne moved some of his troops in an attempt to flank the entrenched American position on Bemis Heights . Benedict Arnold anticipated the maneuver and placed significant forces in his way . Burgoyne did gain control of Freeman 's Farm , but it came at the cost of significant casualties . Skirmishing continued in the days following the battle , while Burgoyne waited in the hope that reinforcements would arrive from New York City . Patriot militia forces continued to arrive , meanwhile , swelling the size of the American army . Disputes within the American camp led Gates to strip Arnold of his command . British General Sir Henry Clinton moved up from New York City and attempted to divert American attention by capturing two forts in the Hudson River highlands on October 6 , but his efforts were too late to help Burgoyne . Burgoyne attacked Bemis Heights again on October 7 after it became apparent that he would not receive relieving aid in time . This battle culminated in heavy fighting marked by Arnold 's spirited rallying of the American troops . Burgoyne 's forces were thrown back to the positions that they held before the September 19 battle and the Americans captured a portion of the entrenched British defenses . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 British situation 1.2 American situation 2 First Saratoga : Battle of Freeman 's Farm ( September 19 ) 2.1 Prelude 2.2 Battle 3 Interlude 4 Second Saratoga : Battle of Bemis Heights ( October 7 ) 4.1 British foray 4.2 American attack 5 Aftermath 5.1 Armies and casualties 5.2 French aid 6 Legacy 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 Further reading 11 External links Background Main article : Saratoga campaign The American Revolutionary War was approaching the two - year point , and the British changed their plans . They decided to split the Thirteen Colonies and isolate New England from what they believed to be the more Loyalist middle and southern colonies . The British command devised a plan to divide the colonies with a three - way pincer movement in 1777 . The western pincer under the command of Barry St. Leger was to progress from Ontario through western New York , following the Mohawk River , and the southern pincer was to progress up the Hudson River valley from New York City . The northern pincer was to proceed southward from Montreal , and the three forces were to meet in the vicinity of Albany , New York , severing New England from the other colonies . British situation General John Burgoyne was referred to by some as `` Gentleman Johnny '' for his manners ( portrait by Sir Joshua Reynolds , c. 1760 ) British General John Burgoyne moved south from the province of Quebec in June 1777 to gain control of the upper Hudson River valley . His campaign had become bogged down in difficulties following a victory at Fort Ticonderoga . Elements of the army had reached the upper Hudson as early as the end of July , but logistical and supply difficulties delayed the main army at Fort Edward . One attempt to alleviate these difficulties failed when nearly 1,000 men were killed or captured at the August 16 Battle of Bennington . Furthermore , news reached Burgoyne on August 28 that St. Leger 's expedition down the Mohawk River valley had turned back after the failed Siege of Fort Stanwix . General William Howe had taken his army from New York City by sea on a campaign to capture Philadelphia instead of moving north to meet Burgoyne . Most of Burgoyne 's Indian support had fled following the loss at Bennington , and his situation was becoming difficult . He needed to reach defensible winter quarters , requiring either retreat back to Ticonderoga or advance to Albany , and he decided to advance . He then deliberately cut communications to the north so that he would not need to maintain a chain of heavily fortified outposts between his position and Ticonderoga , and he decided to cross the Hudson River while he was in a relatively strong position . He ordered Baron Riedesel , who commanded the rear of the army , to abandon outposts from Skenesboro south , and then had the army cross the Hudson just north of Saratoga between September 13 and 15 . American situation General Horatio Gates , portrait by Gilbert Stuart The Continental Army had been in a slow retreat since Burgoyne 's capture of Ticonderoga early in July , under the command of Major General Philip Schuyler , and was encamped south of Stillwater , New York . On August 19 , Major General Horatio Gates assumed command from Schuyler , whose political fortunes had fallen over the loss of Ticonderoga and the ensuing retreat . Gates and Schuyler were from very different backgrounds and did not get along with each other ; they had previously argued over command issues in the army 's Northern Department . The army was growing in size because of increased militia turnout following calls by state governors , the success at Bennington , and widespread outrage over the slaying of Jane McCrea , the fiancée of a Loyalist in Burgoyne 's army by Indians under Burgoyne 's command . General George Washington 's strategic decisions also improved the situation for Gates ' army . Washington was most concerned about the movements of General Howe . He was aware that Burgoyne was also moving , and he took some risks in July . He sent aid north in the form of Major General Benedict Arnold , his most aggressive field commander , and Major General Benjamin Lincoln , a Massachusetts man noted for his influence with the New England militia . He ordered 750 men from Israel Putnam 's forces defending the New York highlands to join Gates ' army in August , before he was certain that Howe had indeed sailed south . He also sent some of the best forces from his own army : Colonel Daniel Morgan and the newly formed Provisional Rifle Corps , which comprised about 500 specially selected riflemen from Pennsylvania , Maryland , and Virginia , chosen for their sharpshooting ability . This unit came to be known as Morgan 's Riflemen . Map showing the movements of the opposing armies in the Saratoga campaign , and plan of the Battles of Saratoga ( inset ) On September 7 , Gates ordered his army to march north . A site was selected for its defensive potential that was known as Bemis Heights , just north of Stillwater and about 10 miles ( 16 km ) south of Saratoga ; the army spent about a week constructing defensive works designed by Polish engineer Tadeusz Kościuszko . The heights had a clear view of the area and commanded the only road to Albany , where it passed through a defile between the heights and the Hudson River . To the west of the heights lay more heavily forested bluffs that would present a significant challenge to any heavily equipped army . First Saratoga : battle of Freeman 's Farm ( September 19 ) Prelude Moving cautiously , since the departure of his Native American support had deprived him of reliable reports on the American position , Burgoyne advanced to the south after crossing the Hudson . On September 18 the vanguard of his army had reached a position just north of Saratoga , about 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) from the American defensive line , and skirmishes occurred between American scouting parties and the leading elements of his army . The American camp had become a bed of festering intrigue ever since Arnold 's return from Fort Stanwix . While he and Gates had previously been on reasonably good terms in spite of their prickly egos , Arnold managed to turn Gates against him by taking on officers friendly to Schuyler as staff , dragging him into the ongoing feud between the two . These conditions had not yet reached a boil on September 19 , but the day 's events contributed to the situation . Gates had assigned the left wing of the defenses to Arnold , and assumed command himself of the right , which was nominally assigned to General Lincoln , whom Gates had detached in August with some troops to harass the British positions behind Burgoyne 's army . Initial dispositions and movements at the Battle of Freeman 's Farm , 19 September 1777 Both Burgoyne and Arnold understood the importance of the American left , and the need to control the heights there . After the morning fog lifted around 10 am , Burgoyne ordered the army to advance in three columns . Baron Riedesel led the left column , consisting of the German troops and the 47th Foot , on the river road , bringing the main artillery and guarding supplies and the boats on the river . General James Inglis Hamilton commanded the center column , consisting of the 9th , 20th , 21st , and 62nd regiments , which would attack the heights , and General Simon Fraser led the right wing with the 24th Regiment and the light infantry and grenadier companies , to turn the American left flank by negotiating the heavily wooded high ground north and west of Bemis Heights . Arnold also realized such a flanking maneuver was likely , and petitioned Gates for permission to move his forces from the heights to meet potential movements , where the American skill at woodlands combat would be at an advantage . Gates , whose preferred strategy was to sit and wait for the expected frontal assault , grudgingly permitted a reconnaissance in force consisting of Daniel Morgan 's men and Henry Dearborn 's light infantry . When Morgan 's men reached an open field northwest of Bemis Heights belonging to Loyalist John Freeman , they spotted British advance troops in the field . Fraser 's column was slightly delayed and had not yet reached the field , while Hamilton 's column had also made its way across a ravine and was approaching the field from the east through dense forest and difficult terrain . Riedesel 's force , while it was on the road , was delayed by obstacles thrown down by the Americans . The sound of gunfire to the west prompted Riedesel to send some of his artillery down a track in that direction . The troops Morgan 's men saw were an advance company from Hamilton 's column . Battle Map depicting the positions at 1 : 00 pm Morgan placed marksmen at strategic positions , who then picked off virtually every officer in the advance company . Morgan and his men then charged , unaware that they were headed directly for Burgoyne 's main army . While they succeeded in driving back the advance company , Fraser 's leading edge arrived just in time to attack Morgan 's left , scattering his men back into the woods . James Wilkinson , who had ridden forward to observe the fire , returned to the American camp for reinforcements . As the British company fell back toward the main column , the leading edge of that column opened fire , killing a number of their own men . Modern view of the battleground of Freeman 's Farm There was then a lull in the fighting around 1 : 00 pm as Hamilton 's men began to form up on the north side of the field , and American reinforcements began to arrive from the south . Learning that Morgan was in trouble , Gates ordered out two more regiments ( 1st and 3rd New Hampshire ) to support him , with additional regiments ( 2nd New York , 4th New York , the 1st Canadian , and Connecticut militia ) from the brigade of Enoch Poor to follow . Burgoyne arrayed Hamilton 's men with the 21st on the right , the 20th on the left , and the 62nd in the center , with the 9th held in reserve . Map depicting the positions at 3 : 00 pm The battle then went through phases alternating between intense fighting and breaks in the action . Morgan 's men had regrouped in the woods , and picked off officers and artillerymen . They were so effective at reducing the latter that the Americans several times gained brief control of British field pieces , only to lose them in the next British charge . At one point it was believed that Burgoyne himself had been taken down by a sharpshooter ; it was instead one of Burgoyne 's aides , riding a richly dressed horse , who was the victim . The center of the British line was very nearly broken at one point , and only the intervention of General Phillips , leading the 20th , made it possible for the 62nd to reform . In Roger Lamb 's memoir , ( a British soldier present at the battle ) , he wrote ' ' In this battle an unusual number of officers fell , as our army abounded with young men of respectability at this time , who after several years of general peace anterior to the American revolution , were attracted to the profession of arms . Three sulbalterns ( officers ) of the 20th regiment on this occasion , the oldest of whom did not exceed the age of seventeen years , were buried together ' ' The final stroke of the battle belonged to the British . Around 3 pm , Riedesel sent a messenger to Burgoyne for instructions . He returned two hours later with orders to guard the baggage train , but also to send as many men as he could spare toward the American right flank . In a calculated risk , Riedesel left 500 men to guard the vital supply train and marched off toward the action with the rest of his column . Two of his companies advanced on the double and opened vicious fire on the American right , and Fraser 's force threatened to turn the American left flank . In response to the latter threat , Arnold requested more forces , and Gates allowed him to dispatch Ebenezer Learned 's brigade ( 2nd , 8th and 9th Massachusetts ) . ( If Arnold had been on the field , these forces might have instead faced the larger danger posed by Riedesel 's force . ) Fortunately for the American right , darkness set in , bringing an end to the battle . The Americans retreated back to their defenses , leaving the British on the field . Map depicting the positions at 5 : 00 pm Burgoyne had gained the field of battle , but suffered nearly 600 casualties . Most of these were to Hamilton 's center column , where the 62nd was reduced to the size of a single company , and three quarters of the artillerymen were killed or wounded . American losses were nearly 300 killed and seriously wounded . It has been widely recounted in histories of this battle that General Arnold was on the field , directing some of the action . However , John Luzader , a former park historian at the Saratoga National Historical Park , carefully documents the evolution of this story and believes it is without foundation in contemporary materials , and that Arnold remained at Gates ' headquarters , receiving news and dispatching orders through messengers . Arnold biographer James Kirby Martin , however , disagrees with Luzader , arguing that Arnold played a more active role at Freeman 's Farm by directing patriot troops into position and possibly leading some charges before being ordered back to headquarters by Gates . Interlude ... an attack or even menace of an attack on Fort Montgomery must be of great use ... Burgoyne to Clinton , September 23 , 1777 Burgoyne 's council discussed whether to attack the next day , and a decision was reached to delay further action at least one day , to September 21 . The army moved to consolidate the position closer to the American line while some men collected their dead . The attack on the 21st was called off when Burgoyne received a letter dated September 12 from Henry Clinton , who was commanding the British garrison in New York City . Clinton suggested that he could `` make a push at ( Fort ) Montgomery in about ten days . '' ( Fort Montgomery was an American post on the Hudson River , in the New York Highlands south of West Point ) . If Clinton left New York on September 22 , `` about ten days '' after he wrote the letter , he still could not hope to arrive in the vicinity of Saratoga before the end of the month . Burgoyne , running low on men and food , was still in a very difficult position , but he decided to wait in the hope that Clinton would arrive to save his army . Burgoyne wrote to Clinton on September 23 , requesting some sort of assistance or diversion to draw Gates ' army away . Clinton sailed from New York on October 3 , and captured Forts Montgomery and Clinton on October 6 . The furthest north any of his troops reached was Clermont , where they raided the estate of the prominent Patriot Livingston family on October 16 . Plan of battlefield of Saratoga , and views of John Neilson 's house ( which served as headquarters for Enoch Poor and Benedict Arnold ) from south , east and inside Unknown to either side at Saratoga , General Lincoln and Colonel John Brown had staged an attack against the British position at Fort Ticonderoga . Lincoln had collected 2,000 men at Bennington by early September . Brown and a detachment of 500 men captured poorly defended positions between Ticonderoga and Lake George , and then spent several days ineffectually bombarding the fort . These men , and some of the prisoners they freed along the way , were back in the American camp by September 29 . In the American camp , the mutual resentment between Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold finally exploded into open hostility . Gates quickly reported the action of September 19 to the Congress and Governor George Clinton of New York , but he failed to mention Arnold at all . The field commanders and men universally credited Arnold for their success . Almost all the troops involved were from Arnold 's command and Arnold was the one directing the battle while Gates sat in his tent . Arnold protested , and the dispute escalated into a shouting match that ended with Gates relieving Arnold of his command and giving it to Benjamin Lincoln . Arnold asked for a transfer to Washington 's command , which Gates granted , but instead of leaving he remained in his tent . There is no documentary evidence for a commonly recounted anecdote that a petition signed by line officers convinced Arnold to stay in camp . During this period there were almost daily clashes between pickets and patrols of the two armies . Morgan 's sharpshooters , familiar with the strategy and tactics of woodland warfare , constantly harassed British patrols on the western flank . As September passed into October it became clear that Clinton was not coming to help Burgoyne , who put the army on short rations on October 3 . The next day , Burgoyne called a war council in which several options were discussed , but no conclusive decisions were made . When the council resumed the next day , Riedesel proposed retreat , in which he was supported by Fraser . Burgoyne refused to consider it , insisting that retreat would be disgraceful . They finally agreed to conduct an assault on the American left flank with two thousand men , more than one - third of the army , on October 7 . The army he was attacking , however , had grown in the interval . In addition to the return of Lincoln 's detachment , militiamen and supplies continued to pour into the American camp , including critical increases in ammunition , which had been severely depleted in the first battle . The army Burgoyne faced on October 7 was more than 12,000 men strong and was led by a man who knew how much trouble Burgoyne was in . Gates had received consistent intelligence from the stream of deserters leaving the British lines and had also intercepted Clinton 's response to Burgoyne 's plea for help . Second Saratoga : battle of Bemis Heights ( October 7 ) British foray Benedict Arnold at Battle of Bemis Heights While Burgoyne 's troop strength was nominally higher , he likely had only about 5,000 effective , battle - ready troops on October 7 , as losses from the earlier battles in the campaign and desertions following the September 19 battle had reduced his forces . General Riedesel advised that the army retreat . Burgoyne decided to reconnoiter the American left flank to see if an attack was possible . As an escort , the generals took Fraser 's Advanced Corps , with light troops and the 24th Foot on the right and the combined British grenadiers on the left , and a force drawn from all the German regiments in the army in the center . There were eight British cannon under Major Williams and two Hesse - Hanau cannon under Captain Pausch . Leaving their camp between 10 and 11 am , they advanced about three - quarters of a mile ( 1 km ) to Barber 's wheat field on a rise above Mill Brook , where they stopped to observe the American position . While the field afforded some room for artillery to work , the flanks were dangerously close to the surrounding woods . Gates , following the removal of Arnold from the field command , assumed command of the American left and gave the right to General Lincoln . When American scouts brought news of Burgoyne 's movement to Gates , he ordered Morgan 's riflemen out to the far left , with Poor 's men ( 1st , 2nd , and 3rd New Hampshire on the left ; the 2nd and 4th New York Regiments ) on the right , and Learned 's ( 1st New York , 1st Canadian , 2nd , 8th and 9th Massachusetts Regiments , plus militia companies ) in the center . A force of 1,200 New York militia under Brigadier General Abraham Ten Broeck was held in reserve behind Learned 's line . In all , more than 8,000 Americans took the field that day , including about 1,400 men from Lincoln 's command that were deployed when the action became particularly fierce . Benedict Arnold portrait by Thomas Hart The opening fire came between 2 and 2 : 30 pm from the British grenadiers . Poor 's men held their fire , and the terrain made the British shooting largely ineffective . When Major Acland led the British grenadiers in a bayonet charge , the Americans finally began shooting at close range . Acland fell , shot in both legs , and many of the grenadiers also went down . Their column was a total rout , and Poor 's men advanced to take Acland and Williams prisoner and capture their artillery . On the American left , things were also not going well for the British . Morgan 's men swept aside the Canadians and Native Americans to engage Fraser 's regulars . Although slightly outnumbered , Morgan managed to break up several British attempts to move west . While General Fraser was mortally wounded in this phase of the battle , a frequently told story claiming it to be the work of Timothy Murphy , one of Morgan 's men , appears to be a 19th - century fabrication . The fall of Fraser and the arrival of Ten Broeck 's large militia brigade ( which roughly equaled the entire British reconnaissance force in size ) , broke the British will , and they began a disorganized retreat toward their entrenchments . Burgoyne was also very nearly killed by one of Morgan 's marksmen ; three shots hit his horse , hat , and waistcoat . The first phase of the battle lasted about one hour and cost Burgoyne nearly 400 men , including the capture of most of the grenadiers ' command , and six of the ten field pieces brought to the action . American attack Troop dispositions and initial movements at the Battle of Bemis Heights At this point , the Americans were joined by an unexpected participant . General Arnold , who was `` betraying great agitation and wrath '' in the American camp , and may have been drinking , rode out to join the action . Gates immediately sent Major Armstrong after him with orders to return ; Armstrong did not catch up with Arnold until the action was effectively over . ( A letter , written by a witness to proceedings in the camp , suggests that Arnold did in fact have authorization from Gates to engage in this action . ) The defenses on the right side of the British camp were anchored by two redoubts . The outermost one was defended by about 300 men under the command of the Hessian Heinrich von Breymann , while the other was under the command of Lord Balcarres . A small contingent of Canadians occupied the ground between these two fortifications . Most of the retreating force headed for Balcarres ' position , as Breymann 's was slightly north and further away from the early action . Arnold led the American chase , and then led Poor 's men in an attack on the Balcarres redoubt . Balcarres had set up his defenses well , and the redoubt was held , in action so fierce that Burgoyne afterwards wrote , `` A more determined perseverance than they showed ... is not in any officer 's experience '' . Seeing that the advance was checked , and that Learned was preparing to attack the Breymann redoubt , Arnold moved toward that action , recklessly riding between the lines and remarkably emerging unhurt . He led the charge of Learned 's men through the gap between the redoubts , which exposed the rear of Breymann 's position , where Morgan 's men had circled around from the far side . In furious battle , the redoubt was taken and Breymann was killed . Arnold 's horse was hit in one of the final volleys , and Arnold 's leg was broken by both shot and the falling horse . Major Armstrong finally caught up with Arnold to officially order him back to headquarters ; he was carried back in a litter . The capture of Breymann 's redoubt exposed the British camp , but darkness was setting in . An attempt by some Germans to retake the redoubt ended in capture as darkness fell and an unreliable guide led them to the American line . Aftermath For more details on Burgoyne 's movements and eventual surrender after these battles , see Saratoga campaign § Surrender . Burgoyne 's failed campaign , as may be seen by the titles of some of the books that cover it in detail , marked a major turning point in the war . After the battle , he withdrew his men 10 -- 15 miles north , near present - day Schuylerville , New York . General Burgoyne returned to England and was never given another commanding position in the British Army . Armies and casualties Boot Monument , depicting Arnold 's injured leg Burgoyne lost 1,000 men in the two battles , leaving him outnumbered by roughly 3 to 1 ; American losses came to about 500 killed and wounded . Burgoyne had also lost several of his most effective leaders , his attempts to capture the American position had failed , and his forward line was now breached . That night he lit fires at his remaining forward positions and withdrew under the cover of darkness . On the morning of October 8 , he was back in the fortified positions he had held on September 16 . By October 13 he was surrounded at Saratoga , and on October 17 he surrendered his army . The remnants of his expedition retreated from Ticonderoga back to Quebec . The British learned that the Americans would fight bravely and effectively . Said one British officer : The courage and obstinacy with which the Americans fought were the astonishment of everyone , and we now became fully convinced that they are not that contemptible enemy we had hitherto imagined them , incapable of standing a regular engagement and that they would only fight behind strong and powerful works . In recognition of his contribution to the battles at Saratoga , General Arnold had his seniority restored ( he had lost it after being passed over for promotion earlier in 1777 ) . His leg wound left Arnold bedridden for five months . Later , while still unfit for field service but serving as military governor of Philadelphia , Arnold entered into treasonous correspondence with the British . He received command of the fort at West Point and plotted to hand it over to the British , only to flee into the British lines when the capture of his contact John Andre led to the exposure of the plot . Arnold went on to serve under William Phillips , the commander of Burgoyne 's right wing , in a 1781 expedition into Virginia . Although he left the direction of the battle to subordinates , General Gates received a great deal of credit as the commanding general for the greatest American victory of the war to date . He may have conspired with others to replace George Washington as the commander - in - chief . Instead , he received the command of the main American army in the South . He led it to a disastrous defeat at the 1780 Battle of Camden , where he was at the forefront of a panicked retreat . Gates never commanded troops in the field again . In response to Burgoyne 's surrender , Congress declared December 18 , 1777 , as a national day `` for solemn Thanksgiving and praise '' ; it was the nation 's first official observance of a holiday with that name . French aid Once news of Burgoyne 's surrender reached France , King Louis XVI decided to enter into negotiations with the Americans that resulted in a formal Franco - American alliance and French entry into the war . This moved the conflict onto a global stage . As a consequence , Britain was forced to divert resources used to fight the war in North America to theaters in the West Indies and Europe , and rely on what turned out to be the chimera of Loyalist support in its North American operations . Being defeated by the British in the French and Indian War more than a decade earlier , France found an opportunity of revenge by aiding the colonists throughout the Revolutionary War . Prior to the Battle of Saratoga , France did n't fully aid the colonists . However , after the Battles of Saratoga were conclusively won by the colonists , France realized that the Americans had the hope of winning the war , and began fully aiding the colonists by sending soldiers , donations , loans , military arms , and supplies . Legacy The battlefield and the site of Burgoyne 's surrender have been preserved , and are now administered by the National Park Service as the Saratoga National Historical Park , which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966 . The park preserves a number of the buildings in the area and contains a variety of monuments . The Saratoga Monument obelisk has four niches , three of which hold statues of American commanders : Gates and Schuyler and of Colonel Daniel Morgan . The fourth niche , where Arnold 's statue would go , is empty . A more dramatic memorial to Arnold 's heroism , that does not name him , is the Boot Monument . Donated by Civil War General John Watts de Peyster , it shows a boot with spurs and the stars of a major general . It stands at the spot where Arnold was shot on October 7 charging Breymann 's redoubt and is dedicated to `` the most brilliant soldier of the Continental Army '' . Six Army National Guard units ( 101st Eng Bn , 102nd Inf , 125th QM Co , 181st Inf , 182nd Inf and 192nd MP Bn ) are derived from American units that participated in the Battle of Saratoga . There are now only thirty units in the U.S. Army with lineages that go back to the colonial era . There are a number of ships named after the battles including USS Saratoga ( 1842 ) , USS Saratoga ( CV - 3 ) , and USS Saratoga ( CV - 60 ) Saratoga Monument obelisk View of the battlefield from the visitor center of Saratoga National Historic Park Benjamin Franklin honored the victory in Saratoga by commissioning and designing an Augustin Dupré medallion . It was minted in Paris in 1783 . The Surrender of General Burgoyne depicted on a 1927 US Postage Stamp See also American Revolutionary War portal Capital District portal List of American Revolutionary War battles Saratoga National Historical Park References Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 355 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 395 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 436 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , p. 230 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 405 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 371 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 368 Jump up ^ Morgan , Edmund ( 1956 ) . The Birth of the Republic : 1763 -- 1789 . pp. 82 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Springfield Armory Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 84 -- 85 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 335 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 82 ^ Jump up to : Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 348 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 320 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 332 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 189 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 265 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , pp. 290 -- 95 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 296 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 337 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 52 -- 53 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 288 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 180 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 216 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 347 -- 48 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 299 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 300 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 351 -- 52 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 352 , 355 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 357 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 356 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , pp. 307 -- 08 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 358 -- 60 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 360 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 309 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 362 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , p. 240 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 310 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , pp. 310 -- 12 Jump up ^ Hagist , Don ( 2004 ) . A British Soldier 's Story : Roger Lamb 's narrative of the American Revolution . p. 48 . Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 367 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , pp. 391 -- 92 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 368 -- 69 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 319 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 515 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , pp. 388 -- 90 , describes the relevant primary sources , and shows how early historians , including Lossing and Stone , gave rise to the story , and its propagation by later historians , including Nickerson . Jump up ^ Martin , James Kirby ( 1997 ) . Benedict Arnold , Revolutionary Hero : An American Warrior Reconsidered . New York University Press . pp. 378 -- 81 , 514 . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 5560 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 343 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 375 -- 76 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , pp. 345 -- 51 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 405 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 376 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 377 -- 79 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , pp. 324 -- 26 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 385 -- 88 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , p. 271 Jump up ^ Charles Kuralt , narrator ( 2009 - 07 - 03 ) . `` Misfortunes of War '' . The Revolutionary War . The Military Channel . Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 333 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , pp. 356 -- 57 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 326 -- 27 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 353 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 358 Jump up ^ Bird p. 223 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , pp. 359 -- 60 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 360 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , pp. 284 -- 85 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , p. 286 ^ Jump up to : Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 361 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 400 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , p. xxii ^ Jump up to : Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 364 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , p. 285 ^ Jump up to : Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 362 Jump up ^ Williams , Stephen ( March 26 , 2016 ) . `` Letters change view of Benedict Arnold , Gen. Gates '' . The Daily Gazette . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 365 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , p. 287 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , pp. 291 -- 95 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 366 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 367 Jump up ^ Nickerson ( 1967 ) , p. 368 Jump up ^ See Ketchum , Morrissey , and Nickerson . Jump up ^ `` The Battle of Saratoga -- A Major Turning Point of The Revolutionary War '' . Saratoga.com . Retrieved 29 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Victor Brooks ; Robert Hohwald ( 1999 ) . How America Fought Its Wars : Military Strategy from the American Revolution to the Civil War . Da Capo Press . p. 78 . Jump up ^ Randall ( 1990 ) , p. 372 Jump up ^ Murphy ( 2007 ) , p. 168 Jump up ^ Pancake ( 1985 ) , pp. 147 -- 51 Jump up ^ Historic Society of Pennsylvania ( 1896 ) , p. 90 Jump up ^ Luzader ( 2008 ) , p. xxiii Jump up ^ Pancake ( 1985 ) , pp. 106 -- 07 Jump up ^ `` States give thanks '' . History.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Washington , George ( 2002 ) . Grizzard , Jr. , Frank E. ; Hoth , David R. , eds . General Orders , 17 December 1777 . The Original Papers of George Washington , Revolutionary War Series . 12 . Charlottesville , Va. : Univ Press of Virginia . pp. 620 -- 621 . Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , pp. 405 -- 48 Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 1997 ) , p. 447 Jump up ^ Perkins , James . `` France in the Revolution '' . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Saratoga National Historical Park Jump up ^ Saratoga activities Archived November 6 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Saratoga National Historical Park Tour Stop 7 Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 101st Engineer Battalion Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 102nd Infantry . Reproduced in Sawicki 1981 , pp. 195 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 125th Quartermaster Company . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 19 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 29 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 181st Infantry . Reproduced in Sawicki 1981 , pp. 354 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 182nd Infantry . Reproduced in Sawicki 1981 , pp. 355 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Lineage and Honors , 192nd Military Police Battalion . Jump up ^ Petty , Dan . `` The US Navy Aircraft Carriers '' . www.navy.mil . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Bennett ( 2008 ) , p. 456 Bibliography Bennett , William J ; Cribb , John ( 2008 ) . The American Patriot 's Almanac . Thomas Nelson Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59555 - 267 - 9 . Historical Society of Pennsylvania ( 1896 ) . The Pennsylvania magazine of history and biography , Volume 20 . Historical Society of Pennsylvania . OCLC 1762062 . Corbett , Theodore. ( 2012 ) No Turning Point : The Saratoga Campaign in Perspective . Norman OK : University of Oklahoma Press . Ketchum , Richard M ( 1997 ) . Saratoga : Turning Point of America 's Revolutionary War . New York : Henry Holt . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 6123 - 9 . OCLC 41397623 . ( Paperback ISBN 0 - 8050 - 6123 - 1 ) Luzader , John F. Saratoga : A Military History of the Decisive Campaign of the American Revolution . New York : Savas Beatie . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932714 - 44 - 9 . Morrissey , Brendan ( 2000 ) . Saratoga 1777 : Turning Point of a Revolution . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85532 - 862 - 4 . OCLC 43419003 . Murphy , Jim ( 2007 ) . The Real Benedict Arnold . Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 395 - 77609 - 4 . Nickerson , Hoffman ( 1967 ) ( 1928 ) . The Turning Point of the Revolution . Port Washington , NY : Kennikat . OCLC 549809 . Pancake , John ( 1985 ) . This Destructive War . University of Alabama Press . ISBN 0 - 8173 - 0191 - 7 . Randall , Willard Sterne ( 1990 ) . Benedict Arnold : Patriot and Traitor . William Morrow and Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55710 - 034 - 4 . Sawicki , James A. ( 1981 ) . Infantry Regiments of the US Army . Dumfries , VA : Wyvern Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9602404 - 3 - 2 . `` Saratoga National Historical Park '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 23 . `` Saratoga National Historical Park -- Tour Stop 7 '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 23 . Bird , Harrison ( 1963 ) . `` March To Saratoga General Burgoyne And The American Campaign 1777 '' . New York Oxford University Press . Further reading Creasy , Sir Edward ( 1908 ) . The Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World . Furneaux , Rupert ( 1971 ) . The Battle of Saratoga . New York : Stein and Day . Mintz , Max M ( 1990 ) . The Generals of Saratoga : John Burgoyne and Horatio Gates . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 04778 - 9 . Patterson , Samuel White ( 1941 ) . Horatio Gates : Defender of American Liberties . Columbia University Press . Savas , Theodore P ; Dameron , J. David ( 2005 ) . A Guide to the Battles of the American Revolution . Savas Beatie . ISBN 1 - 932714 - 12 - X . Ward , Christopher ( 1952 ) . War of the Revolution , 2 Volumes . MacMillan . External links Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Battles of Saratoga . Saratoga : The Tide Turns on the Frontier , a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places ( TwHP ) lesson plan War Boardgame on the Battle of Saratoga Monument to Arnold 's leg at Saratoga , from pbs.org Battle of Bemis ' Heights , and Retreat of Burgoyne `` Battle of Freeman 's Farm '' . Britishbattles.com . Retrieved 9 October 2014 . `` The Battle of Saratoga '' . Britishbattles.com . Retrieved 9 October 2014 . Animated History of the Saratoga Campaign `` Friedrich Kaltofen , one of the intentionally misnamed ' Brunswick Deserters . ' '' . Retrieved 9 October 2014 . 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917949373032716309	Ian McKellen	Ian McKellen - wikipedia Ian McKellen Sir Ian McKellen CH CBE McKellen in 2013 Ian Murray McKellen ( 1939 - 05 - 25 ) 25 May 1939 ( age 79 ) Burnley , Lancashire , England Alma mater St Catharine 's College , Cambridge Occupation Actor Years active 1959 -- present Partner ( s ) Brian Taylor ( 1964 -- 1972 ) Sean Mathias ( 1978 -- 1988 ) Website Official website McKellen ( Antonio Salieri ) alongside Jane Seymour ( Constanze Mozart ) in Amadeus , c. 1981 Sir Ian Murray McKellen CH CBE ( born 25 May 1939 ) is an English actor . He is the recipient of six Laurence Olivier Awards , a Tony Award , a Golden Globe Award , a Screen Actors Guild Award , a BIF Award , two Saturn Awards , four Drama Desk Awards , and two Critics ' Choice Awards . He has also received two Oscar nominations , four BAFTA nominations and five Emmy Award nominations . McKellen 's career spans genres ranging from Shakespearean and modern theatre to popular fantasy and science fiction . The BBC states that his `` performances have guaranteed him a place in the canon of English stage and film actors '' . A recipient of every major theatrical award in the UK , McKellen is regarded as a British cultural icon . He started his professional career in 1961 at the Belgrade Theatre as a member of their highly regarded repertory company . In 1965 , McKellen made his first West End appearance . In 1969 , he was invited to join the Prospect Theatre Company to play the lead parts in Shakespeare 's Richard II and Marlowe 's Edward II , and he firmly established himself as one of the country 's foremost classical actors . In the 1970s , McKellen became a stalwart of the Royal Shakespeare Company and the National Theatre of Great Britain . He achieved worldwide fame for his film roles , including the titular King in Richard III ( 1995 ) , James Whale in Gods and Monsters ( 1998 ) , Magneto in the X-Men films , and Gandalf in The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit trilogies . McKellen was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1979 Birthday Honours , was knighted in the 1991 New Year Honours for services to the performing arts , and made a Companion of Honour for services to drama and to equality in the 2008 New Year Honours . He has been openly gay since 1988 , and continues to be a champion for LGBT social movements worldwide . He was awarded Freedom of the City of London in October 2014 . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Theatre 2.2 Popular success 3 Personal life 4 LGBT activism 4.1 LGBT rights campaigning 4.2 Charity work 4.3 Other work 5 Selected credits 5.1 Stage , filmography , awards and nominations 5.2 Music 5.3 Audiobooks 6 References 7 Sources 8 External links Early life ( edit ) McKellen was born on 25 May 1939 in Burnley , Lancashire , the son of Margery Lois ( née Sutcliffe ) and Denis Murray McKellen , a civil engineer . He was their second child , with a sister , Jean , five years his senior . Shortly before the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939 , his family moved to Wigan . They lived there until Ian was twelve years old , before relocating to Bolton in 1951 , after his father had been promoted . The experience of living through the war as a young child had a lasting impact on him , and he later said that `` only after peace resumed ... did I realise that war was n't normal . '' When an interviewer remarked that he seemed quite calm in the aftermath of 11 September attacks , McKellen said : `` Well , darling , you forget -- I slept under a steel plate until I was four years old . '' . McKellen 's father was a civil engineer and lay preacher , and was of Protestant Irish and Scottish descent . Both of McKellen 's grandfathers were preachers , and his great - great - grandfather , James McKellen , was a `` strict , evangelical Protestant minister '' in Ballymena , County Antrim . His home environment was strongly Christian , but non-orthodox . `` My upbringing was of low nonconformist Christians who felt that you led the Christian life in part by behaving in a Christian manner to everybody you met . '' When he was 12 , his mother died of breast cancer ; his father died when he was 24 . After his coming out as gay to his stepmother , Gladys McKellen , who was a member of the Religious Society of Friends , he said , `` Not only was she not fazed , but as a member of a society which declared its indifference to people 's sexuality years back , I think she was just glad for my sake that I was n't lying anymore . '' His great - great - grandfather Robert J. Lowes was an activist and campaigner in the ultimately successful campaign for a Saturday half - holiday in Manchester , the forerunner to the modern five - day work week , thus making Lowes a `` grandfather of the modern weekend '' . McKellen attended Bolton School ( Boys ' Division ) , of which he is still a supporter , attending regularly to talk to pupils . McKellen 's acting career started at Bolton Little Theatre , of which he is now the patron . An early fascination with the theatre was encouraged by his parents , who took him on a family outing to Peter Pan at the Opera House in Manchester when he was three . When he was nine , his main Christmas present was a fold - away wood and bakelite Victorian theatre from Pollocks Toy Theatres , with cardboard scenery and wires to push on the cut - outs of Cinderella and of Laurence Olivier 's Hamlet . His sister took him to his first Shakespeare play , Twelfth Night , by the amateurs of Wigan 's Little Theatre , shortly followed by their Macbeth and Wigan High School for Girls ' production of A Midsummer Night 's Dream , with music by Mendelssohn , with the role of Bottom played by Jean McKellen , who continued to act , direct , and produce amateur theatre until her death . In 1958 , McKellen , at the age of 18 , won a scholarship to St Catharine 's College , Cambridge , where he read English literature . He has since been made an Honorary Fellow of the College . While at Cambridge , McKellen was a member of the Marlowe Society , where he appeared in 23 plays over the course of 3 years . At that young age he was already giving performances that have since become legendary such as his Justice Shallow in Henry IV alongside Trevor Nunn and Derek Jacobi ( March 1959 ) , Cymbeline ( as Posthumus , opposite Margaret Drabble as Imogen ) and Doctor Faustus . During this period McKellen had already been directed by Peter Hall , John Barton and Dadie Rylands , all of whom would have a huge impact on McKellen 's future career . Career ( edit ) Theatre ( edit ) McKellen with actors Billy Crudup and Patrick Stewart on 24 September 2013 for a press junket at Sardi 's restaurant for Waiting for Godot and No Man 's Land McKellen made his first professional appearance in 1961 at the Belgrade Theatre , as Roper in A Man for All Seasons , although an audio recording of the Marlowe Society 's Cymbeline had gone on commercial sale as part of the Argo Shakespeare series . After four years in regional repertory theatres he made his first West End appearance , in A Scent of Flowers , regarded as a `` notable success '' . In 1965 he was a member of Laurence Olivier 's National Theatre Company at the Old Vic , which led to roles at the Chichester Festival . With the Prospect Theatre Company , McKellen made his breakthrough performances of Richard II ( directed by Richard Cottrell ) and Marlowe 's Edward II ( directed by Toby Robertson ) at the Edinburgh festival in 1969 , the latter causing a storm of protest over the enactment of the homosexual Edward 's lurid death . In the 1970s and 1980s McKellen became a well - known figure in British theatre , performing frequently at the Royal Shakespeare Company and the Royal National Theatre , where he played several leading Shakespearean roles , including the title role in Macbeth ( which he had first played for Trevor Nunn in a `` gripping ... out of the ordinary '' production , with Judi Dench , at Stratford in 1976 ) , and Iago in Othello , in award - winning productions directed by Nunn . Both of these productions were adapted into television films , also directed by Nunn . In 2007 he returned to the Royal Shakespeare Company , in productions of King Lear and The Seagull , both directed by Trevor Nunn . In 2009 he appeared in a very popular revival of Waiting for Godot at London 's Haymarket Theatre , directed by Sean Mathias , and playing opposite Patrick Stewart . He is Patron of English Touring Theatre and also President and Patron of the Little Theatre Guild of Great Britain , an association of amateur theatre organisations throughout the UK . In late August 2012 , he took part in the opening ceremony of the London Paralympics , portraying Prospero from The Tempest . In October 2017 , McKellen played King Lear at Chichester Festival Theatre , a role which he said was likely to be his `` last big Shakespearean part '' . He will perform the play at the Duke of York 's Theatre in London 's West End during the summer of 2018 . Popular success ( edit ) McKellen had taken film roles throughout his career -- beginning in 1969 with his role of George Matthews in A Touch of Love , and his first leading role was in 1980 as D.H. Lawrence in Priest of Love , but it was not until the 1990s that he became more widely recognised in this medium after several roles in blockbuster Hollywood films . In 1993 he had a supporting role as a South African tycoon in the critically acclaimed Six Degrees of Separation , in which he starred with Stockard Channing , Donald Sutherland , and Will Smith . In the same year , he appeared in minor roles in the television miniseries Tales of the City , based on the novel by his friend Armistead Maupin , and the film Last Action Hero , in which he briefly played Death opposite Arnold Schwarzenegger and Charles Dance . Later in 1993 , McKellen appeared in the television film And the Band Played On about the discovery of the AIDS virus for which McKellen won a CableACE Award for Supporting Actor in a Movie or Miniseries and was nominated for the Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie . In 1995 , he played the title role in Richard III , which transported the setting into an alternative 1930s in which England is ruled by fascists . The film was a critical success . McKellen co-produced and co-wrote the film , adapting the play for the screen based on a stage production of Shakespeare 's play directed by Richard Eyre for the Royal National Theatre in which McKellen had appeared . As executive producer he returned his £ 50,000 fee to complete the filming of the final battle . In his review of the film , The Washington Post film critic Hal Hinson called McKellen 's performance a `` lethally flamboyant incarnation '' and said his `` florid mastery ... dominates everything '' . His performance in the title role garnered BAFTA and Golden Globe nominations for Best Actor and won the European Film Award for Best Actor . His screenplay was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay . McKellen at the premiere of The Return of the King in Wellington , New Zealand , 1 December 2003 He appeared in the modestly acclaimed film Apt Pupil , which was directed by Bryan Singer and based on a story by Stephen King . McKellen portrayed a fugitive Nazi officer living under a false name in the US who is befriended by a curious teenager ( Brad Renfro ) who threatens to expose him unless he tells his story in detail . He was subsequently nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in the 1998 film Gods and Monsters , wherein he played James Whale , the director of Show Boat ( 1936 ) and Frankenstein . In 1999 McKellen was cast , again under the direction of Bryan Singer , to play the comic book supervillain Magneto in the 2000 film X-Men and its sequels X2 : X-Men United ( 2003 ) and X-Men : The Last Stand ( 2006 ) . He later made a short appearance as an older Magneto in 2014 's X-Men : Days of Future Past , sharing the role with Michael Fassbender , who played a younger version of the character in 2011 's X-Men : First Class . While filming the first X-Men film in 1999 , McKellen was cast as the wizard Gandalf in Peter Jackson 's three - film adaptation of The Lord of the Rings ( consisting of The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) , The Two Towers ( 2002 ) , and The Return of the King ( 2003 ) ) . He received honors from the Screen Actors Guild for Best Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture for his work in The Fellowship of the Ring and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for the same role . He provided the voice of Gandalf for several video game adaptations of the Lord of the Rings films , then reprised the role on screen in Jackson 's film adaptation of The Hobbit , which was released in three parts from 2012 to 2014 . On 16 March 2002 , he hosted Saturday Night Live . In 2003 , McKellen made a guest appearance as himself on the American cartoon show The Simpsons in a special British - themed episode entitled `` The Regina Monologues '' , along with the then UK Prime Minister Tony Blair and author J.K. Rowling . In April and May 2005 , he played the role of Mel Hutchwright in Granada Television 's long running British soap opera , Coronation Street , fulfilling a lifelong ambition . He narrated Richard Bell 's film Eighteen as a grandfather who leaves his World War II memoirs on audio - cassette for his teenage grandson . McKellen has appeared in limited release films , such as Emile ( which was shot in three weeks following the X2 shoot ) , Neverwas and Asylum . He appeared as Sir Leigh Teabing in The Da Vinci Code . During a 17 May 2006 interview on The Today Show with the Da Vinci Code cast and director , Matt Lauer posed a question to the group about how they would have felt if the film had borne a prominent disclaimer that it is a work of fiction , as some religious groups wanted . McKellen responded , `` I 've often thought the Bible should have a disclaimer in the front saying ' This is fiction . ' I mean , walking on water ? It takes ... an act of faith . And I have faith in this movie -- not that it 's true , not that it 's factual , but that it 's a jolly good story . '' He continued , `` And I think audiences are clever enough and bright enough to separate out fact and fiction , and discuss the thing when they 've seen it '' . McKellen appeared in the 2006 BBC series of Ricky Gervais ' comedy series Extras , where he played himself directing Gervais ' character Andy Millman in a play about gay lovers . McKellen received a 2007 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor - Comedy Series nomination for his performance . In 2009 he portrayed Number Two in The Prisoner , a remake of the 1967 cult series The Prisoner . In 2013 , McKellen co-starred in the ITV sitcom Vicious as Freddie Thornhill , alongside Derek Jacobi . The series revolves around an elderly gay couple who have been together for 50 years . On 23 August 2013 the show was renewed for a six - episode second series which began airing in June 2015 . In November 2013 , McKellen appeared in the Doctor Who 50th anniversary comedy homage The Five ( ish ) Doctors Reboot . In October 2015 , McKellen appeared as Norman to Anthony Hopkins ' Sir in a BBC Two production of Ronald Harwood 's The Dresser , alongside Edward Fox and Emily Watson . In 2017 , McKellen voiced Cogsworth , the Beast 's loyal majordomo , who was turned into a pendulum clock , in a live - action adaptation of Disney 's Beauty and the Beast . Personal life ( edit ) McKellen and his first partner , Brian Taylor , a history teacher from Bolton , began their relationship in 1964 . Their relationship lasted for eight years , ending in 1972 . They lived in London , where McKellen continued to pursue his career as an actor . For over a decade , he has lived in a five - storey Victorian conversion in Narrow Street , Limehouse . In 1978 he met his second partner , Sean Mathias , at the Edinburgh Festival . This relationship lasted until 1988 , and according to Mathias , was tempestuous , with conflicts over McKellen 's success in acting versus Mathias 's somewhat less - successful career . Mathias later directed McKellen in Waiting for Godot at the Theatre Royal Haymarket in 2009 . The pair entered into a business partnership with Evgeny Lebedev , purchasing the lease on The Grapes public house in Narrow Street . McKellen is an atheist . In the late 1980s , McKellen lost his appetite for meat except for fish , and has since followed a mainly pescetarian diet . In 2001 , Ian McKellen received the Artist Citizen of the World Award ( France ) . He has a tattoo of the Elvish number nine , written using J.R. R Tolkien 's Constructed script of Tengwar , on his shoulder in reference to his involvement in the Lord of the Rings and the fact that his character was one of the original nine companions of the Fellowship of the Ring . The other actors of `` The Fellowship '' ( Elijah Wood , Sean Astin , Orlando Bloom , Billy Boyd , Sean Bean , Dominic Monaghan and Viggo Mortensen ) have the same tattoo . John Rhys - Davies , whose character was also one of the original nine companions , arranged for his stunt double to get the tattoo instead . He was diagnosed with prostate cancer in 2006 . In 2012 , McKellen stated on his blog that `` There is no cause for alarm . I am examined regularly and the cancer is contained . I 've not needed any treatment . '' He became an ordained minister of the Universal Life Church in early 2013 in order to preside over the marriage of his friend and X-Men co-star Patrick Stewart to the singer Sunny Ozell . McKellen was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Letters by Cambridge University on 18 June 2014 . He was made a Freeman of the city of London on Thursday 30 October 2014 . The ceremony took place at Guildhall in London . McKellen was nominated by London 's Lord Mayor Fiona Woolf , who said he was chosen as he was an `` exceptional actor '' and `` tireless campaigner for equality '' . He is also a Fellow of St Catherine 's College , Oxford . LGBT activism ( edit ) LGBT rights campaigning ( edit ) McKellen at Manchester Pride 2010 While McKellen had made his sexual orientation known to fellow actors early on in his stage career , it was not until 1988 that he came out to the general public , in a programme on BBC Radio . The context that prompted McKellen 's decision -- overriding any concerns about a possible negative effect on his career -- was that the controversial Section 28 of the Local Government Bill , known simply as Section 28 , was then under consideration in the British Parliament . Section 28 proposed prohibiting local authorities from promoting homosexuality `` ... as a kind of pretended family relationship '' . McKellen became active in fighting the proposed law , and , during a BBC Radio 3 programme where he debated Section 28 with the conservative journalist Peregrine Worsthorne , declared himself gay . McKellen has stated that he was influenced in his decision by the advice and support of his friends , among them noted gay author Armistead Maupin . In a 1998 interview that discusses the 29th anniversary of the Stonewall riots , McKellen commented , I have many regrets about not having come out earlier , but one of them might be that I did n't engage myself in the politicking . He has said of this period : My own participating in that campaign was a focus for people ( to ) take comfort that if Ian McKellen was on board for this , perhaps it would be all right for other people to be as well , gay and straight . Section 28 was , however , enacted and remained on the statute books until 2000 in Scotland and 2003 in England and Wales . Section 28 never applied in Northern Ireland . In 2003 , during an appearance on Have I Got News For You , McKellen claimed when he visited Michael Howard , then Environment Secretary ( responsible for local government ) , in 1988 to lobby against Section 28 , Howard refused to change his position but did ask him to leave an autograph for his children . McKellen agreed , but wrote , `` Fuck off , I 'm gay . '' McKellen described Howard 's junior ministers , Conservatives David Wilshire and Dame Jill Knight , who were the architects of Section 28 , as the ' ugly sisters ' of a political pantomime . McKellen at Europride 2003 in Manchester McKellen has continued to be very active in LGBT rights efforts . In a statement on his website regarding his activism , the actor commented that : I have been reluctant to lobby on other issues I most care about -- nuclear weapons ( against ) , religion ( atheist ) , capital punishment ( anti ) , AIDS ( fund - raiser ) because I never want to be forever spouting , diluting the impact of addressing my most urgent concern ; legal and social equality for gay people worldwide . McKellen is a co-founder of Stonewall , an LGBT rights lobby group in the United Kingdom , named after the Stonewall riots . McKellen is also patron of LGBT History Month , Pride London , Oxford Pride , GAY - GLOS , The Lesbian & Gay Foundation , and FFLAG where he appears in their video `` Parents Talking '' . In 1994 , at the closing ceremony of the Gay Games , he briefly took the stage to address the crowd , saying , `` I 'm Sir Ian McKellen , but you can call me Serena '' : This nickname , given to him by Stephen Fry , had been circulating within the gay community since McKellen 's knighthood was conferred . In 2002 , he was the Celebrity Grand Marshal of the San Francisco Pride Parade and he attended the Academy Awards with his then - boyfriend , New Zealander Nick Cuthell . In 2006 , McKellen spoke at the pre-launch of the 2007 LGBT History Month in the UK , lending his support to the organisation and its founder , Sue Sanders . In 2007 , he became a patron of The Albert Kennedy Trust , an organisation that provides support to young , homeless and troubled LGBT people . In 2006 , he became a patron of Oxford Pride , stating : I send my love to all members of Oxford Pride , their sponsors and supporters , of which I am proud to be one ... Onlookers can be impressed by our confidence and determination to be ourselves and gay people , of whatever age , can be comforted by the occasion to take the first steps towards coming out and leaving the closet forever behind . McKellen has taken his activism internationally , and caused a major stir in Singapore , where he was invited to do an interview on a morning show and shocked the interviewer by asking if they could recommend him a gay bar ; the programme immediately ended . In December 2008 , he was named in Out 's annual Out 100 list . In 2010 , McKellen extended his support for Liverpool 's Homotopia festival in which a group of gay and lesbian Merseyside teenagers helped to produce an anti-homophobia campaign pack for schools and youth centres across the city . In May 2011 , he called Sergey Sobyanin , Moscow 's mayor , a `` coward '' for refusing to allow gay parades in the city . In 2014 , he was named in the top 10 on the World Pride Power list . Charity work ( edit ) In April 2010 , along with actors Brian Cox and Eleanor Bron , McKellen appeared in a series of TV advertisements to support Age UK , the charity recently formed from the merger of Age Concern and Help the Aged . All three actors gave their time free of charge . A cricket fan since childhood , McKellen umpired in March 2011 for a charity cricket match in New Zealand to support earthquake victims of the February 2011 Christchurch earthquake . McKellen is an honorary board member for the New York and Washington , DC based organization Only Make Believe . Only Make Believe creates and performs interactive plays in children 's hospitals and care facilities . He was honoured by the organisation in 2012 and hosted their annual Make Believe on Broadway Gala in November 2013 . He garnered publicity for the organisation by stripping down to his Lord of the Rings underwear on stage . McKellen also has a history of supporting individual theatres . While in New Zealand filming The Hobbit in 2012 , he announced a special New Zealand tour `` Shakespeare , Tolkien , and You ! '' , with proceeds going to help save the Isaac Theatre Royal , which suffered extensive damage during the 2011 Christchurch earthquake . McKellen said he opted to help save the building as it was the last theatre he played in New Zealand ( Waiting for Godot in 2010 ) and the locals ' love for it made it a place worth supporting . In July 2017 , he performed a new one - man show for a week at Park Theatre ( London ) , donating the proceeds to the theatre . Other work ( edit ) A friend of Ian Charleson and an admirer of his work , McKellen contributed an entire chapter to For Ian Charleson : A Tribute . A recording of McKellen 's voice is heard before performances at the Royal Festival Hall , reminding patrons to ensure their mobile phones and watch alarms are switched off and to keep coughing to a minimum . He also took part in the 2012 Summer Paralympics opening ceremony in London as Prospero from Shakespeare 's The Tempest . Selected credits ( edit ) Stage , filmography , awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : Ian McKellen , roles and awards The hands of McKellen on a 1999 Gods and Monsters plaque in London 's Leicester Square Music ( edit ) In 1987 , McKellen appeared reciting Shakespeare while rock group The Fleshtones improvised behind him on Andy Warhol 's Fifteen Minutes which ran on MTV . Vampire in the music video `` Heart '' by Pet Shop Boys The man who 's `` falling out of reach '' in the music video `` Falling Out of Reach '' by Guillemots Appears on the Scissor Sisters track `` Invisible Light '' from their 2010 album `` Night Work '' , reciting a passage regarding the `` Invisible Light '' of the title . Appeared as himself alongside George Ezra in the latter 's music video for `` Listen to the Man '' . Whilst Ezra is singing his song , McKellen joins in and lip - syncs Ezra 's voice . Audiobooks ( edit ) Audiobook narrator of Michelle Paver 's series Wolf Brother , Spirit Walker , Soul Eater , Outcast , Oath Breaker , and Ghost Hunter , as well as a version of Homer 's Odyssey . References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ `` Monitor '' . Entertainment Weekly ( 1208 ) . Time Inc. 25 May 2012 . p. 21 . Jump up ^ Jackson , George ( 4 February 2013 ) . `` Nesbitt does the honours as fellow actor McKellen gets Ulster degree '' . Irish Independent . Independent News & Media . Archived from the original on 24 March 2017 . Retrieved 4 February 2013 . McKellen is recognised as one of the greatest living actors . Jump up ^ `` Sir Ian McKellen receives award from University of Ulster '' . BBC News . BBC . 3 February 2013 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . ( O ) ne of the greatest actors on stage and screen ( ... ) Sir Ian 's performances have guaranteed him a place in the canon of English stage and film actors Jump up ^ `` British Actor Ian Mckellen in China for Shakespeare on Film '' . British Council . 13 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Thirty of the very best of British '' . The Telegraph . 13 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` No. 47888 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 26 June 1979 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` No. 52382 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 28 December 1990 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Ian McKellen '' . Cinema.com . Retrieved 18 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` No. 58557 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 29 December 2007 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Ian McKellen receives Freedom of the City award for gay rights activism '' . The Independent . 31 October 2014 . Retrieved 26 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Barratt 2006 , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ian McKellen From the Beginning '' . Ian McKellen Official Website . Retrieved 5 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pierless Youth '' . The Sunday Times Magazine . 2 January 1977 . Retrieved 5 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Gold , Matea ( 14 November 2009 ) . `` Full Interview with McKellen '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Ian McKellen featured article '' . TheGenealogist . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Ian McKellen : an unofficial biography , Mark Barratt , Virgin Books , 2005 , p. 2 Jump up ^ `` Ian McKellen traces roots to Ballymena '' . UTV . Archived from the original on 4 February 2013 . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Steele , Bruce C. ( 11 December 2001 ) . `` The Knight 's Crusade '' . The Advocate . pp. 36 -- 38 , 40 -- 45 . Archived from the original on 14 September 2008 . Retrieved 16 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Adams , Stephen ( 30 November 2009 ) . `` McKellen about his stepmother '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Furness , Hannah ( 15 January 2017 ) . `` Sir Ian McKellen 's great - great - grandfather helped invent the weekend '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Famous Old Boltonians '' . Bolton School . Archived from the original on 19 January 2012 . Retrieved 14 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bolton Little Theatre '' . Bolton Little Theatre . Retrieved 14 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Curtis , Nick ( 9 December 2005 ) . `` Panto 's grandest Dame '' . Evening Standard . London . Archived from the original on 13 December 2013 . Retrieved 7 February 2010 . Jump up ^ J.W. Braun , The Lord of the Films ( ECW Press , 2009 ) ^ Jump up to : Inside the Actors Studio . Bravo . 8 December 2002 . No. 5 , season 9 ^ Jump up to : Trowbridge , Simon ( 2008 ) . Stratfordians . Oxford , England : Editions Albert Creed . pp. 338 -- 343 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9559830 - 1 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Marlowe Chronology '' . Cambridge University Marlowe Dramatic Society . Archived from the original on 15 June 2011 . Retrieved 31 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Drabble , Margaret ( 1993 ) . `` Stratford revisited '' . In Novy , Marianne . Cross-cultural performances : differences in women 's re-visions of Shakespeare . Urbana : University of Illinois Press . p. 130 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 06323 - 6 . Jump up ^ Steven , Alasdair ( 6 September 2012 ) . `` Obituary : Toby Robertson , OBE , theatre director '' . The Scotsman . The Scotsman . Retrieved 16 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Paddock , Terri ( 31 October 2008 ) . `` McKellen & Stewart Wait in Haymarket Godot '' . Whatsonstage.com . Archived from the original on 16 June 2011 . Retrieved 8 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Wolf , Matt ( 7 May 2009 ) . `` McKellen and Stewart Deliver a ' Godot ' With a Difference '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 8 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Little Theatre Guild of Great Britain '' . Littletheatreguild.org . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` BBC News -- Paralympics : Games opening promises ' journey of discovery ' '' . BBC News . 29 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Ian McKellen says King Lear is his ' last big Shakespeare part ' '' . BBC News . 7 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ian McKellen to play King Lear in London 's West End this summer '' . LondonTheatre.co.uk. 8 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Willmott , Phil ( 9 February 2018 ) . `` Do n't miss Sir Ian McKellen as King Lear '' . LondonBoxOffice.co.uk . Retrieved 9 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Cosmopolitan -- `` Ian McKellen bursts into film '' -- May 1981 Jump up ^ `` Six Degrees of Separation ( 1993 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 15 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Ian McKellen '' . Emmy Award . n.d . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Richard III ( 1995 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 15 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Notes '' . Ian McKellen Official Website . Archived from the original on 30 April 2009 . Retrieved 15 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Empire , May 2006 Jump up ^ `` A Rich ' Richard III ' Rules '' . The Washington Post . 19 January 1996 . Jump up ^ `` Apt Pupil ( 1998 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 15 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Keyes , Rob ( 27 November 2012 ) . `` Patrick Stewart & Ian McKellen Join ' X-Men : Days of Future Past ' '' . Screenrant . Retrieved 28 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 's '' . Ian McKellen Official Website . Retrieved 25 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Rottenberg , Josh ( 10 January 2011 ) . `` Hobbit ' scoop : Ian McKellen and Andy Serkis on board '' . Insidemovies.ew.com . Retrieved 18 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Adrian Salpeter interviews Ian McKellen about Emile '' . Ian McKellen Official Website . Retrieved 27 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` '' Ian McKellen Unable to Suspend Disbelief While Reading the Bible. `` '' . Archived from the original on 14 June 2006 . Retrieved 20 May 2006 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Us Weekly . 17 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Benji ( 11 April 2010 ) . `` The Prisoner : remake of a 1960s TV classic '' . The Sunday Times . London . Jump up ^ `` Vicious '' . ITV Press Centre . ITV . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Vicious ' renewed for second series by ITV , ' Job Lot ' moving to ITV2 '' . Digital Spy. 23 August 2013 . Retrieved 7 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Five ( ish ) Doctors Reboot '' , BBC programmes , retrieved 26 November 2013 Jump up ^ `` Ian McKellen : ' Working with Anthony Hopkins was bliss ' -- BBC News '' . Bbc.co.uk. 31 October 2015 . Retrieved 31 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 10 April 2015 ) . `` Ian McKellen to Play Cogsworth in Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved 11 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ian McKellen profile at Tiscali '' . Tiscali Film and TV . Archived from the original on 17 February 2005 . Retrieved 11 April 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Ian McKellen '' . The Times . London . 27 August 2005 . Retrieved 10 September 2005 . Jump up ^ `` The Grapes History '' , thegrapes.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Famous atheists and their beliefs '' . cnn.com . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Correspondence with Ian McKellen -- Vegetarianism from Ian McKellen Official Website . Retrieved 4 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Artist winners Prize Citizen of the World '' Archived 18 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine ... Institut Citoyen du Cinéma Jump up ^ `` The stars of The Lord of the Rings trilogy reach their journey 's end '' . SciFi.com . Archived from the original on 6 March 2007 . Retrieved 31 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Noah , Sherna ( 11 December 2012 ) . `` Sir Ian McKellen speaks of prostate cancer shock '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 5 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Gwynedd , Myrddin ( 14 December 2012 ) . `` Ian McKellen clarifies prostate cancer reports '' . The New Zealand Herald . APN New Zealand . Retrieved 2 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Patrick Stewart 's Wedding and Ian McKellen - TIME.com '' . TIME.com. 19 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Blum , Haley ( 9 September 2013 ) . `` Patrick Stewart weds girlfriend ; Ian McKellen officiates '' . USA Today . Retrieved 22 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Honorary degrees 2014 '' . Cambridge University Alumni News . Retrieved 19 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Ian McKellen receives Freedom of the City of London '' . cityoflondon.gov.uk . Archived from the original on 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Emeritus Fellows Jump up ^ An archived recording of the programme is online : `` Third Ear : Section 28 '' , BBC Radio 3 , 27 January 1988 Jump up ^ `` When gay became a four - letter word '' . BBC . 20 January 2000 . Retrieved 5 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Third Ear : Section 28 '' , BBC Radio 3 , 27 January 1988 Jump up ^ Mendelsohn , Scott , `` Ian McKellen '' , BOMB Magazine . Fall 1998 . Retrieved on ( 18 July 2012 . ) Jump up ^ 10 things we did n't know this time last week . BBC News . 14 November 2003 . Jump up ^ `` ' Section 28 ' '' . Ian McKellen Official Website. 1 July 1988 . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Activism '' . Ian McKellen Official Website . Retrieved 13 July 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ian McKellen becomes the Albert Kennedy Trust 's new patron '' . The Albert Kennedy Trust . 5 January 2007 . Archived from the original on 11 February 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` LGBT History Month 2007 PreLaunch '' . LGBT History Month . 20 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Aim High '' . the Lesbian & Gay Foundation . Archived from the original on 19 July 2011 . Retrieved 15 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Toby . `` Home '' . fflag.org.uk . Jump up ^ `` SF Pride 2002 San Francisco Ian McKellen '' . www.mckellen.com . n.d . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Ian becomes gay pride patron '' . BBC News . 10 May 2006 . Retrieved 5 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Hudson , Chrys ( 22 October 2007 ) . `` Ian McKellen 's gay comment causes a stir on Singaporean TV '' . GMax.co.za . Archived from the original on 23 May 2012 . Retrieved 12 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ian McKellen . '' Out . December 2008 . Retrieved 28 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer . `` Ian McKellen backs Liverpool anti-homophobia effort '' . Pink News . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Advocate.com Editors . `` McKellen Calls Moscow Mayor a Coward News '' . The Advocate . Archived from the original on 28 May 2011 . Retrieved 18 July 2011 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` World Pride Power List 2014 '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 5 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Sweney , Mark ( 19 April 2010 ) . `` Hollywood actors star in Age UK ad '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 21 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cricket : ' Fill the Basin ' teams named '' . The New Zealand Herald . 7 March 2011 . Retrieved 5 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood vs Wellywood fills The Basin '' . New Zealand.com . Tourism New Zealand . 14 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 3 February 2014 . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Panoptic Artifex -- Christopher Baima & Greg Sweet ( 15 September 2013 ) . `` Honorary Board '' . Only Make Believe . Archived from the original on 31 December 2013 . Retrieved 5 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ian McKellen Makes Magic ... Through Charity '' . Entertainment Weekly . 2 November 2012 . Retrieved 5 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Kornowski , Liat ( 6 November 2013 ) . `` Ian McKellen Strips To His Undies at the Only Make Believe Gala '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved 5 January 2014 . Jump up ^ RadioLIVE . `` Sir Ian McKellen on fundraising for the Isaac Theatre Royal '' . MediaWorks . Retrieved 13 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Cavendish , Dominic ( 3 July 2017 ) . `` Ian McKellen at Park Theatre review : the secret of his success is not lofty knightliness but spry mateyness '' . The Telegraph . ISSN 0307 - 1235 . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Ian McKellen , Alan Bates , Hugh Hudson , et al . For Ian Charleson : A Tribute . London : Constable and Company , 1990 . pp. 125 -- 130 . Jump up ^ White , Michael ( 20 June 2011 ) . `` How to deal with the very worst concert nuisances '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 24 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Jim Pritchard ( July 2010 ) . `` Verdi , La traviata : Soloists , chorus and orchestra of the Royal Opera House . Conductor : Yves Abel . Royal Opera House , Covent Garden , 8.7. 2010 '' . MusicWeb International . Retrieved 24 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ian McKellen by Andy Warhol ( 1928 -- 1987 ) '' . Christie 's . n.d . Retrieved 16 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ian Mckellen in Heart Album '' . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ian Mckellen reads ' Falling Out of Reach ' '' . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Martin , Dan ( 14 April 2010 ) . `` Scissor Sisters collaborate with Ian McKellen : Lord of the Rings actor appears on final track of Scissor Sisters ' long - awaited third album , Night Work '' . The Observer . London . Jump up ^ Graham , Daniella ( 29 October 2014 ) . `` Sir Ian McKellen totally outshines George Ezra in Listen to the Man video '' . Metro . Retrieved 12 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ian McKellen reads Chronicles of Ancient Darkness '' . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ian McKellen reads Spirit Walker '' . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ian McKellen reads Soul Eater '' . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ian McKellen reads Outcast '' . Archived from the original on 8 January 2014 . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` McKellen reads Oath Breaker '' . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` McKellen reads Ghost Hunter '' . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` McKellen reading The Odyssey '' . Retrieved 8 January 2014 . Sources ( edit ) Biography portal North West England portal LGBT portal Shakespeare portal Theatre portal Film portal Television portal Radio portal Barratt , Mark ( 2006 ) . Ian McKellen : An Unofficial Biography . London : Virgin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7535 - 1074 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ian McKellen . The papers of Sir Ian McKellen , actor are held by the Victoria and Albert Museum Theatre and Performance Department . Ian McKellen at the Internet Broadway Database Ian McKellen on IMDb Ian McKellen at Box Office Mojo Ian McKellen at the BFI 's Screenonline Biography of Sir Ian McKellen , CH , CBE , Debrett 's Awards for Ian McKellen Annie Award for Voice Acting in a Feature Production Hank Azaria / Ming - Na ( 1998 ) Eli Marienthal ( 1999 ) Tim Allen / Joan Cusack ( 2000 ) Eddie Murphy / Eartha Kitt ( 2001 ) Daveigh Chase ( 2002 ) Ellen DeGeneres ( 2003 ) Brad Bird ( 2004 ) Peter Sallis ( 2005 ) Ian McKellen ( 2006 ) Ian Holm ( 2007 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 2008 ) Jennifer Cody ( 2009 ) Jay Baruchel ( 2010 ) Bill Nighy ( 2011 ) Alan Tudyk ( 2012 ) Josh Gad ( 2013 ) Ben Kingsley ( 2014 ) Phyllis Smith ( 2015 ) Jason Bateman / Auliʻi Cravalho ( 2016 ) Anthony Gonzalez ( 2017 ) BIFA Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a British Independent Film Ray Winstone ( 1998 ) Ian McKellen ( 1999 ) Daniel Craig ( 2000 ) Ben Kingsley ( 2001 ) James Nesbitt ( 2002 ) Chiwetel Ejiofor ( 2003 ) Phil Davis ( 2004 ) Ralph Fiennes ( 2005 ) Tony Curran ( 2006 ) Viggo Mortensen ( 2007 ) Michael Fassbender ( 2008 ) Tom Hardy ( 2009 ) Colin Firth ( 2010 ) Michael Fassbender ( 2011 ) Toby Jones ( 2012 ) James McAvoy ( 2013 ) Brendan Gleeson ( 2014 ) Tom Hardy ( 2015 ) Dave Johns ( 2016 ) Josh O'Connor ( 2017 ) Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Solo Performance Ian McKellen ( 1984 ) Whoopi Goldberg ( 1985 ) Eric Bogosian ( 1986 ) Barbara Cook ( 1987 ) -- ( 1988 ) -- ( 1989 ) Robert Morse ( 1990 ) Eileen Atkins ( 1991 ) Patrick Stewart ( 1992 ) Anna Deavere Smith ( 1993 ) Anna Deavere Smith ( 1994 ) James Lecesne ( 1995 ) Mary Louise Wilson ( 1996 ) Fiona Shaw ( 1997 ) John Leguizamo ( 1998 ) David Hare ( 1999 ) Dame Edna Everage ( 2000 ) Pamela Gien ( 2001 ) Elaine Stritch ( 2002 ) Tovah Feldshuh ( 2003 ) Jefferson Mays ( 2004 ) Billy Crystal ( 2005 ) Antony Sher ( 2006 ) Vanessa Redgrave ( 2007 ) Laurence Fishburne ( 2008 ) Lorenzo Pisoni ( 2009 ) Jim Brochu ( 2010 ) John Leguizamo ( 2011 ) Cillian Murphy ( 2012 ) Michael Urie ( 2013 ) John Douglas Thompson ( 2014 ) Benjamin Scheuer ( 2015 ) Jesse Tyler Ferguson ( 2016 ) Ed Dixon ( 2017 ) Billy Crudup ( 2018 ) Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actor in a Play Anthony Hopkins ( 1975 ) John Wood ( 1976 ) Al Pacino ( 1977 ) Barnard Hughes ( 1978 ) Philip Anglim ( 1979 ) John Rubinstein ( 1980 ) Ian McKellen ( 1981 ) Christopher Plummer ( 1982 ) Harvey Fierstein ( 1983 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 1984 ) John Lithgow ( 1985 ) Ed Harris ( 1986 ) James Earl Jones ( 1987 ) Ron Silver ( 1988 ) Philip Bosco ( 1989 ) Nathan Lane ( 1990 ) Ron Rifkin ( 1991 ) Brian Bedford ( 1992 ) Ron Leibman ( 1993 ) Brian Bedford ( 1994 ) Ralph Fiennes ( 1995 ) Frank Langella ( 1996 ) David Morse / Christopher Plummer ( 1997 ) Anthony LaPaglia ( 1998 ) Brian Dennehy ( 1999 ) Stephen Dillane ( 2000 ) Richard Easton ( 2001 ) Alan Bates ( 2002 ) Eddie Izzard ( 2003 ) Kevin Kline ( 2004 ) Brían F. 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2247432883044746914	The Handmaid's Tale	The Handmaid 's Tale - wikipedia The Handmaid 's Tale For the television series , see The Handmaid 's Tale ( TV series ) . For other uses , see The Handmaid 's Tale ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with The Handmaiden . This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Handmaid 's Tale Cover of the first edition Author Margaret Atwood Cover artist Tad Aronowicz , design ; Gail Geltner , collage ( first edition , hardback ) Country Canada Language English Genre Dystopian novel speculative fiction Publisher McClelland and Stewart Publication date 1985 ( hardcover ) Pages 311 ISBN 0 - 7710 - 0813 - 9 The Handmaid 's Tale is a dystopian novel by Canadian author Margaret Atwood , originally published in 1985 . It is set in a near - future New England , in a totalitarian state resembling a theonomy , which has overthrown the United States government . The novel focuses on the journey of the handmaid Offred . Her name derives from the possessive form `` of Fred '' ; handmaids are forbidden to use their birth names and must echo the male , or master , whom they serve . The Handmaid 's Tale explores themes of women in subjugation in a patriarchal society and the various means by which these women attempt to gain individualism and independence . The novel 's title echoes the component parts of Geoffrey Chaucer 's The Canterbury Tales , which is a series of connected stories ( `` The Merchant 's Tale '' , `` The Parson 's Tale '' , etc . ) . The Handmaid 's Tale is structured into two parts , night and other various events . This novel can be interpreted as a double narrative , Offred 's tale and the handmaids ' tales . The night sections are solely about Offred , and the other sections ( shopping , waiting room , household , etc . ) are the stories that describe the possible life of every handmaid , though from the perspective of Offred . In many of these sections , Offred jumps between past and present as she retells the events leading up to the fall of women 's rights and the current details of the life which she now lives . The Handmaid 's Tale won the 1985 Governor General 's Award and the first Arthur C. Clarke Award in 1987 ; it was also nominated for the 1986 Nebula Award , the 1986 Booker Prize , and the 1987 Prometheus Award . The book has been adapted into a 1990 film , a 2000 opera , a television series , and other media . Contents 1 Plot summary 2 Characters 2.1 Offred 2.2 The Commander 2.3 Serena Joy 2.4 Ofglen 2.5 Nick 2.6 Moira 2.7 Luke 2.8 Professor Pieixoto 3 Setting 3.1 Politics 3.2 Religion 3.3 Caste and class 3.4 Sex and occupation 3.5 Legitimate women 3.6 Illegitimate women 3.7 Men 3.8 Babies 3.9 The Ceremony 3.10 Language 4 Genre classification 4.1 Historical context 5 Critical reception 5.1 Feminist reading 5.2 Race 5.3 Awards 6 Academic reception 6.1 Other use in academia 7 In other media 7.1 Film 7.2 Television 7.3 Radio 7.4 Audio 7.5 Stage 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Works cited 12 Further reading 13 External links Plot summary ( edit ) The Handmaid 's Tale is set in the Republic of Gilead , a theonomic military dictatorship formed within the borders of what was formerly the United States of America . Beginning with a staged attack that kills the President and most of Congress , a radical political group calling itself the `` Sons of Jacob '' and exploiting religious ideology that closely resemble some traits of Christian fundamentalism ( and especially of Christian Reconstructionism ) launches a revolution and suspends the United States Constitution under the pretext of restoring order . They quickly abolish women 's rights , largely attributed to financial records being stored electronically and labelled by sex . The new regime , the Republic of Gilead , moves quickly to consolidate its power , including overtaking all pre-existing religious groups , including traditional Christian denominations , and reorganize society along a new militarized , hierarchical model of Old Testament - inspired social and religious fanaticism among its newly created social classes . In this society , human rights are severely limited and women 's rights are strictly curtailed . For example , women are forbidden to read , and anyone caught in homosexual acts would be hanged for `` gender treachery '' . The story is told in the first person by a woman called Offred . The character is one of a class of women with healthy reproductive systems , in an era of declining birth rates owing to increasing infertility . These women are forcibly assigned to produce children for the ruling class and are known as `` handmaids '' , based on the biblical story of Rachel and her handmaid Bilhah . Offred describes her life during her third assignment as a handmaid , in this case to an important official referred to as `` The Commander '' . Interspersed with her narratives of her present - day experiences are flashback discussions of her life from before and during the beginning of the revolution , when she finds she has lost all autonomy to her husband , their failed attempt to escape to Canada , and finally her indoctrination into life as a handmaid by government - trained women called `` Aunts '' . Offred describes the structure of Gilead 's society , including the different classes of women and their lives within the new theonomy . The women are physically segregated by colour of clothing -- blue , red , green , striped and white -- to signify social class and assigned position , ranked highest to lowest . The Commanders ' wives are dressed in blue , handmaids in red , Marthas ( cooks and maids ) in green . Striped clothing is for all other women ( called `` Econowives '' ) who essentially do everything in the domestic sphere . Young , unmarried girls are dressed in white . The Commander is a high - ranking official in Gilead . Although his contact with Offred is supposed to be limited to `` the ceremony '' , a ritual of rape intended to result in conception and at which his wife is present , he begins an illegal relationship with Offred . Secret meetings occur in his study , which the Commander 's wife is not permitted to enter . The room is filled with books and is considered a private place for the man of the house . During these meetings , he tries to earn her trust by talking and playing board games such as Scrabble with her . He also lets and watches her read , another offense , as women are not permitted to read and write . The Commander offers her contraband products , such as old ( 1970s ) fashion magazines and cosmetics . Finally , he gives her lingerie and takes her to a government - run brothel called Jezebel 's . This brothel is meant to add variety to men 's sex lives which , as claimed by the Commander , is necessary . At Jezebel 's , Offred encounters her friend , Moira , who had escaped from the handmaid training center , and learns how she came to be there . Moira explains that defiant women who could not adjust to the new society might be offered work at Jezebel 's rather than be forced to work in the Colonies , cleaning up radioactive waste . The women in the brothels are allowed alcohol and drugs , a freedom Offred notes . Though they are allowed to choose their patrons , they are discouraged from refusing a man 's advances . The Commander 's wife , Serena Joy , is a minor antagonist . Offred remembers her as a Christian media personality who supported women 's domesticity and subordinate role well before Gilead was established . Serena is clearly bored and unhappy -- that she was taken at her word , Offred assumes -- and hates sharing her husband with a handmaid . Ironically , though , Serena also has secret interactions with Offred , arranging for her to sleep with Nick , the Commander 's driver , in an effort to get Offred pregnant . In return , Serena Joy gives her news of her daughter and a recent photo . Offred has not seen her child since she and her family were captured trying to escape Gilead . After Offred 's initial meeting with Nick , they begin to meet more frequently . Offred discovers she enjoys sex with him , despite her indoctrination and her memories of her husband . She shares potentially dangerous information about her past with him . Through her shopping partner , a woman called Ofglen , Offred learns of the Mayday resistance , an underground network working to overthrow the Republic of Gilead . Shortly after Ofglen 's disappearance ( later revealed as a suicide ) , the Commander 's wife finds evidence of the relationship between Offred and the Commander . Offred contemplates suicide . As the novel concludes , Offred tells Nick that she thinks she is pregnant . Shortly afterwards , she is taken away by men wearing the uniform of the secret police , the Eyes of God , known informally as `` the Eyes '' . As she is led to a waiting van , Nick tells her to trust him and go with the men . It is unclear whether the men are actually Eyes , or members of the Mayday resistance . Offred is unsure if Nick is a member of Mayday or an Eye posing as one , and is unsure if leaving will result in her escape or her capture . She enters the van with her future uncertain . The novel concludes with a metafictional epilogue that explains that the events of the novel occurred shortly after the beginning of what is called `` the Gilead Period '' . The epilogue is `` a partial transcript of the proceedings of the Twelfth Symposium on Gileadean Studies '' written in 2195 and hosted by Professor Maryann Crescent Moon . According to the symposium 's `` keynote speaker '' Professor James Darcy Pieixoto , he and his colleague Professor Knotly Wade discovered Offred 's story recorded onto cassette tapes . They transcribed the tapes , calling them collectively `` the handmaid 's tale '' . Through the tone and actions of the professionals in this final section of the book , the world of academia is highlighted and critiqued , and Pieixoto discusses his team 's search for the characters named in the Tale , and the impossibility of proving the tapes ' authenticity . However , the existence of tapes does imply that Offred escaped and survived for at least a time and thus that the Eyes that collected her were , in fact , part of Mayday . The epilogue also suggests that , following the collapse of the theonomic Republic of Gilead , a more equal society re-emerged -- though not the United States that had previously existed -- with a restoration of full rights for women and freedom of religion . Characters ( edit ) Offred ( edit ) Offred is the protagonist and narrator . She was labeled a `` wanton woman '' when Gilead was established because she had married a man who was divorced . All divorces were nullified by the new government , meaning her husband was now considered still married to his first wife , making Offred an adulteress . In trying to escape Gilead , she was separated from her husband and daughter . She is part of the first generation of Gilead 's women , those who remember pre-Gilead times . Proved fertile , she is considered an important commodity and has been placed as a `` handmaid '' in the home of `` the Commander '' and his wife Serena Joy , to bear a child for them ( Serena Joy is believed to be infertile ) . Offred is a slave name that describes her function : she is `` of Fred '' ( i.e. , she belongs to Fred ( presumed to be the name of the Commander ) , and is considered a concubine ) . In the novel , Offred says that she is not a concubine , but a tool ; a `` two legged womb '' . The Handmaids ' names say nothing about who the women really are ; their only identity is as the Commander 's property . `` Offred '' is also a pun on the word `` offered '' , as in `` offered as a sacrifice '' , and `` of red '' because the red dress assigned for the handmaids in Gilead . The women in training to be handmaids whisper names across their beds at night . The names are `` Alma . Janine . Dolores . Moira . June , '' and all are later accounted for except June . In addition , one of the Aunts tells the handmaids - in - training to stop `` mooning and June - ing '' . From this and other references , some readers have inferred that her birth name could be `` June '' . Miner suggests that `` June '' is a pseudonym . As `` Mayday '' is the name of the Gilead resistance , June could be an invention by the protagonist . The Nunavut conference covered in the epilogue takes place in June . When the Hulu TV series chose to state outright that Offred 's real name is June , Atwood wrote that it was not her original intention to imply that Offred 's real name is June `` but it fits , so readers are welcome to it if they wish '' . The Commander ( edit ) The Commander says that he is a sort of scientist and was previously involved in something similar to market research , pre-Gilead . Later , it is hypothesized , but not confirmed , that he might have been one of the architects of the Republic and its laws . Presumably , his first name is `` Fred '' , though that , too , may be a pseudonym . He engages in forbidden intellectual pursuits with Offred , such as playing Scrabble , and introduces her to a secret club that serves as a brothel for high - ranking officers . Offred learns that the Commander carried on a similar relationship with his previous handmaid and that she killed herself when his wife found out . In the epilogue an academic speculates that one of two figures , both instrumental in the establishment of Gilead , may have been the Commander , based on the name `` Fred '' . It is his belief that the Commander was a man named Frederick R. Waterford who was killed in a purge shortly after Offred was taken away , charged with harboring an enemy agent . Serena Joy ( edit ) Serena Joy is a former televangelist and the Commander 's wife in the fundamentalist theonomy . The state took away her power and public recognition , and tries to hide her past as a television figure . Offred identifies her master 's wife by recalling seeing her on TV when she was a little girl early on Saturday mornings while waiting for the cartoons to air . Believed to be sterile ( although the suggestion is made that the Commander is sterile , Gileadean laws attribute sterility only to women ) , she is forced to accept that he has use of a handmaid . She resents having to take part in the monthly fertility ritual . She strikes a deal with Offred to arrange for her to have sex with Nick in order to become pregnant . According to Professor Pieixoto in the epilogue , `` Serena Joy '' or `` Pam '' are pseudonyms ; the character 's real name is implied to be Thelma . Ofglen ( edit ) Ofglen is a neighbour of Offred 's and a fellow Handmaid . She is partnered with Offred to do the daily shopping . Handmaids are never alone and are expected to police each other 's behaviour . Ofglen is a member of the Mayday resistance . In contrast to Offred , she is daring . She knocks out a Mayday spy who is to be tortured and killed in order to save him the pain of a violent death . Offred is told that when Ofglen vanishes , it is because she has committed suicide before the government can take her into custody due to her membership in the resistance , possibly to avoid giving away any information . A new handmaid , also called Ofglen , takes Ofglen 's place , and is assigned as Offred 's shopping partner . She threatens Offred against any thought of resistance . She breaks protocol by telling her what happened to the first Ofglen . Nick ( edit ) Nick is the Commander 's chauffeur , who lives above the garage . By Serena Joy 's arrangement , he and Offred start a sexual relationship to increase her chance of getting pregnant . If she were unable to bear the Commander a child , she would be declared sterile and shipped to the ecological wastelands of the Colonies . Offred begins to develop feelings for him . Nick is an ambiguous character , and Offred does not know if he is a party loyalist or part of the resistance , though he identifies himself as the latter . The epilogue suggests that he really was part of the resistance , and aided Offred in escaping the Commander 's house . Moira ( edit ) Moira has been a close friend of Offred 's since college . A lesbian , she has resisted the homophobia of Gilead society . Moira is taken to be a Handmaid soon after Offred . She escapes by stealing an Aunt 's pass and clothes , but Offred later finds her working as a prostitute in a party - run brothel . She was caught and chose the brothel rather than to be sent to the Colonies . Luke ( edit ) Luke was Offred 's husband prior to the formation of Gilead , having divorced his first wife to marry her . Under Gilead , all divorces were retroactively nullified , resulting in Offred being considered an adulteress and their daughter illegitimate . Offred was forced to become a Handmaid and her daughter was given to a loyalist family . Since their attempt to escape to Canada , Offred has heard nothing of Luke . Professor Pieixoto ( edit ) Pieixoto is the `` co-discoverer ( with Professor Knotly Wade ) of Offred 's tapes '' . In his presentation at an academic conference , he talks about `` the ' Problems of Authentication in Reference to The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . Pieixoto is therefore the person who is retelling Offred 's story , and so makes the narration even more unreliable than it was originally . Setting ( edit ) The novel is set in an indeterminate future , speculated to be around the year 2005 , with a fundamentalist theonomy ruling the territory of what had been the United States but is now the Republic of Gilead . Individuals are segregated by categories and dressed according to their social functions . Complex dress codes play a key role in imposing social control within the new society and serve to distinguish people by sex , occupation , and caste . The action takes place in what once was the Harvard Square neighbourhood of Cambridge , Massachusetts ; Atwood studied at Radcliffe College , located in this area . Politics ( edit ) In Gilead , the bodies of fertile women are politicized and controlled . The North American population is falling as more men and women become infertile ( though in Gilead , legally , it is only women who can be the cause of infertility ) . Gilead 's treatment of women is based upon a literal , fundamentalist interpretation of the Bible , meaning that women are the property of and subordinate to their husband , father , or head of household . They are not allowed to do anything that would grant them any power independent of this system . They are not allowed to vote , hold a job , read , possess money , or own anything , among many other restrictions . A particular quote from The Handmaid 's Tale sums this up : `` The Republic of Gilead , said Aunt Lydia , knows no bounds . Gilead is within you '' ( HT 5.2 ) . This describes that there is no way around the societal bounds of women in this new state of government . Handmaids , being not allowed to wed , are given two - year assignments with a commander , and lose their own name : they are called `` Of ( their Commander 's first name ) '' , such as the novel 's protagonist , known only as Offred . When a handmaid is reassigned , her name changes with her . Their original identities before the revolution are suppressed , although while being reeducated as handmaids , they surreptitiously share their names with each other . In this book , the government appears to be strong though `` no one in Gilead seems to be a true believer in its revolution '' ( Beauchamp ) . The Commanders , portrayed via Commander Fred , do not agree with their own doctrines . The commander takes Offred at one point to a brothel in order to have sex with her in an informal setting apart from the Ceremony . The wives , portrayed via Serena Joy , former television evangelist , disobey the rules set forth by their commander husbands . Serena smokes black market cigarettes and expresses the forbidden idea that men may be infertile , and schemes to get Offred impregnated by her chauffeur . Religion ( edit ) Bruce Miller , the executive producer of The Handmaid 's Tale television serial , declared with regard to Atwood 's book , as well as his series , that Gilead is `` a society that 's based kind of in a perverse misreading of Old Testament laws and codes '' . The author explains that Gilead tries to embody the `` utopian idealism '' present in 20th - century régimes , as well as earlier New England Puritanism . Both Atwood and Miller stated that the people running Gilead are `` not genuinely Christian '' . The group running Gilead , according to Atwood , is `` not really interested in religion ; they 're interested in power . '' In fact , in her prayers to God , Offred , reflecting on Gilead , prays `` I do n't believe for an instant that what 's going on out there is what You meant ... . I suppose I should say I forgive whoever did this , and whatever they 're doing now . I 'll try , but it is n't easy . '' Margaret Atwood , writing on this , says that `` Offred herself has a private version of the Lord 's Prayer and refuses to believe that this regime has been mandated by a just and merciful God . '' Christian churches that do not support the actions of the Sons of Jacob are systematically demolished , and the people living in Gilead are never seen attending church . Christian denominations , including Quakers , Baptists and Roman Catholics , are specifically named as enemies of the Sons of Jacob . Nuns who refuse conversion are considered `` Unwomen '' and banished to the Colonies , owing to their reluctance to marry and refusal ( or inability ) to bear children . Priests unwilling to convert are executed and hanged from the Wall . Atwood pits Quaker Christians against the régime by having them help the oppressed , something she feels they would do in reality : `` The Quakers have gone underground , and are running an escape route to Canada , as -- I suspect -- they would . '' Jews are named an exception and classified Sons of Jacob . Offred observes that Jews refusing to convert are allowed to emigrate to Israel , and most choose to leave . However , in the Epilogue , Professor Pieixoto reveals that many of the emigrating Jews ended up being dumped into the sea while on the ships ostensibly tasked with transporting them to Israel , due to privatization of the `` repatriation program '' and capitalists ' effort to maximize profits . Offred mentions that many Jews who chose to stay were caught secretly practicing Judaism and executed . Caste and class ( edit ) African Americans , the main non-white ethnic group in this society , are called the Children of Ham . A state TV broadcast mentions they have been relocated en masse to `` National Homelands '' in the Midwest , which are suggestive of the Apartheid - era homelands set up by South Africa . Sex and occupation ( edit ) The sexes are strictly divided . Gilead 's society values reproduction by white women most highly . Women are categorised `` hierarchically according to class status and reproductive capacity '' as well as `` metonymically colour - coded according to their function and their labour '' ( Kauffman 232 ) . The Commander expresses the prevailing opinion that women are considered intellectually and emotionally inferior to men . Women are segregated by clothing , as are men . With rare exception , men wear military or paramilitary uniforms . All classes of men and women are defined by the colors they wear ( as in Aldous Huxley 's dystopian Brave New World ) , drawing on colour symbolism and psychology . All lower - status individuals are regulated by this dress code . All `` non-persons '' are banished to the `` Colonies '' . Sterile , unmarried women are considered to be non-persons . Both men and women sent there wear grey dresses . Legitimate women ( edit ) The bonnets that Handmaids wear are modeled on Old Dutch Cleanser 's faceless mascot , which Atwood in childhood found frightening . Wives The top social level permitted to women , achieved by marriage to higher - ranking officers . Wives always wear blue dresses and cloaks , suggesting traditional depictions of the Virgin Mary in historic Christian art . When a Commander dies , his Wife becomes a Widow and must dress in black . Daughters The natural or adopted children of the ruling class . They wear white until marriage , which is now arranged . The narrator 's daughter may have been adopted by an infertile Wife and Commander and she is shown in a photograph wearing a long white dress . Handmaids Fertile women whose social function is to bear children for infertile Wives . Handmaids dress in ankle - length red dresses , white caps , and heavy boots . In summer , they change into lighter - weight ( but still ankle - length ) dresses and slatted shoes . When in public , in winter , they wear ankle - length red cloaks , red gloves , and heavy white bonnets , which they call `` wings '' because the sides stick out , blocking their peripheral vision and shielding their faces from view . Handmaids are women of proven fertility who have broken the law . The law includes both gender crimes , such as lesbianism ; and religious crimes , such as adultery ( redefined to include sexual relationships with divorced partners since divorce is no longer legal ) . The Republic of Gilead justifies the use of the handmaids for procreation by referring to two biblical stories : Genesis 30 : 1 -- 13 and Genesis 16 : 1 - 4 . In the first story , Jacob 's infertile wife Rachel offers up her handmaid Bilhah to be a surrogate mother on her behalf , and then her sister Leah does the same with her own handmaid Zilpah ( even though Leah has already given Jacob many sons ) . In the other story , which appears earlier in Genesis but is cited less frequently , Abraham has sex with his wife 's handmaid , Hagar . Handmaids are assigned to Commanders and live in their houses . When unassigned , they live at training centers . Handmaids who successfully bear children continue to live at their commander 's house until their children are weaned , at which point they are sent to a new assignment . Those who do produce children , however , will never be declared `` Unwomen '' or sent to the Colonies , even if they never have another baby . Aunts Trainers of the Handmaids . They dress in brown . Aunts promote the role of Handmaid as an honorable way for a sinful woman to redeem herself . They also police the Handmaids , beating some and ordering the maiming of others . The aunts have an unusual amount of autonomy , compared to other women of Gilead . They are the only class of women permitted to read . ( `` The Aunts are allowed to read and write . '' Vintage Books , p. 139 . However , on p. 100 of the Vintage Books edition : `` They played it ( the Beatitudes ) from a disc ; the voice was a man 's . '' In the Anchor Books edition : `` They played it ( the Beatitudes ) from a tape , so not even an Aunt would be guilty of the sin of reading . The voice was a man 's . ( p. 89 . ) '' ) Marthas They are older infertile women who have domestic skills and are compliant , making them suitable as servants . They dress in green smocks . The title of `` Martha '' is based on a story in Luke 10 : 38 -- 42 , where Jesus visits Mary , sister of Lazarus and Martha ; Mary listens to Jesus while Martha works at `` all the preparations that had to be made '' . Econowives Women married to men of lower - rank , not members of the elite . They are expected to perform all the female functions : domestic duties , companionship , and child - bearing . Their dress is multicoloured red , blue , and green to reflect these multiple roles , and is made of notably cheaper material . The division of labour among the women generates some resentment . Marthas , Wives and Econowives perceive Handmaids as promiscuous and are taught to scorn them . Offred mourns that the women of the various groups have lost their ability to empathize with each other . They are divided in their oppression . Illegitimate women ( edit ) Unwomen Sterile women , the unmarried , some widows , feminists , lesbians , nuns , and politically dissident women : all women who are incapable of social integration within the Republic 's strict gender divisions . Gilead exiles Unwomen to `` the Colonies '' , areas both of agricultural production and deadly pollution . Joining them are handmaids who fail to bear a child after three two - year assignments . Jezebels Women forced to become prostitutes and entertainers . They are available only to the Commanders and to their guests . Offred portrays Jezebels as attractive and educated ; they may be unsuitable as handmaids due to temperament . They have been sterilized , a surgery that is forbidden to other women . They operate in unofficial but state - sanctioned brothels , unknown to most women . Jezebels , whose title also comes from the Bible ( note Queen Jezebel in the Books of Kings ) , dress in the remnants of sexualized costumes from `` the time before '' , such as cheerleaders ' costumes , school uniforms , and Playboy Bunny costumes . Jezebels can wear make - up , drink alcohol and socialize with men , but are tightly controlled by the Aunts . When they pass their sexual prime and / or their looks fade , they are discarded without any precision as to whether they are killed or sent to the Colonies in the novel . Men ( edit ) Men are classified into four main categories : Commanders of the Faithful The ruling class . Because of their status , they are entitled to establish a patriarchal household with a Wife , a Handmaid if necessary , Marthas ( female servants ) and Guardians . They have a duty to procreate , but many may be infertile , as a possible result of exposure to a biological agent in pre-Gilead times . They wear black to signify superiority . Eyes The secret police attempting to discover those violating the rules of Gilead . Angels Soldiers who fight in the wars in order to expand and protect the country 's borders . Angels may be permitted to marry . Guardians ( of the Faith ) Soldiers `` used for routine policing and other menial functions '' . They are unsuitable for other work in the republic being `` stupid or older or disabled or very young , apart from the ones that are Eyes incognito '' ( chapter 4 ) . Young Guardians may be promoted to Angels when they come of age . They wear green uniforms . Men who engage in homosexuality or related acts are declared `` gender traitors '' ; they are either hanged or sent to the Colonies to die a slow death . Babies ( edit ) In this society , birth defects have become increasingly common . There are two main categories of human children : Unbabies , also known as `` shredders '' Babies born physically deformed or with some other birth defect . They do not last but Offred does not know what happens to them . Pregnant Handmaids fear giving birth to a damaged child , or unbaby . Gilead forbids abortion and all tests to determine prenatal health of a fetus . Keepers Babies that are born alive with no defects . The ceremony ( edit ) `` The Ceremony '' is a non-marital sexual act sanctioned for reproduction . The ritual requires the Handmaid to lie on her back between the legs of the Wife during the sex act as if they were one person . The Wife has to invite the Handmaid to share her power this way ; many Wives consider this both humiliating and offensive . Offred describes the ceremony : My red skirt is hitched up to my waist , though no higher . Below it the Commander is fucking . What he is fucking is the lower part of my body . I do not say making love , because this is not what he 's doing . Copulating too would be inaccurate , because it would imply two people and only one is involved . Nor does rape cover it : nothing is going on here that I have n't signed up for . Language ( edit ) In the novel 's fictional fundamentalist society , sterile is an outlawed word . In this society , there is no such thing as a sterile man . In this culture , women are either fruitful or barren , the latter of which are declared to be `` unwomen '' and are sent to the colonies with the rest of the `` unwomen '' to do life - threatening work until their death , which is , on average , three years . Atwood emphasises how changes in context affect behaviours and attitudes by repeating the phrase `` Context is all '' throughout the novel , establishing this precept as a motif . Playing the game of Scrabble with her Commander illustrates the key significance of changes in `` context '' ; once `` the game of old men and women '' , the game became forbidden for women to play and therefore `` desirable '' . Through living in a morally rigid society , Offred has come to perceive the world differently from earlier . Offred expresses amazement at how `` It has taken so little time to change our minds about things '' . Wearing revealing clothes and makeup had been part of her former life , but when she sees Japanese tourists dressed that way , she now feels the women are inappropriately dressed . Offred can read but not translate the phrase `` nolite te bastardes carborundorum '' carved into the closet wall of her small bedroom ; this mock - Latin aphorism signifies `` Do n't let the bastards grind you down '' . The significance of this phrase is intensified by the challenges the book has faced , creating a `` Mise en abyme '' as both the protagonist and the reader decipher subversive texts . Genre classification ( edit ) See also : Social science fiction In interviews and essays Atwood has discussed generic classification of The Handmaid 's Tale as `` science fiction '' or `` speculative fiction '' , observing : I like to make a distinction between science fiction proper and speculative fiction . For me , the science fiction label belongs on books with things in them that we ca n't yet do , such as going through a wormhole in space to another universe ; and speculative fiction means a work that employs the means already to hand , such as DNA identification and credit cards , and that takes place on Planet Earth . But the terms are fluid . Hugo - winning science fiction critic David Langford observed in a column : `` The Handmaid 's Tale won the very first Arthur C. Clarke Award in 1987 . She 's been trying to live this down ever since . '' He says : Atwood prefers to say that she writes speculative fiction -- a term coined by SF author Robert A. Heinlein . As she told the Guardian , `` Science fiction has monsters and spaceships ; speculative fiction could really happen . '' She used a subtly different phrasing for New Scientist , `` Oryx and Crake is not science fiction . It is fact within fiction . Science fiction is when you have rockets and chemicals . '' So it was very cruel of New Scientist to describe this interview in the contents list as : `` Margaret Atwood explains why science is crucial to her science fiction . '' ... Play it again , Ms Atwood -- this time for the Book - of - the - Month Club : `` Oryx and Crake is a speculative fiction , not a science fiction proper . It contains no intergalactic space travel , no teleportation , no Martians . '' On BBC1 Breakfast News the distinguished author explained that science fiction , as opposed to what she writes , is characterized by `` talking squids in outer space '' . In distinguishing between these genre labels science fiction and speculative fiction , Atwood acknowledges that others may use the terms interchangeably . But she notes her interest in this type of work to explore themes in ways that `` realistic fiction '' can not do . Historical Context ( edit ) Fitting with her claims that The Handmaid 's Tale is a work of speculative fiction , not science fiction , Atwood 's novel offers a satirical view of various social , political , and religious trends of the 1980s United States . Further , Atwood questions what would happen if these trends , and especially `` casually held attitudes about women '' were taken to their logical end . Atwood continues to argue that all of the scenarios offered in The Handmaid 's Tale have actually occurred in real life -- in an interview she gave regarding Oryx and Crake , Atwood maintains that `` As with The Handmaid 's Tale , I did n't put in anything that we have n't already done , we 're not already doing , we 're seriously trying to do , coupled with trends that are already in progress ... So all of those things are real , and therefore the amount of pure invention is close to nil . '' Atwood was also known to carry around newspaper clippings to her various interviews to support her fiction 's basis in reality . Atwood has explained that The Handmaid 's Tale is a response to those who claim the oppressive , totalitarian , and religious governments that have taken hold in other countries throughout the years `` ca n't happen here '' -- but in this work , she has tried to show how such a takeover might play out . Atwood 's inspiration for the Republic of Gilead came from her time studying early American Puritans while at Harvard , which she attended on a Woodrow Wilson Fellowship . Atwood argues that the modern view of the Puritans -- that they came to America to flee religious persecution in England and set up a religiously tolerant society -- is misleading , and that instead , these Puritan leaders wanted to establish a monolithic theocracy where religious dissent would not be tolerated . Atwood also had a personal connection to the Puritans , and she dedicates the novel to her own ancestor Mary Webster , who was accused of witchcraft in Puritan New England but survived her hanging . Due to the totalitarian nature of Gileadan society , Atwood , in creating the setting , drew from the `` utopian idealism '' present in 20th century régimes , such as Cambodia and Romania , as well as earlier New England Puritanism . Atwood has argued that a coup , such as the one depicted in The Handmaid 's Tale , would misuse religion in order to achieve its own ends : ... if you wanted to seize power in the US , abolish liberal democracy and set up a dictatorship , how would you go about it ? What would be your cover story ? It would not resemble any form of communism or socialism : those would be too unpopular ... Nations never build apparently radical forms of government on foundations that are n't there already . Thus China replaced a state bureaucracy with a similar state bureaucracy under a different name , the USSR replaced the dreaded imperial secret police with an even more dreaded secret police , and so forth . The deep foundation of the US -- so went my thinking -- was not the comparatively recent 18th - century Enlightenment structures of the republic , with their talk of equality and their separation of church and state , but the heavy - handed theocracy of 17th - century Puritan New England , with its marked bias against women , which would need only the opportunity of a period of social chaos to reassert itself . Like any theocracy , this one would select a few passages from the Bible to justify its actions , and it would lean heavily towards the Old Testament , not towards the New . Atwood , with respect to those leading Gilead , further stated : I do n't consider these people to be Christians because they do not have at the core of their behavior and ideologies what I , in my feeble Canadian way , would consider to be the core of Christianity ... and that would be not only love your neighbors but love your enemies . That would also be ' I was sick and you visited me not ' and such and such ... And that would include also concern for the environment , because you ca n't love your neighbor or even your enemy , unless you love your neighbor 's oxygen , food , and water . You ca n't love your neighbor or your enemy if you 're presuming policies that are going to cause those people to die. ... Of course faith can be a force for good and often has been . So faith is a force for good particularly when people are feeling beleaguered and in need of hope . So you can have bad iterations and you can also have the iteration in which people have got too much power and then start abusing it . But that is human behavior , so you ca n't lay it down to religion . You can find the same in any power situation , such as politics or ideologies that purport to be atheist . Need I mention the former Soviet Union ? So it is not a question of religion making people behave badly . It is a question of human beings getting power and then wanting more of it . In the same vein , Atwood also declared that `` In the real world today , some religious groups are leading movements for the protection of vulnerable groups , including women . '' Atwood also draws connections between the ways in which Gilead 's leaders maintain their power and other examples of actual totalitarian governments . In her interviews , Atwood offers up Afghanistan as examples of religious theocracies forcing women out of the public sphere and into their homes , as in Gilead . The `` state - sanctioned murder of dissidents '' was inspired by the Philippines , and the last General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party Nicolae Ceaușescu 's obsession with increasing the birth rate led to the strict policing of pregnant women and the outlawing of birth control and abortion . However , Atwood clearly explains that many of these deplorable acts were not just present in other cultures and countries , `` but within Western society , and within the ' Christian ' tradition itself '' . The Republic of Gilead struggles with infertility , making Offred 's services as a Handmaid vital to producing children and thus reproducing the society . Handmaids themselves are `` untouchable '' , but their ability to signify status is equated to that of slaves or servants throughout history . Atwood connects their concerns with infertility to real - life problems our world faces , such as radiation , chemical pollution , and venereal disease ( HIV / AIDS is specifically mentioned in the `` Historical Notes '' section at the end of the novel , which was a relatively new disease at the time of Atwood 's writing whose long - term impact was still unknown ) . Atwood 's strong stance on environmental issues and their negative consequences for our society has presented itself in other works such as her MaddAddam trilogy , and refers back to her growing up with biologists and her own scientific curiosity . Critical reception ( edit ) The Handmaid 's Tale was well received by critics , helping to cement Atwood 's status as a prominent writer of the 20th century . Not only was the book deemed well - written and compelling , but Atwood 's work was notable for sparking intense debates both in and out of academia . Atwood maintains that the Republic of Gilead is only an extrapolation of trends already seen in the United States at the time of her writing , a view supported by other scholars studying The Handmaid 's Tale . Indeed , many have placed The Handmaid 's Tale in the same category of dystopian fiction as Nineteen Eighty - Four and Brave New World , with the added feature of confronting patriarchy , a categorization that Atwood has accepted and reiterated in many articles and interviews . Even today , many reviewers hold that Atwood 's novel remains as foreboding and powerful as ever , largely because of its basis in historical fact . Yet when her book was first published in 1985 , not all reviewers were convinced of the `` cautionary tale '' Atwood presented . For example , Mary McCarthy 's New York Times review argued that The Handmaid 's Tale lacked the `` surprised recognition '' necessary for readers to see `` our present selves in a distorting mirror , of what we may be turning into if current trends are allowed to continue '' . In the aftermath of the television series ' debut in 2017 , there was much debate on whether parallels could be drawn between the series ( and by extension , this book ) and American society following the election of Donald Trump as President of the United States and that of Mike Pence as Vice President of the United States . Feminist reading ( edit ) Much of the discussion about The Handmaid 's Tale has centered on its categorization as feminist literature . Atwood does not see the Republic of Gilead as a purely feminist dystopia , as not all men have greater rights than women . Instead , this society presents a typical dictatorship : `` shaped like a pyramid , with the powerful of both sexes at the apex , the men generally outranking the women at the same level ; then descending levels of power and status with men and women in each , all the way down to the bottom , where the unmarried men must serve in the ranks before being awarded an Econowife '' . Additionally , Atwood has argued that while some of the observations that informed the content of The Handmaid 's Tale may be feminist , her novel is not meant to say `` one thing to one person '' or serve as a political message -- instead , The Handmaid 's Tale is `` a study of power , and how it operates and how it deforms or shapes the people who are living within that kind of regime '' . Some scholars have offered such a feminist interpretation , however , connecting Atwood 's use of religious fundamentalism in the pages of The Handmaid 's Tale to a condemnation of their presence in current American society . Yet others have argued that The Handmaid 's Tale critiques typical notions of feminism , as Atwood 's novel appears to subvert the traditional `` women helping women '' ideals of the movement and turn toward the possibility of `` the matriarchal network ... and a new form of misogyny : women 's hatred of women '' . Race ( edit ) Other critics have characterized The Handmaid 's Tale as `` white feminism '' , noting that Atwood does away with black people in a few lines by relocating the `` Children of Ham '' while borrowing heavily from the African - American experience and applying it to white women . Other critics have noted the parallels with apartheid and that it misrepresents how black people resist in times of crisis . The writer Mikki Kendall said about the book , It requires me to believe that not only are my people gone , but often that they vanished quietly without any real resistance . As if . Like ... Black people did not survive slavery , Jim Crow & the War on Drugs to be taken out by a handful of white boys with guns . Awards ( edit ) 1985 -- Governor General 's Award for English language fiction ( winner ) 1986 -- Booker Prize ( nominated ) 1986 -- Nebula Award ( nominated ) 1987 -- Arthur C. Clarke Award ( winner ) 1987 -- Prometheus Award ( nominated ) Commonwealth Literature Prize ( winner ) Welsh Arts Council International Writer 's Prize ( winner ) Academic reception ( edit ) Atwood 's novels , and especially her works of speculative fiction The Handmaid 's Tale and Oryx and Crake , are frequently offered as examples for the final , open - ended question on the North American Advanced Placement English Literature and Composition exam each year . As such , her books are often assigned in high - school classrooms to students taking this Advanced Placement course , despite the mature themes the work presents . Atwood herself has expressed surprise that her books are being assigned to high - school audiences , largely due to her own censored education in the 1950s , but she has assured readers that this increased attention from high - school students has not altered the material she has chosen to write about since . Many people have expressed discontent at The Handmaid 's Tale 's presence in the classroom , as it has been frequently challenged or banned over the last 30 years . Some of these challenges have come from parents concerned about the explicit sexuality and other adult themes represented in the book . Others have argued that The Handmaid 's Tale depicts a negative view of religion , a view supported by several academics who propose that Atwood 's work satirizes contemporary religious fundamentalists in the United States , offering a feminist critique of the trends this movement to the Right represents . The American Library Association ( ALA ) lists The Handmaid 's Tale as number 37 on the `` 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990 -- 2000 '' . Atwood participated in discussing The Handmaid 's Tale as the subject of an ALA discussion series titled `` One Book , One Conference '' . Some complaints have included : 1990 : Challenged at Rancho Cotate High School , Rohnert Park , California , as too explicit for students . 1992 : Challenged in schools in Waterloo , Iowa , reportedly because of profanity , lurid passages about sex , and statements defamatory to minorities , God , women , and the disabled . 1993 : Removed because of profanity and sex from the Chicopee , Massachusetts , high - school English class reading list . 1998 : Challenged for use in Richland , Washington , high - school English classes , along with six other titles determined to be `` poor quality literature and ( that ) stress suicide , illicit sex , violence , and hopelessness '' . 1999 : Challenged because of graphic sex , but retained on the advanced placement English list , at George D. Chamberlain High School in Tampa , Florida . 2000 : Downgraded from `` required '' to `` optional '' on the summer reading list for eleventh graders in the Upper Moreland School District near Philadelphia due to `` age - inappropriate '' subject matter . 2001 : Challenged , but retained , in the Dripping Springs , Texas , senior Advanced Placement English course as an optional reading assignment . Some parents were offended by the book 's descriptions of sexual encounters . 2006 : Initially banned by Superintendent Ed Lyman from an advanced placement English curriculum in the Judson independent school district in Texas after a parent complained . Lyman had overruled the recommendation of a committee of teachers , students , and parents ; the committee appealed the decision to the school board , which overturned his ban . 2012 : Challenged as required reading for a Page High School International Baccalaureate class and as optional reading for Advanced Placement reading courses at Grimsley High School in Greensboro , North Carolina because the book is `` sexually explicit , violently graphic and morally corrupt '' . Some parents thought the book is `` detrimental to Christian values '' . According to Education Reporter Kristin Rushowy of the Toronto Star ( 16 January 2009 ) , in 2008 a parent in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , wrote a letter to his son 's high school principal , asking that the book no longer be assigned as required reading , stating that the novel is `` rife with brutality towards and mistreatment of women ( and men at times ) , sexual scenes , and bleak depression '' . Rushowy quotes the response of Russell Morton Brown , a retired University of Toronto English professor , who acknowledged that `` The Handmaid 's Tale was n't likely written for 17 - year - olds , but neither are a lot of things we teach in high school , like Shakespeare ... And they are all the better for reading it . They are on the edge of adulthood already , and there 's no point in coddling them , '' he said , adding , `` they are n't coddled in terms of mass media today anyway '' ... He said the book has been accused of being anti-Christian and , more recently , anti-Islamic because the women are veiled and polygamy is allowed ... But that `` misses the point '' , said Brown . `` It 's really anti-fundamentalism . '' In her earlier account ( 14 January 2009 ) , Rushowy reported that a Toronto District School Board committee was `` reviewing the novel '' . While noting that `` The Handmaid 's Tale is listed as one of the 100 ' most frequently challenged books ' from 1990 to 1999 on the American Library Association 's website '' , Rushowy reports that `` The Canadian Library Association says there is ' no known instance of a challenge to this novel in Canada ' but says the book was called anti-Christian and pornographic by parents after being placed on a reading list for secondary students in Texas in the 1990s . '' In November 2012 two parents in Guilford County , North Carolina protested against inclusion of the book on a required reading list at a local high school . The parents presented the school board with a petition signed by 2,300 people , prompting a review of the book by the school 's media advisory committee . According to local news reports , one of the parents said `` she felt Christian students are bullied in society , in that they 're made to feel uncomfortable about their beliefs by non-believers . She said including books like The Handmaid 's Tale contributes to that discomfort , because of its negative view on religion and its anti-biblical attitudes toward sex . '' Other use in academia ( edit ) In institutions of higher education , professors have found The Handmaid 's Tale to be useful , largely because of its historical and religious basis and Atwood 's captivating delivery . The novel 's teaching points include : introducing politics and the social sciences to students in a more concrete way ; demonstrating the importance of reading to our freedom , both intellectual and political ; and acknowledging the `` most insidious and violent manifestations of power in Western history '' in a compelling manner . The chapter entitled `` Historical Notes '' at the end of the novel also represents a warning to academics who run the risk of misreading and misunderstanding historical texts , pointing to the satirized Professor Pieixoto as an example of a male scholar who has taken over and overpowered Offred 's narrative with his own interpretation . In other media ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Main article : The Handmaid 's Tale ( film ) The 1990 film The Handmaid 's Tale was based on a screenplay by Harold Pinter and directed by Volker Schlöndorff . It stars Natasha Richardson as Offred , Faye Dunaway as Serena Joy , and Robert Duvall as The Commander ( Fred ) . Television ( edit ) Main article : The Handmaid 's Tale ( TV series ) Hulu has produced a television series of the novel starring Elisabeth Moss as Offred . The first three episodes were released on April 26 , 2017 , with subsequent episodes following on a weekly basis . Margaret Atwood served as consulting producer . The show won eight Emmys in 2017 , including best outstanding drama series , outstanding lead actress in a drama series ( Elisabeth Moss ) , outstanding writing for a drama series ( Bruce Miller ) , outstanding supporting actress in a drama series ( Ann Dowd ) , and outstanding directing for a drama series ( Reed Morano ) . The show was renewed for a second season , which premiered on April 25 , 2018 , and in May 2018 , Hulu announced renewal for a third season . Radio ( edit ) A dramatic adaptation of the novel for radio was produced for BBC Radio 4 by John Dryden in 2000 . A Canadian dramatic adaptation for radio was written by playwright Michael O'Brien and produced on CBC Radio in 2002 . Audio ( edit ) An audiobook of the unabridged text , read by Claire Danes ( ISBN 9781491519110 ) , won the 2013 Audie Award for fiction . In 2014 , Canadian band Lakes of Canada released their album Transgressions , which is intended to be a concept album inspired by The Handmaid 's Tale . Stage ( edit ) A stage adaptation written and directed by Bruce Shapiro played at Tufts University in 1989 . An operatic adaptation , The Handmaid 's Tale , by Poul Ruders , premiered in Copenhagen on 6 March 2000 , and was performed by the English National Opera , in London , in 2003 . It was the opening production of the 2004 -- 2005 season of the Canadian Opera Company . A stage adaptation of the novel , by Brendon Burns , for the Haymarket Theatre , Basingstoke , England , toured the UK in 2002 . A ballet adaptation choreographed by Lila York and produced by the Royal Winnipeg Ballet premiered on 16 October 2013 . Amanda Green appeared as Offred and Alexander Gamayunov as The Commander . A one - woman stage show , adapted from the novel , by Joseph Stollenwerk premiered in the U.S. in January 2015 . See also ( edit ) Canada portal 1980s portal Novels portal Implosion - a novel with a similar premise and themes Canadian literature Feminist science fiction Reproduction and pregnancy in speculative fiction Persepolis ( comics ) Greybeard ( 1964 ) by Brian Aldiss , a science fiction novel set in an Earth with an ageing and sterile population Pregnancy in science fiction The White Plague ( 1982 ) by Frank Herbert , a science fiction novel in which a dedicated bio-terrorism weapon kills all women on Earth , subjecting the entire human race to certain extinction The Children of Men - Another future dystopian novel where nearly all are sterile . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Handmaid 's Tale is the inaugural winner of this award for the best science fiction novel published in the United Kingdom during the previous year . Jump up ^ The Prometheus Award is an award for libertarian science fiction novels given out annually by the Libertarian Futurist Society , which also publishes a quarterly journal , Prometheus . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cosstick , Ruth ( January 1986 ) . `` Book review : The Handmaids Tale '' . Vol. 14 no . 1 . CM Archive . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . Tad Aronowicz 's jaggedly surrealistic cover design is most appropriate . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale Study Guide : About Speculative Fiction '' . Gradesaver. 22 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Atwood , Margaret ( 17 June 2005 ) . `` Aliens have taken the place of angels '' . The Guardian . UK . If you 're writing about the future and you are n't doing forecast journalism , you 'll probably be writing something people will call either science fiction or speculative fiction . I like to make a distinction between science fiction proper and speculative fiction . For me , the science fiction label belongs on books with things in them that we ca n't yet do , such as going through a wormhole in space to another universe ; and speculative fiction means a work that employs the means already to hand , such as DNA identification and credit cards , and that takes place on Planet Earth . But the terms are fluid . Some use speculative fiction as an umbrella covering science fiction and all its hyphenated forms -- science fiction fantasy , and so forth -- and others choose the reverse ... I have written two works of science fiction or , if you prefer , speculative fiction : The Handmaid 's Tale and Oryx and Crake . Here are some of the things these kinds of narratives can do that socially realistic novels can not do . ^ Jump up to : Langford 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Douthat , Ross ( 24 May 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale and Ours ' '' . The New York Times . Now , in the era of the Trump administration , liberal TV watchers find a perverse sort of comfort in the horrific alternate reality of the Republic of Gilead , where a cabal of theonomist Christians have established a totalitarian state that forbids women to read , sets a secret police to watch their every move and deploys them as slave - concubines to childless elites . ^ Jump up to : Atwood , Margaret ( 10 March 2017 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on What ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Means in the Age of Trump '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Segovia , José de ( 22 June 2017 ) . Daniel Wickham , ed . `` There is no balm in Atwood 's Gilead '' . Evangelical Focus . A clear example of Atwood _́ s focus on the Reconstructionism of theonomy is his way of representing the death penalty . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Grace , DM ( 1998 ) . `` Handmaid 's Tale Historical Notes and Documentary Subversion '' . Science Fiction Studies . Science Fiction Studies . 25 ( 3 ) : 481 -- 94 . JSTOR 4240726 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Handmaid 's Tale Study Guide : Character List '' . Gradesaver. 22 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Atwood 1986 , p. 220 . Jump up ^ `` Offred 's Real Name In ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Is The Only Piece Of Power She Still Holds '' by Dana Getz , Bustle , April 26 , 2017 , `` In Margaret Atwood 's original novel , Offred 's real name is never revealed . Many eagle - eyed readers deduced that it was June based on contextual clues : Of the names the Handmaids trade in hushed tones as they lie awake at night , `` June '' is the only one that 's never heard again once Offred is narrating . '' https://www.bustle.com/p/offreds-real-name-in-the-handmaids-tale-is-the-only-piece-of-power-she-still-holds-53607 Jump up ^ Madonne 1991 Jump up ^ Oates , Joyce Carol ( 2 November 2006 ) . `` Margaret Atwood 's Tale '' . The New York Review of Books . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Atwood 1998 , An Interview : ' Q : We can figure out that the main character lives in Cambridge , Massachusetts ' Jump up ^ Mccarthy , Mary ( 1986 - 02 - 09 ) . `` No Headline - The New York Times '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : O'Hare , Kate ( 16 April 2017 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' on Hulu : What Should Catholics Think ? '' . Faith & Family Media Blog . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Atwood , Margaret ( 20 January 2012 ) . `` Haunted by the Handmaid 's Tale '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Lucie - Smith , Alexander ( 29 May 2017 ) . `` Should Catholics watch The Handmaid 's Tale ? '' . The Catholic Herald . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Layton E. ( 25 April 2017 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on Christianity , ' The Handmaid 's Tale , ' and What Faithful Activism Looks Like Today '' . Sojourners . Retrieved 18 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Blondiau , Eloise ( 28 April 2017 ) . `` Reflecting on the frightening lessons of ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . America . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Atwood , Margaret ( 10 March 2017 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on What ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Means in the Age of Trump '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 21 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Atwood 1998 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Atwood 1998 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Atwood 1998 , pp. 144 , 192 . Jump up ^ Atwood 1998 , pp. 178 -- 79 . ^ Jump up to : Atwood 1998 , pp. 36 . Jump up ^ Atwood 1998 , pp. 235 . ^ Jump up to : `` An Interview with Margaret Atwood on her novel , The Handmaid 's Tale '' ( PDF ) . Nashville Public Library . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 April 2016 . Retrieved 27 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Gruss , Susanne ( 2004 ) . `` '' People confuse interpersonal relations with legal structures . '' An Interview with Margaret Atwood `` . Gender Forum . Archived from the original on 27 April 2016 . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Neuman , Shirley ( 2006 ) . `` ' Just a Backlash ' : Margaret Atwood , Feminism , and The Handmaid 's Tale '' . University of Toronto Quarterly . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rothstein , Mervyn ( 17 February 1986 ) . `` No Balm in Gilead for Margaret Atwood '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 25 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Evans , Mark ( 1994 ) . Nicholson , Colin , ed . Versions of History : The Handmaid 's Tale and its Dedicatees . Margaret Atwood : Writing and Subjectivity . London : Palgrave Macmillan UK . pp. 177 -- 188 . Jump up ^ `` Emma Watson interviews Margaret Atwood about ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . 14 July 2017 . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Recently , someone said , `` Religion does n't radicalize people , people radicalize religion . '' So you can use any religion as an excuse for being repressive , and you can use any religion as an excuse for resisting repression ; it works both ways , as it does in the book . So that was one set of inspirations . Jump up ^ Curwood , Steve ( 13 June 2014 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on Fiction , The Future , and Environmental Crisis '' . Living on Earth . Retrieved 27 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Greene , Gayle ( July 1986 ) . `` Choice of Evils '' . The Women 's Review of Books . JSTOR 4019952 . Jump up ^ Armbruster , Jane ( Fall 1990 ) . `` Memory and Politics -- A Reflection on `` The Handmaid 's Tale '' `` . Social Justice . JSTOR 29766564 . ^ Jump up to : Atwood , Margaret ( May 2004 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale and Oryx and Crake `` In Context '' `` . PMLA . Jump up ^ Robertson , Adi ( 20 December 2014 ) . `` Does The Handmaid 's Tale hold up ? '' . The Verge . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Newman , Charlotte ( 25 September 2010 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale by Margaret Atwood '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 22 March 2016 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Mary ( 9 February 1986 ) . `` Book Review '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ For articles that attempt to draw parallels between The Handmaid 's Tale and Trump 's election as President of the United States , see : Nally , Claire ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` How The Handmaid 's Tale is being transformed from fantasy into fact '' . The Independent . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Brooks , Katherine ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` How ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Villains Were Inspired By Trump '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Robertson , Adi ( November 9 , 2016 ) . `` In Trump 's America , The Handmaid 's Tale matters more than ever '' . The Verge . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Douthat , Ross ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale , ' and Ours '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ For articles that disagree with attempts to draw parallels between The Handmaid 's Tale and Trump 's election as President of the United States , see : Crispin , Jessa ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale is just like Trump 's America ? Not so fast '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Smith , Kyle ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Sorry : ' Handmaid 's Tale ' tells us nothing about Trump 's America '' . New York Post . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Cohen , Ariel ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Stop comparing ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' to Trump 's America '' . The Washington Examiner . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hines , Molly ( 2006 ) . `` Margaret Atwood 's `` The Handmaid 's Tale '' : Fundamentalist religiosity and the oppression of women `` . Angelo State University . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mercer , Naomi ( 2013 ) . `` '' Subversive Feminist Thrusts `` : Feminist Dystopian Writing and Religious Fundamentalism in Margaret Atwood 's `` The Handmaid 's Tale '' , Louise Marley 's `` The Terrorists of Irustan '' , Marge Piercy 's `` He , She and It '' , and Sheri S. Tepper 's `` Raising the Stones '' `` . University of Wisconsin -- Madison . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Callaway , Alanna ( 2008 ) . `` Women disunited : Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale as a critique of feminism '' . San Jose State University . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale : A White Feminist Dystopia '' . theestablishment.co . Jump up ^ Kendall , Mikki ( June 2017 ) . `` The Handmaid 's Tale 's Greatest Failing Is How It Handles Race '' . Vulture . Jump up ^ `` Mikki Kendall @ Karnythia '' . Twitter . Jump up ^ `` AP English Literature and Composition Exam '' . College Board . Retrieved 26 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Perry , Douglas ( 30 December 2014 ) . `` Margaret Atwood and the ' Four Unwise Republicans ' : 12 surprises from the legendary writer 's Reddit AMA '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990 -- 2000 '' . American Library Association . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report 2002 -- 2003 : One Book , One Conference '' . American Library Association . June 2003 . Archived from the original on 1 December 2009 . Retrieved 21 May 2009 . Concerns inaugural program featuring Margaret Atwood held in Toronto , 19 -- 25 June 2003 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Robert P. ( 2017 ) . Banned Books : Defending Our Freedom to Read . American Library Association . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8389 - 8962 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Rushowy 2009 : `` Committee reviews ' fictional drivel ' alleged to violate board policy on respect , profanity '' . ( In his letter to his son 's school principal ( quoted by Rushowy ) , a parent , Robert Edwards , observes that The Handmaid 's Tale ) `` is rife with brutality towards and mistreatment of women ( and men at times ) , sexual scenes , and bleak depression ... I ca n't really understand what it is my son is supposed to be learning from this fictional drivel ... I have a major problem with a curriculum book that can not be fully read out loud in class , in front of an assembly , directly to a teacher , a parent , or , for that matter , contains attitudes and words that can not be used by students in class discussion or hallway conversation . Let alone a description of situations that must be embarrassing and uncomfortable to any young woman in that class -- and probably the young men , too . '' ( Rushowy reports : ) `` According to Toronto District School board policy , any complaint that ca n't be solved at the school level goes to a review committee ... Such a committee is now reviewing The Handmaid 's Tale ... It met yesterday ( 15 January 2009 ) ... and will eventually make a recommendation to the director of education . If Edwards still is n't satisfied , he can appeal to trustees . '' Jump up ^ Rushowy 2009b : `` Committee to consider objection to book ; concern may centre on sexuality , religion . '' Jump up ^ Carr , Mitch ( 2 November 2012 ) . `` Guilford County moms want reading list criteria changed '' . Winston - Salem Journal . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Burack , Cynthia ( Winter 1988 -- 89 ) . `` Bringing Women 's Studies to Political Science : The Handmaid in the Classroom '' . NWSA Journal . 1 ( 2 ) : 274 -- 283 . JSTOR 4315901 . Jump up ^ Laz , Cheryl ( January 1996 ) . `` Science Fiction and Introductory Sociology : The ' Handmaid ' in the Classroom '' . Teaching Sociology. 24 ( 1 ) : 54 -- 63 . JSTOR 1318898 . Jump up ^ Bergmann , Harriet ( December 1989 ) . `` '' Teaching Them to Read `` : A Fishing Expedition in the Handmaid 's Tale '' . College English . JSTOR 378090 . Jump up ^ Larson , Janet ( Spring 1989 ) . `` Margaret Atwood and the Future of Prophecy '' . Religion and Literature . Jump up ^ Stein , Karen ( 1996 ) . `` Margaret Atwood 's Modest Proposal : The Handmaid 's Tale '' . University of Rhode Island . Retrieved 27 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Hardawar , Devindra ( 29 April 2016 ) . `` Hulu is adapting Margaret Atwood 's ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . Engadget . Retrieved 30 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe . `` ' Hulu Carried to Emmys Glory by Eight Wins for ' Handmaid 's Tale ' '' . Variety = 17 September 2017 . Retrieved 1 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Handmaid 's Tale ' Renewed for Season 3 at Hulu '' . Variety . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gummere , Joe . `` 2013 Audie Awards ® Finalists by category '' . joeaudio.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Artists : Lakes of Canada '' . CBC Music . Retrieved 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tufts University : Department of Drama and Dance : Performances & Events '' . dramadance.tufts.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ Clements , Andrew ( 5 April 2003 ) . `` Classical music & opera '' . The Guardian . UK . Jump up ^ Littler , William ( 15 December 2004 ) , Opera Canada . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's tale '' . UKTW . Jump up ^ `` The Handmaid 's Tale debuts as ballet in Winnipeg '' . CA : CBC News . 15 October 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Lyman , David ( 24 January 2015 ) . `` ' Handmaid 's Tale ' offers extreme view of future '' . Cincinnati.com . Works cited ( edit ) ( 17 June 2005 ) , `` Aliens Have Taken the Place of Angels '' , The Guardian ( 14 Jan 2009 ) , `` Complaint Spurs School Board to Review Novel by Atwood '' , The Toronto Star . Alexander , Lynn ( 22 May 2009 ) , `` The Handmaid 's Tale Working Bibliography '' , Department of English , University of Tennessee at Martin . Hyperlinked to online resources for Alexander , Dr Lynn ( Spring 1999 ) , Women Writers : Magic , Mysticism , and Mayhem ( course ) . Includes entry for book chap . by Kauffman . An Interview with Margaret Atwood on her novel , The Handmaid 's Tale ( n.d. ) . In Nashville Public Library . Armrbuster , J. ( 1990 ) . `` Memory and Politics -- A Reflection on `` The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Social Justice 17 ( 3 ) , 146 -- 52 . Atwood , Margaret ( 1985 ) , The Handmaid 's Tale , Toronto : McClelland & Stewart , ISBN 0 - 7710 - 0813 - 9 ( 1986 ) , The Handmaid 's Tale , New York : Anchor Books. ( 1998 ) , The Handmaid 's Tale , New York : Anchor Books ( div. of Random House ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 49081 - 8 . Parenthetical page references are to the 1998 ed . Digitized 2 June 2008 by Google Books ( 311 pp . ) ( 2005 ) , La Servante écarlate ( The Handmaid 's Tale ) ( in French ) , Rué , Sylviane transl , Paris : J'ai Lu , ISBN 978 - 2 - 290 - 34710 - 2 . Atwood , M. ( 2004 ) . The Handmaid 's Tale and Oryx and Crake `` In Context '' . PMLA , 119 ( 3 ) , 513 -- 517 . Atwood , M. ( 20 January 2012 ) . `` Haunted by the Handmaid 's Tale '' . The Guardian . Bergmann , H.F. ( 1989 ) . `` Teaching Them to Read : A Fishing Expedition in the Handmaid 's Tale '' . College English , 51 ( 8 ) , 847 -- 854 . Burack , C. ( 1988 -- 89 ) . `` Bringing Women 's Studies to Political Science : The Handmaid in the Classroom '' . NWSA Journal 1 ( 2 ) , 274 -- 83 . Callaway , A.A. ( 2008 ) . `` Women disunited : Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale as a critique of feminism '' . San Jose State University . Curwood , Steve . ( 13 June 2014 ) . `` Margaret Atwood on Fiction , The Future , and Environmental Crisis '' . Living on Earth . n.p. Evans , M. ( 1994 ) . `` Versions of History : The Handmaid 's Tale and its Dedicatees '' . In C. Nicholson ( Ed . ) , Margaret Atwood : Writing and Subjectivity ( pp. 177 -- 188 ) . London , United Kingdom : Palgrave Macmillan UK . Greene , Gayle. ( 1986 ) . `` Choice of Evils '' . The Women 's Review of Books 3 ( 10 ) , 14 -- 15 . Gruss , S. ( 2004 ) . `` People confuse personal relations with legal structures '' . An Interview with Margaret Atwood . In Gender Forum . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Hines , M.E. ( 2006 ) . Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale : Fundamentalist Religiosity and the Oppression of Women . N.p. : Angelo State University . Kauffman , Linda ( 1989 ) , `` 6 . Special Delivery : Twenty - First Century Epistolarity in The Handmaid 's Tale '' , in Goldsmith , Elizabeth , Writing the Female Voice : Essays on Epistolary Literature , Boston : Northeastern University Press , pp. 221 -- 44 . Cited in Alexander . Langford , David ( Aug 2003 ) , `` Bits and Pieces '' , SFX ( UK : Ansible ) ( 107 ) . Larson , J.L. ( 1989 ) . `` Margaret Atwood and the Future of Prophecy '' . Religion & Literature 21 ( 1 ) , 27 -- 61 . Laz , C. ( January 1996 ) . `` Science Fiction and Introductory Sociology : The ' Handmaid ' in the Classroom '' . Teaching Sociology , 24 ( 1 ) , 54 -- 63 . Lewis , Lapham H. ( September 2004 ) . `` Tentacles of rage : The Republican propaganda mill , a brief history '' . Harper 's Magazine . Mercer , N. ( 2013 ) . `` Subversive Feminist Thrusts '' : Feminist Dystopian Writing and Religious Fundamentalism in Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale , Louise Marley 's The Terrorists of Irustan , Marge Piercy 's He , She and I. Madison , WI : University of Wisconsin . Miner , Madonne ( 1991 ) , `` ' Trust Me ' : Reading the Romance Plot in Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Twentieth Century Literature 37 : 148 -- 68 , doi : 10.2307 / 441844 . Morris , M. ( 1990 ) . `` Margaret Atwood , The Art of Fiction No. 121 '' . The Paris Review . Neuman , S.C. ( 2006 ) . `` ' Just a Backlash ' : Margaret Atwood , Feminism , and The Handmaid 's Tale '' . University of Toronto Quarterly , 75 ( 3 ) , 857 -- 868 . Oates , J.C. ( 2 November 2006 ) . `` Margaret Atwood 's Tale '' . The New York Review of Books . Perry , D. ( 30 December 2014 ) . `` Margaret Atwood and the ' Four Unwise Republicans ' : 12 surprises from the legendary writer 's Reddit AMA '' . The Oregonian . Rothstein , Mervyn. ( 17 February 1986 ) . `` No Balm in Gilead for Margaret Atwood '' . The New York Times . Rushowy , Kristin ( 16 January 2009 ) . `` Atwood Novel Too Brutal , Sexist For School : Parent '' . The Toronto Star . Archived from the original on 21 April 2016 . Stein , K.F. ( 1996 ) . `` Margaret Atwood 's Modest Proposal : The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Canadian Literature , 148 , 57 -- 72 . The 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990 -- 2000 , American Library Association , 2009 . Andriano , Joseph . `` The Handmaid 's Tale as Scrabble Game . '' Critical Insights : The Handmaid 's Tale , edited by J. Brooks Bouson , Salem , 2009 . Salem Online . Elliott , John . `` A Watershed Moment for Atwood '' The Ottawa Citizen , December 5 , 2004 , pp. A3 . ProQuest , . Further reading ( edit ) Adami , Valentina ( 2011 ) . Bioethics Through Literature : Margaret Atwood 's Cautionary Tales . Trier : WVT . Atwood , Margaret ( 2001 ) . Bloom , Harold , ed . The Handmaid 's Tale . Philadelphia : Chelsea House . Cooper , Pamela ( 1997 ) . `` ' A Body Story with a Vengeance ' : Anatomy and Struggle in The Bell Jar and The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Women 's Studies . 26 ( 1 ) : 89 -- 123 . doi : 10.1080 / 00497878.1997. 9979152 . Dopp , Jamie ( 1994 ) . `` Subject - Position as Victim - Position in The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Studies in Canadian Literature. 19 ( 1 ) : 43 -- 57 . Gardner , Laurel J ( 1994 ) . `` Pornography as a Matter of Power in The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Notes on Contemporary Literature. 24 ( 5 ) : 5 -- 7 . Garretts - Petts , WF ( 1988 ) . `` Reading , Writing and the Postmodern Condition : Interpreting Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Open Letter . Seventh . I . Geddes , Dan ( January 2001 ) . `` Negative Utopia as Polemic : The Handmaid 's Tale '' . The Satirist . Hammer , Stephanie Barbé ( 1990 ) . `` The World as It Will Be ? Female Satire and the Technology of Power in The Handmaid 's Tale '' . Modern Language Studies . XX ( 2 ) : 39 -- 49 . doi : 10.2307 / 3194826 . Malak , Amin ( 1987 ) . `` Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale and the Dystopian Tradition '' . Canadian Literature. 112 : 9 -- 16 . McCarthy , Mary ( 9 February 1986 ) . `` No Headline : The Handmaid 's Tale ( Boston : Houghton Mifflin ) '' . The New York Times ( review ) . Retrieved 11 April 2016 . Mohr , Dunja M. ( 2005 ) , Worlds Apart : Dualism and Transgression in Contemporary Female Dystopias , Jefferson , NC : McFarland 2005 Long chapter on The Handmaid 's Tale as utopia and dystopia . Myrsiades , Linda ( 1999 ) . `` Law , Medicine , and the Sex Slave in Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale '' . In Myrsiades , Kostas ; Myrsiades , Linda . Un-Disciplining Literature : Literature , Law , and Culture . New York : Peter Lang . pp. 219 -- 45 . Stanners , Barbara ; Stanners , Michael ; Atwood , Margaret ( 2004 ) . Margaret Atwood 's The Handmaid 's Tale . Top Notes Literature Guides . Seven Hills , NSW , Australia : Five Senses Education . External links ( edit ) Atwood , Margaret ( April 2003 ) . The Handmaid 's Tale ( Audio file format ) . World Book Club . BBC World Service ... The Handmaid 's Tale ballet at the Royal Winnipeg Ballet The Handmaid 's Tale Epub ( 27 , February 2018 ) Works by Margaret Atwood Novels The Edible Woman ( 1969 ) Surfacing ( 1972 ) Lady Oracle ( 1976 ) Life Before Man ( 1979 ) Bodily Harm ( 1981 ) The Handmaid 's Tale ( 1985 ) Cat 's Eye ( 1988 ) The Robber Bride ( 1993 ) Alias Grace ( 1996 ) The Blind Assassin ( 2000 ) Oryx and Crake ( 2003 ) The Penelopiad ( 2005 ) The Year of the Flood ( 2009 ) MaddAddam ( 2013 ) The Heart Goes Last ( 2015 ) Hag - Seed ( 2016 ) Short fiction collections Dancing Girls ( 1977 ) Murder in the Dark ( 1983 ) Bluebeard 's Egg ( 1983 ) Wilderness Tips ( 1991 ) Good Bones ( 1992 ) Good Bones and Simple Murders ( 1994 ) The Labrador Fiasco ( 1996 ) The Tent ( 2006 ) Moral Disorder ( 2006 ) Stone Mattress ( 2014 ) Short stories `` Rape Fantasies '' ( 1977 ) `` The Resplendent Quetzal '' ( 1977 ) `` Happy Endings '' ( 1983 ) `` Unearthing Suite '' ( 1983 ) `` Freeforall '' ( 1986 ) Poetry collections Double Persephone ( 1961 ) The Circle Game ( 1964 ) Expeditions ( 1965 ) Speeches for Doctor Frankenstein ( 1966 ) The Animals in That Country ( 1968 ) The Journals of Susanna Moodie ( 1970 ) Procedures for Underground ( 1970 ) Power Politics ( 1971 ) Two - Headed Poems ( 1978 ) True Stories ( 1981 ) Interlunar ( 1984 ) Morning in the Burned House ( 1995 ) The Door ( 2007 ) Non-fiction Survival : A Thematic Guide to Canadian Literature ( 1972 ) Negotiating with the Dead : A Writer on Writing ( 2002 ) Writing with Intent : Essays , Reviews , Personal Prose -- 1983 -- 2005 ( 2005 ) Payback : Debt and the Shadow Side of Wealth ( 2008 ) Winners of the Governor General 's Award for English - language fiction 1930s Bertram Brooker , Think of the Earth ( 1936 ) Laura Salverson , The Dark Weaver ( 1937 ) Gwethalyn Graham , Swiss Sonata ( 1938 ) Franklin D. McDowell , The Champlain Road ( 1939 ) 1940s Ringuet , Thirty Acres ( 1940 ) Alan Sullivan , Three Came to Ville Marie ( 1941 ) G. Herbert Sallans , Little Man ( 1942 ) Thomas Head Raddall , The Pied Piper of Dipper Creek ( 1943 ) Gwethalyn Graham , Earth and High Heaven ( 1944 ) Hugh MacLennan , Two Solitudes ( 1945 ) Winifred Bambrick , Continental Revue ( 1946 ) Gabrielle Roy , The Tin Flute ( 1947 ) Hugh MacLennan , The Precipice ( 1948 ) Philip Child , Mr. Ames Against Time ( 1949 ) 1950s Germaine Guèvremont , The Outlander ( 1950 ) Morley Callaghan , The Loved and the Lost ( 1951 ) David Walker , The Pillar ( 1952 ) David Walker , Digby ( 1953 ) Igor Gouzenko , The Fall of a Titan ( 1954 ) Lionel Shapiro , The Sixth of June ( 1955 ) Adele Wiseman , The Sacrifice ( 1956 ) Gabrielle Roy , Street of Riches ( 1957 ) Colin McDougall , Execution ( 1958 ) Hugh MacLennan , The Watch That Ends the Night ( 1959 ) 1960s Brian Moore , The Luck of Ginger Coffey ( 1960 ) Malcolm Lowry , Hear Us O Lord from Heaven Thy Dwelling Place ( 1961 ) Kildare Dobbs , Running to Paradise ( 1962 ) Hugh Garner , Hugh Garner 's Best Stories ( 1963 ) Douglas LePan , The Deserter ( 1964 ) ( no award ) ( 1965 ) Margaret Laurence , A Jest of God ( 1966 ) ( no award ) ( 1967 ) Alice Munro , Dance of the Happy Shades ( 1968 ) Robert Kroetsch , The Studhorse Man ( 1969 ) 1970s Dave Godfrey , The New Ancestors ( 1970 ) Mordecai Richler , St. Urbain 's Horseman ( 1971 ) Robertson Davies , The Manticore ( 1972 ) Rudy Wiebe , The Temptations of Big Bear ( 1973 ) Margaret Laurence , The Diviners ( 1974 ) Brian Moore , The Great Victorian Collection ( 1975 ) Marian Engel , Bear ( 1976 ) Timothy Findley , The Wars ( 1977 ) Alice Munro , Who Do You Think You Are ? ( 1978 ) Jack Hodgins , The Resurrection of Joseph Bourne ( 1979 ) 1980s George Bowering , Burning Water ( 1980 ) Mavis Gallant , Home Truths : Selected Canadian Stories ( 1981 ) Guy Vanderhaeghe , Man Descending ( 1982 ) Leon Rooke , Shakespeare 's Dog ( 1983 ) Josef Skvorecky , The Engineer of Human Souls ( 1984 ) Margaret Atwood , The Handmaid 's Tale ( 1985 ) Alice Munro , The Progress of Love ( 1986 ) M.T. Kelly , A Dream Like Mine ( 1987 ) David Adams Richards , Nights Below Station Street ( 1988 ) Paul Quarrington , Whale Music ( 1989 ) 1990s Nino Ricci , Lives of the Saints ( 1990 ) Rohinton Mistry , Such a Long Journey ( 1991 ) Michael Ondaatje , The English Patient ( 1992 ) Carol Shields , The Stone Diaries ( 1993 ) Rudy Wiebe , A Discovery of Strangers ( 1994 ) Greg Hollingshead , The Roaring Girl ( 1995 ) Guy Vanderhaeghe , The Englishman 's Boy ( 1996 ) Jane Urquhart , The Underpainter ( 1997 ) Diane Schoemperlen , Forms of Devotion ( 1998 ) Matt Cohen , Elizabeth and After ( 1999 ) 2000s Michael Ondaatje , Anil 's Ghost ( 2000 ) Richard B. Wright , Clara Callan ( 2001 ) Gloria Sawai , A Song for Nettie Johnson ( 2002 ) Douglas Glover , Elle ( 2003 ) Miriam Toews , A Complicated Kindness ( 2004 ) David Gilmour , A Perfect Night to Go to China ( 2005 ) Peter Behrens , The Law of Dreams ( 2006 ) Michael Ondaatje , Divisadero ( 2007 ) Nino Ricci , The Origin of Species ( 2008 ) Kate Pullinger , The Mistress of Nothing ( 2009 ) 2010s Dianne Warren , Cool Water ( 2010 ) Patrick deWitt , The Sisters Brothers ( 2011 ) Linda Spalding , The Purchase ( 2012 ) Eleanor Catton , The Luminaries ( 2013 ) Thomas King , The Back of the Turtle ( 2014 ) Guy Vanderhaeghe , Daddy Lenin and Other Stories ( 2015 ) Madeleine Thien , Do Not Say We Have Nothing ( 2016 ) Joel Thomas Hynes , We 'll All Be Burnt in Our Beds Some Night ( 2017 ) Arthur C. Clarke Award The Handmaid 's Tale ( 1987 ) The Sea and Summer ( 1988 ) Unquenchable Fire ( 1989 ) The Child Garden ( 1990 ) Take Back Plenty ( 1991 ) Synners ( 1992 ) Body of Glass ( 1993 ) Vurt ( 1994 ) Fools ( 1995 ) Fairyland ( 1996 ) The Calcutta Chromosome ( 1997 ) The Sparrow ( 1998 ) Dreaming in Smoke ( 1999 ) Distraction ( 2000 ) Perdido Street Station ( 2001 ) Bold As Love ( 2002 ) The Separation ( 2003 ) Quicksilver ( 2004 ) Iron Council ( 2005 ) Air ( 2006 ) Nova Swing ( 2007 ) Black Man ( 2008 ) Song of Time ( 2009 ) The City & the City ( 2010 ) Zoo City ( 2011 ) The Testament of Jessie Lamb ( 2012 ) Dark Eden ( 2013 ) Ancillary Justice ( 2014 ) Station Eleven ( 2015 ) Children of Time ( 2016 ) The Underground Railroad ( 2017 ) BNF : cb12398637r ( data ) GND : 4460070 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Handmaid%27s_Tale&oldid=864299991 '' Categories : 1985 science fiction novels 1985 Canadian novels Novels set in Boston Canadian novels adapted into films Canadian speculative fiction novels Debut speculative fiction novels Dystopian novels Feminist science fiction novels Fictional states of the United States Governor General 's Award - winning novels McClelland & Stewart books Metafictional novels Novels about totalitarianism Novels adapted into television programs Novels by Margaret Atwood Novels set in the future Philosophical novels Post-apocalyptic novels Feminist fiction Religion in science fiction Sterilization in fiction Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2013 Use dmy dates from March 2017 Articles lacking in - text citations from July 2018 All articles lacking in - text citations Pages to import images to Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Català Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Кыргызча Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2018 , at 11 : 05 ( UTC ) . 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-7604410837329627906	Effects of the Chernobyl disaster	Effects of the Chernobyl disaster - wikipedia Effects of the Chernobyl disaster Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may lend undue weight to certain ideas , incidents , or controversies . Please help to create a more neutral presentation , with details put in their proper context . Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message . ( December 2013 ) This article contains weasel words : vague phrasing that often accompanies biased or unverifiable information . Such statements should be clarified or removed . ( September 2013 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The 1986 Chernobyl disaster triggered the release of substantial amounts of radioactivity into the atmosphere in the form of both particulate and gaseous radioisotopes . It is one of the most significant unintentional releases of radioactivity into the environment to present day . The work of the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment ( SCOPE ) , suggests that the Chernobyl incident can not be directly compared to atmospheric tests of nuclear weapons through a single number , with one being simply x times larger than the other . This is partly due to the fact that the isotopes released at Chernobyl tended to be longer - lived than those released by the detonation of atomic bombs , thus producing radioactivity curves that vary in shape as well as size . Contents ( hide ) 1 Radiation effects to humans 1.1 Dose to the general public within 30 km of the plant 1.2 Childhood Exposure 1.3 Future Study 2 Short - term health effects and immediate results 2.1 Workers and `` liquidators '' 2.2 Evacuation 2.3 Civilians 2.4 Plant and animal health 2.5 Human pregnancy 3 Long - term health effects 3.1 Science and politics : the problem of epidemiological studies 3.2 Caesium radioisotopes 3.3 Thyroid Cancer 3.4 30 years after the incident 3.5 Effect on the natural world 3.6 Studies on wildlife in the Exclusion Zone 3.7 Chernobyl Forum report and criticisms 4 Controversy over human health effects 4.1 Chernobyl Forum report 4.2 TORCH report 4.3 Greenpeace 4.4 April 2006 IPPNW report 4.5 New York Academy of Sciences publication 4.6 2008 UNSCEAR report 4.7 Other studies and claims 4.8 French legal action 5 International Response 6 Comparisons to other radioactivity releases 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Radiation effects to humans ( edit ) According to a 2009 United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation ( UNSCEAR ) , the Chernobyl accident had by 2005 caused 61,200 man - Sv of radiation exposure to recovery workers and evacuees , 125,000 man - Sv to the populace of the Ukraine , Belarus , and Russia , and a dose to most of the more distant European countries amounting to 115,000 man - Sv . The same report estimated a further 25 % more exposure would be received from residual radiosotopes after 2005 . The total global collective dose from Chernobyl was earlier estimated by UNSCEAR in 1988 to be `` 600,000 man Sv , equivalent on average to 21 additional days of world exposure to natural background radiation . '' Dose to the general public within 30 km of the plant ( edit ) The inhalation dose ( internal dose ) for the public during the time of the accident and their evacuation from the area in what is now the 30 km evacuation zone around the plant has been estimated ( based on ground deposition of caesium - 137 ) to be between 3 and 150 mSv . Thyroid doses for adults around the Chernobyl area were estimated to be between 20 and 1000 mSv , while for one - year - old infants , these estimates were higher , at 20 to 6000 mSv . For those who left at an early stage after the accident , the internal dose due to inhalation was 8 to 13 times higher than the external dose due to gamma / beta emitters . For those who remained until later ( day 10 or later ) , the inhalation dose was 50 to 70 % higher than the dose due to external exposure . The majority of the dose was due to iodine - 131 ( about 40 % ) and tellurium and rubidium isotopes ( about 20 to 30 % for Rb and Te ) . The ingestion doses in this same group of people have also been estimated using the cesium activity per unit of area , isotope ratios , an average day of evacuation , intake rate of milk and green vegetables , and what is known about the transfer of radioactivity via plants and animals to humans . For adults , the dose has been estimated to be between 3 and 180 mSv , while for one - year - old infants , a dose of between 20 and 1300 mSv has been estimated . Again , the majority of the dose was thought to be mostly due to iodine - 131 , and the external dose was much smaller than the internal dose due to the radioactivity in the diet . Childhood exposure ( edit ) Ukraine , Belarus and parts of Russia received substantial amounts of radiation exposure after the Chernobyl disaster in 1986 , but prior to the disaster the number of children affected by thyroid cancer was relatively low globally . Every year about , `` 0.1 -- 2.2 individuals per million of all aged under 15 years old world wide '' were affected by thyroid cancer . Research has shown after the Chernobyl disaster the level of thyroid cancer , particularly in children near the radiation exposure , had abnormally increased . Although iodine - 131 has a relatively short half - life compared to other radioactive isotopes , iodine - 131 made its way through the food chain through a milk - to - consumer pathway . 95 % of iodine - 131 was ingested through milk shortly after the disaster . Communities were unaware of the contamination deposited in soil and the transforming capabilities of radiation into other food sources . Through the consumption of milk children had received abnormal amounts of radiation exposure . The high absorption rate discovered in children has also shown to be inversely proportional to age . There is a high number of thyroid cancer among children less than 15 years old who were exposed to the radiation after the disaster and an increasing level of dosage as age decreases . This inverse proportion could be explained by the way in which children absorb iodine - 131 . Children have smaller thyroid glands compared to adults and have a different dosage response after the ingestion of iodine - 131 . A cohort study conducted in 2013 had discovered a similar trend between age and dosage response . The cohort was composed of 12,000 participants , all of which were exposed to the radiation in Belarus and reported to be under the age of 18 at the time of the exposure . Future study ( edit ) Studying the populations that were exposed to radiation after the Chernobyl accident has provided important data linking exposure to radiation and the future development of cancer . Cases of pediatric thyroid cancer , likely caused by absorption of Iodine - 131 into the thyroid gland , increased in Ukraine and Belarus 3 to 4 years after the accident . Children were most at risk , and cases did not seem to increase in adults . The greatest increase was seen in children who were the youngest at the time of exposure , and most of the pediatric thyroid cases were reported in Gomel , Belarus , where the population was exposed to the highest levels of contamination . The majority of the cases that appeared in the exposed population were papillary thyroid cancer . Before the accident , the rate of thyroid cancer in children in Belarus was less than 1 per million . By 1995 , nine years after the disaster , the number of cases of pediatric thyroid cancer in Gomel Oblast rose to 100 per million per year . Even as adults those who were exposed to the radiation as children may still be at risk of developing thyroid cancer decades after the exposure . It is important to study the at risk population throughout their lives , and observe if different patterns arise in tumors that develop with longer latency . A group of experts who are part of the Agenda for Research on Chernobyl Health ( ARCH ) have proposed a series of potential studies that would examine the continued effects from the Chernobyl accident , and provide more information on the full extent of related health consequences . Results from lifelong observation of the exposed population could provide more information on risks as well as future protections against radiation exposure . Short - term health effects and immediate results ( edit ) The explosion at the power station and subsequent fires inside the remains of the reactor resulted in the development and dispersal of a radioactive cloud which drifted not only over Russia , Belarus , and Ukraine , but also over most of Europe and as far as Canada . In fact , the initial evidence in other countries that a major release of radioactive material had occurred came not from Soviet sources , but from Sweden , where on 28 April workers at the Forsmark Nuclear Power Plant ( approximately 1100 km from the Chernobyl site ) were found to have radioactive particles on their clothing . It was Sweden 's search for the source of radioactivity ( after they had determined there was no leak at the Swedish plant ) that led to the first hint of a serious nuclear problem in the Western Soviet Union . In France , the government then claimed that the radioactive cloud had stopped at the Italian border . Therefore , while some kinds of food ( mushrooms in particular ) were prohibited in Italy because of radioactivity , the French authorities took no such measures , in an attempt to appease the population 's fears ( see below ) . Contamination from the Chernobyl disaster was not evenly spread across the surrounding countryside but scattered irregularly depending on weather conditions . Reports from Soviet and Western scientists indicate that Belarus received about 60 % of the contamination that fell on the former Soviet Union . A large area in Russia south of Bryansk was also contaminated , as were parts of northwestern Ukraine . 203 people were hospitalized immediately , of whom 31 died ( 28 of them died from acute radiation exposure ) . Most of these were fire and rescue workers trying to bring the disaster under control , who were not fully aware of how dangerous the radiation exposure ( from the smoke ) was ( for a discussion of the more important isotopes in fallout see fission products ) . 135,000 people were evacuated from the area , including 50,000 from the nearby town of Pripyat , Ukraine . Health officials have predicted that over the next 70 years there will be a 28 % increase in cancer rates in much of the population which was exposed to the 5 -- 12 E Bq ( depending on source ) of radioactive contamination released from the reactor . Soviet scientists reported that the Chernobyl Unit 4 reactor contained about 180 -- 190 metric tons of uranium dioxide fuel and fission products . Estimates of the amount of this material that escaped range from 5 to 30 % . Because of the intense heat of the fire , and with no containment building to stop it , part of the ejected fuel was vaporized or particularized and lofted high into the atmosphere , where it spread . Workers and `` liquidators '' ( edit ) Soviet medal awarded to 600,000 + liquidators . The workers involved in the recovery and clean up after the disaster , called `` liquidators '' , received high doses of radiation . In most cases , these workers were not equipped with individual dosimeters to measure the amount of radiation received , so experts could only estimate their doses . Even where dosimeters were used , dosimetric procedures varied - some workers are thought to have been given more accurate estimated doses than others . According to Soviet estimates , between 300,000 and 600,000 people were involved in the cleanup of the 30 km evacuation zone around the reactor , but many of them entered the zone two years after the disaster . Estimates of the number of `` liquidators '' vary ; the World Health Organization , for example , puts the figure at about 600,000 ; Russia lists as liquidators some people who did not work in contaminated areas . In the first year after the disaster , the number of cleanup workers in the zone was estimated to be 2,000 . These workers received an estimated average dose of 165 millisieverts ( 16.5 REM ) . A sevenfold increase in DNA mutations has been identified in children of liquidators conceived after the accident , when compared to their siblings that were conceived before . However , this effect has diminished sharply over time . Evacuation ( edit ) Map showing caesium - 137 contamination in the Chernobyl area in 1996 Soviet authorities started evacuating people from the area around Chernobyl only on the second day after the disaster ( after about 36 hours ) . By May 1986 , about a month later , all those living within a 30 km ( 19 mi ) radius of the plant ( about 116,000 people ) had been relocated . This area is often referred to as the zone of alienation . However , significant radiation affected the environment over a much wider scale than this 30 km radius encloses . According to reports from Soviet scientists , 28,000 square kilometers ( km , or 10,800 square miles , mi ) were contaminated by caesium - 137 to levels greater than 185 kBq per square meter . Roughly 830,000 people lived in this area . About 10,500 km ( 4,000 mi ) were contaminated by caesium - 137 to levels greater than 555 kBq / m . Of this total , roughly 7,000 km ( 2,700 mi ) lie in Belarus , 2,000 km ( 800 mi ) in the Russian Federation and 1,500 km ( 580 mi ) in Ukraine . About 250,000 people lived in this area . These reported data were corroborated by the International Chernobyl Project . Civilians ( edit ) Some children in the contaminated areas were exposed to high radiation doses of up to 50 gray ( Gy ) , mostly due to an intake of radioactive iodine - 131 ( a relatively short - lived isotope with a half - life of 8 days ) from contaminated milk produced locally . Several studies have found that the incidence of thyroid cancer among children in Belarus , Ukraine , and Russia has risen sharply since the Chernobyl disaster . The International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) notes `` 1800 documented cases of thyroid cancer in children who were between 0 and 14 years of age when the disaster occurred , which is far higher than normal '' , although this source fails to note the expected rate . The childhood thyroid cancers that have appeared are of a large and aggressive type but , if detected early , can be treated . Treatment entails surgery followed by iodine - 131 therapy for any metastases . To date , such treatment appears to have been successful in the vast majority of cases . Late in 1995 , the World Health Organization ( WHO ) linked nearly 700 cases of thyroid cancer among children and adolescents to the Chernobyl disaster , and among these , some 10 deaths are attributed to radiation . However , the rapid increase in thyroid cancers detected suggests some of this increase may be an artifact of the screening process . Typical latency time of radiation - induced thyroid cancer is about 10 years , but the increase in childhood thyroid cancers in some regions was observed as early as 1987 . Plant and animal health ( edit ) An exhibit of a piglet with dipygus at the Ukrainian National Chernobyl Museum . It is possible that birth defects are higher in this area . A large swath of pine forest killed by acute radiation was named the Red Forest . The dead pines were bulldozed and buried . Livestock were removed during the human evacuations . Elsewhere in Europe , levels of radioactivity were examined in various natural foodstocks . In both Sweden and Finland , fish in deep freshwater lakes were banned for resale and landowners were advised not to consume certain types . Information regarding physical deformities in the plant and animal populations in the areas affected by radioactive fallout require sampling and capture , along with DNA testing , of individuals to determine if abnormalities are the result of natural mutation , radiation poisoning , or exposure to other contaminants in the environment ( i.e. pesticides , industrial waste , or agricultural run - off ) . Animals living in contaminated areas in and around Chernobyl have suffered from a variety of side effects caused by radiation . Oxidative stress and low levels of antioxidants have had severe consequences on the development of the nervous system , including reduced brain size and impaired cognitive abilities . It has been found that birds living in areas with high levels of radiation have statistically significantly smaller brains , which has shown to be a deficit to viability in the wild . Barn swallows ( Hirundo rustica ) that live in or around Chernobyl have displayed an increased rate of physical abnormalities compared to swallows from uncontaminated areas . Abnormalities included partially albinistic plumage , deformed toes , tumors , deformed tail feathers , deformed beaks , and deformed air sacks . Birds with these abnormalities have a reduced viability in the wild and a decrease in fitness . Moeller et al. claimed in 2007 that these effects were likely due to radiation exposure and elevated teratogenic effects of radioactive isotopes in the environment although these conclusions have been challenged . Various birds in the area appear to have adapted to lower levels of radiation by producing more antioxidants , such as glutathione , to help mitigate the oxidative stress . Invertebrate populations ( including bumblebees , butterflies , grasshoppers , dragonflies , and spiders ) significantly decreased . As of 2009 , most radioactivity around Chernobyl was located in the top layer of soil , where many invertebrates live or lay their eggs . The reduced abundance of invertebrates could have negative implications for the entire ecosystem surrounding Chernobyl . Radionuclides migrate through either soil diffusion or transportation within the soil solution . The effects of ionizing radiation on plants and trees in particular depends on numerous factors , including climatic conditions , the mechanism of radiation deposition , and the soil type . In turn , radiated vegetation affects organisms further up the food chain . In general , the upper - level trophic organisms received less contamination , due to their ability to be more mobile and feed from multiple areas . The amount of radioactive nuclides found to have been deposited into surrounding lakes has increased the normal baseline radioactive amounts by 100 percent . Most of the radionuclides in surrounding water areas were found in the sediments at the bottom of the lakes . There has been a high incidence of chromosomal changes in plant and animal aquatic organisms , and this generally has correlated with the contamination and resulting genetic instability . Most of the lakes and rivers surrounding the Chernobyl exclusion zone are still highly contaminated with radionuclides ( and will be for many years to come ) as the natural decontamination processes of nucleotides with longer half - lives can take many years . One of the main mechanisms by which radionuclides were passed to humans was through the ingestion of milk from contaminated cows . Most of the rough grazing that the cows took part in contained plant species such as coarse grasses , sedges , rushes , and plants such as heather ( also known as calluna vulgaris ) . These plant species grow in soils that are high in organic matter , low in pH , and are often very well hydrated , thus making the storage and intake of these radionuclides much more feasible and efficient . In the early stages following the Chernobyl accident , high levels of radionuclides were found in the milk and were a direct result of contaminated feeding . Within two months of banning most of the milk that was being produced in the affected areas , officials had phased out the majority of the contaminated feed that was available to the cows and much of the contamination was isolated . In humans , ingestion of milk containing abnormally high levels of iodine radionuclides was the precursor for thyroid disease , especially in children and in the immunocompromised . Some plants and animals were able to adapt to the increased radiation levels present in and around Chernobyl . Arabidopsis , a plant native to Chernobyl , was able to resist high concentrations of ionizing radiation and resist forming mutations . This species of plant has been able to develop mechanisms to tolerate chronic radiation that would otherwise be harmful or lethal to other species . Studies suggest the 19 - mile ( 30 km ) `` exclusion zone '' surrounding the Chernobyl disaster has become a wildlife sanctuary . Animals have reclaimed the land including species such as the Przewalski 's horse , Eurasian lynx , wild boar , grey wolf , elk , red deer , moose , brown bear , turtle , voles , mice , shrews , European badger , Eurasian beaver , raccoon dog , red fox , roe deer , European bison , black stork , golden eagle , white - tailed eagle and eagle owl whose populations are all thriving . When the disaster first occurred , the health and reproductive ability of many animals and plants were negatively affected for the first six months . However , 30 years later , animals and plants have reclaimed the abandoned zone to make it their habitat . Even the site of the explosion was flourishing with wildlife in 2012 as birds nested in the wrecked nuclear plant , and plants and mushrooms lived in and on the site . A 2015 study found similar numbers of mammals in the zone compared to nearby similar nature reserves and the wildlife population was probably higher than it had been before the accident . Due to the bioaccumulation of caesium - 137 , some mushrooms as well as wild animals which eat them , e.g. wild boars hunted in Germany and deer in Austria , may have levels which are not considered safe for human consumption . Mandatory radioactivity testing of sheep in parts of the UK that graze on lands with contaminated peat was lifted in 2012 . In 2016 , 187 local Ukrainians had returned and were living permanently in the zone . Human pregnancy ( edit ) Despite spurious studies from Germany and Turkey , the only robust evidence of negative pregnancy outcomes that transpired after the accident was the increase in elective abortions , these `` indirect effects '' , in Greece , Denmark , Italy etc. , have been attributed to `` anxieties created '' by the media . In very high doses , it was known at the time that radiation can cause a physiological increase in the rate of pregnancy anomalies , but unlike the dominant linear - no threshold model of radiation and cancer rate increases , it was known , by select researchers who were familiar with both the prior human exposure data and animal testing , that the `` Malformation of organs appears to be a deterministic effect with a threshold dose '' below which , no rate increase is observed . This teratology ( birth defects ) issue was discussed by Frank Castronovo of the Harvard Medical School in 1999 , publishing a detailed review of dose reconstructions and the available pregnancy data following the Chernobyl accident , inclusive of data from Kiev 's two largest obstetrics hospitals . Castronovo concludes that `` the lay press with newspaper reporters playing up anecdotal stories of children with birth defects '' is , together with dubious studies that show `` selection bias '' , the two primary factors causing the persistent belief that Chernobyl increased the background rate of birth defects . When the vast amount of pregnancy data simply does not support this preception as no pregnant individuals took part in the most radioactive liquidator operations , no pregnant individuals were exposed to the threshold dose . Down syndrome ( trisomy 21 ) . In West Berlin , Germany , prevalence of Down syndrome ( trisomy 21 ) peaked 9 months following the main fallout. ( 11 , 12 ) Between 1980 and 1986 , the birth prevalence of Down syndrome was quite stable ( i.e. , 1.35 -- 1.59 per 1,000 live births ( 27 -- 31 cases ) ) . In 1987 , 46 cases were diagnosed ( prevalence = 2.11 per 1,000 live births ) . Most of the excess resulted from a cluster of 12 cases among children born in January 1987 . The prevalence of Down Syndrome in 1988 was 1.77 , and in 1989 , it reached pre-Chernobyl values . The authors noted that the isolated geographical position of West Berlin prior to reunification , the free genetic counseling , and complete coverage of the population through one central cytogenetic laboratory support completeness of case ascertainment ; in addition , constant culture preparation and analysis protocols ensure a high quality of data . Long - term health effects ( edit ) Science and politics : the problem of epidemiological studies ( edit ) An abandoned village near Pripyat , close to Chernobyl . The issue of long - term effects of the Chernobyl disaster on civilians is very controversial . The number of people whose lives were affected by the disaster is enormous . Over 300,000 people were resettled because of the disaster ; millions lived and continue to live in the contaminated area . On the other hand , most of those affected received relatively low doses of radiation ; there is little evidence of increased mortality , cancers or birth defects among them ; and when such evidence is present , existence of a causal link to radioactive contamination is uncertain . An increased incidence of thyroid cancer among children in areas of Belarus , Ukraine and Russia affected by the Chernobyl disaster has been firmly established as a result of screening programs and , in the case of Belarus , an established cancer registry . The findings of most epidemiological studies must be considered interim , say experts , as analysis of the health effects of the disaster is an ongoing process . Multilevel modelling indicates that long - term psychological distress among Belarusians affected by the Chernobyl disaster is better predicted by stress - moderating psychosocial factors present in one 's daily life than by level of residential radiation contamination . Epidemiological studies have been hampered in the Ukraine , Russian Federation and Belarus by a lack of funds , an infrastructure with little or no experience in chronic disease epidemiology , poor communication facilities and an immediate public health problem with many dimensions . Emphasis has been placed on screening rather than on well - designed epidemiological studies . International efforts to organize epidemiological studies have been slowed by some of the same factors , especially the lack of a suitable scientific infrastructure . Furthermore , the political nature of nuclear energy may have affected scientific studies . In Belarus , Yury Bandazhevsky , a scientist who questioned the official estimates of Chernobyl 's consequences and the relevancy of the official maximum limit of 1,000 Bq / kg , was imprisoned from 2001 to 2005 . Bandazhevsky and some human rights groups allege his imprisonment was a reprisal for his publication of reports critical of the official research being conducted into the Chernobyl incident . The activities undertaken by Belarus and Ukraine in response to the disaster -- remediation of the environment , evacuation and resettlement , development of uncontaminated food sources and food distribution channels , and public health measures -- have overburdened the governments of those countries . International agencies and foreign governments have provided extensive logistic and humanitarian assistance . In addition , the work of the European Commission and World Health Organization in strengthening the epidemiological research infrastructure in Russia , Ukraine and Belarus is laying the basis for major advances in these countries ' ability to carry out epidemiological studies of all kinds . Caesium radioisotopes ( edit ) Further information : Fission products Immediately after the disaster , the main health concern involved radioactive iodine , with a half - life of eight days . Today , there is concern about contamination of the soil with strontium - 90 and caesium - 137 , which have half - lives of about 30 years . The highest levels of caesium - 137 are found in the surface layers of the soil where they are absorbed by plants , insects and mushrooms , entering the local food supply . Some scientists fear that radioactivity will affect the local population for the next several generations . Note that caesium is not mobile in most soils because it binds to the clay minerals . Tests ( c. 1997 ) showed that caesium - 137 levels in trees of the area were continuing to rise . It is unknown if this is still the case . There is some evidence that contamination is migrating into underground aquifers and closed bodies of water such as lakes and ponds ( 2001 , Germenchuk ) . The main source of elimination is predicted to be natural decay of caesium - 137 to stable barium - 137 , since runoff by rain and groundwater has been demonstrated to be negligible . Thyroid cancer ( edit ) An increase incidence of thyroid cancer was observed for about 4 years after the accident and slowed in 2005 . The large increase in incidence of thyroid cancer happened amongst individuals who were adolescents and young children living during the time of the accident , and residing in the most contaminated areas of Belarus , the Russian Federation and Ukraine . High levels of radioactive iodine were released in the environment from the Chernobyl reactor after the accident , and accumulated in pastures which were eaten by cows . The milk was later consumed by children whom already had an iodine deficient diet , therefore causing more of the radioactive iodine to be accumulated . Radioactive iodine has a short half - life , 8.02 days , if the contaminated milk would have been avoided or stopped , it is likely that most of the rise in radiation - induced thyroid cancer would n't have happened . Within the highly contaminated areas -- Belarus , the Russian Federation and Ukraine , there were around 5000 cases of thyroid cancer that have been diagnosed since the accident . These cases were found in individuals who were aged 18 and younger during the time of the accident . The Chernobyl Tissue Bank ( CTB ) was created in 1998 , 6 years after research was published showing a rise in childhood thyroid cancer . Supported by the Russian Federation and Ukraine , The European Commission , the National Cancer Institute of the USA , and the Sasakawa Memorial Health Foundation , the project is the first international co-operation that collects biological samples from patients who were exposed to radioiodine during childhood . The project started collecting a variety of biological samples from patients on October 1 , 1998 and since July 2001 , has been a source for ethically available tissue samples - specifically extracted nucleic acids and tissue sections , for 21 research projects in Japan , Europe and the USA . The CTB serves as a model for tissue banking for cancer research in the molecular age . 30 years after the incident ( edit ) Twenty - five years after the incident , restriction orders had remained in place in the production , transportation and consumption of food contaminated by Chernobyl fallout . In the UK , only in 2012 the mandatory radioactivity testing of sheep in contaminated parts of the UK that graze on lands was lifted . They covered 369 farms on 750 km and 200,000 sheep . In parts of Sweden and Finland , restrictions are in place on stock animals , including reindeer , in natural and near - natural environments . `` In certain regions of Germany , Austria , Italy , Sweden , Finland , Lithuania and Poland , wild game ( including boar and deer ) , wild mushrooms , berries and carnivorous fish from lakes reach levels of several thousand Bq per kg of caesium - 137 '' , while `` in Germany , caesium - 137 levels in wild boar muscle reached 40,000 Bq / kg . The average level is 6,800 Bq / kg , more than ten times the EU limit of 600 Bq / kg '' , according to the TORCH 2006 report . The European Commission has stated that `` The restrictions on certain foodstuffs from certain Member States must therefore continue to be maintained for many years to come '' . As of 2009 , sheep farmed in some areas of the UK are still subject to inspection which may lead to them being prohibited from entering the human food chain because of contamination arising from the accident : Some of this radioactivity , predominantly radiocaesium - 137 , was deposited on certain upland areas of the UK , where sheep - farming is the primary land - use . Due to the particular chemical and physical properties of the peaty soil types present in these upland areas , the radiocaesium is still able to pass easily from soil to grass and hence accumulate in sheep . A maximum limit of 1,000 becquerels per kilogramme ( Bq / kg ) of radiocaesium is applied to sheep meat affected by the accident to protect consumers . This limit was introduced in the UK in 1986 , based on advice from the European Commission 's Article 31 group of experts . Under power provided under the Food and Environment Protection Act 1985 ( FEPA ) , Emergency Orders have been used since 1986 to impose restrictions on the movement and sale of sheep exceeding the limit in certain parts of Cumbria , North Wales , Scotland and Northern Ireland ... When the Emergency Orders were introduced in 1986 , the Restricted Areas were large , covering almost 9,000 farms , and over 4 million sheep . Since 1986 , the areas covered by restrictions have dramatically decreased and now cover 369 farms , or part farms , and around 200,000 sheep . This represents a reduction of over 95 % since 1986 , with only limited areas of Cumbria , South Western Scotland and North Wales , covered by restrictions . 369 farms and 190,000 sheep are still affected , a reduction of 95 % since 1986 , when 9,700 farms and 4,225,000 sheep were under restriction across the United Kingdom . Restrictions were finally lifted in 2012 . In Norway , the Sami people were affected by contaminated food ( the reindeer had been contaminated by eating lichen , which accumulates some types of radioactivity emitters ) . Data from a long - term monitoring program from 1998 to 2015 ( The Korma Report II ) shows a significant decrease in internal radiation exposure of the inhabitants of small villages in Belarus 80 km north of Gomel . Resettlement may even be possible in parts of the prohibited areas provided that people comply with appropriate dietary rules . Effect on the natural World ( edit ) Earth Observing - 1 image of the reactor and surrounding area in April 2009 . According to reports from Soviet scientists at the First International Conference on the Biological and Radiological Aspects of the Chernobyl Accident ( September 1990 ) , fallout levels in the 10 km zone around the plant were as high as 4.81 G Bq / m . The so - called `` Red Forest '' of pine trees , previously known as Wormwood Forest and located immediately behind the reactor complex , lay within the 10 km zone and was killed off by heavy radioactive fallout . The forest is so named because in the days following the disaster the trees appeared to have a deep red hue as they died because of extremely heavy radioactive fallout . In the post-disaster cleanup operations , a majority of the 4 km forest was bulldozed and buried . The site of the Red Forest remains one of the most contaminated areas in the world . In recent years there have been many reports suggesting the zone may be a fertile habitat for wildlife . For example , in the 1996 BBC Horizon documentary ' Inside Chernobyl 's Sarcophagus ' , birds are seen flying in and out of large holes in the structure itself . Other casual observations suggest biodiversity around the massive radioactivity release has increased due to the removal of human influence ( see the first hand account of the wildlife preserve ) . Storks , wolves , beavers , and eagles have been reported in the area . Barn swallows sampled between 1991 and 2006 both in the Chernobyl exclusion zone had more physical abnormalities than control sparrows sampled elsewhere in Europe . Abnormal barn swallows mated with lower frequency , causing the percentage of abnormal swallows to decrease over time . This demonstrated the selective pressure against the abnormalities was faster than the effects of radiation that created the abnormalities . `` This was a big surprise to us , '' Dr. Mousseau said . `` We had no idea of the impact . '' It is unknown whether fallout contamination will have any long - term adverse effect on the flora and fauna of the region , as plants and animals have significantly different and varying radiologic tolerance compared with humans . Some birds are reported with stunted tail feathers ( which interferes with breeding ) . There are reports of mutations in plants in the area . The Chernobyl area has not received very much biological study , although studies that have been done suggest that apparently healthy populations may be sink instead of source populations ; in other words , that the apparently healthy populations are not contributing to the survival of species . Using robots , researchers have retrieved samples of highly melanized black fungus from the walls of the reactor core itself . It has been shown that certain species of fungus , such as Cryptococcus neoformans and Cladosporium , can actually thrive in a radioactive environment , growing better than non-melanized variants , implying that they use melanin to harness the energy of ionizing radiation from the reactor . Studies on wildlife in the exclusion zone ( edit ) Main article : Chernobyl Exclusion Zone The Exclusion Zone around the Chernobyl nuclear power station is reportedly a haven for wildlife . As humans were evacuated from the area 25 years ago , existing animal populations multiplied and rare species not seen for centuries have returned or have been reintroduced , for example Eurasian lynx , wild boar , Eurasian wolf , Eurasian brown bear , European bison , Przewalski 's horse , and Eurasian eagle owls . Birds even nest inside the cracked concrete sarcophagus shielding the shattered remains of Reactor 4 . In 2007 the Ukrainian government designated the Exclusion Zone as a wildlife sanctuary , and at 488.7 km it is one of the largest wildlife sanctuaries in Europe . According to a 2005 U.N. report , wildlife has returned despite radiation levels that are presently 10 to 100 times higher than normal background radiation . Although radiation levels were significantly higher soon after the accident , they have fallen because of radioactive decay . Møller and Tim Mousseau have published the results of the largest census of animal life in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone. ( 2 ) It said , contrary to the Chernobyl Forum 's 2005 report , ( 3 ) that the biodiversity of insects , birds and mammals is declining . Møller and Mousseau have been criticized strongly by Sergey Gaschak , a Ukrainian biologist who did field work for the pair beginning in 2003 . He regards their conclusions to be the result of a biased and unscientific anti-nuclear political agenda , unsupported by the data he collected for them . `` I know Chernobyl Zone , '' he says . `` I worked here many years . I ca n't believe their results . '' ( 4 ) Some researchers have said that by halting the destruction of habitat , the Chernobyl disaster helped wildlife flourish . Biologist Robert J. Baker of Texas Tech University was one of the first to report that Chernobyl had become a wildlife haven and that many rodents he has studied at Chernobyl since the early 1990s have shown remarkable tolerance for elevated radiation levels . Møller et al. ( 2005 ) suggested that the reproductive success and annual survival rates of barn swallows are much lower in the Exclusion Zone ; 28 % of barn swallows inhabiting Chernobyl return each year , while at a control area at Kanev , 250 km to the southeast , the return rate is around 40 % . A later study by Møller et al. ( 2007 ) furthermore claimed an elevated frequency of eleven categories of subtle physical abnormalities in barn swallows , such as bent tail feathers , deformed air sacs , deformed beaks , and isolated albinistic feathers . Smith et al. ( 2007 ) have disputed Møller 's findings and instead proposed that a lack of human influence in the Exclusion Zone locally reduced the swallows ' insect prey and that radiation levels across the vast majority of the exclusion zone are now too low to have an observable negative effect . But the criticisms raised were responded to in Møller et al. ( 2008 ) . It is possible that barn swallows are particularly vulnerable to elevated levels of ionizing radiation because they are migratory ; they arrive in the exclusion area exhausted and with depleted reserves of radio - protective antioxidants after their journey . Several research groups have suggested that plants in the area have adapted to cope with the high radiation levels , for example by increasing the activity of DNA cellular repair machinery and by hypermethylation . Given the uncertainties , further research is needed to assess the long - term health effects of elevated ionizing radiation from Chernobyl on flora and fauna . In 2015 , long - term empirical data showed no evidence of a negative influence of radiation on mammal abundance . Chernobyl Forum report and criticisms ( edit ) In September 2005 , a comprehensive report was published by the Chernobyl Forum , comprising a number of agencies including the International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) , the World Health Organization ( WHO ) , United Nations bodies and the Governments of Belarus , the Russian Federation and Ukraine . This report titled : `` Chernobyl 's legacy : Health , Environmental and Socio - Economic Impacts '' , authored by about 100 recognized experts from many countries , put the total predicted number of deaths due to the disaster around 4,000 ( of which 2,200 deaths are expected to be in the ranks of 200,000 liquidators ) . This predicted death toll includes the 47 workers who died of acute radiation syndrome as a direct result of radiation from the disaster , nine children who died from thyroid cancer and an estimated 4000 people who could die from cancer as a result of exposure to radiation . This number was subsequently updated to 9000 excess cancer deaths . An IAEA press officer admitted that the 4000 figure was given prominence in the report `` ... to counter the much higher estimates which had previously been seen ... `` It was a bold action to put out a new figure that was much less than conventional wisdom . '' '' The report also stated that , apart from a 30 kilometre area around the site and a few restricted lakes and forests , radiation levels had returned to acceptable levels . For full coverage see the IAEA Focus Page . The methodology of the Chernobyl Forum report , supported by Elisabeth Cardis of the International Agency for Research on Cancer , has been disputed by some advocacy organizations opposed to nuclear energy , such as Greenpeace and the International Physicians for Prevention of Nuclear Warfare ( IPPNW ) , as well as some individuals such as Dr. Michel Fernex , retired medical doctor from the WHO and campaigner Dr. Christopher Busby ( Green Audit , LLRC ) . The main criticism has been with regard to the restriction of the Forum 's study to Belarus , Ukraine and Russia . Furthermore , it only studied the case of 200,000 people involved in the cleanup , and the 400,000 most directly affected by the released radioactivity . German Green Party Member of the European Parliament Rebecca Harms , commissioned a report on Chernobyl in 2006 ( TORCH , The Other Report on Chernobyl ) . The 2006 TORCH report claimed that : In terms of their surface areas , Belarus ( 22 % of its land area ) and Austria ( 13 % ) were most affected by higher levels of contamination . Other countries were seriously affected ; for example , more than 5 % of Ukraine , Finland and Sweden were contaminated to high levels ( > 40,000 Bq / m caesium - 137 ) . More than 80 % of Moldova , the European part of Turkey , Slovenia , Switzerland , Austria and the Slovak Republic were contaminated to lower levels ( > 4,000 Bq / m caesium - 137 ) . And 44 % of Germany and 34 % of the UK were similarly affected . ( See map of radioactive distribution of caesium - 137 in Europe ) While the IAEA / WHO and UNSCEAR considered areas with exposure greater than 40,000 Bq / m , the TORCH report also included areas contaminated with more than 4,000 Bq / m of Cs - 137 . The TORCH 2006 report `` estimated that more than half the iodine - 131 from Chernobyl ( which increases the risk of thyroid cancer ) was deposited outside the former Soviet Union . Possible increases in thyroid cancer have been reported in the Czech Republic and the UK , but more research is needed to evaluate thyroid cancer incidences in Western Europe '' . It predicted about 30,000 to 60,000 excess cancer deaths , 7 to 15 Times greater than the figure of 4,000 in the IAEA press release ; warned that predictions of excess cancer deaths strongly depend on the risk factor used ; and predicted excess cases of thyroid cancer range between 18,000 and 66,000 in Belarus alone depending on the risk projection model . However , elevated incidence thyroid cancer is still seen among Ukrainians who were exposed to radioactivity due to Chernobyl accident during their childhood , but who were diagnosed the malignancy as adults . Another study claims possible heightened mortality in Sweden . Greenpeace quoted a 1998 WHO study , which counted 212 dead from only 72,000 liquidators . The environmental NGO estimated a total death toll of 93,000 but cite in their report that `` The most recently published figures indicate that in Belarus , Russia and the Ukraine alone the disaster could have resulted in an estimated 200,000 additional deaths in the period between 1990 and 2004 . '' In its report , Greenpeace suggested there will be 270,000 cases of cancer alone attributable to Chernobyl fallout , and that 93,000 of these will probably be fatal compare with the IAEA 2005 report which claimed that `` 99 % of thyroid cancers would n't be lethal '' . According to the Union Chernobyl , the main organization of liquidators , 10 % of the 600,000 liquidators are now dead , and 165,000 disabled . According to an April 2006 report by the International Physicians for Prevention of Nuclear Warfare ( IPPNW ) , entitled `` Health Effects of Chernobyl - 20 years after the reactor catastrophe '' , more than 10,000 people are today affected by thyroid cancer and 50,000 cases are expected . In Europe , the IPPNW claims that 10,000 deformities have been observed in newborns because of Chernobyl 's radioactive discharge , with 5,000 deaths among newborn children . They also state that several hundreds of thousands of the people who worked on the site after the disaster are now sick because of radiation , and tens of thousands are dead . Revisiting the issue for the 25th anniversary of the Chernobyl disaster , the Union of Concerned Scientists described the Forum 's estimate of four thousand as pertaining only to `` a much smaller subgroup of people who experienced the greatest exposure to released radiation '' . Their estimates for the broader population are 50,000 excess cancer cases resulting in 25,000 excess cancer deaths . Controversy over human health effects ( edit ) The majority of premature deaths caused by Chernobyl are expected to be the result of cancers and other diseases induced by radiation in the decades after the event . This will be the result of a large population ( some studies have considered the entire population of Europe ) exposed to relatively low doses of radiation increasing the risk of cancer across that population . Interpretations of the current health state of exposed populations vary . Therefore , estimates of the ultimate human impact of the disaster have relied on numerical models of the effects of radiation on health . Furthermore , the effects of low - level radiation on human health are not well understood , and so the models used , notably the linear no threshold model , are open to question . Given these factors , studies of Chernobyl 's health effects have come up with different conclusions and are the subject of scientific and political controversy . The following section presents some of the major studies on this topic . Chernobyl Forum report ( edit ) In September 2005 , a draft summary report by the Chernobyl Forum , comprising a number of UN agencies including the International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) , the World Health Organization ( WHO ) , the United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ) , other UN bodies and the Governments of Belarus , the Russian Federation and Ukraine , put the total predicted number of deaths due to the accident at 4000 . This death toll predicted by the WHO included the 47 workers who died of acute radiation syndrome as a direct result of radiation from the disaster and nine children who died from thyroid cancer , in the estimated 4000 excess cancer deaths expected among the 600,000 with the highest levels of exposure . The full version of the WHO health effects report adopted by the UN , published in April 2006 , included the prediction of 5000 additional fatalities from significantly contaminated areas in Belarus , Russia and Ukraine and predicted that , in total , 9000 will die from cancer among the 6.9 million most - exposed Soviet citizens . This report is not free of controversy , and has been accused of trying to minimize the consequences of the accident . TORCH report ( edit ) Main article : TORCH report In 2006 German Green Party Member of the European Parliament Rebecca Harms commissioned two UK scientists for an alternate report ( TORCH , The Other Report on CHernobyl ) in response to the UN report . The report included areas not covered by the Chernobyl forum report , and also lower radiation doses . It predicted about 30,000 to 60,000 excess cancer deaths and warned that predictions of excess cancer deaths strongly depend on the risk factor used , and urged more research stating that large uncertainties made it difficult to properly assess the full scale of the disaster . Greenpeace ( edit ) Demonstration on Chernobyl day near WHO in Geneva Greenpeace claimed contradictions in the Chernobyl Forum reports , quoting a 1998 WHO study referenced in the 2005 report , which projected 212 dead from 72,000 liquidators . In its report , Greenpeace suggested there will be 270,000 cases of cancer attributable to Chernobyl fallout , and that 93,000 of these will probably be fatal , but state in their report that `` The most recently published figures indicate that in Belarus , Russia and Ukraine alone the accident could have resulted in an estimated 200,000 additional deaths in the period between 1990 and 2004 . '' Blake Lee - Harwood , campaigns director at Greenpeace , believes that cancer was likely to be the cause of less than half of the final fatalities and that `` intestinal problems , heart and circulation problems , respiratory problems , endocrine problems , and particularly effects on the immune system , '' will also cause fatalities . However , concern has been expressed about the methods used in compiling the Greenpeace report . It is not peer reviewed nor does it rely on peer review science as the Chernobyl Forum report did . April 2006 IPPNW report ( edit ) According to an April 2006 report by the German affiliate of the International Physicians for Prevention of Nuclear Warfare ( IPPNW ) , entitled `` Health Effects of Chernobyl '' , more than 10,000 people are today affected by thyroid cancer and 50,000 cases are expected . The report projected tens of thousands dead among the liquidators . In Europe , it alleges that 10,000 deformities have been observed in newborns because of Chernobyl 's radioactive discharge , with 5000 deaths among newborn children . They also claimed that several hundreds of thousands of the people who worked on the site after the accident are now sick because of radiation , and tens of thousands are dead . New York Academy of Sciences publication ( edit ) Chernobyl : Consequences of the Catastrophe for People and the Environment is an English translation of the 2007 Russian publication Chernobyl . It was published online in 2009 by the New York Academy of Sciences in their Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . It presents an analysis of scientific literature and concludes that medical records between 1986 , the year of the accident , and 2004 reflect 985,000 deaths as a result of the radioactivity released . The authors suggest that most of the deaths were in Russia , Belarus and Ukraine , but others were spread through the many other countries the radiation from Chernobyl struck . The literature analysis draws on over 1,000 published titles and over 5,000 internet and printed publications discussing the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster . The authors contend that those publications and papers were written by leading Eastern European authorities and have largely been downplayed or ignored by the IAEA and UNSCEAR . Author Alexy V. Yablokov was also one of the general editors on the Greenpeace commissioned report also criticizing the Chernobyl Forum finds published one year prior to the Russian - language version of this report . A critical review by Dr. Monty Charles in the journal Radiation Protection Dosimetry states that Consequences is a direct extension of the 2005 Greenpeace report , updated with data of unknown quality . The New York Academy of Sciences also published a severely critical review by M.I. Balonov from the Institute of Radiation Hygiene ( St. Petersburg , Russia ) which stated that `` The value of ( Consequences ) is not zero , but negative , as its bias is obvious only to specialists , while inexperienced readers may well be put into deep error . '' 2008 UNSCEAR report ( edit ) The United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation ( UNSCEAR ) produced a detailed report on the effects of Chernobyl for the General Assembly of the UN in 2011 . This report concluded that 134 staff and emergency workers suffered acute radiation syndrome and of those 28 died of radiation exposure within three months . Many of the survivors suffered skin conditions and radiation induced cataracts , and 19 had since died , but from conditions not necessarily associated with radiation exposure . Of the several hundred thousand liquidators , apart from some emerging indications of increased leukaemia , there was no other evidence of health effects . In the general public in the affected areas , the only effect with ' persuasive evidence ' was a substantial fraction of the 6,000 cases of thyroid cancer in adolescents of whom by 2005 15 cases had proved fatal . There was no evidence of increased rates of solid cancers or leukaemia among the general population . However , there was a widespread psychological worry about the effects of radiation . The total deaths reliably attributable by UNSCEAR to the radiation produced by the accident therefore was 62 . The report concluded that ' the vast majority of the population need not live in fear of serious health consequences from the Chernobyl accident ' . Other studies and claims ( edit ) The claim is made , by Collette Thomas , writing on 24 April 2006 , that someone in the Ukrainian Health Ministry claimed in 2006 that more than 2.4 million Ukrainians , including 428,000 children , suffer from health problems related to the catastrophe . The claim appears to have been invented by her through a very creative interpretation of a webpage of the Kyiv Regional Administration . Psychological after - effects , as the 2006 UN report pointed out , have also had adverse effects on internally displaced persons . In a recently published study scientists from Forschungszentrum Jülich , Germany , published the `` Korma - Report '' with data of radiological long - term measurements that were performed between 1998 and 2007 in a region in Belarus that was affected by the Chernobyl accident . The internal radiation exposure of the inhabitants in a village in Korma County / Belarus caused by the existing radioactive contamination has experienced a significant decrease from a very high level . The external exposure , however , reveals a different picture . Although an overall decrease was observed , the organic constituents of the soil show an increase in contamination . This increase was not observed in soils from cultivated land or gardens . According to the Korma Report the internal dose will decrease to less than 0.2 mSv / a in 2011 and to below 0.1 mSv / a in 2020 . Despite this , the cumulative dose will remain significantly higher than `` normal '' values due to external exposure . Resettlement may even be possible in former prohibited areas provided that people comply with appropriate dietary rules . Study of heightened mortality in Sweden . But it must be pointed out that this study , and in particular the conclusions drawn has been very criticized . One study reports increased levels of birth defects in Germany and Finland in the wake of the accident . A change in the human sex ratio at birth from 1987 onward in several European countries has been linked to Chernobyl fallout . In the Czech Republic , thyroid cancer has increased significantly after Chernobyl . The Abstract of the April 2006 International Agency for Research on Cancer report Estimates of the cancer burden in Europe from radioactive fallout from the Chernobyl accident stated `` It is unlikely that the cancer burden from the largest radiological accident to date could be detected by monitoring national cancer statistics . Indeed , results of analyses of time trends in cancer incidence and mortality in Europe do not , at present , indicate any increase in cancer rates -- other than of thyroid cancer in the most contaminated regions -- that can be clearly attributed to radiation from the Chernobyl accident . '' They estimate , based on the linear no threshold model of cancer effects , that 16,000 excess cancer deaths could be expected from the effects of the Chernobyl accident up to 2065 . Their estimates have very wide 95 % confidence intervals from 6,700 deaths to 38,000 . The application of the linear no threshold model to predict deaths from low levels of exposure to radiation was disputed in a BBC ( British Broadcasting Corporation ) Horizon documentary , broadcast on 13 July 2006 . It offered statistical evidence to suggest that there is an exposure threshold of about 200 millisieverts , below which there is no increase in radiation - induced disease . Indeed , it went further , reporting research from Professor Ron Chesser of Texas Tech University , which suggests that low exposures to radiation can have a protective effect . The program interviewed scientists who believe that the increase in thyroid cancer in the immediate area of the explosion had been over-recorded , and predicted that the estimates for widespread deaths in the long term would be proved wrong . It noted the view of the World Health Organization scientist Dr Mike Rapacholi that , while most cancers can take decades to manifest , leukemia manifests within a decade or so : none of the previously expected peak of leukemia deaths has been found , and none is now expected . Identifying the need to balance the `` fear response '' in the public 's reaction to radiation , the program quoted Dr Peter Boyle , director of the IARC : `` Tobacco smoking will cause several thousand times more cancers in the ( European ) population . '' An article in Der Spiegel in April 2016 also cast doubt on the use of the linear no threshold model to predict cancer rates from Chernobyl . The article claimed that the threshold for radiation damage was over 100 millisieverts and reported initial results of large - scale trials in Germany by the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research and three other German institutes in 2016 showing beneficial results of decreasing inflammation and strengthening bones from lower radiation doses . Professor Wade Allison of Oxford University ( a lecturer in medical physics and particle physics ) gave a talk on ionising radiation 24 November 2006 in which he gave an approximate figure of 81 cancer deaths from Chernobyl ( excluding 28 cases from acute radiation exposure and the thyroid cancer deaths which he regards as `` avoidable '' ) . In a closely reasoned argument using statistics from therapeutic radiation , exposure to elevated natural radiation ( the presence of radon gas in homes ) and the diseases of Hiroshima and Nagasaki survivors he demonstrated that the linear no - threshold model should not be applied to low - level exposure in humans , as it ignores the well - known natural repair mechanisms of the body . A photographic essay by photojournalist Paul Fusco documents problems in the children in the Chernobyl region . No evidence is offered to suggest these problems are in any way related to the nuclear incident The work of photojournalist Michael Forster Rothbart documents the human impact of the disaster on residents who stayed in the affected area . Bandashevsky measured levels of radioisotopes in children who had died in the Minsk area that had received Chernobyl fallout , and the cardiac findings were the same as those seen in test animals that had been administered Cs - 137 . French legal action ( edit ) Since March 2001 , 400 lawsuits have been filed in France against `` X '' ( the French equivalent of John Doe , an unknown person or company ) by the French Association of Thyroid - affected People , including 200 in April 2006 . These persons are affected by thyroid cancer or goitres , and have filed lawsuits alleging that the French government , at the time led by Prime Minister Jacques Chirac , had not adequately informed the population of the risks linked to the Chernobyl radioactive fallout . The complaint contrasts the health protection measures put in place in nearby countries ( warning against consumption of green vegetables or milk by children and pregnant women ) with the relatively high contamination suffered by the east of France and Corsica . Although the 2006 study by the French Institute of Radioprotection and Nuclear Safety said that no clear link could be found between Chernobyl and the increase of thyroid cancers in France , it also stated that papillary thyroid cancer had tripled in the following years . International response ( edit ) After the Chernobyl Disaster , many countries were reluctant to expand their own nuclear programs . Some countries , such as Italy and Switzerland tried to ban nuclear power all together . Others , such as the Dutch and Finland postponed the addition of nuclear power plants . The disaster reaffirmed policy made by Austria and Sweden to terminate use of all nuclear energy . Germany set up regulatory organizations and new policy including the Federal Ministry of Environment and Reactor Safety and a new act for precaution protection against nuclear radiation . Policy levers were not only implemented on a national level , but on an international level as well . In June 1986 , the European Community implemented new standards for cesium . They attempted to do the same for iodine , but could not reach an agreement . Additionally several international programs were formed , including the World Association of Nuclear Operators . This association essentially linked 130 operators in 30 different countries . Nuclear engineers would visit nuclear plants worldwide to learn and work towards better safety precautions . The International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) was also created . Funded by the Nuclear Safety Assistance Coordination Centre , the IAEA is an example of the international , multilateral cooperation resulting from the disaster ( World Nuclear , 2016 ) . They created the Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident and Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency . Nations called for a more comprehensive set of obligatory regulations for nuclear power plants from safe management of installation to safe management of radioactive waste . They also created the Joint Convention of Safety of Spent Fuel Management in which obliged nations to create proper policy to control nuclear power plant management . Comparisons to other radioactivity releases ( edit ) Main article : Chernobyl compared to other radioactivity releases See also ( edit ) Bellesrad Chernobyl Children 's Project ( UK ) Chernobyl disaster Chernobyl compared to other radioactivity releases Chernobyl Heart Chernobyl in the popular consciousness Chernobyl necklace Chernobyl Shelter Fund Chernobyl Children 's Project International Deaths due to the Chernobyl disaster Environmental racism in Europe Acute radiation syndrome Ionizing radiation Fission products , a more complete description of the radioactive byproducts of nuclear reactors Liquidator ( Chernobyl ) List of Chernobyl - related articles Nuclear and radiation accidents Nuclear power debate Radiophobia Red Forest Three Mile Island accident Three Mile Island accident health effects Yury Bandazhevsky , a Belarusian scientist imprisoned from 2001 to 2005 after his publication of a report critical of the official investigation on the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` UNSCEAR 2008 Report to the General Assembly , Annex D '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Assessing the Chernobyl Consequences '' . International Atomic Energy Agency . Archived from the original on 30 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Mück , Konrad ; Pröhl , Gerhard ; Likhtarev , Ilya ; Kovgan , Lina ; Golikov , Vladislav ; Zeger , Johann ( 2002 ) . `` Reconstruction of the Inhalation Dose in the 30 - Km Zone After the Chernobyl Accident '' . Health Physics. 82 ( 2 ) : 157 -- 72 . doi : 10.1097 / 00004032 - 200202000 - 00003 . PMID 11797891 . Jump up ^ Pröhl , Gerhard ; Mück , Konrad ; Likhtarev , Ilya ; Kovgan , Lina ; Golikov , Vladislav ( 2002 ) . `` Reconstruction of the Ingestion Doses Received by the Population Evacuated from the Settlements in the 30 - Km Zone Around the Chernobyl Reactor '' . Health Physics. 82 ( 2 ) : 173 -- 81 . doi : 10.1097 / 00004032 - 200202000 - 00004 . PMID 11797892 . Jump up ^ Demidchik , Y.E. , Saenko , V.A. , & Yamashita , S. ( 2007 ) . 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Risk of thyroid follicular adenoma among children and adolescents in Belarus exposed to iodine - 131 after the Chornobyl accident . American journal of epidemiology , 182 ( 9 ) , 781 - 790 . ^ Jump up to : National Research Council Staff , Institute of Medicine Staff , National Research Council ( U.S. ) . Committee on Exposure of the American People to I - 131 from the Nevada Atomic Bomb Tests , & Institute of Medicine ( U.S. ) . Committee on Thyroid Screening Related to I - 131 Exposure. ( 1999 ) . Exposure of the ammerican people to iodine - 131 from nevada nuclear - Jump up ^ Drozdovitch , V. , Minenko , V. , Khrouch , V. , Leshcheva , S. , Gavrilin , Y. , Khrutchinsky , A. , ... Bouville , ( 2013 ) . Thyroid dose estimates for a cohort of belarusian children exposed to radiation from the chernobyl accident . 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( page 3 ) Jump up ^ ( in French ) Map of radioactive cloud with flash animation , French IRSN ( Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire -- Institute of Radioprotection and Nuclear Safety ) `` Accident de Tchernobyl : déplacement du nuage radioactif au dessus de l'Europe entre le 26 avril et le 10 mai 1986 '' . IRSN . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Mikael ; Lindhé , John - Christer ( Autumn 1986 ) . `` International Reports -- Sweden : Monitoring the Fallout '' ( PDF ) . IAEA Bulletin . International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) Jump up ^ Chapter IV : Dose estimates , Nuclear Energy Agency , 2002 Jump up ^ Weinberg , H.S. ; Korol , A.B. ; Kirzhner , V.M. ; Avivi , A. ; Fahima , T. ; Nevo , E. ; Shapiro , S. ; Rennert , G. ; Piatak , O. ; Stepanova , E.I. ; Skvarskaja , E. ( 2001 ) . `` Very high mutation rate in offspring of Chernobyl accident liquidators '' . 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Washington , D.C. : Joseph Henry Press . p. 259 . ISBN 0 - 309 - 09430 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Chernobyl - its impact on Sweden '' ( PDF ) . SSI - rapport 86 - 12 . Staten Stralskydddinstitut. 1 August 1986 . ISSN 0282 - 4434 . Retrieved 3 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Møller , Anders Pape ; Bonisoli - Alquati , Andea ; Rudolfsen , Geir ; Mousseau , Timothy A. ( 2011 ) . Brembs , Björn , ed . `` Chernobyl Birds Have Smaller Brains '' . PLoS ONE . 6 ( 2 ) : e16862 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0016862 . PMC 3033907 . PMID 21390202 . Jump up ^ Moeller , A.P ; Mousseau , F. ; De Lope , T.A. ; Saino , N. ( 2007 ) . `` Elevated frequency of abnormalities in barn swallows from Chernobyl '' . Biology Letters. 3 ( 4 ) : 414 -- 7 . doi : 10.1098 / rsbl. 2007.0136 . PMC 1994720 . PMID 17439847 . Jump up ^ Smith , J.T. ( 23 February 2008 ) . `` Is Chernobyl radiation really causing negative individual and population - level effects on barn swallows ? '' . Biology Letters . The Royal Society Publishing . 4 ( 1 ) : 63 -- 64 . doi : 10.1098 / rsbl. 2007.0430 . PMC 2412919 . PMID 18042513 . Jump up ^ Galván , Ismael ; Bonisoli - Alquati , Andrea ; Jenkinson , Shanna ; Ghanem , Ghanem ; Wakamatsu , Kazumasa ; Mousseau , Timothy A. ; Møller , Anders P. ( 2014 - 12 - 01 ) . `` Chronic exposure to low - dose radiation at Chernobyl favours adaptation to oxidative stress in birds '' . Functional Ecology. 28 ( 6 ) : 1387 -- 1403 . doi : 10.1111 / 1365 - 2435.12283 . ISSN 1365 - 2435 . Jump up ^ Moeller , A.P. ; Mousseau , T.A. ( 2009 ) . `` Reduced abundance of insects and spiders linked to radiation at Chernobyl 20 years after the accident '' . Biology Letters. 5 ( 3 ) : 356 -- 9 . doi : 10.1098 / rsbl. 2008.0778 . PMC 2679916 . PMID 19324644 . Jump up ^ Poiarkov , V.A. ; Nazarov , A.N. ; Kaletnik , N.N. ( 1995 ) . `` Post-Chernobyl radiomonitoring of Ukrainian forest ecosystems '' . Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 26 ( 3 ) : 259 -- 271 . doi : 10.1016 / 0265 - 931X ( 94 ) 00039 - Y . Jump up ^ Gudkov , DI ; Kuz'Menko , MI ; Kireev , SI ; Nazarov , AB ; Shevtsova , NL ; Dziubenko , EV ; Kaglian , AE ( 2009 ) . `` Radioecological problems of aquatic ecosystems of the Chernobyl exclusion zone '' . Radiatsionnaia biologiia , radioecologiia. 49 ( 2 ) : 192 -- 202 . PMID 19507688 . ^ Jump up to : Voors , P.I. ; Van Weers , A.W. ( 1991 ) . `` Transfer of Chernobyl radiocaesium ( Cs and Cs ) from grass silage to milk in dairy cows '' . Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 13 ( 2 ) : 125 -- 40 . doi : 10.1016 / 0265 - 931X ( 91 ) 90055 - K . ^ Jump up to : Kovalchuk , I. ; Abramov , V ; Pogribny , I ; Kovalchuk , O ( 2004 ) . `` Molecular Aspects of Plant Adaptation to Life in the Chernobyl Zone '' . Plant Physiology. 135 ( 1 ) : 357 -- 63 . doi : 10.1104 / pp. 104.040477 . PMC 429389 . PMID 15133154 . ^ Jump up to : Barras , Colin ( 22 April 2016 ) . `` The Chrenobyl exclusion zone is arguably a nature reserve '' . BBC Earth . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wood , Mike ; Beresford , Nick ( 2016 ) . `` The wildlife of Chernobyl : 30 years without man '' . The Biologist . London , UK : Royal Society of Biology . 63 ( 2 ) : 16 -- 19 . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Oliphant , Roland ( 24 April 2016 ) . `` 30 years after Chernobyl disaster , wildlife is flourishing in radioactive wasteland '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Deryabina , T.G. ; et al. ( 5 October 2015 ) . `` Long - term census data reveal abundant wildlife populations at Chernobyl '' . Current Biology . 25 ( 19 ) : R824 -- R826 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2015.08. 017 . PMID 26439334 . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Ravillious , Kate . `` Despite Mutations , Chernobyl Wildlife is Thriving '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 16 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` What happened to wildlife when Chernobyl drove humans out ? It thrived '' . The Guardian . 5 October 2015 . Retrieved 28 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Juergen Baetz ( 1 April 2011 ) . `` Radioactive boars and mushrooms in Europe remain a grim reminder 25 years after Chernobyl '' . The Associated Press . Retrieved 7 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Post-Chernobyl disaster sheep controls lifted on last UK farms '' . BBC . 1 June 2012 . Retrieved 7 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Little , J. ( 1993 ) . `` The Chernobyl accident , congenital anomalies and other reproductive outcomes '' . Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology. 7 ( 2 ) : 121 -- 51 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3016.1993. tb00388. x . PMID 8516187 . ^ Jump up to : Teratogen Update : Radiation and Chernobyl , Frank P. Castronovo Jr. TERATOLOGY 60 : 100 -- 106 ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ Sperling , Karl ; Neitzel , Heidemarie ; Scherb , Hagen ( 2012 ) . `` Evidence for an increase in trisomy 21 ( Down syndrome ) in Europe after the Chernobyl reactor accident '' . Genetic Epidemiology. 36 ( 1 ) : 48 -- 55 . doi : 10.1002 / gepi. 20662 . PMID 22162022 . Jump up ^ UNSCEAR ( United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation ) . `` Annex D: Health effects due to radiation from the Chernobyl accident '' ( PDF ) . UNSCEAR 2008 Report to the General Assembly with Scientific Annexes . UNSCEAR . Retrieved 5 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Brown , Valerie J. ( 2011 ) . `` Thyroid Cancer after Chornobyl : Increased Risk Persists Two Decades after Radioiodine Exposure '' . Environmental Health Perspectives. 119 ( 7 ) : a306 . doi : 10.1289 / ehp. 119 - a306a . PMC 3222980 . PMID 21719382 . Jump up ^ Bogdanova , Tetyana I. ; Zurnadzhy , Ludmyla Y. ; Greenebaum , Ellen ; McConnell , Robert J. ; Robbins , Jacob ; Epstein , Ovsiy V. ; Olijnyk , Valery A. ; Hatch , Maureen ; Zablotska , Lydia B. ; Tronko , Mykola D. ( 2006 ) . `` A cohort study of thyroid cancer and other thyroid diseases after the Chornobyl accident '' . Cancer . 107 ( 11 ) : 2559 -- 66 . doi : 10.1002 / cncr. 22321 . PMC 2983485 . PMID 17083123 . Jump up ^ Bromet , Havenaar , Guey . `` A 25 year retrospective review of the psychological consequences of the chernobyl accident '' ( PDF ) . Departments of Psychiatry and Preventive Medicine , Stony Brook University , Stony Brook , New York , USA . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Microsoft Word - ! ! MASTERDOC cesium dr3 mar2 ac. doc . ( PDF ) . Retrieved 26 April 2012 . Jump up ^ http://ag.arizona.edu/swes/chorover_lab/pdf_papers/Bostick%20et%20al.,%202002.pdf Jump up ^ Information Bridge : DOE Scientific and Technical Information - Sponsored by OSTI . Osti.gov . Retrieved 26 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Grimm , E. , & University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , degree granting institution . ( 2015 ) . Thyroid nodules as related to absorbed dose from iodine - 131 in a Ukrainian cohort following the Chernobyl accident . Jump up ^ `` Chernobyl '' . Jump up ^ Thomas , Bethel , Galpine , Mathieson , Krznaric , & Unger. ( 2011 ) . Integrating Research on Thyroid Cancer after Chernobyl -- The Chernobyl Tissue Bank . Clinical Oncology , 23 ( 4 ) , 276 - 281 . ^ Jump up to : `` TORCH report executive summary '' ( PDF ) . European Greens and UK scientists Ian Fairlie PhD and David Sumner . April 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 June 2006 . Retrieved 21 April 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Post-Chernobyl Monitoring and Controls Survey Report '' ( PDF ) . UK Food Standards Agency . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ MacAlister , Terry ( 12 May 2009 ) . `` Britain 's farmers still restricted by Chernobyl nuclear fallout '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 28 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Post-Chernobyl disaster sheep controls lifted on last UK farms '' . BBC news Cumbria. 1 June 2012 . Retrieved 20 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Strand , P ; Selnaes , TD ; Bøe , E ; Harbitz , O ; Andersson - Sørlie , A ( 1992 ) . `` Chernobyl fallout : Internal doses to the Norwegian population and the effect of dietary advice '' . Health physics . 63 ( 4 ) : 385 -- 92 . doi : 10.1097 / 00004032 - 199210000 - 00001 . PMID 1526778 . Jump up ^ Zoriy , Pedro ; Dederichs , Herbert ; Pillath , Jürgen ; Heuel - Fabianek , Burkhard ; Hill , Peter ; Lennartz , Reinhard ( 2016 ) . `` Long - term monitoring of radiation exposure of the population in radioactively contaminated areas of Belarus - Korma Study - The Korma Report II ( 1998 - 2015 ) '' . Schriften des Forschungszentrums Jülich : Reihe Energie & Umwelt / Energy & Environment . Forschungszentrum Jülich , Zentralbibliothek , Verlag . Retrieved 21 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Energy Citations Database ( ECD ) - - Document # 5012309 . Osti.gov . Retrieved 26 April 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 27 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Chernobyl - Part One '' . BBC News . 4 April 2006 . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Did Chernobyl Leave an Eden for Wildlife ? '' , by Henry Fountain , New York Times , 28 August 2007 Jump up ^ `` Elevated frequency of abnormalities in barn swallows from Chernobyl '' , in Biology Letters , Volume 3 , Number 4 / 22 August 2007 Jump up ^ `` Wildlife defies Chernobyl radiation '' . BBC News . 20 April 2006 . Jump up ^ Moller , A ; Mousseau , T ( 2006 ) . `` Biological consequences of Chernobyl : 20 years on '' . Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 21 ( 4 ) : 200 -- 7 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tree. 2006.01. 008 . PMID 16701086 . Jump up ^ Chernobyl Fungus Feeds On Radiation . Scienceagogo.com ( 23 May 2007 ) . Retrieved 26 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Ionizing Radiation Changes the Electronic Properties of Melanin and Enhances the Growth of Melanized Fungi . PLoS ONE . Retrieved 26 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Vember , VV ; Zhdanova , NN ( 2001 ) . `` Peculiarities of linear growth of the melanin - containing fungi Cladosporium sphaerospermum Penz . And Alternaria alternata ( Fr . ) Keissler '' . Mikrobiolohichnyi zhurnal ( Kiev , Ukraine : 1993 ) . 63 ( 3 ) : 3 -- 12 . PMID 11785260 . ^ Jump up to : BBC , 20 April 2006 , Wildlife defies Chernobyl radiation ^ Jump up to : Mycio , Mary ( 9 September 2005 ) . Wormwood Forest : A Natural History of Chernobyl . Joseph Henry Press . ISBN 0 - 309 - 09430 - 5 . Retrieved 25 September 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Washington Post , 7 June 2007 , Chernobyl Area Becomes Wildlife Haven Jump up ^ Mother Nature Network , 7 May 2009 , Scientists disagree over radiation effects ^ Jump up to : Baker , Robert J. ; Chesser , Roland K . `` The Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster And Subsequent Creation of a Wildlife Preserve '' . Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry , Vol. 19 , No. 5 , pp. 1231 - 1232 , 2000 . Archived from the original on 5 October 2003 . Retrieved 14 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ravilious , Kate ( 29 June 2009 ) . `` Despite Mutations , Chernobyl Wildlife Is Thriving '' . National Geographic Magazine . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . Retrieved 23 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Moller , A.P. ; Mousseau , T.A. ; Milinevsky , G. ; Peklo , A. ; Pysanets , E. ; Szep , T. ( 2005 ) . `` Condition , reproduction and survival of barn swallows from Chernobyl '' . Journal of Animal Ecology. 74 ( 6 ) : 1102 -- 1111 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2656.2005. 01009. x . Jump up ^ Saino , N. ; Mousseau , F. ; De Lope , T.A. ; Saino , A.P. ( 2007 ) . `` Elevated frequency of abnormalities in barn swallows from Chernobyl '' . Biology Letters. 3 ( 4 ) : 414 -- 7 . doi : 10.1098 / rsbl. 2007.0136 . PMC 1994720 . PMID 17439847 . Jump up ^ Smith , J.T. ( 23 February 2008 ) . `` Is Chernobyl radiation really causing negative individual and population - level effects on barn swallows ? '' . Biology Letters. 4 ( 1 ) : 63 -- 64 . doi : 10.1098 / rsbl. 2007.0430 . PMC 2412919 . PMID 18042513 . Retrieved 23 September 2009 . Jump up ^ Moller , A.P ; Mousseau , T.A ; De Lope , F ; Saino , N ( 2008 ) . `` Anecdotes and empirical research in Chernobyl '' . Biology Letters. 4 : 65 -- 66 . doi : 10.1098 / rsbl. 2007.0528 . Jump up ^ Danchenko , Maksym ; Skultety , Ludovit ; Rashydov , Namik M. ; Berezhna , Valentyna V. ; Mátel , L'Ubomír ; Salaj , Terézia ; Pret'Ová , Anna ; Hajduch , Martin ( 2009 ) . `` Proteomic Analysis of Mature Soybean Seeds from the Chernobyl Area Suggests Plant Adaptation to the Contaminated Environment '' . Journal of Proteome Research . 8 ( 6 ) : 2915 -- 22 . doi : 10.1021 / pr900034u . PMID 19320472 . Jump up ^ Kovalchuk , Olga ; Burke , Paula ; Arkhipov , Andrey ; Kuchma , Nikolaj ; James , S. Jill ; Kovalchuk , Igor ; Pogribny , Igor ( 2003 ) . `` Genome hypermethylation in Pinus silvestris of Chernobyl -- a mechanism for radiation adaptation ? '' . Mutation Research / Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis. 529 : 13 -- 20 . doi : 10.1016 / S0027 - 5107 ( 03 ) 00103 - 9 . Jump up ^ Boubriak , I.I. ; Grodzinsky , D.M. ; Polischuk , V.P. ; Naumenko , V.D. ; Gushcha , N.P. ; Micheev , A.N. ; McCready , S.J. ; Osborne , D.J. ( 2007 ) . `` Adaptation and Impairment of DNA Repair Function in Pollen of Betula verrucosa and Seeds of Oenothera biennis from Differently Radionuclide - contaminated Sites of Chernobyl '' . Annals of Botany. 101 ( 2 ) : 267 -- 76 . doi : 10.1093 / aob / mcm276 . PMC 2711018 . PMID 17981881 . Jump up ^ Deryabina , TG ; Kuchmel , SV ; Nagorskaya , LL ; Hinton , TG ; Beasley , JC ; Lerebours , A ; Smith , JT . `` Long - term census data reveal abundant wildlife populations at Chernobyl '' . Current Biology . 25 : R824 -- R826 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2015.08. 017 . PMID 26439334 . Jump up ^ World Health Organisation `` World Health Organization report explains the health impacts of the world 's worst - ever civil nuclear accident '' , WHO , 26 April 2006 . Retrieved 4 April 2011 . Jump up ^ BBC News `` ' Too little known on Chernobyl ' '' , BBC News , 19 April 2006 . Retrieved 4 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IAEA Report '' . In Focus : Chernobyl . Retrieved 29 March 2006 . Jump up ^ and joint IAEA / WHO / UNDP press release Chernobyl : The True Scale of the Accident Archived 10 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine. , IAEA / WHO / UNDP , 5 September 2005 ( pdf file ) Jump up ^ `` Special Report : Counting the dead '' . Nature . 19 April 2006 . Retrieved 21 April 2006 . Jump up ^ TORCH report executive summary , op. cit. , p. 4 Jump up ^ Dinets , A. ; Hulchiy , M. ; Sofiadis , A. ; Ghaderi , M. ; Höög , A. ; Larsson , C. ; Zedenius , J. ( 2012 ) . `` Clinical , genetic , and immunohistochemical characterization of 70 Ukrainian adult cases with post-Chornobyl papillary thyroid carcinoma '' . European Journal of Endocrinology. 166 ( 6 ) : 1049 -- 60 . doi : 10.1530 / EJE - 12 - 0144 . PMC 3361791 . PMID 22457234 . ^ Jump up to : Chernobyl ' caused Sweden cancers ' , BBC News , 20 November 2004 Jump up ^ `` Greenpeace rejects Chernobyl toll '' . BBC News . 18 April 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` Selon un rapport indépendant , les chiffres de l'ONU sur les victimes de Tchernobyl ont été sous - estimés ( According to an independent report , UN numbers on Chernobyl 's victims has been underestimated ) '' ( in French ) . Le Monde. 7 April 2006 . and see also `` ' On n'a pas fini d'entendre parler de Tchernobyl ' , interview with Angelika Claussen , head of the German section of the IPPNW '' . Arte. 13 April 2006 . Jump up ^ http://www.ippnw-students.org/chernobyl/IPPNWStudy.pdf Jump up ^ Chernobyl Cancer Death Toll Estimate More Than Six Times Higher Than the 4,000 Frequently Cited , According to a New UCS Analysis . Ucsusa.org . Retrieved 26 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Dworschak , Manfred ( 26 April 2016 ) . `` The Chernobyl Conundrum : Is Radiation As Bad As We Thought ? '' . Spiegel Online International . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IAEA Report '' . In Focus : Chernobyl . Archived from the original on 27 March 2006 . Retrieved 29 March 2006 . Jump up ^ For full coverage see the IAEA Focus Page ( op. cit . ) and joint IAEA / WHO / UNDP 5 September 2005 press release Chernobyl : The True Scale of the Accident Archived 10 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Peplow , M ( 2006 ) . `` Special Report : Counting the dead '' . Nature . 440 ( 7087 ) : 982 -- 3 . doi : 10.1038 / 440982a . PMID 16625167 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spiegel , The Chernobyl body count controversy '' . In Focus : Chernobyl . Retrieved 25 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Burton Bennett ; Michael Repacholi ; Zhanat Carr , eds. ( 2006 ) . Health Effects of the Chernobyl Accident and Special Health Care Programmes : report of the UN Chernobyl Forum Expert Group `` Health '' ( PDF ) . Geneva : WHO . ISBN 92 - 4 - 159417 - 9 . Retrieved 9 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Bialik , Carl ( 27 April 2006 ) . `` Measuring Chernobyl 's Fallout '' . The Numbers Guy , The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 20 years after Chernobyl -- The ongoing health effects '' . IPPNW. April 2006 . Archived from the original on 29 June 2012 . Retrieved 24 April 2006 . Jump up ^ Alexey V. Yablokov ; Vassily B. Nesterenko ; Alexey V. Nesterenko ( 2009 ) . Chernobyl : Consequences of the Catastrophe for People and the Environment ( Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences ) ( paperback ed . ) . Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57331 - 757 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Details '' . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . Retrieved 15 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Charles , Monty ( 2010 ) . `` Chernobyl : consequences of the catastrophe for people and the environment ( 2010 ) '' ( PDF ) . Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 141 ( 1 ) : 101 -- 104 . doi : 10.1093 / rpd / ncq185 . `` During the production of the reports from the Chernobyl Forum and Greenpeace , a vast body of previously unknown data began to emerge in the form of publications , reports , theses , etc. from Belarus , Ukraine and Russia , much of it in Slavic languages . Little of these data appears to have been incorporated into the international literature . The quality of these publications and whether they would sustain critical peer - review in the western scientific literature is unknown . The book by Yablokov et al. is part of an attempt to summarise these new findings and include them to extend the findings of the Greenpeace report . '' Jump up ^ M.I. Balonov ( 28 April 2010 ) . `` Review of Volume 1181 '' . New York Academy of Sciences . Retrieved 15 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation ; 2008 Report to the General Assembly ; '' ( PDF ) . II ( Scientific Annexes C , D and E ) . New York , USA : United Nations Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. 2011 : 1 -- 219 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 1 - 142280 - 1 . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Chernobyl accident : UNSCEAR 's assessments of the radiation effects '' . United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. 16 July 2012 . Retrieved 27 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chornobyl tragedy '' . Jump up ^ Dederichs , H. ; Pillath , J. ; Heuel - Fabianek , B. ; Hill , P. ; Lennartz , R. ( 2009 ) : Langzeitbeobachtung der Dosisbelastung der Bevölkerung in radioaktiv kontaminierten Gebieten Weißrusslands - Korma - Studie . Vol. 31 , series `` Energy & Environment `` by Forschungszentrum Jülich , ISBN 978 - 3 - 89336 - 562 - 3 Jump up ^ Tondel , M. ( 2004 ) . `` Increase of regional total cancer incidence in north Sweden due to the Chernobyl accident ? '' . Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health . 58 ( 12 ) : 1011 -- 1016 . doi : 10.1136 / jech. 2003.017988 . Jump up ^ Inga hållpunkter för ökad cancerrisk i Sverige ( article in Swedish from the Swedish doctors magazine ) Jump up ^ Scherb , Hagen ; Weigelt , Eveline . `` Congenital Malformation and Stillbirth in Germany and Europe Before and After the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Accident '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Scherb , H ; Voigt , K ( 2007 ) . `` Trends in the human sex odds at birth in Europe and the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident '' . Reproductive Toxicology. 23 ( 4 ) : 593 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / j. reprotox. 2007.03. 008 . PMID 17482426 . Jump up ^ Scherb , Hagen ; Voigt , Kristina ( 2011 ) . `` The human sex odds at birth after the atmospheric atomic bomb tests , after Chernobyl , and in the vicinity of nuclear facilities '' . Environmental Science and Pollution Research . 18 ( 5 ) : 697 -- 707 . doi : 10.1007 / s11356 - 011 - 0462 - z . PMID 21336635 . Jump up ^ Mürbeth , S ; Rousarova , M ; Scherb , H ; Lengfelder , E ( 2004 ) . `` Thyroid cancer has increased in the adult populations of countries moderately affected by Chernobyl fallout '' . Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research . 10 ( 7 ) : CR300 -- 6 . PMID 15295858 . Jump up ^ Cardis , Elisabeth ; Krewski , Daniel ; Boniol , Mathieu ; Drozdovitch , Vladimir ; Darby , Sarah C. ; Gilbert , Ethel S. ; Akiba , Suminori ; Benichou , Jacques ; Ferlay , Jacques ; Gandini , Sara ; Hill , Catherine ; Howe , Geoffrey ; Kesminiene , Ausrele ; Moser , Mirjana ; Sanchez , Marie ; Storm , Hans ; Voisin , Laurent ; Boyle , Peter ( 2006 ) . `` Estimates of the cancer burden in Europe from radioactive fallout from the Chernobyl accident '' . International Journal of Cancer . 119 ( 6 ) : 1224 -- 1235 . doi : 10.1002 / ijc. 22037 . PMID 16628547 . Jump up ^ IARC Press release on the report ' Estimates of the cancer burden in Europe from radioactive fallout from the Chernobyl accident ' Archived 15 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Briefing document : Cancer burden in Europe following Chernobyl Archived 18 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Davidson , Nick ( 13 July 2006 ) . `` Chernobyl 's ' nuclear nightmares ' '' . Horizon . Retrieved 2 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Inside Chernobyl 's Sarcophagus '' ( 13 July 1996 ) , Horizon , BBC . Jump up ^ Allison , Wade ( 24 November 2006 ) . `` How dangerous is ionising radiation ? '' . Archived from the original on 17 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Allison , Wade ( 2006 ) . `` The safety of nuclear radiation ; a careful re-examination for a world facing climate change '' ( PDF ) . Physics Department of Oxford University . Retrieved 30 July 2007 . Jump up ^ A video of Fusco discussing his photo essay project on Chernobyl . Mediastorm.com . Retrieved 26 April 2012 . Jump up ^ information Paul Fusco 's book on the Chernobyl legacy Archived 6 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Magnumphotos.com ( 26 April 1986 ) . Retrieved 26 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Those who stayed in Chernobyl and Fukushima : An excerpt from the new TED Book brings you inside Control Room 4 '' . TED . October 31 , 2013 . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bandashevsky , Y . I , `` Pathology of Incorporated Ionizing Radiation '' , Belarus Technical University , Minsk. 136 pp. , 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Nouvelles plaintes de malades français après Tchernobyl '' ( in French ) . RFI. 26 April 2006 . Retrieved 26 April 2006 . ( includes Audio files , with an interview with Chantal Loire , president of the French Association of Thyroid - Affected People , as well as interviews with member of the CRIIRAD ) ^ Jump up to : Renn , O. ( 1990 ) . Public responses to the chernobyl accident . Journal of Environmental Psychology , 10 ( 2 ) , 151 - 167 . doi : 10.1016 / s0272 - 4944 ( 05 ) 80125 - 2 Jump up ^ Rautenbach , J. , Tonhauser , W. , Wetherall , A. , Schwartz , J. , Moser , B. , Von Busekist , O. , ... Desart , R.D. ( 2006 ) . International Nuclear Law in the Post-Chernobyl Period ( Rep . ) . International Atomic Energy Agency . External links ( edit ) Animated map of radioactive cloud , French IRSN ( official Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire -- Institute of Radioprotection and Nuclear Safety ) `` Les leçons de Tchernobyl '' . IRSN . Retrieved 7 December 2009 . Chernobyl animals worse affected than thought : study 25 years of satellite imagery over Chernobyl ( hide ) Chernobyl disaster Effects Comparisons People Liquidators Samosely List of people involved Deaths due to the disaster Places Exclusion Zone Pripyat Amusement park Polissya hotel Azure Swimming Pool Avanhard Stadium Palace of Culture Energetik Jupiter Factory Yaniv Station Chernobyl Duga radar Red Forest List of populated settlements Power Plant Sarcophagus New Safe Confinement Other Slavutych Dytiatky Ukrainian National Chernobyl Museum Polesie State Radioecological Reserve ( list of settlements ) Works Cultural impact of the Chernobyl disaster Documentation and media Organisations Chernobyl Children International Chernobyl Forum Chernobyl Recovery and Development Programme Chernobyl Shelter Fund Friends of Chernobyl 's Children Bellesrad List of Chernobyl - related charities Related articles Chernobylite Chernihiv -- Ovruch railway List Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Effects_of_the_Chernobyl_disaster&oldid=809366066 '' Categories : Radiation health effects Chernobyl disaster Environment of Ukraine Health in the Soviet Union Environment of the Soviet Union Effects Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles with French - language external links Articles with inconsistent citation formats Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2013 Articles needing POV - check from December 2013 All NPOV disputes Articles with weasel words from September 2013 Articles needing additional references from April 2010 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from November 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from January 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Español Français 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 November 2017 , at 17 : 29 . 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-3504884004510364417	The Vampire Diaries	The Vampire Diaries - wikipedia The Vampire Diaries Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the television series . For the book series , see The Vampire Diaries ( novel series ) . For the unrelated film , see Vampire Diary . The Vampire Diaries Genre Drama Supernatural Horror Fantasy Based on The Vampire Diaries by L.J. Smith Developed by Kevin Williamson Julie Plec Starring Nina Dobrev Paul Wesley Ian Somerhalder Steven R. McQueen Sara Canning Kat Graham Candice King Zach Roerig Kayla Ewell Michael Trevino Matt Davis Joseph Morgan Michael Malarkey Composer ( s ) Michael Suby Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 8 No. of episodes 171 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Kevin Williamson Julie Plec Leslie Morgenstein Bob Levy Caroline Dries Melinda Hsu Taylor Chad Fiveash James Stoteraux Location ( s ) Atlanta , Georgia Covington , Georgia Vancouver , British Columbia ( pilot ) Running time 41 -- 44 minutes Production company ( s ) Outerbanks Entertainment Alloy Entertainment CBS Television Studios Warner Bros. Television Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network The CW Picture format 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) Original release September 10 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 10 ) -- March 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) Chronology Related shows The Originals Legacies External links Website Production website The Vampire Diaries is an American supernatural drama television series developed by Kevin Williamson and Julie Plec , based on the popular book series of the same name written by L.J. Smith . The series premiered on The CW on September 10 , 2009 , and concluded on March 10 , 2017 , airing 171 episodes over eight seasons . The pilot episode attracted the largest audience for The CW of any series premiere since the network began in 2006 ; the first season averaged 3.60 million viewers . It was the most - watched series on the network before being supplanted by Arrow . The show has received numerous award nominations , winning four People 's Choice Award and many Teen Choice Awards . On April 26 , 2013 , The CW officially announced that the spin - off The Originals , which focuses on the Original family of vampires , had been ordered to series , and the show began airing during the 2013 -- 14 American television season . On April 6 , 2015 , lead actress Nina Dobrev confirmed via Instagram that she and co-star Michael Trevino ( who plays Tyler Lockwood ) would be leaving the show after its sixth season . Dobrev returned to record a voiceover for the seventh - season finale . Trevino appeared as a guest star in season seven and returned for season 8 . On March 11 , 2016 , The CW renewed the series for an eighth season , but on July 23 , 2016 , announced that the eighth season , which would have 16 episodes , would be the show 's last . The final season began airing on October 21 , 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Cast and characters 3 Episodes 4 Production 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 U.S. Nielsen ratings 5.3 Awards and accolades 6 Home media releases 7 Spin - off 8 Tie - in material 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Series overview ( edit ) The series is set in the fictional town of Mystic Falls , Virginia , a town charged with supernatural history since its settlement of migrants from New England in the late 19th century . It follows the life of Elena Gilbert ( Nina Dobrev ) , a teenage girl who has just lost both parents in a car accident , as she falls in love with a 162 - year - old vampire named Stefan Salvatore ( Paul Wesley ) . Their relationship becomes increasingly complicated as Stefan 's mysterious older brother Damon Salvatore ( Ian Somerhalder ) returns , with a plan to bring back their past lover Katherine Pierce , a vampire who looks exactly like Elena . Although Damon is initially the villain and harbors a grudge against his brother for forcing him to become a vampire , he later reconciles with Stefan and falls in love with Elena , creating a love triangle among the three . Both brothers protect Elena as they face various villains and threats to their town , including Katherine . The brothers ' history and the town 's mythology are revealed through flashbacks as the series goes on . Additional storylines revolve around the other inhabitants of the town , most notably Elena 's younger brother Jeremy Gilbert ( Steven R. McQueen ) , her best friends Bonnie Bennett ( Kat Graham ) and Caroline Forbes ( Candice King ) , their mutual friends Tyler Lockwood ( Michael Trevino ) and Matt Donovan ( Zach Roerig ) , and their history teacher , vampire hunter Alaric Saltzman ( Matthew Davis ) . The town 's politics are orchestrated by descendants of the original founding families , all comprising a `` Founders ' Council . '' The founding families of Mystic Falls includes the Salvatores , the Gilberts , the Fells , the Forbes , and the Lockwoods . They guard the town mainly from vampires , although there are many more supernatural threats such as werewolves , witches , hybrids , ghosts and many more . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of The Vampire Diaries characters Ian Somerhalder , Nina Dobrev and Paul Wesley at PaleyFest 2014 Nina Dobrev as Elena Gilbert ( seasons 1 -- 6 ; uncredited voiceover season 7 ; guest season 8 ) , whom the series follows as she falls in love with Stefan , and later leaves him after leading everyone to believe he was her true love , for his brother , Damon Salvatore , creating a love triangle . This results in her being drawn into the supernatural world , with the show following her struggles in surviving supernatural events in the town . Dobrev also portrays Elena 's doppelgänger , Katerina Petrova also known as Katherine Pierce . Katherine sporadically appeared in subsequent seasons and played a significant role in the fifth season . Dobrev has also played the Original doppelgänger , Silas 's true love known as Amara during the fifth season , whom he sought in the afterlife for two thousand years . Dobrev also played another Doppelgänger Tatia in The Originals season 2 episode `` Red Door . '' In the season 6 finale , Elena 's life was tied to Bonnie 's in such a way that as long as Bonnie is alive Elena will remain asleep . Damon put Elena in a coffin and had Tyler hide her in a warehouse in Brooklyn for the next 60 years or so while he waits to reunite with her . In the series finale Elena is awoken and she ends up choosing Damon in the series finale and they live a long and happy life together , earning her happy ending . Paul Wesley as Stefan Salvatore , a good - hearted and affectionate vampire and the complete opposite of his older brother , Damon Salvatore . Later in the series , Stefan reverts to his old ways as a Ripper to save Damon from a werewolf bite and his role becomes more antagonistic , especially after he is forced to turn his humanity off . Eventually , he returns to his good - hearted and caring self and reconciles with Elena , but the relationship does n't last long . He marries Caroline in Season 8 and is killed afterwards in the series finale as he sacrifices himself for Mystic Falls . Wesley also portrays his revealed doppelgänger , Silas ( seasons 4 -- 5 ) , the world 's first immortal being . Wesley also played another doppelgänger , Tom Avery , during the fifth season . Ian Somerhalder as Damon Salvatore , the malevolent vampire brother who initially served as the show 's anti-hero . He is mostly thought of as selfish and manipulative , but later on in the series , he begins to display a more caring side . Though his love for Elena is initially one - sided , she begins to develop feelings for him as they work together to save Stefan after he 's given in to his Ripper side . They begin dating in season 4 , and continue to date ( with some breakups along the way ) until Elena is put into her deep sleep at the end of season 6 . Damon is extremely close with Stefan , but also has a close relationship with Bonnie , despite the fact that they hated each other for the first 5 seasons of the series . Throughout seasons 6 and 7 , their relationship has developed into a deeper bond , with Damon later confirming Bonnie is his best friend . Steven R. McQueen as Jeremy Gilbert ( seasons 1 -- 6 ; guest season 8 ) , Elena 's younger brother , later revealed to be her biological cousin and a member of The Five , a vampire hunter . Jeremy is killed in season 4 after Katherine throws him onto Silas , who drains his blood . He is resurrected by Bonnie Bennett , his love interest , in the season 4 finale . He leaves town numerous times during the show , and has only come back once since his exit mid season 6 , to say goodbye to Elena . Sara Canning as Jenna Sommers ( seasons 1 -- 2 ; guest seasons 3 , 5 , 8 ) , Jeremy and Elena 's aunt and legal guardian . Canning left the show after season two when Jenna was killed after being turned into a vampire and used for Klaus ' ritual . Kat Graham as Bonnie Bennett , Elena and Caroline 's best friend and a very powerful witch , who has died numerous times during the show but always returned . She develops and controls her powers with the help of her grandmother , Sheila or `` Grams '' , another witch in the family . She is often able to use her magic to help the group , and while she initially hates vampires , particularly Damon , she ends up warming up to them and becomes Damon 's best friend after being stuck in a prison world with him for four months . Bonnie has lost and regained her ability to do magic multiple times throughout the show . She spent seasons 2 through 5 in an on - again , off - again relationship with Elena 's brother Jeremy and later became involved with Enzo . Candice King as Caroline Forbes , Bonnie and Elena 's best friend , who was insecure and often jealous of Elena at first , but after becoming a vampire in the second season comes into her own . Neurotic but lovable , Caroline has been the love interest of many of the male characters . Initially serving as Damon 's plaything in season 1 , which she still hates him for , she has had serious relationships with Matt , Tyler , Alaric , and Stefan , and was long the subject of Klaus 's adoration . She married Stefan before his death . Currently , she is raising twins with Alaric . Zach Roerig as Matt Donovan , Elena 's childhood friend and ex-boyfriend , who became romantically involved with Caroline in season 1 . They remain good friends even after breaking up during the second season . Matt wants no part in the supernatural events in his town and later is at odds with the vampires as he becomes a police officer and tries to protect the town from them . Kayla Ewell as Vicki Donovan ( season 1 ; recurring seasons 2 -- 3 , 5 , 8 ) , the drug - addicted sister of Matt . She appears to be dating Tyler but is more interested in Jeremy . She is turned into a vampire by Damon and is killed by Stefan shortly after . Ewell left the show after the first season but has appeared as a guest in multiple seasons since . Michael Trevino as Tyler Lockwood ( seasons 1 -- 6 ; recurring seasons 7 -- 8 ) , a werewolf later turned into a hybrid , Jeremy and Matt 's best friend , and son of the mayor of Mystic Falls ; male members of his family have been shown to carry a lycanthropic trait . His uncle Mason was also a werewolf , who was killed by Damon in season two . He was turned into the first successful hybrid by Klaus . In the season 5 finale , he is returned to being just a werewolf . He leaves town at the end of season 6 , though he appears in a couple episodes of season 7 , protecting Elena 's coffin . Matt Davis as Alaric Saltzman ( seasons 1 -- 3 , 6 -- 8 ; recurring season 4 -- 5 ) , a history teacher , vampire hunter , and love interest for Jenna . Davis left the show at the end of season three after Alaric was killed . His character returned as a regular in season 6 , after he was resurrected . Alaric is able to return to being a human with the help of Josette Laughlin ( Jodi Lyn O'Keefe ) and the two begin dating . Jo becomes pregnant and they plan to marry , but she is murdered by Kai at their wedding . Jo 's family of witches was able to transfer the babies to Caroline , however , so she gives birth to their twins , and Caroline and Alaric move to Dallas together . They begin a relationship , but end it when Caroline decides to be with Stefan after his return at the end of season 7 . Joseph Morgan as Original Vampire Klaus Mikaelson ( seasons 3 -- 4 , recurring season 2 ; guest seasons 5 , 7 ) . He begins to build an army of new `` hybrids , '' which are half vampire and half werewolf . During season 3 , Klaus began to develop feelings for Caroline and falls in love with her . Morgan left the show after the fourth season when Klaus moved on to his own spin - off , The Originals . Michael Malarkey as Enzo St. John ( seasons 6 -- 8 ; recurring season 5 ) , a vampire formerly under the imprisonment of the Augustine society . He was Damon Salvatore 's cellmate back in the 1950s when the latter was captured by the Augustines . He and Damon revived their friendship as he searched for his lost lover , Maggie . In the episode `` Man on Fire , '' Enzo shut off his humanity and then Stefan Salvatore ripped out his heart . He was resurrected in the season finale , and later becomes Bonnie 's love interest before coming under the control of the monster in the vault at the end of season 7 . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The Vampire Diaries episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 22 September 10 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 10 ) May 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 13 ) 22 September 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 09 ) May 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 12 ) 22 September 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 15 ) May 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 10 ) 23 October 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 11 ) May 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 16 ) 5 22 October 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 03 ) May 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 15 ) 6 22 October 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 02 ) May 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 14 ) 7 22 October 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 08 ) May 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 13 ) 8 16 October 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 21 ) March 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) Production ( edit ) Initially , Kevin Williamson had little interest in developing the series , finding the premise too similar to other vampire tales . However , at the urging of Julie Plec , he began to read the novels and started to become intrigued by the story : `` I began to realize that it was a story about a small town , about that town 's underbelly and about what lurks under the surface . '' Williamson has stated the town 's story will be the main focus of the series rather than high school . On February 6 , 2009 , Variety announced that The CW had green - lit the pilot for The Vampire Diaries with Williamson and Julie Plec set as the head writers and executive producers . On May 19 , 2009 , the series was officially ordered for the 2009 -- 2010 season . The pilot episode was filmed in Vancouver , British Columbia , but the rest of the episodes have been filmed in Covington , Georgia ( which doubles as the show 's fictional small town of Mystic Falls , Virginia ) and various other communities around Greater Atlanta to take advantage of local tax incentives . On the morning of May 10 , 2012 , a fire broke out in the building on Clark Street in Covington that was used as the setting for Mystic Grill on the show . The series was given a full 22 - episode order on October 21 , 2009 , after strong ratings for the first half of the season . Now there is a spin - off called The Originals , that goes into depth about the original vampire family from The Vampire Diaries . On February 16 , 2010 , The CW announced that it had renewed the show for a second season , which premiered on September 9 , 2010 . On April 26 , 2011 , The CW renewed the show for a third season . The third season premiered on September 15 , 2011 . The fourth season premiered October 11 , 2012 . The CW renewed the show for a fifth season on February 11 , 2013 . On February 13 , 2014 , The CW renewed the series for a sixth season . On January 11 , 2015 , the CW renewed the series for a seventh season . President of The CW , Mark Pedowitz , said in an interview at the summer TCA 's that The Vampire Diaries did n't receive an extra episode order for the second season at the request of Kevin Williamson . Kevin Williamson felt to do the best show possible , he would rather do 22 episodes . `` I 'd rather have a great 22 than a good 24 if Kevin could n't do it , '' he explained . The first writers meeting for the fifth season held on April 15 , 2013 . Filming began on July 10 , 2013 , and finished on April 10 , 2014 . On July 23 , 2016 , it was announced that show would end after a 16 - episode eighth season . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 68 % 50 ( 22 reviews ) 100 % 78 ( 5 reviews ) 88 % N / A 69 % N / A 5 100 % N / A 6 87 % N / A 7 73 % N / A 8 100 % N / A The Vampire Diaries initially received mixed reviews , which through the course of the show improved greatly . Metacritic gave the show a Metascore of 50 ( out of 100 ) based on 22 critical reviews , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Entertainment Weekly gave the pilot a B+ , declaring that the show `` signals a welcome return to form for writer - producer Kevin Williamson . '' Reviewer , Ken Tucker , ended his review by writing that `` Diaries promises us a season of sharp - tongued amusement . '' Linda Stasi of the New York Post gave the premiere a perfect score , saying that she was `` hooked after one episode . '' Stasi praised the pacing of the episode and the `` vicious , bloody vamp action , '' which `` starts in the opening scene and continues throughout The Vampire Diaries with such ferocity and speed that it 's truly scary . '' Conversely , San Francisco Chronicle 's , Tim Goodman , gave the episode a highly critical review , calling the series `` awful . '' Goodman disliked the dialogue and hoped that the extras on Buffy the Vampire Slayer would `` return en masse to eat the cast of Vampire Diaries , plus any remaining scripts . '' Many TV critics felt the series improved with each episode . Sarah Hughes of The Independent says The Vampire Diaries turns into `` a well - crafted , interestingly developed series '' despite a poor opening episode . The New York Post also praised the portrayal of Elena , finding the character to be a strong - minded woman who did not allow her feelings for her boyfriend to control her . Karla Peterson of The San Diego Union - Tribune said that `` the supernatural drama is a first - class production , featuring an insanely gorgeous cast , sharp scripts , and a brooding vibe that is hard for even the most levelheaded adult to resist . '' Mike Hale of The New York Times gave the series an honorable mention on his list of the top TV shows of 2009 . The show 's second season opened to favorable reviews from professional television critics as it received a 78 / 100 score on Metacritic . As the series progressed and developed onto the third season , critics praised the portrayals of the main characters and the development of the female characters such as Elena Gilbert played by Nina Dobrev , Bonnie Bennett played by Kat Graham , and Caroline Forbes played by Candice King . The third - season finale , `` The Departed , '' received critical acclaim . Diana Steenbergen of IGN praised the episode and the writers for clearing up a couple story lines and making all of them come to a head . She also praised Dobrev 's performance in this episode , addressing her behaviour as another reason the final revelation from Meredith was more shocking and believable . Similarly , Mandi Bierly of Entertainment Weekly review praised the writer 's skills in creating the more unexpected final twist . US Nielsen Ratings ( edit ) The series premiere of The Vampire Diaries on September 10 , 2009 , gave The CW its biggest series premiere , scoring 4.91 million viewers . Adding in DVR numbers , the ratings for the premiere swelled to an official 5.7 million viewers . In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that `` as with several other shows that focus on the supernatural '' , The Vampire Diaries was `` slightly more popular outside of cities . That said , the show 's fandom has the smallest amount of spatial variation of all 50 shows '' . The following is a table for the seasonal rankings based on average total estimated viewers per episode of The Vampire Diaries . `` Rank '' refers to how The Vampire Diaries rated compared to the other television series which aired during prime time hours . Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Thursday 8 : 00 pm 22 September 10 , 2009 4.91 May 13 , 2010 3.47 2009 -- 10 118 3.60 22 September 9 , 2010 3.36 May 12 , 2011 2.86 2010 -- 11 193 3.17 22 September 15 , 2011 3.10 May 10 , 2012 2.53 2011 -- 12 166 2.91 23 October 11 , 2012 3.18 May 16 , 2013 2.24 2012 -- 13 133 2.97 5 22 October 3 , 2013 2.59 May 15 , 2014 1.61 2013 -- 14 147 2.68 6 22 October 2 , 2014 1.81 May 14 , 2015 1.44 2014 -- 15 160 1.54 7 Thursday 8 : 00 pm ( 1 -- 9 ) Friday 8 : 00 pm ( 10 -- 22 ) 22 October 8 , 2015 1.38 May 13 , 2016 1.04 2015 -- 16 141 1.95 8 Friday 8 : 00 pm 16 October 21 , 2016 0.98 March 10 , 2017 1.15 2016 -- 17 140 1.71 Awards and accolades ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by The Vampire Diaries Ian Somerhalder gained much attention from critics and audiences , and won several acting awards . The Vampire Diaries won 7 Teen Choice Awards in 2010 including : Choice TV Show : Fantasy / Sci - Fi , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Paul Wesley ) , Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Nina Dobrev ) , Choice TV : Villain ( Ian Somerhalder ) , Choice TV : Breakout Show , Choice TV : Female Breakout Star ( Nina Dobrev ) and Choice TV : Male Breakout Star ( Paul Wesley ) . Other nominations were Choice Male Hottie ( Ian Somerhalder ) and Choice TV : Female Scene Stealer ( Kat Graham ) . The show won an award for Favorite New TV Drama at the 2010 People 's Choice Awards and received a nomination for Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy Show . It was also nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Network TV Series . On November 9 , 2010 , it received nominations for Favourite Sci - Fi / Fantasy Show and Favourite TV Drama as well as a nomination for Ian Somerhalder in the TV Drama Actor category at the 2011 People 's Choice Awards . In 2011 , The Vampire Diaries was nominated for 12 Teen Choice Awards including : Choice TV Show : Fantasy / Sci - Fi , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Paul Wesley ) , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Ian Somerhalder ) , Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Nina Dobrev ) , Choice TV : Villain ( Joseph Morgan ) , Choice TV : Female Scene Stealer ( Kat Graham ) , Choice TV : Male Scene Stealer ( Michael Trevino ) , Choice Female Hottie ( Nina Dobrev ) , Choice Male Hottie ( Ian Somerhalder ) and Choice Vampire ( Nina Dobrev , Ian Somerhalder and Paul Wesley ) . At the 2012 People 's Choice Awards , the show gained four nominations : Best TV Drama , Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy , Drama Actor for Ian Somerhalder and Drama Actress for Nina Dobrev . While the show and Ian Somerhalder lost out ( to another The CW show Supernatural and Nathan Fillion , respectively ) , Nina Dobrev won in her category , becoming the first write - in person ever to do so . At the 2012 Teen Choice Awards , the show gained nine nominations : Choice TV Show : Fantasy / Sci - Fi , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Paul Wesley ) , Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Nina Dobrev ) , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Ian Somerhalder ) , Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Kat Graham ) , Choice TV : Villain ( Joseph Morgan ) , Choice TV : Female Scene Stealer ( Candice Accola ) , Choice TV : Male Scene Stealer ( Michael Trevino ) and Choice Male Hottie ( Ian Somerhalder ) , and won six . In 2013 , The Vampire Diaries was nominated for five People 's Choice Awards , including : Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy , Drama Actor for Ian Somerhalder , Drama Actress for Nina Dobrev , Drama Actor for Paul Wesley and Favorite TV Fan Following . While the show lost to another The CW show Supernatural , Ellen Pompeo and Nathan Fillion , respectively . At the 2013 Teen Choice Awards , the show gained eight nominations : Choice TV Show : Fantasy / Sci - Fi , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Paul Wesley ) , Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Nina Dobrev ) , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Ian Somerhalder ) , Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Kat Graham ) , Choice TV : Villain ( Joseph Morgan ) , Choice TV : Female Scene Stealer ( Candice Accola ) , Choice TV : Male Scene Stealer ( Steven R. McQueen ) . In 2014 , The Vampire Diaries was nominated for four People 's Choice Awards , including : Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy Show and Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actor for Ian Somerhalder in which he won the award , Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actress for Nina Dobrev and Favorite On Screen Chemistry ( Damon Salvatore & Elena Gilbert ) in which they won the award . At the 2014 Teen Choice Awards , the show gained ten nominations : Choice TV Show : Fantasy / Sci - Fi , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Paul Wesley ) , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Ian Somerhalder ) , Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Nina Dobrev ) , Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Kat Graham ) , Choice TV : Villain ( Paul Wesley ) , Choice TV : Female Scene Stealer ( Candice Accola ) , Choice TV : Male Scene Stealer ( Michael Trevino ) , Choice Male Hottie ( Ian Somerhalder ) . In 2015 , The Vampire Diaries was nominated for five People 's Choice Awards , including : Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy , Drama Actor for Ian Somerhalder , Drama Actor for Paul Wesley , Drama Actress for Nina Dobrev and Favorite TV Duo ( Ian Somerhalder & Nina Dobrev ) in which they won the award . At the 2015 Teen Choice Awards , the show gained ten nominations : Choice TV Show : Fantasy / Sci - Fi , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Paul Wesley ) , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Ian Somerhalder ) , Choice TV : Scene Stealer ( Kat Graham ) , Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Nina Dobrev ) , Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Candice Accola ) , Choice TV : Villain ( Chris Wood ) Choice TV : Chemistry ( Kat Graham & Ian Somerhalder ) , Choice TV : Liplock ( Candice King & Paul Wesley ) , Choice TV : Liplock ( Nina Dobrev & Ian Somerhalder ) . In 2016 , The Vampire Diaries was nominated for two People 's Choice Awards , including : Best Sci - Fi / Fantasy and Drama Actor for Ian Somerhalder . At the 2016 Teen Choice Awards , the show gained seven nominations : Choice TV Show : Fantasy / Sci - Fi , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Paul Wesley ) , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Ian Somerhalder ) , Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Kat Graham ) , Choice TV Actress -- Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Candice King ) , Choice TV : Chemistry ( Kat Graham & Ian Somerhalder ) , Choice TV : Liplock ( Candice King & Paul Wesley ) . In 2017 , The Vampire Diaries was nominated for two People 's Choice Awards : Favorite Network TV Sci - Fi / Fantasy and Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actor for Ian Somerhalder . It was also nominated for three Teen Choice Awards : Choice TV Show : Fantasy / Sci - Fi , Choice TV Actor : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Ian Somerhalder ) , and Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi ( Kat Graham ) ( Won ) Home media releases ( edit ) Season one was released on DVD in Regions 1 , 2 and 4 and on Blu - ray in Regions A and B. Both United States versions include commentary by cast and crew members on selected episodes , deleted scenes , behind - the - scenes featurettes , webisodes , and a downloadable audiobook of L.J. Smith 's The Vampire Diaries : The Awakening . It was released on DVD in Region 2 on August 23 , 2010 . Following that release , Region 1 began selling DVDs on August 31 , 2010 , and Region 3 on September 1 , 2010 . In Region A , it was released on Blu - ray on August 31 , 2010 . Region B 's releases varied ; United Kingdom on August 23 , 2010 , Brazil on August 26 , 2010 , and Australia on September 1 , 2010 . The Vampire Diaries Season 2 will be available in DVD and Blu - ray on August 30 , 2011 . Region B 's releases varied ; United Kingdom on August 22 , 2011 , Brazil on August 25 , 2011 . The Vampire Diaries : Season 3 will be available on DVD and Blu - ray on September 11 and A and on September 5 , 2012 , for Regions 4 and B . The Vampire Diaries : Season 4 is available on DVD and Blu - ray in A as of September 15 , 2013 . In Japan , the fourth season was released in a special collection including bonuses not available elsewhere . Included in the collection are an ankle bracelet , promotional image cards and a booklet about the cast . Season DVD release date Blu - ray release date Region A Region B Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 United States Canada United Kingdom Australia August 31 , 2010 August 23 , 2010 September 1 , 2010 August 31 , 2010 August 31 , 2010 August 23 , 2010 September 1 , 2010 August 30 , 2011 August 22 , 2011 September 7 , 2011 August 30 , 2011 August 30 , 2011 August 22 , 2011 September 7 , 2011 1 -- 2 August 22 , 2011 November 9 , 2011 August 22 , 2011 September 11 , 2012 August 20 , 2012 October 3 , 2012 September 11 , 2012 September 11 , 2012 August 20 , 2012 October 3 , 2012 1 -- 3 August 20 , 2012 October 17 , 2012 August 20 , 2012 October 3 , 2012 September 3 , 2013 August 26 , 2013 October 2 , 2013 September 3 , 2013 September 3 , 2013 August 26 , 2013 October 2 , 2013 1 -- 4 August 26 , 2013 October 2 , 2013 August 26 , 2013 October 2 , 2013 5 September 9 , 2014 October 27 , 2014 September 24 , 2014 September 9 , 2014 September 9 , 2014 October 27 , 2014 September 24 , 2014 1 -- 5 October 27 , 2014 October 1 , 2014 October 27 , 2014 Spin - off ( edit ) Main article : The Originals ( TV series ) Former president of entertainment at The CW , Dawn Ostroff , mentioned a spin - off idea in 2010 that she said could happen in a few years . A spin - off was in development for the 2011 fall line - up but due to Kevin Williamson 's commitment to The Secret Circle , it was put on hold indefinitely . Logo of The Originals On January 11 , 2013 , it was announced that a back - door pilot focused on the Originals , starring Joseph Morgan as Klaus titled The Originals would air on April 25 for a potential series pick - up for the 2013 -- 2014 season . This second spin - off attempt was carried out by Julie Plec with no involvement by Kevin Williamson . On April 26 , 2013 , The CW announced that The Originals had been ordered to series premiere in the 2013 -- 14 television season . The Originals premiered on October 3 , 2013 . Daniel Gillies as Elijah , Claire Holt as Rebekah , and Phoebe Tonkin as Hayley will also continue to play their characters , originally from The Vampire Diaries , in the new spin - off series . The Originals is about the Mikaelson siblings , who are the original family of vampires , and their take - over of New Orleans . The show also involves Hayley and Klaus 's daughter , Hope . Producers reported that there would be a transition of the characters in both series . Claire Holt made a special cameo on episodes of The Vampire Diaries , in the episodes `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' and `` 500 Years of Solitude '' . Michael Trevino made a special cameo on episodes of The Originals , `` Bloodletting '' and `` The River In Reverse '' . Joseph Morgan , Daniel Gillies and Claire Holt returned to The Vampire Diaries in a special cameo on the series ' 100th episode `` 500 Years of Solitude '' . Nina Dobrev also appeared on the fifth episode of The Originals 's second season , `` Red Door '' , as Tatia . At the Television Critics Association winter 2016 press tour , CW president Mark Pedowitz announced an official crossover between The Vampire Diaries and The Originals where Stefan goes on the run and finds safe haven in New Orleans where he runs into Klaus . Tie - in material ( edit ) On October 31 , 2013 , DC Comics launched a comic book series based on the TV show . See also ( edit ) Vampire film List of vampire television series References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Vampire Diaries ' star Nina Dobrev on Elena 's look - alike dilemma and more '' . Los Angeles Times . January 21 , 2010 . Retrieved February 8 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Final 2009 -- 10 Broadcast Primetime Show Average Viewership '' . TV by the Numbers . June 16 , 2010 . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday Final Ratings : ' The Blacklist ' Adjusted Up ; ' Reign ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment to ' Scandal ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Dairies -- Season 1 ( DVD ) ( 2009 ) '' . Amazon . Retrieved March 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries , The -- The Complete 1st Season '' . EzyDVD . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2012 . Retrieved March 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries : The Complete First Season ( Blu - ray ) : Nina '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries Season 1 ( Blu - ray ) ( 2009 ) : Amazon.co.uk : Nina Dobrev , Paul Wesley , Ian Somerhalder : DVD '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries , The -- The Complete 1st Season ( 4 Disc Set ) ( Blu - ray ) ( FREE Replica Necklace ) @ EzyDVD '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2012 . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon US Season 2 DVD '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Parker , Evie . `` Amazon UK Season 2 Blu - ray '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries , The -- The Complete 2nd Season ( 5 Disc Set ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2011 . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amazon US Season 2 Blu - ray '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries , The -- The Complete 2nd Season ( 5 Disc Set ) '' . Ezydvd.com.au . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2012 . Retrieved September 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries -- Seasons 1 -- 2 Complete ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved September 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries -- Seasons 1 -- 2 ( 10 Discs ) ( Region 4 ) '' . Fishpond.com.au . Retrieved September 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries -- Seasons 1 -- 2 Complete ( Blu - ray ) ( Region Free ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved September 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon UK Season 3 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries : Season 3 '' . Ezydvd.com.au . 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Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries -- Season 4 ( Blu - ray + UV Copy ) ( 2013 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries , The -- Season 4 ( Blu - ray / Ultraviolet ) '' . JBhifi.com.au . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries -- Season 1 -- 4 ( DVD ) ( 2013 ) '' . amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries , The -- Season 1 -- 4 '' . JBhifi.com.au . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries -- Season 1 -- 4 ( Blu - ray ) ( 2013 ) ( Region Free ) '' . amazon.co.uk . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Vampire Diaries , The -- Season 1 -- 4 ( Blu - ray ) '' . JBhifi.com.au . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Vampire Diaries -- ' The Complete 5th Season ' is Officially Announced for DVD , Blu - ray '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . November 6 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2014 . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . 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TVFanatic.com . Retrieved October 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Marty ( February 3 , 2011 ) . `` Vampire Diaries Spin Off On Hold -- Enter Secret Circle '' . Boom Tron . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2012 . Retrieved June 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` The CW Orders Backdoor Pilot for ' Vampire Diaries ' Spinoff , ' The Originals ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Vampire Diaries ' Spinoff ' The Originals ' in the Works at CW '' . Retrieved January 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( February 13 , 2013 ) . `` ' Vampire Diaries ' Spinoff ' The Originals ' Adds Claire Holt '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ TV.com . `` The Vampire Diaries -- Season 5 , Episode 1 : I Know What You Did Last Summer '' . TV.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Claire Holt '' . IMDb . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie . `` Vampire Diaries and The Originals to cross over this season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Vampire Diaries # 1 -- DC Entertainment '' . readdcentertainment.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Vampire Diaries Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Vampire Diaries . Official website The Vampire Diaries on Warner TV The Vampire Diaries on IMDb The Vampire Diaries at TV.com The Vampire Diaries Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Night of the Comet '' `` Friday Night Bites '' `` Family Ties '' `` You 're Undead to Me '' `` Lost Girls '' `` Haunted '' `` 162 Candles '' `` History Repeating '' `` The Turning Point '' `` Bloodlines '' `` Unpleasantville '' `` Children of the Damned '' `` Fool Me Once '' `` A Few Good Men '' `` There Goes the Neighborhood '' `` Let the Right One In '' `` Under Control '' `` Miss Mystic Falls '' `` Blood Brothers '' `` Isobel '' `` Founder 's Day '' Season 2 `` The Return '' `` Brave New World '' `` Bad Moon Rising '' `` Memory Lane '' `` Kill or Be Killed '' `` Plan B '' `` Masquerade '' `` Rose '' `` Katerina '' `` The Sacrifice '' `` By the Light of the Moon '' `` The Descent '' `` Daddy Issues '' `` Crying Wolf '' `` The Dinner Party '' `` The House Guest '' `` Know Thy Enemy '' `` The Last Dance '' `` Klaus '' `` The Last Day '' `` The Sun Also Rises '' `` As I Lay Dying '' Season 3 `` The Birthday '' `` The Hybrid '' `` The End of the Affair '' `` Disturbing Behavior '' `` The Reckoning '' `` Smells Like Teen Spirit '' `` Ghost World '' `` Ordinary People '' `` Homecoming '' `` The New Deal '' `` Our Town '' `` The Ties That Bind '' `` Bringing Out the Dead '' `` Dangerous Liaisons '' `` All My Children '' `` The Departed '' Season 4 `` Growing Pains '' `` Memorial '' `` The Rager '' `` The Five '' `` The Killer '' `` We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes '' `` My Brother 's Keeper '' `` We 'll Always Have Bourbon Street '' `` O Come , All Ye Faithful '' `` After School Special '' `` Catch Me If You Can '' `` A View to a Kill '' Season 5 `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` True Lies '' `` Original Sin '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' `` Monster 's Ball '' `` Handle with Care '' `` Death and the Maiden '' `` Dead Man on Campus '' `` The Cell '' `` Fifty Shades of Grayson '' `` 500 Years of Solitude '' `` The Devil Inside '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` No Exit '' `` Gone Girl '' `` While You Were Sleeping '' `` Rescue Me '' `` Resident Evil '' `` Man on Fire '' `` What Lies Beneath '' `` Promised Land '' `` Home '' Season 6 `` I 'll Remember '' `` Yellow Ledbetter '' `` Welcome to Paradise '' `` Black Hole Sun '' `` The World Has Turned and Left Me Here '' `` The More You Ignore Me , the Closer I Get '' `` Do You Remember the First Time ? 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8932514558705820637	If—	If -- - wikipedia If -- For other uses , see If ( disambiguation ) . If -- by Rudyard Kipling A Doubleday , Page & Co. edition from 1910 First published in Rewards and Fairies Publisher Doubleday , Page & Company Publication date 1910 ( 108 years ago ) ( 1910 ) `` If -- '' is a poem by English Nobel laureate Rudyard Kipling , written circa 1895 as a tribute to Leander Starr Jameson . It is a literary example of Victorian - era stoicism . The poem , first published in Rewards and Fairies ( 1910 ) , is written in the form of paternal advice to the poet 's son , John . Contents 1 Publication 2 Text 3 Reception 4 In popular culture 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Publication ( edit ) `` If -- '' first appeared in the `` Brother Square Toes '' chapter of the book Rewards and Fairies , a collection of Kipling 's poetry and short - story fiction , published in 1910 . In his posthumously published autobiography , Something of Myself ( 1937 ) , Kipling said that , in writing the poem , he was inspired by the military actions of Leander Starr Jameson , leader of the failed Jameson Raid against the Transvaal Republic to overthrow the Boer Government of Paul Kruger . The failure of that mercenary coup d'état aggravated the political tensions between Great Britain and the Boers , which led to the Second Boer War ( 1899 -- 1902 ) . Text ( edit ) If you can keep your head when all about you Are losing theirs and blaming it on you , If you can trust yourself when all men doubt you , But make allowance for their doubting too . If you can wait and not be tired by waiting , Or being lied about , do n't deal in lies , Or being hated , do n't give way to hating , And yet do n't look too good , nor talk too wise : If you can dream -- and not make dreams your master ; If you can think -- and not make thoughts your aim ; If you can meet with Triumph and Disaster , And treat those two impostors just the same ; If you can bear to hear the truth you 've spoken Twisted by knaves to make a trap for fools , Or watch the things you gave your life to , broken , And stoop and build ' em up with worn - out tools : If you can make a heap of all your winnings And risk it on one turn of pitch - and - toss , And lose , and start again at your beginnings And never breathe a word about your loss ; If you can force your heart and nerve and sinew To serve your turn long after they are gone , And so hold on when there is nothing in you Except the Will which says to them : `` Hold on ! '' If you can talk with crowds and keep your virtue , Or walk with Kings -- nor lose the common touch , If neither foes nor loving friends can hurt you , If all men count with you , but none too much ; If you can fill the unforgiving minute With sixty seconds ' worth of distance run , Yours is the Earth and everything that 's in it , And -- which is more -- you 'll be a Man , my son ! Reception ( edit ) As an evocation of Victorian - era stoicism -- the `` stiff upper lip '' self - discipline , which popular culture rendered into a British national virtue and character trait , `` If -- '' remains a cultural touchstone . The British cultural - artefact status of the poem is evidenced by the parodies of the poem , and by its popularity among Britons . T.S. Eliot included the poem in his 1941 collection A Choice of Kipling 's Verse . In India , a framed copy of the poem was affixed to the wall before the study desk in the cabins of the officer cadets at the National Defence Academy at Pune , and Indian Naval Academy at Ezhimala . In Britain , the third and fourth lines of the second stanza of the poem : `` If you can meet with Triumph and Disaster / and treat those two impostors just the same '' are written on the wall of the players ' entrance to the Centre Court at the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club , where the Wimbledon Championships are held . ( These same lines appear at the West Side Tennis Club in Forest Hills , New York , where the US Open was played . ) The first verse is set , in granite setts , into the pavement of the promenade in Westward Ho ! in Devon . The Indian writer Khushwant Singh considered the poem `` the essence of the message of The Gita in English . '' In popular culture ( edit ) In 1914 the New Zealand School Journal published the poem without asking permission following the outbreak of World War I . The Education Department wrote to the publishers and offered to pay a `` reasonable fee '' . Kipling , who routinely turned down requests to publish `` If -- '' , asked for £ 50 to settle the matter . The Solicitor - General said that the Crown was not bound by the New Zealand Copyright Act of 1913 , and could reprint the whole of Kipling 's works if it chose . There is a classical translation in French by André Maurois , who was an interpreter with the British Army during the First World War . It was published in `` Les silences du colonel Bramble '' ( 1921 ) , chap . XIV ( Collection Poche , pp. 93s . ) . On 21 September 1938 Czech journal Přítomnost published the poem in the place of editorial ( as a reaction on the situation before the Munich dictate ) The cab driver character Alex ( Judd Hirsch ) begins the poem and it 's finished by the unlikely character Jim ( Christopher Lloyd ) in season 2 episode 22 of the television show Taxi . In Apocalypse Now , when `` The Photojournalist '' played by Dennis Hopper meets Capt Willard , played by Martin Sheen , he spouts a few lines of the first stanza during his drug - fueled , frenzied greeting while trying to relay how much he admires Colonel Kurtz . In The Simpsons , Grandpa Simpson quotes an abbreviated portion in `` Old Money '' as justification to betting all the winnings of a recent inheritance at roulette . The fictional character Bridget Jones was powerfully struck by `` If - '' : `` Poem is good . Very good , almost like self - help book '' . Brand New adapted part of the second stanza of the poem for the lyrics of their 2006 song `` Sowing Season '' . The poem was adapted and performed as a song by Joni Mitchell on her 2007 album Shine . The first lines of the poem are used as a password in the 2015 film Mission : Impossible -- Rogue Nation . In 2016 , the Boston Red Sox used the poem in a short video tribute to retiring player David Ortiz , narrated by Kevin Spacey . Tennis player Serena Williams recited a version of the poem for International Women 's Day 2017 , substituting ' woman ' for ' man ' . In July 2018 students of Manchester University painted over a mural with the poem written on it , and replaced it with Still I Rise by Maya Angelou , saying that Kipling `` dehumanised people of colour '' . See also ( edit ) `` Invictus '' by William Ernest Henley `` The Man in the Arena '' by Theodore Roosevelt `` Desiderata '' by Max Ehrmann `` The Gods of the Copybook Headings '' by Rudyard Kipling `` Vitaï Lampada '' by Henry Newbolt References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` If by Rudyard Kipling : If , poem by Rudyard Kipling : Poems 007 '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Osborne , Kristen ( 28 April 2013 ) . McKeever , Christine , ed . `` Rudyard Kipling : Poems Study Guide : Summary and Analysis of `` If -- '' `` . GradeSaver . Retrieved 29 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Wansell , Geoffrey ( 20 February 2009 ) . `` The remarkable story behind Rudyard Kipling 's ' If ' -- and the swashbuckling renegade who inspired it '' . Mail Online . Associated Newspapers . Retrieved 29 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Kipling , Rudyard . `` Something of Myself . '' Rudyard Kipling : Something of Myself and Other Autobiographical Writings . Ed . Thomas Pinney . Cambridge : Cambridge UP , 1991 . 111 . Print . Jump up ^ `` The New Britannica Encyclopædia '' , 15th Edition , volume 6 , pp. 489 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Halsall , Paul ( July 1998 ) . `` Rudyard Kipling : If '' . Internet History Sourcebooks Project . Fordham University . Retrieved 6 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Spartans and Stoics -- Stiff Upper Lip '' . ICONS of England . Culture24 . Archived from the original on 12 December 2009 . Retrieved 20 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Jones , Emma ( 2004 ) . The Literary Companion . Robson . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86105 - 798 - 3 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Mike ( 2002 ) . Literature and Tourism . The Thomson Corporation . p. 61 . ISBN 1 - 84480 - 074 - 1 . Jump up ^ Mishra , Piyush ; ( India Interrupted Blog ) , Anshuman . `` If - Rudyard Kipling '' . mishrapiyush.wordpress.com . Word Press . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Liz ( August 29 , 1966 ) . `` Round One At Forest Hills '' . Sports Illustrated ( Volume 25 , No. 9 ) . Time Inc . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SureSet : `` If '' by Rudyard Kipling for Westward Ho ! - Pro Landscaper - The industry 's number 1 news source `` . prolandscapermagazine.com . Jump up ^ Khushwant Singh , Review of The Book of Prayer by Renuka Narayanan , 2001 Jump up ^ `` Wronged Kipling seeks £ 50 '' . Stuff ( Fairfax ) . 13 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Peroutka , František ( September 21 , 1938 ) . `` Jestliže ... '' ( PDF ) . Přítomnost . year 15 , volume 38 : 593 . Jump up ^ `` The Simpsons s02e17 Episode Script SS '' . Springfield ! Springfield ! . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ H. Fielding , Bridget Jones : The Edge of Reason ( Picador 2000 ) p. 308 Jump up ^ `` Joni Mitchell - If - lyrics '' . jonimitchell.com . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spacey narrates Kipling 's ' If ' to honor Ortiz '' . Jump up ^ Maine , D'Arcy ( March 9 , 2017 ) . Serena Williams recites Rudyard Kipling 's poem ' If -- ' for International Women 's Day . ESPN.com Jump up ^ Perraudin , Frances ( 19 July , 2018 ) . Manchester University students paint over Rudyard Kipling mural . The Guardian . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : If -- Reading of `` If -- '' on Wikimedia Commons If public domain audiobook at LibriVox Authentic digital editions archive of `` If -- '' Staging of `` If -- '' as a comic strip Rudyard Kipling Novels The Light that Failed ( 1891 ) Captains Courageous ( 1896 ) Kim ( 1901 ) Collections Plain Tales from the Hills ( 1888 ) Soldiers Three ( 1888 ) The Story of the Gadsbys ( 1888 ) In Black and White ( 1888 ) The Phantom ' Rickshaw and other Eerie Tales ( 1888 ) Under the Deodars ( 1888 ) Wee Willie Winkie and Other Child Stories ( 1888 ) From Sea to Sea and Other Sketches , Letters of Travel ( 1889 ) Barrack - Room Ballads ( 1892 , poetry ) Many Inventions ( 1893 ) The Jungle Book ( 1894 ) `` Mowgli 's Brothers '' `` Kaa 's Hunting '' `` Tiger ! Tiger ! '' `` Rikki - Tikki - Tavi '' The Second Jungle Book ( 1895 ) `` Letting in the Jungle '' `` Red Dog '' All the Mowgli Stories ( c. 1895 ) The Seven Seas ( 1896 , poetry ) The Day 's Work ( 1898 ) Stalky & Co. ( 1899 ) Just So Stories ( 1902 ) The Five Nations ( 1903 , poetry ) Puck of Pook 's Hill ( 1906 ) Rewards and Fairies ( 1910 ) The Fringes of the Fleet ( 1915 , non-fiction ) Debits and Credits ( 1926 ) Limits and Renewals ( 1932 ) Rudyard Kipling 's Verse : Definitive Edition ( 1940 ) A Choice of Kipling 's Verse ( by T.S. Eliot , 1941 ) Poems `` The Absent - Minded Beggar '' `` The Ballad of the `` Clampherdown '' '' `` The Ballad of East and West '' `` The Beginnings '' `` The Bell Buoy '' `` The Betrothed '' `` Big Steamers '' `` Boots '' `` Cold Iron '' `` Dane - geld '' `` Danny Deever '' `` A Death - Bed '' `` The Female of the Species '' `` Fuzzy - Wuzzy '' `` Gentleman ranker '' `` The Gods of the Copybook Headings '' `` Gunga Din '' `` Hymn Before Action '' `` If -- '' `` In the Neolithic Age '' `` The King 's Pilgrimage '' `` The Last of the Light Brigade '' `` The Lowestoft Boat '' `` Mandalay '' `` The Mary Gloster '' `` McAndrew 's Hymn '' `` My Boy Jack '' `` Recessional '' `` A Song in Storm '' `` The Sons of Martha '' `` Submarines '' `` The Sweepers '' `` Tommy '' `` Ubique '' `` The White Man 's Burden '' `` The Widow at Windsor '' Short stories ``. 007 '' `` The Arrest of Lieutenant Golightly '' `` Baa Baa , Black Sheep '' `` Bread upon the Waters '' `` The Broken Link Handicap '' `` The Butterfly that Stamped '' `` Consequences '' `` The Conversion of Aurelian McGoggin '' `` Cupid 's Arrows '' `` The Devil and the Deep Sea '' `` The Drums of the Fore and Aft '' `` Fairy - Kist '' `` False Dawn '' `` A Germ - Destroyer '' `` His Chance in Life '' `` His Wedded Wife '' `` In the House of Suddhoo '' `` Kidnapped '' `` Learoyd , Mulvaney and Ortheris '' `` Lispeth '' `` The Man Who Would Be King '' `` A Matter of Fact '' `` Miss Youghal 's Sais '' `` The Mother Hive '' `` Ortheris '' `` The Other Man '' `` The Rescue of Pluffles '' `` The Ship that Found Herself '' `` The Sing - Song of Old Man Kangaroo '' `` The Taking of Lungtungpen '' `` Three and -- an Extra '' `` The Three Musketeers '' `` Thrown Away '' `` Toomai of the Elephants '' `` Watches of the Night '' `` Wireless '' `` Yoked with an Unbeliever '' Related Bibliography Bateman 's ( house ) Indian Railway Library Ritual of the Calling of an Engineer Iron Ring Law of the jungle Aerial Board of Control My Boy Jack ( 1997 play ) Rudyard Kipling : A Remembrance Tale ( 2006 documentary ) My Boy Jack ( 2007 film ) Family Elsie Bambridge ( daughter ) John Kipling ( son ) John Lockwood Kipling ( father ) MacDonald sisters ( mother 's family ) Stanley Baldwin ( cousin ) Georgiana Burne - Jones ( aunt ) Edward Burne - Jones ( uncle ) Philip Burne - Jones ( cousin ) Edward Poynter ( uncle ) Alfred Baldwin ( uncle ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=If -- &oldid = 863337546 '' Categories : Poetry by Rudyard Kipling 1910 poems Doubleday , Page & Company books Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Română Русский Shqip Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2018 , at 04 : 42 ( UTC ) . 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3906309442818315921	Treaty of Versailles	Treaty of Versailles - wikipedia Treaty of Versailles one of the treaties that ended the First World War This article is about the Treaty of Versailles of 28 June 1919 , at the end of World War I . For other uses , see Treaty of Versailles ( disambiguation ) . Treaty of Versailles Treaty of Peace between the Allied and Associated Powers and Germany Cover of the English version Signed 28 June 1919 Location Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles , Paris , France Effective 10 January 1920 Condition Ratification by Germany and three Principal Allied Powers . Signatories Central Powers Germany Allied Powers United States British Empire France Italy Japan Others ( show ) Belgium Bolivia Brazil China Cuba Ecuador Greece Guatemala Haiti The Hedjaz Honduras Liberia Nicaragua Panama Peru Poland Portugal Roumania The Serb - Croat - Slovene State Siam Czechoslovakia and Uruguay Depositary French Government Languages French and English Treaty of Versailles at Wikisource Paris Peace Conference League of Nations ( show ) Covenant of the League of Nations Members Organisation Minority Treaties Little Treaty of Versailles Mandates Treaty of Versailles ( show ) War guilt Reparations Role in the Weimar Republic 's hyperinflation Dawes Plan Young Plan Lausanne Conference Locarno Treaties Possible cause of World War II International Opium Convention Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye ( show ) Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine ( show ) Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine Treaty of Trianon ( show ) Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Sèvres ( show ) Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire Conference of London ( 1920 ) San Remo conference Turkish National Movement Turkish War of Independence Treaty of Lausanne Others ( show ) American Commission to Negotiate Peace Commission of Responsibilities The Inquiry The Treaty of Versailles ( French : Traité de Versailles ) was the most important of the peace treaties that brought World War I to an end . The Treaty ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers . It was signed on 28 June 1919 in Versailles , exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand which directly led to World War I . The other Central Powers on the German side of World War I signed separate treaties . Although the armistice , signed on 11 November 1918 , ended the actual fighting , it took six months of Allied negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference to conclude the peace treaty . The treaty was registered by the Secretariat of the League of Nations on 21 October 1919 . Of the many provisions in the treaty , one of the most important and controversial required `` Germany ( to ) accept the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage '' during the war ( the other members of the Central Powers signed treaties containing similar articles ) . This article , Article 231 , later became known as the War Guilt clause . The treaty forced Germany to disarm , make substantial territorial concessions , and pay reparations to certain countries that had formed the Entente powers . In 1921 the total cost of these reparations was assessed at 132 billion marks ( then $31.4 billion or £ 6.6 billion , roughly equivalent to US $442 billion or UK £ 284 billion in 2018 ) . At the time economists , notably John Maynard Keynes ( a British delegate to the Paris Peace Conference ) , predicted that the treaty was too harsh -- a `` Carthaginian peace '' -- and said the reparations figure was excessive and counter-productive , views that , since then , have been the subject of ongoing debate by historians and economists from several countries . On the other hand , prominent figures on the Allied side such as French Marshal Ferdinand Foch criticized the treaty for treating Germany too leniently . The result of these competing and sometimes conflicting goals among the victors was a compromise that left no one content : Germany was neither pacified nor conciliated , nor was it permanently weakened . The problems that arose from the treaty would lead to the Locarno Treaties , which improved relations between Germany and the other European powers , and the re-negotiation of the reparation system resulting in the Dawes Plan , the Young Plan , and the indefinite postponement of reparations at the Lausanne Conference of 1932 . Although it is often referred to as the `` Versailles Conference '' , only the actual signing of the treaty took place at the historic palace . Most of the negotiations were in Paris , with the `` Big Four '' meetings taking place generally at the Quai d'Orsay . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 First World War 1.2 US entry and the Fourteen Points 1.3 Treaty of Brest - Litovsk , 1918 1.4 Armistice 1.5 Occupation 1.6 Blockade 1.7 Polish uprising 2 Negotiations 2.1 French aims 2.2 British aims 2.3 American aims 3 Treaty content and signing 3.1 Territorial changes 3.2 Mandates 3.3 Military restrictions 3.4 Reparations 3.5 Guarantees 3.6 International organizations 4 Reactions 4.1 Britain 4.2 France 4.3 Italy 4.4 Portugal 4.5 United States 4.5. 1 House 's views 4.6 China 4.7 German 5 Implementation 5.1 Reparations 5.2 Territorial changes 5.3 Rhineland occupation 6 Violations 6.1 Reparations 6.2 Military 6.3 Territorial 7 Historical assessments 7.1 Territorial changes 7.2 Military terms and violations 8 See also 9 Notes 10 Further reading 11 External links Background First World war Main article : World War I On 28 June 1914 the Bosnian - Serb Gavrilo Princip assassinated the heir to the throne of Austria - Hungary , Archduke Franz Ferdinand , in the name of Serbian nationalism . This caused a diplomatic crisis , resulting in Austria - Hungary declaring war on Serbia and sparking the First World War . Due to a variety of reasons , within weeks the major powers of Europe -- divided into two alliances known as the Central Powers and the Triple Entente -- went to war . As the conflict progressed , additional countries from around the globe became drawn into the conflict on both sides . Fighting would rage across Europe , the Middle East , Africa and Asia for the next four years . In 1917 , two revolutions occurred within the Russian Empire , which led to the collapse of the Imperial Government and the rise of the Bolshevik Party led by Vladimir Lenin . US entry and the Fourteen Points Main article : Fourteen Points On 6 April 1917 , the United States entered the war against the Central Powers . The reasons were twofold : German submarine warfare against merchant ships trading with France and Britain , which led to the sinking of the RMS Lusitania and the loss of 128 American lives ; and the interception of the German Zimmerman Telegram , urging for Mexico to declare war against the United States . The American war aim was to detach the war from nationalistic disputes and ambitions after the Bolshevik disclosure of secret treaties between the Allies . The existence of these treaties tended to discredit Allied claims that Germany was the sole power with aggressive ambitions . On 8 January 1918 , United States President Woodrow Wilson issued a statement that became known as the Fourteen Points . This speech outlined a policy of free trade , open agreements , democracy , and self - determination . It also called for a diplomatic end to the war , international disarmament , the withdrawal of the Central Powers from occupied territories , the creation of a Polish state , the redrawing of Europe 's borders along ethnic lines , and the formation of a League of Nations to guarantee the political independence and territorial integrity of all states . Wilson 's speech also responded to Vladimir Lenin 's Decree on Peace of November 1917 , which proposed an immediate withdrawal of Russia from the war and called for a just and democratic peace uncompromised by territorial annexations . The Fourteen Points were based on the research of the Inquiry , a team of about 150 advisors led by foreign - policy advisor Edward M. House , into the topics likely to arise in the anticipated peace conference . Treaty of Brest - Litovsk , 1918 Main article : Treaty of Brest - Litovsk The borders of Eastern Europe , as drawn up in Treaty of Brest - Litovsk After the Central Powers launched Operation Faustschlag on the Eastern Front , the new Soviet Government of Russia signed the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk with Germany on 3 March 1918 . This treaty ended the war between Russia and the Central powers and annexed 1,300,000 square miles ( 3,400,000 km ) of territory and 62 million people . This loss equated to a third of the Russian population , a quarter of its territory , around a third of the country 's arable land , three - quarters of its coal and iron , a third of its factories ( totalling 54 percent of the nation 's industrial capacity ) , and a quarter of its railroads . Armistice Main article : Armistice with Germany During the autumn of 1918 , the Central Powers began to collapse . Desertion rates within the German army began to increase , and civilian strikes drastically reduced war production . On the Western Front , the Allied forces launched the Hundred Days Offensive and decisively defeated the German western armies . Sailors of the Imperial German Navy at Kiel mutinied , which prompted uprisings in Germany , which became known as the German Revolution . The German government tried to obtain a peace settlement based on the Fourteen Points , and maintained it was on this basis that they surrendered . Following negotiations , the Allied powers and Germany signed an armistice , which came into effect on 11 November while German forces were still positioned in France and Belgium . Occupation Main article : Occupation of the Rhineland The terms of the armistice called for an immediate evacuation of German troops from occupied Belgium , France , and Luxembourg within fifteen days . In addition , it established that Allied forces would occupy the Rhineland . In late 1918 , Allied troops entered Germany and began the occupation . Blockade Main article : Blockade of Germany Both the German Empire and Great Britain were dependent on imports of food and raw materials , primarily from the Americas , which had to be shipped across the Atlantic Ocean . The Blockade of Germany ( 1914 -- 1919 ) was a naval operation conducted by the Allied Powers to stop the supply of raw materials and foodstuffs reaching the Central Powers . The German Kaiserliche Marine was mainly restricted to the German Bight and used commerce raiders and unrestricted submarine warfare for a counter-blockade . The German Board of Public Health in December 1918 stated that 763,000 German civilians had died during the Allied blockade , although an academic study in 1928 put the death toll at 424,000 people . Polish uprising Main article : Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) In late 1918 , a Polish government was formed and an independent Poland proclaimed . In December , Poles launched an uprising within the German province of Posen . Fighting lasted until February , when an armistice was signed that left the province in Polish hands , but technically still a German possession . Negotiations The heads of the `` Big Four '' nations at the Paris Peace Conference , 27 May 1919 . From left to right : David Lloyd George , Vittorio Orlando , Georges Clemenceau , and Woodrow Wilson Talks between the Allies to establish a common negotiating position started on 18 January 1919 , in the Salle de l'Horloge at the French Foreign Ministry on the Quai d'Orsay in Paris . Initially , 70 delegates from 27 nations participated in the negotiations . Russia was excluded due to their signing of a separate peace ( the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk ) and early withdrawal from the war . Furthermore , German negotiators were excluded to deny them an opportunity to divide the Allies diplomatically . Initially , a `` Council of Ten '' ( comprising two delegates each from Britain , France , the United States , Italy , and Japan ) met officially to decide the peace terms . This council was replaced by the `` Council of Five '' , formed from each countries foreign ministers , to discuss minor matters . Prime Minister of France Georges Clemenceau , Prime Minister of Italy Vittorio Emanuele Orlando , Prime Minister of the United Kingdom David Lloyd George , and President of the United States Woodrow Wilson formed the `` Big Four '' ( at one point becoming the `` Big Three '' following the temporally withdrawal of Vittorio Emanuele Orlando ) . These four men met in 145 closed sessions to make all the major decisions , which were later ratified by the entire assembly . The minor powers attended a weekly `` Plenary Conference '' that discussed issues in a general forum but made no decisions . These members formed over 50 commissions that made various recommendations , many of which were incorporated into the final text of the treaty . French aims France had lost 1.3 million soldiers killed , including 25 % of French men aged 18 -- 30 and 400,000 civilians . France had also been more physically damaged than any other nation ( the so - called zone rouge ( Red Zone ) ) ; the most industrialized region and the source of most coal and iron ore in the north - east had been devastated and in the final days of the war mines had been flooded and railways , bridges and factories destroyed . Clemenceau intended to ensure the security of France , by weakening Germany economically , militarily , territorially and by supplanting Germany as the leading producer of steel in Europe . A position , British economist and Versailles negotiator , John Maynard Keynes summarized as attempting to `` set the clock back and undo what , since 1870 , the progress of Germany had accomplished . '' Clemenceau told Wilson : `` America is far away , protected by the ocean . Not even Napoleon himself could touch England . You are both sheltered ; we are not '' . The French wanted a frontier on the Rhine , to protect France from a German invasion and compensate for French demographic and economic inferiority . American and British representatives refused the French claim and after two months of negotiations , the French accepted a British pledge to provide an immediate alliance with France if Germany attacked again , and Wilson agreed to put a similar proposal to the Senate . Clemenceau had told the Chamber of Deputies , in December 1918 , that his goal was to maintain an alliance with both countries . Clemenceau accepted the offer , in return for an occupation of the Rhineland for fifteen years and that Germany would also demilitarise the Rhineland . French negotiators wanted reparations , to make Germany pay for the damage caused during the war and to weaken Germany . The French also wanted the iron ore and coal of the Saar Valley , by annexation to France . The French were willing to accept a smaller amount of reparations than the Americans would concede and Clemenceau was willing discuss Germany capacity to pay with the German delegation , before the final settlement was drafted . In April and May 1919 , the French and Germans held separate talks , on mutually acceptable arrangements on issues like reparation , reconstruction and industrial collaboration . France , along with the British Dominions and Belgium , opposed mandates and favored annexation of former Germany colonies . British aims Further information : Heavenly Twins ( Sumner and Cunliffe ) and Fontainebleau Memorandum British Prime Minister David Lloyd George . Britain had suffered little land devastation during the war . However , the British wartime coalition was re-elected during the so - called Coupon election at the end of 1918 , with a policy of squeezing the German `` ' til the pips squeak '' . Public opinion favoured a `` just peace '' , which would force Germany to pay reparations and be unable to repeat the aggression of 1914 , although those of a `` liberal and advanced opinion '' shared Wilson 's ideal of a peace of reconciliation . In private Lloyd George opposed revenge and attempted to compromise between Clemenceau 's demands and the Fourteen Points , because Europe would eventually have to reconcile with Germany . Lloyd George wanted terms of reparation that would not cripple the German economy , so that Germany would remain a viable economic power and trading partner . By arguing that British war pensions and widows ' allowances should be included in the German reparation sum , Lloyd George ensured that a large amount would go to the British Empire . Lloyd George also intended to maintain a European balance of power to thwart a French attempt to establish itself as the dominant European Power . A revived Germany would be a counterweight to France and a deterrent to Bolshevik Russia . Lloyd George also wanted to neutralize the German navy to keep the Royal Navy as the greatest naval power in the world ; dismantle the German colonial empire with several of its territorial possessions ceded to Britain and others being established as League of Nations mandates , a position opposed by the Dominions . American aims Prior to the American entry into the war , Wilson had talked of a ' peace without victory ' . This position fluctuated following the US entry into the war . Wilson talked of the German aggressors who there could be no compromised peace with . However , on 8 January 1918 , Wilson delivered a speech ( known as the Fourteen Points ) that declared the American peace objectives : the rebuilding of the European economy , self - determination of European ethnic groups , the promotion of free trade , the creation of appropriate mandates for former colonies , and above all , the creation of a powerful League of Nations that would ensure the peace . The aim of the latter was to provide a forum to revise the peace treaties as needed , and deal with problems that arose as a result of the peace and the rise of new states . Wilson brought along top intellectuals as advisors to the American peace delegation , and the overall American position echoed the Fourteen Points . Wilson firmly opposed harsh treatment on Germany . While the British and French wanted to largely annex the German colonial empire , Wilson saw that as a violation of the fundamental principles of justice and human rights of the native populations , and favored them having the right of self - determination via the creation of mandates . The promoted idea called for the major powers to act as disinterested trustees over a region , aiding the native populations until they could govern themselves . In spite of this position and in order to ensure that Japan did not refuse to join the League of Nations , Wilson favored turning over the former German colony of Shandong , in Eastern China , to Japan rather than return the area to Chinese control . Further confounding the Americans , was US internal partisan politics . In November 1918 , the Republican Party won the Senate election by a slim margin . Wilson , a Democrat , refused to include prominent Republicans in the American delegation making his efforts seem partisan , and contributed to a risk of political defeat at home . Treaty content and signing Further information : Full text of the treaty German Johannes Bell signs the Treaty of Versailles in the Hall of Mirrors , with various Allied delegations sitting and standing in front of him . In June 1919 , the Allies declared that war would resume if the German government did not sign the treaty they had agreed to among themselves . The government headed by Philipp Scheidemann was unable to agree on a common position , and Scheidemann himself resigned rather than agree to sign the treaty . Gustav Bauer , the head of the new government , sent a telegram stating his intention to sign the treaty if certain articles were withdrawn , including Articles 227 , 230 and 231 . In response , the Allies issued an ultimatum stating that Germany would have to accept the treaty or face an invasion of Allied forces across the Rhine within 24 hours . On 23 June , Bauer capitulated and sent a second telegram with a confirmation that a German delegation would arrive shortly to sign the treaty . On 28 June 1919 , the fifth anniversary of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand ( the immediate impetus for the war ) , the peace treaty was signed . The treaty had clauses ranging from war crimes , the prohibition on the merging of Austria with Germany without the consent of the League of Nations , freedom of navigation on major European rivers , to the returning of a Koran to the king of Hedjaz . Territorial changes Germany after Versailles : Administered by the League of Nations Annexed or transferred to neighbouring countries by the treaty , or later via plebiscite and League of Nation action Weimar Germany The treaty stripped Germany of 25,000 square miles ( 65,000 km ) of territory and 7 million people . It also required Germany to give up the gains made via the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk and grant independence to the protectorates that had been established . In Western Europe Germany was required to recognize Belgian sovereignty over Moresnet and cede control of the Eupen - Malmedy area . Within six months of the transfer , Belgium was required to conduct a plebiscite on whether the citizens of the region wanted to remain under Belgian sovereignty or return to German control , communicate the results to the League of Nations and abide by the League 's decision . To compensate for the destruction of French coal mines , Germany was to cede the output of the Saar coalmines to France and control of the Saar to the League of Nations for 15 years ; a plebiscite would then be held to decide sovereignty . The treaty `` restored '' the provinces of Alsace - Lorraine to France by rescinding the treaties of Versailles and Frankfurt of 1871 as they pertained to this issue . The sovereignty of Schleswig - Holstein was to be resolved by a plebiscite to be held at a future time ( see Schleswig Plebiscites ) . In Eastern Europe , Germany was to recognize the independence of Czechoslovakia and cede parts of the province of Upper Silesia . Germany had to recognize the independence of Poland and renounce `` all rights and title over the territory '' . Portions of Upper Silesia were to be ceded to Poland , with the future of the rest of the province to be decided by plebiscite . The border would be fixed with regard to the vote and to the geographical and economic conditions of each locality . The province of Posen ( now Poznan ) , which had come under Polish control during the Greater Poland Uprising , was also to be ceded to Poland . Pomerelia ( Eastern Pomerania ) , on historical and ethnic grounds , was transferred to Poland so that the new state could have access to the sea and became known as the Polish Corridor . The sovereignty of part of southern East Prussia was to be decided via plebiscite while the East Prussian Soldau area , which was astride the rail line between Warsaw and Danzig , was transferred to Poland outright without plebiscite . An area of 51,800 square kilometres ( 20,000 square miles ) was granted to Poland at the expense of Germany . Memel was to be ceded to the Allied and Associated powers , for disposal according to their wishes . Germany was to cede the city of Danzig and its hinterland , including the delta of the Vistula River on the Baltic Sea , for the League of Nations to establish the Free City of Danzig . Mandates Main article : League of Nations mandate German colonies ( light blue ) made into League of Nations mandates . Article 119 of the treaty required Germany to renounce sovereignty over former colonies and Article 22 converted the territories into League of Nations mandates under the control of Allied states . Togoland and German Kamerun ( Cameroon ) were transferred to France . Ruanda and Urundi were allocated to Belgium , whereas German South - West Africa went to South Africa and the United Kingdom obtained German East Africa . As compensation for the German invasion of Portuguese Africa , Portugal was granted the Kionga Triangle , a sliver of German East Africa in northern Mozambique . Article 156 of the treaty transferred German concessions in Shandong , China , to Japan , not to China . Japan was granted all German possessions in the Pacific north of the equator and those south of the equator went to Australia , except for German Samoa , which was taken by New Zealand . Military restrictions The treaty was comprehensive and complex in the restrictions imposed upon the post-war German armed forces ( the Reichswehr ) . The provisions were intended to make the Reichswehr incapable of offensive action and to encourage international disarmament . Germany was to demobilize sufficient soldiers by 31 March 1920 to leave an army of no more than 100,000 men in a maximum of seven infantry and three cavalry divisions . The treaty laid down the organisation of the divisions and support units , and the General Staff was to be dissolved . Military schools for officer training were limited to three , one school per arm , and conscription was abolished . Private soldiers and non-commissioned officers were to be retained for at least twelve years and officers for a minimum of 25 years , with former officers being forbidden to attend military exercises . To prevent Germany from building up a large cadre of trained men , the number of men allowed to leave early was limited . Workmen decommission a heavy gun , to comply with the treaty . The number of civilian staff supporting the army was reduced and the police force was reduced to its pre-war size , with increases limited to population increases ; paramilitary forces were forbidden . The Rhineland was to be demilitarized , all fortifications in the Rhineland and 50 kilometres ( 31 miles ) east of the river were to be demolished and new construction was forbidden . Military structures and fortifications on the islands of Heligoland and Düne were to be destroyed . Germany was prohibited from the arms trade , limits were imposed on the type and quantity of weapons and prohibited from the manufacture or stockpile of chemical weapons , armoured cars , tanks and military aircraft . The German navy was allowed six pre-dreadnought battleships and was limited to a maximum of six light cruisers ( not exceeding 6,000 long tons ( 6,100 t ) ) , twelve destroyers ( not exceeding 800 long tons ( 810 t ) ) and twelve torpedo boats ( not exceeding 200 long tons ( 200 t ) ) and was forbidden submarines . The manpower of the navy was not to exceed 15,000 men , including manning for the fleet , coast defences , signal stations , administration , other land services , officers and men of all grades and corps . The number of officers and warrant officers was not allowed to exceed 1,500 men . Germany surrendered eight battleships , eight light cruisers , forty - two destroyers , and fifty torpedo boats for decommissioning . Thirty - two auxiliary ships were to be disarmed and converted to merchant use . Article 198 prohibited Germany from having an air force , including naval air forces , and required Germany to hand over all aerial related materials . In conjunction , Germany was forbidden to manufacture or import aircraft or related material for a period of six months following the signing of the treaty . Reparations Main article : World War I reparations In Article 231 Germany accepted responsibility for the losses and damages caused by the war `` as a consequence of the ... aggression of Germany and her allies . '' The treaty required Germany to compensate the Allied powers , and it also established an Allied `` Reparation Commission '' to determine the exact amount which Germany would pay and the form that such payment would take . The commission was required to `` give to the German Government a just opportunity to be heard '' , and to submit its conclusions by 1 May 1921 . In the interim , the treaty required Germany to pay an equivalent of 20 billion gold marks ( $5 billion ) in gold , commodities , ships , securities or other forms . The money would help to pay for Allied occupation costs and buy food and raw materials for Germany . Guarantees Location of the Rhineland To ensure compliance , the Rhineland and bridgeheads east of the Rhine were to be occupied by Allied troops for fifteen years . If Germany had not committed aggression , a staged withdrawal would take place ; after five years , the Cologne bridgehead and the territory north of a line along the Ruhr would be evacuated . After ten years , the bridgehead at Coblenz and the territories to the north would be evacuated and after fifteen years remaining Allied forces would be withdrawn . If Germany reneged on the treaty obligations , the bridgeheads would be reoccupied immediately . International organizations Main articles : Covenant of the League of Nations and International Labour Organization § History Part I of the treaty , as per all the treaties signed during the Paris Peace Conference , was the Covenant of the League of Nations , which provided for the creation of the League , an organization for the arbitration of international disputes . Part XIII organized the establishment of the International Labour Officer , to regulate hours of work , including a maximum working day and week ; the regulation of the labour supply ; the prevention of unemployment ; the provision of a living wage ; the protection of the worker against sickness , disease and injury arising out of his employment ; the protection of children , young persons and women ; provision for old age and injury ; protection of the interests of workers when employed abroad ; recognition of the principle of freedom of association ; the organization of vocational and technical education and other measures . The treaty also called for the signatories to sign or ratify the International Opium Convention . Reactions Britain A British news placard announces the signing of the peace treaty . The delegates of the Commonwealth and British Government had mixed thoughts on the treaty , with some seeing the French policy as being greedy and vindictive . Lloyd George and his private secretary Philip Kerr believed in the treaty , although they also felt that the French would keep Europe in a constant state of turmoil by attempting to enforce the treaty . Delegate Harold Nicolson wrote `` are we making a good peace ? '' , while General Jan Smuts ( a member of the South African delegation ) wrote to Lloyd - George , before the signing , that the treaty was unstable and declared `` Are we in our sober senses or suffering from shellshock ? What has become of Wilson 's 14 points ? '' He wanted the Germans not be made to sign at the `` point of the bayonet '' . Smuts issued a statement condemning the treaty and regretting that the promises of `` a new international order and a fairer , better world are not written in this treaty '' . Lord Robert Cecil said that many within the Foreign Office were disappointed by the treaty . The treaty received widespread approval from the general public . Bernadotte Schmitt wrote that the `` average Englishman ... thought Germany got only what it deserved '' as a result of the treaty . However , public opinion changed as German complaints mounted . The surrendering of the German High Seas Fleet following the armistice , its internment , and eventual scuttling at Scapa Flow meant that Britain 's primary war goal was achieved prior to the signing of the treaty . As a result , British policy towards Germany began diverging from France 's almost from the moment the guns fell silent and focused on establishing Germany as a bulwark against the threat posed by the new Soviet Union . By the 1930s , Lloyd George 's position on the treaty has changed . In 1938 , he published his memoir titled The Truth About the Peace Treaties , in which he repudiated the terms of the treaty that bore his signature . Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald , following the German re-militarisation of the Rhineland in 1936 , stated that he was `` pleased '' that the treaty was `` vanishing '' , expressing his hope that the French had been taught a `` severe lesson '' . France The signing of the treaty was met with roars of approval , singing , and dancing from a crowd outside the Palace of Versailles . In Paris proper , people rejoiced at the official end of the war , the return of Alsace and Lorraine to France , and that Germany had agreed to pay reparations . While France ratified the treaty and was active in the League , the jubilant mood soon gave way to a political backlash for Clemenceau . The French Right saw the treaty as being too lenient and saw it as failing to achieve all of France 's demands . Left - wing politicians attacked the treaty and Clemenceau for being too harsh ( the latter turning into a ritual condemnation of the treaty , for politicians remarking on French foreign affairs , as late as August 1939 ) . Marshal Ferdinand Foch stated `` this ( treaty ) is not peace . It is an armistice for twenty years . '' ; a criticism over the failure to annex the Rhineland and for compromising French security for the benefit of the United States and Britain . When Clemenceau stood for election as President of France in January 1920 , he was defeated . Italy Reaction in Italy to the treaty was extremely negative . The country had suffered high casualties , yet failed to achieve most of its major war goals , notably gaining control of the Dalmatian coast and Fiume . President Wilson rejected Italy 's claims on the basis of `` national self - determination . '' For their part , Britain and France -- who had been forced in the war 's latter stages to divert their own troops to the Italian front to stave off collapse -- were disinclined to support Italy 's position at the peace conference . Differences in negotiating strategy between Premier Vittorio Orlando and Foreign Minister Sidney Sonnino further undermined Italy 's position at the conference . A furious Vittorio Orlando suffered a nervous collapse and at one point walked out of the conference ( though he later returned ) . He lost his position as prime minister just a week before the treaty was scheduled to be signed , effectively ending his active political career . Anger and dismay over the treaty 's provisions helped pave the way for the establishment of Benito Mussolini 's dictatorship three years later . Portugal Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in 1916 primarily to ensure the security of its African colonies , which were threatened with seizure by both Britain and Germany . To this extent , she succeeded in her war aims . The treaty recognized Portuguese sovereignty over these areas and awarded her small portions of Germany 's bordering overseas colonies . Otherwise , however , Portugal obtained little at the peace conference . Her promised share of German reparations never materialized , and a seat she coveted on the executive council of the new League of Nations went instead to Spain -- which had remained neutral in the war . In the end , Portugal ratified the treaty , but got little out of the war , which cost more than 8,000 Portuguese troops and as many as 100,000 of her African colonial subjects their lives . United States Senator Borah , Lodge and Johnson refuse Lady Peace a seat . Refers to efforts by Republican isolationists to block ratification of Treaty of Versailles establishing the League of Nations . After the Versailles conference , Democratic President Woodrow Wilson claimed that `` at last the world knows America as the savior of the world ! '' However , the Republican Party , led by Henry Cabot Lodge , controlled the US Senate after the election of 1918 , and the senators were divided into multiple positions on the Versailles question . It proved possible to build a majority coalition , but impossible to build a two - thirds coalition that was needed to pass a treaty . A discontent bloc of 12 -- 18 `` Irreconcilables '' , mostly Republicans but also representatives of the Irish and German Democrats , fiercely opposed the treaty . One block of Democrats strongly supported the Versailles Treaty , even with reservations added by Lodge . A second group of Democrats supported the treaty but followed Wilson in opposing any amendments or reservations . The largest bloc , led by Senator Lodge , comprised a majority of the Republicans . They wanted a treaty with reservations , especially on Article 10 , which involved the power of the League of Nations to make war without a vote by the US Congress . All of the Irreconcilables were bitter enemies of President Wilson , and he launched a nationwide speaking tour in the summer of 1919 to refute them . However , Wilson collapsed midway with a serious stroke that effectively ruined his leadership skills . The closest the treaty came to passage was on 19 November 1919 , as Lodge and his Republicans formed a coalition with the pro-Treaty Democrats , and were close to a two - thirds majority for a Treaty with reservations , but Wilson rejected this compromise and enough Democrats followed his lead to permanently end the chances for ratification . Among the American public as a whole , the Irish Catholics and the German Americans were intensely opposed to the treaty , saying it favored the British . After Wilson 's presidency , his successor Republican President Warren G. Harding continued American opposition to the formation of the League of Nations . Congress subsequently passed the Knox -- Porter Resolution bringing a formal end to hostilities between the United States and the Central Powers . It was signed into law by President Harding on 2 July 1921 . Soon after , the US -- German Peace Treaty of 1921 was signed in Berlin on 25 August 1921 , the US -- Austrian Peace Treaty of 1921 was signed in Vienna on 24 August 1921 , and the US -- Hungarian Peace Treaty of 1921 was signed in Budapest on 29 August 1921 . House 's views Wilson 's former friend Edward Mandell House , present at the negotiations , wrote in his diary on 29 June 1919 : I am leaving Paris , after eight fateful months , with conflicting emotions . Looking at the conference in retrospect , there is much to approve and yet much to regret . It is easy to say what should have been done , but more difficult to have found a way of doing it . To those who are saying that the treaty is bad and should never have been made and that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement , I feel like admitting it . But I would also say in reply that empires can not be shattered , and new states raised upon their ruins without disturbance . To create new boundaries is to create new troubles . The one follows the other . While I should have preferred a different peace , I doubt very much whether it could have been made , for the ingredients required for such a peace as I would have were lacking at Paris . China China felt betrayed as the German territory in China was handed to Japan . The sense of betrayal led to great demonstrations in China and the fall of the nascent Chinese Republic 's government and poisoned relations with the West . German See also : Stab - in - the - back legend German delegates in Versailles : Professor Walther Schücking , Reichspostminister Johannes Giesberts , Justice Minister Otto Landsberg , Foreign Minister Ulrich Graf von Brockdorff - Rantzau , Prussian State President Robert Leinert , and financial advisor Carl Melchior . On 29 April , the German delegation under the leadership of the Foreign Minister Ulrich Graf von Brockdorff - Rantzau arrived in Versailles . On 7 May , when faced with the conditions dictated by the victors , including the so - called `` War Guilt Clause '' , von Brockdorff - Rantzau replied to Clemenceau , Wilson and Lloyd George : `` We know the full brunt of hate that confronts us here . You demand from us to confess we were the only guilty party of war ; such a confession in my mouth would be a lie . '' Because Germany was not allowed to take part in the negotiations , the German government issued a protest against what it considered to be unfair demands , and a `` violation of honour '' , soon afterwards withdrawing from the proceedings of the peace conference . Germans of all political shades denounced the treaty -- particularly the provision that blamed Germany for starting the war -- as an insult to the nation 's honor . They referred to the treaty as `` the Diktat '' since its terms were presented to Germany on a take - it - or - leave - it basis . Germany ′ s first democratically elected head of government , Philipp Scheidemann , resigned rather than sign the treaty . In a passionate speech before the National Assembly on 21 March 1919 , he called the treaty a `` murderous plan '' and exclaimed , Which hand , trying to put us in chains like these , would not wither ? The treaty is unacceptable . After Scheidemann ′ s resignation , a new coalition government was formed under Gustav Bauer . President Friedrich Ebert knew that Germany was in an impossible situation . Although he shared his countrymen 's disgust with the treaty , he was sober enough to consider the possibility that the government would not be in a position to reject it . He believed that if Germany refused to sign the treaty , the Allies would invade Germany from the west -- and there was no guarantee that the army would be able to make a stand in the event of an invasion . With this in mind , he asked Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg if the army was capable of any meaningful resistance in the event the Allies resumed the war . If there was even the slightest chance that the army could hold out , Ebert intended to recommend against ratifying the treaty . Hindenburg -- after prodding from his chief of staff , Wilhelm Groener -- concluded the army could not resume the war even on a limited scale . However , rather than inform Ebert himself , he had Groener inform the government that the army would be in an untenable position in the event of renewed hostilities . Upon receiving this , the new government recommended signing the treaty . The National Assembly voted in favour of signing the treaty by 237 to 138 , with five abstentions ( there were 421 delegates in total ) . This result was wired to Clemenceau just hours before the deadline . Foreign minister Hermann Müller and colonial minister Johannes Bell travelled to Versailles to sign the treaty on behalf of Germany . The treaty was signed on 28 June 1919 and ratified by the National Assembly on 9 July by a vote of 209 to 116 . Demonstration against the treaty in front of the Reichstag . Conservatives , nationalists and ex-military leaders condemned the treaty . Politicians of the Weimar Republic who supported the treaty , socialists , communists , and Jews were viewed with suspicion as persons of questionable loyalty . It was rumored that Jews had not supported the war and had played a role in selling Germany out to its enemies . Those who seemed to benefit from a weakened Germany and the newly formed Weimar Republic were regarded as having `` stabbed Germany in the back '' . Those who instigated unrest and strikes in the critical military industries on the home front or who opposed German nationalism were seen to have contributed to Germany 's defeat . These theories were given credence by the fact that when Germany surrendered in November 1918 , its armies were still on French and Belgian territory . Furthermore , on the Eastern Front , Germany had already won the war against Russia and concluded the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk . In the West , Germany had seemed to have come close to winning the war with the Spring Offensive earlier in 1918 . Its failure was blamed on strikes in the arms industry at a critical moment of the offensive , leaving soldiers with an inadequate supply of materiel . The strikes were regarded by nationalists as having been instigated by traitors , with the Jews taking most of the blame . Implementation Further information : Aftermath of World War I Reparations Main article : World War I reparations On 5 May 1921 , the reparation Commission established the London Schedule of Payments and a final reparation sum of 132 billion gold marks to be demanded of all the Central Powers . This was the public assessment of what the Central Powers combined could pay , and was also a compromise between Belgian , British , and French demands and assessments . Furthermore , the Commission recognized that the Central Powers could pay little and that the burden would fall upon Germany . As a result the sum was split into different categories , of which Germany was only required to pay 50 billion gold marks ( US $12.5 billion ) ; this being the genuine assessment of the Commission on what Germany could pay , and allowed the Allied powers to save face with the public by presenting a higher figure . Furthermore , payments made between 1919 and 1921 were taken into account reducing the sum to 41 billion gold marks . In order to meet this sum , Germany could pay in case or kind : coal , timber , chemical dyes , pharmaceuticals , livestock , agricultural machines , construction materials , and factory machinery . Germany 's assistance with the restoration of the university library of Louvain , which was destroyed by the Germans on 25 August 1914 , was also credited towards the sum . Territorial changes imposed by the treaty were also factored in . The payment schedule required US $250 million within twenty - five days and then US $500 million annually , plus 26 per cent of the value of German exports . The German Government was to issue bonds at five per cent interest and set up a sinking fund of one per cent to support the payment of reparations . Territorial changes A crowd awaits the plebiscite results in Oppeln In February and March 1920 , the Schleswig Plebiscites were held . The people of Schleswig were presented with only two choices : Danish or German sovereignty . The northern Danish - speaking area voted for Denmark while the southern German - speaking area voted for Germany , resulting in the province being partitioned . The East Prussia plebiscite was held on 11 July 1920 . There was a 90 % turn out with 99.3 % of the population wishing to remain with Germany . Further plebiscites were held in Eupen , Malmedy , and Prussian Moresnet . On 20 September 1920 , the League of Nations allotted these territories to Belgium . These latter plebiscites were followed by a boundary commission in 1922 , followed by the new Belgian - German border being recognized by the German Government on on 15 December 1923 . The transfer of the Hultschin area , of Silesia , to Czechoslovakia was completed on 3 February 1921 . Following the implementation of the treaty , Upper Silesia was initially governed by Britain , France , and Italy . Between 1919 - 1921 , three major outbreaks of violence took place between German and Polish civilians , resulting in German and Polish military forces also becoming involved . In March 1921 , the Inter-Allied Commission held the Upper Silesia plebiscite , which was peaceful despite the previous violence . The plebiscite resulted in c. 60 per cent of the population voting for the province to remain part of Germany . Following the vote , the League of Nations debated the future of the province . In 1922 , Upper Silesia was partitioned : Oppeln , in the north - west , remained with Germany while Silesia Province , in the south - east , was transferred to Poland . Memel remained under the authority of the League of Nations , with a French military garrison , until January 1923 . On 9 January 1923 , Lithuanian forces invaded the territory during the Klaipėda Revolt . The French garrison withdrew , and in February the Allies agreed to attach Memel as an `` autonomous territory '' to Lithuania . On 8 May 1924 , after negotiations between the Lithuanian Government and the Conference of Ambassadors and action by the League of Nations , the annexation of Memel was ratified . Lithuania accepted the Memel Statute , a power - sharing arrangement to protect non-Lithuanians in the territory and its autonomous status while responsibility for the territory remained with the great powers . The League of Nations mediated between the Germans and Lithuanians on a local level , helping the power - sharing arrangement last until 1939 . On 13 January 1935 , 15 years after the Saar Basin had been placed under the protection of the League of Nations , a plebiscite was held to determine the future of the area . 528,105 votes were cast , with 477,119 votes ( 90 per cent of the ballot ) in favour of union with Germany ; 46,613 votes were cast for the status quo , and 2,124 votes for union with France . The region returned to German sovereignty on 1 March 1935 . When the result was announced 4,100 people , including 800 refugees from Germany fled to France . Rhineland occupation French soldiers in the Ruhr , which resulted in the American withdrawal from the Rhineland In late 1918 , America , Belgian , British , and French troops entered the Rhineland to enforce the armistice . Prior to the treaty , the occupation force stood at roughly 740,000 men . Following the signing of the peace treaty , the numbers drastically decreased and by 1926 the occupation force numbered only 76,000 men . As part of the 1929 negotiations that would become the Young Plan , Stresemann and Aristide Briand negotiated the early withdrawal of Allied forces from the Rhineland . On 30 June 1930 , after speeches and the lowering of flags , the last troops of the Anglo - French - Belgian occupation force withdrew from Germany . Belgium maintained an occupation force of roughly 10,000 troops throughout the initial years . This figure fell to 7,102 by 1926 , and continued to fall as a result of diplomatic developments . The British Second Army , with some 275,000 veteran soldiers , entered Germany in late 1918 . In March 1919 , this force became the British Army of the Rhine ( BAOR ) . The total number of troops committed to the occupation rapidly dwindled as veteran soldiers were demobilized , and were replaced by inexperienced men who had finished basic training following the cessation of hostilities . By 1920 , the BAOR consisted of only 40,594 men and the following year had been further reduced to 12,421 . The size of the BAOR fluctuated over the following years , but never rose above 9,000 men . The British did not adhere to all obligated territorial withdrawals as dictated by Versailles , on account of Germany not meeting her own treaty obligations . A complete withdrawal was considered , but rejected in order to maintain a presence to continue acting as a check on French ambitions and prevent the establishment of an autonomous Rhineland Republic . The French Army of the Rhine was initially 250,000 men strong , including at a peak 40,000 African colonial troops ( Troupes coloniales ) . By 1923 , the French occupation force had decreased to roughly 130,000 men , including 27,126 African troops . The troop numbers peaked again at 250,000 during the occupation of the Ruhr , before decreasing to 60,000 men by 1926 . Germans viewed the use of French colonial troops as a deliberate act of humiliation , and used their presence to create a propaganda campaign dubbed the Black shame . This campaign lasted throughout the 1920s and 30s , although peaked in 1920 and 1921 . For example , a 1921 German Government memo detailed 300 acts of violence from colonial troops , which included 65 murders and 170 sexual offenses . Historical consensus is that the charges were exaggerated for political and propaganda purposes , and that the colonial troops behaved far better than their white counterparts . An estimated 5 - 800 Rhineland Bastards were born as a result of fraternization between colonial troops and German women , and whom would latter be persecuted . The United States Third Army entered Germany with 200,000 men . In June 1919 , the Third Army demobilized and by 1920 the US occupation force had been reduced to 15,000 men . Wilson further reduced the garrison to 6,500 men , prior to the inauguration of Warren G. Harding in 1921 . On 7 January 1923 , after the Franco -- Belgian occupation of the Ruhr , the US senate legislated the withdrawal of the remaining force . On 24 January , the American garrison started their withdrawal from the Rhineland , with the final troops leaving in early February . Violations Reparations This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Hitler announces the Anschluss of Austria in violation of Art . 80 on the Heldenplatz , Vienna , 15 March 1938 The German economy was so weak that only a small percentage of reparations was paid in hard currency . Nonetheless , even the payment of this small percentage of the original reparations ( 132 billion gold marks ) still placed a significant burden on the German economy . Although the causes of the devastating post-war hyperinflation are complex and disputed , Germans blamed the near - collapse of their economy on the treaty , and some economists estimated that the reparations accounted for as much as one - third of the hyper - inflation . In March 1921 , French and Belgian troops occupied Duisburg , which formed part of the demilitarized Rhineland , according to the Treaty of Versailles . In January 1923 , French and Belgian forces occupied the rest of the Ruhr area as a reprisal after Germany failed to fulfill reparation payments demanded by the Versailles Treaty . The German government answered with `` passive resistance '' , which meant that coal miners and railway workers refused to obey any instructions by the occupation forces . Production and transportation came to a standstill , but the financial consequences contributed to German hyperinflation and completely ruined public finances in Germany . Consequently , passive resistance was called off in late 1923 . The end of passive resistance in the Ruhr allowed Germany to undertake a currency reform and to negotiate the Dawes Plan , which led to the withdrawal of French and Belgian troops from the Ruhr Area in 1925 . Military In 1920 , the head of the Reichswehr Hans von Seeckt clandestinely re-established the General Staff , by expanding the Truppenamt ( Troop Office ) ; purportedly a human resources section of the army . In March , 18,000 German troops entered the Rhineland under the guise of attempting to quell possible unrest by communists and in doing so violated the demilitarized zone . In response , French troops advanced further into Germany until the German troops withdrew . German officials conspired systematically to evade the clauses of the treaty , by failing to meet disarmament deadlines , refusing Allied officials access to military facilities , and maintaining and hiding weapon production . As the treaty did not ban German companies from producing war material outside of Germany , companies moved to the Netherlands , Switzerland , and Sweden . Bofors was bought by Krupp , and in 1921 German troops were sent to Sweden to test weapons . The establishment of diplomatic ties with the Soviet Union , via the Genoa Conference and Treaty of Rapallo , was also used to circumvent the Treaty of Versailles . Publically , these diplomatic exchanges were largely in regards to trade and future economic cooperation . However , secret military clauses were included that allowed for Germany to develop weapons inside the Soviet Union . Furthermore , it allowed for Germany to establish three training areas for aviation , chemical and tank warfare . In 1923 , the British newspaper The Times made several claims about the state of the German Armed Forces : that it had equipment for 800,000 men , was transferring army staff to civilian positions in order to obscure their real duties , and warned of the militarization of the German police force by the exploitation the Krümper system . The Weimar Government also funded domestic rearmament programs , which were covertly funded with the money camouflaged in `` X-budgets '' , worth up to an additional 10 % of the disclosed military budget . By 1925 , German companies had begun to design tanks and modern artillery . During the year , over half of Chinese arms imports were German and worth 13 million Reichsmarks . In January 1927 , following the withdrawal of the Allied disarmament committee , Krupps ramped up production of armor plate and artillery . Production increased so that by 1937 , military exports had increased to 82,788,604 Reichsmarks . Production was not the only violation : `` Volunteers '' were rapidly passed through the army to make a pool of trained reserves , and paramilitary organizations were encouraged with the illegally militarized police . Non-commissioned officers ( NCOs ) were not limited by the treaty , thus this loophole was exploited and as such the number of NCOs were vastly in excess to the number needed by the Reichswehr . In December 1931 , the Reichswehr finalized a second rearmament plan that called for 480 million Reichsmarks to be spent over the following five years : this program sought to provide Germany the capability of creating and supplying a defensive force of 21 divisions supported by aircraft , artillery , and tanks . This coincided with a 1 billion Reichsmark programme that planned for additional industrial infrastructure that would be able to permanently maintain this force . As these programs did not require an expansion of the military , they were nominally legal . On 7 November 1932 , the Reich Minister of Defense Kurt von Schleicher authorized the illegal Umbau Plan for a standing army of 21 divisions based on 147,000 professional soldiers and a large militia . Later in the year at the World Disarmament Conference , Germany withdrew to force France and the United Kingdom to accept German equality of status . The United Kingdom attempted to get Germany to return with the promise of all nations maintaining an equality in armaments and security . The British later proposed and agreed to an increase in the Reichswehr to 200,000 men , and for Germany to have an air force half the size of the French . It was also negotiated for the French Army to be reduced . In October 1933 , following the rise of Adolf Hitler and the founding of Nazi regime , Germany withdrew from League of Nations and the World Disarmament Conference . In March 1935 , Germany reintroduced conscription followed by an open rearmament programme , the official unveiling of the Luftwaffe ( air force ) , and signed the Anglo - German Naval Agreement that allowed a surface fleet 35 % of the size of the Royal Navy . The resulting rearmament programs was allotted 35 billion Reichsmarks over an eight year period . Territorial On 7 March 1936 , German troops entered and remilitarized the Rhineland . On 12 March 1938 , following German pressure to the collapse the Austrian Government , German troops crossed into Austria and the following day Hitler announced the Anschluss : the annexation of Austria by Germany . The following year , on 23 March 1939 , Germany annexed Memel from Lithuania . Historical assessments John Maynard Keynes , the principal representative of the British Treasury , referred to the Treaty of Versailles as a `` Carthaginian peace '' . According to David Stevenson , since the opening of French archives , most commentators have remarked on French restraint and reasonableness at the conference , though Stevenson notes that `` ( t ) he jury is still out '' , and that `` there have been signs that the pendulum of judgement is swinging back the other way . '' In his book The Economic Consequences of the Peace , John Maynard Keynes referred to the Treaty of Versailles as a `` Carthaginian peace '' , a misguided attempt to destroy Germany on behalf of French revanchism , rather than to follow the fairer principles for a lasting peace set out in President Woodrow Wilson 's Fourteen Points , which Germany had accepted at the armistice . He stated : `` I believe that the campaign for securing out of Germany the general costs of the war was one of the most serious acts of political unwisdom for which our statesmen have ever been responsible . '' Keynes had been the principal representative of the British Treasury at the Paris Peace Conference , and used in his passionate book arguments that he and others ( including some US officials ) had used at Paris . He believed the sums being asked of Germany in reparations were many times more than it was possible for Germany to pay , and that these would produce drastic instability . French economist Étienne Mantoux disputed that analysis . During the 1940s , Mantoux wrote a posthumously published book titled The Carthaginian Peace , or the Economic Consequences of Mr. Keynes in an attempt to rebut Keynes ' claims . More recently economists have argued that the restriction of Germany to a small army saved it so much money it could afford the reparations payments . It has been argued ( for instance by historian Gerhard Weinberg in his book A World At Arms ) that the treaty was in fact quite advantageous to Germany . The Bismarckian Reich was maintained as a political unit instead of being broken up , and Germany largely escaped post-war military occupation ( in contrast to the situation following World War II ) . In a 1995 essay , Weinberg noted that with the disappearance of Austria - Hungary and with Russia withdrawn from Europe , that Germany was now the dominant power in Eastern Europe . The British military historian Correlli Barnett claimed that the Treaty of Versailles was `` extremely lenient in comparison with the peace terms that Germany herself , when she was expecting to win the war , had had in mind to impose on the Allies '' . Furthermore , he claimed , it was `` hardly a slap on the wrist '' when contrasted with the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk that Germany had imposed on a defeated Russia in March 1918 , which had taken away a third of Russia 's population ( albeit of non-Russian ethnicity ) , one - half of Russia 's industrial undertakings and nine - tenths of Russia 's coal mines , coupled with an indemnity of six billion marks . Eventually , even under the `` cruel '' terms of the Treaty of Versailles , Germany ′ s economy had been restored to its pre-war status . Barnett also claims that , in strategic terms , Germany was in fact in a superior position following the Treaty than she had been in 1914 . Germany ′ s eastern frontiers faced Russia and Austria , who had both in the past balanced German power . Barnett asserts that its post-war eastern borders were safer , because the former Austrian Empire fractured after the war into smaller , weaker states , Russia was wracked by revolution and civil war , and the newly restored Poland was no match for even a defeated Germany . In the West , Germany was balanced only by France and Belgium , both of which were smaller in population and less economically vibrant than Germany . Barnett concludes by saying that instead of weakening Germany , the treaty `` much enhanced '' German power . Britain and France should have ( according to Barnett ) `` divided and permanently weakened '' Germany by undoing Bismarck 's work and partitioning Germany into smaller , weaker states so it could never have disrupted the peace of Europe again . By failing to do this and therefore not solving the problem of German power and restoring the equilibrium of Europe , Britain `` had failed in her main purpose in taking part in the Great War '' . American contemporary view of German World War I reparations . Political cartoon 1921 . The British historian of modern Germany , Richard J. Evans , wrote that during the war the German right was committed to an annexationist program which aimed at Germany annexing most of Europe and Africa . Consequently , any peace treaty that did not leave Germany as the conqueror would be unacceptable to them . Short of allowing Germany to keep all the conquests of the Treaty of Brest - Litovsk , Evans argued that there was nothing that could have been done to persuade the German right to accept Versailles . Evans further noted that the parties of the Weimar Coalition , namely the Social Democratic Party of Germany ( SPD ) , the social liberal German Democratic Party ( DDP ) and the Christian democratic Centre Party , were all equally opposed to Versailles , and it is false to claim as some historians have that opposition to Versailles also equalled opposition to the Weimar Republic . Finally , Evans argued that it is untrue that Versailles caused the premature end of the Republic , instead contending that it was the Great Depression of the early 1930s that put an end to German democracy . He also argued that Versailles was not the `` main cause '' of National Socialism and the German economy was `` only marginally influenced by the impact of reparations '' . Ewa Thompson points out that the treaty allowed numerous nations in Central and Eastern Europe to liberate themselves from oppressive German rule , a fact that is often neglected by Western historiography , more interested in understanding the German point of view . In nations that found themselves free as the result of the treaty -- such as Poles or Czechs -- it is seen as a symbol of recognition of wrongs committed against small nations by their much larger aggressive neighbours . Regardless of modern strategic or economic analysis , resentment caused by the treaty sowed fertile psychological ground for the eventual rise of the Nazi Party . The German historian Detlev Peukert wrote that Versailles was far from the impossible peace that most Germans claimed it was during the interwar period , and though not without flaws was actually quite reasonable to Germany . Rather , Peukert argued that it was widely believed in Germany that Versailles was a totally unreasonable treaty , and it was this `` perception '' rather than the `` reality '' of the Versailles treaty that mattered . Peukert noted that because of the `` millenarian hopes '' created in Germany during World War I when for a time it appeared that Germany was on the verge of conquering all of Europe , any peace treaty the Allies of World War I imposed on the defeated German Reich were bound to create a nationalist backlash , and there was nothing the Allies could have done to avoid that backlash . Having noted that much , Peukert commented that the policy of rapprochement with the Western powers that Gustav Stresemann carried out between 1923 and 1929 were constructive policies that might have allowed Germany to play a more positive role in Europe , and that it was not true that German democracy was doomed to die in 1919 because of Versailles . Finally , Peukert argued that it was the Great Depression and the turn to a nationalist policy of autarky within Germany at the same time that finished off the Weimar Republic , not the Treaty of Versailles . French historian Raymond Cartier states that millions of Germans in the Sudetenland and in Posen - West Prussia were placed under foreign rule in a hostile environment , where harassment and violation of rights by authorities are documented . Cartier asserts that , out of 1,058,000 Germans in Posen - West Prussia in 1921 , 758,867 fled their homelands within five years due to Polish harassment . In 1926 , the Polish Ministry of the Interior estimated the remaining number of Germans at fewer than 300,000 . These sharpening ethnic conflicts would lead to public demands to reattach the annexed territory in 1938 and become a pretext for Hitler ′ s annexations of Czechoslovakia and parts of Poland . Territorial changes The plebiscites initiated due to the treaty have drawn much comment . Historian Robert Peckham wrote that the issue of Schleswig `` was premised on a gross simplification of the region 's history ... Versailles ignored any possibility of there being a third way : the kind of compact represented by the Swiss Federation ; a bilingual or even trilingual Schleswig - Holsteinian state '' or other options such as `` a Schleswigian state in a loose confederation with Denmark or Germany , or an autonomous region under the protection of the League of Nations . '' In regards to the East Prussia plebiscite , historian Richard Blanke wrote that `` no other contested ethnic group has ever , under un-coerced conditions , issued so one - sided a statement of its national preference '' . Richard Debo wrote `` both Berlin and Warsaw believed the Soviet invasion of Poland had influenced the East Prussian plebiscites . Poland appeared so close to collapse that even Polish voters had cast their ballots for Germany '' . In regards to the Silesian plebiscite , Blanke observed `` given that the electorate was at least 60 % Polish - speaking , this means that about one ' Pole ' in three voted for Germany '' and `` most Polish observers and historians '' have concluded that the outcome of plebiscite was due to `` unfair German advantages of incumbency and socio - economic position '' . Blanke alleged `` coercion of various kinds even in the face of an allied occupation regime '' occurred , and that Germany granted votes to those `` who had been born in Upper Silesia but no longer resided there '' . Blanke concluded that despite these protests `` there is plenty of other evidence , including Reichstag election results both before and after 1921 and the large - scale emigration of Polish - speaking Upper Silesians to Germany after 1945 , that their identification with Germany in 1921 was neither exceptional nor temporary '' and `` here was a large population of Germans and Poles -- not coincidentally , of the same Catholic religion -- that not only shared the same living space but also came in many cases to see themselves as members of the same national community '' . Prince Eustachy Sapieha , the Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs , alleged that Soviet Russia `` appeared to be intentionally delaying negotiations '' to end the Polish - Soviet War `` with the object of influencing the Upper Silesian plebiscite '' . Once the region was partitioned , both `` Germany and Poland attempted to ' cleanse ' their shares of Upper Silesia '' via oppression resulting in Germans migrating to Germany and Poles migrating to Poland . Despite the oppression and migration , Opole Silesia `` remained ethnically mixed . '' Frank Russell wrote that , in regards to the Saar plebiscite , the inhabitants `` were not terrorized at the polls '' and the `` totalitarian ( Nazi ) German regime was not distasteful to most of the Saar inhabitants and that they preferred it even to an efficient , economical , and benevolent international rule . '' When the outcome of the vote became known , 4,100 ( including 800 refugees who had previously fled Germany ) residents fled over the border into France . Military terms and violations During the formulation of the treaty , the British wanted Germany to abolish conscription and be allowed to maintain volunteer Army . The French wanted Germany to maintain a conscript army of up to 200,000 men in order to justify their own maintenance of a similar force . Thus the treaty 's allowance of 100,000 volunteers was a compromise between the British and French positions . Germany , on the other hand , saw the terms as leaving them defenseless against any potential enemy . Bernadotte Everly Schmitt wrote that `` there is no reason to believe that the Allied governments were insincere when they stated at the beginning of Part V of the Treaty ... that in order to facilitate a general reduction of the armament of all nations , Germany was to be required to disarm first . '' A lack of American ratification of the treaty or joining the League of Nations left France unwilling to disarm , which resulted in a German unwillingness to rearm . Schmitt argued `` had the four Allies remained united , they could have forced Germany really to disarm , and the German will and capacity to resist other provisions of the treaty would have correspondingly diminished . '' Max Hantke and Mark Spoerer wrote `` military and economic historians ( have ) found that the German military only insignificantly exceeded the limits '' of the treaty prior to 1933 . Adam Tooze concurred , and wrote `` To put this in perspective , annual military spending by the Weimar Republic was counted not in the billions but in the hundreds of millions of Reichsmarks '' ; for example , the Weimar Republic 's 1931 program of 480 million Reichsmarks over five years compared to the Nazi Government 's 1933 plan to spend 4.4 billion Reichsmarks per year . P.M.H. Bell argued that the British Government was aware of latter Weimar rearming , and lent public respectability to the German efforts by not opposing them . Norman Davies wrote that `` a curious oversight '' of the military restrictions were that they `` did not include rockets in its list of prohibited weapons '' , which provided Wernher von Braun an area to research within eventually resulting in `` his break ( that ) came in 1943 '' leading to the development of the V - 2 rocket . See also United Nations portal World War I portal Aftermath of World War I Causes of World War II Decree on Peace International Opium Convention , incorporated into the Treaty of Versailles Little Treaty of Versailles Minority Treaties Neutrality Acts of 1930s Septemberprogramm Treaty of Rapallo ( 1920 ) Free State Bottleneck Notes Footnotes Jump up ^ see the Reparations section . Jump up ^ Similar wording was used in the treaties signed by the other defeated nations of the Central Powers . Article 117 of the Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye with Austria , Article 161 of the Treaty of Trianon with Hungary , Article 121 of the Treaty Areas of Neuilly - sur - Seine with Bulgaria and Article 231 of the Treaty of Sevres with Turkey . Jump up ^ see The Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye , The Treaty of Trianon , The Treaty of Neuilly , and The Treaty of Sèvres . Jump up ^ On 8 March 1936 , 22,700 armed policemen were incorporated into the army in 21 infantry battalions . Jump up ^ Gustav Krupp later claimed he had duped the Allies throughout the 1920s and prepared the German military for the future . Citations ^ Jump up to : Treaty of Versailles Preamble ^ Jump up to : Slavicek , p. 114 Jump up ^ Slavicek , p. 107 Jump up ^ Boyer , p. 153 ^ Jump up to : Treaty of Versailles Signatures and Protocol Jump up ^ Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye ( 1919 ) with Austria ; Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine with Bulgaria ; Treaty of Trianon with Hungary ; Treaty of Sèvres with the Ottoman Empire ; Davis , Robert T. , ed. ( 2010 ) . U.S. Foreign Policy and National Security : Chronology and Index for the 20th Century . 1 . Santa Barbara , California : Praeger Security International . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 38385 - 4 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , pp. xxv and 9 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 1078 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , pp. 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Simkins , Jukes & Hickey 2003 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Bell , p. 19 Jump up ^ Tucker ( 2005a ) , p. 429 Jump up ^ Fourteen Points Speech Jump up ^ Irwin Unger , These United States ( 2007 ) p. 561 . Jump up ^ Simkins , Jukes , Hickey , p. 265 ^ Jump up to : Tucker ( 2005a ) , p. 225 ^ Jump up to : Truitt , p. 114 Jump up ^ Beller , pp. 182 -- 95 Jump up ^ Bessel , pp. 47 -- 48 Jump up ^ Hardach , pp. 183 -- 84 Jump up ^ Simkins , p. 71 Jump up ^ Tucker ( 2005a ) , p. 638 Jump up ^ Schmitt , p. 101 ^ Jump up to : Schmitt , p. 102 Jump up ^ Weinberg , p. 8 Jump up ^ Boyer , p. 526 Jump up ^ Edmonds , ( 1943 ) , p. 1 Jump up ^ Martel ( 1999 ) , p. 18 Jump up ^ Grebler , Leo ( 1940 ) . The Cost of the World War to Germany and Austria - Hungary . Yale University Press . 1940 , p. 78 ^ Jump up to : Frucht , p. 24 Jump up ^ Slavicek , p. 37 Jump up ^ Lentin , Antony ( 1985 ) ( 1984 ) . Guilt at Versailles : Lloyd George and the Pre-history of Appeasement . Routledge . p. 84 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 416 - 41130 - 0 . Jump up ^ Phillips , p. 152 Jump up ^ Weinberg , p. 12 Jump up ^ Slavicek , pp. 40 - 1 Jump up ^ Venzon , p. 439 Jump up ^ Lentin ( 2012 ) , p. 22 ^ Jump up to : Slavicek , p. 43 Jump up ^ Lentin ( 2012 ) , p. 21 Jump up ^ Brown , p. 187 Jump up ^ John Maynard Keynes , The Economic Consequences of the Peace ( Harcourt Brace and Howe , 1920 ) p. 34 Jump up ^ Keylor , p. 43 Jump up ^ Keylor , William R. ( 1998 ) . The Legacy of the Great War : Peacemaking , 1919 . Boston and New York : Houghton Mifflin . p. 34 . ISBN 0 - 669 - 41711 - 4 . Jump up ^ Lentin ( 1992 ) , p. 28 Jump up ^ Lentin ( 1992 ) , pp. 28 -- 32 Jump up ^ Slavicek , pp. 43 -- 44 Jump up ^ Trachtenberg , p. 499 ^ Jump up to : Cite error : The named reference Schmitt106 was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : David Thomson , Europe Since Napoleon . Penguin Books . 1970 , p. 605 . Jump up ^ Haigh , p. 295 ^ Jump up to : Slavicek , p. 44 ^ Jump up to : Brezina , p. 21 Jump up ^ Yearwood , p. 127 Jump up ^ Trachtenberg , p. 490 Jump up ^ John Milton Cooper , Woodrow Wilson : A Biography ( 2011 ) pp. 454 -- 505 Jump up ^ Slavicek , p. 48 Jump up ^ John Milton Cooper , Woodrow Wilson : A Biography ( 2011 ) pp. 454 -- 505 Jump up ^ Slavicek , pp. 46 - 7 Jump up ^ Slavicek , p. 65 Jump up ^ John Milton Cooper , Woodrow Wilson : A Biography ( 2011 ) pp. 454 -- 505 Jump up ^ Slavicek , p. 73 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 227 -- 230 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 80 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Part XII Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 246 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 33 and 34 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 45 and 49 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Section V preamble and Article 51 ^ Jump up to : Peckham , p. 107 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 81 and 83 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 88 and annex Jump up ^ Martin , p. lii Jump up ^ Boemeke , p. 325 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 94 Jump up ^ Ingrao , p. 261 Jump up ^ Brezina , p. 34 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 99 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 100 -- 104 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 22 and 119 Jump up ^ Tucker ( 2005a ) , p. 437 ^ Jump up to : Benians , p. 658 Jump up ^ Tucker ( 2005a ) , p. 1224 Jump up ^ Roberts , p. 496 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 156 Jump up ^ Shuster , p. 74 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Part V preamble Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 159 , 160 , 163 and Table 1 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 173 , 174 , 175 and 176 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 161 , 162 , and 176 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 42 , 43 , and 180 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 115 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 165 , 170 , 171 , 172 , 198 and tables No. II and III . Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 181 and 190 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 80 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 185 and 187 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 198 , 201 , and 202 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 231 Jump up ^ Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye , Article 177 Jump up ^ Treaty of Trianon , Article 161 Jump up ^ Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine , Article 121 Jump up ^ Treaty of Sèvres , Article 231 Jump up ^ Martel ( 2010 ) , p. 156 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 232 -- 35 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 428 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 429 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 430 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Part I Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Part XIII preamble and Article 388 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Article 295 Jump up ^ Lovin , p. 9 and 96 Jump up ^ Stevenson , David ( 1998 ) ' France at the Paris Peace Conference : Addressing the Dilemmas of Security ' , in Boyce , Robert ( editor ) ' French Foreign and Defence Policy , 1918 - 1940 : The Decline and Fall of a Great Power Boyce ' , Routledge , New York , ISBN 0415150396 , p. 10 Jump up ^ Lovin , p. 9 and 96 ^ Jump up to : Cite error : The named reference Lentin201226 was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Bell , p. 26 ^ Jump up to : Schmitt , p. 104 ^ Jump up to : Bell , p. 22 Jump up ^ Lloyd George , 1938 , p . Jump up ^ Stevenson , p. 10 Jump up ^ Slavicek , p. 75 Jump up ^ Sontag , p. 22 Jump up ^ Tucker ( 2005a ) , p. 426 Jump up ^ Sontag , p. 22 Jump up ^ Tucker ( 1999 ) , p. 191 Jump up ^ Ripsman , p. 110 Jump up ^ R. Henig , Versailles and After : 1919 -- 1933 ( London : Routledge , 1995 ) p. 52 . Jump up ^ R. Henig , Versailles and After : 1919 -- 1933 ( London : Routledge , 1995 ) p. 52 . Jump up ^ Filipe Ribeiro de Meneses , Post-war Settlement ( Portugal ) in : 1914 -- 1918 - online . International Encyclopedia of the First World War , ed. by Ute Daniel , Peter Gatrell , Oliver Janz , Heather Jones , Jennifer Keene , Alan Kramer , and Bill Nasson , issued by Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin 2014 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ President Woodrow Wilson speaking on the League of Nations to a luncheon audience in Portland OR . 66th Cong. , 1st sess . Senate Documents : Addresses of President Wilson ( May -- November 1919 ) , vol. 11 , no . 120 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Thomas A. Bailey , Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal ( 1945 ) online Jump up ^ William C. Widenor , Henry Cabot Lodge and the Search for an American Foreign Policy ( 1980 ) Jump up ^ Ralph A. Stone , The Irreconcilables : The Fight Against the League of Nations ( 1970 ) Jump up ^ John Milton Cooper , Jr . Woodrow Wilson : A Biography ( 2009 ) ch 22 -- 23 Jump up ^ Duff , John B. ( 1968 ) . `` The Versailles Treaty and the Irish - Americans '' . Journal of American History . 55 ( 3 ) : 582 -- 598 . doi : 10.2307 / 1891015 . JSTOR 1891015 . Jump up ^ Wimer , Kurt ; Wimer , Sarah ( 1967 ) . `` The Harding Administration , the League of Nations , and the Separate Peace Treaty '' . The Review of Politics . Cambridge University Press . 29 ( 1 ) : 13 -- 24 . doi : 10.1017 / S0034670500023706 . JSTOR 1405810 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 3 July 1921 ) . `` HARDING ENDS WAR ; SIGNS PEACE DECREE AT SENATOR 'S HOME . Thirty Persons Witness Momentous Act in Frelinghuysen Living Room at Raritan '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Bibliographical Introduction to `` Diary , Reminiscences and Memories of Colonel Edward M. House '' . Archived 23 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Britains Forgotten Army , Director / Producer Simon Chu , Radio Times , p. 61 , 63 11 - 17 November 2017 Jump up ^ The Betrayed Ally , China in the Great War , Introduction , Christopher Arnander & Frances Wood , Pen and Sword , 2016 Jump up ^ Foreign Minister Brockdorff - Ranzau when faced with the conditions on 7 May : `` Wir kennen die Wucht des Hasses , die uns hier entgegentritt . Es wird von uns verlangt , daß wir uns als die allein Schuldigen am Krieg bekennen ; ein solches Bekenntnis wäre in meinem Munde eine Lüge '' . 2008 School Projekt Heinrich - Heine - Gesamtschule , Düsseldorf http://www.fkoester.de/kursbuch/unterrichtsmaterial/13_2_74.html Jump up ^ 2008 School Projekt Heinrich - Heine - Gesamtschule , Düsseldorf http://www.fkoester.de/kursbuch/unterrichtsmaterial/13_2_74.html Jump up ^ Lauteinann , Geschichten in Quellen Bd. 6 , S. 129 . Jump up ^ Koppel S. Pinson ( 1964 ) . Modern Germany : Its History and Civilization ( 13th printing ed . ) . New York : Macmillan . p. 397 f . ISBN 0 - 88133 - 434 - 0 . Jump up ^ Marks 1978 , p. 236 - 237 . Jump up ^ Ferguson 1998 , p. 414 . Jump up ^ Marks 1978 , pp. 223 -- 234 . Jump up ^ Kramer 2008 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Martel 2010 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Martin , p. xiii Jump up ^ Martin , p. xii ^ Jump up to : Ther , p. 123 Jump up ^ Bartov , p. 490 ^ Jump up to : Bullivant , pp. 43 -- 4 Jump up ^ Albrecht - Carrie , p. 9 ^ Jump up to : Steiner , p. 75 ^ Jump up to : Lemkin , p. 198 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Articles 45 and 49 Jump up ^ Russell , pp. 103 -- 6 Jump up ^ Martel ( 1999 ) , p. 18 Jump up ^ Pawley , p. 84 Jump up ^ Liverman , Peter ( 1996 ) Does Conquest Pay ? : The Exploitation of Occupied Industrial Societies , Princeton University Press , Princeton , ISBN 0691029865 p. 92 Jump up ^ Pawley , p. 2 Jump up ^ Collar , Peter ( 2012 ) The Propaganda War in the Rhineland : Weimar Germany , Race and Occupation after World War I ; I.B. Tauris , London , ISBN 9781848859463 , p. 78 Jump up ^ Pawley , Margaret ( 2007 ) The Watch on the Rhine : The Military Occupation of the Rhineland . Palgrave Macmillan , New York ISBN 9781845114572 , p. 117 Jump up ^ Mommsen , p. 273 Jump up ^ Pawley , pp. 181 -- 2 Jump up ^ Liverman , p. 92 Jump up ^ Pawley , p. 117 Jump up ^ Jacobson , Jon ( 1972 ) Locarno Diplomacy : Germany and the West , 1925 - 1929 , Princeton University Press , Princeton , ISBN 0691051909 , p. 135 Jump up ^ Williamson , David G ( 2017 ) The British in Interwar Germany : The Reluctant Occupiers , 1918 - 30 2nd edition , Bloomsbury Academic , New York , ISBN 9781472595829 , pp. 19 and 245 Jump up ^ Pawley , p. 2 Jump up ^ Williamson , pp. 19 and 245 Jump up ^ Edmonds , Occupation of the Rhine , p. 147 Jump up ^ Williamson , pp. 246 - 247 Jump up ^ Pawley , p. 94 Jump up ^ Collar , p. 78 Jump up ^ Pawley , p. 117 Jump up ^ McDougall , Walter A. ( 1978 ) France 's Rhineland Policy , 1914 - 1924 : The Last Bid for a Balance of Power in Europe , Princeton University Press , Princeton , p. 155 Jump up ^ Collar , p. 78 Jump up ^ Appiah , Anthony ( editor ) ; Gates , Henry Louis ( editor ) ( 2005 ) Africana : The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience ( 2nd edition ) , Oxford University Press , Oxford , ISBN 9780195170559 , p. 781 Jump up ^ Baker , p. 21 Jump up ^ Pawley , p. 84 Jump up ^ Pawley , p. 84 Jump up ^ Mommsen , p. 129 Jump up ^ Pawley , p. 87 Jump up ^ Nelson , p. 251 -- 2 Jump up ^ Zaloga , p. 13 Jump up ^ Michael Geyer , Deutsche Rüstungspolitik 1860 bis 1980 , Frankfurt 1984 Jump up ^ Shuster , p. 112 , 114 Jump up ^ Shuster , p. 112 , 114 ^ Jump up to : Shuster , p. 116 Jump up ^ Fisher , p. 168 Jump up ^ Fisher , p. 171 Jump up ^ Bell , p. 133 Jump up ^ Tucker ( 2005a ) , p. 967 Jump up ^ Shuster , p. 120 Jump up ^ Bell , p. 234 Jump up ^ Hantke , p. 852 Jump up ^ Kirby , p. 25 Jump up ^ Kirby , p. 220 Jump up ^ Kirby , p. 25 Jump up ^ Kirby , p. 220 Jump up ^ Mowat , p. 235 Jump up ^ Tooze , p. 26 Jump up ^ Tooze , p. 26 Jump up ^ Tooze , p. 26 Jump up ^ Bell , p. 229 Jump up ^ Bell , p. 78 Jump up ^ Corrigan , p. 68 Jump up ^ Fischer , Klaus ( 1995 ) . Nazi Germany : A New History , p. 408 . Jump up ^ Tooze , p. 53 Jump up ^ Bell , pp. 233 -- 4 Jump up ^ Bell , p. 254 Jump up ^ Bell , p. 281 Jump up ^ Stevenson 1998 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ John Maynard Keynes . The Economic Consequences of the Peace at Project Gutenberg Jump up ^ Markwell , Donald ( 2006 ) . John Maynard Keynes and International Relations : Economic Paths to War and Peace . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Keynes ( 1919 ) . The Economic Consequences of the Peace . Ch VI . The Treaty includes no provisions for the economic rehabilitation of Europe -- nothing to make the defeated Central Empires into good neighbours , nothing to stabilize the new States of Europe , nothing to reclaim Russia ; nor does it promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies themselves ; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the disordered finances of France and Italy , or to adjust the systems of the Old World and the New . The Council of Four paid no attention to these issues , being preoccupied with others -- Clemenceau to crush the economic life of his enemy , Lloyd George to do a deal and bring home something which would pass muster for a week , the President to do nothing that was not just and right . It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problems of a Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes , was the one question in which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four . Reparation was their main excursion into the economic field , and they settled it as a problem of theology , of polities , of electoral chicane , from every point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny they were handling . Jump up ^ Hantke , Max ; Spoerer , Mark ( 2010 ) . `` The imposed gift of Versailles : the fiscal effects of restricting the size of Germany 's armed forces , 1924 -- 9 '' ( PDF ) . Economic History Review . 63 ( 4 ) : 849 -- 864 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0289.2009. 00512. x . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , David . ( 20 February 1994 ) . `` Over There , and There , and There . '' Review of : `` A World at Arms : A Global History of World War II , '' by Gerhard L. Weinberg . New York : Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Weinberg , Gerhard Germany , Hitler and World War II , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 1995 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Correlli Barnett , The Collapse of British Power ( London : Pan , 2002 ) , p. 392 . Jump up ^ Barnett , p. 316 . Jump up ^ Barnett , p. 318 . Jump up ^ Barnett , p. 319 . ^ Jump up to : Evans , Richard In Hitler 's Shadow , New York : Panatheon 1989 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ The Surrogate Hegemon in Polish Postcolonial Discourse Ewa Thompson , Rice University ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Peukert , Detlev The Weimar Republic , New York : Hill & Wang , 1992 page 278 . ^ Jump up to : La Seconde Guerre mondiale , Raymond Cartier , Paris , Larousse Paris Match , 1965 , quoted in : Pater Lothar Groppe ( 2004 - 08 - 28 ) . `` Die `` Jagd auf Deutsche '' im Osten : Die Verfolgung begann nicht erst mit dem `` Bromberger Blutsonntag '' vor 50 Jahren `` . Preußische Allgemeine Zeitung / 28 . August 2004 ( in German ) . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 22 . ' Von 1.058. 000 Deutschen , die noch 1921 in Posen und Westpreußen lebten ' , ist bei Cartier zu lesen , ' waren bis 1926 unter polnischem Druck 758.867 abgewandert . Nach weiterer Drangsal wurde das volksdeutsche Bevölkerungselement vom Warschauer Innenministerium am 15 . Juli 1939 auf weniger als 300.000 Menschen geschätzt . ' Jump up ^ Ingrao , p. 262 Jump up ^ Ingrao , p. 262 ^ Jump up to : Debo , p. 335 Jump up ^ Russell , pp. 103 - 6 Jump up ^ Schmitt , pp. 104 - 5 Jump up ^ Schmitt , pp. 104 Jump up ^ Schmitt , pp. 108 Jump up ^ Hantke , p. 852 Jump up ^ Tooze , pp. 26 , 53 - 54 Jump up ^ Bell , p. 229 Jump up ^ Davies , p. 416 Further reading Andelman , David A. ( 2008 ) . A Shattered Peace : Versailles 1919 and the Price We Pay Today . New York / London : J. Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 78898 - 0 . Bell , Origins of the Second World War Birdsall , Paul . Versailles twenty years after ( 1941 ) old but still useful summary Boemke , Manfred F. , Gerald D. Feldman , and Elisabeth Gläser ( eds . ) , The Treaty of Versailles : A Reassessment After 75 Years . Washington , D.C. : German Historical Institute , 1998 . Cooper , John Milton . Breaking the Heart of the World : Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations ( 2010 ) excerpt and text search Demarco , Neil ( 1987 ) . The World This Century . London : Collins Educational . ISBN 0 - 00 - 322217 - 9 . Fischer , Klaus . Nazi Germany : A New History . New York : Continuum , 1995 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 82640 - 797 - 9 Graebner , Norman A. and Edward M. Bennett , The Versailles Treaty and Its Legacy : The Failure of the Wilsonian Vision . New York : Cambridge University Press , 2011 . Herron , George D. ( 1924 ) . The Defeat in the Victory . Boston : Christopher Publishing House . xvi , ( 4 ) , 202 pp . Macmillan , Margaret ( 2001 ) . Peacemakers . London : John Murray . ISBN 0 - 7195 - 5939 - 1 . Also published as Macmillan , Margaret ( 2001 ) . Paris 1919 : Six Months That Changed the World . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 375 - 76052 - 0 . Markwell , Donald ( 2006 ) . John Maynard Keynes and International Relations . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 829236 - 8 . Martel , Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered Parker , R.A.C. `` The First Capitulation : France and the Rhineland Crisis of 1936 '' pages 355 -- 373 from World Politics , Volume 8 , Issue # 3 , April 1956 . Sharp , Alan ( 2011 ) . Consequences of Peace : The Versailles Settlement : Aftermath and Legacy 1919 -- 2010 . Haus Publishing . Sharp , Alan . The Versailles Settlement : Peacemaking After the First World War , 1919 -- 1923 ( 2008 ) Shepley , Nick . The Paris Peace Conference 1919 : A student 's guide to the Treaty of Versailles ( 2015 ) ; 51pp online Sontag , Richard ( 1971 ) . A Broken World , 1919 - 1939 . Michigan : Harper and Row . Stevenson , David ( 1998 ) . `` France at the Paris Peace Conference : Addressing the Dilemmas of Security '' . In Robert W.D. Boyce . French Foreign and Defence Policy , 1918 -- 1940 : The Decline and Fall of a Great Power . London : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 15039 - 2 . Wheeler - Bennett , Sir John ( 1972 ) . The Wreck of Reparations , being the political background of the Lausanne Agreement , 1932 . New York : H. Fertig . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Treaty of Versailles . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Treaty of Versailles Wikisource has original text related to this article : Treaty of Peace between Germany and the United States of America Treaty of Versailles Resource Guide from the Library of Congress Photographs of the document The consequences of the Treaty of Versailles for today 's world Text of Protest by Germany and Acceptance of Fair Peace Treaty Woodrow Wilson Original Letters on Treaty of Versailles , Shapell Manuscript Foundation My 1919 -- A film from the Chinese point of view , the only country that did not sign the treaty `` Versailles Revisted '' ( Review of Manfred Boemeke , Gerald Feldman and Elisabeth Glaser , The Treaty of Versailles : A Reassessment after 75 Years . Cambridge , UK : German Historical Institute , Washington , and Cambridge University Press , 1998 ) , Strategic Studies 9 : 2 ( Spring 2000 ) , 191 -- 205 Map of Europe and the impact of the Versailles Treaty at omniatlas.com Paris Peace Conference , 1919 League of Nations Covenant of the League of Nations Members Organisation Minority Treaties Little Treaty of Versailles Mandates Treaty of Versailles War guilt Reparations Role in the Weimar Republic 's hyperinflation Dawes Plan Young Plan Lausanne Conference Locarno Stresa Front Possible cause of the Second World War International Opium Convention Subsequent treaties Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Sèvres Partition of the Ottoman Empire Conference of London ( 1920 ) San Remo conference Turkish National Movement Turkish War of Independence Treaty of Lausanne Other American Commission to Negotiate Peace Commission of Responsibilities The Inquiry Related A Peace Conference at the Quai d'Orsay The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors To the Unknown British Soldier in France World War I treaties During the war Sykes -- Picot St. - Jean - de-Maurienne Damascus Protocol London Bucharest Brest - Litovsk Ukraine Batum Paris Peace Conference Versailles Saint - Germain - en - Laye Neuilly - sur - Seine Trianon Sèvres Aftermath Rapallo ( 1920 ) Tartu ( 1920 ) Warsaw Riga ( 1920 ) Suwałki Alexandropol Moscow Riga ( 1921 ) Tartu ( 1921 ) Cilicia Ankara Kars Lausanne Rapallo ( 1922 ) Territories of the Former Austro - Hungarian Monarchy Italian Reparation Payments Sino - German Peace Treaty Montreux Regime of the Turkish Straits Abolition of the Capitulations in Egypt British ( Egypt ) Denmark Greece Norway Sweden Portugal See also : Fourteen Points Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire World War I Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian , Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - Japanese War ( 1905 ) First Moroccan ( Tangier ) Crisis ( 1905 -- 06 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) Italo - Turkish War ( 1911 -- 12 ) French conquest of Morocco ( 1911 -- 12 ) First Balkan War ( 1912 -- 13 ) Second Balkan War ( 1913 ) Prelude Origins Sarajevo assassination Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo July Crisis Autumn 1914 Battle of the Frontiers Battle of Cer First Battle of the Marne Siege of Tsingtao Battle of Tannenberg Battle of Galicia Battle of the Masurian Lakes Battle of Kolubara Battle of Sarikamish Race to the Sea First Battle of Ypres 1915 Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes Second Battle of Ypres Battle of Gallipoli Second Battle of Artois Battles of the Isonzo Gorlice -- Tarnów Offensive Great Retreat Second Battle of Champagne Kosovo Offensive Siege of Kut Battle of Loos 1916 Erzurum Offensive Battle of Verdun Lake Naroch Offensive Battle of Asiago Battle of Jutland Battle of the Somme first day Brusilov Offensive Baranovichi Offensive Battle of Romani Monastir Offensive Battle of Transylvania 1917 Capture of Baghdad First Battle of Gaza Zimmermann Telegram Second Battle of Arras Second Battle of the Aisne Kerensky Offensive Third Battle of Ypres ( Passchendaele ) Battle of Mărășești Battle of Caporetto Southern Palestine Offensive Battle of Cambrai Armistice of Erzincan 1918 Operation Faustschlag Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Spring Offensive Battle of Goychay Battle of Aghsu Battle of Kyurdamir Second Battle of the Marne Battle of Baku Hundred Days Offensive Vardar Offensive Battle of Megiddo Third Transjordan attack Meuse - Argonne Offensive Battle of Vittorio Veneto Battle of Aleppo Armistice of Salonica Armistice of Mudros Armistice of Villa Giusti Armistice with Germany Other conflicts Mexican Revolution ( 1910 -- 20 ) Somaliland Campaign ( 1910 -- 20 ) Libyan resistance movement ( 1911 -- 43 ) Maritz Rebellion ( 1914 -- 15 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Indo - German Conspiracy ( 1914 -- 19 ) Senussi Campaign ( 1915 -- 16 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 17 ) Easter Rising ( 1916 ) Anglo - Egyptian Darfur Expedition ( 1916 ) Kaocen Revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Central Asian Revolt ( 1916 - 17 ) Russian Revolution ( 1917 ) Finnish Civil War ( 1918 ) Post-War conflicts Russian Civil War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Ukrainian -- Soviet War ( 1917 -- 21 ) Armenian -- Azerbaijani War ( 1918 -- 20 ) Georgian -- Armenian War ( 1918 ) German Revolution ( 1918 -- 19 ) Revolutions and interventions in Hungary ( 1918 -- 20 ) Hungarian -- Romanian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Greater Poland Uprising ( 1918 -- 19 ) Estonian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Latvian War of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Lithuanian Wars of Independence ( 1918 -- 20 ) Third Anglo - Afghan War ( 1919 ) Egyptian Revolution ( 1919 ) Polish -- Ukrainian War ( 1918 -- 19 ) Polish -- Soviet War ( 1919 -- 21 ) Irish War of Independence ( 1919 -- 21 ) Turkish War of Independence Greco - Turkish War ( 1919 -- 22 ) Turkish -- Armenian War ( 1920 ) Iraqi revolt ( 1920 ) Polish -- Lithuanian War ( 1920 ) Vlora War ( 1920 ) Franco - Syrian War ( 1920 ) Soviet -- Georgian War ( 1921 ) Irish Civil War ( 1922 -- 23 ) Aspects Opposition Pacifism Anti-war movement Deployment Schlieffen Plan ( German ) Plan XVII ( French ) Warfare Military engagements Naval warfare Convoy system Air warfare Cryptography Room 40 Horse use Poison gas Railways Strategic bombing Technology Trench warfare Total war Christmas truce Last surviving veterans Civilian impact Atrocities Prisoners Casualties Economic history 1918 flu pandemic Destruction of Kalisz Rape of Belgium German occupation of Belgium German occupation of Luxembourg German occupation of northeastern France Ober Ost Ottoman people Armenian Genocide Assyrian genocide Pontic Greek genocide Urkun ( Kyrgyzstan ) Blockade of Germany Women Australia Popular culture German prisoners of war in the United States Agreements Partition of the Ottoman Empire Sykes -- Picot Agreement Agreement of Saint - Jean - de-Maurienne French - Armenian Agreement Damascus Protocol Paris Peace Conference Venizelos -- Tittoni agreement Treaties Treaty of Brest - Litovsk Treaty of Lausanne Treaty of London Treaty of Neuilly Treaty of St. Germain Treaty of Sèvres Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Versailles Consequences Aftermath `` Fourteen Points '' League of Nations World War I memorials Centenary outbreak Portal Treaties of Japan Bakumatsu period ( 1854 -- 68 ) Japan - US Treaty of Peace and Amity ( 1854 ) Anglo - Japanese Friendship Treaty ( 1854 ) Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and Russia ( 1855 ) Dutch - Japan Treaty of Peace and Amity ( 1856 ) ( ja ) Japan - US Additional Treaty ( 1857 ) Japan - Netherlands Additional Treaty ( 1857 ) ( ja ) Japan - Russia Additional Treaty ( 1857 ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce ( United States -- Japan ) ( 1858 ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the Netherlands and Japan ( 1858 ) ( ja ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Russia and Japan ( 1858 ) Anglo - Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce ( 1858 ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between France and Japan ( 1858 ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Portugal and Japan ( 1860 ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Prussia and Japan ( 1861 ) London Protocol ( 1862 ) Agreement of Paris ( 1864 ) ( ja ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Belgium and Japan ( 1866 ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Italy and Japan ( 1866 ) Meiji period ( 1868 -- 1912 ) Treaty of Friendship , Commerce and Navigation between Spain and Japan ( 1868 ) Treaty of Friendship , Commerce and Navigation Austria - Hungary and Japan ( 1869 ) Sino - Japanese Friendship and Trade Treaty ( 1871 ) Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Hawaii and Japan ( 1871 ) Treaty of Friendship , Commerce and Navigation between Peru and Japan ( 1873 ) Engagement between Japan and China respecting Formosa of 1874 Treaty of Saint Petersburg ( 1875 ) Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1876 Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1882 Japan - Hawaii Labor Immigration Treaty ( 1884 ) Japan -- Korea Treaty of 1885 Convention of Tientsin ( 1885 ) Declaration of Amity and Commerce between Thailand and Japan ( 1887 ) Treaty of Friendship and Commerce between Mexico and Japan ( 1888 ) Anglo - 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4720875054666881587	Portuguese man o' war	Portuguese man o ' war - wikipedia Portuguese man o ' war Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the marine invertebrate . For other uses , see Man o ' war . Portuguese Man O ' War Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Cnidaria Class : Hydrozoa Order : Siphonophora Family : Physaliidae Genus : Physalia Species : P. physalis Binomial name Physalia physalis ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) The Atlantic Portuguese man o ' war ( Physalia physalis ) , also known as the man - of - war , blue bottle , or floating terror , is a marine hydrozoan of the family Physaliidae found in the Atlantic Ocean , as well as the Indian and Pacific Oceans . Its venomous tentacles can deliver a painful sting , which can be fatal . Despite its outward appearance , the Portuguese man o ' war is not a jellyfish but a siphonophore , which , unlike jellyfish , is not actually a single multicellular organism , but a colonial organism made up of specialized individual animals ( of the same species ) called zooids or polyps . These polyps are attached to one another and physiologically integrated to the extent that they are unable to survive independently , and therefore have to work together and function like a so - called individual animal . The Indo - Pacific Portuguese man - of - war ( P. utriculus ) , or blue bottle , is a related species with very similar appearance found throughout the Indian and Pacific Oceans . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name origin 2 Habitat 3 Structure 4 Venom 4.1 Treatment of stings 5 Predators and prey 6 Commensalism and symbiosis 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Name origin ( edit ) The name `` man o ' war '' comes from the man - of - war , an 18th - century armed sailing ship , and the cnidarian 's supposed resemblance to the Portuguese version at full sail . In other languages , it is known as the ' Portuguese war - ship ' ( Dutch : Portugees oorlogsschip , Norwegian : portugisisk krigsskip , Finnish : portugalinsotalaiva , Chinese : 葡萄牙戰艦 ; pinyin : Pútáoyá zhànjiàn ) , the ' Portuguese galley ' ( German : portugiesische Galeere , Hungarian : portugál gálya ) , the ' Portuguese caravel ' ( Portuguese : caravela portuguesa , Spanish : carabela portuguesa , Italian : caravella portoghese ) , ( French : caravelle portugaise , the ' Portuguese little boat ' ( Russian : португальский кораблик ) , the ' monk 's hat jellyfish ' ( Chinese : 僧帽水母 ; pinyin : sēngmào shuǐmǔ ) , or the ' skipjack 's eboshi - hat ' ( katsuo no eboshi ( Japanese : 鰹の烏帽子 ) ) . Habitat ( edit ) The Atlantic Portuguese man o ' war lives at the surface of the ocean . The gas - filled bladder , or pneumatophore , remains at the surface , while the remainder is submerged . As the Portuguese man o ' war has no means of propulsion , it moves according to the winds , currents , and tides . Although it is most commonly found in the open ocean in tropical and subtropical regions , it has been found as far north as the Bay of Fundy , Cape Breton and the Hebrides . Strong winds may drive them into bays or onto beaches . Often , finding a single Portuguese man o'war is followed by finding many others in the vicinity . They can sting while beached ; the discovery of a man o ' war washed up on a beach may lead to the closure of the beach . Structure ( edit ) Physalia physalis , 1807 The Portuguese man o ' war colony is composed of three types of medusoids ( gonophores , siphosomal nectophores , and vestigial siphosomal nectophores ) and four types of polypoids ( free gastrozooids , gastrozooids with tentacles , gonozooids , and gonopalpons ) , grouped into cormidia beneath the pneumatophore , a sail shaped structure filled with gas . The pneumatophore develops from the planula , unlike the other polyps . This sail is bilaterally symmetrical , with the tentacles at one end . It is translucent , and is tinged blue , purple , pink , or mauve . It may be 9 to 30 cm ( 3.5 to 11.8 in ) long and may extend as much as 15 cm ( 5.9 in ) above the water . The Portuguese man o ' war fills its gas bladder with up to 14 % carbon monoxide . The remainder is nitrogen , oxygen , and argon -- atmospheric gases that diffuse into the gas bladder . Carbon dioxide also occurs at trace levels . The sail is equipped with a siphon . In the event of a surface attack , the sail can be deflated , allowing the organism to briefly submerge . The other three polyp types are known as dactylozooid ( defense ) , gonozooid ( reproduction ) , and gastrozooid ( feeding ) . These polyps are clustered . The dactylzooids make up the tentacles that are typically 10 m ( 33 ft ) in length , but can reach over 30 m ( 98 ft ) . The long tentacles `` fish '' continuously through the water , and each tentacle bears stinging , venom - filled nematocysts ( coiled , thread - like structures ) , which sting and kill adult or larval squids and fishes . Large groups of Portuguese man o ' war , sometimes over 1,000 individuals , may deplete fisheries . Contractile cells in each tentacle drag the prey into range of the digestive polyps , the gastrozooids , which surround and digest the food by secreting enzymes that break down proteins , carbohydrates , and fats , while the gonozooids are responsible for reproduction . Venom ( edit ) This species and the smaller Indo - Pacific man o ' war ( Physalia utriculus ) are responsible for up to 10,000 human stings in Australia each summer , particularly on the east coast , with some others occurring off the coast of South Australia and Western Australia . One of the problems with identifying these stings is that the detached tentacles may drift for days in the water , and the swimmer may not have any idea if he or she has been stung by a man o ' war or by some other less - venomous creature . The stinging , venom - filled nematocysts in the tentacles of the Portuguese man o ' war can paralyze small fish and other prey . Detached tentacles and dead specimens ( including those that wash up on shore ) can sting just as painfully as the live organism in the water and may remain potent for hours or even days after the death of the organism or the detachment of the tentacle . Stings usually cause severe pain to humans , leaving whip - like , red welts on the skin that normally last two or three days after the initial sting , though the pain should subside after about 1 to 3 hours ( depending on the biology of the person stung ) . However , the venom can travel to the lymph nodes and may cause symptoms that mimic an allergic reaction including swelling of the larynx , airway blockage , cardiac distress , and an inability to breathe ( though this is not due to a true allergy , which is defined by serum IgE ) . Other symptoms can include fever and shock , and in some extreme cases , even death , although this is extremely rare . Medical attention for those exposed to large numbers of tentacles may become necessary to relieve pain or open airways if the pain becomes excruciating or lasts for more than three hours , or breathing becomes difficult . Instances where the stings completely surround the trunk of a young child are among those that are potentially fatal . Treatment of stings ( edit ) Stings from a Portuguese man o ' war are often extremely painful . They result in severe dermatitis characterized by long , thin open wounds that resemble those caused by a whip . These are not caused by any impact or cutting action , but by irritating urticariogenic substances in the tentacles . Treatment for a Portuguese man o ' war sting usually begins with the application of poured salt water to rinse away any remaining microscopic nematocysts . Salt water is used as fresh water has been shown to cause nematocystic discharge . Acetic acid or a solution of ammonia and water is believed to deactivate the remaining nematocysts and usually provides some pain relief , though some isolated studies suggest that in some individuals vinegar dousing may increase toxin delivery and worsen symptoms . Vinegar has also been claimed to provoke hemorrhaging when used on the less severe stings of cnidocytes of smaller species . The current recommended treatment from studies in Australia is to avoid the use of vinegar , as local studies have shown this to exacerbate the symptoms . The vinegar or ammonia soak is then often followed by the application of shaving cream to the wound for 30 seconds , followed by shaving the area with a razor and rinsing the razor thoroughly between each stroke . This removes any remaining unfired nematocysts . Heat in the form of hot salt water or hot packs may be applied : heat speeds the breakdown of the toxins already in the skin . Hydrocortisone cream may also be used . Predators and prey ( edit ) The Portuguese man o ' war is a carnivore . Using its venomous tentacles , a man o ' war traps and paralyzes its prey . It typically feeds on small marine organisms , such as fish and plankton , and has few predators of its own . Portuguese man o ' war in Tayrona National Natural Park , Colombia Exceptions to this are the loggerhead turtle , which feeds on the Portuguese man o ' war as a common part of its diet . The turtle 's skin , including that of its tongue and throat , is too thick for the stings to penetrate . The blue sea slug Glaucus atlanticus specializes in feeding on the Portuguese man o ' war , as does the violet snail Janthina janthina . The blanket octopus is immune to the venom of the Portuguese man o ' war ; young individuals carry broken man o ' war tentacles , presumably for offensive and / or defensive purposes . The ocean sunfish 's primary diet consists of jellyfish , but it also consumes the Portuguese man o ' war . Commensalism and symbiosis ( edit ) A small fish , Nomeus gronovii ( the man - of - war fish or shepherd fish ) , is partially immune to the venom from the stinging cells and can live among the tentacles . It seems to avoid the larger , stinging tentacles but feeds on the smaller tentacles beneath the gas bladder . The Portuguese man o ' war is often found with a variety of other marine fish , including clownfish and yellow jack . The clownfish can swim among the tentacles with impunity , possibly owing to their mucus , which does not trigger the nematocysts . All these fish benefit from the shelter from predators provided by the stinging tentacles , and for the Portuguese man o ' war , the presence of these species may attract other fish to eat . See also ( edit ) Physalia utriculus , the Indo - Pacific Portuguese Man - of - War Chondrophores ( porpitids ) , a different hydrozoan colonial organism Porpita porpita References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Portuguese man - of - war '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . September 2005 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Jump up ^ Grzimek , B. ; Schlager , N. ; Olendorf , D. ( 2003 ) . Grzimek 's Animal Life Encyclopaedia . Thomson Gale . Jump up ^ Greene , Thomas F. Marine Science Textbook . Jump up ^ Millward , David ( 8 September 2012 ) . `` Surge in number of men o'war being washed up on beaches '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 7 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Clark , F.E. ; C.E. Lane ( 1961 ) . `` Composition of float gases of Physalia physalis '' . Fed . Proc. 107 ( 3 ) : 673 -- 674 . doi : 10.3181 / 00379727 - 107 - 26724 . Jump up ^ Halstead , B.W. ( 1988 ) . Poisonous and Venomous Marine Animals of the World . Darwin Press . ^ Jump up to : `` Portuguese Man - of - War '' . National Geographic Society . Jump up ^ `` Dangerous jellyfish wash up '' . BBC News . 2008 - 08 - 18 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 07 . / Jump up ^ ( ( cite news url = http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-cornwall-41237286 ^ Jump up to : Bardi , Juliana ; Marques , Antonio C. `` Taxonomic redescription of the Portuguese man - of - war , Physalia physalis ( Cnidaria , Hydrozoa , Siphonophorae , Cystonectae ) from Brazil '' . Iheringia , Sér . Zool . Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul. 97 ( 4 ) . ISSN 1678 - 4766 . Retrieved 8 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Kozloff , Eugene N. ( 1990 ) . Invertebrates . Saunders College . p. 116 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 03 - 046204 - 7 . Jump up ^ Wittenberg , Jonathan B. ( 1960 - 01 - 12 ) . `` The Source of Carbon Monoxide in the Float of the Portuguese Man - of - War , Physalia physalis L '' . Journal of Experimental Biology . 37 ( 4 ) : 698 -- 705 . ISSN 0022 - 0949 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Physalia physalis . `` Portuguese Man - of - War Printable Page '' . National Geographic Animals . National Geographic . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguese Man - of - War ( Bluebottle -- Physalia spp . -- Hydroid ) '' . Aloha.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` What is a Portuguese Man o ' War ? '' . National Ocean Service . 27 July 2015 . Retrieved 8 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Fenner , Peter J. ; Williamson , John A. ( December 1996 ) . `` Worldwide deaths and severe envenomation from jellyfish stings '' . Medical Journal of Australia . 165 ( 11 -- 12 ) : 658 -- 661 . ISSN 0025 - 729X . PMID 8985452 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 04 . In Australia , particularly on the east coast , up to 10 000 stings occur each summer from the bluebottle ( Physalia spp . ) alone , with others also from the `` hair jellyfish '' ( Cyanea ) and `` blubber '' ( Catostylus ) . Common stingers in South Australia and Western Australia , include bluebottle , as well the four - tentacled cubozoa or box jellyfish , the `` jimble '' ( Carybdea rastoni ) Jump up ^ Yanagihara , Angel A. ; Kuroiwa , Janelle M.Y. ; Oliver , Louise M. ; Kunkel , Dennis D. ( December 2002 ) . `` The ultrastructure of nematocysts from the fishing tentacle of the Hawaiian bluebottle , Physalia utriculus ( Cnidaria , Hydrozoa , Siphonophora ) '' ( PDF ) . Hydrobiologia. 489 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 139 -- 150 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1023272519668 . Jump up ^ Auerbach , Paul S. ( December 1997 ) . `` Envenomation from jellyfish and related species '' . J Emerg Nurs. 23 ( 6 ) : 555 -- 565 . PMID 9460392 . doi : 10.1016 / S0099 - 1767 ( 97 ) 90269 - 5 . Jump up ^ Stein , Mark R. ; Marraccini , John V. ; Rothschild , Neal E. ; Burnett , Joseph W. ( March 1989 ) . `` Fatal Portuguese man - o ' - war ( Physalia physalis ) envenomation '' . Ann Emerg Med. 18 ( 3 ) : 312 -- 315 . PMID 2564268 . doi : 10.1016 / S0196 - 0644 ( 89 ) 80421 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Richard A. Clinchy ( 1996 ) . Dive First Responder . Jones & Bartlett Learning . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8016 - 7525 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Image Collection : Bites and Infestations : 26 . Picture of Portuguese Man of War Sting '' . MedicineNet. © 1996 - 2014 MedicineNet , Inc . Retrieved 13 June 2014 . The sting of the Portuguese man - of - war . One of the most painful effects on skin is the consequence of attack by oceanic hydrozoans known as Portuguese men - of - war , which are amazing for their size , brilliant color , and power to induce whealing . They have a small float that buoys them up and from which hang long tentacles . The wrap of these tentacles results in linear stripes , which look like whiplashes , caused not by the force of their sting but from deposition of proteolytic venom toxins , urticariogenic and irritant substances . Jump up ^ James , William D. ; Berger , Timothy G. ; Elston , Dirk M. ; Odom , Richard B. ( 2006 ) . Andrews ' Diseases of the Skin : Clinical Dermatology . Saunders Elsevier . p. 429 . ISBN 0 - 7216 - 2921 - 0 . Jump up ^ Rapini , Ronald P. ; Bolognia , Jean L. ; Jorizzo , Joseph L. ( 2007 ) . Dermatology : 2 - Volume Set . St. Louis : Mosby . ISBN 1 - 4160 - 2999 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Slaughter , R.J. ; Beasley , D.M. ; Lambie , B.S. ; Schep , L.J. ( 2009 ) . `` New Zealand 's venomous creatures '' . New Zealand Medical Journal . 122 ( 1290 ) : 83 -- 97 . PMID 19319171 . Jump up ^ Yoshimoto , C.M. ; Yanagihara , A.A. ( May -- June 2002 ) . `` Cnidarian ( coelenterate ) envenomations in Hawai'i improve following heat application '' . Transactions of the Royal Society for Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 96 ( 3 ) : 300 -- 303 . PMID 12174784 . doi : 10.1016 / s0035 - 9203 ( 02 ) 90105 - 7 . Jump up ^ Loten , Conrad ; Stokes , Barrie ; Worsley , David ; Seymour , Jamie E. ; Jiang , Simon ; Isbister , Geoffrey K. ( 3 April 2006 ) . `` A randomised controlled trial of hot water ( 45 ° C ) immersion versus ice packs for pain relief in bluebottle stings '' . Medical Journal of Australia . 184 ( 7 ) : 329 -- 333 . PMID 16584366 . Jump up ^ http://www.ambulance.nsw.gov.au/Media/docs/090730bluebottle-eee3bc83-ce7c-4281-a095-b427eb01e6d0-0.pdf Jump up ^ Exton , D.R. ( 1988 ) . `` Treatment of Physalia physalis envenomation '' . Medical Journal of Australia . 149 ( 1 ) : 54 . PMID 2898725 . Jump up ^ Brodie ( 1989 ) . Venomous Animals . Western Publishing Company . Jump up ^ Scocchi , Carla ; Wood , James B. `` Glaucus atlanticus , Blue Ocean Slug '' . Thecephalopodpage.org . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Sue ; Storrie , Ann ( 1999 ) . Wonders of Western Waters : The Marine Life of South - Western Australia . CALM . p. 68 . ISBN 0 - 7309 - 6894 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Tremoctopus '' . Tolweb.org . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguese Man o ' War '' , Oceana.org , Oceana , retrieved 2017 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Piper , Ross ( 2007 ) . Extraordinary Animals : An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals . Greenwood Press . Further reading ( edit ) Mapstone , Gillian ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` Global Diversity and Review of Siphonophorae ( Cnidaria : Hydrozoa ) '' . PLOS ONE . 9 ( 2 ) : 1 -- 37 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0087737 . External links ( edit ) Data related to Physalia physalis at Wikispecies Siphonophores.org General information on siphonophores , including the Portuguese man - of - war National Geographic : Portuguese Man - of - War Life In The Fast Lane : Blue bottle PortugueseManOfWar.com Wikimedia Commons has media related to Physalia physalis ( Portuguese man o ' war ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_man_o%27_war&oldid=800329763 '' Categories : Siphonophorae Cnidarians of the Atlantic Ocean Cnidarians of the Indian Ocean Cnidarians of the Pacific Ocean Cnidarians of the Caribbean Sea Animals described in 1758 Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus Venomous animals Hidden categories : Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles containing Dutch - language text Articles containing Norwegian - language text Articles containing Finnish - language text Articles containing Chinese - language text Articles containing German - language text Articles containing Hungarian - language text Articles containing Portuguese - language text Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles containing Italian - language text Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Russian - language text Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Azərbaycanca Български Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 21 : 22 . 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-3411235752154519838	SIG Sauer P320	SIG Sauer P320 - wikipedia SIG Sauer P320 Jump to : navigation , search SIG Sauer P320 SIG Sauer P320 Type Semi-automatic pistol Place of origin USA Service history In service 2014 -- present Production history Designer Adrian Thomele , Thomas Metzger , Michael Mayerl , Ethan Lessard Designed 2014 Manufacturer SIG Sauer Inc. , Exeter , NH , United States , = SIG Sauer GmbH , Eckernförde , Germany Produced 2014 - Present Variants Full - size , Carry , Compact , and Subcompact , four calibers , three grip sizes for each , Tacops , RX and X-Five models Specifications Weight 833 g ( 29.4 oz ) P320 Full Size ( incl . magazine ) 737 g ( 26.0 oz ) P320 Carry ( incl . magazine ) 737 g ( 26.0 oz ) P320 Compact ( incl . magazine ) 708 g ( 25.0 oz ) P320 Subcompact ( incl . magazine ) Length 203 mm ( 8.0 in ) P320 Full Size 183 mm ( 7.2 in ) P320 Carry 183 mm ( 7.2 in ) P320 Compact 170 mm ( 6.7 in ) P320 Subcompact Barrel length 120 mm ( 4.7 in ) P320 Full Size 98 mm ( 3.9 in ) P320 Carry 98 mm ( 3.9 in ) P320 Compact 91 mm ( 3.6 in ) P320 Subcompact Width 35.5 mm ( 1.4 in ) P320 Full Size 35.5 mm ( 1.4 in ) P320 Carry 35.5 mm ( 1.4 in ) P320 Compact 33 mm ( 1.3 in ) P320 Subcompact Height 140 mm ( 5.5 in ) P320 Full Size 140 mm ( 5.5 in ) P320 Carry 131 mm ( 5.2 in ) P320 Compact 119 mm ( 4.7 in ) P320 Subcompact Caliber 9 × 19mm Parabellum . 357 SIG . 40 S&W . 45 ACP Action Short recoil operated , locked breech Sig Sauer System Rate of fire Semi-automatic Feed system P320 Full Size and P320 Full Size RX models : 17 rounds 9 × 19mm Parabellum 14 rounds . 357 Sig , . 40 S&W 10 rounds . 45 ACP Tacops Full : 21 rounds 9 × 19mm Parabellum Carry : 17 rounds 9 × 19mm Parabellum 14 rounds . 357 Sig , . 40 S&W 10 rounds . 45 ACP Tacops Carry : 21 rounds 9 × 19mm Parabellum Compact : 15 rounds 9 × 19mm Parabellum 13 rounds . 357 Sig , . 40 S&W 9 rounds . 45 ACP RX Compact : 15 rounds 9 × 19mm Parabellum Subcompact : 12 rounds 9 × 19mm Parabellum 10 rounds . 40 S&W 6 rounds . 45 ACP Sights Fixed iron sights , front -- blade , rear -- notch , with optional tritium night inserts , Optical Reflex sight on RX models , high sights on RX and Tacops models The SIG Sauer P320 is a modular design of semi-automatic pistol made by Sig Sauer , Inc. of Exeter , New Hampshire and SIG Sauer GMBH of Eckernförde , Germany . The SIG Sauer P320 can be chambered in 9 × 19mm Parabellum ( referred to here as simply 9mm ) , . 357 SIG , . 40 S&W , and . 45 ACP . The handguns made in 9mm , . 357 SIG , and . 40 S&W calibers can be easily converted among each to be the other . A change from . 357 Sig to . 40 S&W requires only a barrel change . The change between 9mm to . 357 Sig or . 40 S&W and vice versa are accomplished using a caliber exchange kits . The P320 chambered in 9 × 19mm Parabellumwas introduced in the North American market on January 15 , 2014 followed by the . 45 ACP compact model at the SHOT Show in January 2015 . The P320 is a further development of the SIG Sauer P250 utilizing a striker - fired mechanism in lieu of a double action only hammer system . On January 19 , 2017 , it was announced that a customized version of the SIG Sauer P320 had won the United States Military XM17 Modular Handgun System competition . The full sized model will be known as the M17 and the carry sized model will be known as the M18 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design details 1.1 Features 1.1. 1 Modular options 1.2 Recoil mechanism 1.3 Slide 1.4 Safety Mechanisms 1.5 Trigger system 1.6 Barrel 1.7 Ammunition feeding 1.8 Sights 1.9 Field Stripping 1.10 Removing the Fire Control Unit 1.11 Accessories 2 Variants 2.1 Modular Handgun System Procurement XM17 2.1. 1 The 101st Airborne are the first to receive the M17 3 Drop Firing Problem 4 Voluntary Upgrade Program 5 Patent Infringement Lawsuit 6 Users 7 References 8 External links Design Details ( edit ) Features ( edit ) A key feature of the pistol is its modular design . The main module of the P320 is an internal stainless steel frame fire control unit , which consists of the integrated fire control group ( trigger , and all necessary linkage and springs ) , ambidextrous slide release ( one on each side of the pistol ) , ejector and four slide rails . This steel receiver unit is used in every P320 grip module , top end , and chambering combination and is inserted into the grip frame module and held in place by the axis pin of the disassembly lever . The firearm 's serial number is on the fire control unit instead of the grip module . The fire control unit allows the operator to interchange differently - sized slide assembly or top end modules and polymer grip frame modules and trigger shoes and ( limited ) chambering conversions to adapt the gun to the individual user and address different needs . Each of these three calibers comes in four sizes , which again can all be changed back and forth using caliber exchange kits . A 9mm full size can be changed to a 9mm carry , compact , or subcompact in this manner ( as can any of the 3 calibers ) . Or a 9mm full size can be changed to . 357 Sig carry ( for example ) . In addition to the basic P320 models are the RX series which feature optical sights built in . Another P320 variation is the X Series . The RX features are also available to standard models through caliber exchange kits , and vice versa . These parts are not firearms and are not serialized and can be sold and shipped with no restriction . The Sig Sauer P320 handguns use polymer grip frames which can be changed from between of four sizes of frames and three sizes of grips . In this manner the size of the grip is matched to the length of the handgun action as well as being available in three grip sizes . The four chassis sizes are full , carry , compact , and sub compact . The three grip sizes are large , medium , and small . The . 45 ACP caliber is not interchangeable with the other calibers but does have varying grip sizes too . Most of the grip sizes have a standard Picatinny accessory rail , except for subcompact grips . The firearms serial number , which is used for registration and tracking by the government , is part of the one part that is not changeable with regard to registration and is in effect the firearm regardless of which of the frame or grip sizes is attached to it . The Fire Control Unit ( FCU ) contains the trigger , striker , disconnector , and safety mechanisms . This is , in effect , the firearm while all the interchangeable barrels , slides , recoil springs , grips , and magazines involved are merely accessory pieces and are not subject to registration of restrictions . ( USA regulations ) . The ability to change caliber , frame size , and grip size is the essence of the modular system . The P320 was designed to be ambidextrous in handling , sporting an ambidextrous slide catch lever and user reversible magazine catch . All other operating controls are designed so they can be operated from either side . The firearm can be field stripped with no tools . Additionally , the firearm can also be field stripped without depressing the trigger , an additional safety feature to prevent negligent discharge of the weapon . The full - size , carry and compact grip modules feature an integral Picatinny rail mounting - bracket at the lower forward edge of the module to allow the mounting of laser sights , tactical lights , and other accessories . Modular options ( edit ) Sig Sauer P320 Full Size The P320 pistol is offered in three Glass - filled polymer grip module sizes -- small , medium , and large -- in each of the full - sized , carry , compact , and subcompact P320 variants . The pistol top ends also come in full - sized , compact , and subcompact variants that will fit the correspondingly sized grip modules . Every chambering can be converted by the user with a caliber exchange kit . The 9 × 19mm Parabellum , . 40 S&W , and . 357 SIG chamberings share their polymer grip frame modules and this offers the possibility to interchange these three chamberings by swapping the top end -- consisting of the slide , recoil spring assembly , barrel and the box magazine . Due to the significantly larger external dimensions of the . 45 ACP cartridge compared to the other P320 chambering options , the . 45 ACP chambering uses slightly wider . 45 ACP -- specific polymer grip modules with an enlarged magazine well . The firearm 's `` fire control group '' , which contains the only serialized part of the firearm , is also slightly different to accommodate the enlarged magazine well . The manufacturer offers caliber exchange kits or Caliber X-Change ® kits consisting of a slide , recoil assembly , barrel , box magazine and grip module in the varying frame sizes , grip module sizes and chambering variants in which the P320 pistol is offered . These kits enable a user to switch between the various P320 configurations without the use of tools . Recoil mechanism ( edit ) Like other SIG Sauer pistols , the P320 pistol is a short recoil operated , locked breech pistol . It uses the Sig Sauer System cam - operated barrel , which locks into the ejection port on the slide . Slide ( edit ) The slide is made of stainless steel and is often finished in a durable black finish called Nitron ® . The slide contains the breechblock , striker , disconnector , ejector , and safety systems . State compliant versions may also mount an ambidextrous external safety lever . Some slides are machined for the Romeo1 type of optical sight . Safety mechanisms ( edit ) The standard P320 has no manual safeties , promoting instant readiness . The use of an automatic firing pin safety combined with a disconnector ensures safe carrying of the weapon , while preventing accidental discharges if the gun is dropped or roughly handled . As mandated in some USA states , some models come with an external safety . The Modular Handgun System ( MHS ) ( now known as the M17 ) version of the P320 has an ambidextrous thumb safety . Law Enforcement and Military versions can also be equipped with a tabbed safety trigger on request . Trigger System ( edit ) The trigger releases a pretensioned Double Action striker . The trigger system has a pull weight of about 5.5 lbs. , 28.95 N The P320 trigger is available in standard ( solid ) and tabbed ( with trigger safety ) . Barrel ( edit ) The P320 is available with a 120 mm ( 4.7 in ) , 98 mm ( 3.9 in ) , or 91 mm ( 3.6 in ) barrel depending on the size ( full - sized , carry / compact or sub-compact respectively ) . The Tacops model barrel is threaded for suppressor ( also called a silencer ) use . Model Size Barrel Length Threaded X-Five 5 Full 4.7 Carry 3.9 4.6 Compact 3.9 Subcompact 3.6 Ammunition feeding ( edit ) The pistol feeds from metal detachable box magazines with a 6 to 21 round magazine capacity , depending on chambering and pistol size . See the chart under the Variants section . Sights ( edit ) The P320 comes with three - dot combat - type iron sights of which the front sight element can be drifted to the left or right in its dovetail to adjust for windage . There are three rear sight heights and six front sight heights available to adjust for elevation . Self - luminous tritium - powered SIGLITE Night Sights in differing heights are optional . SIGLITE night sights are optional , but come standard in exchange kits . The SIG Sauer Romeo1 sight is supplied on the RX Full and RX Compact versions of the P320 . The X-Five comes with Dawson Precision Fiber Optic front sight and a fully adjustable rear sight . Field stripping ( edit ) Field stripping is accomplished by first locking the action open with the hold open lever either by racking the slide to the rear with an empty magazine which will engage the slide hold open lever when the slide is released , or by holding the slide to the rear and then pushing up the slide hold open lever . The magazine is then removed . Then the takedown lever on the left side of the frame is revolved downward . The slide hold open lever is then pushed down while holding onto the slide assembly which can then be removed from it 's engagement with the fire control units stainless steel rails . Once removed the barrel can be removed from the slide by pushing the recoil spring , located under the barrel away from the breech block which allows the spring to be removed . Then the barrel can be pivoted downward away from the slide breech end first and then removed from the front of the slid bushing . Cleaning can be easily accomplished from this point on . Reassembly requires that the slide be locked open with the slide hold open lever ( and then released or left open ) or the magazine can not be reinserted . Removing the fire control unit ( edit ) Changing grip modules is very easy and simple . It begins with the removal of the slide as noted above . Once the slide assembly is removed the takedown lever can be removed from the frame by pulling it out from the left side . Then the Fire Control Unit ( FCU ) can be pivoted out of the grip . The FCU can then be easily inserted into a different grip size and if desired a different slide assembly can be used with that different frame . This is the essence of the configurability of the modular system . Accessories ( edit ) The factory accessories consist of magazines , caliber exchange kits , barrels , handgun holsters , Optical Sights , and Tactical Light / Laser units . Variants ( edit ) In the chart below the presence of MS in the model indicates a model with manual external ambidextrous safety . The presence of TB in the model indicates Threaded Barrel . Siglights are tritium illuminated Night Sights . States that have restrictions are listed next to the model . These related to manual safety and magazine capacity in most cases . The X-Five model has a 5 '' bull barrel . X model has a different grip and flat trigger . * M17 is in Coyote for grip and controls . Available with and without the external manual safety . Comes with RX type slide and night sights . Model Caliber State Compliant Mag Cap # of Mags Sights Nitron Full 9mm CT / HI / NY 10 Siglight Nitron Full 9mm 17 Siglight Nitron Full . 40 S&W CT / HI / NY 10 Siglight Nitron Full . 40 S&W 14 Siglight Nitron Full . 45 ACP CT / HI / NY 10 Contrast Sights Nitron Full . 45 ACP 10 Siglight Nitron Compact 9mm CT / HI / MO / NY 10 Contrast Sights Nitron Compact 9mm CT / HI / MO / NY 10 Siglight Nitron Compact MS 9mm MA 10 Siglight Nitron Compact 9mm 15 Siglight Nitron Compact TB 9mm 15 Siglight Nitron Compact MS 9mm 15 Siglight Nitron Compact . 40 S&W CT / HI / MO / NY 10 Contrast Sights Nitron Compact . 40 S&W CT / HI / MO / NY 10 Siglight Nitron Compact . 40 S&W 13 Siglight Nitron Compact . 45 ACP 9 Contrast Sights Nitron Compact MS . 45 ACP MA 9 Siglight Nitron Compact MS . 45 ACP 9 Siglight Nitron Carry 9mm CT / HI / NY 10 Siglight Nitron Carry 9mm 17 Siglight Nitron Carry TB 9mm 10 Siglight Nitron Carry 357 Sig CT / HI / NY 10 Siglight Nitron Carry 9mm 14 Siglight Nitron Carry . 40 S&W CT / HI / NY 10 Siglight Nitron SubCompact 9mm 12 Siglight Nitron SubCompact . 40 S&W 10 Siglight FDE Compact 9mm 10 Siglight FDE Compact 9mm 15 Siglight FDE Compact . 35 Sig 10 Siglight FDE Compact . 40 S&W 10 Siglight Tacops Full 9mm 21 TFD Frt , Siglight Rr Tacops Carry TB 9mm 21 Tall Slite Night Sights X-Five Full 9mm 5 '' Barrel 21 Dawson Fiber Optic RX Full 9mm CT / HI / NY 10 Siglight RX Full 9mm 17 Siglight RX Compact 9mm CT / HI / NY 15 Tall Slite Night Sights RX Compact 9mm CT / HI / NY 10 Siglight RX Compact 9mm CT / HI / NY 15 Siglight X-Carry 9mm Flat Trigger X Grip 17 X Ray X-VTAX 9mm Straight Trigger , FDE 17 VTAC Day - Night Sights M17 ( MS ) 9mm Coyote Grip & Controls RX type Slide , Night Sights Modular handgun System Procurement XM17 ( edit ) When the requirements were formulated for a new handgun for the US Army one of the tenants of the proposal was that an existing model handgun was desired to fulfill the requirements laid out in the Modular Handgun System Request for Proposal , known as the XM17 Procurement . Sig Sauer submitted a P320 with a number of modifications and submitted them for the XM17 Modular Handgun System competition . Modifications include : Slide cut out to facilitate the addition of a reflex sight . ( This is the slide from the RX Series ) Ambidextrous thumb safety Loaded chamber indicator Improved slide sub-assembly to capture small components when disassembled Improved trigger `` mud flap '' to prevent foreign debris from entering the pistol action 4.7 '' 120 mm barrel length in full size M17 3.9 '' 98 mm barrel length in compact M18 chambered in 9 × 19mm Parabellum ( can be adapted to fire larger calibers like . 357 SIG and . 40 S&W ) Pistols chambered in 9mm can feature a 17 - round magazine in standard with optional 21 - round extended magazines available . The 101st Airborne are the first to receive the M17 ( edit ) On January 19 , 2017 , it was announced that the SIG Sauer P320 MHS variant had won the United States Military 's Modular Handgun System trials . The P320 will be known as the M17 ( full size ) and M18 ( compact ) in U.S. Military service . Though the pistol will remain chambered in 9 x 19mm Parabellum rather than a larger caliber , the contract allows the Army and other services to procure Sig Sauer 's proposed XM1152 Full Metal Jacket and XM1153 Special Purpose ammunition . The ammunition chosen to go with the pistol is a `` Winchester jacketed hollow point '' round . In May 2017 , the Army announced that the first unit that will receive the M17 would be the 101st Airborne Division by the end of the year . At the same time , the rest of the U.S. Armed Forces revealed they also intend to acquire the handgun , making it the standard sidearm for the entire U.S. military . The services plan to procure up to 421,000 weapons in total ; 195,000 for the Army , 130,000 for the Air Force , 61,000 for the Navy ( XM18 compact version only ) , and 35,000 for the Marines . On 17 November 2017 , soldiers of the 101st Airborne received the first XM17 and XM18 pistols , with over 2,000 handguns delivered . The XM17 has better accuracy and ergonomics and tighter dispersion than the M9 . It will also be fielded more widely , being issued down to squad and fireteam leaders ; while special forces would dual - arm all of its members with a pistol and rifle , previously junior leaders in regular infantry units were excluded from carrying sidearms but policy was changed to give them more choices and options in close quarters battle situations . All Army units are planned to have the M9 replaced with the M17 within a decade . Drop firing problem ( edit ) In late July 2017 , the Dallas Police Department instructed all personnel to stop carrying the P320 pending an investigation . There are concerns that the firearm may discharge when it is dropped and the back of the slide hits the ground at about a 30 - degree angle . The problem may be related to the trigger weight ; some triggers are heavy enough that they essentially continue to move due to inertia after the gun hits the ground . Internet publications , such as TheTruthAboutGuns.com , conducted independent tests that appear to confirm potential drop firings ( at a 40 % rate ) . Another test has shown that the P320 may discharge when the magazine hits the ground first after the gun is dropped . On 8 August 2017 , Sig Sauer issued a notice that they would upgrade all P320s to address the issue . The P320 upgrade program is detailed on the Sig Sauer Website at : P320 Voluntary Upgrade Program . Voluntary upgrade program ( edit ) Although the P320 handgun had successfully passed the MH17 drop protocol tests it became apparent later than the gun could fire if dropped in a specific fashion onto a hard surface . In one instance a gun writer installed a lighter trigger which almost totally eliminated the possibility of accidentally firing . Sig Sauer instituted a program for those who wanted to upgrade their P320 handguns whereby a number of changes are made which ensure that no drop discharges are likely to occur . The details of the changes are found here : Explanation of Changes Made To The P320 Pistol The upgrade program entails no cost to the owner . Sig Sauer sends a `` call tag '' to the owner who ships the firearm at no cost by 2 day freight to Sig 's factory for the upgrade . After the upgrade is performed the handgun is shipped back to the owner , again by 2 day freight . To participate in the upgrade program a user goes to the Sig Sauer website as shown above and registers for the upgrade . Sig Sauer will send to the user a prepaid shipping label and instruction on how to pack the firearm for legal shipment . Details will generally be sent by email , or post if the owner does not have email . Once the firearm arrives at Sig Sauer the announced wait time is from four to six weeks . Actual turnaround time has been as short as 7 days . Once shipped the owner will be notified of the shipment and given a tracking number . SIG SAUER Announces Details of Free P320 ' Voluntary Upgrade ' Program Owners who have received their P320s back after the upgrade report that they are also being given a Sig P320 Patch and a 25 % discount coupon for a future purchase from the Sig Sauer store . Patent infringement lawsuit ( edit ) In May 2017 , Steyr Mannlicher filed a patent infringement lawsuit against Sig Sauer . Steyr references their patent US6260301 ( filed in 1999 and approved in 2001 ) , which is for a handgun with a removable chassis . Steyr Arms is demanding a preliminary and permanent injunction against Sig Sauer selling any of these firearms . Users ( edit ) Thailand : Royal Thai Police ; Purchase of 152,468 SIG Sauer P320 pistols is approved . The pistols were delivered in December 2017 . United States : United States Army : On January 19th , 2017 , the P320 was chosen to replace the Beretta M9 as its main service pistol in response to the request for a Modular Handgun System ( MHS ) also known as XM17 . Hawaii Department of Public Safety Oklahoma Highway Patrol Pasco County Sheriff 's Office ( Florida ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` SHOT Show 2015 : SIG SAUER adds subcompact and . 45 - Caliber options to P320 family '' . miltechmag.com . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ OMelveny , Sean . `` Army Picks Sig Sauer 's P320 Handgun to Replace M9 Service Pistol '' . military.com . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` P320 Pistol - Officer.com '' . officer.com . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SIG SAUER P320 '' . thetruthaboutguns.com . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : SIG Sauer P320 Pistol '' . shootingillustrated.com . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gun Review : SIG SAUER P320 RX Compact '' . thetruthaboutguns.com . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` P320 X-Five Full - Size '' . Sig Sauer . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SIG SAUER 2018 Product Catalog '' . Sigsauer.com . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Details on the U.S. Army 's new Sig Sauer M17 Sidearm '' . tacticalcache.com . Retrieved 11 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SIG SAUER Unveils the P320 MHS Edition - The Truth About Guns '' . thetruthaboutguns.com . October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Times , Military . `` GearScout '' . militarytimes.com . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Contracts Press Operations Release No : CR - 012 - 17 Jan. 19 , 2017 '' . defense.gov . defense.gov . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . Sig Sauer Inc. , Newington , New Hampshire , was awarded up to $580,217,000 for a firm - fixed - price contract for the Modular Handgun System including handgun , accessories and ammunition to replace the current M9 handgun . Bids were solicited via the Internet with nine received . Work locations and funding will be determined with each order , with an estimated completion date of Jan. 19 , 2027 . Army Contracting Command , Picatinny Arsenal , New Jersey , is the contracting activity ( W15QKN - 17 - D - 0016 ) . Jump up ^ Army Confirms 9mm for Modular Handgun System - Kitup.Military.com , 26 January 2017 Jump up ^ Army Names First Unit to Receive Service 's New Pistol - Military.com , 3 May 2017 Jump up ^ MHS Update : Services Embrace Army 's New Sidearm - Kitup.Military.com , 3 May 2017 Jump up ^ In a first , the Army 's new handgun will be issued to team leaders - Armytimes.com , 29 November 2017 Jump up ^ Army Explains New Dual - Arming Policy for Modular Handgun System - Military.com , 1 December 2017 Jump up ^ http://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2017/08/02/breaking-p320-recall-issued-dallas-police-prohibited-duty-till-repaired/ Jump up ^ http://www.thetruthaboutguns.com/2017/08/jeremy-s/breaking-ttag-tests-show-p320-striker-fired-pistols-are-not-drop-safe/ Jump up ^ https://www.omahaoutdoors.com/blog/sig-sauer-p320-fails-drop-test/ Jump up ^ https://www.sigsauer.com/press-releases/sig-sauer-issues-voluntary-upgrade-p320-pistol/ Jump up ^ http://www.thetruthaboutguns.com/2017/05/foghorn/lawsuit-filed-sig-sauer-steyr-patent-infringement-new-army-p320/ Jump up ^ `` Police chief to seek approval from ministry to make direct order of 150,000 Sig Sauer pistols '' . Thai PBS . 2015 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Gen Prayut Chan - o - cha Approves Royal Thai Police 's Purchase of 152,468 SIG Sauer Model P320 Pistols '' . Chiang Rai Times.com . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Claims of gangsters buying police pistols are false , says RTP spokesman '' . The Nation. 24 December 2017 . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` US Department of Defense Contracts '' . January 19 , 2017 . Sig Sauer Inc. , Newington , New Hampshire , was awarded up to $580,217,000 for a firm - fixed - price contract for the Modular Handgun System including handgun , accessories and ammunition to replace the current M9 handgun . Bids were solicited via the Internet with nine received . Work locations and funding will be determined with each order , with an estimated completion date of Jan. 19 , 2027 . Army Contracting Command , Picatinny Arsenal , New Jersey , is the contracting activity ( W15QKN - 17 - D - 0016 ) . Jump up ^ `` Army '' . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii DPS '' . Thefirearmsblog.com . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma Highway Patrol Selects SIG SAUER P320 '' . SIG Sauer . June 22 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Pasco sheriff 's deputies trade in Glocks for free SIG Sauer service handguns '' . Tamba Bay Times . 2016 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 06 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to SIG Sauer P320 . Official website P320 page US ARMY 101st AIRBORNE fire the M17 MHS ( SIG SAUER P320 ) ( Video ) US ARMY 101st AIRBORNE fire the M17 MHS ( SIG SAUER P320 ) ( hide ) Semi-automatic pistols made by SIG Sauer Full size P210 P220 P226 P227 P230 SIG Pro series ( 2009 , 2022 , 2340 ) GSR Mosquito 1911 Series SIG Sauer M17 Compact size P224 P225 P228 ( M11 ) P229 P230 P239 P245 SIG Sauer M18 Sub Compact 1911 Army Compact 1911 C3 Compact Ultra Compact 1911 Two Tone Ultra Compact 1911 Ultra Compact Micro Compact P238 P290 P290RS P365 P938 Modular P250 Series P320 Series Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SIG_Sauer_P320&oldid=821485030 '' Categories : . 357 SIG firearms . 40 S&W firearms . 45 ACP firearms 9mm Parabellum firearms Police weapons SIG Sauer semi-automatic pistols Modular firearms Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from January 2017 Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Italiano 日本語 Português Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 January 2018 , at 19 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the difference between the m17 and m18	[ "On January 19, 2017, it was announced that the SIG Sauer P320 MHS variant had won the United States Military's Modular Handgun System trials. The P320 will be known as the M17 (full size) and M18 (compact) in U.S. Military service. Though the pistol will remain chambered in 9 x 19mm Parabellum rather than a larger caliber, the contract allows the Army and other services to procure Sig Sauer’s proposed XM1152 Full Metal Jacket and XM1153 Special Purpose ammunition.[12][13] The ammunition chosen to go with the pistol is a \"Winchester jacketed hollow point\" round.", "On January 19, 2017, it was announced that the SIG Sauer P320 MHS variant had won the United States Military's Modular Handgun System trials. The P320 will be known as the M17 (full size) and M18 (compact) in U.S. Military service. Though the pistol will remain chambered in 9 x 19mm Parabellum rather than a larger caliber, the contract allows the Army and other services to procure Sig Sauer’s proposed XM1152 Full Metal Jacket and XM1153 Special Purpose ammunition.[12][13] The ammunition chosen to go with the pistol is a \"Winchester jacketed hollow point\" round." ]	[ "M18 (compact)", "M17 (full size)" ]
-1511699651475907627	Orientation column	Orientation column - wikipedia Orientation column Jump to : navigation , search Orientation columns are organized regions of neurons that are excited by visual line stimuli of varying angles . These columns are located in the primary visual cortex ( V1 ) and span multiple cortical layers . The geometry of the orientation columns are arranged in slabs that are perpendicular to the surface of the primary visual cortex . The primary visual cortex ( V1 ) is located in the occipital lobe . This is the region where orientation columns are found . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and History 2 Physiology 2.1 Preferred Orientation 2.2 Pinwheels 2.3 Fractures 3 Development 4 Modeling 4.1 Hebbian development of a multilayer neural network 4.2 Moire Interference 5 Further Research 5.1 Orientation Scotomas 6 Further reading 7 See also 8 References Background and history ( edit ) In 1958 , David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel discovered cells in the visual cortex that had orientation selectivity . This was found through an experiment by giving a cat specific visual stimuli and measuring the corresponding excitation of the neurons in striate cortex ( V1 ) . The experimental set up was of a slide projector , a cat , electrodes , and an electrode monitor . They discovered this orientation selectivity when changing slides on the projector . The act of changing the slides produced a faint shadow line across the projector , and excited the neuron they were measuring . At the time of this experiment it was not conclusive that these orientation selective cells were in a `` columnar '' structure but the possibility of this structure was considered by research conducted by Vernon Mountcastle in 1956 about the topographic properties of the somatosensory system . In 1974 Hubel and Wiesel wrote a paper about the geometry of orientation columns . They recorded 1410 cells in 45 penetrations into the striate cortex . Through this 1 - dimensional technique they conceptualized that the orientation columns are not columns but slabs . In 1985 , Gary Blasdel discovered a technique to visualize these orientation columns in 2D . His technique used photodiodes to detect optical changes in the visual cortex with the metabolic marker , 2 - deoxyglucose , which labels active neurons . This confirmed Hubel and Wiesel 's studies and also brought to light the swirls and pinwheel formations in the striate cortex . Hubel and Wiesel received the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine in 1981 for their contributions to the development of the visual system . Physiology ( edit ) Orientation columns are located in the primary visual cortex also known as the striate cortex . These orientation columns are not cylindrical in shape as the word column implies but are flat slabs that are parallel to each other . The slabs are perpendicular to the surface of the visual cortex and are lined up similar to slices of bread . These neurons are highly discriminatory for visual orientations and their motion . Most of the cells in orientation columns are complex cells . Complex cells will respond to a properly orientated line in any location of the receptive field , whereas simple cells have a narrower receptive field where a properly oriented line will excite it . Simple cells have distinct subdivisions of excitatory and inhibitory regions . It is proposed that complex cells receive input from many simple cells , which explains why the complex cells have a slightly wider receptive field . There are possible biological advantages to the highly ordered structures of orientation columns . The first possible advantage is that orientation selectivity may be intensified with lateral inhibition from neighboring cells of a slightly different preferred orientation . This would provide an efficient system for wiring between the striate cortex and the lateral geniculate nucleus ( LGN ) . The second possible advantage is the ordered structure aids in development , by guaranteeing all orientations are represented throughout the visual field with minimal redundancy and no deficiencies . The third possible advantage is that if columns with similar orientation selectivity are close together , fewer afferents from the LGN are needed . This allows for efficient wiring . So by removing a few LGN inputs and adding a few , the orientation selectivity can be changed marginally . Ocular dominance columns are also found in the striate cortex . These columns were found to prefer crossing iso - orientation lines perpendicularly . During microelectrode experiments , it is normal to see penetrations where eye dominance changes between the contralateral eye and ipsilateral eye but this does not interrupt the orientation sequence . Preferred orientation ( edit ) Recently , studies involving human models were conducted with high - field fMRI . These studies demonstrated the existence of orientation preference in humans and showed similarities to the studies conducted with monkey models . It was found in these models that there was an over-representation of the 90 ° orientation preference . This corresponds to a bias towards processing vertical visual stimuli with horizontal movement . This bears resemblance to the oblique effect where there is a deficiency in perception to oblique contours ( 45 ° and 90 ° ) . Pinwheels ( edit ) Pinwheel formations in the primary visual cortex with singularities in the center . Each color represents an orientation column of a specific line phase . Adapted image from fMRI studies . Using 2D optical techniques , pinwheel formations ( also known as whorls ) of orientation columns were discovered . Pinwheels are the location where multiple orientation columns converge . Orientation columns are organized radially around a point known as a singularity . The arrangement , around the singularity , can be observed to be in both a counter-clockwise or clockwise fashion . It is suggested that an artifact of the optical recordings may cause these singularities . Limitations in the resolution of the optical technique may be to explain for these singularities . Fractures ( edit ) Fractures are breaks in the sequence of orientation selectivity from microelectrode studies . In these studies the fractures occur randomly during trials . Optical methods in trying to explain why these fractures occur , have not been very successful . Development ( edit ) Orientation maps in monkeys are innately determined at birth . Like other parts of the brain , the visual cortex goes through a critical period where the visual environment can change the orientation maps due to its plastic nature during this period . Visual deprivation during this period will cause a deterioration of these innate connections . Also if the visual environment is confined to only vertical or horizontal lines during this critical period the distribution of the preferred orientation of cells in the striate cortex become abnormal . This is probably due to cells maturing their preferred orientation to that of the most common type of visual stimulus . Modeling ( edit ) Hebbian development of a multilayer neural network ( edit ) A multilayer neural network model by Linsker , having local connections from each cell layer to the next , whose connection strengths develop according to a Hebbian rule , generates orientation - selective cells and orientation columns . The resulting columnar arrangement contains fractures and `` pinwheel '' singularities of the same types as those found experimentally . Moiré interference ( edit ) An example of a Moiré interference pattern . The offset of the two lattices creates a dipole of retinal ganglion cells . This dipole is orientated in various directions that correspond to a specific orientation . A highly debated model for the origin of orientation maps is Moiré interference from retinal ganglion cells ( RGCs ) . The ideal case takes two layers of perfect hexagonal lattices of the on - center and off - center receptive fields of the RGCs . These two layers are superimposed on each other with an angled offset that produces a periodic interference pattern . This pattern produces dipoles of these RGCs that have a preferred orientation scattered throughout the visual field . This mosaic produces periodic map of preferred orientation that fulfills all orientations with regularity . Cortical inputs from this mosaic of RGCs through the LGN can explain the origin of the orientation maps in the visual cortex . Further research ( edit ) Orientation scotomas ( edit ) The theory of Moire interference patterns governing the orientation map predicts the existence of orientation scotomas . This is because the lattice of the RGCs are not perfectly hexagonal and therefore , at some locations , representation of specific orientations will be missing . Currently there is research that is testing this hypothesis by `` mapping human orientation discrimination thresholds of very small stimuli in the far periphery . '' Further reading ( edit ) Eye , Brain and Vision By Hubel Nobel Lecture 1981 By David Hubel See also ( edit ) Ocular Dominance Column Visual Cortex References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hubel , D.H. , & Wiesel , T.N. ( 1974 ) . SEQUENCE REGULARITY AND GEOMETRY OF ORIENTATION COLUMNS IN MONKEY STRIATE CORTEX . ( Article ) . Journal of Comparative Neurology , 158 ( 3 ) , 267 - 294 . Jump up ^ Hubel , D.H. , & Wiesel , T.N. ( 1968 ) . RECEPTIVE FIELDS AND FUNCTIONAL ARCHITECTURE OF MONKEY STRIATE CORTEX . Journal of Physiology - London , 195 ( 1 ) , 215 - & . Jump up ^ Hubel , D.H. , & Wiesel , T.N. ( 1959 ) . Receptive Fields of Single Neurones in the Cat 's Striate Cortex . ( Article ) . Journal of Physiology , 148 , 574 - 591 . ^ Jump up to : Hubel , D.H. , & Wiesel , T.N. ( 2005 ) . Brain and Visual Perception . New York : Oxford Press . Jump up ^ Mountcastle , V.B. ( 1956 ) . Modality and Topographic Properties of Single Neurons of Cat 's Somatic Sensory Cortex . ( Article ) . Journal of Neurophysiology , 20 ( 4 ) , 408 - 435 . Jump up ^ Blasdel G.G. , & Salama G. ( 1986 ) . Voltage - sensitive dyes reveal a modular organization in monkey striate cortex . ( Article ) . Nature , 321 , 579 - 585 . ^ Jump up to : Hubel , D.H. , & Wiesel , T.N. ( 1977 ) . Ferrier Lecture : Function architecture of macaque monkey visual cortex . ( Typescript ) . Proc. R. Soc . Lond. , 198 , 1 - 59 . Jump up ^ Hubel , D.H. , & Wiesel , T.N. ( 1962 ) . Receptive fields , binocular interaction and functional architecture in the cat 's visual cortex . ( Article ) . Journal of Physiology , 160 , 106 - 154 . Jump up ^ Hubel , D.H. ( 1995 ) . Eye , Brain and Vision . Scientific American Library . Jump up ^ Blakemore , C. , & Tobin , E.A. ( 1972 ) . Lateral inhibition between orientation detectors in the cat 's visual cortex . ( Article ) . Exp . Brain Res. , 15 , 439 - 440 . ^ Jump up to : Yacoub , E. , & Harel , N. , & Ugurbil , K. ( 2008 ) . High - Field fMRI unveils orientation columns in humans . ( Article ) . Proc Natl Acad Sci , 105 , 10607 - 10612 . Jump up ^ Hubel , D.H. , & Wiesel , T.N. ( 1974 ) . Ordered Arrangement of Orientation Columns in Monkeys Lacking Visual Experience . ( Article ) . Journal of Comparative Neurology , 158 , 307 - 318 . Jump up ^ Blakemore , C. , Cooper , G.F. ( 1970 ) . Development of the brain depends on the visual environment . Nature , 228 , 477 - 478 . Jump up ^ Linsker R. ( 1986 ) . From basic network principles to neural architecture ( series of three papers ) . PNAS 83 , 7508 - 7512 , 8390 - 8394 , 8779 - 8783 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 83.19. 7508 ; doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 83.21. 8390 ; doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 83.22. 8779 . Jump up ^ Schottdorf M. , Eglen S.J. , Wolf F. & Keil W. ( 2014 ) . Can Retinal Ganglion Cell Dipoles Seed Iso - Orientation Domains in the Visual Cortex ? PLoS ONE 9 ( 1 ) , e86139 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0086139 . Jump up ^ Hore , V.R.A. , Troy , J.B. , & Eglen , S.J. ( 2012 ) . Parasol cell mosaics are unlikely to drive the formation of structured orientation maps in primary visual cortex . Visual Neuroscience , 29 ( 6 ) , 283 -- 299 . doi : 10.1017 / S0952523812000338 . ^ Jump up to : Paik , S. , & Ringach , D.L. ( 2011 ) . Retinal origin of orientation maps in the visual cortex . Nature Neuroscience , 14 ( 7 ) , 919 - 925 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orientation_column&oldid=785573617 '' Categories : Visual system Cerebral cortex Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 June 2017 , at 08 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	cells in striate cortex (area v1) have a preferred	[]	[]
7588794347884964241	Greg Reeves	Greg Reeves - wikipedia Greg Reeves Jump to : navigation , search Greg Reeves Birth name Gregory Reeves April 7 , 1955 Warren , Ohio Genres Jazz , R&B , rock Occupation ( s ) Session musician Instruments Bass guitar Years active 1966 - present Associated acts Crosby , Stills , Nash & Young , Temptations Greg Reeves is an American bass guitarist . He is best known for playing bass on Crosby , Stills , Nash & Young 's Déjà Vu ( 1970 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography and career 1.1 Work with CSNY 1.2 Post CSNY 2 References 3 Bibliography 4 External links Biography and career ( edit ) Little is known about Reeves ' early life . Even his birthdate is contested ; although he may have graduated from Warren Western Reserve High School in Warren , Ohio , in 1968 , drummer Dallas Taylor recalled that Reeves had a fake driver 's license ( procured by Rick James ) showing his age to be 19 and was rumored to be as young as 15 in 1969 . Reeves has partially corroborated Taylor 's account , noting that he was `` very young '' during his tenure with CSNY . It has been reported that Reeves was employed as a session bass player with Motown Records when he was 12 ; although he was scouted at that age by Motown and Chess Records , his mother `` would not hear of '' him forsaking his education to work as a professional musician at that juncture . Despite having been credited with playing bass on The Temptations ' `` Cloud Nine '' , Reeves claimed in a 2012 interview that he was apprehensive during the recording session and switched to tambourine at the behest of producer Norman Whitfield , his recruiter and main benefactor at Motown . During this period , he was also mentored by other Motown luminaries , including the aforementioned James ( who concurrently played alongside Reeves in Salt ' N ' Pepa , a Los Angeles rock group formed from the remnants of Merryweather ) and James Jamerson . He has since contended that his most notable performance for the company was the bass part ( overdubbed in Los Angeles ) of `` No Matter What Sign You Are '' , the final song recorded by Diana Ross with The Supremes . Work with CSNY ( edit ) Reeves recorded and toured with Crosby , Stills , Nash & Young from August 1969 to January 1970 and is credited on the cover of their 1970 Déjà Vu album ; he appears with the group in the concert documentary Celebration at Big Sur ( filmed in September 1969 ) and in contemporaneous television appearances on This is Tom Jones and The Music Scene . While it was previously assumed that James referred the bassist to Young ( who had previously backed James in The Mynah Birds ) in the wake of the band 's rehearsals with former Buffalo Springfield bassist Bruce Palmer , according to Reeves , `` David ( Crosby ) and Graham ( Nash ) drove up to the apartment where we lived on Olive Drive at the time ... from the pool I saw them knock on the door , and Rick yelled for me . They asked Rick James who I was and Rick came , got me and brought me out front to the limousine that Graham Nash and David Crosby were in and asked me in front of them , would I mind going with them to jam . I asked Rick James ' Are n't you coming , too ? ' He said ' They want you to come alone . ' I went back to the house , grabbed my Fender Precision Bass guitar and Gibson acoustic guitar , climbed into the limousine and never came back to Rick 's house again . They would not let me go . From the first time jamming with me , they would not let me leave ... to this day I do n't how Graham and David knew where Rick and I lived . '' In consultation with other band members , Stephen Stills fired Reeves from the group in April 1970 `` because ( he ) suddenly decided he was an Apache witch doctor . '' Stills further opined that Reeves `` freaked too much on the bass and no one could keep up because ( he ) did not play one rhythm the same ... he could play bass imaginatively , but he has to be predictable as well '' , while Reeves also wanted to sing some of his songs during CSN&Y shows , which Stills thought `` was ludicrous , only because the songs were n't great . We 'll sing any song if it 's great , but not just because it happens to be written by our bass player . '' Dallas Taylor ( who seldom fraternized with Reeves and was dismissed from the group a month later at the instigation of Neil Young ) later noted that while the bassist and Stills did not get along , Reeves and Young were good friends . Following Reeves ' termination , Young defied his bandmates and continued to collaborate with Reeves . Reeves has alleged that the `` bass hook '' of one of his songs was appropriated by Stills for the main riff of `` Carry On '' ; heeding the advice of James , he demurred from pursuing the issue after receiving a profit point on Déjà Vu . Although he has conceded that `` ( the band ) thought I was trying to put spells on them '' due to his trenchant interest in Native American shamanism , Reeves ultimately ascribed his termination to `` Stills ( having ) a problem with himself , just dealing with himself . '' Post CSNY ( edit ) Few details are known about Reeves ' life and career following his dismissal from CSNY . He reportedly earned an associate 's degree in Mandarin Chinese at Coastline Community College during the intervening decades , while his song `` I Got Your Number '' has been covered by such artists as Tom Jones , Boz Scaggs , and Johnny Bristol . Other unreleased songs allegedly recorded for David Geffen and Clive Davis ( including `` Working Man '' ) have been championed by Graham Nash and Neil Young ; an unreleased cache of his recordings from the early 1970s features a band including Stevie Wonder on drums and Nils Lofgren and Duane Allman on guitar . His 1978 $1 million lawsuit pertaining to unpaid CSN&Y royalties was eventually settled amicably . In the aftermath of his tenure with the group , Reeves nevertheless contributed in earnest to several projects , including most of Neil Young 's After the Gold Rush , Crosby & Nash 's eponymous debut ( `` Immigration Man '' ; 1972 ) , Dave Mason 's It 's Like You Never Left ( 1973 ) , an unreleased version of `` Tonight 's the Night '' recorded by Young in early 1974 , and indeterminate recordings with George Clinton following the temporary dissolution of Parliament Funkadelic in the early 1980s . Lofgren claimed that during one of the sessions for After the Gold Rush , Reeves appeared covered head to toe in gold paint ; Young explained the bassist was `` doin ' his Indian thing . '' Reeves was briefly interviewed by author Jimmy McDonough for Shakey , his 2003 biography of Neil Young . Both Young and Lofgren continue to laud Reeves ' playing style , noting his versatility and ability to move fluidly between simple and complex bass lines . Dallas Taylor told an interviewer in 2007 that he had not spoken to Reeves since he was fired from CSN&Y in 1970 . Reeves was rumored to have spent time in jail ; according to Reeves , from September 1977 to April 1978 `` I spent time in a Mexican jail with the Mexican president 's nephew as a political prisoner , because we had tried to smuggle marijuana across the border . True story ! Neil Young sent me money ( via Western Union ) to pay the Mexican police ( Judicial Government Police ) for my freedom . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : `` 4WAYSITE '' . 4WAYSITE. 1969 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ The Robesonian article : `` Songster Rick James Cracks The Pop Market . '' Jump up ^ Crosby , Stills & Nash : The Authorized Biography . Zimmer & Diltz , pp. 94 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shakey : Neil Young 's Biography -- Jimmy McDonough -- Google Books '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Crosby , Stills , Nash & Young ( Live ) - Down By The River '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Crosby , Stills & Nash : The Authorized Biography . Zimmer & Diltz , pp. 124 . Jump up ^ `` Greg Reeves Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` After the Gold Rush - Neil Young Credits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 30 . Bibliography ( edit ) Zimmer , D and Diltz , H ( 2000 ) . Crosby , Stills & Nash : the authorized biography , page 94 . Da Capo Press , 2000 . External links ( edit ) Greg Reeves at AllMusic Greg Reeves at Discogs ( hide ) Crosby , Stills , Nash & Young David Crosby Stephen Stills Graham Nash Neil Young Studio albums Crosby , Stills & Nash Déjà Vu CSN Daylight Again American Dream Live It Up After the Storm Looking Forward Live albums 4 Way Street Allies Déjà Vu Live CSN 2012 CSNY 1974 Compilation albums So Far Replay CSN Carry On Greatest Hits Demos Songs `` Suite : Judy Blue Eyes '' `` Marrakesh Express '' `` Guinnevere '' `` Wooden Ships '' `` Lady of the Island '' `` Helplessly Hoping '' `` Woodstock '' `` Helpless '' `` Teach Your Children '' `` Almost Cut My Hair '' `` Our House '' `` Ohio '' `` Just a Song Before I Go '' `` Wasted on the Way '' `` Southern Cross '' Related bands The Byrds Buffalo Springfield The Hollies CPR Crosby & Nash The Stills - Young Band Manassas Crazy Horse Related people Joni Mitchell Judy Collins Chris Hillman Cass Elliot Timothy B. Schmit Greg Reeves Dallas Taylor Other related articles Discography CSNY / Déjà Vu GND : 134572661 VIAF : 134447944 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greg_Reeves&oldid=843180499 '' Categories : American rock bass guitarists Living people African - American rock musicians American session musicians Crosby , Stills , Nash & Young members American rhythm and blues bass guitarists Guitarists from Los Angeles American male guitarists 1955 births Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 12 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played bass in crosby stills and nash	[ "Greg Reeves is an American bass guitarist. He is best known for playing bass on Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young's Déjà Vu (1970)." ]	[ "Greg Reeves" ]
-5218883268906171581	List of medical abbreviations: T	List of medical abbreviations : t - wikipedia List of medical abbreviations : t hide Medical abbreviations ← previous page of list ( S ) next page of list ( U ) → 0 -- 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Latin abbreviations Prescription abbreviations Acronyms in healthcare Abbreviations for medical organisations and personnel Abbreviations for diseases and disorders Abbreviation Meaning thoracic vertebrae Treatment TA temporal arteritis T&A tonsillectomy with adenoidectomy T&C type and cross-match ( see blood transfusion ) T&S type and screen ( blood ; e.g. , to prepare for blood transfusion ) Tab Tablet ( pharmacy ) TAB therapeutic abortion TAH total abdominal hysterectomy TAH - BSO total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo - oophorectomy TAP trypsinogen activation peptide TAPVR total anomalous pulmonary venous return TAT thematic apperception test TAVI transcatheter aortic valve implantation TAVR transcatheter aortic valve replacement TB tuberculosis TBC tuberculosis total body crunch TbEC Enteric coated tablet TBG thyroid - binding globulin TBI to be intubated total body irradiation traumatic brain injury TBLC term birth living child TC traffic crash TCA tricyclic antidepressants TCC transitional cell carcinoma TCM traditional Chinese medicine TCN tetracycline TCOM Transcutaneous oxygen measurement TCT thrombin clotting time T2DM type 2 Diabetes mellitus Td tetanus and diphtheria ( combined vaccination ) TDaP tetanus , diphtheria , and acellular pertussis combined vaccine TdP Torsades de pointes TDS three times a day ( from Latin ter die sumendus ) TdT terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase TD Tardive dyskinesia TE tracheoesophageal TEB thoracic electrical bioimpedance ( see impedance cardiography ) TEC transient erythroblastopenia of childhood TEE transesophageal echocardiogram TEF tracheoesophageal fistula TEM transmission electron microscopy Temp temperature TEN toxic epidermal necrolysis TENS transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulator TF transfer T / F transfer TFR tumor volume to fetal weight ratio TFTs thyroid function tests TGA transposition of the great arteries TG triglycerides Tg thyroglobulin TGF tumor growth factor TGV transposition of the great vessels T&H type and hold ( stay ready for blood transfusion ) THR total hip replacement TI terminal ileum TIA transient ischemic attack TIBC total iron - binding capacity Tib - Fib tibia and fibula TID three times a day ( from Latin ter in die ) TIN tubulointerstitial nephritis TIPS transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt TKA total knee arthoplasty TKO to keep ( vein ) open for IV therapy TKR total knee replacement TKVO to keep vein open TLA three letter acronym TLC total lung capacity , or total lymphocyte count TLH total laparoscopic hysterectomy TLR tonic labyrinthine reflex TM tympanic membrane TME total mesorectal excision TNF tumor necrosis factor TMJ temporomandibular joint TNG trinitroglycerin TNM tumor - nodes - metastases TNTC too numerous to count TOA tuboovarian abscess TOC test - of - cure ( + TOC meaning patient cured of disease proven via test ) TOD transoesophageal Doppler TOE transoesophageal echocardiogram TOF tetralogy of Fallot TOP termination of pregnancy TOT transobturator tape TP total protein TPa tissue plasminogen activator TPN total parenteral nutrition TPR temperature , pulse , respiration TPR total peripheral resistance TR tricuspid regurgitation Tr tincture TRAM transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap ( TRAM flap ) TRAP tartrate - resistant acid phosphatase TRF transfer ( pronounced `` turf '' ) TRF 'd transferred ( pronounced `` turfed '' , as in `` We just turfed Mrs Johnson OTD '' ) TRH thyrotropin - releasing hormone TRT testosterone replacement therapy TRUSP Transrectal Ultrasonography of the Prostate Transrectal Ultrasound of the Prostate TS tricuspid stenosis Tsp teaspoon ( 5 mL ) TSH thyroid stimulating hormone TSH Thoughts of self - harm TSHR - Ab thyrotropin - receptor antibody TSI Thyroid Stimulating Immunoglobulin T.S.T.H. too sick to send home TT thrombin time TTE transthoracic echocardiogram TTG tissue transglutaminase TTN transient tachypnea of the newborn TTO to take out ( medicines given to patient on discharge from hospital stay ) TTP thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura tender to palpation TTR transthyretin TTS transdermal therapeutic system TTTS twin - to - twin transfusion syndrome Tu tumor TUBA Trans - umbilical breast augmentation TUIP Transurethral incision of the prostate TUMT Transurethral microwave thermotherapy TUNA Transurethral needle ablation of the prostate TUR transurethral resection TURBT transurethral resection of bladder tumor TURP transurethral resection of the prostate TVC true vocal cord TVH transvaginal hysterectomy TVT tension - free vaginal tape TWOC Trial without catheter Tx therapy transplant treatment TXA Tranexamic acid Txp transport ( by ambulance to or between hospitals ) hide Medical abbreviations ← previous page of list ( S ) next page of list ( U ) → 0 -- 9 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Latin abbreviations Prescription abbreviations Acronyms in healthcare Abbreviations for medical organisations and personnel Abbreviations for diseases and disorders Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_medical_abbreviations:_T&oldid=849825197 '' Categories : Lists of medical abbreviations Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 July 2018 , at 16 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what does ts stand for in medical terms	[ "\n\nAbbreviation\n\nMeaning\n\n\nT\nthoracic vertebrae\n\n\nTx\nTreatment\n\n\nTA\ntemporal arteritis\n\n\nT&A\ntonsillectomy with adenoidectomy\n\n\nT&C\ntype and cross-match (see blood transfusion)\n\n\nT&S\ntype and screen (blood; e.g., to prepare for blood transfusion)\n\n\nTab\nTablet (pharmacy)\n\n\nTAB\ntherapeutic abortion\n\n\nTAH\ntotal abdominal hysterectomy\n\n\nTAH-BSO\ntotal abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy\n\n\nTAP\ntrypsinogen activation peptide\n\n\nTAPVR\ntotal anomalous pulmonary venous return\n\n\nTAT\nthematic apperception test\n\n\nTAVI\ntranscatheter aortic valve implantation\n\n\nTAVR\ntranscatheter aortic valve replacement\n\n\nTB\ntuberculosis\n\n\nTBC\ntuberculosis total body crunch\n\n\nTbEC\nEnteric coated tablet\n\n\nTBG\nthyroid-binding globulin\n\n\nTBI\nto be intubated total body irradiation traumatic brain injury\n\n\nTBLC\nterm birth living child\n\n\nTC\ntraffic crash\n\n\nTCA\ntricyclic antidepressants\n\n\nTCC\ntransitional cell carcinoma\n\n\nTCM\ntraditional Chinese medicine\n\n\nTCN\ntetracycline\n\n\nTCOM\nTranscutaneous oxygen measurement\n\n\nTCT\nthrombin clotting time\n\n\nT2DM\ntype 2 Diabetes mellitus\n\n\nTd\ntetanus and diphtheria (combined vaccination)\n\n\nTDaP\ntetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis combined vaccine\n\n\nTdP\nTorsades de pointes\n\n\nTDS\nthree times a day (from Latin ter die sumendus)\n\n\nTdT\nterminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase\n\n\nTD\nTardive dyskinesia\n\n\nTE\ntracheoesophageal\n\n\nTEB\nthoracic electrical bioimpedance (see impedance cardiography)\n\n\nTEC\ntransient erythroblastopenia of childhood\n\n\nTEE\ntransesophageal echocardiogram\n\n\nTEF\ntracheoesophageal fistula\n\n\nTEM\ntransmission electron microscopy\n\n\nTemp\ntemperature\n\n\nTEN\ntoxic epidermal necrolysis\n\n\nTENS\ntranscutaneous electrical nerve stimulator\n\n\nTF\ntransfer\n\n\nT/F\ntransfer\n\n\nTFR\ntumor volume to fetal weight ratio\n\n\nTFTs\nthyroid function tests\n\n\nTGA\ntransposition of the great arteries\n\n\nTG\ntriglycerides\n\n\nTg\nthyroglobulin\n\n\nTGF\ntumor growth factor\n\n\nTGV\ntransposition of the great vessels\n\n\nT&H\ntype and hold (stay ready for blood transfusion)\n\n\nTHR\ntotal hip replacement\n\n\nTI\nterminal ileum\n\n\nTIA\ntransient ischemic attack\n\n\nTIBC\ntotal iron-binding capacity\n\n\nTib-Fib\ntibia and fibula\n\n\nTID\nthree times a day (from Latin ter in die)\n\n\nTIN\ntubulointerstitial nephritis\n\n\nTIPS\ntransjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt\n\n\nTKA\ntotal knee arthoplasty\n\n\nTKO\nto keep (vein) open for IV therapy\n\n\nTKR\ntotal knee replacement\n\n\nTKVO\nto keep vein open\n\n\nTLA\nthree letter acronym\n\n\nTLC\ntotal lung capacity, or total lymphocyte count\n\n\nTLH\ntotal laparoscopic hysterectomy\n\n\nTLR\ntonic labyrinthine reflex\n\n\nTM\ntympanic membrane\n\n\nTME\ntotal mesorectal excision\n\n\nTNF\ntumor necrosis factor\n\n\nTMJ\ntemporomandibular joint\n\n\nTNG\ntrinitroglycerin\n\n\nTNM\ntumor-nodes-metastases\n\n\nTNTC\ntoo numerous to count\n\n\nTOA\ntuboovarian abscess\n\n\nTOC\ntest-of-cure (+TOC meaning patient cured of disease proven via test)\n\n\nTOD\ntransoesophageal Doppler\n\n\nTOE\ntransoesophageal echocardiogram\n\n\nTOF\ntetralogy of Fallot\n\n\nTOP\ntermination of pregnancy\n\n\nTOT\ntransobturator tape\n\n\nTP\ntotal protein\n\n\nTPa\ntissue plasminogen activator\n\n\nTPN\ntotal parenteral nutrition\n\n\nTPR\ntemperature, pulse, respiration\n\n\nTPR\n\ntotal peripheral resistance\n\n\nTR\ntricuspid regurgitation\n\n\nTr\ntincture\n\n\nTRAM\ntransverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap (TRAM flap)\n\n\nTRAP\ntartrate-resistant acid phosphatase\n\n\nTRF\ntransfer (pronounced \"turf\")\n\n\nTRF'd\ntransferred (pronounced \"turfed\", as in \"We just turfed Mrs Johnson OTD\")\n\n\nTRH\nthyrotropin-releasing hormone\n\n\nTRT\ntestosterone replacement therapy\n\n\nTRUSP\nTransrectal Ultrasonography of the ProstateTransrectal Ultrasound of the Prostate\n\n\nTS\ntricuspid stenosis\n\n\nTsp\nteaspoon (5 mL)\n\n\nTSH\nthyroid stimulating hormone\n\n\nTSH\nThoughts of self-harm\n\n\nTSHR-Ab\nthyrotropin-receptor antibody\n\n\nTSI\nThyroid Stimulating Immunoglobulin\n\n\nT.S.T.H.\ntoo sick to send home\n\n\nTT\nthrombin time\n\n\nTTE\ntransthoracic echocardiogram\n\n\nTTG\ntissue transglutaminase\n\n\nTTN\ntransient tachypnea of the newborn\n\n\nTTO\nto take out (medicines given to patient on discharge from hospital stay)\n\n\nTTP\nthrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura tender to palpation\n\n\nTTR\ntransthyretin\n\n\nTTS\ntransdermal therapeutic system\n\n\nTTTS\ntwin-to-twin transfusion syndrome\n\n\nTu\ntumor\n\n\nTUBA\nTrans-umbilical breast augmentation\n\n\nTUIP\nTransurethral incision of the prostate\n\n\nTUMT\nTransurethral microwave thermotherapy\n\n\nTUNA\nTransurethral needle ablation of the prostate\n\n\nTUR\ntransurethral resection\n\n\nTURBT\ntransurethral resection of bladder tumor\n\n\nTURP\ntransurethral resection of the prostate\n\n\nTVC\ntrue vocal cord\n\n\nTVH\ntransvaginal hysterectomy\n\n\nTVT\ntension-free vaginal tape\n\n\nTWOC\n\nTrial without catheter\n\n\nTx\ntherapy transplant treatment\n\n\nTXA\nTranexamic acid\n\n\nTxp\ntransport (by ambulance to or between hospitals)\n" ]	[ "tricuspid stenosis" ]
6658646857747742833	The Mayor of Casterbridge	The Mayor of Casterbridge - wikipedia The Mayor of Casterbridge To comply with the Wikipedia quality standards , this book - related article may require cleanup . This article contains very little context , or is unclear to readers who know little about the book . See this article 's talk page before making any large and / or controversial edits . ( March 2009 ) The Mayor of Casterbridge Henchard on the way to the fair with Susan and Elizabeth - Jane Author Thomas Hardy Illustrator Robert Barnes Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Novel Published London Publisher Smith Elder & Co Publication date 1886 First published in two volumes The Mayor of Casterbridge : The Life and Death of a Man of Character is an 1886 novel by British author Thomas Hardy . It is set in the fictional town of Casterbridge ( based on the town of Dorchester in Dorset ) . The book is one of Hardy 's Wessex novels , all set in a fictional rural England . Hardy began writing the book in 1884 and wrote the last page on 17 April 1885 . Within the book , he writes that the events took place `` before the nineteenth century had reached one - third of its span '' . Literary critic Dale Kramer sees it as being set somewhat later -- in the late 1840s , corresponding to Hardy 's youth in Dorchester . Contents 1 Plot summary 2 Principal characters 3 Adaptations 4 Notes 5 Bibliography 6 Further reading 7 External links Plot summary ( edit ) At a country fair near Casterbridge in the fictional county of Wessex Michael Henchard , a 21 year old hay - trusser , argues with his wife Susan . Drunk on rum - laced furmity he auctions her off , along with his baby daughter Elizabeth - Jane , to Richard Newson , a passing sailor , for five guineas . Sober the next day , he is too late to recover his family . When he realises they are gone , he swears never to touch liquor again for as many years as he has lived so far . Locations in Wessex , from The Wessex of Thomas Hardy by Bertram Windle , 1902 , based on correspondence with Hardy . Eighteen years later , Henchard has become a successful grain merchant and Mayor of Casterbridge , known for his staunch sobriety . Henchard has avoided explaining the circumstances of the loss of his wife , allowing people to assume he is a widower . On a visit to Jersey on business , Henchard falls in love with Lucetta Le Sueur , who nurses him back to health after an illness . Although Henchard never tells Lucetta exactly how he `` lost '' his wife , he does tell her he has a wife who is probably dead , but who may return . Besotted , Lucetta develops a relationship with him despite the risk . Henchard returns to Casterbridge , leaving Lucetta to face the social consequences of their fling . To rejoin polite society Lucetta would have to marry him , although Henchard is already technically married . Yet just as Henchard is about to send for Lucetta , Susan unexpectedly appears in Casterbridge with her daughter , Elizabeth - Jane . Newson appears to have been lost at sea , and without means to earn an income Susan is looking to Henchard again . Susan believed for a long time that her `` marriage '' to Newson was perfectly legitimate . Only recently , just before Newson 's disappearance , had Susan begun to question whether or not she was still legally married to Henchard . Just as Susan and Elizabeth - Jane arrive in town , a Scotsman , Donald Farfrae , is passing through on his way to America . He has experience as a grain and corn merchant , and is on the cutting edge of agricultural science . He befriends Henchard and helps him out of a bad financial situation by giving him some timely advice . Henchard persuades him to stay and offers him a job as his corn factor , rudely dismissing a man named Jopp to whom he had already offered the job . Hiring Farfrae is a stroke of business genius for Henchard , who , although hardworking , is not well - educated . To preserve appearances , Henchard sets Susan up in a nearby house , pretends to court her , and remarries her . Both Henchard and Susan keep the truth from Elizabeth - Jane . Henchard also keeps Lucetta a secret . He writes to her , informing her that their marriage is off . Henchard 's relationship with Farfrae deteriorates as Farfrae becomes more popular than Henchard . Eventually they part company and Farfrae sets himself up as an independent merchant . The rivalry and jealousy for the most part is one - sided , and Farfrae conducts himself with scrupulous honesty and fair dealing . Henchard meanwhile makes increasingly aggressive , risky business decisions that put him in financial danger . Henchard 's jealousy leads him to oppose a marriage between Farfrae and Elizabeth - Jane , until after Susan 's death , at which point Henchard learns he is not Elizabeth - Jane 's father from a letter which Susan , on her deathbed , marked to be opened only after Elizabeth - Jane 's marriage . His own daughter had died in infancy ; this second Elizabeth - Jane is Newson 's daughter . Henchard is no longer concerned about blocking the marriage , but he conceals the secret from Elizabeth - Jane and grows cold and cruel towards her . In the meantime , Lucetta arrives from Jersey and purchases a house in Casterbridge . She has inherited money from a wealthy relative . Initially she hopes to resume their relationship , but propriety requires that they wait a while . She takes Elizabeth - Jane into her household as a companion , thinking it will give Henchard an excuse to come to visit , not knowing of Henchard 's hatred of Elizabeth - Jane . Farfrae visits Lucetta 's house to see Elizabeth - Jane and falls for Lucetta , not knowing she has come to marry Henchard . Lucetta is also attracted to Farfrae . At the same time , she begins to question Henchard 's character , when it becomes public knowledge that he sold his first wife . Although initially reluctant , Henchard decides that he wants to marry Lucetta , particularly since he is in financial trouble - he believes that his creditors would extend credit if he was about to be married to a wealthy woman . Frustrated by her stalling , Henchard bullies Lucetta into agreeing to marry him . But by this point she is in love with Farfrae , and they run away one weekend to get married . She does not tell Henchard until well after the fact . Henchard 's credit collapses , he goes bankrupt , and has to sell all his personal possessions to pay creditors . Farfrae buys Henchard 's old business and tries to help the man who helped him get started , whom he still regards as a friend and a former mentor , by employing him as a journeyman . He does not realise Henchard is his enemy , even though the town council and Elizabeth - Jane both warn him . Lucetta keeps her former relationship with Henchard a secret , but all is revealed when Henchard lets his enemy Jopp deliver Lucetta 's old love letters . Jopp makes the secret public and the townspeople publicly shame Henchard and Lucetta in a skimmington ride . Lucetta , who by this point is pregnant , dies of an epileptic seizure . When Newson , Elizabeth - Jane 's biological father , returns , Henchard is afraid of losing her companionship and tells Newson she is dead . The twenty - first year of his oath is up , and he starts drinking again . By the time Elizabeth - Jane , who months later is married to Donald Farfrae and reunited with Newson , goes looking for Henchard to forgive him , he has died and left a will requesting no funeral . Principal characters ( edit ) Michael Henchard : hay trusser who becomes Mayor of Casterbridge Susan Henchard ( Newson ) : wife of Henchard , sold to Newson Richard Newson : sailor ; purchases Susan and lives with her for many years as her de-facto husband Elizabeth - Jane : daughter of Susan by Henchard ; dies as an infant Elizabeth - Jane : daughter of Susan by Newson ; marries Farfrae Donald Farfrae : becomes Mayor of Casterbridge after Henchard ; Scotsman Lucetta Templeman ( Le Sueur ) : Native of Jersey who has an affair with Henchard ; marries Farfrae . Adaptations ( edit ) A 1921 silent film The Mayor of Casterbridge directed by Sidney Morgan In 1951 , the novel was adapted as an opera by the British composer Peter Tranchell . A 1978 television series by Dennis Potter for the BBC starring Alan Bates as Henchard , Anna Massey as Lucetta , and Anne Stallybrass as Susan . The 1978 version was broadcast in the US by PBS as part of Masterpiece Theatre . A version of the story was also filmed in 2000 as The Claim , with the setting changed to a town ( called Kingdom Come ) in the American West of the 19th Century . The film was directed by Michael Winterbottom from a screenplay by Frank Cottrell Boyce . In 2001 ( broadcast as a series on ITV 2003 ) by Georgina Lowe for Sally Head Productions , with Ciarán Hinds as Henchard , Juliet Aubrey as Susan , Polly Walker as Lucetta , James Purefoy as Farfrae and Jodhi May as Elizabeth - Jane . The series was released as a 2 - disc DVD in 2004 . In 2008 , Helen Edmundson adapted it into a three - episode radio play for BBC Radio 4 's Classic Serial slot . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` British Library Item details '' . primocat.bl.uk . Retrieved 14 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Thomas Hardy , Dale Kramer ( 10 June 2004 ) . The Mayor of Casterbridge . Oxford University Press , UK . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 160634 - 2 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` IMDb entry for The Mayor of Casterbridge '' . Retrieved 21 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Mayor of Casterbridge '' BBC Radio 4 Classic Serial `` listen again '' website , bbc.co.uk ; accessed 30 April 2015 . Bibliography ( edit ) Menefee , Samuel P. , Wives for Sale : An Ethnographic Study of British Popular Divorce ( 1981 ) ISBN 0 - 631 - 13301 - 1 . Further reading ( edit ) Avery , Simon ( 2009 ) . Thomas Hardy : The Mayor of Casterbridge Jude the Obscure . Basingstoke and New York , NY : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 00540 - 2 . Lerner , Lawrence ( 1975 ) . Thomas Hardy 's Mayor of Casterbridge : Tragedy or Social History ? . Eastbourne : Sussex University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 856 - 21042 - 6 . Taft , Michael ( 1981 ) . `` Hardy 's manipulation of folk lore and literary imagination : The case of the wife - sale in the Mayor of Casterbridge '' . Studies in the Novel. 13 ( 4 ) : 399 -- 407 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Mayor of Casterbridge The Mayor of Casterbridge public domain audiobook at LibriVox The Mayor of Casterbridge Map http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/casterbridge/ http://www.gradesaver.com/classicnotes/titles/casterbridge/ Thomas Hardy Novels The Poor Man and the Lady ( 1867 ) Desperate Remedies ( 1871 ) Under the Greenwood Tree ( 1872 ) A Pair of Blue Eyes ( 1873 ) Far from the Madding Crowd ( 1874 ) The Hand of Ethelberta ( 1876 ) The Return of the Native ( 1878 ) The Trumpet - Major ( 1880 ) A Laodicean ( 1881 ) Two on a Tower ( 1882 ) The Mayor of Casterbridge ( 1886 ) The Woodlanders ( 1887 ) Tess of the d'Urbervilles ( 1891 / 92 ) Jude the Obscure ( 1895 ) The Well - Beloved ( 1897 ) Short story collections Wessex Tales ( 1888 ) A Group of Noble Dames ( 1891 ) Life 's Little Ironies ( 1894 ) A Changed Man and Other Tales ( 1913 ) Short stories `` The Three Strangers '' ( 1883 ) `` A Mere Interlude '' ( 1885 ) `` Alicia 's Diary '' ( 1887 ) `` Barbara of the House of Grebe '' ( 1891 ) `` The Fiddler of the Reels '' ( 1893 ) `` A Tragedy of Two Ambitions '' ( 1894 ) Poetry collections Wessex Poems and Other Verses ( 1898 ) Poems of the Past and the Present ( 1901 ) Time 's Laughingstocks ( 1909 ) Poems 1912 -- 13 Satires of Circumstance ( 1914 ) Moments of Vision ( 1917 ) Late Lyrics ( 1922 ) Human Shows ( 1925 ) Winter Words ( 1928 ) Poems `` Neutral Tones '' ( 1898 ) `` The Darkling Thrush '' ( 1901 ) `` The Ruined Maid '' ( 1901 ) `` The Respectable Burgher '' ( 1901 ) `` The Man He Killed '' ( 1902 ) `` A Trampwoman 's Tragedy '' ( 1903 ) `` The Convergence of the Twain '' ( 1915 ) `` The Blinded Bird '' ( 1916 ) Plays The Dynasts ( 1904 -- 1908 ) Life Thomas Hardy 's Cottage Max Gate home Emma Gifford ( first wife ) Florence Dugdale ( second wife ) Related Thomas Hardy 's Wessex Egdon Heath Winter Words ( song cycle ) Thomas Hardy 's The Mayor of Casterbridge ( 1886 ) Adaptations The Mayor of Casterbridge ( 1921 ) Mayor Nair ( 1966 ) Daag ( 1973 ) The Mayor of Casterbridge ( 1978 ) Vichitra Jeevitham ( 1978 ) The Claim ( 2000 ) The Mayor of Casterbridge ( 2003 ) Related Thomas Hardy 's Wessex Wife selling BNF : cb144399898 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Mayor_of_Casterbridge&oldid=848307752 '' Categories : 1886 British novels Novels by Thomas Hardy Culture in Dorchester , Dorset English novels Novels set in Dorset British novels adapted into films Novels adapted into television programs Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Articles needing cleanup from March 2009 All pages needing cleanup Books needing cleanup All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Euskara فارسی Français עברית Nederlands Norsk Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 1 July 2018 , at 04 : 01 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	what is the name of lucetta templeman estate in the mayor of casterbridge	[]	[]
2443099570638260056	Mohawk people	Mohawk people - wikipedia Mohawk people Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the people known as the Mohawk . For other uses , see Mohawk ( disambiguation ) . Mohawk Thayendanegea or Joseph Brant , painted by Gilbert Stuart , 1786 Regions with significant populations Canada ( Quebec , Ontario ) 23,682 United States ( New York ) 5,632 Languages English , Mohawk , French , Formerly : Dutch , Mohawk Dutch Religion Karihwiio , Kanoh'hon'io , Kahni'kwi'io , Christianity , Longhouse , Handsome Lake , Other Indigenous Religion Related ethnic groups Seneca Nation , Oneida Nation , Cayuga Nation , Onondaga Nation , Tuscarora Nation , other Iroquoian peoples The Mohawk people ( who identify as Kanien'kehá : ka ) are the most easterly tribe of the Haudenosaunee , or Iroquois Confederacy . They are an Iroquoian - speaking indigenous people of North America . The Mohawk were historically based in the Mohawk Valley in present - day upstate New York west of the Hudson River ; their territory ranged north to the St. Lawrence River , southern Quebec and eastern Ontario ; south to greater New Jersey and into Pennsylvania ; eastward to the Green Mountains of Vermont ; and westward to the border with the Iroquoian Oneida Nation 's traditional homeland territory . As one of the five original members of the Iroquois League , the Mohawk were known as the Keepers of the Eastern Door . For hundreds of years , they guarded the Iroquois Confederation against invasion from that direction by tribes from the New England and lower New York areas . Their current major settlements include areas around Lake Ontario and the St Lawrence River in Canada and New York . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History since colonization 2.1 First contact with European settlers 2.2 American Revolutionary War 2.3 After the Revolution 3 20th century to present 4 Mohawk communities today 4.1 Mohawk iron and steelworkers in New York 5 Casinos 6 Culture 6.1 Religion 6.2 Traditional Mohawk dress 6.3 Marriage 6.4 Longhouses 7 Notable Mohawk 8 Iroquoian peoples 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Etymology ( edit ) Map of Mohawk River In the Mohawk language , the people say that they are from Kanien'kehá : ka ( `` flint stone place '' ) . The Mohawk became wealthy traders as other nations in their confederacy needed their flint for tool making . Their Algonquian - speaking neighbors ( and competitors ) , the people of Muh - heck Haeek Ing ( `` food area place '' ) , a name transliterated by the Dutch as Mohican or Mahican , referred to the people of Ka - nee - en Ka as Maw Unk Lin , meaning `` bear people '' . The Dutch heard and wrote this term as Mohawk , and also referred to the Mohawk as Egil or Maqua . The French colonists adapted these latter terms as Aignier and Maqui , respectively . They also referred to the people by the generic Iroquois , a French derivation of the Algonquian term for the Five Nations , meaning `` snake people '' . The Algonquians and Iroquois were traditional competitors and enemies . History since colonization ( edit ) First contact with European settlers ( edit ) In the upper Hudson and Mohawk Valley regions , the Mohawk had long had contact with the Algonquian - speaking Mahican people , who occupied territory along the Hudson River , as well as other Algonquian and Iroquoian tribes to the north around the Great Lakes . The Mohawk had extended their own influence into the St. Lawrence River Valley , which they maintained for hunting grounds . They are believed to have defeated the St. Lawrence Iroquoians in the 16th century , and kept control of their territory . In addition to hunting and fishing , for centuries the Mohawk cultivated productive maize fields on the fertile floodplains along the Mohawk River , west of the Pine Bush . In the seventeenth century the Mohawk encountered both the Dutch , who went up the Hudson River and established a trading post in 1614 at the confluence of the Mohawk and Hudson rivers , and the French , who came south into their territory from New France ( present - day Quebec ) . The Dutch were primarily merchants and the French also conducted fur trading . Their Jesuit missionaries were active among First Nations and Native Americans , seeking converts to Catholicism . In 1614 , the Dutch opened a trading post at Fort Nassau , New Netherland . The Dutch initially traded for furs with the local Mahican , who occupied the territory along the Hudson River . Following a raid in 1626 when the Mohawk resettled along the south side of the Mohawk River , in 1628 , they mounted an attack against the Mahican , pushing them back to the area of present - day Connecticut . The People of Ka - nee - en Ka ( Mohawks ) gained a near - monopoly in the fur trade with the Dutch by prohibiting the nearby Algonquian - speaking tribes to the north or east to trade with them but did not entirely control this . European contact resulted in a devastating smallpox epidemic among the Mohawk in 1635 ; this reduced their population by 63 % , from 7,740 to 2,830 , as they had no immunity to the new disease . By 1642 they had regrouped from four into three villages , recorded by Catholic missionary priest Isaac Jogues in 1642 as Ossernenon , Andagaron , and Tionontoguen , all along the south side of the Mohawk River from east to west . These were recorded by speakers of other languages with different spellings , and historians have struggled to reconcile various accounts , as well as to align them with archeological studies of the areas . For instance , Johannes Megapolensis , a Dutch minister , recorded the spelling of the same three villages as Asserué , Banagiro , and Thenondiogo . Late 20th - century archeological studies have determined that Ossernenon was located about 9 miles west of the current city of Auriesville ; the two were mistakenly conflated by a tradition that developed in the late 19th century in the Catholic Church . While the Dutch later established settlements in present - day Schenectady and Schoharie , further west in the Mohawk Valley , merchants in Fort Nassau continued to control the fur trading . Schenectady was established essentially as a farming settlement , where Dutch took over some of the former Mohawk maize fields in the floodplain along the river . Through trading , the Mohawk and Dutch became allies of a kind . During their alliance , the Mohawks allowed Dutch Protestant missionary Johannes Megapolensis to come into their tribe and teach the Christian message . He operated from the Fort Nassau area about six years , writing a record in 1644 of his observations of the Mohawk , their language ( which he learned ) , and their culture . While he noted their ritual of torture of captives , he recognized that their society had few other killings , especially compared to the Netherlands of that period . The trading relations between the Mohawk and Dutch helped them maintain peace even during the periods of Kieft 's War and the Esopus Wars , when the Dutch fought localized battles with other tribes . In addition , Dutch trade partners equipped the Mohawk with guns to fight against other First Nations who were allied with the French , including the Ojibwe , Huron - Wendat , and Algonquin . In 1645 the Mohawk made peace for a time with the French , who were trying to keep a piece of the fur trade . During the Pequot War ( 1634 -- 1638 ) , the Pequot and other Algonquian Indians of coastal New England sought an alliance with the Mohawk against English colonists of that region . Disrupted by their losses to smallpox , the Mohawk refused the alliance . They killed the Pequot sachem Sassacus who had come to them for refuge . In the winter of 1651 , the Mohawk attacked to the southeast and overwhelmed the Algonquian in the coastal areas . They took between 500 - 600 captives . In 1664 , the Pequot of New England killed a Mohawk ambassador , starting a war that resulted in the destruction of the Pequot , as the English and their allies in New England entered the conflict , trying to suppress the Native Americans in the region . The Mohawk also attacked other members of the Pequot confederacy , in a war that lasted until 1671 . In 1666 , the French attacked the Mohawk in the central New York area , burning the three Mohawk villages south of the river and their stored food supply . One of the conditions of the peace was that the Mohawk accept Jesuit missionaries . Beginning in 1669 , missionaries attempted to convert Mohawk to Christianity , operating a mission in Ossernenon 9 miles west of present - day Auriesville , New York until 1684 , when the Mohawk destroyed it , killing several priests . Over time , some converted Mohawk relocated to Jesuit mission villages established south of Montreal on the St. Lawrence River in the early 1700s : Kahnawake ( also spelled Caughnawaga , named for the village of that name in the Mohawk Valley ) and Kanesatake . These Mohawk were joined by members of other tribes but dominated the settlements by number . Many converted to Roman Catholicism . In the 1740s , Mohawk and French set up another village upriver , which is known as Akwesasne . Today a Mohawk reserve , it spans the St. Lawrence River and present - day international boundaries to New York , United States , where it is known as the St. Regis Mohawk Reservation . Kateri Tekakwitha , born at Ossernenon in the late 1650s , has become noted as a Mohawk convert to Catholicism . She moved with relatives to Caughnawaga on the north side of the river after her parents ' deaths . She was known for her faith and a shrine was built to her in New York . In the late 20th century , she was beatified and was canonized in October 2012 as the first Native American Catholic saint . She is also recognized by the Episcopal and Lutheran churches . After the fall of New Netherland to England in 1664 , the Mohawk in New York traded with the English and sometimes acted as their allies . During King Philip 's War , Metacom , sachem of the warring Wampanoag Pokanoket , decided to winter with his warriors near Albany in 1675 . Encouraged by the English , the Mohawk attacked and killed all but 40 of the 400 Pokanoket . From the 1690s , Protestant missionaries sought to convert the Mohawk in the New York colony . Many were baptized with English surnames , while others were given both first and surnames in English . During the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries , the Mohawk and Algonquian and Abenaki tribes in New England were involved in raids conducted by the French and English against each other 's settlements during Queen Anne 's War and other conflicts . They conducted a growing trade in captives , holding them for ransom . Neither of the colonial governments generally negotiated for common captives , and it was up to local European communities to raise funds to ransom their residents . In some cases , French and Abenaki raiders transported captives from New England to Montreal and the Mohawk mission villages . The Mohawk at Kahnawake adopted numerous young women and children to add to their own members , having suffered losses to disease and warfare . For instance , among them were numerous survivors of the more than 100 captives taken in the Deerfield raid in western Massachusetts . The minister of Deerfield was ransomed and returned to Massachusetts , but his daughter was adopted by a Mohawk family and ultimately assimilated and married a Mohawk man . During the era of the French and Indian War ( also known as the Seven Years ' War ) , Anglo - Mohawk partnership relations were maintained by men such as Sir William Johnson in New York ( for the British Crown ) , Conrad Weiser ( on behalf of the colony of Pennsylvania ) , and Hendrick Theyanoguin ( for the Mohawk ) . Johnson called the Albany Congress in June 1754 , to discuss with the Iroquois chiefs repair of the damaged diplomatic relationship between the British and the Mohawk , along with securing their cooperation and support in fighting the French , in engagements in North America . American Revolutionary War ( edit ) During the second and third quarters of the 18th century , most of the Mohawk in the Province of New York lived along the Mohawk River at Canajoharie . A few lived at Schoharie , and the rest lived about 30 miles downstream at the Tionondorage Castle , also called Fort Hunter . These two major settlements were traditionally called the Upper Castle and the Lower Castle . The Lower Castle was almost contiguous with Sir Peter Warren 's Warrensbush . Sir William Johnson , the British Superintendent of Indian Affairs , built his first house on the north bank of the Mohawk River almost opposite Warrensbush and established the settlement of Johnstown . The Mohawk were among the four Iroquois tribes that allied with the British during the American Revolutionary War . They had a long trading relationship with the British and hoped to gain support to prohibit colonists encroaching into their territory in the Mohawk Valley . Joseph Brant acted as a war chief and successfully led raids against British and ethnic German colonists in the Mohawk Valley , who had been given land by the British administration near the rapids at present - day Little Falls , New York . A few prominent Mohawk , such as the sachem Little Abraham ( Tyorhansera ) at Fort Hunter , remained neutral throughout the war . Joseph Louis Cook ( Akiatonharónkwen ) , a veteran of the French and Indian War and ally of the rebels , offered his services to the Americans , receiving an officer 's commission from the Continental Congress . He led Oneida warriors against the British . During this war , Johannes Tekarihoga was the civil leader of the Mohawk . He died around 1780 . Catherine Crogan , a clan mother and wife of Mohawk war chief Joseph Brant , named her brother Henry Crogan as the new Tekarihoga . In retaliation for Brant 's raids in the valley , the rebel colonists organized Sullivan 's Expedition . It conducted extensive raids against other Iroquois settlements in central and western New York , destroying 40 villages , crops and winter stores . Many Mohawk and other Iroquois migrated to Canada for refuge near Fort Niagara , struggling to survive the winter . After the Revolution ( edit ) Teyoninhokovrawen ( John Norton ) played a prominent role in the War of 1812 , leading Iroquois warriors from Grand River into battle against Americans . Norton was part Cherokee and part Scottish . After the American victory , the British ceded their claim to land in the colonies , and the Americans forced their allies , the Mohawk and others , to give up their territories in New York . Most of the Mohawk migrated to Canada , where the Crown gave them some land in compensation . The Mohawk at the Upper Castle fled to Fort Niagara , while most of those at the Lower Castle went to villages near Montreal . Joseph Brant led a large group of Iroquois out of New York to what became the reserve of the Six Nations of the Grand River , Ontario . Brant continued as a political leader of the Mohawk for the rest of his life . This land extended 100 miles from the head of the Grand River to the head of Lake Erie where it discharges . Another Mohawk war chief , John Deseronto , led a group of Mohawk to the Bay of Quinte . Other Mohawk settled in the vicinity of Montreal and upriver , joining the established communities ( now reserves ) at Kahnawake , Kanesatake , and Akwesasne . On November 11 , 1794 , representatives of the Mohawks ( along with the other Iroquois nations ) signed the Treaty of Canandaigua with the United States , which allowed them to own land there . The Mohawk fought as allies of the British against the United States in the War of 1812 . 20th century to present ( edit ) The Mohawk have organized for more sovereignty at their reserves in Canada , pressing for authority over their people and lands . Tensions with the Quebec Provincial and national governments have been strained during certain protests . In 1993 a group of Akwesasne Mohawk purchased 322 acres of land in the Town of Palatine in Montgomery County , New York which they named Kanatsiohareke . It marked a return to their ancestral land . Mohawk communities today ( edit ) Mohawk dancer at a pow wow in 2015 Contemporary Quebec Mohawk dance performance at Wikimania 2017 Members of the Mohawk tribe now live in settlements in northern New York State and southeastern Canada . Many Mohawk communities have two sets of chiefs , who are in some sense competing governmental rivals . One group are the hereditary chiefs nominated by Clan Mother matriarchs in the traditional Mohawk fashion . Mohawk of most of the reserves have established constitutions with elected chief and councilors , with whom the Canadian and U.S. governments usually prefer to deal exclusively . The self - governing communities are listed below , grouped by broad geographical cluster , with notes on the character of community governance found in each . Northern New York : Kanièn : ke ( Ganienkeh ) `` Place of the flint '' . Traditional governance . Kana'tsioharè : ke `` Place of the washed pail '' . Traditional governance . Along the St Lawrence in Quebec : Ahkwesásne ( St. Regis , New York and Quebec / Ontario , Canada ) `` Where the partridge drums '' . Traditional governance , band / tribal elections . Kahnawà : ke `` On the rapids '' . Canada , traditional governance , band / tribal elections . Ka'nehsatà : ke ( Oka ) `` Where the snow crust is '' . Canada , traditional governance , band / tribal elections . Southern Ontario : Kenhtè : ke ( Tyendinaga ) `` On the bay '' . Traditional governance , band / tribal elections . Wáhta ( Gibson ) `` Maple tree '' . Traditional governance , band / tribal elections . Ohswé : ken ( Six Nations of the Grand River ) `` ? ? ? '' . Traditional governance , band / tribal elections . The Mohawk form the majority of the population of this Iroquois Six Nations reserve . There are also Mohawk Orange Lodges in Canada . Given increased activism for land claims , a rise in tribal revenues due to establishment of gaming on certain reserves or reservations , competing leadership , traditional government jurisdiction , issues of taxation , and the Indian Act , Mohawk communities have been dealing with considerable internal conflict since the late 20th century . Mohawk iron and steelworkers in New York ( edit ) Mohawk came from Kahnawake and other reserves to work in the construction industry in New York City in the early through the mid-20th century . They had also worked in construction in Quebec . The men were iron and steelworkers who helped build bridges and skyscrapers , and who were called skywalkers because of their seeming fearlessness . They worked from the 1930s to the 1970s on special labor contracts as specialists and participated in building the Empire State Building . The construction companies found that the Mohawk ironworkers did not fear heights or dangerous conditions . Their contracts offered lower than average wages to the First Nations people and limited labor union membership . About 10 % of all ironworkers in the US are Mohawks , down from about 15 % earlier in the 20th century . The work and home life of Mohawk steelworkers was documented in Don Owen 's 1965 National Film Board of Canada documentary High Steel . The Mohawk community that formed in a compact area of Brooklyn , which they called `` Little Caughnawaga '' , after their homeland , is documented in Reaghan Tarbell 's Little Caughnawaga : To Brooklyn and Back , shown on PBS in 2008 . This community was most active from the 1920s to the 1960s . The families accompanied the men , who were mostly from Kahnawake ; together they would return to Kahnawake during the summers . Tarbell is from Kahnawake and was working as a film curator at the National Museum of the American Indian , located in the former US Customs House in Lower Manhattan . Since the mid-20th century , Mohawk have also formed their own construction companies . Others returned to New York projects . Mowhawk skywalkers had built the World Trade Center buildings that were destroyed during the September 11 attacks , helped rescue people from the burning towers in 2001 , and helped dismantle the remains of the building afterwards . Approximately 200 Mohawk iron workers ( out of 2000 total iron workers at the site ) participated in rebuilding the One World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan . They typically drive the 360 miles from the Kahnawake reserve on the St. Lawrence River in Quebec to work the week in lower Manhattan , and then return on the weekend to be with their families . A selection of portraits of these Mohawk iron workers were featured in an online photo essay for Time Magazine in September 2012 . Casinos ( edit ) Both the elected chiefs and the controversial Warrior Society have encouraged gambling as a means of ensuring tribal self - sufficiency on the various reserves or Indian reservations . Traditional chiefs have tended to oppose gaming on moral grounds and out of fear of corruption and organized crime . Such disputes have also been associated with religious divisions : the traditional chiefs are often associated with the Longhouse tradition , practicing consensus - democratic values , while the Warrior Society has attacked that religion and asserted independence . Meanwhile , the elected chiefs have tended to be associated ( though in a much looser and general way ) with democratic , legislative and Canadian governmental values . On October 15 , 1993 , Governor Mario Cuomo entered into the `` Tribal - State Compact Between the St. Regis Mohawk Tribe and the State of New York '' . The compact allowed the Tribe to conduct gambling , including games such as baccarat , blackjack , craps and roulette , on the Akwesasne Reservation in Franklin County under the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act ( IGRA ) . According to the terms of the 1993 compact , the New York State Racing and Wagering Board , the New York State Police and the St. Regis Mohawk Tribal Gaming Commission were vested with gaming oversight . Law enforcement responsibilities fell under the state police , with some law enforcement matters left to the tribe . As required by IGRA , the compact was approved by the United States Department of the Interior before it took effect . There were several extensions and amendments to this compact , but not all of them were approved by the U.S. Department of the Interior . On June 12 , 2003 , the New York Court of Appeals affirmed the lower courts ' rulings that Governor Cuomo exceeded his authority by entering into the compact absent legislative authorization and declared the compact void On October 19 , 2004 , Governor George Pataki signed a bill passed by the State Legislature that ratified the compact as being nunc pro tunc , with some additional minor changes . In 2008 the Mohawk Nation was working to obtain approval to own and operate a casino in Sullivan County , New York , at Monticello Raceway . The U.S. Department of the Interior disapproved this action although the Mohawk gained Governor Eliot Spitzer 's concurrence , subject to the negotiation and approval of either an amendment to the current compact or a new compact . Interior rejected the Mohawk application to take this land into trust . In the early 21st century , two legal cases were pending that related to Native American gambling and land claims in New York . The State of New York has expressed similar objections to the Dept. of Interior taking other land into trust for federally recognized tribes , which would establish the land as sovereign Native American territory , on which they might establish new gaming facilities . The other suit contends that the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act violates the Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution as it is applied in the State of New York . In 2010 it was pending in the United States District Court for the Western District of New York . Culture ( edit ) Religion ( edit ) Traditional Mohawk religion is predominantly Animist . `` Much of the religion is based on a primordial conflict between good and evil . '' Many Mohawk continue to follow the Longhouse Religion . In 1632 a band of Jesuit missionaries now known as the Canadian Martyrs led by Isaac Jogues was captured by a party of Mohawks and brought to Ossernenon ( now Auriesville , New York ) . Jogues and company attempted to convert the Mohawks to Catholicism , but the Mohawk took them captive , tortured and killed them . Following their martyrdom , new French Jesuit missionaries arrived and many Mohawk were baptized into the Catholic faith . Ten years after Jogues ' death Kateri Tekakwitha , the daughter of a Mohawk chief and Tagaskouita , a Roman Catholic Algonquin woman , was born in Ossernenon and later was canonized as the first Native American saint . Religion became a tool of conflict between the French and British in Mohawk country . The Reformed clergyman Godfridius Dellius also preached among the Mohawk . Traditional Mohawk dress ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The traditional hairstyle of the Mohawk , and other tribes of the Iroquois , was to remove the hair from the head by plucking ( not shaving ) tuft by tuft of hair until all that was left was a square of hair on the back crown of the head . The remaining hair was shortened so that three short braids of hair were created , and those braids were highly decorated . This true `` Mohawk '' hairstyle is not to be confused with the version in popular Western culture , which is actually taken from the Pawnee . The women wore their hair long , often dressed with traditional bear grease , or tied back into a single braid . They often wore no covering or hat on their heads , even in winter . In traditional dress the women went topless in summer and wore a skirt of deerskin . In colder seasons , women wore a full woodland deerskin dress , and leather tied underwear . They wore puckered - seam , ankle - wrap moccasins . They wore several ear piercings adorned with shell earrings and shell necklaces . The women used a layer of smoked and cured moss as an insulating absorbent layer during menses , as well as simple scraps of leather . Later , they used cotton - linen pieces , in areas where colonists had provided such items through trade . Mohawk men wore a breech cloth of deerskin in summer . In cooler weather , they added deerskin leggings and a full - piece deerskin shirt . They also wore several shell strand earrings , shell necklaces , long fashioned hair , and puckered seamed wrap ankle moccasins . The men carried a quill and flint arrow hunting bag , and had arm and knee bands . During the summer , the Mohawk children traditionally wore nothing up to the ages of thirteen . Then ready for their warrior or woman rites of passage , they took on the clothing of adults . Later dress after European contact combined some cloth pieces such as the males ' ribbon shirt in addition to the deerskin clothing , and wool trousers and skirts . For a time many Mohawk people incorporated a combination of the older styles of dress with newly introduced forms of clothing . According to author Kanatí : ios in Rotinonhsión : ni Clothing and & Other Cultural Items , Mohawks as a part of the Rotinonhsión : ni Confederacy `` traditionally used furs obtained from the woodland , which consisted of elk and deer hides , corn husks , and they also wove plant and tree fibers to produce ( the ) clothing '' . Later , sinew or animal gut was cleaned and prepared as a thread for garments and footwear and was threaded to porcupine quills or sharp leg bones to sew or pierce eyeholes for threading . Clothing dyes were obtained of various sources such as berries , tree barks , flowers , grasses , sometimes fixed with urine . Durable clothing that was held by older village people and adults was handed down to others in their family sometimes as gifts , honours , or because people had outgrown them . Mohawk clothing was sometimes reminiscent of designs from trade with neighboring First Nation tribes , and more closely resembled that of other Six Nations confederacy nations ; however , much of the originality of the Mohawk nation peoples ' style of dress was preserved as the foundation of the style they wore . Marriage ( edit ) The Mohawk Nation people have a matrilineal kinship system , with descent and inheritance passed through the female line . Much respect is given to the woman because she is the head of the household and controls its property . They hold marriage as a great commitment that should be nurtured and respected . Mohawk Nation wedding ceremonies are conducted by a high - ranking man or by couple 's choice . The marrying couple unite in a lifelong relationship . The traditional marriage ceremony included a day of celebration for the newlyweds , a formal oration by a nobleman of the woman 's clan , community dancing and feasting , and gifts of respect and honour by community members . Traditionally these gifts were practical items that the couple would use in daily life . For wedding clothing , they wore white rabbit leathers and furs with personal adornments , usually made by their families . The `` Rabbit Dance Song '' and other social dance songs were sung by the men , where they used gourd rattles and later cow - horn rattles . In the `` Water Drum '' , other well - wishing couples participated in the dance with the couple . The meal commenced after the ceremony and everyone who participated ate . Today , the marriage ceremony may follow that of the old tradition or incorporate newer elements , but is still used by many Mohawk Nation marrying couples . Some couples choose to marry in the European manner and the Longhouse manner , with the Longhouse ceremony usually held first . Longhouses ( edit ) Replicas of seventeenth - century longhouses have been built at landmarks and tourist villages , such as Kanata Village , Brantford , Ontario , and Awkwasasne 's `` Tsiionhiakwatha '' interpretation village . Other Mohawk Nation Longhouses are found on the Mohawk territory reserves that hold the Mohawk law recitations , ceremonial rites , and the Mohawk and Longhouse religion ( or `` Code of Handsome Lake '' ) . These include : Ohswé : ken ( Six Nations ) First Nation Territory , Ontario holds six Ceremonial Mohawk Community Longhouse . Wáhta First Nation Territory , Ontario holds one Ceremonial Mohawk Community Longhouse . Kenhtè : ke ( Tyendinaga ) First Nation Territory , Ontario holds one Ceremonial Mohawk Community Longhouse . Ahkwesásne First Nation Territory , Quebec holds two Mohawk Ceremonial Community Longhouses . Ka'nehsatà : ke First Nation Territory , Quebec holds one Ceremonial Mohawk Community Longhouses . Kahnawà : ke First Nation Territory , Quebec holds three Ceremonial Mohawk Community Longhouse . Kanièn : ke ( Ganienkeh ) First Nation Territory , New York State holds one Ceremonial Mohawk Community Longhouse . Kana'tsioharà : ke First Nation Territory , New York State holds one Ceremonial Mohawk Community Longhouse . Notable Mohawk ( edit ) Pauline Johnson , Mohawk writer Joseph Brant , Mohawk leader , British officer Molly Brant , Mohawk leader , sister of Joseph Brant Joseph Tehawehron David , Mohawk artist Esther Louise Georgette Deer , Mohawk dancer and singer Tracey Deer , Mohawk filmmaker John Deseronto , Mohawk chief Canaqueese , called Flemish Bastard , Mohawk chief Carla Hemlock , quilter , beadwork artist Donald `` Babe '' Hemlock , woodcarver , sculptor Hiawatha , Mohawk chief Karonghyontye or Captain David Hill , Mohawk leader Kahn - Tineta Horn , activist Kaniehtiio Horn , film and television actress Waneek Horn - Miller , Olympic water polo player Devery Jacobs , actress Sid Jamieson , lacrosse player , coach George Henry Martin Johnson , Mohawk chief and interpreter Pauline Johnson , writer Stan Jonathan , former NHL hockey player Maurice Kenny , author Mary Leaf , basketmaker Derek Miller , singer - songwriter Patricia Monture - Angus , lawyer , activist , educator , and author . Shelley Niro ( b . 1954 ) , filmmaker , photographer , and installation artist Richard Oakes , Mohawk activist Ots - Toch , wife of Dutch colonist Cornelius A. Van Slyck Alex Rice , actress Robbie Robertson , singer - songwriter , The Band August Schellenberg , actor Jay Silverheels , actor Skawennati , multimedia artist and curator Saint Kateri Tekakwitha , `` Lily of the Mohawks '' , a Catholic saint Billy Two Rivers , professional wrestler Taiaiake Alfred , professor and activist . John Norton , Scottish born , adopted into the Mohawk tribe and made an honorary `` Pine Tree Chief '' Iroquoian peoples ( edit ) Cherokee Chonnonton Erie Huron Iroquois Meherrin Petun ( See also Protohistory of West Virginia Susquehannock Tuscarora ( also Nottoway ) See also ( edit ) Indigenous peoples of North America portal New York portal Hudson Valley portal Black Indians in the United States Iroquois Confederacy Kahnawake surnames Mohawk language Native Americans in the United States Native American tribe Oka Crisis One - Drop Rule The Flying Head The Kahnawake Iroquois and the Rebellions of 1837 - 38 Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : George - Kanentiio , Doug . `` Iroquois Population in 1995 '' . ratical.org . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` About the Mohawk Nation Council of Chiefs '' . Mohawk Nation Council of Chiefs of the Haudenosaunee Six Nations Confederacy . Mohawk Nation Council of Chiefs . Retrieved 4 August 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Snow , Dean R. ; Gehring , Charles T. ; Starna , William A. ( 1996 ) . In Mohawk Country . Syracuse University Press . ISBN 0 - 8156 - 2723 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Donald A. RUMRILL , `` An Interpretation and Analysis of the Seventeenth Century Mohawk Nation : Its Chronology and Movements , '' The Bulletin and Journal of Archaeology for New York State , 1985 , vol. 90 , pp. 1 - 39 ^ Jump up to : Dean R. Snow , ( 1995 ) Mohawk Valley Archaeology : The Sites , University at Albany Institute for Archaeological Studies ( First Edition ) ; Occasional Papers Number 23 , Matson Museum of Anthropology , The Pennsylvania State University ( Second Edition ) . Jump up ^ `` Dutch missionary John Megapolensis on the Mohawks ( Iroquois ) , 1644 '' . Smithsonian Source . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Short History of the Mohawk '' , in In Mohawk Country : Early Narratives about a Native People , ed . Dean R. Snow , Charles T. Gehring , William A. Starna ; Syracuse University Press , 1996 , pp. 38 - 46 Jump up ^ John Demos , The Unredeemed Captive : A Family Story from Early America , New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 1994 Jump up ^ `` The Albany Congress '' . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Little Abraham Tyorhansera , Mohawk Indian , Wolf Clan Chief '' . Native Heritage Project . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stone , William ( September 1838 ) . `` Life of Joseph Brant -- Thayendanegea ; including the Border Wars of the American Revolution '' . American Monthly Magazine . 12 : 12 , 273 -- 284 . Jump up ^ Sky Walking : Raising Steel , A Mohawk Ironworker Keeps Tradition Alive , retrieved 2016 - 10 - 29 Jump up ^ Joseph Mitchell , `` The Mohawks in High Steel '' , in Edmund Wilson , Apologies to the Iroquois ( New York : Vintage , 1960 ) , pp. 3 - 36 . Jump up ^ Nessen , Stephen ( 19 March 2012 ) , Sky Walking : Raising Steel , A Mohawk Ironworker Keeps Tradition Alive , retrieved 2016 - 10 - 29 Jump up ^ Owen , Don . `` High Steel '' ( Requires Adobe Flash ) . Online documentary . National Film Board of Canada . Retrieved 14 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Tarbell , Reaghan ( 2008 ) . `` Little Caughnawaga : To Brooklyn and Back '' . National Film Board of Canada . Retrieved August 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wolf , White . `` The Mohawks Who Built Manhattan ( Photos ) '' . White Wolf . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Vaughn ( 2012 - 09 - 11 ) . `` The Mohawk Ironworkers : Rebuilding the Iconic Skyline of New York '' . Time . Jump up ^ ROSENBLATT ( 12 June 2003 ) . `` 3 No. 42 : Saratoga County Chamber of Commerce Inc. , et al. v. George Pataki , as Governor of the State of New York , et al . '' www.law.cornell.edu . Jump up ^ see C. 590 of the Laws of 2004 Jump up ^ `` The Associate Deputy Secretary of the Interior '' ( PDF ) . Washington . 4 January 2008 . Retrieved 29 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Former Website of the NYS Department of Environmental Conservation '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 29 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Warren v. United States of America , et al '' . Retrieved 29 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` mohawk '' . Cultural Survival . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anne Marie Shimony , `` Conservatism among the Iroquois at Six Nations Reserve '' , 1961 Jump up ^ `` Six Nations Of The Grand River '' . Jump up ^ http://www.wahta.ca/ Jump up ^ `` Mohawks of the Bay of Quinte - Tyendinaga Mohawk Territory '' Home `` . Jump up ^ `` She : kon / Greetings - Mohawk Council of Akwesasne '' . Jump up ^ Kahnawá : ke , Mohawk Council of . `` Mohawk Council of Kahnawá : ke '' . www.kahnawake.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` -- ganienkeh.net -- Information from the People of Ganienkeh '' . Jump up ^ `` Kanatsiohareke Mohawk Community '' . Mohawk skyscraper builders and construction workers in New York City ? References ( edit ) Snow , Dean R. ( 1994 ) . The Iroquois . Boston : Blackwell Publishers . ISBN 1 - 55786 - 938 - 3 . In Mohawk Country : Early Narratives about a Native People , ed . Dean R. Snow , Charles T. Gehring , William A. Starna , Syracuse University Press , 1996 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mohawk tribe . 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Capital District Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohawk_people&oldid=833006282 '' Categories : Mohawk tribe First Nations in Ontario First Nations in Quebec Native American history of New York ( state ) Native American history of Vermont Native American tribes in New York ( state ) Native American tribes in Vermont Native American tribes in Pennsylvania People of New Netherland Algonquian ethnonyms Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax `` Related ethnic groups '' needing confirmation Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 Articles needing additional references from December 2012 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Lietuvių Македонски मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 04 : 31 . 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-6497406383926828740	HIV/AIDS in Nigeria	HIV / AIDS in Nigeria - wikipedia HIV / AIDS in Nigeria Prevalence of AIDS in Nigeria from 1991 -- 2010 . Includes predictions up to 2016 . As of 2014 in Nigeria , the HIV prevalence rate among adults ages 15 -- 49 was 3.17 percent . Nigeria has the second - largest number of people living with HIV . The HIV epidemic in Nigeria is complex and varies widely by region . In some states , the epidemic is more concentrated and driven by high - risk behaviors , while other states have more generalized epidemics that are sustained primarily by multiple sexual partnerships in the general population . Youth and young adults in Nigeria are particularly vulnerable to HIV , with young women at higher risk than young men . There are many risk factors that contribute to the spread of HIV , including prostitution , high - risk practices among itinerant workers , high prevalence of sexually transmitted infections ( STI ) , clandestine high - risk heterosexual and homosexual practices , international trafficking of women , and irregular blood screening . Nigeria is emerging from a period of military rule that accounted for almost 28 of the 57 years since independence in 1960 . Consequently , the policy environment is not fully democratized . Civil society was weak during the military era , and its role in advocacy and lobbying remains weak . The size of the population and the nation pose logistical and political challenges particularly due to the political determination of the Nigerian government to achieve health care equity across geopolitical zones . The necessity to coordinate programs simultaneously at the federal , state and local levels introduces complexity into planning . The large private sector is largely unregulated and , more importantly , has no formal connection to the public health system where most HIV interventions are delivered . Training and human resource development is severely limited in all sectors and will hamper program implementation at all levels . Care and support is limited because existing staff are overstretched and most have insufficient training in key technical areas to provide complete HIV services . See also ( edit ) AIDS pandemic Health care in Nigeria HIV / AIDS in Africa References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Definitions and notes '' Accessed May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HIV / AIDS - adult prevalence rate '' CIA World Factbook ( 2014 ) Accessed May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HIV / AIDS - People Living with HIV / AIDS '' CIA World Factbook ( 2014 ) Accessed May 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ citation needed ^ Jump up to : `` 2008 Country Profile : Nigeria '' . U.S. Department of State . 2008 . Archived from the original on 16 August 2008 . Retrieved 25 August 2008 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . show HIV / AIDS in Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde ( Cabo Verde ) Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast ( Côte d'Ivoire ) Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limited recognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies and other territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla ( Spain ) Madeira ( Portugal ) Mayotte / Réunion ( France ) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha ( United Kingdom ) show HIV / AIDS topics show HIV / AIDS HIV HIV structure and genome subtypes CDC classification disease progression rates HIV / AIDS diagnosis management pathophysiology prevention research vaccination PrEP WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease Children Teens / Adults Countries by AIDS prevalence rate Conditions Signs and symptoms AIDS - defining clinical condition Diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome Lipodystrophy Nephropathy Neurocognitive disorders Pruritus Superinfection Tuberculosis co-infection HIV Drug Resistance Database Innate resistance to HIV History History Epidemiology Multiple sex partners Timeline AIDS Museum Timothy Ray Brown Social AIDS orphan Catholic Church and HIV / AIDS Circumcision and HIV Criminal transmission Discrimination against people Economic impact HIV - affected community HIV / AIDS denialism Safe sex Sex education List of HIV - positive people People With AIDS Self - Empowerment Movement Culture Discredited HIV / AIDS origins theories International AIDS Conference International AIDS Society Joint United Nations Programme on HIV / AIDS ( UNAIDS ) Media portrayal of HIV / AIDS Misconceptions about HIV / AIDS President 's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief ( PEPFAR ) Solidays Treatment Action Campaign World AIDS Day YAA / Youthforce show AIDS pandemic by region / country Africa Angola Benin Botswana Democratic Republic of the Congo Egypt Ethiopia Ghana Guinea Côte d'Ivoire ( Ivory Coast ) Kenya Lesotho Madagascar Malawi Mali Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Senegal Swaziland Tanzania South Africa Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe North America Canada Mexico El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua United States New York City Caribbean Haiti Jamaica Dominican Republic South America Bolivia Brazil Colombia Guyana Peru Asia Bangladesh Bhutan Myanmar ( Burma ) Cambodia China ( PRC ) ( Yunnan ) East Timor India Indonesia Iraq Japan Jordan Laos Nepal North Korea Pakistan Philippines Thailand Taiwan ( ROC ) United Arab Emirates Vietnam Europe United Kingdom Russia Ukraine Oceania Australia New Zealand Papua New Guinea List of countries by HIV / AIDS adult prevalence rate List of HIV / AIDS cases and deaths registered by region Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Nigeria&oldid=814200354 '' Categories : HIV / AIDS in Africa HIV / AIDS by country Health in Nigeria Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Yorùbá Edit links This page was last edited on 7 December 2017 , at 12 : 07 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	factors that contribute to the spread of hiv in nigeria	[ "As of 2014 in Nigeria, the HIV prevalence rate among adults ages 15–49[1] was 3.17 percent.[2] Nigeria has the second-largest number of people living with HIV.[3] The HIV epidemic in Nigeria is complex and varies widely by region. In some states, the epidemic is more concentrated and driven by high-risk behaviors, while other states have more generalized epidemics that are sustained primarily by multiple sexual partnerships in the general population.[citation needed] Youth and young adults in Nigeria are particularly vulnerable to HIV, with young women at higher risk than young men.[4] There are many risk factors that contribute to the spread of HIV, including prostitution, high-risk practices among itinerant workers, high prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STI), clandestine high-risk heterosexual and homosexual practices, international trafficking of women, and irregular blood screening.[5]\n", "As of 2014 in Nigeria, the HIV prevalence rate among adults ages 15–49[1] was 3.17 percent.[2] Nigeria has the second-largest number of people living with HIV.[3] The HIV epidemic in Nigeria is complex and varies widely by region. In some states, the epidemic is more concentrated and driven by high-risk behaviors, while other states have more generalized epidemics that are sustained primarily by multiple sexual partnerships in the general population.[citation needed] Youth and young adults in Nigeria are particularly vulnerable to HIV, with young women at higher risk than young men.[4] There are many risk factors that contribute to the spread of HIV, including prostitution, high-risk practices among itinerant workers, high prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STI), clandestine high-risk heterosexual and homosexual practices, international trafficking of women, and irregular blood screening.[5]\n", "As of 2014 in Nigeria, the HIV prevalence rate among adults ages 15–49[1] was 3.17 percent.[2] Nigeria has the second-largest number of people living with HIV.[3] The HIV epidemic in Nigeria is complex and varies widely by region. In some states, the epidemic is more concentrated and driven by high-risk behaviors, while other states have more generalized epidemics that are sustained primarily by multiple sexual partnerships in the general population.[citation needed] Youth and young adults in Nigeria are particularly vulnerable to HIV, with young women at higher risk than young men.[4] There are many risk factors that contribute to the spread of HIV, including prostitution, high-risk practices among itinerant workers, high prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STI), clandestine high-risk heterosexual and homosexual practices, international trafficking of women, and irregular blood screening.[5]\n", "As of 2014 in Nigeria, the HIV prevalence rate among adults ages 15–49[1] was 3.17 percent.[2] Nigeria has the second-largest number of people living with HIV.[3] The HIV epidemic in Nigeria is complex and varies widely by region. In some states, the epidemic is more concentrated and driven by high-risk behaviors, while other states have more generalized epidemics that are sustained primarily by multiple sexual partnerships in the general population.[citation needed] Youth and young adults in Nigeria are particularly vulnerable to HIV, with young women at higher risk than young men.[4] There are many risk factors that contribute to the spread of HIV, including prostitution, high-risk practices among itinerant workers, high prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STI), clandestine high-risk heterosexual and homosexual practices, international trafficking of women, and irregular blood screening.[5]\n", "As of 2014 in Nigeria, the HIV prevalence rate among adults ages 15–49[1] was 3.17 percent.[2] Nigeria has the second-largest number of people living with HIV.[3] The HIV epidemic in Nigeria is complex and varies widely by region. In some states, the epidemic is more concentrated and driven by high-risk behaviors, while other states have more generalized epidemics that are sustained primarily by multiple sexual partnerships in the general population.[citation needed] Youth and young adults in Nigeria are particularly vulnerable to HIV, with young women at higher risk than young men.[4] There are many risk factors that contribute to the spread of HIV, including prostitution, high-risk practices among itinerant workers, high prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STI), clandestine high-risk heterosexual and homosexual practices, international trafficking of women, and irregular blood screening.[5]\n", "As of 2014 in Nigeria, the HIV prevalence rate among adults ages 15–49[1] was 3.17 percent.[2] Nigeria has the second-largest number of people living with HIV.[3] The HIV epidemic in Nigeria is complex and varies widely by region. In some states, the epidemic is more concentrated and driven by high-risk behaviors, while other states have more generalized epidemics that are sustained primarily by multiple sexual partnerships in the general population.[citation needed] Youth and young adults in Nigeria are particularly vulnerable to HIV, with young women at higher risk than young men.[4] There are many risk factors that contribute to the spread of HIV, including prostitution, high-risk practices among itinerant workers, high prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STI), clandestine high-risk heterosexual and homosexual practices, international trafficking of women, and irregular blood screening.[5]\n" ]	[ "prostitution", "high-risk practices among itinerant workers", "high prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STI)", "clandestine high-risk heterosexual and homosexual practices", "international trafficking of women", "irregular blood screening" ]
5413124376607690929	Transformation of culture	Transformation of culture - wikipedia Transformation of culture Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) The neutrality of this article is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( April 2017 ) This NPOV , Weight , and Coatrack Issues may primarily relate to a different subject , or place undue weight on a particular aspect rather than the subject as a whole . Specifically , A lot about globalization and its effect indigenous cultures and not much else . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( April 2017 ) This article is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings about a topic . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article contains too many or too - lengthy quotations for an encyclopedic entry . Please help improve the article by editing it to take facts from excessively quoted material and rewrite them as sourced original prose . Consider transferring direct quotations to Wikiquote. ( April 2017 ) This article only describes one highly specialized aspect of its associated subject . Please help improve this article by adding more general information . The talk page may contain suggestions . ( April 2017 ) The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Transformation of culture , or cultural change , is the dynamic process whereby the living cultures of the world change and adapt to external or internal forces . This process is occurring in all cultures of the world . Forces which contribute to cultural change include colonization ; globalization ; advances in communication , transport and infrastructure improvements ; and military expansion . Contents ( hide ) 1 Theories of cultural change 2 Transformation of Western culture 3 Transformation of indigenous cultures 4 Environmental stresses and impacts on cultures 5 Technological impacts 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading Theories of cultural change ( edit ) Various scholars have proposed different theories of cultural change . Thomas R. Rochon proposed a differentiation between three modes of cultural change : value conversion -- the replacement of existing cultural values with new ones ( ex. changing views of slavery as an acceptable practice to an abhorrent one ) value creation -- the development of new ideas to apply to new situations ( ex. emergence of the environmental issues or concepts such as sexual harassment ) value connection -- the development of a conceptual link between phenomena previously thought unconnected or connected in a different way Transformation of Western culture ( edit ) Luddites destroy machines , 1812 `` Western '' or European culture began to undergo rapid change starting with the arrival of Christopher Columbus in the New World , and continuing with the Industrial Revolution . The Modern Period , from 1914 -- 1945 , is characterized as a highly transformative era , with World War I serving as the watershed moment initiating and forever marking the Modern period . In literature , the work of the High Modernists ruled this period . Notable High Modernists include T.S. Eliot , Ernest Hemingway , Gertrude Stein , Ezra Pound , and James Joyce . The High Modernists were predominantly American expatriates living abroad after the war and strongly marked by the war experience . A great deal of literature was written attempting to convey the World War I experience . The 1960s were a tumultuous time in Western culture , especially in Europe due to the severe restructuring necessary following the Post -- World War II economic expansion and in the United States due to its controversial participation in both the Cold War and South East Asian political affairs with the Vietnam War , where the American role was perceived from a number of directions as prolonging the residual effects of decades of colonial patronizing in the Asian region by economically well - to - do European powers . This period was marked by a number of nascent social changes including a heightened sensitivity to the futility of war which sparked hundreds of protest marches and popular uprisings on a worldwide scale , rising tides of awareness concerning the need to change overwhelmingly negative race - relations in the United States , experimental drug use , the growth of television , a new genre in popular music , and a general shift away from the social normative of previous generations . Out of this era stemmed some of today 's most powerful forces , such as the Internet . The Internet was created in large part by people cooperating , taking chances , and experimenting outside of corporate settings . Many of the individuals who were drawn to the technology in its infancy were activists and progressives . Some scholars and social theorists recognize that we are undergoing another cultural change brought about by the New Industrial Revolution . This Revolution is changing the way that products are made and disposed of , how buildings are constructed , and our relationship to the natural world and its capital . See also : segregation laws , conscientious objection , May 1968 . Transformation of indigenous cultures ( edit ) Wi - jún - jon before and after his trip to Washington , DC , by George Catlin Indigenous economic systems tend to be more collectivist than capitalism and some members of various indigenous peoples are upset by the dominance of capitalism . This phenomenon is not new , but processes of globalization have increased the scale and frequency of such conflicts of perspective . The contradictions between indigenous and capitalist mode of production , and the tensions generated by their intersection , have deep historical roots in the process of colonization . In many cases , the two worldviews are antithetical . Victoria Tauli - Corpuz , an Igorot activist from the Philippines , summarizes the difference when she writes that `` industrialized culture regards our values as unscientific obstacles to modernization and thus worthy of ridicule , suppression , and denigration . The industrial world also views our political , social , and land - tenure traditions as dangerous : our collective identities ; our communal ownership of forests , waters , and lands ; our usufruct system of community sharing , and our consensus decision - making are all antithetical to the capitalist hallmarks of individualism and private property . '' Many indigenous peoples view resources in a different way from the global industry 's commodity - centered viewpoint . Arthur Manuel of the Indigenous Network on Economies and Trade wrote that `` mainstream economists tend to value development strategies solely in terms of their wealth generation potential for industry and governments . So resources are viewed in strictly monetary terms . But indigenous peoples consider the value of land and resources in far broader , more integrated terms , including cultural , social , spiritual and environmental values , and their sustainability . Among indigenous peoples , decisions about caring for resources and the environment are usually made as part of a collective process , where the community takes into account a full spectrum of values and benefits other than short - term economic gains . '' Around the world many indigenous groups have over centuries or millennia successfully sustained economies in one particular place and ecosystem . The co-adaptation of people with other elements of their ecological systems has meant that the integrity and functioning of these systems has been sustained even as the communities ' culture developed and changed historically . These economic arrangements are viewed as one component of a cultural understandings that include sacred interactions with the world . Indigenous economies are seen as sustainable to the extent to which the holders of culture interact in a culturally appropriate way with the world around them . In many areas indigenous people have sustained communities for centuries , and the ecological systems of which they are a component have maintained relative richness and resilience to natural perturbations such as drought or fires . The ecosystems that have been remained predominantly under control and care of indigenous peoples thus tend to be characterized by high biodiversity , abundant renewable resources , and relatively unexploited nonrenewable resources . Many indigenous groups view the advent of globalization as a threat to the sustainability of their economies , and believe that it exploits their land and knowledge . Environmental stresses and impacts on cultures ( edit ) Cultures around the world are undergoing change due to environmental stresses , such as climate change . Technological impacts ( edit ) Technological innovations can enhance , displace or devalue human existence and culture . Advances in medical technology have contributed to demographic changes , including increased longevity and decreasing fertility . Certain technological innovations such as computers , the Internet , and miscellaneous sound and visual recording media have been welcomed and embraced by indigenous peoples . See also ( edit ) Globalization Indigenous peoples Human geography Industrial revolution Postmodernism Postmodernity Columbian Exchange Cultural conservatism Sociocultural evolution Transformation in economics References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Thomas R. Rochon , Culture Moves : Ideas , Activism , and Changing Values , Princeton U. Press , 1998 , ISBN 0 - 691 - 01157 - 5 , p. 55 - 56 Jump up ^ Professor Robert Hershey , at the James E. Rogers College of Law expands on this concept and how it relates to transformation of cultures in his globalization course . Jump up ^ How the 60s Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry . New York , NY : Penguin Group . 2005 . ISBN 0 - 670 - 03382 - 0 . Jump up ^ William McDonough & Michael Braungart , Cradle to Cradle ( North Point Press , New York 2002 ) . Jump up ^ Paul Hawkins , Amory Lovins & L. Hunter Lovins , Natural Capitalism ( Little , Brown and Company , New York 1999 ) . Jump up ^ Eric Wolf ( 1982 ) , Europe and the People Without History . Univ. of California Press , LA . Jump up ^ from `` Our Right to Remain Separate and Distinct '' In PARADIGM WARS : INDIGENOUS PEOPLES ' RESISTANCE TO ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION ( hereafter `` PARADIGM WARS '' ) 10 - 11 . ( Jerry Mander and Victoria Tauli - Corpuz , eds. , 2005 ) . Jump up ^ ( Manuel 2005 : 177 ) . From `` Indigenous Brief to WTO : How the Denial of Aboriginal Title Serves as an Illegal Export Subsidy . '' In PARADIGM WARS 177 . Jump up ^ Biodiversity , Resilience , and Sustainability . In BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION 281 - 289 . ( C.A. Perry , ed . ) ( Kluwer Academic Publishers , 1995 ) . Jump up ^ Marx , Leo ( 1964 ) . The Machine in the Garden : Technology and the Pastoral Ideal in America . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . Further reading ( edit ) Indigenous Peoples and the World Bank : Experiences with Participation , published by Forest Peoples Programme , 2005 For a critique of the HGDP , see Debra Harry , The Human Genome Diversity Project : Implications for Indigenous Peoples . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how modernization in communication shifts the culture from one to another	[]	[]
-6904431480457181347	Joy Ride (2001 film)	Joy Ride ( 2001 film ) - wikipedia Joy Ride ( 2001 film ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( July 2018 ) Joy Ride Theatrical release poster Directed by John Dahl Produced by J.J. Abrams Chris Moore Written by J.J. Abrams Clay Tarver Starring Steve Zahn Paul Walker Leelee Sobieski Music by Marco Beltrami Cinematography Jeffrey Jur Edited by Eric L. Beason Scott Chestnut Todd E. Miller Glen Scantlebury Production companies Bad Robot Productions LivePlanet New Regency Regency Enterprises Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date October 5 , 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 05 ) ( United States ) Running time 97 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $23 million Box office $36.6 million Joy Ride is a 2001 American horror - thriller film directed by John Dahl and written by J.J. Abrams and Clay Tarver . The film stars Steve Zahn , Paul Walker , and Leelee Sobieski . Paul Walker stars as Lewis Thomas , a college freshman embarking on a cross-country road trip during summer break to pick up his girlfriend Venna ( Leelee Sobieski ) . Along for the ride is Lewis ' brother Fuller ( Steve Zahn ) , a practical joker who uses the car 's CB radio to play a cruel prank on a lonely trucker known only by the handle Rusty Nail . The victim of Fuller 's gag turns out to be a psychotic murderer and soon the brothers are being pursued by the relentless stalker , who gets his revenge in gruesome fashion . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Alternate footage 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 5 Sequels 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) University students Lewis Thomas ( Paul Walker ) and Venna Wilcox ( Leelee Sobieski ) , Lewis 's childhood friend and crush , prepare to go home for the summer holiday . Lewis , a University of California student , offers to come by Venna 's campus ( she attends University of Colorado ) to drive her home instead of both of them flying back ; Venna happily agrees . After refunding his plane ticket to buy a 1971 Chrysler Newport , Lewis calls his parents to announce the change of plan and learns that his older brother Fuller ( Steve Zahn ) , the family 's black sheep , has been arrested once again . Lewis drives to Salt Lake City and bails out Fuller , who then tags along for the trip . At a gas station , Fuller has a CB radio installed on Lewis 's car for $40 , and the two begin listening in on truckers ' chatter . Fuller coaxes Lewis into playing a prank on a truck driver nicknamed ' Rusty Nail ' ( voiced by Ted Levine ( uncredited ) ) . Lewis pretends to be a woman named Candy Cane and sets up a meeting with Rusty Nail in the motel where Lewis and Fuller will be spending the night . Lewis tells Rusty that `` she '' is in room 17 , the room of an irritable businessman with whom Fuller had earlier argued , but the guys are actually in room 18 . When Rusty Nail arrives at the man 's room , an argument and sounds of a scuffle are briefly heard . The next morning , Sheriff Ritter announces to Lewis and Fuller that they found the businessman on the highway , still alive with his lower jaw ripped off . Ritter figures out the two are involved in the incident , but lets them go , as he already has his hands full , and they do not know anything other than the man 's nickname ( CB handle ) . However , he orders them to leave the state by sundown . On the road , Rusty Nail is heard again on the CB radio looking for Candy Cane . Lewis talks to him and reveals that he is Candy Cane . Rusty Nail demands an apology , but Fuller insults him , instead . Rusty Nail simply notes that they should get their taillight fixed , indicating that he is right behind them , causing the duo to panic and speed up . At the next gas station , they unsuccessfully attempt to contact Ritter . Seeing an ice truck pulling into the gas station , the already paranoid pair drives away . The ice truck driver chases them down . However , the driver turns out to be merely trying to return Lewis 's credit card , which he left behind in panic . The real Rusty Nail then shows up in his truck and crushes the ice truck and its driver . He then slowly pins Lewis 's car against a tree . The two hysterically apologize , and Rusty Nail drives away , declaring his actions to be simply a retaliatory joke . Believing themselves safe , the brothers arrive at the University of Colorado and pick up Venna . They stop at a motel and drink at a bar . Lewis goes to sleep , but Rusty Nail calls him , revealing he knows of Venna . The three flee the motel . Rusty Nail contacts them , announcing that he has kidnapped Charlotte , Venna 's friend . He directs them to a cornfield , where he gets them to split up , and kidnaps Venna . Rusty Nail sets up a meeting at another motel in room 17 , mirroring the false date with which he was pranked . He sets up a trap that will kill Venna if the room door is opened . Fuller attempts to get in the room by a window , but is injured by Rusty Nail and stuck outside the room . Rusty Nail 's truck appears uphill and begins rolling down toward Venna 's room . Lewis frees Fuller , and the brothers save Venna just in time . As the police investigate Rusty Nail 's truck , they see a dead body in the driver 's seat and Charlotte , still alive , on the floor . Lewis , Fuller , and Venna are treated for their injuries at an ambulance . At this point , the dead man turns out to be the ice truck driver . A CB in the ambulance is on , and the group hear Rusty Nail 's voice , learning that he is still alive and free . Cast ( edit ) Paul Walker as Lewis Thomas Steve Zahn as Fuller Thomas Leelee Sobieski as Venna Wilcox Jessica Bowman as Charlotte Dawson Matthew Kimbrough ( uncredited ) as Rusty Nail . He is credited after all cast and crew in Spanish as `` Clavo '' meaning `` nail '' . Ted Levine ( uncredited ) as Voice of Rusty Nail Stuart Stone as Danny , Lewis 's roommate Brian Leckner as Officer Keeney Jim Beaver as Sheriff Ritter Hugh Dane as Man at door Jay Hernandez as Marine Basil Wallace as Car salesman Rachel Singer as Gas station manager Satch Huizenga as Mr. Jones Luis Côrtes as Night manager Kenneth White as Ronald Ellinghouse Walton Goggins ( deleted scenes ) as Cop Anna Malle ( uncredited ) as Cable TV porn actress Production ( edit ) In his screenplay for Joy Ride , J.J. Abrams was influenced by the first film directed by Steven Spielberg , Duel , and there are numerous references to it . For example , in one scene , a seemingly maniacal ICE truck pulls up to a gas station that the brothers have pulled up to . In Duel , a likewise maniacal truck pulls up the protagonist , and a small billboard for ICE is visible in the background . The central antagonist , `` Rusty Nail '' , remains almost entirely unseen throughout the film and was portrayed by hulking actor Matthew Kimbrough in the brief shot of the villain towards the end of the film . Rusty Nail 's voice heard on the radio throughout most of the film was provided by veteran actor Ted Levine ( The Silence of the Lambs ) due to his distinctive voice tone , and was added in post production . Eric Stoltz and Sylvester Stallone also auditioned for the role of Rusty Nail . Rusty Nail 's truck is a 359 Peterbilt . Alternate footage ( edit ) On the DVD release , there is a 29 - minute - long alternate ending , and four other shorter alternate endings . The main one featured Rusty Nail 's shotgun suicide and numerous bodies are found by the police in his trailer . One featured Rusty Nail being arrested , another being beaten in a fight with both Thomas brothers , another wherein he is blown up in his truck , and another saw Rusty Nail run over with his own truck . The ending featured in the actual theatrical cut of the film is the only ending in which Rusty Nail lives . There are also numerous deleted scenes . In the alternate ending where Rusty Nail 's truck explodes , you can see a water tower behind the truck as it burns . The original intention was to have the truck hit the water tower and have the water come down and put the flames out so that it would be believable if Rusty Nail survived . However , time constraints kept the scene from being filmed . The water tower cost over $100,000 . Sobieski filmed two different romantic interludes , one with Zahn and one with Walker during the shooting and re-shooting of the film . Both scenes ended up getting cut . This may explain why Venna appears to be romantically interested in both of them . Release ( edit ) The film also goes under numerous other titles in other countries . In Australia , Sweden , Finland , Ireland and some other European countries the film was retitled Roadkill , Never Play with Strangers in Israel and Spain , Radio Killer in Italy , Never talk to strangers in Greece , Road Killer in Japan , Ничего себе поездочка ( What a ride ! ) in Russia and Mortal Frequency in Mexico . The film went under the working titles of Candy Cane , Highway Horror , Deadly Frequency , and Squelch . Box Office ( edit ) Joy Ride opened theatrically on October 5 , 2001 in 2,497 venues and earned $7,347,259 in its opening weekend , ranking number five in the domestic box office . By the end of its run , the film had grossed $21,974,919 domestically and $14,667,919 overseas for a worldwide total of $36,642,838 . Critical response ( edit ) The film received generally positive reviews from critics . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a 73 % rating based on 113 reviews , with an average rating of 6.6 / 10 . The site 's consensus states : `` A well - constructed B - movie thriller , Joy Ride keeps up the necessary level of tension and chills . Critics also liked Zahn 's performance as the goofball older brother . '' Metacritic reports a 75 out of 100 rating based on 31 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Sequels ( edit ) The film was followed by two direct to video sequels , Joy Ride 2 : Dead Ahead ( 2008 ) and Joy Ride 3 : Roadkill ( 2014 ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ROAD KILL ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . January 30 , 2002 . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joy Ride ( 2001 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Trivia for ' Joy Ride ' '' . IMDb . Retrieved May 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for October 5 - 7 , 2001 '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . October 8 , 2001 . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Joy Ride ( 2001 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Joy Ride Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Joy Ride on IMDb Joy Ride at Box Office Mojo Joy Ride at Rotten Tomatoes Joy Ride at Metacritic Joy Ride film series Joy Ride ( 2001 ) Joy Ride 2 : Dead Ahead ( 2008 ) Joy Ride 3 : Roadkill ( 2014 ) Films directed by John Dahl Kill Me Again ( 1989 ) Red Rock West ( 1993 ) The Last Seduction ( 1994 ) Unforgettable ( 1996 ) Rounders ( 1998 ) Joy Ride ( 2001 ) The Great Raid ( 2005 ) You Kill Me ( 2007 ) J.J. Abrams Films Director Mission : Impossible III ( 2006 , also wrote ) Star Trek ( 2009 , also produced ) Super 8 ( 2011 , also wrote , produced ) Star Trek Into Darkness ( 2013 , also produced ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 , also wrote , produced ) Star Wars : Episode IX ( 2019 , also wrote , produced ) Writer Taking Care of Business ( 1990 ) Regarding Henry ( 1991 ) Forever Young ( 1992 ) Gone Fishin ' ( 1997 ) Armageddon ( 1998 ) Joy Ride ( 2001 , also produced ) Producer The Pallbearer ( 1996 ) The Suburbans ( 1999 ) Cloverfield ( 2008 ) Morning Glory ( 2010 ) Mission : Impossible -- Ghost Protocol ( 2011 ) Mission : Impossible -- Rogue Nation ( 2015 ) 10 Cloverfield Lane ( 2016 ) Star Trek Beyond ( 2016 ) The Cloverfield Paradox ( 2018 ) Mission : Impossible -- Fallout ( 2018 ) Overlord ( 2018 ) Television Felicity ( 1998 -- 2002 ) Alias ( 2001 -- 2006 ) Lost ( 2004 -- 2010 ) Fringe ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Undercovers ( 2010 ) Demimonde ( TBA ) Related Bad Robot Productions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joy_Ride_(2001_film)&oldid=864459234 '' Categories : 2001 films English - language films American films 2000s mystery films 2001 horror films 2000s psychological thriller films 2000s psychological horror films 20th Century Fox films American mystery films American horror thriller films Bad Robot Productions films Films scored by Marco Beltrami Films directed by John Dahl Films produced by J.J. Abrams Films set in the United States Films shot in California Films shot in Los Angeles Films shot in Nevada Films shot in Utah American road movies 2000s road movies Screenplays by J.J. Abrams Trucker films Regency Enterprises films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2013 Wikipedia introduction cleanup from July 2018 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from July 2018 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Svenska Türkçe 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2018 , at 10 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who does the truckers voice in joy ride	[ "At a gas station, Fuller has a CB radio installed on Lewis's car for $40, and the two begin listening in on truckers' chatter. Fuller coaxes Lewis into playing a prank on a truck driver nicknamed 'Rusty Nail' (voiced by Ted Levine (uncredited)). Lewis pretends to be a woman named Candy Cane and sets up a meeting with Rusty Nail in the motel where Lewis and Fuller will be spending the night. Lewis tells Rusty that \"she\" is in room 17, the room of an irritable businessman with whom Fuller had earlier argued, but the guys are actually in room 18. When Rusty Nail arrives at the man's room, an argument and sounds of a scuffle are briefly heard. The next morning, Sheriff Ritter announces to Lewis and Fuller that they found the businessman on the highway, still alive with his lower jaw ripped off. Ritter figures out the two are involved in the incident, but lets them go, as he already has his hands full, and they do not know anything other than the man's nickname (CB handle). However, he orders them to leave the state by sundown.\n" ]	[ "Ted Levine" ]
4507362181693109509	Stephen F. Austin	Stephen F. Austin - wikipedia Stephen F. Austin Jump to : navigation , search This article is about Stephen Fuller Austin , the `` Father of Texas '' . For the university , see Stephen F. Austin State University . For other uses , see Stephen Austin ( disambiguation ) . Stephen F. Austin Stephen F. Austin in 1840 portrait by an unknown artist Stephen Fuller Austin November 3 , 1793 Wythe County , Virginia , United States , present - day Austinville , Virginia December 27 , 1836 ( 1836 - 12 - 27 ) ( aged 43 ) West Columbia , Brazoria County , Republic of Texas Cause of death pneumonia Nationality American , Spanish , Mexican , Texian Occupation politician , empresario Known for Being the `` Father of Texas '' Parent ( s ) Moses Austin , Mary Brown Austin Relatives Richard Austin ( colonist ) Stephen Fuller Austin ( November 3 , 1793 -- December 27 , 1836 ) was an American empresario . Known as the `` Father of Texas '' , and the founder of Texas , he led the second , and ultimately , the successful colonization of the region by bringing 300 families from the United States to the region in 1825 . Born in Virginia and raised in southeastern Missouri , Austin served in the Missouri territorial legislature before moving to Arkansas Territory and later Louisiana . His father , Moses Austin , received an empresario grant from Spain to settle Texas . After Moses Austin 's death in 1821 , Stephen Austin won recognition of the empresario grant from the newly - independent state of Mexico . Austin convinced numerous American settlers to move to Texas , and by 1825 Austin had brought the first 300 American families into the territory . Throughout the 1820s , Austin sought to maintain good relations with the Mexican government , and he helped suppress the Fredonian Rebellion . He also helped ensure the introduction of slavery into Texas despite the attempts of the Mexican government to ban the institution . As Texas settlers became increasingly dissatisfied with the Mexican government , Austin advocated conciliation with the Mexican government , but the dissent against Mexico escalated into the Texas Revolution . Austin led Texas forces at the successful Siege of Béxar before serving as a commissioner to the United States . Austin ran in the 1836 Texas presidential election but was defeated by Sam Houston . Houston appointed Austin as secretary of state for the new republic , and Austin held that position until his death in December 1836 . Numerous places and institutions are named in his honor , including the capital of Texas , Austin in Travis County , Austin County , Austin Bayou , Stephen F. Austin State University in Nacogdoches , Austin College in Sherman , and a number of K - 12 schools . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early years 2 Moving to Texas 3 Empresario Austin 4 Slavery 5 Relations with Mexico 6 Texas Revolution 7 Austin in the Republic of Texas 8 Death and estate 9 Monuments 10 Past family 11 See also 12 Footnotes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Early years Coat of arms of Stephen F. Austin Memorial to Stephen F. Austin in his birthplace Stephen F. Austin was born in the mining region of southwestern Virginia ( Wythe County ) in what is known as Austinville today , some 256 miles ( 412 km ) southwest of Richmond , Virginia . He was the second child of Mary Brown Austin and Moses Austin ; the first , Eliza , lived only one month . On June 8 , 1798 , when Stephen was four years old , his family moved west to the lead - mining region of present - day Potosi , Missouri , 40 miles west of the Mississippi River . His father Moses Austin received a sitio from the Spanish government for the mining site of Mine à Breton , established by French colonists . His great - great - grandfather , Anthony Austin ( b. 1636 ) , was the son of Richard Austin ( b. 1598 in Bishopstoke , Hampshire , England ) , he and his wife Esther were original settlers of Suffield , Massachusetts , which became Connecticut in 1749 . When Austin was eleven years old , his family sent him back east to be educated , first at the preparatory school of Bacon Academy in Colchester , Connecticut , and then at Transylvania University in Lexington , Kentucky , from which he graduated in 1810 . After graduation , Austin began studying to be a lawyer . At age 21 , he served in the legislature of the Missouri Territory . As a member of the territorial legislature , he was `` influential in obtaining a charter for the struggling Bank of St. Louis . '' Left penniless after the Panic of 1819 , Austin decided to move south to the new Arkansas Territory . He acquired property on the south bank of the Arkansas River , in the area that would later become Little Rock . After purchasing the property , he learned the area was being considered as the location for the new territorial capital , which could make his land worth a great deal more . He made his home in Hempstead County , Arkansas . Two weeks before the first Arkansas territorial elections in 1820 , Austin declared his candidacy for Congress . His late entrance meant his name did not appear on the ballot in two of the five counties , but he still placed second in the field of six candidates . Later , he was appointed as a judge for the First Circuit Court . Over the next few months , Little Rock did become the territorial capital , but Austin 's claim to land in the area was contested , and the courts ruled against him . The Territorial Assembly reorganized the government and abolished Austin 's judgeship . Austin left the territory , moving to Louisiana . He reached New Orleans in November 1820 , where he met and stayed with a New Orleans lawyer and former Kentucky congressman , Joseph H. Hawkins , and made arrangements to study law . Moving to Texas Sam Houston and Stephen Austin depicted on the Texas Centennial Issue postage stamp of 1936 During Austin 's time in Arkansas , his father traveled to Spanish Texas and received an empresarial grant that would allow him to bring 300 American families to Texas , they would be called `` The Old 300 . '' Moses Austin caught pneumonia soon after returning to Missouri . He directed that his empresario grant would be taken over by his son Stephen . Although Austin was reluctant to carry on his father 's Texas venture , he was persuaded to pursue the colonization of Texas by a letter from his mother , Mary Brown Austin , written two days before Moses Austin would die . Austin boarded the steamer , Beaver , and departed to New Orleans to meet Spanish officials led by Erasmo Seguín . He was at Natchitoches , Louisiana , on June 31 , 1821 , when he learned of his father 's death . `` This news has effected me very much , he was one of the most feeling and affectionate Fathers that ever lived . His faults I now say , and always have , were not of the heart . '' At the age of 24 , Austin led his party to travel 300 miles ( 480 km ) in four weeks to San Antonio with the intent of reauthorizing his father 's grant , arriving on August 12 . While in transit , they learned Mexico had declared its independence from Spain , and Texas had become a Mexican province , rather than a Spanish territory . José Antonio Navarro , a San Antonio native with ambitious visions of the future of Texas , befriended Stephen F. Austin , and the two developed a lasting association . Navarro , proficient in Spanish and Mexican law , assisted Austin in obtaining his empresario contracts . In San Antonio , the grant was reauthorized by Governor Antonio María Martínez , who allowed Austin to explore the Gulf Coast between San Antonio and the Brazos River to find a suitable location for a colony . As guides for the party , Manuel Becerra and three Aranama Indians , went with the expedition . Austin advertised the Texas opportunity in New Orleans , announcing that land was available along the Brazos and Colorado rivers . A family of a husband , wife , and two children would receive 1,280 acres ( 520 ha ) at twelve and a half cents per acre . Farmers could get 177 acres ( 72 ha ) , and ranchers 4,428 acres ( 1,792 ha ) . In December 1821 , the first U.S. colonists crossed into the granted territory by land and sea , on the Brazos River in present - day Brazoria County , Texas . Empresario Austin Stephen F. Austin was an important figure in early Texas Austin 's plan for an American colony was thrown into turmoil by Mexico 's gaining independence from Spain in 1821 . Governor Martínez informed Austin that the junta instituyente , the new rump congress of the government of Agustín de Iturbide of Mexico , refused to recognize the land grant authorized by Spain . His government intended to use a general immigration law to regulate new settlement in Mexico . Austin traveled to Mexico City , where he persuaded the junta instituyente to approve the grant to his father , as well as the law signed by the Mexican Emperor on January 3 , 1823 . The old imperial law offered heads of families a league and a labor of land , 4,605 acres ( 1,864 ha ) , and other inducements . It also provided for the employment of agents , called empresarios , to promote immigration . As an empresario , Austin was to receive 67,000 acres of land for each 200 families he brought to Texas . According to the law , immigrants were not required to pay fees to the government . Some of the immigrants denied Austin 's right to charge them for services at the rate of 12.5 cents / acre ( 31 cents / ha ) . When the Emperor of Mexico , Agustín de Iturbide , abdicated in March 1823 , the law was annulled once again . In April 1823 , Austin induced the congress to grant him a contract to bring 300 families into Texas . He wanted honest , hard - working people who would make the colony a success . In 1824 , the congress passed a new immigration law that allowed the individual states of Mexico to administer public lands and open them to settlement under certain conditions . In March 1825 , the legislature of the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas passed a law similar to the one authorized by Iturbide . The law continued the system of empresarios , as well as granting each married man a league of land , 4,428 acres ( 1,792 ha ) , with the stipulation that he must pay the state $30 within six years . By late 1825 , Austin had brought the first 300 families to his settlement , the Austin Colony ; these 300 are now known in Texas history as the Old Three Hundred . Austin had obtained further contracts to settle an additional 900 families between 1825 and 1829 . He had effective civil and military authority over the settlers , but he was quick to introduce a semblance of American law - the Constitution of Coahuila y Tejas was agreed on in November 1827 . Also , Austin organized small , informal armed groups to protect the colonists , which evolved into the Texas Rangers . Despite his hopes , Austin was making little money from his endeavors ; the colonists were unwilling to pay for his services as empresario and most of his revenues were spent on the processes of government and other public services . During these years , Austin , a member of Louisiana Lodge No. 111 at Ste . Genevieve , Missouri , sought to establish Freemasonry in Texas . Freemasonry was well established among the educated classes of Mexican society . It had been introduced among the aristocracy loyal to the House of Bourbon , and the conservatives had total control over the Order . By 1827 , Americans living in Mexico City had introduced the United States York Rite of Freemasonry as a liberal alternative to the established European - style Scottish Rite . On February 11 , 1828 , Austin called a meeting of Freemasons at San Felipe to elect officers and to petition the Masonic Grand Lodge in Mexico City for a charter to form a lodge . Austin was elected Worshipful Master of the new lodge . Although the petition reached Matamoros , and was to be forwarded to Mexico City , nothing more was heard of it . By 1828 , the ruling faction in Mexico was afraid the liberal elements in Texas might try to gain their independence . Fully aware of the political philosophies of American Freemasons , the Mexican government outlawed Freemasonry on October 25 , 1828 . In 1829 , Austin called another meeting , where it was decided that it was `` impolitic and imprudent , at this time , to form Masonic lodges in Texas . '' He was active in promoting trade and currying the good favor of the Mexican authorities , aiding them in the suppression of the Fredonian Rebellion of Haden Edwards . Some historians consider the Fredonian Rebellion to be the beginning of the Texas Revolution . Although `` premature ... the Fredonian Rebellion sparked the powder for later success . '' For this event , Austin raised troops to fight with Mexican troops against the Texas rebels . With the colonists numbering more than 11,000 by 1832 , they were becoming less amenable to Austin 's cautious leadership , and also , the Mexican government was becoming less cooperative . It was concerned with the growth of the colony and the efforts of the U.S. government to buy the state from them . The Mexican government had attempted to stop further U.S. immigration as early as April 1830 , but Austin 's skills gained an exemption for his colonies . He granted land to immigrants based on 640 acres ( 2.6 km ) to the husband , 320 to the wife , 160 for every child , and 80 for every slave . Slavery Slavery was a very important issue to Austin , one he called `` of great interest '' to him . Austin was a periodical slaveowner throughout his life ; however , he had conflicting views about it . Theoretically , he believed slavery was wrong and went against the American ideal of liberty . In practice , however , he agreed with the social , economic , and political justifications of it , and worked hard to defend and expand it . Despite his defense of it , he also harbored concerns that the long - term effects of slavery would destroy American society . He grew particularly concerned following Nat Turner 's rebellion , stating : `` I sometimes shudder at the consequences and think that a large part of America will be Santo Domingonized in 100 , or 200 years . The idea of seeing such a country as this overrun by a slave population almost makes me weep . It is in vain to tell a North American that the white population will be destroyed some fifty or eighty years hence by the negroes , and that his daughters will be violated and Butchered by them . '' While Austin thought it would be advantageous some day for Texas to phase out of slavery , up until the Texas Revolution , he worked to ensure that his colony 's immigrants could bypass the Mexican government 's resistance to it . Doing so ensured the population growth and economic development of his colony , which was primarily dependent on the monocropping of cotton and sugar . Arguing that the loss of slaves would be ruinous to the colony , he arranged for his settlers to receive eighty acres of land for each slave they brought with them to Texas . In August 1825 , he recommended that the state government allow immigrants to bring their slaves with them through 1840 , with the caveat that female grandchildren of the slaves would be freed by the age of 15 , and males by age of 25 . His recommendation was rejected . In 1826 , when a state committee proposed abolishing slavery outright , 25 percent of the people in Austin 's colony were slaves . Austin 's colonists , mostly pro-slavery immigrants from the south , threatened to leave Texas if the proposition passed , while prospective Southern immigrants hesitated to come to Texas until slavery was guaranteed there . Austin conceded that the success of his colony was dependent on slavery . Without slaves , the colonists would lack the mass labor to cultivate the land , which would stall the pace of immigration needed to develop and increase the value of the land , which would deflate the economy and motivate his colonists to leave . Austin went before the legislature and pleaded that , at the least ; his original 300 colonists should be allowed to keep their slaves . He argued against the `` bad faith '' of freeing them , demanded reparations to slaveowners for every slave emancipated by the state , warned that the loss of slaves could leave some colonists destitute , and reasoned that freeing them would not only leave his settlers alone in the harsh Texas environment , but would also expose them to the discomfort and nuisance of living amongst freed slaves , who would become vagrants seeking retribution upon their former owners . While he waited for the legislature 's verdict of his request , Austin went into a deep depression over the issue and sent his brother , Brown Austin , to further lobby the legislature on his behalf . In March of 1827 , the legislature signed Article 13 into law . Despite the law complying with some of his requests , Austin called it `` unconstitutional . '' He contested the law as it freed the children of slaves at birth , established a six - month grace period before fully emancipating all slaves in the state , and included provisions to improve the conditions of slaves and transitioning freedmen . Austin -- -- who had been so effective in persuading the legislature , however , that the author of Article 13 ( before its passage ) requested to withdraw it -- -- helped his colonists evade the law by advising them to legally supplant the word `` slave '' with the words `` workingmen , '' `` family servants , '' and `` laborers , '' and by working to pass a decree that banned freedmen from Texas and forced emancipated slaves to work for their former slaveowners until the accrued `` debt '' ( e.g. clothing , food ) , incurred for their own enslavement , was worked off . In 1828 , Austin petitioned the legislature to guarantee that slaveowners , immigrating to Texas , could legally `` free '' their slaves before immigrating , and contract them into a lifetime term of indentured servitude , thereby avoiding recognizing them as slaves . He lobbied to help his colony elude Vicente Guerrero 's 1829 attempt to legally emancipate slaves in the province , and to bypass the government 's effort to prohibit slavery when it passed the Law of April 6 , 1830 . In 1830 , Austin wrote that he would oppose Texas joining the United States without guarantees that he should `` insist on the perpetual exclusion of slavery from this state ( Texas ) . '' In 1833 , he wrote : `` Texas must be a slave country . Circumstances and unavoidable necessity compel it . It is the wish of the people there , and it is my duty to do all I can , prudently , in favor of it . I will do so . '' In May 1835 , Austin 's colonists learned that Mexico 's tolerance for the evasions of slaveowners was drawing to a close , with its proposal of new abolition legislation . Alarmed , and with Austin imprisoned in Mexico for pushing for independence , colonists turned against the Mexican government , calling it `` oppressive '' and a `` plundering , robbing , autocratical government '' without regard for the security of `` life , liberty or property . '' Resisting the impact a changed slavery policy would have on economic growth , and fearing rumors of Mexico 's plan to free the slaves and turn them loose upon the colonists , shortly after Austin returned from Mexico , he and his colonists took up arms against the Mexican government . Austin later gained U.S. Government support for his revolution when he wrote to Senator Lewis F. Linn and pleaded that Santa Anna planned to `` exterminate '' all of the colonists and fill Texas `` with Indians and negroes ( freed slaves ) . '' Relations with Mexico Marble sculpture of Stephen F. Austin ( 1903 ) by Elisabet Ney at the Texas State Capitol The application off the immigration control of the introduction of tariff laws had done much to dissatisfy the colonists , peaking in the Anahuac Disturbances . Austin became involved in Mexican politics , supporting the upstart Antonio López de Santa Anna . Following the success of Santa Anna , the colonists sought a compensatory reward , proclaimed at the Convention of 1832 -- resumption of immigration , tariff exemption , separation from Coahuila , and a new state government for Texas . Austin did not support these demands ; he considered them ill - timed and tried his hardest to moderate them . When they were repeated and extended at the Convention of 1833 , Austin traveled to Mexico City on July 18 , 1833 , and met with Vice President Valentín Gomez Farías . Austin did gain certain important reforms ; the immigration ban was lifted , but a separate state government was not authorized . Statehood in Mexico required a population of 80,000 , and Texas had only 30,000 . Believing that he was pushing for Texas independence and suspect that he was trying to incite insurrection , Austin was arrested by the Mexican government in January 1834 in Saltillo , Coahuila , Mexico . He was taken to Mexico City and imprisoned . No charges were filed against him as no court would take jurisdiction . He was moved from prison to prison . He was released under bond in December 1834 and required to stay in the Federal District . He was fully freed under the general amnesty in July 1835 and in August 1835 left Mexico to return to Texas via New Orleans . Texas Revolution Main article : Texas Revolution In his absence , a number of events propelled the colonists toward confrontation with Santa Anna 's centralist government . Austin took temporary command of the Texan forces during the Siege of Béxar from October 12 to December 11 , 1835 . After learning of the Disturbances at Anahuac and Velasco in the summer of 1835 , an enraged Santa Anna made rapid preparations for the Mexican army to sweep Anglo settlers from Texas . War began in October 1835 at Gonzales . The Republic of Texas , created by a new constitution on March 2 , 1836 , won independence following a string of defeats with the dramatic turnabout victory at the Battle of San Jacinto on April 21 , 1836 , and the capture of Santa Anna the following morning . He was then imprisoned . Austin in the republic of Texas Further information : Republic of Texas In December 1835 , Austin , Branch Archer , and William H. Wharton were appointed commissioners to the U.S. by the provisional government of the republic . On June 10 , 1836 , Austin was in New Orleans , where he received word of Santa Anna 's defeat by Sam Houston at the Battle of San Jacinto . Austin returned to Texas to rest at Peach Point in August . On August 4 , he announced his candidacy for president of Texas . Austin felt confident he could win the election until two weeks before the election , when on August 20 , Houston entered the race . Austin wrote , `` Many of the old settlers who are too blind to see or understand their interest will vote for him . '' Houston carried East Texas , the Red River region , and most of the soldiers ' votes . Austin received 587 votes to Sam Houston 's 5,119 and Henry Smith 's 743 votes . Houston would appoint Austin as the first secretary of state of the new republic ; however , Austin only served approximately two months before his death . Death and estate In December 1836 , Austin was in the new capital of Columbia ( now known as West Columbia ) where he caught a severe cold ; his condition worsened . Doctors were called in , but could not help him . Austin died of pneumonia at noon on December 27 , 1836 . He was at the home of George B. McKinstry , near what is now West Columbia , Texas . He was 43 . Austin 's last words were `` The independence of Texas is recognized ! Do n't you see it in the papers ? ... '' Upon hearing of Austin 's death , Houston ordered an official statement proclaiming : `` The Father of Texas is no more ; the first pioneer of the wilderness has departed . '' Originally , Austin was buried at Gulf Prairie Cemetery in Brazoria County , Texas . In 1910 Austin 's body was reinterred at the Texas State Cemetery in Austin . Austin never married , nor did he have any children . He bequeathed all his land , titles , and possessions , to his married sister , Emily Austin Perry . Monuments Stephen F. Austin State Office Building Stephen F. Austin grave monument at Texas State Cemetery in Austin , Texas Stephen F. Austin statue near Angleton , Texas Sherman , Texas , is the home of Austin College . Nacogdoches , Texas , is the home of Stephen F. Austin State University . Both Austin , Texas , and Austin County , Texas , are named after Stephen F. Austin , however , Austin ( the city ) is not located in Austin ( the county ) . ( Austin , Texas is located in Travis County ) . Angleton , Texas , features a statue of Austin , sponsored by The Stephen F. Austin 500 , sculpted by David Adickes , with a base of 12 - feet and a total statue height of 72 - feet . The base is 2 - feet taller than the base of the Sam Houston statue in Huntsville , Texas , but the statue is 7 - feet shorter . The Sam Houston statue is 67 - feet , on a base of 10 - feet , or 77 - feet if you include statue and base . The National Statuary Hall Collection permits each state to select just two statues for display at the Capital in Washington , D.C. Texas selected Sam Houston and Stephen F. Austin ; these statues were sculpted by German immigrant Elisabet Ney . Gulf Prairie Cemetery , his original place of burial . In 1959 , Austin was posthumously inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners at the National Cowboy Hall of Fame in Oklahoma City , Oklahoma . In Austinville , Virginia , Austin 's birthplace , a monument was erected along the New River near a junction with the New River Trail State Park . In Bellville , Texas , the county seat of Austin County , a large bust of Austin by sculptor David Adickes is located at the intersection of State Highways 36 and 159 . The late actor John Carter played Austin in the 1969 episode `` Here Stands Bailey '' of the syndicated television series Death Valley Days , hosted by Robert Taylor not long before Taylor 's own death . In the story line , the hardy , cantankerous pioneer James Briton `` Brit '' Bailey ( Paul Fix ) and his wife , Hannah ( Rosemary DeCamp ) , make their final settlement in southeastern Texas after having overcome many obstacles over the years . Now they face Austin 's order that they leave their land , however , Austin has a change of heart and asks them to stay . Bailey dies with his final wish of interment standing upright facing west , hence his grave marker , `` Here Stands Bailey Facing West . '' Past family While Stephen F. Austin and his sister Emily have each been subject of biography , they are descended from several generations of noteworthy people , including : Moses Austin ( father -- biography published by Trinity University Press ) , Abia Brown ( grandfather ) , Joseph Sharp ( great grandfather ) , Isaac Sharp ( great , great grandfather ) , Anthony Sharp ( great , great , great grandfather -- biography published by Stanford University Press ) . Accordingly , history records noteworthy social contribution in each generation of Stephen 's family dating back to the early seventeenth century . See also Texas portal Biography portal Moses Austin , his father Mary Brown Austin , his mother James Elijah `` Brown '' Austin , his brother Emily Austin Perry , his sister Abia Brown , his maternal grandfather José María Jesús Carbajal Mentored by Austin Joseph Sharp , great grandfather Isaac Sharp , his great , great grandfather Anthony Sharp , his great , great , great grandfather Peach Point Plantation , his residence Jones Creek , site of his residence Thomas J. Pilgrim , his friend and Spanish interpreter James Bryan , his brother - in - law ( first husband to Emily ) James Franklin Perry , his brother - in - law ( second husband to Emily ) List of Notable Freemasons O.P.Q. Letters Footnotes Jump up ^ Gregg Cantrell ( 1 August 2001 ) . Stephen F. Austin : Empresario of Texas . Yale University Press . p. 2 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 09093 - 5 ... generations of Texans have come to revere Austin as the Father of Texas ... Jump up ^ Thom Hatch ( 1 August 1999 ) . Encyclopedia of the Alamo and the Texas Revolution . McFarland . p. 44 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 9162 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Fuller Austin -- Biography '' . Jump up ^ Lonestar Text book Jump up ^ Anthony Austin ( 1635 ) Austin family ancestry ^ Jump up to : Edmondson ( 2000 ) , p. 59 . Jump up ^ `` AUSTIN , STEPHEN F . The Handbook of Texas Online Texas State Historical Association ( TSHA ) '' . Tshaonline.org . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Edmondson ( 2000 ) , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Austin , Mary Brown , Texas Handbook of History Online Jump up ^ Letter from Stephen F. Austin to Maria Austin , July 13 , 1821 Jump up ^ Todish ( 1998 ) , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Edmondson ( 2000 ) , p. 61 . Jump up ^ https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fau14 Jump up ^ `` ITURBIDE , AGUSTIN DE The Handbook of Texas Online Texas State Historical Association ( TSHA ) '' . Tshaonline.org . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Normand , Pete ( 1986 ) . The Texas Masons : The Fraternity of Ancient Free & Accepted Masons in the History of Texas . College Station , TX : Brazos Valley Masonic Library & Museum Assn . Jump up ^ Carter , Dr. James D. ( 1955 ) . Masonry in Texas : Background , History , and Influence to 1846 . Waco , Texas : Committee on Masonic Education and Service , Grand Lodge of Texas , A.F. & A.M. Jump up ^ Bates ( 1956 ) , p. 794 . Jump up ^ Austin , Stephen F. ( 7 Aug 1826 ) . `` The Papers of Stephen F. Austin '' ( Letter ) . Letter to José Antonio Saucedo . ^ Jump up to : Cantrell , Gregg ( 2001 ) . Stephen F. Austin : Empresario of Texas . Yale University Press . pp. 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Austin , Stephen F. ( 30 May 1833 ) . `` The Papers of Stephen F. Austin '' ( Letter ) . Letter to Wiley Martin . Jump up ^ Historic Missourians : Moses Austin ( 1761 - 1821 ) . State Historical Society of Missouri . Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001 , pp. 85 , 204 Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001 , pp. 9 , 204 . Jump up ^ Barker , Eugene C. ( 1926 ) . The Life of Stephen F. Austin , Founder of Texas , 1793 - 1836 : A Chapter in the Westward Movement of the Anglo - American People . University of Texas Press . p. 201 . Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001 , pp. 189 - 190 ^ Jump up to : Lack , Paul D. ( Oct 1985 ) . `` Slavery and the Texas Revolution '' . The Southwestern Historical Quarterly . 89 ( 2 ) : 181 -- 202 . Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001 , p. 190 . Jump up ^ Barker 1926 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001 , p. 191 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stephen Fuller Austin '' . Texas State Historical Association . Jump up ^ Barker 1926 , pp. 203 - 204 . Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001 , p. 191 . ^ Jump up to : Barker , Eugene C. ( July 1924 ) . `` The Influence of Slavery in the Colonization of Texas '' . The Southwestern Historical Quarterly . 28 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001 , p. 191 . Jump up ^ `` Juneteenth -- the Day Slavery was Abolished in Texas '' . Texas General Land Office . 16 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Barker 1926 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Morritt , Robert D. ( 2011 ) . `` Lure of Texas '' . Cambridge Scholars Publishing . Jump up ^ Campbell , Randolph B. ( 1991 ) . An Empire for Slavery : The Peculiar Institution in Texas , 1821 -- 1865 . LSU Press . pp. 32 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Barker 1926 , pp. 204 - 206 , 208 . Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001 , p. 190 . Jump up ^ Barker 1926 , p. 206 . Jump up ^ Barker 1926 , p. 208 . Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001 , pp. 192 , 203 . ^ Jump up to : Bugbee , Lester G. ( Sep 1898 ) . `` Slavery in Early Texas . I '' . Political Science Quarterly . 13 ( 3 ) : 389 -- 412 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the State of Coahuila and Texas ( 1827 ) '' . University of Texas at Austin , Tarlton Law Library . Jump up ^ Austin , J.E.B. ( 10 Oct 1826 ) . `` The Papers of Stephen F. Austin '' ( Letter ) . Letter to Stephen F. Austin . Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Cantrell 2001 , pp. 85 , 204 . ^ Jump up to : Barker , Eugene C. ( Jul 1918 ) . `` Stephen F. Austin '' . The Southwestern Historical Quarterly . 22 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Travis , William B. ( 21 May 1835 ) . `` The Papers of Stephen F. Austin '' ( Letter ) . Letter to David G. Burnet . Jump up ^ Campbell , Randolph B. ( 1991 ) . An Empire for Slavery : The Peculiar Institution in Texas , 1821 -- 1865 . LSU Press . p. 42 . Jump up ^ Austin , Stephen F. ( 4 May 1836 ) . `` The Papers of Stephen F. Austin '' ( Letter ) . Letter to Senator L.F. Linn . Jump up ^ `` Austin College : Sherman , Texas '' . Austincollege.edu . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen F. Austin State University College , University in Texas '' . Sfasu.edu . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Official Web Site of Travis County , USA '' . Co.travis.tx.us . November 5 , 2011 . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen F Austin statue Clute 02 photo - Artichoke Vinaigrette photos at '' . Pbase.com . November 27 , 2005 . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Texas and the U.S. Capitol Building '' . Texasbob.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Area Museums and Landmarks '' . Gulf-prairie.org . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Here Stands Bailey on Death Valley Days '' . Internet Movie Data Base . February 18 , 1969 . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gracy , David B. , Moses Austin : his life ( Trinity University Press , 1987 ) ISBN 0 - 911536 - 84 - 1 Jump up ^ Greaves , Richard L. ( 1998 ) , Dublin 's merchant - Quaker : Anthony Sharp and the Community of Friends , 1643 - 1707 , Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 3452 - 3 References Edmondson , J.R. ( 2000 ) . The Alamo Story - From History to Current Conflicts . Plano , TX : Republic of Texas Press . ISBN 1 - 55622 - 678 - 0 . Hendrickson , Kenneth E. , Jr. ( 1995 ) . The Chief of Executives of Texas : From Stephen F. Austin to John B. Connally , Jr . College Station , Texas : Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 0 - 89096 - 641 - 9 . Todish , Timothy J. ; Todish , Terry ; Spring , Ted ( 1998 ) . Alamo Sourcebook , 1836 : A Comprehensive Guide to the Battle of the Alamo and the Texas Revolution . Austin , TX : Eakin Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57168 - 152 - 2 . Further reading Barker , Eugene Campbell ( 1968 ) . The Life of Stephen F. Austin , Founder of Texas , 1793 -- 1836 : A Chapter of the Westward Movement by the Anglo - American People ( 2nd ed . ) . Da Capo Press . Beals , Carleton ( 1953 ) . Stephen F. Austin , Father of Texas . McGraw - Hill . Cantrell , Gregg ( 2001 ) . Stephen F. Austin : Empresario of Texas . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 09093 - 2 . Flynn , Jean ( 1981 ) . Stephen F. Austin , the Father of Texas . Eakin Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 585 - 16421 - 2 . Glasscock , Sallie ( 1951 ) . Dreams of an Empire : The Story of Stephen Fuller Austin and His Colony in Texas . Naylor Co . Tracy , Milton Cook ; Havelock - Bailie , Richard ( 1941 ) . The Colonizer : A Saga of Stephen F. Austin . Guynes Print Co . Warren , Betsy ( 1996 ) . Moses Austin and Stephen F. Austin : A Gone to Texas Dual Biography . Hendrick - long Pub. Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 937460 - 96 - 2 . Jones , Marie Beth ( 1982 ) . Peach Point Plantation : The First 150 Years . Texian Press . ISBN 0 - 9630042 - 0 - 4 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stephen F. Austin . Stephen Fuller Austin from the Handbook of Texas Online Stephen F. Austin at Find a Grave Ellis P. Bean , Stephen F. Austin , hosted by the Portal to Texas History . Biography of Stephen F. Austin from The Biographical Encyclopedia of Texas , hosted by the Portal to Texas History . Austin 's Colonization Laws , 1822 from Gammel 's Laws of Texas , Vol . I. hosted by the Portal to Texas History . City of Austin Slogan : Live Music Capital of the World Attractions Austin Aquarium Austin Zoo Circuit of the Americas Darrell K Royal -- Texas Memorial Stadium Dell Diamond Driskill Hotel Frank Erwin Center State Capitol Texas Governor 's Mansion Treaty Oak UFCU Disch - Falk Field University of Texas Tower History Austin Dam failure French Legation Greater Austin Levi Rock Shelter Stephen F. 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Robertson Political conventions Convention of 1832 Convention of 1833 Consultation ( 1835 ) Convention of 1836 Armed conflicts Fredonian Rebellion Anahuac Disturbances Battle of Velasco Battle of Nacogdoches Texas Revolution See also Coahuila y Tejas state Governors of Mexican Texas Municipalities and communities of Travis County , Texas , United States County seat : Austin Cities Austin ‡ Bee Cave Cedar Park ‡ Creedmoor Elgin ‡ Jonestown Lago Vista Lakeway Leander ‡ Manor Mustang Ridge ‡ Pflugerville ‡ Rollingwood Round Rock ‡ Sunset Valley West Lake Hills Villages Briarcliff Point Venture San Leanna The Hills Volente Webberville CDPs Barton Creek Garfield Hornsby Bend Hudson Bend Jollyville ‡ Lost Creek Manchaca Shady Hollow Wells Branch Windemere Other unincorporated communities Bluff Springs Cele Del Valle Elroy Kimbro Littig Lund Maha Manda Marshall Ford McNeil Nameless New Sweden Pilot Knob Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Diplomatic posts Preceded by post created Texas Commissioner to the United States 1835 - 1836 served alongside William H. 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Pinckney Henderson Political offices Preceded by office created President of the Convention of 1832 1832 Succeeded by office abolished VIAF : 67331225 LCCN : n50028886 ISNI : 0000 0000 6683 8210 GND : 121754529 SUDOC : 070020256 BNF : cb13736977x ( data ) IATH : w67p92c2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen_F._Austin&oldid=803184238 '' Categories : 1793 births 1836 deaths Members of the Missouri Territorial Legislature Convention of 1832 delegates Texas Consultation delegates American emigrants to Mexico People of the Texas Revolution People from Brazoria County , Texas People from Wythe County , Virginia People from Potosi , Missouri Texas Ranger Division Burials at Texas State Cemetery Transylvania University alumni American Freemasons History of Austin , Texas 19th - century American politicians American slave owners Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from September 2015 Pages using infobox person with unknown parameters Infobox person using ethnicity Infobox person using religion Articles with hCards Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Қазақша मराठी 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Slovenčina Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 00 : 46 . 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962305527891246428	Achy Jakey Heart	Achy Jakey Heart - wikipedia Achy Jakey Heart Jump to : navigation , search `` Achy Jakey Heart '' Hannah Montana episode Episode no . Season 2 Episode 9 , 10 Directed by Rich Correll ( part 1 ) Roger S. Christansen ( part 2 ) Written by Douglas Lieblein ( part 1 ) Andrew Green ( part 2 ) Featured music `` One in a Million '' Production code 211 , 212 Original air date June 24 , 2007 ( 2007 - 06 - 24 ) Guest appearance ( s ) Cody Linley R. Brandon Johnson Anna Maria Perez de Tagle Nicole Gale Anderson Noah Cyrus Tiya Sircar Episode chronology ← Previous `` Take This Job and Love It '' Next → `` Sleepwalk This Way '' List of Hannah Montana episodes ( Season 2 ) `` Achy Jakey Heart '' is a two - part episode of the television series Hannah Montana . Both parts aired on June 24 , 2007 . The title Achy Jakey Heart is inspired by cast member Billy Ray Cyrus 's song `` Achy Breaky Heart '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Starring 2 Guest starring 3 Plot 3.1 Part 1 3.2 Part 2 4 Ratings 5 References 6 External links Starring ( edit ) Miley Cyrus as Miley Stewart / Hannah Montana Emily Osment as Lilly Truscott Mitchel Musso as Oliver Oken Jason Earles as Jackson Stewart Moises Arias as Rico Suave Billy Ray Cyrus as Robby Stewart Guest starring ( edit ) Cody Linley as Jake Ryan Shanica Knowles as Amber Addison Anna Maria Perez de Tagle as Ashley Dewitt Nicole Gale Anderson as Marissa Hughes Tiya Sircar as Natasha Noah Cyrus as Girl with Ice Cream Plot ( edit ) Part 1 ( edit ) Jake falls out of the sky wearing a tuxedo and carrying a rose and chocolate asking Miley to come back to him . Miley is still mad at Jake for kissing her and then leaving her for 6 months , so when he returns , she is not pleased , becoming even more irritated when Jake sends her baskets full of lavish gifts in order to try to win her back . Jake then comes to Miley 's house dressed as a knight , begging her to give him a second chance . Miley gives in and asks him to go on a date with her that night , only to learn that Jake had to go out to the premiere with his co-star , Marissa , for publicity . This makes Miley angry , which prompts her to hit him in the head with a salami . Later that night , Miley sees Jake with his co-star on television , where Jake admits , to the media , `` I 'm in love with a girl named Miley Stewart . '' This changes Miley 's mind , so she goes to the movie theater and kisses Jake , in front of the media , and hugs him deeply . Miley becomes popular after the media publicizes her relationship with Jake . Jake acts like the perfect boyfriend , and even gets a star to be named after Miley . He also decides to be totally honest with her , and tells her that his real name is Leslie . At first Miley does n't believe it , but eventually accepts the truth . She feels guilty about not telling him that she is Hannah Montana , and feels even worse after going to a second - grade class to read about honesty and having to answer the children 's probing questions . Meanwhile , Jackson becomes annoyed with his boss , Rico , since he charges too much for his merchandise . Rico tricks Jackson into paying for a customer and then fires Jackson . Jackson decides to make Rico regret it . He starts his own business , which is initially a failure . However , Jackson and Oliver accidentally create a new recipe together - Cheese Jerky , which becomes the platform for a new and improved business . Finally , Miley reveals to Jake that she is really Hannah Montana , as she feels she ca n't continue lying to Jake . Part 2 ( edit ) After Miley reveals her secret , the two share a kiss , only to be nearly caught by paparazzi . Jake and Miley go on a date to the movies , but have no time to themselves because of all of the fans . Whenever Jake and Miley go out in public , Jake Ryan fans flock to them . Noticing Miley 's discomfort , he purchases a black wig and disguises himself so that fans will not bother them on dates ( he at first talks like Borat ) . However , `` Milos '' soon realizes that there are some drawbacks to not being recognized as a celebrity . On a dinner date , Jake becomes frustrated and leaves the restaurant . Jake makes a second attempt to go on a date with Miley as a `` normal person , '' but finds that it 's too difficult . He grows impatient after waiting about a minute and a half for his ice - cream , when he finally gets it , he becomes thirsty and steals water from a small girl instead of purchasing it himself . Subsequently , he does n't stop talking about himself and his fame when they are together . Miley , irritated , wants to break up with him , but fears that he will reveal her secret if she does . She then decides to make Jake break up with her by driving him crazy in public . On their next date , she behaves inappropriately , wears a ridiculous goose outfit , supposedly Björk 's swan dress , and flaunts her fake excessive armpit hair to the public , embarrassing Jake . Jake reveals his belief that the reason behind Miley 's behavior is that she is jealous of his fame . Miley hopes that this will make Jake break up with her , but Jake does n't want to part with her , making Miley even more upset . She finally tells him that he was acting annoying and conceited , and that he apparently can not be a normal person . She tries to tell him that if they were to break up , she is afraid that Jake would tell her secret , but ca n't finish her sentence , so Jake says `` What ... tell your secret ? Well , if that 's the kind of person you think I am , then maybe I will tell your secret ! '' Miley soon becomes very agitated and upset . Miley and her father have a heartfelt conversation , which makes Miley wonder which she 'll miss more , `` her secret or the guy she thought Jake was . '' Jake sends Miley a box with a rose inside and a note attached . In the note , Jake wrote that Miley 's words were true . He says he will try to become a normal person before attempting to go out with her again . He also confirms that he will not disclose her secret . He signs the note as Leslie , not Jake . She reads and so does her dad , who asks who Leslie is . She says `` A very good friend , '' to which Robby responds `` Let 's just hope it 's not another actor . '' Meanwhile , Rico makes a second attempt to steal the Cheese Jerky recipe , but fails . Jackson and Oliver are still making lots of money , more than Rico , which Jackson taunts him about . However , the pair did n't think to factor in the cost of ingredients and supplies for the cheese jerky . Once they cover those costs , Jackson is left with only $1.00. Jackson then realizes that he was better off working for Rico . At the end , Rico seems confused that Jackson is back and that Jackson has no recollection of the prior events . It is suggested that it could 've all been a dream , but after a hidden evil smirk from Jackson , it is implied the entire thing happened and that Jackson is tricking Rico . Ratings ( edit ) Achy Jakey Heart parts 1 and 2 helped Disney achieve the best prime - time ratings of any cable channel for the week of June 24 . Part 2 included 3.4 million viewers in the 9 to 14 group , and the 7.38 million total viewers marked the largest audience for a Hannah Montana episode up to that point ( The episode `` Me and Mr. Jonas and Mr. Jonas and Mr. Jonas '' , which premiered after High School Musical 2 has since broken that series record ) . For comparison , the show with the most viewers in prime time the same night was 60 Minutes , with 8.5 million viewers . The airing of the second half of `` Achy Jakey Heart '' coincided with the release of Miley Cyrus ' `` Hannah Montana 2 : Meet Miley Cyrus '' , which was the top selling record for that week . Parts one and two of `` Achy Jakey Heart '' were the numbers one and two best selling TV shows on iTunes for the week of July 11 , 2007 . This episode was the second highest rated cable program for its week , behind the season premier of The Closer . It was also the second highest rating ever for an episode of a Disney Channel original series , and third highest rated cable program for the month . A combination of reasons contributed to the high ratings . One was that only one of ABC , CBS , NBC , Fox , CW and Univision aired a non-rerun , Fox 's ratings challenged The Loop . Another reason was that it was a `` must see '' episode due to it being the second part of a story arc where Jake Ryan attempts to restart his romance with Miley . Another possible ratings boost was provided when this episode was advertised on the previous Friday , which was the Disney Channel 's highest rated day ever . The airdate also happened during the same week as the announcement of a new Hannah Montana clothing line . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Music Review : Hannah Montana , Volume II '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Hannah Montana ' Soars in the Ratings and Everywhere Else '' . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mel 's Diner : Steven Peterman and Michael Poryes '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 TV shows on iTunes '' . Daily News . New York . 2007 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` Teen ' Hannah Montana ' amid the stars Disney Channel series outdraws broadcast networks '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Through the Wire '' . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 31 . External links ( edit ) `` Achy Jakey Heart '' part 1 at TV.com `` Achy Jakey Heart '' part 2 at TV.com ( hide ) Hannah Montana Episodes Season 1 Characters Miley Stewart Robby Stewart Main characters Notable episodes `` Lilly , Do You Want to Know a Secret ? '' `` That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana '' `` Achy Jakey Heart '' `` Me and Mr. Jonas and Mr. Jonas and Mr. Jonas '' `` Wizards on Deck with Hannah Montana '' `` I 'll Always Remember You '' `` Wherever I Go '' Discography ( songs ) Hannah Montana Hannah Montana 2 : Meet Miley Cyrus Hannah Montana : The Movie Hannah Montana 3 Hannah Montana Forever Feature films Hannah Montana and Miley Cyrus : Best of Both Worlds Concert Hannah Montana : The Movie Concerts and tours Hannah Montana : Live in London Best of Both Worlds Tour Merchandise Books Home video releases Video games Disney Channel All Star Party Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Achy_Jakey_Heart&oldid=822603111 '' Categories : Hannah Montana episodes Children 's television series episodes 2007 American television episodes Television episodes in multiple parts Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television episode with incorrectly formatted episode list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 27 January 2018 , at 10 : 53 . About Wikipedia	when does miley tell jake she's hannah	[]	[]
6578301498616816498	Abraham's family tree	Abraham 's family tree - wikipedia Abraham 's family tree Jump to : navigation , search Abraham is known as the patriarch of the Jewish people through Isaac , the son born to him and Sarah in their old age and the patriarch of Islam through his son Ishmael , born to Abraham and his wife 's servant Hagar . According to the biblical narrative , although Abraham 's forefathers were from southern Mesopotamia ( in present - day Iraq ) the Lord led Abraham on a journey to the land of Canaan , which he promised to his descendants . Contents ( hide ) 1 Source criticism 2 Biblical narrative 2.1 Family tree 3 Quranic narrative 4 References Source criticism ( edit ) The genealogy of Abraham appears in Genesis 5 , Genesis 10 : 1 - 7 , 20 , 22 - 23 , 31 - 32 , and Genesis 11 . The documentary hypothesis attributes these genealogies to the Priestly source . Biblical narrative ( edit ) Abram and Sarai prospered materially but had no children . Abram thought to leave his estate to a trusted servant , but God promised him a son and heir . When he was 86 years old , Sarai suggested and Abraham agreed that a practical way to have a child was through Sarah 's servant Hagar . Hagar conceived right away and in time Ishmael was born . This situation brought strife rather than happiness between Hagar and Sarah . Nevertheless , God saw Hagar 's suffering and promised that although this was not the child promised to Abraham , he would nevertheless make Ishmael 's descendants into a great nation also . In Genesis chapter 17 `` Almighty God '' changed Abram 's name to Abraham , for he would be a father of many nations . And his wife Sarai 's name was called Sarah , for she would be a mother of nations . Three visitors come to Abraham and said that he would have a son . Sarah believed she was too old to have a child and laughed . Yet she did conceive ( Genesis 21 : 1 - 7 ) and had a baby named Isaac . After Isaac was married , Abraham married Keturah , who bore him six more sons -- Zimran , Jokshan , Medan , Midian , Ishbak and Shuah . Family tree ( edit ) The following is a family tree for the descendants of the line of Noah 's son Shem , through Abraham to Jacob and his sons . Dashed lines are marriage connections . Noah Shem Ham Japheth Elam Ashur Arphaxad Lud Aram 4 sons 7 sons Cainan 4 sons Daughter Salah Eber Peleg Joktan Reu 13 sons Serug Nahor Terah Sarah Abraham Hagar Haran Nahor Ishmael Milcah Lot Iscah Ishmaelites 7 sons Bethuel 1st daughter 2nd daughter Isaac Rebecca Laban Moabites Ammonites Esau Jacob Rachel Bilhah Edomites Zilpah Leah 1 . Reuben 2 . Simeon 3 . Levi 4 . Judah 9 . Issachar 10 . Zebulun Dinah ( daughter ) 7 . Gad 8 . Asher 5 . Dan 6 . Naphtali 11 . Joseph 12 . Benjamin Quranic narrative ( edit ) The family members and descendants of Abraham are called `` Al Ibrahim ( Abraham ) '' in the Quran . They were honored by being prophets and kings . `` But we had already given the family of Abraham the Scripture and wisdom and conferred upon them a great kingdom '' V. 54 , S. 4 The term `` Al ( a name ) '' in Arabic Language means the family of that man and his followers . Many Muslim interpreters explained `` who '' are Al Abraham ; - Tafsir Al - Tabari : Al Abraham are the believers , based on a narrative related to Ibn Abbas of the verse : `` Indeed , Allah chose Adam and Noah and the family of Abraham and the family of ' Imran over the worlds '' V. 33 , S. 3 . He explained : They are the believers of the family of Abraham , the family of Imran , the family of Yaseen , and the family of Muhammad , then quoted the verse : `` Indeed , the most worthy of Abraham among the people are those who followed him ( in submission to Allah ) and this prophet , and those who believe ( in his message ) . And Allah is the ally of the believers . '' V. 68 , S. 3 . They are the believers . - Tafsir As - Sa'di : Al Abraham are the prophets who succeeded him because they are among his descendants , and the Prophet Muhammad belongs to them . - Tafsir Al - Baghawi : Al Abraham referred to Abraham himself , and has been also said that Al Abraham are Ismael ( Ishmael ) , Ishaq ( Isaac ) , Ya'qub ( Jacob ) , and Al - Asbat ( the 12 children of Jacob ) adding that Muhammad is one of Al Abraham . Based on these interpretations , Al Abraham are : His wife , Sarah , since the Angels addressed her using the term ( Ahl Al - Bayt ) meaning , the people of the house in the verse : They said , `` Are you amazed at the decree of Allah ? May the mercy of Allah and His blessings be upon you , people of the house . '' Indeed , He is Praiseworthy and Honorable. `` '' V. 73 , S. 11 His son Ismael ( Ishmael ) His son Ishaq ( Isaac ) His grandson ya'qub ( Jacob ) His nephew Lut ( Lot ) Al - Asbat ( the 12 children of Jacob ) Yusuf ( Joseph ) Musa ( Moses ) Harun ( Aaron ) Dawud ( David ) Sulaiman ( Solomon ) Ayub ( Job ) Al - Yas ' ( Elisha ) Yunus ( Jonah ) Zakariya ( Zachariya ) Yahya ( John ) Imran Maryam ( Mary ) Isa ( Jesus ) Iliyas ( Elias ) Muhammad These are Al Abraham added to them all the believers among the descendants of Abraham . `` And that was Our ( conclusive ) argument which We gave Abraham against his people . We raise by degrees whom We will . Indeed , your Lord is Wise and Knowing . And We gave to Abraham , Isaac and Jacob - all ( of them ) We guided . And Noah , We guided before ; and among his descendants , David and Solomon and Job and Joseph and Moses and Aaron . Thus do We reward the doers of good . And Zechariah and John and Jesus and Elias - and all were of the righteous . And Ishmael and Elisha and Jonah and Lot - and all ( of them ) We preferred over the worlds . And ( some ) among their fathers and their descendants and their brothers - and We chose them and We guided them to a straight path . '' Vs. 83 - 87 S. 6 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Abraham , Wigoder , Geoffrey . Illustrated Dictionary and Concordance of the Bible . 1986 . The Jerusalem Publishing House . ISBN 0 - 89577 - 407 - 0 , pp. 22 - 23 Jump up ^ Coogan , Michael D. ( 2014 ) . The Old Testament : A Historical and Literary Introduction to Hebrew Scriptures . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 62 - 64 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 994661 - 7 Jump up ^ Ishmael , in Freeman , David Noel . The Anchor Bible Dictionary Volume 2 H-J. 1992 . Doubleday Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 385 - 19360 - 2 , pp. 513 - 514 ^ Jump up to : From Luke 3 : 36 , Sala was the son ( in law ) of Cainan , which was the son of Arphaxad . Jump up ^ Genesis 20 : 12 : Sarah was the half -- sister of Abraham . Jump up ^ Genesis 22 : 21 - 22 : Uz , Buz , Kemuel , Chesed , Hazo , Pildash , and Jidlaph Jump up ^ `` Surah An - Nisa ( 4 : 54 - 64 ) '' . Surah An - Nisa ( 4 : 54 - 64 ) . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Surah Ali ' Imran ( 3 : 33 - 43 ) '' . Surah Ali ' Imran ( 3 : 33 - 43 ) . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Surah Ali ' Imran ( 3 : 68 - 78 ) '' . Surah Ali ' Imran ( 3 : 68 - 78 ) . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ http://quran.ksu.edu.sa/tafseer/saadi/sura3-aya33.html#saadi Jump up ^ http://quran.ksu.edu.sa/tafseer/baghawy/sura3-aya33.html#baghawy Jump up ^ `` Surah Hud ( 11 : 73 - 83 ) '' . Surah Hud ( 11 : 73 - 83 ) . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Surah Al - An'am ( 6 : 83 - 93 ) '' . Surah Al - An'am ( 6 : 83 - 93 ) . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . ( hide ) Religious family trees Biblical Book of Genesis Descendants of Noah Abraham 's family tree Book of Ruth Naomi to David Books of Kings Kings of Israel and Judah New Testament Genealogy of Jesus Islamic Muhammad Family tree of Muhammad Rashidun Caliphs Abu Bakr Umar Uthman Ali ( Immediate descendants Dynastic descendants The Fourteen Infallibles ) Caliphal dynasties Umayyads Abbasids Polytheistic Babylonian gods Greek gods Agamemnon Mahabharata Māori gods Norse gods Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abraham%27s_family_tree&oldid=826745376 '' Categories : Abraham Bible genealogy Family trees Book of Genesis Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Русский اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 19 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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-3350035995145472988	Pound sterling	Pound sterling - Wikipedia Pound sterling Jump to : navigation , search `` GBP '' redirects here . For other uses , see GBP ( disambiguation ) . Pound sterling Punt sterling ( Welsh ) Punt Sasanach ( Irish ) Punt Sostynagh ( Manx ) Louis stèrling ( Norman ) Poond sterlin ( Scots ) Punnd Sasannach ( Scottish Gaelic ) Peuns sterling ( Cornish ) All frequently used coins . The coins shown are those after the extensive 2008 redesign . ISO 4217 Code GBP Number 826 Exponent Denominations Subunit ⁄ Penny Plural pounds Penny pence Symbol £ Penny p Nickname quid Banknotes Freq . used £ 5 , £ 10 , £ 20 Rarely used £ 1 , £ 50 , £ 100 ( Neither is legal tender in England / Wales ) Coins Freq . used 1p , 2p , 5p , 10p , 20p , 50p , £ 1 , £ 2 Rarely used 3p , 4p , 25p , £ 5 , £ 20 , £ 100 , £ 500 ( Silver Kilo ) , £ 1,000 ( Gold Kilo ) Demographics Official user ( s ) United Kingdom 9 British territories ( show ) British Antarctic Territory Falkland Islands ( alongside Falkland Islands pound ) Gibraltar ( alongside Gibraltar pound ) Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha ( Tristan da Cunha ; alongside Saint Helena pound in Saint Helena and Ascension ) South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ( alongside Falkland Islands pound ) British Indian Ocean Territory ( de jure , U.S. dollar used de facto ) Guernsey ( local issue : Guernsey pound ) Isle of Man ( local issue : Manx pound ) Jersey ( local issue : Jersey pound ) Unofficial user ( s ) Zimbabwe Pitcairn Islands Issuance Central bank Bank of England Website www.bankofengland.co.uk Printer printers ( show ) English ( inc . Wales ) notes : Bank of England Scottish notes : Bank of Scotland Royal Bank of Scotland Clydesdale Bank Northern Irish notes : Danske Bank First Trust Bank Ulster Bank Bank of Ireland Crown dependency notes : States of Guernsey States of Jersey Isle of Man Government Website websites ( show ) Bank of England Bank of Scotland Royal Bank of Scotland Clydesdale Bank Danske Bank First Trust Bank Ulster Bank Bank of Ireland Isle of Man Government States of Jersey Mint Royal Mint Website www.royalmint.com Valuation Inflation 1.8 % , January 2017 Source ( 5 ) Method CPI Pegged by Falkland Islands pound ( at par ) Gibraltar pound ( at par ) Saint Helena pound ( at par ) Jersey pound ( local issue ) Guernsey pound ( local issue ) Manx pound ( local issue ) ERM Since 8 October 1990 Withdrawn 16 September 1992 ( Black Wednesday ) The pound sterling ( symbol : £ ; ISO code : GBP ) , commonly known as the pound , is the official currency of the United Kingdom , Jersey , Guernsey , the Isle of Man , South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands , the British Antarctic Territory , and Tristan da Cunha . It is subdivided into 100 pence ( singular : penny , abbreviated : p ) . A number of nations that do not use sterling also have currencies called the pound . At various times , the pound sterling was commodity money or bank notes backed by silver or gold , but it is currently fiat money , backed only by the economy in the areas where it is accepted . The pound sterling is the world 's oldest currency still in use and which has been in continuous use since its inception . The British Crown dependencies of Guernsey and Jersey produce their own local issues of sterling : the `` Guernsey pound '' and the `` Jersey pound '' . The pound sterling is also used in the Isle of Man ( alongside the Manx pound ) , Gibraltar ( alongside the Gibraltar pound ) , the Falkland Islands ( alongside the Falkland Islands pound ) , Saint Helena and Ascension Island in Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha ( alongside the Saint Helena pound ) . The Bank of England is the central bank for the pound sterling , issuing its own coins and banknotes , and regulating issuance of banknotes by private banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland . Banknotes issued by other jurisdictions are not regulated by the Bank of England ; local governments use Bank of England notes as backing for local issuance by allowing them to be exchanged 1 : 1 at face value . Sterling is the fourth most - traded currency in the foreign exchange market , after the United States dollar , the euro , and the Japanese yen . Together with those three currencies it forms the basket of currencies which calculate the value of IMF special drawing rights , with an 11.3 % weighting as of 2011 ( USD 41.9 % , Euro 37.4 % , Yen 9.4 % ) . Sterling is also the third most - held reserve currency in global reserves ( about 4 % ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Names 2 Subdivisions and other units 2.1 Decimal coinage 2.2 Pre-decimal 3 History 3.1 Anglo - Saxon 3.2 Medieval 3.3 Tudor 3.4 Unofficial gold standard 3.5 Establishment of modern currency 3.6 Currency of Great Britain ( 1707 ) and the United Kingdom ( 1801 ) 3.7 Use in the Empire 3.8 Gold standard 3.9 Bretton Woods 3.10 Decimalisation 3.11 Free - floating pound 3.12 1976 sterling crisis 3.13 1979 -- 89 3.14 Following the Deutsche Mark 3.15 Following the European Currency Unit 3.16 Following inflation targets 3.17 Euro 3.18 Recent exchange rates 3.19 Annual inflation rate 4 Coins 4.1 Pre-decimal coins 4.2 Decimal coins 5 Banknotes 6 Monetary policy 7 Legal tender and national issues 8 Value 9 Exchange rate 10 Reserve 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links Names ( edit ) The full official name pound sterling ( plural : pounds sterling ) , is used mainly in formal contexts and also when it is necessary to distinguish the United Kingdom currency from other currencies with the same name . Otherwise the term pound is normally used . The currency name is sometimes abbreviated to just sterling , particularly in the wholesale financial markets , but not when referring to specific amounts ; for example , `` Payment is accepted in sterling '' but never `` These cost five sterling '' . The abbreviations `` ster . '' and `` stg . '' are sometimes used . The term `` British pound '' is sometimes incorrectly used in less formal contexts , and it is not an official name of the currency . The exchange rate of the pound sterling against the US Dollar is referred to as `` cable '' in the wholesale foreign exchange markets . The origins of this term are attributed to the fact that in the 1800s , the GBP / USD exchange rate was transmitted via transatlantic cable . Forex traders of GBP / USD are sometimes referred to as `` cable dealers '' . GBP / USD is now the only currency pair with its own name in the foreign exchange markets , after IEP / USD , known as `` wire '' particularly in the forward FX markets , no longer exists after the Irish Pound was replaced by the euro in 1999 . There is apparent convergence of opinion regarding the origin of the term `` pound sterling '' , toward its derivation from the name of a small Norman silver coin , and away from its association with Easterlings ( Germanic traders ) or other etymologies . Hence , the Oxford English Dictionary ( and sources derived therefrom ) state that the `` most plausible '' etymology is derivation from the Old English steorra for `` star '' with the added diminutive suffix `` - ling '' , to mean `` little star '' and to refer to a silver penny of the English Normans . As another established source notes , the compound expression was then derived : silver coins known as `` sterlings '' were issued in the Saxon kingdoms , 240 of them being minted from a pound of silver ... Hence , large payments came to be reckoned in `` pounds of sterlings , '' a phrase later shortened ... -- Encyclopædia Britannica , entry `` pound sterling '' However , the perceived narrow window of the issuance of this coin , and the fact that coin designs changed frequently in the period in question , led Philip Grierson to reject this in favour of a more complex theory . Another argument that the Hanseatic League was the origin for both the origin of its definition and manufacture , and in its name is that the German name for the Baltic is `` Ost See '' , or `` East Sea '' , and from this the Baltic merchants were called `` Osterlings '' , or `` Easterlings '' . In 1260 , Henry III granted them a charter of protection and land for their Kontor , the Steelyard of London , which by the 1340s was also called `` Easterlings Hall '' , or Esterlingeshalle . Because the League 's money was not frequently debased like that of England , English traders stipulated to be paid in pounds of the `` Easterlings '' , which was contracted to `` ' sterling '' . For further discussion of the etymology of `` sterling '' , see sterling silver . The currency sign for the pound is £ , which is usually written with a single cross-bar ( as on sterling bank notes ) , though a version with a double cross-bar ( ₤ ) is also sometimes seen . This symbol derives from medieval Latin documents ; the Roman words libra , solidus , and denarius ( £ sd ) referred to pounds , shillings and pence in the British pre-decimal ( duodecimal ) currency system and the black - letter `` L '' was the abbreviation for libra , the basic Roman unit of weight . The ISO 4217 currency code is GBP , formed from `` GB '' , the ISO 3166 - 1 alpha - 2 code for the United Kingdom , and the first letter of `` pound '' . It does not stand for `` Great Britain Pound '' or `` Great British Pound '' . Occasionally , the abbreviation `` UKP '' is used but this is non-standard because the ISO 3166 country code for the United Kingdom is GB ( see Terminology of the British Isles ) . The Crown dependencies use their own ( non-ISO ) codes : GGP ( Guernsey pound ) , JEP ( Jersey pound ) and IMP ( Isle of Man pound ) . Stocks are often traded in pence , so traders may refer to pence sterling , GBX ( sometimes GBp ) , when listing stock prices . A common slang term for the pound sterling or pound is quid , which is singular and plural , except in the common phrase `` Quids in ! '' The term may have come via Italian immigrants from `` scudo '' , the name for a number of coins used in Italy until the 19th century ; or from Latin ' quid ' via the common phrase quid pro quo , literally , `` what for what , '' or , figuratively , `` An equal exchange or substitution '' . Subdivisions and other units ( edit ) Decimal coinage ( edit ) Since decimalisation in 1971 ( see Decimal Day ) , the pound has been divided into 100 pence ( until 1981 described on the coinage as `` new pence '' ) . The symbol for the penny is `` p '' ; hence an amount such as 50p ( £ 0.50 ) properly pronounced `` fifty pence '' is more colloquially , quite often , pronounced `` fifty pee '' / fɪfti : pi :/ . This also helped to distinguish between new and old pence amounts during the changeover to the decimal system . A decimal halfpenny was issued until 1984 , but was removed due to having a higher cost to manufacture than its face value . Pre-decimal ( edit ) Main article : £ sd The Hatter 's hat shows an example of the old pre-decimal system : the hat costs half a guinea ( 10 shillings and 6 pence ) . Prior to decimalisation , the pound was divided into 20 shillings and each shilling into 12 pence , making 240 pence to the pound . The symbol for the shilling was `` s . '' -- not from the first letter of the word , but from the Latin solidus . The symbol for the penny was `` d . '' , from the French denier , from the Latin denarius ( the solidus and denarius were Roman coins ) . A mixed sum of shillings and pence , such as 3 shillings and 6 pence , was written as `` 3 / 6 '' or `` 3s . 6d . '' and spoken as `` three and six '' or `` three and sixpence '' except for `` 1 / 1 , '' `` 2 / 1 '' etc. , which were spoken as `` one and a penny '' , `` two and a penny '' , etc . ) . 5 shillings , for example , was written as `` 5s . '' or , more commonly , `` 5 / -- '' . Various coin denominations had , and in some cases continue to have , special names -- such as crown , farthing , sovereign and guinea . See Coins of the pound sterling and List of British coins and banknotes for details . By the 1950s , coins of Kings George III , George IV and William IV had disappeared from circulation , but coins ( at least the penny ) bearing the head of any British king or queen from Queen Victoria onwards could be found in circulation . Silver coins were replaced by those in cupro - nickel in 1947 , and by the 1960s the silver coins were rarely seen . Silver / cupro - nickel shillings ( from any period after 1816 ) and florins ( 2 shillings ) remained as legal tender after decimalisation ( as 5p and 10p respectively ) until 1993 , but are now officially demonetised . History ( edit ) The pound sterling is the world 's oldest currency still in use . Anglo - Saxon ( edit ) Main article : Anglo - Saxon pound A pound = 20 shillings = 240 silver pennies ( formerly ) The pound was a unit of account in Anglo - Saxon England , equal to 240 silver pennies and equivalent to one pound weight of silver . It evolved into the modern British currency , the pound sterling . The accounting system of 4 farthings = 1 penny , 12 pence = 1 shilling , 20 shillings = 1 pound was adopted from that introduced by Charlemagne to the Frankish Empire ( see French livre ) . The origins of sterling lie in the reign of King Offa of Mercia ( 757 -- 796 ) , who introduced the silver penny . It copied the denarius of the new currency system of Charlemagne 's Frankish Empire . As in the Carolingian system , 240 pennies weighed 1 pound ( corresponding to Charlemagne 's libra ) , with the shilling corresponding to Charlemagne 's solidus and equal to 12d . At the time of the penny 's introduction , it weighed 22.5 troy grains of fine silver ( 32 tower grains ; about 1.5 g ) , indicating that the Mercian pound weighed 5,400 troy grains ( the Mercian pound became the basis of the tower pound , which also weighed 5,400 troy grains , equivalent to 7,680 tower grains , about 350g ) . Medieval ( edit ) The early pennies were struck from fine silver ( as pure as was available ) . However , in 1158 , a new coinage was introduced by King Henry II ( known as the Tealby penny ) which was struck from 0.925 ( 92.5 % ) silver . This became the standard until the 20th century and is today known as sterling silver , named after its association with the currency . Sterling silver is harder than the 0.999 ( 99.9 % ) fine silver that was traditionally used , and so sterling silver coins did not wear down as rapidly as fine silver coins . The English currency was almost exclusively silver until 1344 , when the gold noble was successfully introduced into circulation . However , silver remained the legal basis for sterling until 1816 . During the time of Henry III , the pound sterling equalled the pound weight Tower . In the 28th year of Edward I ( around 1300 ) , the Tale Pound , or Pound Sterling , first began to differ from or come short of the Pound weight Tower , from which it originated and to which it had been equal until then , for by indenture of that year the pound weight was to contain 20s . 3d. in Tale . In the 27th year of Edward III ( around 1354 ) , the pound sterling was now only 80 % of the pound weight , or 9 oz 12 dwt ( or 9.6 oz ) Tower . By an Act of 13 Henry IV ( around 1412 ) , the pound weight of standard silver was to contain thirty shillings in Tale , or one and a half pounds sterling ; thus the pound sterling reduced to two - thirds of a pound weight , or 8 oz Tower . The pound sterling was adjusted in weight several more times thereafter . In the reign of Henry IV ( 1399 -- 1413 ) , the penny was reduced in weight to 15 grains ( 0.97 g ) of silver , with a further reduction to 12 grains ( 0.78 g ) in 1464 . Tudor ( edit ) During the reigns of Henry VIII and Edward VI , the silver coinage was drastically debased , although the pound was redefined to the troy pound of 5,760 grains ( 373 g ) in 1526 . In 1544 , a silver coinage was issued containing just one - third silver and two - thirds copper -- equating to . 333 silver , or 33.3 % pure . The result was a coin copper in appearance but relatively pale in colour . In 1552 , a new silver coinage was introduced , struck in sterling silver . However , the penny 's weight was reduced to 8 grains ( 0.52 g ) , so 1 troy pound of sterling silver produced 60 shillings of coins . This silver standard was known as the `` 60 - shilling standard '' and lasted until 1601 when a `` 62 - shilling standard '' was introduced , reducing the penny 's weight to 7 ⁄ grains ( 0.50 g ) . Throughout this period , the size and value of the gold coinage fluctuated considerably . Unofficial gold standard ( edit ) In 1663 , a new gold coinage was introduced based on the 22 carat fine guinea . Fixed in weight at 44 ⁄ to the troy pound from 1670 , this coin 's value varied considerably until 1717 , when it was fixed at 21 shillings ( 21 / - , 1.05 pounds ) . However , despite the efforts of Sir Isaac Newton , Master of the Mint , to reduce the guinea 's value , this valuation overvalued gold relative to silver when compared to the valuations in other European countries . In line with Gresham 's Law , British merchants sent silver abroad in payments whilst goods for export were paid for with gold . As a consequence of these flows of silver out and gold in , Great Britain was effectively on a gold standard . Aggravating this outflow was the fact that silver was the only commodity accepted by China for exporting goods during this period . From the mid-17th century , around 28,000 metric tons ( 27,600 imperial tons ) of silver were received by China , principally from European powers , in exchange for Chinese tea and other goods . In order to trade with China , Great Britain had first to trade with the other European nations to receive silver , which led to the East India Company redressing this trade imbalance through the indirect sale of opium to the Chinese . Domestic offtake further reduced silver in circulation , as the improving fortunes of the merchant class led to increased demand for tablewares . Silversmiths had always regarded coinage as a source of raw material , already verified for fineness by the government . As a result , sterling coins were being melted and fashioned into sterling silverware at an accelerating rate . A 1697 Act of Parliament tried to stem this tide by raising the minimum acceptable fineness on wrought plate from sterling 's 92.5 % to a new Britannia silver standard of 95.83 % . Silverware made purely from melted coins would be found wanting when the silversmith took his wares to the Assay Office , thus discouraging the melting of coins . Establishment of modern currency ( edit ) The Bank of England was founded in 1694 , followed by the Bank of Scotland a year later . Both began to issue paper money . Currency of Great Britain ( 1707 ) and the United Kingdom ( 1801 ) ( edit ) The pound Scots once had much the same value as the pound sterling , but it suffered far higher devaluation until in the 17th century it was pegged to sterling at a value of 12 pounds Scots = 1 pound sterling . In 1707 , the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland merged to form the Kingdom of Great Britain . In accordance with the Treaty of Union , the currency of Great Britain was sterling , with the pound Scots soon being replaced by sterling at the pegged value . In 1801 , Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland were united to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . However , the Irish pound continued to exist and was not replaced by sterling until January 1826 . The conversion rate had long been thirteen Irish pounds to twelve pounds sterling . Use in the Empire ( edit ) Main article : Sterling area Sterling circulated in much of the British Empire . In some parts , it was used alongside local currencies . For example , the gold sovereign was legal tender in Canada despite the use of the Canadian dollar . Several colonies and dominions adopted the pound as their own currency . These included Australia , Barbados , British West Africa , Cyprus , Fiji , the Irish Free State , Jamaica , New Zealand , South Africa and Southern Rhodesia . Some of these retained parity with sterling throughout their existence ( e.g. the South African pound ) , whilst others deviated from parity after the end of the gold standard ( e.g. the Australian pound ) . These currencies and others tied to sterling constituted the sterling area . The original English colonies on mainland North America were not party to the sterling area because the above - mentioned silver shortage in England coincided with these colonies ' formative years . As a result of equitable trade ( and rather less equitable piracy ) , the Spanish milled dollar became the most common coin within the English colonies . Gold standard ( edit ) During the American war of independence and the Napoleonic wars , Bank of England notes were legal tender , and their value floated relative to gold . The Bank also issued silver tokens to alleviate the shortage of silver coins . In 1816 , the gold standard was adopted officially , with the silver standard reduced to 66 shillings ( 66 / - , £ 3 6s ) , rendering silver coins a `` token '' issue ( i.e. not containing their value in precious metal ) . In 1817 , the sovereign was introduced , valued at 20 shillings . Struck in 22 ‐ carat gold , it contained 113 grains ( 7.3 g ) of gold and replaced the guinea as the standard British gold coin without changing the gold standard . In 1825 , the Irish pound , which had been pegged to sterling since 1801 at a rate of 13 Irish pounds = 12 pounds sterling , was replaced , at the same rate , with sterling . By the 19th century the pound sterling was widely accepted outside Britain . The American Nellie Bly carried Bank of England notes on her 1889 -- 1890 trip around the world in 72 days . During the late 19th and early 20th centuries , many other countries adopted the gold standard . As a consequence , conversion rates between different currencies could be determined simply from the respective gold standards . The pound sterling was equal to 4.85 United States dollars , 5.25 Canadian dollars , 12.10 Dutch guilders , 26.28 French francs ( or equivalent currencies in the Latin Monetary Union ) , 20.43 German marks or 24.02 Austro - Hungarian krone . After the International Monetary Conference of 1867 in Paris , the possibility of the UK joining the Latin Monetary Union was discussed , and a Royal Commission on International Coinage examined the issues , resulting in a decision against joining monetary union . The gold standard was suspended at the outbreak of the war in 1914 , with Bank of England and Treasury notes becoming legal tender . Before World War I , the United Kingdom had one of the world 's strongest economies , holding 40 % of the world 's overseas investments . But after the end of the war , the country was indebted : Britain owed £ 850 million ( £ 37.3 billion as of 2015 ) , mostly to the United States , with interest costing the country some 40 % of all government spending . To try to resume stability , a version of the gold standard was reintroduced in 1925 , under which the currency was fixed to gold at its pre-war peg , but one could only exchange currency for gold bullion , not for coins . This was abandoned on 21 September 1931 , during the Great Depression , and sterling suffered an initial devaluation of some 25 % . Bretton Woods ( edit ) See also : Economic history of the UK , 1945 -- 59 In 1940 , an agreement with the US pegged the pound to the U.S. dollar at a rate of £ 1 = $4.03 . ( Only the year before , it had been $4.86 . ) This rate was maintained through the Second World War and became part of the Bretton Woods system which governed post-war exchange rates . Under continuing economic pressure , and despite months of denials that it would do so , on 19 September 1949 the government devalued the pound by 30.5 % to $2.80 . The move prompted several other currencies to be devalued against the dollar . Operation Bernhard was the codename of a secret Nazi plan devised during the Second World War by the RSHA and the SS to destabilise the British economy via economic warfare by flooding the global economy and the British Empire with forged Bank of England £ 5 , £ 10 , £ 20 , and £ 50 notes . In 1961 , 1964 and 1966 , the pound came under renewed pressure , as speculators were selling pounds for dollars . In summer 1966 , with the value of the pound falling in the currency markets , exchange controls were tightened by the Wilson government . Among the measures , tourists were banned from taking more than £ 50 out of the country in travellers ' cheques and remittances , plus £ 15 in cash ; this restriction was not lifted until 1979 . The pound was devalued by 14.3 % to $2.40 on 18 November 1967 . Decimalisation ( edit ) Main article : Decimal Day Until decimalisation , amounts were stated in pounds , shillings , and pence , with various widely understood notations . The same amount was denoted by 32s 6d , 32 / 6 , £ 1 12s 6d , £ 1 / 12 / 6 . It was customary to specify some prices ( for example professional fees and auction prices for works of art ) in guineas ( one guinea was 21 shillings ) although guinea coins were no longer in use . Formal parliamentary proposals to decimalise sterling were first made in 1824 when Sir John Wrottesley , MP for Staffordshire , asked in the British House of Commons whether consideration had been given to decimalising the currency . Wrottesley raised the issue in the House of Commons again in 1833 , and it was again raised by John Bowring , MP for Kilmarnock Burghs , in 1847 whose efforts led to the introduction in 1848 of what was in effect the first decimal coin in the United Kingdom , the florin , valued at one - tenth of a pound sterling . However , full decimalisation was resisted , although the florin coin , re-designated as ten new pence , survived the transfer to a full decimal system in 1971 , with examples surviving in British coinage until 1993 . J.B. Smith , MP for Stirling Burghs , raised the issue of full decimalisation again in Parliament in 1853 , resulting in the Chancellor of the Exchequer , William Gladstone , announcing soon afterwards that `` the great question of a decimal coinage '' was `` now under serious consideration '' . A full proposal for the decimalisation of sterling was then tabled in the House of Commons in June 1855 , by William Brown , MP for Lancashire Southern , with the suggestion that the pound sterling be divided into one thousand parts , each called a `` mil '' , or alternatively a farthing , as the pound was then equivalent to 960 farthings which could easily be rounded up to one thousand farthings in the new system . This did not result in the conversion of the pound sterling into a decimal system , but it was agreed to establish a Royal Commission to look into the issue . However , largely due to the hostility to decimalisation of two of the appointed commissioners , Lord Overstone ( a banker ) and John Hubbard ( Governor of the Bank of England ) , decimalisation in Britain was effectively quashed for over a hundred years . However the pound sterling was decimalised in various British colonial territories before the United Kingdom ( and in several cases in line with William Brown 's proposal that the pound be divided into 1000 parts , called mils ) . These included Hong Kong from 1863 to 1866 ; Cyprus from 1955 until 1960 ( and continued on the island as the division of the Cypriot pound until 1983 ) ; and the Palestine Mandate from 1926 until 1948 . Towards the end of the Second World War , various attempts to decimalise the pound sterling in the United Kingdom were made . Later , in 1966 , the British government decided to include in the Queen 's Speech a plan to convert the pound into a decimal currency . As a result of this , on 15 February 1971 , the UK decimalised the pound sterling , replacing the shilling and penny with a single subdivision , the new penny . For example , a price tag of £ 1 12s 6d became £ 1.62 ⁄ . The word `` new '' was omitted from coins minted after 1981 . Free - floating pound ( edit ) With the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system , the pound floated from August 1971 onwards . At first it appreciated a little , rising to almost $2.65 in March 1972 from $2.42 , the upper bound of the band in which it had been fixed . The sterling area effectively ended at this time , when the majority of its members also chose to float freely against the pound and the dollar . 1976 sterling crisis ( edit ) James Callaghan became Prime Minister in 1976 . He was immediately told the economy was facing huge problems , according to documents released in 2006 by the National Archives . The effects of the 1973 oil crisis were still being felt , with inflation rising to over 27 % in 1975 . Financial markets were beginning to believe the pound was overvalued , and in April that year The Wall Street Journal advised the sale of sterling investments in the face of high taxes , in a story that ended with `` goodbye , Great Britain . It was nice knowing you '' . At the time the UK government was running a budget deficit , and Labour 's strategy emphasised high public spending . Callaghan was told there were three possible outcomes : a disastrous free fall in sterling , an internationally unacceptable siege economy , or a deal with key allies to prop up the pound while painful economic reforms were put in place . The US government feared the crisis could endanger NATO and the European Economic Community ( EEC ) , and in light of this the US Treasury set out to force domestic policy changes . In November 1976 the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) announced the conditions for a loan , including deep cuts in public expenditure . 1979 -- 89 ( edit ) The Conservative Party was elected to office in 1979 , on a programme of fiscal austerity . Initially the pound rocketed , moving above US $2.40 , as interest rates rose in response to the monetarist policy of targeting money supply . The high exchange rate was widely blamed for the deep recession of 1981 . Sterling fell sharply after 1980 ; at its lowest , the pound stood at just $1.03 in March 1985 , before rising to $1.70 in December 1989 . Following the Deutsche Mark ( edit ) In 1988 , Margaret Thatcher 's Chancellor of the Exchequer , Nigel Lawson , decided that the pound should `` shadow '' the West German Deutsche Mark , with the unintended result of a rapid rise in inflation as the economy boomed due to inappropriately low interest rates . ( For ideological reasons , the Conservative Government declined to use alternative mechanisms to control the explosion of credit . For this reason , former Prime Minister Edward Heath referred to Lawson as a `` one club golfer '' ) . Following German re-unification in 1990 , the reverse held true , as high borrowing costs to fund Eastern reconstruction , a need exacerbated by the political choice to make the Ostmark equivalent to the Deutsche Mark ( DM ) , meant rates in other countries shadowing the DM , especially the UK , were far too high relative to domestic circumstances , leading to a housing decline and recession . Following the European currency unit ( edit ) On 8 October 1990 the Conservative government ( Third Thatcher ministry ) decided to join the European Exchange Rate Mechanism ( ERM ) , with the pound set at DM 2.95 . However , the country was forced to withdraw from the system on `` Black Wednesday '' ( 16 September 1992 ) as Britain 's economic performance made the exchange rate unsustainable . Speculator George Soros made approximately US $1 billion from shorting the pound . ' Black Wednesday ' saw interest rates jump from 10 % to 15 % in an unsuccessful attempt to stop the pound from falling below the ERM limits . The exchange rate fell to DM2. 20 . Those who had argued for a lower GBP / DM exchange rate were vindicated as the cheaper pound encouraged exports and contributed to the economic prosperity of the 1990s . Following inflation targets ( edit ) In 1997 , the newly elected Labour government handed over day - to - day control of interest rates to the Bank of England ( a policy that had originally been advocated by the Liberal Democrats ) . The Bank is now responsible for setting its base rate of interest so as to keep inflation ( as measured by the Consumer Price Index ( CPI ) ) very close to 2 % per annum . Should CPI inflation be more than one percentage point above or below the target , the governor of the Bank of England is required to write an open letter to the Chancellor of the Exchequer explaining the reasons for this and the measures which will be taken to bring this measure of inflation back in line with the 2 % target . On 17 April 2007 , annual CPI inflation was reported at 3.1 % ( inflation of the Retail Prices Index was 4.8 % ) . Accordingly , and for the first time , the Governor had to write publicly to the government explaining why inflation was more than one percentage point higher than its target . Euro ( edit ) Main article : United Kingdom and the euro As a member of the European Union , the United Kingdom could have adopted the euro as its currency . However , the subject was always politically controversial , and the UK negotiated an opt - out on this issue . In 2007 , Gordon Brown , then Chancellor of the Exchequer , ruled out membership for the foreseeable future , saying that the decision not to join had been right for Britain and for Europe . On 1 January 2008 , with the Republic of Cyprus switching its currency from the Cypriot pound to the Euro , the British sovereign bases on Cyprus ( Akrotiri and Dhekelia ) followed suit making the Sovereign Base Areas the only territory under British sovereignty to officially use the euro . The 2016 referendum which started the process of United Kingdom 's withdrawal from the European Union makes adoption of the euro almost impossible . The government of former Prime Minister Tony Blair had pledged to hold a public referendum to decide on membership should `` five economic tests '' be met , to increase the likelihood that adoption of the euro would be in the national interest . In addition to these internal ( national ) criteria , the UK would have to meet the European Union 's economic convergence criteria ( Maastricht criteria ) before being allowed to adopt the euro . The Conservative and Liberal Democrat coalition government ( 2010 -- 2015 ) ruled out joining the euro for that parliamentary term . Currently , the UK 's annual government deficit , as a percentage of the GDP , is above the defined threshold . The idea of replacing the pound with the euro was always controversial with the British public , partly because of the pound 's identity as a symbol of British sovereignty and because it would , according to many critics , have led to suboptimal interest rates , harming the British economy . In December 2008 , the results of a BBC poll of 1000 people suggested that 71 % would vote no to the euro , 23 % would vote yes , while 6 % said they were unsure . The pound did not join the Second European Exchange Rate Mechanism ( ERM II ) after the euro was created . Denmark and the UK have opt - outs from entry to the euro . Theoretically , every other EU nation must eventually sign up . The Scottish Conservative Party claimed that there was an issue for Scotland in that the adoption of the euro would mean the end of nationally distinctive banknotes , as the euro banknotes do not have national designs . Before the No vote in the Scottish independence referendum in 2014 , the Scottish National Party affirmed that the Euro would not be the national currency of an independent Scotland . Recent exchange rates ( edit ) Main article : Economy of the United Kingdom § Exchange rates Most traded currencies by value Currency distribution of global foreign exchange market turnover Rank Currency ISO 4217 code ( symbol ) % daily share ( April 2016 ) United States dollar USD ( $ ) 80.6 % Euro EUR ( € ) 37.4 % Japanese yen JPY ( ¥ ) 21.6 % Pound sterling GBP ( £ ) 12.8 % 5 Australian dollar AUD ( A $ ) 6.9 % 6 Canadian dollar CAD ( C $ ) 5.1 % 7 Swiss franc CHF ( Fr ) 4.8 % 8 Renminbi CNY ( 元 ) 4.0 % 9 Swedish krona SEK ( kr ) 2.2 % 10 New Zealand dollar NZD ( NZ $ ) 2.1 % 11 Mexican peso MXN ( $ ) 1.9 % 12 Singapore dollar SGD ( S $ ) 1.8 % 13 Hong Kong dollar HKD ( HK $ ) 1.7 % 14 Norwegian krone NOK ( kr ) 1.7 % 15 South Korean won KRW ( ₩ ) 1.7 % 16 Turkish lira TRY ( ₺ ) 1.4 % 17 Russian ruble RUB ( ₽ ) 1.1 % 18 Indian rupee INR ( ₹ ) 1.1 % 19 Brazilian real BRL ( R $ ) 1.0 % 20 South African rand ZAR ( R ) 1.0 % Other 7.1 % Total 200.0 % The pound and the euro fluctuate in value against one another , although there may be correlation between movements in their respective exchange rates with other currencies such as the US dollar . Inflation concerns in the UK led the Bank of England to raise interest rates in late 2006 and 2007 . This caused the pound to appreciate against other major currencies and , with the US dollar depreciating at the same time , the pound hit a 15 - year high against the US dollar on 18 April 2007 , reaching US $2 the day before , for the first time since 1992 . The pound and many other currencies continued to appreciate against the dollar ; sterling hit a 26 - year high of US $2.1161 on 7 November 2007 as the dollar fell worldwide . From mid-2003 to mid-2007 , the pound / euro rate remained range - bound ( within ± 5 % ) of € 1.45 . Following the global financial crisis in late 2008 , the pound depreciated sharply , reaching £ 1 per $1.38 ( US ) on 23 January 2009 and falling below € 1.25 against the euro in April 2008 . A further decline occurred during the remainder of 2008 , most dramatically on 29 December when its euro rate hit an all - time low at € 1.0219 , while its US dollar rate depreciated . The pound appreciated in early 2009 reaching a peak against the euro in mid-July of € 1.17 . The following months the pound remained broadly steady against the euro , with the pound 's current ( 27 May 2011 ) value at € 1.15 and US $1.65 . On 5 March 2009 , the Bank of England announced that it would pump £ 75 billion of new capital into the British economy , through a process known as quantitative easing . This was the first time in the United Kingdom 's history that this measure had been used , although the Bank 's Governor Mervyn King suggested it was not an experiment . The process saw the Bank of England creating new money for itself , which it then used to purchase assets such as government bonds , secured commercial paper , or corporate bonds . The initial amount stated to be created through this method was £ 75 billion , although Chancellor of the Exchequer Alistair Darling had given permission for up to £ 150 billion to be created if necessary . It was expected that the process would occur over a period of three months with results only likely in the long term . By 5 November 2009 , some £ 175 billion had been injected using quantitative easing and the effectiveness of the process remained less successful in the long term . In July 2012 , the final increase in the asset purchases finance meant QE had peaked at £ 375 billion , then holding solely UK Government bonds , representing one third of the UK national debt . The result of the 2016 UK referendum on EU membership caused a major decline in the pound against other world currencies as the future of international trade relationships and domestic political leadership became unclear . The referendum result weakened sterling against euro overnight by 5 % . The night before the vote £ 1 was trading for € 1.30 ; on the day following the referendum , when the result was clear , £ 1 was trading at € 1.23 . By October 2016 , the exchange rate was € 1.12 to the pound , a fall of 14 % since the referendum.By the end of August 2017 the pound fell lower at € 1.08 . Against the US dollar , meanwhile , the pound fell from $1.466 to $1.3694 when the referendum result was first revealed , and down to $1.2232 by October 2016 , a fall of 16 % . Annual inflation rate ( edit ) The Bank of England had stated ( 2009 ) that the decision had been taken to prevent the rate of inflation falling below the 2 % target rate . Mervyn King , the Governor of the Bank of England , also had suggested there were no other monetary options left as interest rates had already been cut to their lowest level ever ( 0.5 % ) and it was unlikely that they would be cut further . The inflation rate per annum rose in following years , reaching 5.2 % ( based on Consumer Price Index ) in September 2011 , then decreased to around 2.5 % in the following year . Coins ( edit ) Main article : Coins of the pound sterling Pre-decimal coins ( edit ) The silver penny ( plural : pence ; abbreviation : d ) was the principal and often the only coin in circulation from the 8th century until the 13th century . Although some fractions of the penny were struck ( see farthing and halfpenny ) , it was more common to find pennies cut into halves and quarters to provide smaller change . Very few gold coins were struck , with the gold penny ( worth 20 silver pence ) a rare example . However , in 1279 , the groat , worth 4d , was introduced , with the half groat following in 1344 . 1344 also saw the establishment of a gold coinage with the introduction ( after the failed gold florin ) of the noble worth six shillings and eight pence ( 6 / 8 ) ( i.e. 3 nobles to the pound ) , together with the half and quarter noble . Reforms in 1464 saw a reduction in value of the coinage in both silver and gold , with the noble renamed the ryal and worth 10 / - ( i.e. 2 to the pound ) and the angel introduced at the noble 's old value of 6 / 8 . The reign of Henry VII saw the introduction of two important coins : the shilling ( abbr. : s ; known as the testoon ) in 1487 and the pound ( known as the sovereign , abbr. : £ or L ) in 1489 . In 1526 , several new denominations of gold coins were added , including the crown and half crown worth five shillings ( 5 / - ) , and two shillings and six pence ( 2 / 6 , two and six ) respectively . Henry VIII 's reign ( 1509 -- 1547 ) saw a high level of debasement which continued into the reign of Edward VI ( 1547 -- 1553 ) . This debasement was halted in 1552 , and a new silver coinage was introduced , including coins for 1d , 2d , 3d , 4d and 6d , 1 / - , 2 / 6 and 5 / - . In the reign of Elizabeth I ( 1558 -- 1603 ) , silver ⁄ d and 1 ⁄ d coins were added , but these denominations did not last . Gold coins included the half - crown , crown , angel , half - sovereign and sovereign . Elizabeth 's reign also saw the introduction of the horse - drawn screw press to produce the first `` milled '' coins . Following the succession of the Scottish King James VI to the English throne , a new gold coinage was introduced , including the spur ryal ( 15 / - ) , the unite ( 20 / - ) and the rose ryal ( 30 / - ) . The laurel , worth 20 / - , followed in 1619 . The first base metal coins were also introduced : tin and copper farthings . Copper halfpenny coins followed in the reign of Charles I. During the English Civil War , a number of siege coinages were produced , often in unusual denominations . Following the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 , the coinage was reformed , with the ending of production of hammered coins in 1662 . The guinea was introduced in 1663 , soon followed by the ⁄ , 2 and 5 guinea coins . The silver coinage consisted of denominations of 1d , 2d , 3d , 4d and 6d , 1 / - , 2 / 6 and 5 / - . Due to the widespread export of silver in the 18th century , the production of silver coins gradually came to a halt , with the half crown and crown not issued after the 1750s , the 6d and 1 / - stopping production in the 1780s . In response , copper 1d and 2d coins and a gold ⁄ guinea ( 7 / - ) were introduced in 1797 . The copper penny was the only one of these coins to survive long . To alleviate the shortage of silver coins , between 1797 and 1804 , the Bank of England counterstamped Spanish dollars ( 8 reales ) and other Spanish and Spanish colonial coins for circulation . A small counterstamp of the King 's head was used . Until 1800 , these circulated at a rate of 4 / 9 for 8 reales . After 1800 , a rate of 5 / - for 8 reales was used . The Bank then issued silver tokens for 5 / - ( struck over Spanish dollars ) in 1804 , followed by tokens for 1 / 6 and 3 / - between 1811 and 1816 . In 1816 , a new silver coinage was introduced in denominations of 6d , 1 / - , 2 / 6 ( half - crown ) and 5 / - ( crown ) . The crown was only issued intermittently until 1900 . It was followed by a new gold coinage in 1817 consisting of 10 / - and £ 1 coins , known as the half sovereign and sovereign . The silver 4d coin was reintroduced in 1836 , followed by the 3d in 1838 , with the 4d coin issued only for colonial use after 1855 . In 1848 , the 2 / - florin was introduced , followed by the short - lived double florin in 1887 . In 1860 , copper was replaced by bronze in the farthing ( quarter penny , ⁄ d ) , halfpenny and penny . During the First World War , production of the half sovereign and sovereign was suspended , and although the gold standard was later restored , the coins saw little circulation thereafter . In 1920 , the silver standard , maintained at . 925 since 1552 , was reduced to . 500 . In 1937 , a nickel - brass 3d coin was introduced ; the last silver 3d coins were issued seven years later . In 1947 , the remaining silver coins were replaced with cupro - nickel , with the exception of Maundy coinage which was then restored to . 925 . Inflation caused the farthing to cease production in 1956 and be demonetised in 1960 . In the run - up to decimalisation , the halfpenny and half - crown were demonetised in 1969 . Decimal coins ( edit ) £ 1 coin ( new design , 2016 ) Elizabeth II English rose , Welsh leek , Scottish thistle , and Northern Irish shamrock . British coinage timeline : 1968 : The first decimal coins were introduced . These were cupro - nickel 5p and 10p coins which were equivalent to , and circulated alongside , the one shilling coin and the two shilling or florin coin respectively . 1969 : The curved equilateral heptagonal cupro - nickel 50p coin replaced the 10 / - note . 1971 : The decimal coinage was completed when decimalisation came into effect in 1971 with the introduction of the bronze ⁄ p , 1p and 2p coins and the withdrawal of the 1d and 3d coins . 1980 : Withdrawal of 6d coins , which had circulated at a value of 2 ⁄ p . 1982 : The word `` new '' was dropped from the coinage and a 20p coin was introduced . 1983 : A £ 1 coin was introduced . 1983 : The ⁄ p coin was last produced . 1984 : The ⁄ p coin was demonetised . 1990 : The crown , worth 25p , was re-tariffed for future issues as a commemorative coin at £ 5 . 1990s : The 5p , 10p and 50p coins became smaller . 1991 : Pre-decimal 1 / - coins , which had continued to circulate with a value of 5p , were demonetised in 1991 after the 5p coin became smaller . At the same time larger first generation decimal 5p coins were demonetised . 1992 : Bronze was replaced with copper - plated steel . 1993 : Pre-decimal 2 / - coins , or florin , a legacy of the 1848 attempt at decimalisation were demonetised . At the same time larger first generation decimal 10p coins were demonetised . 1998 : The bi-metallic £ 2 coin was introduced . 2007 : By now the value of copper in the pre-1992 1p and 2p coins ( which are 97 % copper ) exceeded those coins ' face value to such an extent that melting down the coins by entrepreneurs was becoming worthwhile ( with a premium of up to 11 % , with smelting costs reducing this to around 4 % ) -- although this is illegal , and the market value of copper has subsequently fallen dramatically from these earlier peaks . In April 2008 , an extensive redesign of the coinage was unveiled . The new designs were issued gradually into circulation , starting in mid-2008 . The new reverses of the 1p , 2p , 5p , 10p , 20p and 50p coins feature parts of the Royal Shield , and the new pound coin ( to be withdrawn in 2017 ) depicts the whole shield . The coins have the same sizes , shapes and weights as those with the old designs , which will continue to circulate . 2012 : The 5p and 10p coins were changed from cupro - nickel to nickel - plated steel . 2017 : A new and more secure twelve - sided £ 1 coin was introduced to reduce forgery . The old £ 1 coin will cease to be legal tender in October 2017 . At present , the oldest circulating coins in the UK are the 1p and 2p copper coins introduced in 1971 . No other coins from before 1982 are in circulation . Prior to the demonetisation of the larger 10p in 1993 , the oldest circulating coins had usually dated from 1947 : although older coins ( shilling ; florin , sixpence to 1980 ) were still legal tender , inflation meant that their silver content was worth more than their face value , which meant that they tended to be removed from circulation . Before decimalisation in 1971 , a handful of change might have contained coins 100 or more years old , bearing any of five monarchs ' heads , especially in the copper coins . Banknotes ( edit ) Main article : Banknotes of the pound sterling Reverse of a £ 5 Series G Bank of England note The first sterling notes were issued by the Bank of England shortly after its foundation in 1694 . Denominations were initially handwritten on the notes at the time of issue . From 1745 , the notes were printed in denominations between £ 20 and £ 1000 , with any odd shillings added by hand . £ 10 notes were added in 1759 , followed by £ 5 in 1793 and £ 1 and £ 2 in 1797 . The lowest two denominations were withdrawn after the end of the Napoleonic wars . In 1855 , the notes were converted to being entirely printed , with denominations of £ 5 , £ 10 , £ 20 , £ 50 , £ 100 , £ 200 , £ 300 , £ 500 and £ 1000 issued . The Bank of Scotland began issuing notes in 1695 . Although the pound Scots was still the currency of Scotland , these notes were denominated in sterling in values up to £ 100 . From 1727 , the Royal Bank of Scotland also issued notes . Both banks issued some notes denominated in guineas as well as pounds . In the 19th century , regulations limited the smallest note issued by Scottish banks to be the £ 1 denomination , a note not permitted in England . With the extension of sterling to Ireland in 1825 , the Bank of Ireland began issuing sterling notes , later followed by other Irish banks . These notes included the unusual denominations of 30 / - and £ 3 . The highest denomination issued by the Irish banks was £ 100 . In 1826 , banks at least 65 miles ( 105 km ) from London were given permission to issue their own paper money . From 1844 , new banks were excluded from issuing notes in England and Wales but not in Scotland and Ireland . Consequently , the number of private banknotes dwindled in England and Wales but proliferated in Scotland and Ireland . The last English private banknotes were issued in 1921 . In 1914 , the Treasury introduced notes for 10 / - and £ 1 to replace gold coins . These circulated until 1928 , when they were replaced by Bank of England notes . Irish independence reduced the number of Irish banks issuing sterling notes to five operating in Northern Ireland . The Second World War had a drastic effect on the note production of the Bank of England . Fearful of mass forgery by the Nazis ( see Operation Bernhard ) , all notes for £ 10 and above ceased production , leaving the bank to issue only 10 / - , £ 1 and £ 5 notes . Scottish and Northern Irish issues were unaffected , with issues in denominations of £ 1 , £ 5 , £ 10 , £ 20 , £ 50 and £ 100 . The Bank of England reintroduced £ 10 notes in 1964 . In 1969 , the 10 / - note was replaced by the 50p coin to prepare for decimalisation. £ 20 Bank of England notes were reintroduced in 1970 , followed by £ 50 in 1981 . A £ 1 coin was introduced in 1983 , and Bank of England £ 1 notes were withdrawn in 1988 . Scottish and Northern Irish banks followed , with only the Royal Bank of Scotland continuing to issue this denomination . UK notes include raised print ( e.g. on the words `` Bank of England '' ) ; watermarks ; embedded metallic thread ; holograms ; and fluorescent ink visible only under UV lamps . Three printing techniques are involved : offset litho , intaglio and letterpress ; and the notes incorporate a total of 85 specialized inks . The £ 5 polymer banknote , issued by Northern Bank ( now Danske Bank ) in 2000 , was the only polymer note in circulation until 2016 , although Danske Bank also produces paper - based £ 10 , £ 20 and £ 50 notes . The Bank of England introduced £ 5 polymer banknotes in September 2016 , and the paper £ 5 notes were withdrawn on 5 May 2017 . This date was picked due to its short format , 5 / 5 . A polymer £ 10 banknote was introduced on 14 September 2017 , but was only available in 20 ATMs nationwide on the first day . The Bank of England produces notes named `` giant '' and `` titan '' . A giant is a one million pound note , and a titan is a one hundred million pound bank note , of which there are about 40 . Giants and titans are used only within the banking system . Monetary policy ( edit ) As the central bank of the United Kingdom which has been delegated authority by the government , the Bank of England sets the monetary policy for the British pound by controlling the amount of money in circulation . It has a monopoly on issuance of banknotes in England and Wales , and regulates the amount of banknotes issued by seven authorized banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland . HM Treasury has reserve powers to give orders to the committee `` if they are required in the public interest and by extreme economic circumstances '' but such orders must be endorsed by Parliament within 28 days . Unlike banknotes which have separate issuers in Scotland and Northern Ireland , all UK coins are issued by the Royal Mint , which is an independent enterprise ( wholly owned by the Treasury ) which also mints coins for other countries . In Britain 's Crown Dependencies , the Manx pound , Jersey pound , and Guernsey pound are unregulated by the Bank of England and are issued independently . However , they are maintained at a fixed exchange rate by their respective governments , and Bank of England notes have been made legal tender on the islands , forming a sort of one - way de facto currency union . These currencies do not have ISO 4217 codes so `` GBP '' is usually used to represent all of them ; informal codes are used where the difference is important . British Overseas Territories are responsible for the monetary policy of their own currencies ( where they exist ) , and have their own ISO 4217 codes . The Falkland Islands pound , Gibraltar pound , and Saint Helena pound are set at a fixed 1 : 1 exchange rate with the British pound by local governments . Legal tender and national issues ( edit ) The British Islands ( red ) and overseas territories ( blue ) using the Pound or their local issue . Legal tender in the United Kingdom is defined such that `` a debtor can not successfully be sued for non-payment if he pays into court in legal tender . '' Parties can alternatively settle a debt by other means with mutual consent . Strictly speaking it is necessary for the debtor to offer the exact amount due as there is no obligation for the other party to provide change . Throughout the UK , £ 1 and £ 2 coins are legal tender for any amount , with the other coins being legal tender only for limited amounts . Bank of England notes are legal tender for any amount in England and Wales , but not in Scotland or Northern Ireland . ( Bank of England 10 / - and £ 1 notes were legal tender , as were Scottish banknotes , during World War II under the Currency ( Defence ) Act 1939 , repealed on 1 January 1946 . ) Channel Islands and Isle of Man banknotes are legal tender only in their respective jurisdictions . Bank of England , Scottish , Northern Irish , Channel Islands , Isle of Man , Gibraltar , and Falkland banknotes may be offered anywhere in the UK , although there is no obligation to accept them as a means of payment , and acceptance varies . For example , merchants in England generally accept Scottish and Northern Irish bills , but some unfamiliar with them may reject them . However , Scottish and Northern Irish bills both tend to be accepted in Scotland and Northern Ireland , respectively . Merchants in England generally do not accept Jersey , Guernsey , Isle of Man , Gibraltar , and Falkland notes , but Isle of Man notes are generally accepted in Scotland and Northern Ireland . Bank of England notes are generally accepted in the Falklands and Gibraltar , but for example Scottish and Northern Irish notes are not . Since all of the bills are denominated in pounds sterling , banks will exchange them for locally issued bills at face value , though some in the UK have had trouble exchanging Falkland Islands pounds . Commemorative £ 5 and 25p ( crown ) coins , rarely seen in circulation , are legal tender , as are the bullion coins issued by the Mint . Coin Maximum usable as legal tender £ 100 ( produced from 2015 ) unlimited £ 20 ( produced from 2013 ) unlimited £ 5 ( post-1990 crown ) unlimited £ 2 unlimited £ 1 unlimited 50p £ 10 25p ( pre-1990 crown ) £ 10 20p £ 10 10p £ 5 5p £ 5 2p 20p 1p 20p Value ( edit ) In 2006 , the House of Commons Library published a research paper which included an index of prices in pounds for each year between 1750 and 2005 , where 1974 was indexed at 100 . Regarding the period 1750 -- 1914 the document states : `` Although there was considerable year on year fluctuation in price levels prior to 1914 ( reflecting the quality of the harvest , wars , etc . ) there was not the long - term steady increase in prices associated with the period since 1945 '' . It goes on to say that `` Since 1945 prices have risen in every year with an aggregate rise of over 27 times '' . The value of the index in 1751 was 5.1 , increasing to a peak of 16.3 in 1813 before declining very soon after the end of the Napoleonic Wars to around 10.0 and remaining in the range 8.5 -- 10.0 at the end of the nineteenth century . The index was 9.8 in 1914 and peaked at 25.3 in 1920 , before declining to 15.8 in 1933 and 1934 -- prices were only about three times as high as they had been 180 years earlier . Inflation had a dramatic effect during and after World War II -- the index was 20.2 in 1940 , 33.0 in 1950 , 49.1 in 1960 , 73.1 in 1970 , 263.7 in 1980 , 497.5 in 1990 , 671.8 in 2000 and 757.3 in 2005 . The following table shows the equivalent amount of goods and services that , in a particular year , could be purchased with £ 1 . The table shows that from 1971 to 2015 the British pound lost about 92 % of its buying power . Buying power of one British pound compared to 1971 GBP Year Equivalent buying power Year Equivalent buying power Year Equivalent buying power Year Equivalent buying power Year Equivalent buying power 1971 £ 1.00 1981 £ 0.271 1991 £ 0.152 £ 0.117 2011 £ 0.0900 1972 £ 0.935 1982 £ 0.250 £ 0.146 2002 £ 0.115 2012 £ 0.0850 1973 £ 0.855 £ 0.239 £ 0.144 2003 £ 0.112 2013 £ 0.0826 £ 0.735 1984 £ 0.227 £ 0.141 £ 0.109 2014 £ 0.0800 £ 0.592 1985 £ 0.214 1995 £ 0.136 2005 £ 0.106 2015 £ 0.0780 1976 £ 0.510 1986 £ 0.207 £ 0.133 2006 £ 0.102 1977 £ 0.439 £ 0.199 £ 0.123 2007 £ 0.0980 1978 £ 0.407 £ 0.190 1998 £ 0.125 2008 £ 0.0943 1979 £ 0.358 £ 0.176 1999 £ 0.123 2009 £ 0.0952 1980 £ 0.303 £ 0.161 2000 £ 0.119 £ 0.0910 The smallest coin in 1971 was the ⁄ p , worth about 6.4 p in 2015 prices . Exchange rate ( edit ) The pound is freely bought and sold on the foreign exchange markets around the world , and its value relative to other currencies therefore fluctuates . As of 27 August 2017 , £ 1 was worth US $ 1.289 , € 1.0808 , ¥ 141 , CHF 1.22329 , A $ 1.6247 , C $ 1.6083 or INR 82.50 . Current GBP exchange rates From Google Finance : AUD CAD CHF EUR HKD JPY USD INR From Yahoo ! Finance : AUD CAD CHF EUR HKD JPY USD INR From XE : AUD CAD CHF EUR HKD JPY USD INR From OANDA : AUD CAD CHF EUR HKD JPY USD INR From fxtop.com : AUD CAD CHF EUR HKD JPY USD INR Reserve ( edit ) Sterling is used as a reserve currency around the world and is currently ranked third in value held as reserves . The percental composition of currencies of official foreign exchange reserves since 1995 . US dollar Euro German mark French franc Pound sterling Japanese yen Other See also ( edit ) Angevin pound Green pound Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` £ 1,000 gold Kilo Coin marks Queen 's Diamond Jubilee '' . ITV News . 1 June 2012 . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` British Indian Ocean Territory Currency '' . Wwp.greenwichmeantime.com. 2 August 2013 . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Commemorative UK Pounds and Stamps issued in GBP have been issued . Source : ( 1 ) ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Alongside Zimbabwean dollar ( suspended indefinitely from 12 April 2009 ) , Euro , US Dollar , South African rand , Botswana pula , Indian rupees , Australian dollars , Chinese yuan , and Japanese yen ( 3 ) . The U.S. Dollar has been adopted as the official currency for all government transactions . Jump up ^ Alongside the New Zealand Dollar and US Dollar Jump up ^ Asia and Pacific Review 2003 / 04 p. 245 ISBN 1862170398 Jump up ^ `` Foreign and Commonwealth Office country profiles : British Antarctic Territory '' . British Foreign & Commonwealth Office . 25 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 20 April 2009 . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign and Commonwealth Office country profiles : Tristan da Cunha '' . British Foreign & Commonwealth Office . 12 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 30 June 2010 . Retrieved 17 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Rendall , Alasdair ( 12 November 2007 ) . `` Economic terms explained '' . BBC News . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Currency Act 1992 ( an Act of Tynwald ) ( 4 ) section 1 ) Jump up ^ Jeff Desjardins ( 29 December 2016 ) . `` Here are the most traded currencies in 2016 '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Der Dollar verliert an `` Reservestatus '' '' ( The dollar loses its reserve status ) . Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung ( in German ) . Frankfurt . 3 January 2011 . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cable Definition '' . Investopedia . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` sterling , n. 1 and adj . '' . OED Online . December 2011 . Oxford University Press . Entry 189985 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Easterling theory '' . Sterling Judaica . n.d . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Entry `` sterling '' , at http://www.dict.org/bin/Dict?Form=Dict3&Database=gcide Jump up ^ `` Sterling '' . Online Etymology Dictionary . n.d . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A myth with a silver lining '' . The Grammarphobia Blog. 25 June 2011 . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pound sterling ( money ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 13 August 2013 . Retrieved 19 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Grierson , Philip . Anglo - Saxon Coins : Studies Presented to F.M. Stenton on the Occasion of His 80th Birthday , 17 May , 1960 , edited by R.H.M. Dolley . Taylor & Francis . pp. 266 -- 283 . GGKEY : 1JURCGTRPJ8 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Family , Commerce , and Religion in London and Cologne . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ The Journal of the Manchester Geographical Society , Volumes 19 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language , Third Edition . Houghton Mifflin. 20 August 1992 . 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The Perspective of the World , Vol III of Civilisation and Capitalism , Fernand Braudel , 1984 ISBN 1 - 84212 - 289 - 4 ( in French 1979 ) . A Retrospective on the Bretton Woods System : Lessons for International Monetary Reform ( National Bureau of Economic Research Project Report ) By Barry Eichengreen ( Editor ) , Michael D. Bordo ( Editor ) Published by University of Chicago Press ( 1993 ) ISBN 0 - 226 - 06587 - 1 The political pound : British investment overseas and exchange controls past -- and future ? By John Brennan Published By Henderson Administration ( 1983 ) ISBN 0 - 9508735 - 0 - 0 Monetary History of the United States , 1867 -- 1960 by Milton Friedman , Anna Jacobson Schwartz Published by Princeton University Press ( 1971 ) ISBN 0 - 691 - 00354 - 8 The international role of the pound sterling : Its benefits and costs to the United Kingdom By John Kevin Green The Financial System in Nineteenth - Century Britain ( The Victorian Archives Series ) , By Mary Poovey Published by Oxford University Press ( 2002 ) ISBN 0 - 19 - 515057 - 0 Rethinking our Centralised Monetary System : The Case for a System of Local Currencies By Lewis D. Solomon Published by Praeger Publishers ( 1996 ) ISBN 0 - 275 - 95376 - 9 Politics and the Pound : The Conservatives ' Struggle With Sterling by Philip Stephens Trans - Atlantic Publications ( 1995 ) ISBN 0 - 333 - 63296 - 6 The European Monetary System : Developments and Perspectives ( Occasional Paper , No. 73 ) by Horst Ungerer , Jouko J. Hauvonen Published by International Monetary Fund ( 1990 ) ISBN 1 - 55775 - 172 - 2 The floating pound sterling of the nineteen - thirties : An exploratory study By J. K Whitaker Dept. of the Treasury ( 1986 ) World Currency Monitor Annual , 1976 -- 1989 : Pound Sterling : The Value of the British Pound Sterling in Foreign Terms Published by Mecklermedia ( 1990 ) ISBN 0 - 88736 - 543 - 4 Krause , Chester L. ; Clifford Mishler ( 1991 ) . Standard Catalog of World Coins : 1801 -- 1991 ( 18th ed . ) . Krause Publications . ISBN 0873411501 . Pick , Albert ( 1994 ) . Standard Catalog of World Paper Money : General Issues . Colin R. Bruce II and Neil Shafer ( editors ) ( 7th ed . ) . Krause Publications . ISBN 0 - 87341 - 207 - 9 . Pick , Albert ( 1990 ) . Standard Catalog of World Paper Money : Specialized Issues . Colin R. Bruce II and Neil Shafer ( editors ) ( 6th ed . ) . Krause Publications . ISBN 0 - 87341 - 149 - 8 . 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1369402709233263148	Richard Hillman	Richard Hillman - wikipedia Richard Hillman For the Australian poet , see Richard Hillman ( poet ) . Richard Hillman Coronation Street character Portrayed by Brian Capron Duration 2001 -- 2003 First appearance 20 June 2001 Last appearance 14 March 2003 Introduced by Jane Macnaught Book appearances Coronation Street : The Complete Saga Norman Bates with a Briefcase : The story of Richard Hillman Classification Former ; regular Profile Occupation Financial adviser Home 8 Coronation Street ( 2001 - 2003 ) show Family Mother Pamela Hillman Wife Marian Hillman ( backstory ) Patricia Morris ( backstory ) Gail Platt ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Stepsons Nick Tilsley ( 2002 -- 2003 ) David Platt ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Stepdaughters Sarah Platt ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Aunts Florrie Halliwell First cousins Alma Halliwell Richard Charles Hillman is a fictional character from the British ITV soap opera , Coronation Street , played by Brian Capron . Richard first appeared on 20 June 2001 following the death of his cousin Alma Baldwin ( Amanda Barrie ) . He later went on to develop a love interest in Alma 's close friend Gail Platt ( Helen Worth ) and marry her . He also leaves his work colleague Duggie Ferguson ( John Bowe ) to die , kills his ex-wife Patricia ( Annabelle Apsion ) , sets his mother - in - law Audrey Roberts ' ( Sue Nicholls ) house on fire and then convinces her that she has Alzheimer 's disease and attempts to kill Emily Bishop ( Eileen Derbyshire ) for money but ends up killing Maxine Peacock ( Tracy Shaw ) . The character departed on 14 March 2003 after driving himself and his step - family into a canal , Richard drowned whilst the Platts survived . He has been rated one of the best soap villains of all time and in the programme itself , alongside the likes of Alan Bradley ( Mark Eden ) , Frank Foster ( Andrew Lancel ) and Pat Phelan ( Connor McIntyre ) . Richard 's death was also the hundredth death featured in the show . Contents 1 Storylines 1.1 Backstory 1.2 2001 -- 2003 2 Creation and development 3 Reception 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Storylines ( edit ) Backstory ( edit ) Before arriving in Coronation Street , Richard Hillman , a financial advisor , had been married twice before . He and his first wife Marian tried for many years to have a baby without success . When Richard 's mother falls ill , Marian decides that she does n't want to look after an old aged pensioner so she leaves Richard . During their separation , Marian dies . Sometime later , Richard 's mother has died and Richard married his second wife , Patricia ( Annabelle Apsion ) . Like Marian , Patricia wants children and she and Richard are shocked to discover that he is sterile . Knowing that Richard and Marian had tried unsuccessfully to have a child , Patricia believes that Richard has deceived her about his fertility though Richard later tells his third wife Gail Platt ( Helen Worth ) that he had always believed that Marian was at fault and was stunned to discover that he was responsible . Whatever the reason , Patricia and Richard divorce . 2001 -- 2003 ( edit ) Richard makes his first appearance when he attends Alma Baldwin 's ( Amanda Barrie ) funeral in summer 2001 , claiming to be her cousin . He quickly befriends Gail Platt , eventually forming a romantic relationship with her . Richard moves in with her , winning over her children Sarah - Louise ( Tina O'Brien ) and David ( Jack P. Shepherd ) by buying them expensive gifts . Gail 's marriage to Martin Platt ( Sean Wilson ) had collapsed the previous year . Richard 's dealings are questioned after Norris Cole ( Malcolm Hebden ) learns that Richard was responsible for several elderly people losing their savings . Richard sets up a business called Kellett Holdings , which specializes in buy - back mortgages - he would buy the house but the occupant was free to live there until their death . Richard also goes into business with the new Rovers Return landlord Duggie Ferguson ( John Bowe ) , building an estate of new homes . Hillman confronts Duggie at an under construction block of flats during a disagreement about Duggie 's shoddy workmanship . During the argument , Duggie falls several floors when a banister gives way ( ironically , due to his own shoddy workmanship ) . Duggie is critically injured and Richard leaves him to die , opportunistically allowing the incident to remove his unwanted business partner . He panics at first , whipping out his mobile and dialing emergency services . However , he only dials ' 99 ' before stopping , then he goes to Duggie 's flat to steal the cash Duggie stored there . In May 2002 , Richard 's ex-wife , Patricia , inconveniently turns up as Richard finalises his and Gail 's wedding plans . As she was moving to Australia , Patricia wants to cash in her directorship of Kellett Holdings , Richard 's property company . Patricia owns 20 % of Kellett Holdings , which Richard finally persuades her is worth £ 25,000 . He agrees to hand over the cheque at his Oakhill flats development , where they fight as Richard stalls on the money due to the cost of underpinning work . In the ensuing argument and struggle , Patricia falls into the underpinning trench and Richard hits her in the face with a spade , killing her instantly . The next day , her body is covered in tons of cement for the underpinnings . Gail and Richard are married on 26 July 2002 . Over the following months , with his business going downhill , Richard learns that Gail 's mother , Audrey Roberts ( Sue Nicholls ) is worth £ 250,000 . Over the next few months , he manages to convince Audrey and her family that she has Alzheimer 's disease , even getting the doctor to prescribe her medication for sufferers of the condition , and tries to kill her by setting her house on fire . She survives after being pulled out of the blaze by Steve McDonald ( Simon Gregson ) and tries to warn Gail , but , already convinced that she is indeed senile , Gail refuses to believe her and cuts all ties with Audrey . Audrey enlists the help of her friend Archie Shuttleworth ( Roy Hudd ) and tries to expose Richard to the police , but they are unsuccessful due to a lack of evidence . Richard becomes desperate for money and decides to kill again . His next target is Emily Bishop ( Eileen Derbyshire ) , whose house he had bought . During a birthday party at the Rovers Return pub for Doreen Heavey ( Prunella Gee ) 's 50th Birthday , Richard leaves the pub , goes to the squat where Sarah 's tearaway boyfriend Aidan Critchley is staying and since he drugged him he is able to take and use Critchley 's coat and shoes without him waking up . Disguised as Critchley , he enters Doreen 's daughter Maxine Peacock 's ( Tracy Shaw ) house where Emily is babysitting . Richard attacks Emily with a crowbar but he is interrupted when Maxine enters the house and confronts him . Richard then kills Maxine and stages a robbery to frame Aiden , who is subsequently charged with murder and attempted murder . Soon afterwards , Richard receives a phone call that a woman who had sold her home to Richard in a buy - back scheme had died a week prior . He is wracked with guilt , realising that the attempt on Emily 's life and Maxine 's murder had been pointless . The downfall of Richard ironically begins on the day that his money troubles end . He receives the money from the buy - back scheme and puts a deposit on a new expensive house for the family , after which farewell drinks are arranged for him and Gail . After drug tests show that Aiden was drugged with the tranquilisers prescribed for Audrey , Sarah - Louise visits Aiden in his detention centre and he tells her that he did n't commit the murder . Audrey tells Gail this who also learns that Richard has lied about several matters connected to his ex-wife's disappearance . She recalls seeing Richard at the cabinet where the tranquilisers were kept on the night of Maxine 's murder . Whilst in the rovers , Richard states to Gail that he does n't care about Audrey and Archie 's accusations because `` he 's won '' before quickly correcting himself to `` we 've won '' , which proves to be one of his fatal errors . Steve McDonald reveals that he had found a necklace on the building site that Gail was currently wearing , the necklace Richard claimed he bought for her . Gail confronts Richard , who confesses to the murders after he realises he 's backed into a corner . Horrified , Gail describes her husband as `` Norman Bates with a briefcase '' . Gail also guesses that Richard is sterile and accuses him of not being in love with her , and had merely married her to gain the `` ready - made family '' that she , David , Sarah and Sarah 's daughter , Bethany , provided . Richard is devastated by Gail 's words and reluctantly leaves . Gail then tells the police everything , including the location of Patricia 's body and they dig it out of the cement , confirming Richard as a guilty man . Richard goes on the run and becomes the most wanted man in Britain , only to return two weeks later intent on killing his entire family and himself . He is in the house when David returns home , and keeps him silent when David 's friend , Craig , calls through the window . When Sarah returns later with her new boyfriend Todd , she leaves her daughter Bethany on the sofa . After she has seen Todd out , Richard takes them captive . Gail returns home in the evening , and has her hands tied by Richard , however , she manages to smuggle a pair of nail scissors into her hands on the way out of the house . The children are safe , but are bound and gagged in the family 's car . While Gail tells them that she loves them , she puts the scissors in Sarah 's hands . Originally , Richard intended to gas the family in the garage , until Audrey calls in and disturbs his plans . With the help of Gail 's ex-husband Martin , Kevin Webster ( Michael Le Vell ) and Tommy Harris ( Thomas Craig ) , they break down the garage door . Richard drives off and Martin , Kevin and Tommy give chase in another car . Richard drives his car into a canal , Gail , Bethany , David and Sarah manage to free themselves from the vehicle and are rescued by Tommy and Martin . Tommy then goes back in the water to try and save Richard , but finds that he has escaped from the car and has drowned . Gail then identifies his body at the canal side . Creation and development ( edit ) Speaking of playing Richard , Capron said : `` He 's a wonderful character to play and I 'm enjoying every minute of it . I love the fact that Richard has two sides to him , there 's the loving family man and the psychopath . He 's got a real dark side to him , it 's kind of like a psychopathic nature . He comes across as this normal nice guy on the outside but if people knew what he 'd done they 'd be stunned . In his head I think he seriously believes he loves his family but who knows what goes on in his head . '' In January 2002 , it was rumored that Coronation Street executive producer Carolyn Reynolds would be axing a number of characters in a bid for the show to beat BBC One soap opera EastEnders in the ratings . Characters that were rumored to be axed were Eileen Grimshaw ( Sue Cleaver ) and sons Jason Grimshaw ( Ryan Thomas ) , Todd Grimshaw ( Bruno Langley ) , Dev Alahan ( Jimmi Harkishin ) , Shelley Unwin ( Sally Lindsay ) as well as Richard . A source commented : `` It 's Carolyn ' Chainsaw ' Reynolds from here on in . There 's that much chopping to do that if she used an axe it would take forever . The former producer Brian Park chopped his way through nine characters , but Carolyn is close to knocking off a dozen . It has n't done much for cast morale . Only last year the top earners had to sign up for pay cuts or face the chop themselves . `` New `` strong '' characters will be brought in over the coming months , but the number will be limited in order to keep the wage bill down . '' These rumors were later proved to be false . Richard Hillman is renowned as one of the greatest soap villains of all time . Throughout his time on the soap , he turned from a conniving fraudster into a fully - fledged serial killer , becoming known as ' Killman ' Hillman by the press . He murdered one Street resident as well as his first wife and attempted to kill several others , including his own wife , two stepchildren , and step - granddaughter , as well as being partly responsible for the death of Duggie Ferguson . Throughout these storylines ITV used elaborate trailers using the phrase ' Killer Corrie ' which later was used to describe other storylines . Asked how are people reacting to the storyline Brian Capron said in an interview with Digital Spy : `` It 's great , it really seems to be capturing people 's imaginations . Everyone just wants to know what he 's going to do next and if he 'll kill Gail . I do n't know what the writers have got planned for Richard but he 's definitely not finished yet I can promise that . I think he 'll be homing in on one or two of the street 's best - loved residents . He 's definitely going to get nastier before he gets his comeuppance '' . Reception ( edit ) The character of Richard Hillman proved to be very successful with viewers and critics . On 13 January 2003 , an estimated 15.3 million viewers watched the first instalment of Coronation Street with 15.6 million tuning in to watch Richard murder long - standing character Maxine Peacock in the second episode . The two episodes caused a power surge ; a National Grid spokesman said : `` Obviously , there was a huge audience which meant at the end of the programme people were getting up , turning lights on , going to the toilet , opening fridge doors and boiling kettles . It 's that concentrated period when a programme finishes and millions of people around the country go and do something else other than watching Coronation Street . '' The double - bill broadcast on 24 February 2003 , in which Richard revealed all to Gail attracted an average of 17.2 million viewers for the first instalment , with the second episode averaging 17.6 million . The second episodes peaked at 19.4 million . A spokesperson for Granada Television stated ; `` The figures are truly staggering . The phones have n't stopped here with fantastic feedback . The whole nation has woken up and is talking about it . '' On 12 March 2003 , 19.4 million viewers ( 62 % audience share ) tuned in to see Richard drive the Platt family into the canal . The ratings success of the serial killer storyline made Coronation Street the most - watched UK television programme of 2003 beating rival EastEnders into second place . At the 2003 British Soap Awards , Capron swept the board for his portrayal of Richard , winning for ' Best Actor ' , ' Best Exit ' and ' Villain of the Year ' . His confessions episode was voted ' Most Spectacular Scene ' and his murders were voted ' Best Storyline ' . See also ( edit ) List of soap opera villains References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Actor Brian Capron on `` Corrie 's '' Richard - Soaps Interview `` . Digital Spy. 2002 - 08 - 17 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Street axes further eight characters - TV News '' . Digital Spy. 2002 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ Ian , England ( 2003 - 01 - 14 ) . `` Entertainment Street killer attracts 15m viewers '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Street drama hits ratings high '' . BBC News . 2003 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment ITV1 's Street heads 2003 ratings '' . BBC News . 2004 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment Street sweeps soap awards '' . BBC News . 2003 - 05 - 10 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 20 . External links ( edit ) Corrie.net profile of Hillman Coronation Street characters Present and future characters Ken Barlow Rita Sullivan Peter Barlow Gail McIntyre Tracy Barlow Audrey Roberts Nick Tilsley Kevin Webster Jenny Bradley Sally Webster Sarah Platt Jim McDonald Liz McDonald Steve McDonald Rosie Webster David Platt Norris Cole Sophie Webster Roy Cropper Leanne Battersby Toyah Battersby Tyrone Dobbs Dev Alahan Eileen Grimshaw Maria Connor Kirk Sutherland Bethany Platt Adam Barlow Fiz Brown Simon Barlow Sean Tully Chesney Brown Amy Barlow Michelle Connor Ryan Connor Carla Connor Gary Windass Mary Taylor Lewis Archer Izzy Armstrong Faye Windass Beth Tinker Tim Metcalfe Past characters Sunita Alahan Christine Appleby Shirley Armitage Katy Armstrong Owen Armstrong Danny Baldwin Frankie Baldwin Jamie Baldwin Mike Baldwin Deirdre Barlow Frank Barlow Ida Barlow Susan Barlow Des Barnes Natalie Barnes Janice Battersby Les Battersby Cilla Battersby - Brown Sheila Birtles Emily Bishop Natasha Blakeman Alan Bradley Renee Bradshaw Teresa Bryant Julie Carp Casey Carswell Matt Carter Paul Clayton Liam Connor Paul Connor Kelly Crabtree Hayley Cropper Trevor Dean Marcus Dent Jackie Dobbs Molly Dobbs Rob Donovan Jack Duckworth Terry Duckworth Tommy Duckworth Vera Duckworth Fred Elliott Anne Foster Frank Foster Alec Gilroy Tony Gordon Cheryl Gray Jason Grimshaw Todd Grimshaw Alma Halliwell Richard Hillman Charlotte Hoyle Blanche Hunt Mel Hutchwright Amber Kalirai Ray Langton Bet Lynch Tara Mandal Ciaran McCarthy Becky McDonald Karen McDonald Joe McIntyre Tina McIntyre Darryl Morton Jerry Morton Kayleigh Morton Mel Morton Lloyd Mullaney Karl Munro Hilda Ogden Stan Ogden Ashley Peacock Claire Peacock Pat Phelan Kylie Platt Martin Platt Sian Powers Eva Price Stella Price Graeme Proctor Mark Redman Alf Roberts Maya Sharma Ena Sharples Kirsty Soames John Stape Jed Stone Candice Stowe Luke Strong Charlie Stubbs Percy Sugden Leonard Swindley Dennis Tanner Elsie Tanner Albert Tatlock Ivy Tilsley Vernon Tomlin Shelley Unwin Annie Walker Curly Watts Raquel Watts Bill Webster Betty Williams Violet Wilson Derek Wilton Mavis Wilton Anna Windass Eddie Windass Eddie Yeats Original characters David Barlow Frank Barlow Ida Barlow Ken Barlow Minnie Caldwell Ivan Cheveski Linda Cheveski Christine Appleby May Hardman Esther Hayes Harry Hewitt Lucille Hewitt Florrie Lindley Martha Longhurst Emily Bishop Concepta Riley Ena Sharples Leonard Swindley Dennis Tanner Elsie Tanner Albert Tatlock Annie Walker Jack Walker Lists of characters 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Hillman&oldid=850768171 '' Categories : Fictional businesspeople Fictional serial killers Coronation Street characters Fictional con artists Fictional characters introduced in 2001 Psychopathy in fiction Fictional suicides Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2014 Use British English from March 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Gaeilge Edit links This page was last edited on 17 July 2018 , at 21 : 27 ( UTC ) . 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-2088379430419346513	Development of the Old Testament canon	Development of the Old Testament canon - wikipedia Development of the Old Testament canon Jump to : navigation , search For the Jewish canon , see Development of the Hebrew Bible canon . For the New Testament canon , see Development of the New Testament canon . Part of a series on the Bible Canons and books ( show ) Tanakh Torah Nevi'im Ketuvim Christian biblical canons Hebrew Bible Old Testament ( OT ) New Testament ( NT ) Deuterocanon Antilegomena Chapters and verses Apocrypha Jewish OT NT Authorship and development ( hide ) Authorship Dating Hebrew canon Old Testament canon New Testament canon Documentary hypothesis Mosaic authorship Pauline epistles Petrine epistles Johannine works Translations and manuscripts ( show ) Samaritan Torah Dead Sea scrolls Masoretic Text Targumim Peshitta Septuagint Vulgate Gothic Bible Vetus Latina Luther Bible English Bibles Biblical studies ( show ) Archeology Artifacts Dating Historicity Internal consistency People Places Names Novum Testamentum Graece Documentary hypothesis Synoptic problem NT textual categories Biblical criticism Historical Textual Source Form Redaction Canonical Interpretation ( show ) Hermeneutics Pesher Midrash Pardes Allegorical interpretation Literalism Prophecy Inspiration Perspectives ( show ) Gnostic Islamic Qur'anic Muhammad Inerrancy Infallibility Criticism of the Bible Outline of Bible - related topics Bible book Bible portal The Old Testament is the first section of the two - part Christian Biblical canon ; the second section is the New Testament . The Old Testament includes the books of the Hebrew Bible ( Tanakh ) or protocanon , and in various Christian denominations also includes deuterocanonical books . Orthodox Christians , Catholics and Protestants use different canons , which differ with respect to the texts that are included in the Old Testament . Martin Luther , holding to Jewish and other ancient precedent , excluded the deuterocanonical books from the Old Testament of his translation of the Bible , placing them in a section he labeled `` Apocrypha '' ( `` hidden '' ) . To counter Luther 's `` heresy '' , the fourth session of the Catholic Council of Trent in 1546 confirmed that the deuterocanonical books were equally authoritative as the protocanonical in the Canon of Trent in the year Luther died . Following Jerome 's Veritas Hebraica ( truth of the Hebrew ) principle , the Protestant Old Testament consists of the same books as the Hebrew Bible , but the order and division of the books are different . Protestants number the Old Testament books at 39 , while the Hebrew Bible numbers the same books as 24 . The Hebrew Bible counts Samuel , Kings , and Chronicles as one book each , and the 12 minor prophets are one book , and also Ezra and Nehemiah form a single book . The differences between the Hebrew Bible and other versions of the Old Testament such as the Samaritan Pentateuch , the Syriac Peshitta , the Latin Vulgate , the Greek Septuagint , the Ethiopian Bible and other canons , are more substantial . Many of these canons include books and sections of books that the others do not . For a more comprehensive discussion of these differences , see Books of the Bible . Contents ( hide ) 1 Hebrew Bible canon 2 The protocanonical and deuterocanonical books 3 Septuagint 4 Bryennios List 5 Marcion 6 Eusebius on Melito and Origen 7 Constantine the Great 8 Jerome and the Vulgate 9 Augustine and the North African councils 10 The Synod of Laodicea 11 Other early authors 12 Quinisext Council and Canons of the Apostles 13 Reformation era 13.1 Martin Luther 13.2 Council of Trent 13.3 Church of England 14 Eastern Orthodox Canon 15 References 16 External links Hebrew Bible canon ( edit ) Main articles : Development of the Hebrew Bible canon and Biblical canon § Jewish canons The Hebrew Bible ( or Tanakh ) consists of 24 books of the Masoretic Text recognized by Rabbinic Judaism . There is no scholarly consensus as to when the Hebrew Bible canon was fixed , with some scholars arguing that it was fixed by the Hasmonean dynasty ( 140 - 40 BCE ) , while others arguing that it was not fixed until the 2nd century CE or even later . According to Marc Zvi Brettler , the Jewish scriptures outside the Torah and the Prophets were fluid , with different groups seeing authority in different books . Michael Barber says that the earliest and most explicit evidence of a Hebrew canonical list comes from Jewish historian Josephus ( 37CE -- c. 100CE ) who wrote about a canon used by Jews in the first century AD . In Against Apion ( Book 1 , Paragraph 8 ) , Josephus in 95 CE divided sacred scriptures into three parts : 5 books of the Torah , 13 books of the prophets , and 4 books of hymns : For we have not an innumerable multitude of books among us , disagreeing from and contradicting one another , ( as the Greeks have , ) but only twenty - two books , which contain the records of all the past times ; which are justly believed to be divine ; and of them five belong to Moses , which contain his laws and the traditions of the origin of mankind till his death . This interval of time was little short of three thousand years ; but as to the time from the death of Moses till the reign of Artaxerxes king of Persia , who reigned after Xerxes , the prophets , who were after Moses , wrote down what was done in their times in thirteen books . The remaining four books contain hymns to God , and precepts for the conduct of human life . It is true , our history hath been written since Artaxerxes very particularly , but hath not been esteemed of the like authority with the former by our forefathers , because there hath not been an exact succession of prophets since that time ; and how firmly we have given credit to these books of our own nation is evident by what we do ; for during so many ages as have already passed , no one has been so bold as either to add any thing to them , to take any thing from them , or to make any change in them ; but it is become natural to all Jews immediately , and from their very birth , to esteem these books to contain Divine doctrines , and to persist in them , and , if occasion be willingly to die for them . Josephus mentions Ezra and Nehemiah in Antiquities of the Jews ( Book XI , Chapter 5 ) and Esther ( during the rule of Artaxerxes ) in Chapter 6 . The canon is till the reign of Artaxerxes as mentioned by Josephus above in Against Apion ( Book 1 , Paragraph 8 ) . For a long time , following this date , the divine inspiration of Esther , the Song of Songs , and Ecclesiastes was often under scrutiny . According to Gerald A. Larue , Josephus ' listing represents what came to be the Jewish canon , although scholars were still wrestling with problems of the authority of certain writings at the time that he was writing . Barber says that Josephus ' 22 books were not universally accepted , since other Jewish communities used more than 22 books . In 1871 , Heinrich Graetz concluded that there had been a Council of Jamnia ( or Yavne in Hebrew ) which had decided Jewish canon sometime in the late 1st century ( c. 70 -- 90 ) . This became the prevailing scholarly consensus for much of the 20th century . However , the theory of the Council of Jamnia is largely discredited today . The protocanonical and deuterocanonical books ( edit ) See also : Biblical apocrypha , Protocanonical books , and Deuterocanonical books The Roman Catholic and Eastern Churches canons include books , called the deuterocanonical books , whose authority was disputed by Rabbi Akiva during the first - century development of the Hebrew Canon , though Akiva was not opposed to a private reading of them , as he himself frequently uses Sirach . One early record of the deuterocanonical books is found in the early Koine Greek Septuagint translation of the Jewish scriptures . This translation was widely used by the Early Christians and is the one most often quoted ( 300 of 350 quotations including many of Jesus ' own words ) in the New Testament when it quotes the Old Testament . Other , older versions of the texts in Hebrew , Aramaic , and Greek , have since been discovered among the Dead Sea scrolls and the Cairo Geniza . The traditional explanation of the development of the Old Testament canon describes two sets of Old Testament books , the protocanonical and the deuterocanonical books . According to this , some Church Fathers accepted the inclusion of the deuterocanonical books based on their inclusion in the Septuagint ( most notably Augustine ) , while others disputed their status based on their exclusion from the Hebrew Bible ( most notably Jerome ) . Michael Barber argues that this time - honored reconstruction is grossly inaccurate and that `` the case against the apocrypha is overstated '' . Augustine simply wanted a new version of the Latin Bible based on the Greek text since the Septuagint was widely used throughout the churches and translation process could not rely on a single person ( Jerome ) who could be fallible ; he in fact held that the Hebrew and the Septuagint were both equally inspired , as stated in his City of God 18.44 . For most Early Christians , the Hebrew Bible was `` Holy Scripture '' but was to be understood and interpreted in the light of Christian convictions . While deuterocanonical books were referenced by some fathers as Scripture , men such as Athanasius held that they were for reading only and not to be used for determination of doctrine . Athanasius includes the Book of Baruch and the Letter of Jeremiah in the list of the Canon of the Old Testament , and excludes the Book of Esther . According to the Catholic Encyclopedia , `` the inferior rank to which the deuteros were relegated by authorities like Origen , Athanasius , and Jerome , was due to too rigid a conception of canonicity , one demanding that a book , to be entitled to this supreme dignity , must be received by all , must have the sanction of Jewish antiquity , and must moreover be adapted not only to edification , but also to the ' confirmation of the doctrine of the Church ' , to borrow Jerome 's phrase . '' Following Martin Luther , Protestants regard the deuterocanonical books as apocryphal ( non-canonical ) . According to J.N.D. Kelly , `` It should be observed that the Old Testament thus admitted as authoritative in the Church ... always included , though with varying degrees of recognition , the so - called Apocrypha or deuterocanonical books . '' Septuagint ( edit ) The Septuagint ( LXX ) : A page from the Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209 , the basis of Sir Lancelot Brenton 's English translation . Main article : Septuagint The Early Christian Church used the Greek texts since Greek was a lingua franca of the Roman Empire at the time , and the language of the Greco - Roman Church ( Aramaic was the language of Syriac Christianity , which used the Targums ) . The Septuagint seems to have been a major source for the Apostles , but it is not the only one . St. Jerome offered , for example , Matt 2 : 15 and 2 : 23 , John 19 : 37 , John 7 : 38 , 1 Cor. 2 : 9 . as examples not found in the Septuagint , but in Hebrew texts . ( Matt 2 : 23 is not present in current Masoretic tradition either , though according to St. Jerome it was in Isaiah 11 : 1 . ) The New Testament writers , when citing the Jewish scriptures , or when quoting Jesus doing so , freely used the Greek translation , implying that Jesus , his Apostles and their followers considered it reliable . In the Early Christian Church , the presumption that the Septuagint ( LXX ) was translated by Jews before the era of Christ , and that the Septuagint at certain places gives itself more to a christological interpretation than 2nd - century Hebrew texts was taken as evidence that `` Jews '' had changed the Hebrew text in a way that made them less christological . For example , Irenaeus concerning Isaiah 7 : 14 : The Septuagint clearly writes of a virgin ( Greek παρθένος ) that shall conceive . While the Hebrew text was , according to Irenaeus , at that time interpreted by Theodotion and Aquila ( both proselytes of the Jewish faith ) as a young woman that shall conceive . According to Irenaeus , the Ebionites used this to claim that Joseph was the ( biological ) father of Jesus . From Irenaeus ' point of view that was pure heresy , facilitated by ( late ) anti-Christian alterations of the scripture in Hebrew , as evident by the older , pre-Christian , Septuagint . When Jerome undertook the revision of the Old Latin translations of the Septuagint , he checked the Septuagint against the Hebrew texts that were then available . He broke with church tradition and translated most of the Old Testament of his Vulgate from Hebrew rather than Greek . His choice was severely criticized by Augustine , his contemporary ; a flood of still less moderate criticism came from those who regarded Jerome as a forger . While on the one hand he argued for the superiority of the Hebrew texts in correcting the Septuagint on both philological and theological grounds , on the other , in the context of accusations of heresy against him , Jerome would acknowledge the Septuagint texts as well . The Eastern Orthodox Church still prefers to use the LXX as the basis for translating the Old Testament into other languages . The Eastern Orthodox also use LXX ( Septuagint ) untranslated where Greek is the liturgical language , e.g. in the Orthodox Church of Constantinople , the Church of Greece and the Cypriot Orthodox Church . Critical translations of the Old Testament , while using the Masoretic Text as their basis , consult the Septuagint as well as other versions in an attempt to reconstruct the meaning of the Hebrew text whenever the latter is unclear , undeniably corrupt , or ambiguous . Bryennios list ( edit ) See also : Codex Hierosolymitanus Perhaps the earliest reference to Christian canon is the Bryennios List which was found by Philotheos Bryennios in the Codex Hierosolymitanus in the library of the monastery of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in 1873 . The list is written in Koine Greek ( with transcribed Aramaic and / or Hebrew ) and dated to the first or early second century by Jean - Paul Audet in 1950 . Some scholars believe it should be assigned a later date . Audet lists 27 books : Genesis , Exodus , Leviticus , Jesus Nave , Deuteronomy , Numbers , Judges , Ruth , 4 of Kings ( Samuel and Kings ) , 2 of Chronicles , 2 of Esdras ( Ezra - Nehemiah ) , Esther , Psalms , Proverbs , Ecclesiastes , Song of Songs , Job , Minor prophets , Isaiah , Jeremiah , Ezekiel , Daniel . `` Jesus Nave '' was an old name for the Book of Joshua . `` 2 of Esdras '' could be 1 Esdras and Ezra - Nehemiah as in the Septuagint or Ezra and Nehemiah as in the Vulgate . According to Albert Sundberg , the uncommon 27 number of books is unknown in Jewish lists ; and R.T. Beckwith asserts that the Bryennios list `` mixes the Prophets and Hagiographa indiscriminately together , it must be of Christian rather than Jewish authorship , and since the use of Aramaic continued in the Palestinian church for centuries , there is no reason to date it so early ( first or second century C.E. ) . '' Marcion ( edit ) Marcion of Sinope was the first Christian leader in recorded history ( though later , considered heretical ) to propose and delineate a uniquely Christian canon . He explicitly rejects the Old Testament and pushes his version of the New Testament to be the Christian canon . Irenaeus wrote : Marcion ( besides abolishing the prophets and the law ) mutilates the Gospel that is according to Luke ... He likewise persuaded his disciples that he himself was more worthy of credit than are those apostles who have handed down the Gospel to us , furnishing his followers not with the Gospel but merely a fragment of it . In like manner , too , he dismembered the letters of Paul . ( Haer. 1.27. 2 ) With different perspective , Tertullian said : Since Marcion separated the New Testament from the Old , he is necessarily subsequent to that which he separated , inasmuch as it was only in his power to separate what was previously united . Having been united previous to its separation , the fact of its subsequent separation proves the subsequence also of the man who effected the separation . ( De praescriptione haereticorum 30 ) Everett Ferguson , in chapter 18 of The Canon Debate , makes a note that : `` ( Wolfram ) Kinzig suggests that it was Marcion who usually called his Bible testamentum ( Latin for testament ) '' . In the same chapter , Ferguson also says that Tertullian criticizes Marcion regarding the naming of the books in his list . According to the Catholic Encyclopedia , the Marcionites `` were perhaps the most dangerous foe Christianity has ever known '' . Other scholars propose that it was Melito of Sardis who originally coined the phrase `` Old Testament '' , which is associated with Supersessionism . Eusebius on Melito and Origen ( edit ) The first list of Old Testament books compiled by a Christian source is recorded by the 4th century historian Eusebius . Eusebius describes the collection of a 2nd century bishop , Melito of Sardis . Melito 's list , dated to circa 170 , the result of a trip to the Holy Land ( probably the famous library at Caesarea Maritima ) to determine both the order and number of books in the Hebrew Bible , instead seems to follow the order of the books presented in the Septuagint . Melito 's list , as cited by Eusebius , as follows : Of Moses , five books : Genesis , Exodus , Numbers , Leviticus , Deuteronomy ; Jesus Nave , Judges , Ruth ; of Kings , four books ; of Chronicles , two ; the Psalms of David , the Proverbs of Solomon , Wisdom also , Ecclesiastes , Song of Songs , Job ; of Prophets , Isaiah , Jeremiah ; of the twelve prophets , one book ; Daniel , Ezekiel , Esdras . According to Archibald Alexander , Melito 's list is thought by many includes the Book of Wisdom , which is part of the Deuterocanon , but which others dispute . Book of Esther does not appear in the list . Eusebius also records 22 canonical books of the Hebrews given by Origen of Alexandria : That which is called by us Genesis , but by the Hebrews , from the beginning of the book , Bresith , which means , ' In the beginning ' ; Exodus , Welesmoth , that is , ' These are the names ' ; Leviticus , Wikra , ' And he called ' ; Numbers , Ammesphekodeim ; Deuteronomy , Eleaddebareim , ' These are the words ' ; Jesus , the son of Nave , Josoue ben Noun ; Judges and Ruth , among them in one book , Saphateim ; the First and Second of Kings , among them one , Samouel , that is , ' The called of God ' ; the Third and Fourth of Kings in one , Wammelch David , that is , ' The kingdom of David ' ; of the Chronicles , the First and Second in one , Dabreïamein , that is , ' Records of days ' ; Esdras , First and Second in one , Ezra , that is , ' An assistant ' ; the book of Psalms , Spharthelleim ; the Proverbs of Solomon , Meloth ; Ecclesiastes , Koelth ; the Song of Songs ( not , as some suppose , Songs of Songs ) , Sir Hassirim ; Isaiah , Jessia ; Jeremiah , with Lamentations and the epistle in one , Jeremia ; Daniel , Daniel ; Ezekiel , Jezekiel ; Job , Job ; Esther , Esther . And besides these there are the Maccabees , which are entitled Sarbeth Sabanaiel . Origen 's list excludes the Twelve Minor Prophets , apparently by accident ; but includes the Epistle of Jeremiah ( perhaps referring Baruch as an appendix to Jeremiah ) and the Maccabees , which disputation exists whether he considers the Maccabees as canonical or not . Constantine the great ( edit ) Main article : Fifty Bibles of Constantine In 331 , Constantine I commissioned Eusebius to deliver fifty Bibles for the Church of Constantinople . Athanasius ( Apol . Const. 4 ) recorded Alexandrian scribes around 340 preparing Bibles for Constans . Little else is known , though there is plenty of speculation . For example , it is speculated that this may have provided motivation for canon lists , and that Codex Vaticanus and Codex Sinaiticus may be examples of these Bibles . Those codices contain almost a full version of the Septuagint ; Vaticanus is only lacking 1 -- 3 Maccabees and Sinaiticus is lacking 2 -- 3 Maccabees , 1 Esdras , Baruch and Letter of Jeremiah . Together with the Peshitta and Codex Alexandrinus , Codex Vaticanus and Sinaiticus are the earliest extant Christian Bibles . There is no evidence among the canons of the First Council of Nicaea of any determination on the canon , however , Jerome ( 347 -- 420 ) , in his Prologue to Judith , makes the claim that the Book of Judith was `` found by the Nicene Council to have been counted among the number of the Sacred Scriptures '' . Jerome and the Vulgate ( edit ) Pope Damasus I 's Council of Rome in 382 , if the Decretum Gelasianum is correctly associated with it , issued a biblical canon identical with the list given at Trent , or if not the list is at least a 6th - century compilation claiming a 4th - century imprimatur . He was encouraged his personal secretary , Jerome , in the Vulgate translation of the Bible . Damasus 's commissioning of the Latin Vulgate edition of the Bible was instrumental in the fixation of the canon in the West . This list , given below , was purportedly endorsed by Pope Damasus I : ( only shown the Old Testament part ) The order of the Old Testament begins here : Genesis , one book ; Exodus , one book ; Leviticus , one book ; Numbers , one book ; Deuteronomy , one book ; Joshua Nave , one book ; Judges , one book ; Ruth , one book ; Kings , four books ( Samuel I & II , Kings I & II ) ; Paralipomenon ( Chronicles ) , two books ; Psalms , one book ; Solomon , three books : Proverbs , one book ; Ecclesiastes , one book ; Canticle of Canticles , one book ; likewise Wisdom , one book ; Ecclesiasticus , one book . Likewise the order of the prophets : ... ( 16 books of the prophets listed ) . Likewise the order of the histories : Job , one book ; Tobit , one book ; Esdras ( Ezra - Nehemiah ) , two books ; Esther , one book ; Judith , one book ; Maccabees , two books . The two books of Esdras refer to the Book of Ezra and the Book of Nehemiah like what is appeared as one book ( ' Ezrā ) in the Hebrew Bible ; Jerome , in the Preface of the Books of Samuel and Kings , explains the following : `` To the third class belong the Hagiographa , of which the first book begins with Job , ... the eighth , Ezra , which itself is likewise divided amongst Greeks and Latins into two books ; the ninth is Esther . '' In his Vulgate 's prologues , Jerome argued for Veritas Hebraica , meaning the truth of the Hebrew text over the Septuagint and Old Latin translations . Vulgate Old Testament included books outside of the Hebrew Bible , translated from the Greek and Aramaic , or derived from the Old Latin . His Preface to The Books of Samuel and Kings includes the following statement , commonly called the Helmeted Preface : This preface to the Scriptures may serve as a `` helmeted '' introduction to all the books which we turn from Hebrew into Latin , so that we may be assured that what is not found in our list must be placed amongst the Apocryphal writings . Wisdom , therefore , which generally bears the name of Solomon , and the book of Jesus , the Son of Sirach , and Judith , and Tobias , and the Shepherd are not in the canon . The first book of Maccabees I have found to be Hebrew , the second is Greek , as can be proved from the very style . At the request of two bishops , however , he made translations of Tobit and Judith from Hebrew texts , which he made clear in his prologues he considered apocryphal . But in his prologue to Judith , without using the word canon , he mentioned that Judith was held to be scriptural by the First Council of Nicaea . In his reply to Rufinus , he affirmed that he was consistent with the choice of the church regarding which version of the deuterocanonical portions of Daniel to use , which the Jews of his day did not include : What sin have I committed in following the judgment of the churches ? But when I repeat what the Jews say against the Story of Susanna and the Hymn of the Three Children , and the fables of Bel and the Dragon , which are not contained in the Hebrew Bible , the man who makes this a charge against me proves himself to be a fool and a slanderer ; for I explained not what I thought but what they commonly say against us . ( Against Rufinus , II : 33 ( AD 402 ) ) . Michael Barber asserts that , although Jerome was once suspicious of the apocrypha , he later viewed them as Scripture . Barber argues that this is clear from Jerome 's epistles . As an example , he cites Jerome 's letter to Eustochium , in which Jerome quotes Sirach 13 : 2. , elsewhere Jerome also refers to Baruch , the Story of Susannah and Wisdom as scripture . Augustine and the north african councils ( edit ) See also : Synod of Hippo The Synod of Hippo ( in 393 ) , followed by the Council of Carthage ( 397 ) and the Council of Carthage ( 419 ) , may be the first council that explicitly accepted the first canon which includes the books that did not appear in the Hebrew Bible ; the councils were under significant influence of Augustine of Hippo , who regarded the canon as already closed . Canon xxxvi from the Synod of Hippo ( 393 ) records the Scriptures which is considered canonical ; the Old Testament books as follows : Genesis ; Exodus ; Leviticus ; Numbers ; Deuteronomy ; Joshua the Son of Nun ; The Judges ; Ruth ; The Kings , iv . books ; The Chronicles , ii . books ; Job ; The Psalter ; The Five books of Solomon ; The Twelve Books of the Prophets ; Isaiah ; Jeremiah ; Ezechiel ; Daniel ; Tobit ; Judith ; Esther ; Ezra , ii . books ; Macchabees , ii . books . On 28 August 397 , the Council of Carthage confirmed the canon issued at Hippo ; the recurrence of the Old Testament part as stated : Genesis , Exodus , Leviticus , Numbers , Deuteronomy , Joshua the son of Nun , Judges , Ruth , four books of Kings ( Samuel I & II , Kings I & II ) , two books of Paraleipomena ( Chronicles ) , Job , the Psalter , five books of Solomon , the books of the twelve prophets , Isaiah , Jeremiah , Ezechiel , Daniel , Tobit , Judith , Esther , two books of Esdras ( Ezra - Nehemiah ) , two books of the Maccabees . About the two books of Esdras ( Ezra - Nehemiah ) , Augustine of Hippo says : `` ... and the two of Ezra , which last look more like a sequel to the continuous regular history which terminates with the books of Kings and Chronicles . '' The five books of Solomon refer to Proverbs , Ecclesiastes , Song of Songs , Wisdom of Solomon , and Ecclesiasticus . The four books of Kings refer to the two books of Samuel and the two books of Kings ( see Books of Kings Composition ) Successively the Council of Carthage ( 419 ) in its Canon 24 listed exactly the same Old Testament Canon of the previous councils . According to the Catholic Encyclopedia , the canon from those councils corresponds to the present Roman Catholic canon . Philip Schaff states : `` The council of Hippo in 393 , and the third ( according to another reckoning the sixth ) council of Carthage in 397 , under the influence of Augustine , who attended both , fixed the catholic canon of the Holy Scriptures , including the Apocrypha of the Old Testament , ... This decision of the transmarine church however , was subject to ratification ; and the concurrence of the Roman see it received when Innocent I and Gelasius I ( A.D. 414 ) repeated the same index of biblical books . This canon remained undisturbed till the sixteenth century , and was sanctioned by the Council of Trent at its fourth session . '' Actually , the present Roman Catholic canon is the same that Augustine of Hippo wrote in his book On Christian Doctrine ( Book II Chapter 8 ) ( 397 AD ) Now the whole canon of Scripture on which we say this judgment is to be exercised , is contained in the following books : -- Five books of Moses , that is , Genesis , Exodus , Leviticus , Numbers , Deuteronomy ; one book of Joshua the son of Nun ; one of Judges ; one short book called Ruth ; next , four books of Kings ( the two books of Samuel and the two books of Kings ) , and two of Chronicles , Job , and Tobias , and Esther , and Judith , and the two books of Maccabees , and the two of Ezra ( Ezra - Nehemiah ) ... one book of the Psalms of David ; and three books of Solomon , that is to say Proverbs , Song of Songs , and Ecclesiastes ... For two books , one called Wisdom and the other Ecclesiasticus ... Twelve separate books of the prophets which are connected with one another , and having never been disjoined , are reckoned as one book ; the names of these prophets are as follows : Hosea , Joel , Amos , Obadiah , Jonah , Micah , Nahum , Habakkuk , Zephaniah , Haggai , Zechariah , Malachi ; then there are the four greater prophets , Isaiah , Jeremiah , Daniel , Ezekiel . The Synod of Laodicea ( edit ) The Synod of Laodicea was a regional synod of approximately thirty clerics from Asia Minor that assembled about 363 -- 364 AD in Laodicea , Phrygia Pacatiana . The 59th canon forbade the readings in church of uncanonical books . The 60th canon listed as Canonical books the 22 books of the Hebrew Bible plus the Book of Baruch and the Epistle of Jeremy . The authenticity of the 60th canon is doubtful as it is missing from various manuscripts and may have been added later to specify the extent of the preceding 59th canon . Other early authors ( edit ) Athanasius ( 367 AD ) , Cyril of Jerusalem ( c. 350 AD ) and Epiphanius of Salamis ( c. 385 AD ) listed as Canonical books the 22 books of the Hebrew Bible plus the Book of Baruch and the Epistle of Jeremy . Epiphanius of Salamis ( c. 385 AD ) in his Panarion writes that along with the Hebrew bible books Jews had in their books the deuterocanonical Epistle of Jeremiah and Baruch , both combined with Jeremiah and Lamentations in only one book . The monk Rufinus of Aquileia ( c. 400 AD ) named as Canonical books the books of the Hebrew Bible and the deuterocanonical books named as `` Ecclesiastical '' books . Pope Innocent I ( 405 AD ) in a letter sent to the bishop of Toulouse cited as Canonical books the books of the Hebrew Bible plus the deuterocanonical books as a part of the Old Testament Canon . The Decretum Gelasianum which is a work written by an anonymous scholar between 519 and 553 contains a list of books of Scripture presented as having been made Canonical by the Council of Rome ( 382 AD ) . This list mentions the Hebrew Bible plus the deuterocanonical books as a part of the Old Testament Canon . Quinisext Council and Canons of the Apostles ( edit ) See also : Quinisext Council and Canons of the Apostles The Quinisext Council ( or the Council in Trullo ) in 691 -- 692 , which was rejected by Pope Sergius I and is not recognized by the Catholic Church ( see also Pentarchy ) , endorsed the following lists of canonical writings : the Apostolic Canons ( c. 385 ) , the Synod of Laodicea ( c. 363 ) , the Third Synod of Carthage ( c. 397 ) , and the 39th Festal Letter of Athanasius ( 367 ) . The Apostolic Canons ( or Ecclesiastical Canons of the Same Holy Apostles , Canons of the Apostles ) is a collection of ancient ecclesiastical decrees concerning the government and discipline of the Early Christian Church , first found as last chapter of the eighth book of the Apostolic Constitutions . Canon n . 85 of the Ecclesiastical Canons of the Same Holy Apostles is a list of canonical books , includes 46 books of Old Testament canon which essentially corresponds to that of the Septuagint . The Old Testament part of the Canon n . 85 stated as follows : Of the Old Covenant : the five books of Moses -- Genesis , Exodus , Leviticus , Numbers , and Deuteronomy ; one of Joshua the son of Nun , one of the Judges , one of Ruth , four of the Kings , two of the Chronicles , two of Ezra , one of Esther , one of Judith , three of the Maccabees , one of Job , one hundred and fifty psalms ; three books of Solomon -- Proverbs , Ecclesiastes , and the Song of Songs ; sixteen prophets . And besides these , take care that your young persons learn the Wisdom of the very learned Sirach . Karl Josef von Hefele argues that `` This is probably the least ancient canon in the whole collection '' ; even he and William Beveridge believe that the writings of the Apostolic Canons dating from end of the second or early of the third century , though others agree that they could not have been composed before the Synods of Antioch of 341 nor even before the latter end of the 4th century . Reformation era ( edit ) See also : Protestant Reformation One of the tenets of the Protestant Reformation ( beginning c. 1517 ) was that translations of scriptures should be based on the original texts ( i.e. Biblical Hebrew and Biblical Aramaic for the Old Testament and Biblical Greek for the New Testament ) rather than upon Jerome 's translation into Latin , which at the time was the Bible of the Catholic Church . The reformers saw the Apocrypha at variance with the rest of Scripture . The Roman Catholic Church uses them to support the doctrine of Purgatory , for prayers and Masses for the dead ( 2 Macc 12 : 43 -- 45 ) , and for the efficacy of good works in attaining salvation ( Tobit 12 : 9 ; Ecclesiasticus 7 : 33 ) , things that Protestants then and today deem to be blatantly contradicting other parts of the Bible . Martin Luther ( edit ) Main article : Luther 's canon Luther did remove the deuterocanonical books from the Old Testament of his translation of the Bible , placing them in the `` Apocrypha , that are books which are not considered equal to the Holy Scriptures , but are useful and good to read '' . He also did many other canon - related things . Luther argued unsuccessfully for the relocation of Esther from the Canon to the Apocrypha , since without the deuterocanonical sections , it never mentions God . Then he said : `` Does it urge Christ ? Yes , because it tells the story of the survival of the people from whom Christ came . '' As a result , Catholics and Protestants continue to use different canons , which differ in respect to the Old Testament . There is some evidence that the first decision to omit these books entirely from the Bible was made by Protestant laity rather than clergy . Bibles dating from shortly after the Reformation have been found whose tables of contents included the entire Roman Catholic canon , but which did not actually contain the disputed books , leading some historians to think that the workers at the printing presses took it upon themselves to omit them . However , Anglican and Lutheran Bibles usually still contained these books until the 20th century , while Calvinist Bibles did not . Several reasons are proposed for the omission of these books from the canon . One is the support for Catholic doctrines such as Purgatory and Prayer for the dead found in 2 Maccabees . Luther himself said he was following Jerome 's teaching about the Veritas Hebraica . Council of Trent ( edit ) Main article : Canon of Trent The Council of Trent on April 8 , 1546 , approved the enforcement of the present Roman Catholic Bible Canon including the Deuterocanonical Books as an article of faith ( the contents of the canon itself having already been reaffirmed unanimously ) , and the decision was confirmed by an anathema by vote ( 24 yea , 15 nay , 16 abstain ) . The canonical books list is the same as produced at the Council of Florence ( Session 11 , 4 February 1442 ) , Augustine 's 397 - 419 Councils of Carthage , and probably Damasus ' 382 Council of Rome . This list was defined as canonical in the profession of faith proposed for the Jacobite Orthodox Church . Because of its placement , the list was not considered binding for the Catholic Church , and in light of Martin Luther 's demands , the Catholic Church examined the question of the Canon again at the Council of Trent , which reaffirmed the Canon of the Council of Florence and added the anathema against attempts to change the contents of the canon . The Old Testament books that had been in doubt were termed deuterocanonical , not indicating a lesser degree of inspiration , but a later time of final approval . Beyond these books , some editions of the Latin Vulgate include Psalm 151 , the Prayer of Manasseh , 1 Esdras ( called 3 Esdras ) , 2 Esdras ( called 4 Esdras ) , and the Epistle to the Laodiceans in an appendix , styled `` Apogryphi '' . On 2 June 1927 , Pope Pius XI decreed that the Comma Johanneum of the New Testament was open to dispute ; on 3 September 1943 , Pope Pius XII reiterated the teaching of the Church in Divino afflante Spiritu , reaffirming that Catholic translations of the Bible in vernacular languages , based on Aramaic , Greek , and Hebrew texts , had been allowed by the Church since the time of the Council of Trent . Church of England ( edit ) Main articles : Thirty - Nine Articles and King James Bible The Church of England separated from Rome in 1534 , and published its Thirty - Nine Articles in Latin in 1563 and in Elizabethan English in 1571 . Article 6 of the 1801 American revision is titled : `` Of the Sufficiency of the Holy Scriptures for Salvation '' : ... In the name of Holy Scripture we do understand those Canonical Books of the Old and New Testament , of whose authority was never any doubt in the Church . Of the names and Number of the Canonical Books : Genesis ; Exodus ; Leviticus ; Numbers ; Deuteronomy ; Joshua ; Judges ; Ruth ; The I Book of Samuel ; The II Book of Samuel ; The I Book of Kings ; The II Book of Kings ; The I Book of Chronicles ; The II Book of Chronicles ; The I Book of Esdras ; The II Book of Esdras ; The Book of Esther ; The Book of Job ; The Psalms ; The Proverbs ; Ecclesiastes , or the Preacher ; Cantica , or Songs of Solomon ; Four Prophets the Greater ; Twelve Prophets the Less . And the other Books ( as Heirome ( The Old English form of Hieronymus , or Jerome ... ) saith ) the Church doth read for example of life and instruction of manners ; but yet it doth not apply them to establish any doctrine . Such are these following : The III Book of Esdras ; The IV Book of Esdras ; The Book of Tobias ; The Book of Judith ; The rest of the Book of Esther † ; The Book of Wisdom ; Jesus the Son of Sirach ; Baruch the Prophet † ; The Song of the Three Children † ; The Story of Suzanna ; Of Bel and the Dragon † ; The Prayer of Manasses † ; The I Book of Maccabees ; The II Book of Maccabees . All the Books of the New Testament , as they are commonly received , we do receive and account them Canonical . ( books marked † were added in 1571 . ) The original King James Bible of 1611 included King James Version Apocrypha which is frequently omitted in modern printings . These texts are : 1 Esdras , 2 Esdras , Tobit , Judith , Rest of Esther , Wisdom , Ecclesiasticus , Baruch and the Epistle of Jeremy , Song of the Three Children , Story of Susanna , The Idol Bel and the Dragon , Prayer of Manasses , 1 Maccabees , 2 Maccabees . The English Civil War broke out in 1642 and lasted till 1649 . The Long Parliament of 1644 decreed that only the Hebrew Canon would be read in the Church of England , and in 1647 the Westminster Confession of Faith was issued which decreed a 39 - book OT and 27 - book NT , the others commonly labelled as `` Apocrypha '' were excluded . Today this decree is a Protestant distinctive , a consensus of Protestant churches , not limited to the Church of Scotland , Presbyterianism , and Calvinism , but shared with Baptist and Anabaptist confessions of faith also . With the Restoration of the Monarchy to Charles II of England ( 1660 -- 1685 ) , the Church of England was once again governed by the Thirty - Nine Articles , as printed in the Book of Common Prayer ( 1662 ) , which explicitly excludes the Apocrypha from the inspired writings as unsuitable for forming doctrine , while eirenically conceding them value for education so permitting public reading and study . According to The Apocrypha , Bridge of the Testaments : On the other hand , the Anglican Communion emphatically maintains that the Apocrypha is part of the Bible and is to be read with respect by her members . Two of the hymns used in the American Prayer Book office of Morning Prayer , the Benedictus es and Benedicite , are taken from the Apocrypha . One of the offertory sentences in Holy Communion comes from an apocryphal book ( Tob. 4 : 8 -- 9 ) . Lessons from the Apocrypha are regularly appointed to be read in the daily , Sunday , and special services of Morning and Evening Prayer . There are altogether 111 such lessons in the latest revised American Prayer Book Lectionary ( The books used are : II Esdras , Tobit , Wisdom , Ecclesiasticus , Baruch , Three Holy Children , and I Maccabees . ) The position of the Church is best summarized in the words of Article Six of the Thirty - nine Articles : `` In the name of Holy Scripture we do understand those canonical Books of the Old and New Testament , of whose authority there was never any doubt in the Church ... And the other Books ( as Hierome ( St. Jerome ) saith ) the Church doth read for example of life and instruction of manners ; but yet doth it not apply them to establish any doctrine ... `` : Eastern Orthodox Canon ( edit ) Main article : Synod of Jerusalem ( 1672 ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2014 ) The Eastern Orthodox receive as their canon the books found in their Septuagintal , Patristic , Byzantine , and liturgical tradition . As of the Synod of Jerusalem , convened in 1672 , the Orthodox Church considers as canonical the following : specifically , `` The Wisdom of Solomon , '' `` Judith , '' `` Tobit , '' `` The History of the Dragon '' ( Bel and the Dragon ) , `` The History of Susanna , '' `` The Maccabees , '' and `` The Wisdom of Sirach . '' For we judge these also to be with the other genuine Books of Divine Scripture genuine parts of Scripture . For ancient custom , or rather the Catholic Church , which has delivered to us as genuine the Sacred Gospels and the other Books of Scripture , has undoubtedly delivered these also as parts of Scripture , and the denial of these is the rejection of those . And if , perhaps , it seems that not always have all of these been considered on the same level as the others , yet nevertheless these also have been counted and reckoned with the rest of Scripture , both by Synods and by many of the most ancient and eminent Theologians of the Catholic Church . All of these we also judge to be Canonical Books , and confess them to be Sacred Scripture . Not all books of the Old Testament are covered in the Prophetologion , the official Old Testament lectionary : `` Because the only exposure most Eastern Christians had to the Old Testament was from the readings during services , the Prophetologion can be called the Old Testament of the Byzantine Church . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Canon of the Old Testament . '' The Catholic Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ `` Sirach , The Wisdom of Jesus the Son of '' . Jewish Encyclopedia . 1906 . Jump up ^ Samuel Fallows et al. , eds. ( 1910 ) ( 1901 ) . The Popular and Critical Bible Encyclopædia and Scriptural Dictionary , Fully Defining and Explaining All Religious Terms , Including Biographical , Geographical , Historical , Archæological and Doctrinal Themes . The Howard - Severance company . p. 521 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ For the number of books of the Hebrew Bible see : Darshan , G . `` The Twenty - Four Books of the Hebrew Bible and Alexandrian Scribal Methods , '' , in : M.R. Niehoff ( ed . ) , Homer and the Bible in the Eyes of Ancient Interpreters : Between Literary and Religious Concerns ( JSRC 16 ) , Leiden : Brill 2012 , pp. 221 -- 244 . Jump up ^ Philip R. Davies in The Canon Debate , page 50 : `` With many other scholars , I conclude that the fixing of a canonical list was almost certainly the achievement of the Hasmonean dynasty . '' Jump up ^ McDonald & Sanders , The Canon Debate , 2002 , page 5 , cited are Neusner 's Judaism and Christianity in the Age of Constantine , pages 128 -- 145 , and Midrash in Context : Exegesis in Formative Judaism , pages 1 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Brettler , Marc Zvi ( 2005 ) , How to read the Bible , Jewish Publication Society , p. 274 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8276 - 1001 - 9 ^ Jump up to : Barber , Michael ( 2006 - 03 - 04 ) . `` Loose Canons : The Development of the Old Testament ( Part 1 ) '' . Jump up ^ Flavius Josephus , Against Apion , Early Jewish Writings Jump up ^ Flavius Josephus , Antiquities of the Jews -- Book XI , Internet Sacred Text Archive Jump up ^ Henshaw , T . The Writings : The Third Division of the Old Testament Canon . George Allen & Unwin Ltd. , 1963 , pp. 17 ^ Jump up to : Gerald A. Larue ( 1968 ) , `` Chapter 31 . Development of the Canon '' , Old Testament Life and Literature , Allyn and Bacon Jump up ^ W.M. Christie , The Jamnia Period in Jewish History ( PDF ) , Biblical Studies.org.uk Jump up ^ Jack P. Lewis ( April 1964 ) , `` What Do We Mean by Jabneh ? '' , Journal of Bible and Religion , 32 , No. 2 , Oxford University Press , pp. 125 -- 132 , JSTOR 1460205 Jump up ^ Anchor Bible Dictionary Vol . III , pp. 634 -- 7 ( New York 1992 ) . Jump up ^ McDonald & Sanders , editors , The Canon Debate , 2002 , chapter 9 : Jamnia Revisited by Jack P. Lewis . Jump up ^ W. Bacher , Ag . Tan . i . 277 ; H. Grätz , Gnosticismus , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Abegg , Martin ; Flint , Peter ; Ulrich , Eugene ( 1999 ) . The Dead Sea Scroll Bible . HarperOne . p. 597,628,636 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 060064 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Barber , Michael ( 2006 - 03 - 06 ) . `` Loose Canons : The Development of the Old Testament ( Part 2 ) '' . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Ernst Wurthwein ; Alexander Achilles Fischer ( 2014 ) , The Text of the Old Testament , Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing , pp. 142 -- 143 , ISBN 9780802866806 Jump up ^ Grant , Robert M. ( 1948 ) . The Bible in the Church . New York : The Macmillan Company . pp. 43 ff . Jump up ^ Philip Schaff and Henry Wace , Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series , vol . VI , St. Athanasius , Letter 39.7 , ( Grand Rapids : Eerdmans , 1953 ) , p. 552 . Jump up ^ Aboagye - Mensah , Robert ( 2015 ) , `` Bishop Athanasius : His Life , Ministry and Legacy to African Christianity and the Global Church '' , in Gillian Mary Bediako ; Bernhardt Quarshie ; J. Kwabena Asamoah - Gyadu , Seeing New Facets of the Diamond , Wipf and Stock Publishers , ISBN 9781498217293 Jump up ^ Reid , G ( 1908 ) , `` Canon of the Old Testament '' , The Catholic Encyclopedia , 3 , New York : Robert Appleton Company ( retrieved from New Advent ) Jump up ^ Kelly , J.N.D. Early Christian Doctrines. Harper Collins . pp. 53 -- 54 . Jump up ^ `` The translation , which shows at times a peculiar ignorance of Hebrew usage , was evidently made from a codex which differed widely in places from the text crystallized by the Masorah ( ... ) Two things , however , rendered the Septuagint unwelcome in the long run to the Jews . Its divergence from the accepted text ( afterward called the Masoretic ) was too evident ; and it therefore could not serve as a basis for theological discussion or for homiletic interpretation . This distrust was accentuated by the fact that it had been adopted as Sacred Scripture by the new faith ( Christianity ) ( ... ) In course of time it came to be the canonical Greek Bible ( ... ) It became part of the Bible of the Christian Church . '' `` Bible Translations -- The Septuagint '' . JewishEncyclopedia.com . Retrieved 10 February 2012 . Jump up ^ St. Jerome , Apology Book II . Jump up ^ H.B. Swete , An Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek , revised by R.R. Ottley , 1914 ; reprint , Peabody , Massachusetts : Hendrickson , 1989 . Jump up ^ `` The quotations from the Old Testament found in the New are in the main taken from the Septuagint ; and even where the citation is indirect the influence of this version is clearly seen ( ... ) '' `` Bible Translations -- The Septuagint '' . JewishEncyclopedia.com . Retrieved 10 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Irenaeus , Against Herecies Book III . Jump up ^ Rebenich , S. , Jerome ( Routledge , 2013 ) , p. 58 . ISBN 9781134638444 Jump up ^ Ernst Würthwein , The Text of the Old Testament , trans . Errol F. Rhodes , Grand Rapids , Mich. : Wm . Eerdmans , 1995 . Jump up ^ For example , the Jerusalem Bible Foreword says , `` ... only when this ( the Masoretic Text ) presents insuperable difficulties have emendations or other versions , such as the ... LXX , been used . '' Jerusalem Bible Readers Edition , 1990 : London , citing the Standard Edition of 1985 Jump up ^ The Translator 's Preface to the New International Version says : `` The translators also consulted the more important early versions ( including ) the Septuagint ... Readings from these versions were occasionally followed where the MT seemed doubtful ... '' `` Life Application Bible '' ( NIV ) , 1988 : Tyndale House Publishers , using `` Holy Bible '' text , copyright International Bible Society 1973 ^ Jump up to : Edward Earle Ellis ( 1991 ) , The Old Testament in Early Christianity , Mohr Siebeck , p. 22 , N. 70 , ISBN 9783161456602 ^ Jump up to : Albert C. Sundberg , Jr , ' The Old Testament of the Early Church ' Revisited , Department of Classics -- Monmouth College Jump up ^ Lee Martin McDonald ( 26 January 2017 ) . The Formation of the Biblical Canon : Volume 1 : The Old Testament : Its Authority and Canonicity . Bloomsbury Publishing . p. 359 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 567 - 66877 - 6 . Jump up ^ Bruce Metzger ( 1997 ) , The canon of the New Testament , Oxford University Press , p. 98 ^ Jump up to : Everett Ferguson ( 2001 ) , `` 18 . Factors Leading to the Selection and Closure of the New Testament Canon : A Survey of Some Recent Studies '' , in Lee Martin McDonald , James A. Sanders , The Canon Debate , Baker Academic , ISBN 9781441241634 Jump up ^ Arendzen , John ( 1910 ) , `` Marcionites '' , The Catholic Encyclopedia , 9 , New York : Robert Appleton Company Jump up ^ Edward Kessler ; Neil Wenborn ( 2005 ) , A Dictionary of Jewish - Christian Relations , Cambridge University Press , p. 316 , ISBN 9781139447508 ^ Jump up to : Eusebius . `` Ecclesiastical History 4.26. 12 -- 14 '' . Jump up ^ Archibald Alexander , `` Section II , Constitution of the Canon of the Old Testament by Ezra '' , The Canon of the Old and New Testaments Ascertained Jump up ^ Eusebius . `` Ecclesiastical History 6.25. 1 -- 2 '' . Jump up ^ James Waterworth ; R. Simpson ( 1835 ) , An Examination of the Distinctive Principle of Protestantism , W.M. Watson , pp. 93 -- 95 Jump up ^ John Goldingay ( 2004 ) , Models for Scripture , Clements Publishing Group , p. 148 , n. 37 , ISBN 9781894667418 Jump up ^ Martin Hengel ( 2004 ) , Septuagint As Christian Scripture , A&C Black , p. 57 , ISBN 9780567082879 Jump up ^ The Canon Debate , pages 414 -- 415 , for the entire paragraph Jump up ^ Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Book of Judith '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . : Canonicity : `` ... '' the Synod of Nicaea is said to have accounted it as Sacred Scripture '' ( Praef. in Lib . ) . It is true that no such declaration is to be found in the Canons of Nicaea , and it is uncertain whether St. Jerome is referring to the use made of the book in the discussions of the council , or whether he was misled by some spurious canons attributed to that council '' ^ Jump up to : Lindberg , Carter ( 2006 ) . A Brief History of Christianity . Blackwell Publishing . p. 15 . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 1078 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : F.L. Cross ; E.A. Livingstone , eds. ( 1983 ) , The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church ( 2nd ed . ) , Oxford University Press , p. 232 Jump up ^ Bruce , F.F. ( 1988 ) . The Canon of Scripture . InterVarsity Press . p. 234 . Jump up ^ Burkitt , F.C. ( 1913 ) . `` The Decretum Gelasianum '' . Journal of Theological Studies . 14 : 469 -- 471 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Bruce , F.F. ( 1988 ) . The Canon of Scripture . InterVarsity Press . p. 225 . Jump up ^ Ernst von Dobschütz ( ed . ) , Decretum Gelasianum De Libris Recipiendis Et Non Recipiendis , www.tertullian.org Jump up ^ James Akin , Defending the Deuterocanonicals , Eternal Word Television Network ^ Jump up to : `` Jerome 's Preface to Samuel and Kings '' , Jerome : The Principal Works of St. Jerome , CCEL Jump up ^ Jerome ( 2006 ) . `` Prologue to Tobit '' . Jump up ^ McDonald & Sanders , editors of The Canon Debate , 2002 , chapter 5 : The Septuagint : The Bible of Hellenistic Judaism by Albert C. Sundberg Jr. , page 88 : `` Jerome had Hebrew texts of Sirach , Tobit , Judith ( in Aramaic , or `` Chaldee '' ) , 1 Maccabees , and Jubilees , presumably from Jews , translating them into Latin . '' Jump up ^ `` Jerome 's Prologue to Judith '' . Jump up ^ Jerome , `` Apology Against Rufinus ( Book II ) '' , in Philip Schaff ; Henry Wace , Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series , 3 ( 1892 ed . ) , Buffalo , New York : Christian Literature Publishing Co. ( retrieved from New Advent ) Jump up ^ Jerome , To Paulinus , Epistle 58 ( A.D. 395 ) , in NPNF2 , VI : 119. : `` Do not , my dearest brother , estimate my worth by the number of my years . Gray hairs are not wisdom ; it is wisdom which is as good as gray hairs At least that is what Solomon says : `` wisdom is the gray hair unto men . ' ( Wisdom 4 : 9 ) '' Moses too in choosing the seventy elders is told to take those whom he knows to be elders indeed , and to select them not for their years but for their discretion ( Num. 11 : 16 ) ? And , as a boy , Daniel judges old men and in the flower of youth condemns the incontinence of age ( Daniel 13 : 55 -- 59 aka Story of Susannah 55 -- 59 ) '' Jump up ^ Jerome , To Oceanus , Epistle 77 : 4 ( A.D. 399 ) , in NPNF2 , VI : 159. : `` I would cite the words of the psalmist : ' the sacrifices of God are a broken spirit , ' ( Ps 51 : 17 ) and those of Ezekiel ' I prefer the repentance of a sinner rather than his death , ' ( Ez 18 : 23 ) and those of Baruch , ' Arise , arise , O Jerusalem , ' ( Baruch 5 : 5 ) and many other proclamations made by the trumpets of the Prophets . '' Jump up ^ Jerome , Letter 51 , 6 , 7 , NPNF2 , VI : 87 - 8 : `` For in the book of Wisdom , which is inscribed with his name , Solomon says : `` God created man to be immortal , and made him to be an image of his own eternity . '' ( Wisdom 2 : 23 ) ... Instead of the three proofs from Holy Scripture which you said would satisfy you if I could produce them , behold I have given you seven '' Jump up ^ McDonald & Sanders , editors of The Canon Debate , 2002 , chapter 5 : The Septuagint : The Bible of Hellenistic Judaism by Albert C. Sundberg Jr. , page 72 , Appendix D - 2 , note 19 . Jump up ^ Everett Ferguson , `` Factors leading to the Selection and Closure of the New Testament Canon '' , in The Canon Debate . eds . L.M. McDonald & J.A. Sanders ( Hendrickson , 2002 ) p. 320 . Jump up ^ F.F. Bruce ( 1988 ) , The Canon of Scripture . Intervarsity Press , p. 230 . Jump up ^ Augustine , De Civitate Dei 22.8 Jump up ^ `` Canon XXIV . ( Greek xxvii . ) '' , The Canons of the 217 Blessed Fathers who assembled at Carthage , Christian Classics Ethereal Library Jump up ^ B.F. Westcott , A General Survey of the History of the Canon of the New Testament ( 5th ed . Edinburgh , 1881 ) , pp. 440 , 541 - 2 . Jump up ^ Augustine of Hippo . On Christian Doctrine . Book II , Chapter 8 . Jump up ^ Innocent I , Bible Research Jump up ^ Council of Carthage ( A.D. 419 ) Canon 24 Jump up ^ Havey , Francis ( 1907 ) , `` African Synods '' , The Catholic Encyclopedia , 1 , New York : Robert Appleton Company ^ Jump up to : Philip Schaff , `` Chapter IX . Theological Controversies , and Development of the Ecumenical Orthodoxy '' , History of the Christian Church , CCEL Jump up ^ of Hippo , Augustine . On Christian Doctrine Book II Chapter 8 : 2 . newadvent . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Council of Laodicea at bible-researcher.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Synod of Laodicea '' Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series , Vol. 14 . Philip Schaff and Henry Wace ( eds ) . Buffalo , New York : Christian Literature Publishing Co. , ( 1900 ) . `` ( N.B. -- This Canon is of most questionable genuineness . ) '' Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ of Alexandria , Athansius . CHURCH FATHERS : Letter 39 ( Athanasius ) . newadvent . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ of Jerusalem , Cyril . Catechetical Lecture 4 Chapter 35 . newadvent . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , translated by Frank ( 1987 ) . The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis 8 : 6 : 1 - 3 ( 2 . impression . ed . ) . Leiden : E.J. Brill . ISBN 9004079262 . Retrieved 11 October 2016 . Jump up ^ of Aquileia , Rufinus . Commentary on the Apostles ' Creed # 38 . newadvent . Retrieved 12 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Westcott , Brooke Foss ( 2005 ) . A general survey of the history of the canon of the New Testament Page 570 ( 6th ed . ) . Eugene , Oregon : Wipf & Stock . ISBN 1597522392 . Jump up ^ Decretum Gelasianum de Libris Recipiendis et Non Recipiendis Jump up ^ Andrew J. Ekonomou ( 2007 ) , Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes , Lexington Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 73911977 - 8 , p. 222 . Jump up ^ Philip Schaff ; Henry Wace ( eds . ) , `` Council in Trullo '' , Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers , Second Series , Vol. 14 ^ Jump up to : `` APOSTOLIC CANONS '' . Jump up ^ Michael D. Marlowe . `` The `` Apostolic Canons '' ( about A.D. 380 ) `` . Bible Research . Archived from the original on 29 August 2010 . Retrieved 2 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : James Donaldson , D.D. ( ed . ) , `` Ecclesiastical Canons of the Same Holy Apostles '' , Constitutions of the Holy Apostles , Christian Classics Ethereal Library Jump up ^ Shahan , Thomas ( 1908 ) , `` Apostolic Canons '' , The Catholic Encyclopedia , 3 , New York : Robert Appleton Company Jump up ^ Fallows , Samuel ; et al. , eds. ( 1910 ) ( 1901 ) . The Popular and Critical Bible Encyclopædia and Scriptural Dictionary , Fully Defining and Explaining All Religious Terms , Including Biographical , Geographical , Historical , Archæological and Doctrinal Themes . The Howard - Severance co . p. 521 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Luther '' . WELS Topical Q&A . Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod . Archived from the original on 20 April 2014 . Retrieved 30 Sep 2015 . Jump up ^ Metzger , Bruce M. ( March 13 , 1997 ) . The Canon of the New Testament : Its Origin , Development , and Significance . Oxford University Press . p. 246 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 826954 - 4 . Finally on 8 April 1546 , by a vote of 24 to 15 , with 16 abstensions , the Council issued a decree ( De Canonicis Scripturis ) in which , for the first time in the history of the Church , the question of the contents of the Bible was made an absolute article of faith and confirmed by an anathema . Jump up ^ `` Council of Basel 1431 - 45 A '' . Papalencyclicals.net . Retrieved 7 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Pope Pius XII . `` Divino afflante Spiritu '' . pp. # 22 . Retrieved 13 October 2013 . Nor is it forbidden by the decree of the Council of Trent to make translations into the vulgar tongue , even directly from the original texts themselves , for the use and benefit of the faithful and for the better understanding of the divine word , as We know to have been already done in a laudable manner in many countries with the approval of the Ecclesiastical authority Jump up ^ `` Schaff 's Creeds of Christendom , The Elizabethan Articles . A.D. 1563 and 1571 '' . Jump up ^ The Bible : Authorized King James Version with Apocrypha , Oxford World 's Classics , 1998 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 283525 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Westminster Confession of Faith '' . Jump up ^ WCF 1.3 : `` The books commonly called Apocrypha , not being of divine inspiration , are no part of the canon of the Scripture , and therefore are of no authority in the Church of God , nor to be any otherwise approved , or made use of , than other human writings '' Jump up ^ Hall , Peter ( 1842 ) . The Harmony of Protestant Confessions , Exhibiting the Faith of the Churches of Christ Reformed after the Pure and Holy Doctrine of the Gospel throughout Europe , Revised edition . London : J.F. Shaw . Jump up ^ `` The Apocrypha , Bridge of the Testaments '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Dennis Bratcher ( ed . ) , The Confession of Dositheus ( Eastern Orthodox , 1672 ) , Question 3 , CRI / Voice , Institute Jump up ^ Prophetologion Jump up ^ `` Bishop Demetri Khoury Releases Prophetologion E-Book '' . External links ( edit ) `` The Jewish people and their Sacred Scriptures in the Christian Bible '' from the Pontifical Biblical Commission `` The Old Testament Canon '' , Scripture & tradition , Church Fathers . `` Old Testament '' , Reading Room , CA : Tyndale Seminary . Extensive online OT resources ( incl . commentaries ) . Deuterocanonical books -- Full text from Saint Takla Haymanot Church Website ( also available the full text in Arabic ) The Apocrypha : Inspired of God ? ( hide ) Books of the Bible Principal divisions Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Protocanon Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 -- 2 Samuel 1 -- 2 Kings 1 -- 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanon and Apocrypha Catholic Orthodox Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Tewahedo Orthodox Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Letter of Baruch 2 Baruch Psalms 152 -- 155 New Testament Matthew Mark Luke Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major prophets / Minor prophets Gospels Synoptic Epistles Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Luther 's canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha list New Testament apocrypha Studies Synod of Hippo Textual criticism Portal WikiProject Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Development_of_the_Old_Testament_canon&oldid=827320513 '' Categories : Development of the Christian biblical canon Early Christianity Old Testament Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles to be expanded from April 2014 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Bahasa Indonesia Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 24 February 2018 , at 01 : 36 . 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7361908232329479878	Xbox 360 technical problems	Xbox 360 technical problems - wikipedia Xbox 360 technical problems Jump to : navigation , search `` Ring of Death '' redirects here . For the 2008 film , see Ring of Death ( film ) . An image showing various error codes of the original model Xbox 360 . The Xbox 360 video game console is subject to a number of technical problems and failures that can render it unusable . However , many of the issues can be identified by a series of glowing red lights flashing on the face of the console ; the three flashing red lights ( nicknamed the `` Red Ring of Death '' or the `` RRoD '' ) being the most famous . There are also other issues that arise with the console , such as discs becoming scratched in the drive and `` bricking '' of consoles due to dashboard updates . Since its release on November 22 , 2005 , many articles have appeared in the media portraying the Xbox 360 's failure rates , with the latest estimate by warranty provider SquareTrade to be 23.7 % in 2009 , and currently the highest estimate being 54.2 % by a Game Informer survey . There has been legal action taken attempting to hold Microsoft responsible for the Xbox 360 's failure rate and provide compensation for those affected . Contents ( hide ) 1 `` General Hardware Failure '' errors 1.1 Response to rate of failure 1.2 Causes 2 Scratched discs 2.1 Disc replacement 2.2 Kassa 's February 2007 investigation 2.3 Kassa 's April 2007 investigation 2.4 The European Commission 's June 2007 investigation of disc scratches 2.5 Lawsuit 2.6 BBC Watchdog investigation of Xbox 360 disc scratches ( 2009 ) 3 Other 3.1 November 2006 update 3.2 Video failure 3.3 Nyko Intercooler 3.4 `` New Xbox Experience '' update issues 4 E74 error 5 Secondary Error Code 6 References 7 External links `` General hardware failure '' errors ( edit ) Three red lights on the Xbox 360 's ring indicator representing a `` General Error requiring service of the Console or Power Adapter , '' commonly nicknamed the `` Red Ring of Death . '' The three red lights on the Ring of Light indicate that a General Hardware Failure error occurred . Three flashing red lights around the Xbox 360 power button instead of the one to four green lights indicating normal operation represent an internal problem that requires service . This error was soon nicknamed the `` Red Ring of Death '' , echoing Windows ' Blue Screen of Death error . Warning signs may include freeze - ups , graphical problems in the middle of gameplay , such as checkerboard or pinstripe patterns on the screen , and sound errors ; mostly consisting of extremely loud noises that can be affected by the volume control , the console only responding when the power button is pressed to turn it off . These events may happen once or several times until the hardware failure occurs , or not at all . If the console freezes occasionally , the error will not necessarily follow . The technical problems seem to affect some generations of consoles more than others , e.g. Xenon or Zephyr . Those problems may also cause some freezing screens . This error code is usually caused by failure of one or more hardware components , although it can indicate that the console is not receiving enough power from the power supply , which can either be due to a faulty power supply or if the power supply cable is not fully inserted into the console . The 3 flashing lights can also be caused by power surges ; if the console is connected to an outlet that receives a power surge , it may have a failure and the 3 lights will appear as long as the console is plugged into the outlet . Turning off the console , unplugging all power cables and plugging them back in , and restarting the console may fix this issue in some cases . Distinct from the General Hardware Failure is a similar - looking , but much less serious , error warning where four red lights appear , in which case the console does not detect an AV cable is plugged in ; however , this error code is not generated on models equipped with the HDMI connection . The four lights can sometimes also be seen when power surges or very brief power outages occur while the console is running , in which the console needs to be unplugged and plugged back in again to reset the error . Two red lights appear when the system is overheated . On the Xbox 360 S model , the power button utilizes a different design that does not incorporate the same style of lighting that past models used . A flashing red light means that the console is overheating , similar to the two - light error code on the original model Xbox 360 ; however , an on - screen message also appears , telling the user that the console will automatically power off to protect itself from overheating . A solid red light is similar to the one - light error if an `` E XX '' error message is displayed and a three - light error code if the error message is absent . Response to rate of failure ( edit ) In the early months after the console 's launching , Microsoft stated that the Xbox 360 's failure rate was within the consumer electronics industry 's typical 3 % to 5 % . Nevertheless , Microsoft has not released its official statistics on the failure rate of the various versions of the console . On July 5 , 2007 , Peter Moore , the Vice President of Microsoft 's Interactive Entertainment Business division published an open letter recognizing the console 's problems , as well as announcing a three - year warranty from the original date of purchase for every Xbox 360 console that experiences the `` general hardware failure '' indicated by three flashing red LEDs on the console . A source that has been identified as a team leader and key architect in the creation of the Xbox and Xbox 360 and a founding member of the Xbox team provided insight as to the high rate of failures . The interviews suggest that Xbox 360 units that fail early in their life do so because of problems in the system design , parts supply , material reliability , and manufacturing issues as well as a system not tolerant to faults . These issues were alleged to be the end results of the decisions of management in Microsoft 's Xbox team and inadequate testing resources prior to the console 's release . A second source cited that , at one time , there was just a 32 % yield of one of the test production runs . 68 of every 100 test units were found to be defective . Years after leaving Microsoft , Moore recalled preparing to tell then CEO of Microsoft , Steve Ballmer , of his planned response to the incident , `` we 've got to tell Steve , here 's what we have to do : we need to FedEx an empty box to a customer who had a problem - they would call us up - with a FedEx return label to send your box , and then we would FedEx it back to them and fix it ... I always remember $240 m of that was FedEx ... It was sickening . I was doing a lot of interviews ... We could n't figure it out ... There was a theory . We had changed our solder , which is the way you put the GPU and the fans , to lead - free ... We think it was somehow the heat coming off the GPU was drying out some of the solder , and it was n't the normal stuff we 'd used , because we had to meet European Standards and take the lead out ... He said , ' what 's it going to cost ? ' I remember taking a deep breath , looking at Robbie , and saying , ' we think it 's $1.15 bn , Steve . ' He said , ' do it . ' There was no hesitation ... If we had n't made that decision there and then , and tried to fudge over this problem , then the Xbox brand and Xbox One would n't exist today . '' On February 8 , 2008 , during the Game Developers Conference 2008 , Microsoft announced that the `` Failure rate has officially dropped '' , but without mentioning any specifics . The same month , electronics warranty provider SquareTrade published an examination of 1040 Xbox 360 's and said that they suffered from a failure rate of 16.4 % ( one in six ) . Of the 171 failures , 60 % were due to a general hardware failure ( and thus fell under the 3 year extended warranty ) . And of the remaining 40 % which were not covered by the extended warranty , 18 % were disc read errors , 13 % were video card failures , 13 % were hard drive freezes , 10 % were power issues and 7 % were disc tray malfunctions . SquareTrade also stated that its estimates are likely significantly lower than reality due to the time span of the sample ( six to ten months ) , the eventual failure of many consoles that did not occur within this time span and the fact that most owners did not deal with SquareTrade and had their consoles repaired directly through Microsoft via the much publicized extended RROD warranty . People who experience the problem will find that they have to send the Xbox 360 away for repair or replacement and it may take up to 3 weeks to repair or replace . During the time of the Xbox being replaced , Microsoft and UPS will keep the client ( s ) updated with the current status of where the Xbox is and whether it is being repaired or replaced . On October 17 , 2008 a class action lawsuit was filed in California against Microsoft over the RROD problem . On August 28 , 2009 , SquareTrade published a report saying that `` early indications point to the RROD problem abating in 2009 '' , projecting that 1 - year failure rates with the release of the Jasper chipsets might be below 4 % , with actual fail rates for RROD problems at slightly above 1 % in Q109 , and total failure rates for all hardware problems at about 12 % . In June 2010 Microsoft released a new `` slimmer '' Xbox 360 . These models indicate hardware failure differently from the original ; The outer ring segments can not turn red anymore . Microsoft has said that henceforth errors will be displayed by the center of the power button changing from green to red . Additionally Microsoft will no longer give a 3 - year warranty for `` general failure '' errors , because the Xbox 360 slim `` constitutes a whole new design '' . Causes ( edit ) Microsoft has never officially released any information indicating the true cause of the problem . Therefore , any information available to the public has come only from third party analyses . Electronics industry newspaper EE Times reported that the problems may have started in the graphics chip . Microsoft designed the chip in - house to cut out the traditional ASIC vendor with the goal of saving money in ASIC design costs . After multiple product failures , Microsoft went back to an ASIC vendor and had the chip redesigned so it would dissipate less heat . German computer magazine c 't blamed the problem primarily on the use of the wrong type of lead - free solder , a type that when exposed to elevated temperatures for extended periods of time becomes brittle and can develop hair - line cracks that are almost irreparable . The article also revealed that representatives of the three largest Xbox 360 resellers in the world ( EB Games , Gamestop and Best Buy ) claimed that the failure rate of the Xbox 360 was between 30 % and 33 % , and that Micromart , the largest repair shop in the United Kingdom , stopped repairing Xbox 360s because it was unable to fully repair the defective systems . Because of the nature of the problem , Micromart could only make temporary repairs , which led to many of the `` repaired '' systems failing again after a few weeks . At that time Micromart was receiving 2,500 defective consoles per day from the U.K. alone . Some articles also suggest that the hardware condition may also be caused by using the new Xbox Kinect with the old Xenon generation Xbox . Scratched discs ( edit ) Disc that has been scratched by the Xbox 360 console Almost at the same time the Xbox 360 was released in late 2005 , customers began reporting circumferential scratches found on discs used in their Xbox 360 consoles . Almost two years later , in February 2007 , the Web site `` The Llamma 's Adventures '' investigated the matter and concluded that some Xbox 360 disc drives lack a mechanism to secure the disc solidly in place . Tilting or moving consoles with these drives , when operating with a disc spinning inside , can potentially cause damage to the disc and in some cases rendering the disc unplayable as a result . Discs have also been scratched by stationary consoles during normal use . One side of the disc can also be scratched by the disc tray if it malfunctions by closing with the disc in an odd position . Also , technical engineers already knew about the problem before release confirm this with Microsoft with a list of solutions . According to Microsoft , decreasing the disc rotation would cause games to take too much time to load from the disc , and adding a bumper in the disc tray would cost 25 cents per console -- a total of about 11 million dollars and causing a delay of the Xbox 360 release . In 2005 , they were accused of many technical Xbox 360 problems and a poor lack of solutions and warranty . According to reports in news media , the new Xbox 360 S design still scratches discs when the console is moved while spinning in operation . However , the Xbox 360 S and Xbox 360 E ships with a sticker informing users that moving the console while powered on poses risks , effectively removing responsibility from Microsoft . Disc replacement ( edit ) Although discs scratched by the Xbox 360 are not covered under its warranty , Microsoft 's Xbox Disc Replacement Program will sell customers a new copy of discs scratched by the Xbox 360 , if they are published in countries where the Xbox was originally sold , at a cost of $20 . The published list of games that qualify , however , is limited . Halo 3 Limited Edition was replaced at no cost until February 1 , 2008 according to the Xbox Disc Replacement Program 's main site . Other publishers can be contacted directly for a disc exchange , but it is unclear whether they will replace discs at no cost . Game publisher Electronic Arts details a specific program for this problem which requires the disc and original receipt , also the game must be purchased within 90 days of the request for a replacement disc , or will request a replacement charge of $20 or $25 . In December 2005 ( shortly after the Xbox 360 's release in the United States and Canada on November 22 , 2005 and around its release in Europe and Asia in early December 2005 ) , reports of unidentifiable noises from the Xbox 360 were appearing on Internet message boards . In response to the problem , Microsoft offered in December 2005 to replace only the Perfect Dark Zero video game `` even if it was not the game that was scratched . '' The scratched disc problem reportedly affected only a small percentage of Xbox 360 units , however it became apparent in December 2005 , through message board reports and growing media coverage . Kassa 's February 2007 investigation ( edit ) The Xbox 360 scratched disc problem received little media coverage in 2006 ; however , in February 2007 , the Dutch television program Kassa investigated several complaints from Dutch consumers about circular scratches made in their Xbox 360 discs . Some of these consumers claimed that their discs became unreadable . Kassa investigation traced the problem to a design defect in which the Xbox 360 optical lens was not restrained sufficiently . In asserting that Microsoft or at least its chain of suppliers was aware of this problem , Kassa noted that Microsoft 's `` TSST '' versions of the Samsung DVD - drive lack rubber cushions around the optical lens while identical Samsung drives sold for PCs did have these rubber cushions . Kassa also noted that the affected Xbox 360s all seem to have been produced towards the end of 2006 . Kassa 's April 2007 investigation ( edit ) During the February 2007 investigation report , Kassa stated that either not all Xbox 360s without protective pads would spontaneously scratch discs , or that the complaints were from Xbox 360 users who had moved their Xbox during use , or who used an unstable setup . Kassa 's February 2007 investigation left open the question of whether consumers contributed to the rounded scratch problem by moving their Xbox 360 ( TSST version ) during the playing of a disc . This resulted in Kassa receiving an additional 1,000 complaints over the subsequent two months , with many consumers denying the Xbox had moved when the scratching occurred , or that it had been placed in an unstable position . Prompted by consumer reaction to its February 2007 report , Kassa performed several tests with Xbox 360 units from consumers who claimed their Xbox had the problem . Kassa stabilized these consoles and positioned them at a location remote from contact by anyone . The results of the laboratory conditions test revealed that one of the nine tested Xbox 360 units had spontaneously scratched a disc after five hours of gaming . The consoles were also tested standing upright , and the test revealed that three of the nine tested Xbox 360s significantly scratched discs . The video of the complete investigation , meticulously documenting the methodology , and all the relevant details of the tests , was made ready to be aired on April 14 , 2007 . The videos are also distributed with English subtitles , for those that are not Dutch Note that Kassa has produced and uploaded these videos itself , and therefore it is not a copyright violation to reproduce these links here . They can also be found on the Kassa Website together with some press information about the case ( in English ) . The test setup details can be found online , and the complete movie of the Kassa TV program meticulously documenting the methodology used for the test can be found online ( in Dutch ) Weeks before it aired , however , Kassa solicited input from Microsoft Netherlands . One day before the airing of the April 14 , 2007 show , Kassa received a response from Microsoft Netherlands stating that `` as a result of regular use it is possible that scratches on discs can arise '' , and that Microsoft Netherlands `` would seek a solution for the Dutch customers with this problem '' . Additionally , Microsoft released the following statement ten days after the show , on April 24 , 2007 : `` Due to the fact that we did not participate in the experiment done by Kassa and have little insight into the methodology that was used , we can not comment specifically on the outcome . While we are aware that discs can potentially be scratched through normal wear and tear , we have not received any widespread reports of the issue highlighted here . That said , it is important to us that all of our customers have the best gaming experiences possible , and these claims are obviously very concerning to us . We encourage any Xbox customer who believes that their discs have been scratched in the same manner as identified by Kassa , to contact us . We will examine the console and make appropriate repairs if necessary in order to restore the console to full working order , as well as provide customers with information on how to obtain replacement discs should they need them . '' Microsoft Netherlands now accepts these complaints from users ( while within the warranty period ) , and offers to replace the Xbox 360 free of charge . Whether Microsoft Netherlands will also replace scratched discs is still unclear . After the official broadcast , ( in a continuation of the show which can be viewed on - line , about 28 minutes into the show ) a customer is shown calling the Microsoft help - desk , who is told Microsoft will replace his Xbox 360 but is denied a promise to replace his scratched games . There are reports from some other regions that Microsoft will replace scratched discs if published by Microsoft . The European Commission 's June 2007 investigation of disc scratches ( edit ) On June 1 , 2007 , European Commissioner for Consumer Protection Meglena Kuneva , after talking with the producers of `` Kassa '' and other Dutch consumer organizations , announced that the European Commission would investigate the Xbox scratching problems , and would ask Microsoft for an Xbox replacement program for the whole of Europe . She expected Microsoft 's answer within a week . Informal sources now say that Microsoft 's response was to deny the problem exists , stating that `` the users are to blame '' . But Kuneva did not react to that response , and 18 months later ( 4th quarter 2008 ) the EC 's ( Meglena Kuneva 's ) news site was still silent about Microsoft 's response , or about the result of the `` investigation '' . Lawsuit ( edit ) A man has sued Microsoft claiming the Xbox 360 scratches game discs , saying the consoles are `` negligently designed and manufactured . '' In the lawsuit filed on July 9 , 2007 in a Florida federal court , Jorge Brouwer says Microsoft has received thousands of complaints but has not replaced all scratched discs . The lawsuit seeks class action status . Three law firms in Fort Lauderdale , Florida ; Los Angeles , California ; and Seattle , Washington are investigating consumer complaints regarding the Xbox 360 . The law firms have filed lawsuits in the United States District Court Western District of Washington at Seattle on behalf of a proposed nationwide class of customers who have suffered scratched game discs while using their Xbox 360 . The lawsuit seeks class certification and reimbursement for customers for the cost of games damaged by the console ; reimbursement for customers who have paid a $20 fee to Microsoft Corporation under a limited disc replacement program offered on ten Microsoft games ; repair of consoles free of charge to prevent further disc scratching ; and / or reimbursement for customers who have paid for an aftermarket repair solution . BBC Watchdog investigation of Xbox 360 disc scratches ( 2009 ) ( edit ) On March 23 , 2009 , the BBC 's consumer interest programme Watchdog performed an investigation into how the console scratches its own discs , after Microsoft found no issues with multiple reportedly defective consoles . A sealed test , protected from any outside interference beyond accessing games , found no problems with either console . However , a further test which attempted to simulate normal household vibrations produced a disc scratch on the previously problematic console . Currently , Microsoft still maintains that it is the user 's fault when discs are damaged , because it `` makes clear with multiple warnings not to move the console with the disc inside . '' It also maintains that only a minority of customers are affected by this issue . However , the company did not comment on the lab tests . Other ( edit ) November 2006 update ( edit ) An update patch released on November 1 , 2006 was reported to `` brick '' consoles , rendering them useless . The most obvious issue occurs after the installation of the patch , after which the console immediately reboots and shows an error message . Usually , error code E71 is shown during or directly after the booting animation . In response to the November 2006 update error that `` bricked '' his console , a California man filed a class action lawsuit against Microsoft in Washington federal court in early December 2006 . The lawsuit seeks $5 million in damages and the free repair of any console rendered unusable by the update . This is the second such lawsuit filed against Microsoft , the first having been filed in December 2005 , shortly after the 360 's launch . Following Microsoft 's extension of the Xbox 360 warranty to a full year , from the previous 90 days , the California man 's attorney confirmed to the Seattle Post Intelligencer that the lawsuit had been resolved under confidential terms . Video failure ( edit ) In mid 2007 , technology and gaming blogs began reporting about new problems with the Xbox 360 losing video output . The problems are characterized by a blank , staticky , or grayscale video output with a proper functioning audio output and no flashing red lights on the console . The complete video failure is sometimes preceded by other graphical glitches such as an irregular saturation of green and / or red colors . Others have complained about not being able to view certain movies / DVDs on their HDTV using the HDMI cable . This is likely caused by the HDTV being non-HDCP compliant . Nyko Intercooler ( edit ) The Nyko Intercooler has been reported to have led to a general hardware failure in a number of consoles , as well as scorching of the power DC input . Microsoft stated that the peripheral drains too much power from the console ( the Intercooler power cord is installed between the Xbox 360 power supply and the console itself ) and can cause faults to occur , and stated that consoles fitted with the peripheral will have their warranties null and void . Nyko has recently released an updated Intercooler that uses its own power source . Nyko claims this problem no longer occurs with new versions of this cooler . However , Microsoft still considers it an unlicensed add - on and will void the warranty of machines showing signs of its use . There is no data available to indicate whether the Intercooler really does decrease the chance of hardware failure . However , if the Intercooler fails , it can cause more overheating problems . The Intercooler can also melt itself onto the 360 , melt the powercord inside of itself , or make itself extremely hard to remove . `` New Xbox experience '' update issues ( edit ) On November 19 , 2008 , Microsoft released the `` New Xbox Experience '' ( NXE ) . This update provided streaming Netflix capability and avatars ; however , some users have reported the update has caused their consoles to not properly read optical media . Others have reported that the update has disabled audio through HDMI connections . A Microsoft spokesperson stated the company is `` aware that a handful of Xbox LIVE users are experiencing audio issues , and are diligently monitoring this issue and working towards a solution . '' Microsoft released a patch on February 3 , 2009 for the HDMI audio issues . E74 error ( edit ) An example of an E74 error message . An E74 error is indicated when the lower - right quadrant of the ring indicator flashes red and displays an error message in multiple languages : `` System Error . Contact Xbox Customer Support '' , with the code E74 at the bottom . The error is caused by the Xbox 360 's hardware scaler chip being damaged . As of April 14 , 2009 , the E74 error is now covered by the three - year extended warranty , and customers who previously paid Microsoft for out - of - warranty service to correct the E74 error received a refund . The E74 error has sometimes been described as a `` Green Screen of Death '' and a `` Black Screen of Death '' because early versions of these errors had an almost jet - black background with a hue of dark green . Later versions would show a completely jet - black background . Reports of impending Q4 red - light failure stem from users who report an abnormal display with poor , grainy video as well as black dots or artifacts appearing on the screen . Vertical green or red strokes on the screen can also indicate an E74 . Secondary error code ( edit ) Xbox 360 consoles which have a hardware failure will display a secondary error code by blinking a sequence of LED 's when the correct button sequence is pushed . An error code of 0001 may represent a defect in the power supply , rather than the Xbox itself , or a short within the Xbox , or a blown capacitor . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Beaumont , C ( 2008 - 11 - 21 ) . `` Xbox Live update causing console problems '' . London : Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` '' It Was Sickening , '' Former Xbox Boss Says About Xbox 360 's Red Ring of Death `` . Jump up ^ `` BBC - Consumer - TV and radio - Xbox 360 '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Rings of Red '' . GamesIndustry.biz . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` A Tale of 11 Broken Xbox one '' . 1up.com . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox 360 failure rate 23.7 % , PS3 10 % , Wii 2.7 % - Study '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Eaton , Nick ( 2009 - 08 - 19 ) . `` SeattlepiSurvey : Xbox 360 failure rate is 54.2 % '' . Seattlepi . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Xbox 360 RROD class action lawsuit filed in California '' . 2008 - 10 - 17 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox 360 Arcade Console user manual ( pdf ) , pages 7 , 22 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Engineering Disaster : The Xbox 360 Red Ring of Death '' . 2014 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Three lights flash red on the front of your Xbox 360 console . While there are other issues with the console such as disc drive failure : '' . Support.microsoft.com. 2011 - 08 - 30 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Xbox 360 Error Code '' . Jump up ^ `` Xbox 360 : Four lights flash red on the Ring of Light '' . Support.microsoft.com. 2010 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Plunkett , Luke . `` The New Xbox 360 Wo n't `` Red Ring '' `` . Kotaku . Retrieved November 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft responds to Watchdog '' . Gamesindustry.biz. 2007 - 02 - 14 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ James Brightman ( 2006 - 08 - 25 ) . `` Video Game Features , PC Game Features '' . Gamedaily.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Cutlack , Gary ( 2007 - 06 - 25 ) . `` Tech Digest : Xbox 360 failure rate as high as 30 percent ? '' . Techdigest.tv . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Tim ( 2007 - 05 - 31 ) . `` What is the real failure rate of the Xbox 360 ? '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Moore interview , part three ( answers to readers ' questions ) '' . MercuryNews.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox.com Open Letter From Peter Moore '' . Web.archive.org. 2007 - 10 - 23 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 23 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Arendt , Susan ( 2008 - 01 - 22 ) . `` Rumor : Insider Reveals Truth About 360 Failure Rates '' . Wired . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Inside Source Reveal the Truth About Xbox 360 `` Red Ring of Death '' Failures `` . Blog.seattlepi.com. 2008 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Slashdot discusses the VentureBeat article '' . Games.slashdot.org . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Moore recounts $1.15 bn Xbox 360 Red Ring of Death saga '' . eurogamer.net . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Blogger Breakfast Bullets '' . The Bitbag. 2008 - 02 - 21 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Raby , Mark ( 2008 - 02 - 14 ) . `` Report : Xbox 360 failure rate above 15 % '' . tgdaily.com . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` SquareTrade 's Report on Xbox 360 Failure Rates '' . Squaretradebuyerblog.typepad.com . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Game Console Failure Rates : Wii 9 times more reliable than Xbox 360 , 4 times more than PS3 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` The New Xbox 360 Wo n't `` Red Ring '' ( Update ) `` . Kotaku. 2010 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ Yoshida , Junko ( 2008 - 06 - 09 ) . `` The truth about last year 's Xbox 360 recall '' . EE Times . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Slashdot discusses the ' ' truth about last year 's Xbox 360 recall ' ' article '' . Games.slashdot.org. 2008 - 06 - 10 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Hartmut Gieselmann , ed. ( 2007 ) , `` Alarmstufe Rot : Jede dritte stirbt den Hitzetod '' ( Red Alert : every third one dies of heat ) , c 't ( in German ) ( 16 ) : 20 Jump up ^ Stuart , Keith ( 2011 - 01 - 06 ) . `` Is Kinect causing new ' red ring of death ' Xbox failures ? '' . London : Guardian . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` XBox 360 games scratched ? '' . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox 360 scratch '' . YouTube . 2006 - 06 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bijna duizend klachten over Xbox 360 '' . Jump up ^ `` Report : MS knew about disc - scratching problems with the 360 '' . 2008 - 12 - 15 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` xbox 360 slim scratches disk when moved '' . Product-reviews.net . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Scratch that : The Xbox 360 might damage discs after all '' . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox Disc Replacement Program '' . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ ( PDF ) https://web.archive.org/web/20090117114229/http://download.microsoft.com/download/d/1/8/d181ee58-de70-4484-936b-0e9161ccd6b2/replacementdisc_orderform_4.pdf . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 17 , 2009 . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Xbox Disc Replacement Games List '' . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2008 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` EA Warranty Info '' . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Kriho , Ami . ( December 14 , 2005 ) The Stoutonia `` Xbox 360 hard to come by , but worth it '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 01 . ( Distributed by UWIRE ) . Jump up ^ Carless , Simon ( 2005 - 12 - 30 ) . `` GameFly Rental Service Relays Xbox 360 Disc Scratching Problems '' . Gamasutra . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ But see , Godinez , Victor . ( March 25 , 2006 ) Dallas Morning News Over the top : Texas Gamer with Victor Godinez - Xbox 360 troubles . Section : Guidelive ; Page 2G . ^ Jump up to : Mick de Neeve ( February 25 , 2007 ) . `` Kassa : Xbox 360 maakt krassen op schijfjes '' . ^ Jump up to : Kassa ( February 24 , 2007 ) English subtitled fragment from the first Kassa broadcast about the circular scratches . Archived December 7 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ( republished by Google Video ) . Retrieved April 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20080622204633/http://www.tsstorage.com/index_e.html . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2008 . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ van Ballegoie , Eric . ( March 1 , 2007 ) Hardware.info . ( Scratching Xbox 360 ? Research into the claims that the Xbox 360 console damages discs . ) Jump up ^ Kassa broadcast with the test ( asf ) ( Consumers program ) . Hilversum : VARA. April 14 , 2007 . Event occurs at 14 : 13 . Jump up ^ `` first part of the second broadcast about the scratches , with English subtitles '' . YouTube . 2007 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` second part of the second broadcast about the scratches , with English subtitles '' . YouTube . 2007 - 04 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 410 / Vara Kassa '' . Jump up ^ `` 410 / Vara Kassa '' . Jump up ^ Kassa broadcast with the three day long tests ( asf ) ( Consumers program ) . Hilversum : VARA. April 14 , 2007 . Event occurs at 9 : 00 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft geeft krassen Xbox 360 toe '' ( in Dutch ) . VARA ( broadcaster ) . 2007 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Kassa broadcast with the reply from Microsoft Netherlands ( asf ) ( Consumers program ) ( in Dutch ) . Hilversum : VARA. April 14 , 2007 . Event occurs at 22 : 11 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft neemt verantwoordelijkheid voor Xbox - krassen '' ( in Dutch ) . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft admits Xbox 360 problems '' . Hardware.info. 2007 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` 410 / Vara Kassa '' . Kassa.vara.nl . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ http://cgi.omroep.nl/cgi-bin/streams?/tv/vara/kassa/bb.20070414-live.asf?start=0:28:20.172&end=0:31:30.885 Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20100628162903/http://www.xbox.com/hu-HU/support/discreplacement/discreplacement-program.htm . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2010 . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Meglena Kuneva talks with `` kassa '' about xbox scratching problems `` . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` European Commission investigating Xbox scratching problems '' ( in Dutch ) . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft tells Kuneva that users are to blame '' . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 13 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20090309035839/http://ec.europa.eu/commission_barroso/kuneva/news_en.htm . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2009 . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` new news site of Meglena Kuneva with blog '' . Ec.europa.eu . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` engadget article about Meglena Kunevas investigation '' . Engadget.com. 2010 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Florida man sues Microsoft for disc scratching problem '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Website of WWC and SKWC with a form you can fill out for the class action suit '' . Wcclaw.com. 2010 - 09 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Microsoft Xbox 360 - scratched discs Archived March 26 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Watchdog , March 23 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Xbox 360 update `` bricking '' consoles `` . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft Sued Over Fall Update Issues '' . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Bishop , Todd . `` Microsoft resolves lawsuit over Xbox Fall Update '' , Todd Bishop 's Microsoft Blog , The Seattle Post Intelligencer Jump up ^ Quilty Harper , Conrad . Xbox 360 owners reporting blank video output issue , Engadget ( June 24 , 2007 ) . Retrieved July 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Macarthy , Andrew . Another Xbox 360 crisis ? Users complain of video failure ! , GamerSquad ( June 26 , 2007 ) . Retrieved July 13 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Murph , Darren ( 2006 - 10 - 27 ) . `` Nyko Intercooler scorches Xbox 360 consoles ? '' . Engadget . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Gerry Block ( 15 June 2007 ) . `` Nyko Intercooler 360 EX Review '' . IGN . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NXE creating HDMI headaches for UK Xbox 360 owners ? '' . Engadget . Jump up ^ `` 360 HDMI audio patch today '' . CVG . Jump up ^ `` The E74 Error Hits the Xbox 360 '' . Xbox 360 Cheats. 2009 - 01 - 19 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 29 . 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External links ( edit ) Microsoft Xbox Support official website Video game products by Microsoft Microsoft Studios Xbox series Xbox Controller Games With HD support Xbox 360 Launch Technical problems System software Applications Controller Accessories HD DVD Player Wireless Headset Wireless Racing Wheel Xbox Live Vision Games With 3D support Kinect Backward - compatible Downloadable Arcade Arcade Kinect Xbox Originals Kinect Fun Labs Xbox One System software Applications Controller Games Best - selling Kinect Xbox One X Enhanced Backward - compatible Xbox Xbox 360 Others Kinect Xbox app Platinum Hits Windows Games for Windows DirectX Games for Windows -- Live Games Games for Windows Windows Games on Demand Xbox on Windows Microsoft SideWinder Other platforms Xbox on Windows Phone Zune games Online services Xbox Live Avatars Games Store Arcade Indie Games Xbox Game Pass Live Anywhere Mixer MSN Games Game Room Games Xbox Play Anywhere games Games with Gold Developer tools Xbox Development Kit XNA XNA Game Studio PartnerNet ID@Xbox Promotions OurColony Official Xbox Magazine Xbox Exhibition `` X '' Show Xbox Rewards Summer of Arcade Error messages System failure Bomb icon Fatal system error Guru Meditation Kernel panic Linux kernel oops Red Ring of Death Sad Mac Screen of death Blue Black Application failure ABEND Fatal exception error Segmentation fault Device and data errors HTTP 403 HTTP 404 lp0 on fire Not a typewriter PC LOAD LETTER Other Abort , Retry , Fail ? Bad command or file name Halt and Catch Fire HTTP 418 Out of memory Lists List of HTTP status codes List of FTP server return codes Related Spinning pinwheel Windows wait cursor Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xbox_360_technical_problems&oldid=815590718 '' Categories : Computer errors Xbox 360 Microsoft criticisms and controversies Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Use mdy dates from October 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from December 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano 日本語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 19 : 54 . 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-1701901797978040881	It's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas	It 's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas - wikipedia It 's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` It 's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas '' Song Language English Genre Christmas Songwriter ( s ) Meredith Willson `` It 's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas '' is a Christmas song written in 1951 by Meredith Willson . The song was originally titled `` It 's Beginning to Look Like Christmas '' . The song has been recorded by many artists , but was a hit for Perry Como and The Fontane Sisters with Mitchell Ayres & His Orchestra on September 18 , 1951 , and released on RCA Victor as 47 - 4314 ( 45 rpm ) and 20 - 4314 ( 78 rpm ) . Bing Crosby recorded a version on October 1 , 1951 , which was also widely played . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and writing 2 In popular culture 3 Other notable versions 4 References Background and writing ( edit ) A popular belief in Yarmouth , Nova Scotia , holds that Willson wrote the song while staying in Yarmouth 's Grand Hotel . The song makes reference to a `` tree in the Grand Hotel , one in the park as well ... '' ; the park being Frost Park , directly across the road from the Grand Hotel , which still operates in a newer building on the same site as the old hotel . It is also possible that the `` Grand Hotel '' Wilson mentions in the song was inspired by the Historic Park Inn Hotel in his hometown of Mason City , Iowa . The Park Inn Hotel is the last remaining hotel in the world designed by architect Frank Lloyd Wright , and is situated in downtown Mason City overlooking central park . In popular culture ( edit ) `` It 's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas '' was later incorporated into the pre-Broadway version of the score of Willson 's 1963 musical Here 's Love and can be heard on that show 's original cast recording , where it is sung in counterpoint to a new melody and lyric , `` Pine Cones and Holly Berries . '' Alvin and the Chipmunks covered the song for their 1961 album Christmas with The Chipmunks and 1981 album A Chipmunk Christmas . The Sesame Street character Big Bird ( performed by Caroll Spinney ) sang the song as part of medley on the 1975 album Merry Christmas from Sesame Street . Johnny Mathis recorded the song for his 1986 album Christmas Eve with Johnny Mathis ; this version gained popularity after its inclusion in the 1992 film Home Alone 2 : Lost in New York . Gradually , Mathis 's recording began to receive wide radio airplay , and for the past several years this version has been a Top 10 Christmas hit . `` It 's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas '' is featured in the DVD version of Very Merry Christmas Songs , which is part of the Disney Sing - Along Songs franchise . The song was briefly featured in the 2003 film Duplex , in a scene showing how much Alex and Nancy had to sell in order to obtain enough money for a hired hitman . Other notable versions ( edit ) 2002 : America on their album Holiday Harmony 2008 : Harry Connick Jr. on his album What a Night ! A Christmas Album 2009 : Connie Talbot on her album Connie Talbot 's Holiday Magic 2009 : Andrea Bocelli along with Kenny Loggins , Olivia Newton - John and Richard Marx , on his album My Christmas 2011 : Michael Bublé on his album Christmas ( US # 96 , UK # 13 ) 2016 : Laura Pausini on her album Laura Xmas 2017 : Noah Cyrus on her single References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Medel , Brian ( 2011 - 11 - 20 ) . `` Christmas looks a lot like Yarmouth in classic tune '' . The Chronicle Herald . Halifax , Nova Scotia . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Yarmouth , N.S. Landmarks - The Old Grand Hotel , archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 11 , retrieved 2014 - 11 - 07 Michael Bublé Discography Studio albums BaBalu ( 2001 ) Dream ( 2002 ) Michael Bublé ( 2003 ) It 's Time ( 2005 ) Call Me Irresponsible ( 2007 ) Crazy Love ( 2009 ) Christmas ( 2011 ) To Be Loved ( 2013 ) Nobody but Me ( 2016 ) Live albums Come Fly with Me ( 2004 ) Caught in the Act ( 2005 ) Michael Bublé Meets Madison Square Garden ( 2009 ) Extended plays First Dance ( 1995 ) Totally Bublé ( 2003 ) Let It Snow ( 2003 ) More ( 2005 ) With Love ( 2006 ) A Taste of Bublé ( 2008 ) Special Delivery ( 2010 ) A Holiday Gift for You ( 2010 ) Singles `` How Can You Mend a Broken Heart '' `` Kissing a Fool '' `` Sway '' `` Spider - Man Theme '' `` Feeling Good '' `` Home '' `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' `` Everything '' `` Me and Mrs. Jones '' `` Lost '' `` It Had Better Be Tonight '' `` Comin ' Home Baby '' `` Have n't Met You Yet '' `` Hold On '' `` Baby ( You 've Got What It Takes ) '' `` Cry Me a River '' `` Crazy Love '' `` Hollywood '' `` Georgia on My Mind '' `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' `` It 's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas '' / `` Jingle Bells '' `` White Christmas '' `` Nobody but Me '' Concert tours Crazy Love Tour ( 2010 -- 12 ) To Be Loved Tour ( 2013 -- 14 ) Meredith Willson Musicals The Music Man ( 1957 ) The Unsinkable Molly Brown ( 1960 ) Here 's Love ( 1963 ) 1491 ( 1969 ) Film scores The Great Dictator ( 1940 ) The Little Foxes ( 1941 ) Compositions Music Man `` Iowa Stubborn '' `` ( Ya Got ) Trouble '' `` Seventy - six Trombones '' `` Goodnight , Ladies '' `` Shipoopi '' `` Till There Was You '' Other `` May the Good Lord Bless and Keep You '' `` It 's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas '' `` I See the Moon '' `` Iowa Fight Song '' Related The Big Show Perry Como Albums So Smooth ( 1955 ) We Get Letters ( 1956 ) Saturday Night with Mr. C ( 1958 ) When You Come to the End of the Day ( 1958 ) Como Swings ( 1959 ) Season 's Greetings from Perry Como ( 1959 ) For the Young at Heart ( 1960 ) Sing to Me Mr. C ( 1961 ) By Request ( 1962 ) The Best of Irving Berlin 's Songs from Mr. President ( 1962 ) The Songs I Love ( 1963 ) The Scene Changes ( 1965 ) Lightly Latin ( 1966 ) Perry Como in Italy ( 1966 ) The Perry Como Christmas Album ( 1968 ) Look to Your Heart ( 1968 ) Seattle ( 1969 ) Perry Como in Person at the International Hotel , Las Vegas ( 1970 ) It 's Impossible ( 1970 ) I Think of You ( 1971 ) And I Love You So ( 1973 ) Perry ( 1974 ) Just Out of Reach ( 1975 ) 40 Greatest Hits ( 1975 ) The Best of British ( UK and Canada ) ( 1977 ) Where You 're Concerned ( US ) ( 1978 ) Perry Como ( 1980 ) Perry Como Live on Tour ( 1981 ) So It Goes / Goodbye for Now ( 1983 ) Today ( 1987 ) Perry Como 's Christmas Concert ( 1994 ) On the Radio -- The Perry Como Shows 1943 ( 2009 ) At the Supper Club ( 2010 ) At the Supper Club Part II ( 2011 ) At the Supper Club Part III ( 2011 ) Songs `` ' A ' You 're Adorable '' `` Ac - Cent - Tchu - Ate the Positive '' `` And I Love You So '' `` As Time Goes By '' `` Bali Ha'i '' `` Because '' `` Beyond Tomorrow '' `` Bibbidi - Bobbidi - Boo '' `` Blue Room '' `` A Bushel and a Peck '' `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' `` Catch a Falling Star '' `` Chi - Baba , Chi - Baba ( My Bambino Go to Sleep ) '' `` Confessin ' '' `` Days of Wine and Roses '' `` Deep in the Heart of Texas '' `` Delaware '' `` Do n't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes '' `` Dream Along with Me ( I 'm on My Way to a Star ) '' `` A Dreamer 's Holiday '' `` El Cóndor Pasa '' `` Feelings '' `` Fly Me to the Moon '' `` For the Good Times '' `` Forever and Ever '' `` Forget Domani '' `` Give Me Your Hand '' `` Glendora '' `` The Gypsy in My Soul '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` He 's Got the Whole World in His Hands '' `` Hello , Young Lovers '' `` Here , There and Everywhere '' `` Home for the Holidays '' `` Hot Diggity ( Dog Ziggity Boom ) '' `` A House Is Not a Home '' `` I Do n't See Me in Your Eyes Anymore '' `` I Dream of You ( More Than You Dream I Do ) '' `` I Think I Love You '' `` I 'll Be Home for Christmas '' `` If ( They Made Me a King ) '' `` It 's Been a Long , Long Time '' `` It 's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas '' `` Kewpie Doll '' `` The Lord 's Prayer '' `` Magic Moments '' `` Mandolins in the Moonlight '' `` Maria '' `` Moon River '' `` More '' `` No Other Love '' `` Papa Loves Mambo '' `` Prisoner of Love '' `` Round and Round '' `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' `` Seattle '' `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' `` Some Enchanted Evening '' `` Somos Novios ( It 's Impossible ) '' `` The Songs I Love '' `` Stop ! And Think It Over '' `` Surrender '' `` Till the End of Time '' `` Unchained Melody '' `` Wanted '' `` The Way You Look Tonight '' `` What 'll I Do '' `` When You and I Were Young , Maggie '' `` Young at Heart '' Related Perry Como discography Perry Como television and radio shows Beat the Band The Chesterfield Supper Club List of songs recorded by Perry Como Goodman Ace Mitchell Ayres Ray Charles Frank Gallop Nick Perito Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It%27s_Beginning_to_Look_a_Lot_Like_Christmas&oldid=824416218 '' Categories : 1951 songs American Christmas songs Andrea Bocelli songs Bing Crosby songs Johnny Mathis songs Kenny Loggins songs Olivia Newton - John songs Perry Como songs Richard Marx songs Songs written by Meredith Willson Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Simple English Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 7 February 2018 , at 05 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was it's beginning to look alot like christmas written	[ "\"It's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas\" is a Christmas song written in 1951 by Meredith Willson. The song was originally titled \"It's Beginning to Look Like Christmas\". The song has been recorded by many artists, but was a hit for Perry Como and The Fontane Sisters with Mitchell Ayres & His Orchestra on September 18, 1951, and released on RCA Victor as 47-4314 (45 rpm) and 20-4314 (78 rpm). Bing Crosby recorded a version on October 1, 1951, which was also widely played." ]	[ "1951" ]
-3603846355878677444	List of fictional fraternities and sororities	List of fictional fraternities and sororities - wikipedia List of fictional fraternities and sororities Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) These are fictional fraternities and sororities from media such as film , novels and role playing games . If the fictional organization name is derived from another organization , it is included . ΤΓΩTau Gamma Omega founded on September 12th , 2016 . Professionally established on September 8th , 2017 . It is the newest of the fraternities and is open to anyone who wears fraternal clothing on Fridays . Contents ( hide ) 1 Film 1.1 22 Jump Street 1.2 Accepted 1.3 The Adventures of Ford Fairlane 1.4 Alpha Girls 1.5 American Pie Presents : Beta House 1.6 Big Fish 1.7 Black Christmas 1.8 Ca n't Hardly Wait 1.9 College 1.10 Dead Man on Campus 1.11 D.E.B.S. 1.12 Decoys 1.13 Dirty Work 1.14 Domino 1.15 Drumline 1.16 Dude , Where 's the Party ? 1.17 The Dukes of Hazzard 1.18 An Extremely Goofy Movie 1.19 Fraternity House 1.20 Fraternity Massacre at Hell Island 1.21 Fraternity Row 1.22 Fraternity Vacation 1.23 Friends ' Til the End 1.24 Girltrash : All Night Long 1.25 Going Greek 1.26 Grown Ups 2 1.27 Hell Night 1.28 Higher Learning 1.29 H.O.T.S. 1.30 House of the Dead 2 1.31 The House Bunny 1.32 The Initiation of Sarah ( 1978 ) 1.33 The Initiation of Sarah ( 2006 ) 1.34 Joe Dirt 1.35 Legally Blonde 1.36 Monsters University 1.37 National Lampoon 's Animal House 1.38 National Lampoon 's Pledge This ! 1.39 National Lampoon 's Van Wilder 1.40 Neighbors 1.41 Neighbors 2 : Sorority Rising 1.42 Old School 1.43 PCU 1.44 Pretty Little Devils 1.45 Pride of the Yankees 1.46 Reefer Madness 1.47 Revenge of the Nerds 1.48 Road Trip 1.49 The Roommate 1.50 School Daze 1.51 Scream 2 1.52 Sorority Boys 1.53 Sorority Murder 1.54 Sorority Row 1.55 Sorority Wars 1.56 State Fair 1.57 Stomp the Yard 1.58 Sydney White 1.59 Tenacious D in the Pick of Destiny 1.60 Vacation 1.61 W . 1.62 The Waterboy 1.63 Wild Wild Winter 2 Television 2.1 The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron : Boy Genius 2.2 American Horror Story : Coven 2.3 Aqua Teen Hunger Force 2.4 Beverly Hills , 90210 2.5 Blue Mountain State 2.6 Bones 2.7 Boy Meets World 2.8 Buffy the Vampire Slayer 2.9 Chuck 2.10 Code Monkeys 2.11 The Colbert Report 2.12 Cold Case 2.13 Community 2.14 Cougar Town 2.15 CSI : Miami 2.16 CSI : NY 2.17 Dawson 's Creek 2.18 Days of Our Lives 2.19 A Different World 2.20 Dorm Life 2.21 Dragnet 2.22 Drawn Together 2.23 Family Guy 2.24 Family Matters 2.25 The Following 2.26 The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air 2.27 Friends 2.28 Full House 2.29 Futurama 2.30 Glory Daze 2.31 Greek 2.32 Hawaii Five - 0 2.33 How I Met Your Mother 2.34 How to Get Away with Murder 2.35 It 's Always Sunny In Philadelphia 2.36 King of the Hill 2.37 Law & Order 2.38 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit 2.39 The Librarians 2.40 Lost Girl 2.41 The Lying Game 2.42 MADtv 2.43 M * A * S * H 2.44 Mr. Ed 2.45 My Name Is Earl 2.46 The Mysteries of Laura 2.47 NCIS 2.48 Pretty Little Liars 2.49 Psych 2.50 Quantum Leap 2.51 Relic Hunter 2.52 Rizzoli & Isles 2.53 Robot Chicken 2.54 Rosewood 2.55 Sabrina the Teenage Witch 2.56 Saturday Night Live 2.57 Saved by the Bell 2.58 Scream Queens 2.59 Scrubs 2.60 Shameless 2.61 The Simpsons 2.62 Smallville 2.63 The Sopranos 2.64 Sorority Lane 2.65 South Park 2.66 Sports Night 2.67 Sweet Valley High and Sweet Valley University 2.68 Switched at Birth 2.69 Tales From The Crypt 2.70 Tyler Perry 's House of Payne 2.71 Undeclared 2.72 Undergrads 2.73 Veronica Mars 2.74 Warehouse 13 2.75 Wizards of Waverly Place 2.76 Workaholics 2.77 Yes , Dear 3 Colleges 4 Role - playing games 4.1 GURPS Illuminati University 4.2 Over the Edge 5 MLB Power Pros Success Mode 6 Alternative fictional groups 7 See also 8 References Film ( edit ) 22 Jump Street ( edit ) Zeta Theta Psi ( ZΘΨ ) Accepted ( edit ) Beta Kappa Epsilon , fraternity ( ΒΚΕ ) The Adventures of Ford Fairlane ( edit ) I Eta Pi ( `` I ate a pie '' ) , sorority ( ΙΗΠ ) Alpha Girls ( edit ) Alpha Beta , sorority ( ΑΒ ) American Pie Presents : Beta House ( edit ) Beta Delta Xi ( Beta ) , fraternity ( ΒΔΞ ) Epsilon Sigma Kappa ( Geek ) , fraternity ( ΕΣΚ ) Kappa Phi Nu , fraternity ( ΚΦΝ ) Lambda Pi Gamma ( Little person ) , fraternity ( ΛΠΓ ) Big Fish ( edit ) Sigma Omega Delta , sorority ( ΣΩΔ ) Black Christmas ( edit ) Delta Alpha Kappa ( ΔΑΚ ) Ca n't Hardly Wait ( edit ) Delta Iota Kappa ( ΔΙΚ ) College ( edit ) Beta Phi Tau ( ΒΦΤ ) , fraternity Kappa Nu Psi ( ΚΝΨ ) , sorority Dead Man on Campus ( edit ) Kappa Omega Penis ( ΚΩΡ ) D.E.B.S. ( edit ) Delta Epsilon Beta Sigma ( ΔΕΒΣ ) , sorority Decoys ( edit ) Pi Beta Omega ( ΠΒΩ ) , sorority Dirty Work ( edit ) Phi Kappa Delta ( ΦΚΔ ) Domino ( edit ) Zeta Theta Theta ( ΖΘΘ ) , fraternity Drumline ( edit ) Sigma Phi Alpha ( ΣΦΑ ) , sorority Dude , Where 's the Party ? ( edit ) Rho Beta Rho ( ΡΒΡ ) The Dukes of Hazzard ( edit ) Kappa Mu Alpha ( ΚΜΑ ) , sorority An Extremely Goofy Movie ( edit ) Gamma Mu Mu ( ΓΜΜ ) , fraternity Fraternity House ( edit ) Iota Gamma Chi ( ΙΓΧ ) Fraternity Massacre at Hell Island ( edit ) Zeta Alpha Rho ( ΖΑΡ ) , fraternity Fraternity Row ( edit ) Gamma Nu Pi ( ΓΝΠ ) , fraternity Fraternity Vacation ( edit ) Rho Tau Sigma ( ΡΤΣ ) , fraternity Theta Pi Gamma ( ΘΠΓ ) , fraternity Friends ' Til the End ( edit ) Fox Theta Delta ( ΦΘΔ ) Kappa Pi ( ΚΠ ) Lambda Delta ( ΛΔ ) Rho Alpha Delta Iota ( ΡΑΔΙ ) ( padi - men ) Girltrash : All Night Long ( edit ) Sigma Omega Kappa ( ΣΩK ) , sorority Going Greek ( edit ) Kappa Alpha Tau ( ΚΑΤ ) Grown Ups 2 ( edit ) Kappa Eta Sigma ( ΚΗΣ ) Hell Night ( edit ) Alpha Sigma Rho ( ΑΣΡ ) Higher Learning ( edit ) Beta Tau Beta ( ΒΤΒ ) Theta Kappa ( ΘΚ ) Zeta Epsilon Alpha ( ΖΕΑ ) H.O.T.S. ( edit ) H.O.T.S. , sorority , never described as Eta Omicron Tau Sigma , but acronym standing for the names of four members P.I.E. , sorority , not given a Greek name , but presumably Rho Iota Epsilon House of the Dead 2 ( edit ) Zeta Iota Tau ( ZIT ) , sorority The House Bunny ( edit ) Kappa Eta Sigma ( ΚΗΣ ) , the fraternity singing karaoke Phi Iota Mu ( ΦΙΜ ) , sorority that torments the ladies of Zeta Alpha Zeta Zeta Alpha Zeta ( ΖΑΖ ) , the sorority that Shelly fixes up The Initiation of Sarah ( 1978 ) ( edit ) Alpha Nu Sigma ( ΑΝΣ ) , sorority Pi Epsilon Delta ( ΠΕΔ ) , sorority The Initiation of Sarah ( 2006 ) ( edit ) Alpha Nu Gamma ( ΑΝΓ ) , sorority Pi Epsilon Delta ( ΠΕΔ ) , sorority Joe Dirt ( edit ) Nu Mu Pi ( ΝΜΠ ) , sorority Legally Blonde ( edit ) Delta Nu ( ΔΝ ) , sorority ; an actual sorority at Dickinson College Lambda Kappa Pi ( ΛΚΠ ) , fraternity Sigma Epsilon ( ΣΕ ) , fraternity of which Elle was Sweetheart Monsters University ( edit ) Various fraternities and sororities with some `` Greek '' characters unique to Monstropolis and the Monster world : Fraternities Gamma Roar Roar ( ΓRR ) Jaws Theta Chi ( JΘX ) Omega Howl ( ΩH ) Oozma Kappa ( ΩK ) Roar Omega Roar ( RΩR ) Slugma Oozma Python ( ΣΩP ) Sororities Argma Slugma Argma ( AΣA ) Chi Phi Argma ( XΦA ) Eta Hiss Hiss ( ΗSS ) Python Nu Kappa ( PΝΚ ) Slugma Kappa Theta ( ΣΚΘ ) Slugma Slugma Kappa ( ΣΣΚ ) National Lampoon 's Animal House ( edit ) Delta Tau Chi , fraternity ( ΔΤΧ ) ( the `` Animal House '' ; based on Alpha Delta Phi at Dartmouth College ) ( ΑΔΦ ) Omega Theta Pi , fraternity ( ΩΘΠ ) ( based on Sigma Alpha Epsilon ( ΣΑΕ ) at Dartmouth College ) Gamma Kappa Epsilon ( ΓΚΕ ) ( GEKES ) ( parade float - Playboy ) ( based on Yale 's Delta Kappa Epsilon , or ΔΚΕ ) Sigma Sigma ( ΣΣ ) ( parade float - Mongols ) Omega -- Pi Pi Pi ( ΩΠΠΠ ) ( parade float - Camelot ) Zeta Tau Beta ( ΖΤΒ ) ( parade float - clasped white and black hands ) National Lampoon 's Pledge This ! ( edit ) Gamma Gamma , sorority of South Beach University ( ΓΓ ) National Lampoon 's Van Wilder ( edit ) Sigma Theta Upsilon ( ΣΘΥ ) Lambda Omega Omega ( ΛΩΩ ) ( The Nerdy Fraternity ) Delta Iota Kappa ( ΔΙΚ ) Neighbors ( edit ) Delta Psi Beta , fraternity ( ΔΨΒ ) Neighbors 2 : Sorority Rising ( edit ) Kappa Nu , sorority ( ΚΝ ) Phi Lambda , sorority ( ΦΛ ) Old School ( edit ) Lambda Epsilon Omega ( ΛΕΩ ) PCU ( edit ) The Order of Balls and Shaft , fraternity Psi Kappa Mu ( Predecessor to The Pit ) ( ΨΚΜ ) Pretty Little Devils ( edit ) Omega Kappa , sorority ( ΩK ) Pride of the Yankees ( edit ) Sigma Alpha Psi ( ΣΑΨ ) Reefer Madness ( edit ) Phi Beta Cannabis ( ΦΒΧ ) Revenge of the nerds ( edit ) Fraternities and sororities : Lambda Lambda Lambda ( ΛΛΛ ) paired with Omega Mu ( ΩΜ ) Rho Rho Rho ( ΡΡΡ ) paired with Iota Sigma Psi ( ΙΔΨ ) Alpha Beta ( ΑΒ ) paired with Pi Delta Pi ( ΠΔΠ ) Nu Tau Nu ( ΝΤΝ ) paired with Omega Psi ( ΩΨ ) Alpha Nu ( ΑΝ ) paired with Chi Sigma Rho ( ΧΣΡ ) Beta Delta Gamma ( ΒΔΓ ) paired with Eta Beta ( ΗΒ ) Road Trip ( edit ) Kappa Lambda ( ΚΛ ) Kappa Alpham , sorority ( ΚΑΜ ) The Roommate ( edit ) Tau Sigma Kappa ( ΤΣΚ ) School Daze ( edit ) Gamma Phi Gamma - ( Local fraternity founded in 1907 on the campus of Wilmington College , Wilmington , OH better known as the `` Gobblers '' ) It could be mimicking an African - American social fellowship fraternity known as Groove Phi Groove ( G Φ G ) founded at Morgan State College in 1962 . It has several chapters located on small college campuses throughout the South and on a handful of Historical Black Colleges and Universities campuses . http://www.groove-phi-groove.org/index/history Scream 2 ( edit ) Phi Lambda Alpha ( ΦΛΑ ) Delta Lambda Zeta ( ΔΛΖ ) Omega Kappa Beta ( ΩΚΒ ) Omega Beta Zeta ( ΩΒΖ ) Sorority Boys ( edit ) Kappa Omicron Kappa fraternity Pi Pi Pi sorority Delta Omicron Gamma sorority Sorority Murder ( edit ) Beta Sigma Eta ( ΒΣΗ ) , sorority Sorority Row ( edit ) Theta Pi ( ΘΠ ) , sorority Chi Delta Gamma ( ΧΔΓ ) , sorority Kappa Omicron Psi ( ΚΟΨ ) , fraternity Rho Sigma Nu ( ΡΣΝ ) , fraternity Sorority Wars ( edit ) Delta Beta Theta , sorority ( ΔΒΘ ) Kappa Theta Xi , sorority ( ΚΘΞ ) Beta Upsilon Eta , fraternity ( ΒΥΗ ) Gamma Rho Alpha , sorority ( ΓΡΑ ) Zeta Eta Pi , sorority ( ΖΗΠ ) Lambda Mu Pi , sorority ( ΛΜΠ ) State Fair ( edit ) Gamma Hubba Hubba , Wayne 's characterization of a sorority that Eleanor was supposedly a member of Stomp the Yard ( edit ) Mu Gamma Xi , fraternity Theta Nu Theta , fraternity Sydney White ( edit ) Kappa Phi Nu sorority Beta Omega Rho fraternity Vortex Tenacious D in the Pick of Destiny ( edit ) Sigma Zeta Delta ( ΣΖΔ ) Vacation ( edit ) Pi Pi Pi ( Tri-Pi ) , sorority W. ( edit ) Delta Iota Kappa , presumably in place of Delta Kappa Epsilon of which George W. Bush and George H.W. Bush are members . The Waterboy ( edit ) Lambda Phi Gamma ( ΛΦΓ ) , fraternity Wild Wild Winter ( edit ) Zeta Theta Mu ( ΖΘΜ ) , sorority Television ( edit ) The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron : Boy Genius ( edit ) Pi Rho Omega , fraternity ( ΠΡΩ ) ( episode Jimmy goes to College ) American Horror Story : Coven ( edit ) Kappa Lambda Gamma , fraternity ( ΚΛΓ ) ( episode Coven : Bitchcraft ) Aqua Teen Hunger Force ( edit ) ( apparently 3 symbols unrelated to any earth languages ) , alien fraternity ( Episode Frat Aliens ) Beverly Hills , 90210 ( edit ) Alpha Omega sorority ( ΑΩ ) - sorority that Donna and Kelly join Kappa Epsilon Gamma Fraternity ( KEG ) ( ΚΕΓ ) - fraternity that Steve and John Sears join Blue Mountain State ( edit ) Sigma Delta ( ΣΔ ) ( The Goathouse ) Bones ( edit ) Beta Delta Sigma , fraternity at fictional Middlesex College near Washington D.C. ( ΒΔΣ ) ( season 4 episode 24 - The Beaver in the Otter ) Boy Meets World ( edit ) Magnum Pi Buffy the Vampire Slayer ( edit ) Delta Zeta Kappa , fraternity ( ΔΖΚ ) ( episode `` Reptile Boy '' ) Gamma Kappa Tau , fraternity ( ΓΚΤ ) ( episode `` Selfless '' ) Alpha Tau , fraternity , ( ΑΤ ) ( Fear , Itself ) Chuck ( edit ) Gamma Delta Phi , fraternity ( ΓΔΦ ) ( Stanford University , episode ' Chuck Versus the Alma Mater ' ) Code Monkeys ( edit ) Alpha Sigma Sigma , from the episode ' Dean In Charge ' ( ΑΣΣ ) The Colbert Report ( edit ) Tau Gamma Rho ( ΤΓΡ ) Cold Case ( edit ) Gamma Rho , fraternity ( ΓΡ ) Community ( edit ) Omega Theta Rho , fraternity ( ΩΘΡ ) Kappa Eta Sigma , sorority ( ΚΗΣ ) Zeta Phi Tau , fraternity ( ΖΦΤ ) Delta Cubes , fraternity Cougar Town ( edit ) Omega Beta Theta , fraternity ( ΩΒΘ ) ( episode `` Something Big '' , Season 3 Episode 6 ) CSI : Miami ( edit ) Phi Gamma Alpha ( ΦΓΑ ) , sorority ; episode : `` Last Straw '' CSI : NY ( edit ) Sigma Delta Theta ( ΣΔΘ ) , sorority ; episode : `` Hung Out to Dry '' Dawson 's Creek ( edit ) Sigma Epsilon ( ΣΕ ) , fraternity Days of our lives ( edit ) Alpha Chi Theta ( ΑΧΘ ) , at the University of Salem . President : Morgan Hollingsworth . The sorority house was the site of Ford Decker 's death . A Different World ( edit ) Alpha Delta Rho ( ΑΔΡ ) , sorority Kappa Lambda Nu ( ΚΛΝ ) , fraternity Dorm life ( edit ) Kappa Gopher Shane , fraternity started by characters Gopher and Shane in response to not rushing . Dragnet ( edit ) Kappa Tau ( ΚΤ ) , sorority at unnamed university in Los Angeles ; Season 2 , episode 9 : `` The Big Amateur '' Drawn together ( edit ) Phi Alpha Gimmel , fictional fraternity started by Captain Hero ; composed of the Greek symbols Phi and Alpha and the Hebrew symbol Gimel ; presumably pronounced `` phag '' ( episode : `` Freaks & Greeks '' ) . The fake fraternity 's symbol ( or crest ) is that of Tau Kappa Epsilon 's Shield of Norman Form or the TKE coat of arms . This can be seen when Captain Hero shows the pictures of the past members of the fraternity . Shin Lamedh Mem , the fictional Yiddish fraternity down the street from Phi Alpha Gimmel Family Guy ( edit ) Delta Omega Delta ( ΔΩΔ ) , fraternity , shown in the episode `` Wasted Talent '' , for a cutaway gag Sigma Chi Psi , fraternity ( ΣΧΨ ) , shown in the episode `` You Ca n't Do That on Television , Peter '' , for a cutaway gag Family Matters ( edit ) Beta Chi , ( ΒΧ ) a fraternity that Eddie is interested in and is wanted in , but turns down the offer to join to stay friends with Urkel . ( Episode `` Beta Chi Guy '' ) The Following ( edit ) Alpha Beta Omega , fraternity of Preston Tanner , Season 2 , episode `` Betrayal '' Delta Rho Gamma ( ΔΡΓ ) , sorority , shown in the pilot episode as character Jordy Raines talks his way into the house , and in the second episode as the scene of Raines ' murders The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air ( edit ) Delta Kappa Tau ( ΔΚΤ ) , nerd fraternity at rush week ( episode `` Blood is Thicker Than Mud '' ) Kappa Omega Psi ( ΚΩΨ ) , sorority at SCU , a rival school of ULA , where Carlton is held captive as ULA 's mascot ( episode `` I Know Why the Caged Bird Screams '' ) Kappa Phi Gamma ( ΚΦΓ ) , sorority that girlfriend Lisa pledges ( episode `` Will 's Misery '' ) Lambda Kappa Nu ( ΛΚΝ ) , snooty fraternity that Carlton is interested in . `` We 're Lambda Kappa Nu , our blood is very blue , our money 's old , our cards are gold , and who the heck are you ? '' ( episode `` Blood is Thicker Than Mud '' ) Phi Beta Gamma ( ΦΒΓ ) , African American fraternity ( episode `` Blood is Thicker Than Mud '' ) ; not related to Phi Beta Gamma located near the University of New Hampshire Pi Nu ( ΠΝ ) , fraternity mentioned by Uncle Phil , as he is remembering his days at Princeton University ; Will to respond with `` So that makes you what , a , Pi man ? '' ( episode `` To Thine Own Self Be Blue ... and Gold '' ) Friends ( edit ) Kappa Kappa Delta ( ΚΚΔ ) , Rachel Green 's sorority , known as the `` Kappas '' ( episode `` The One Where Joey Loses His Insurance '' ) Thigh Mega Tampon , mentioned by Phoebe Buffay when she can not think up of a fake sorority name ( episode `` The One with Rachel 's Big Kiss '' ) Theta Beta Pi ( ΘΒΠ ) , at Syracuse Full House ( edit ) Chi Sigma Sigma , ( ΧΣΣ ) Danny and Joey 's college fraternity Lambda Tau Delta , ( ΛΤΔ ) Chi Sigma Sigma 's rival sorority Futurama ( edit ) Epsilon Rho Rho ( `` Err '' ) , ( ΕΡΡ ) Robot fraternity ( also known as `` Robot House '' ) Snooty House ( SNΘΘΤΥ ) , rich , snooty fraternity Kappa Kappa Wong , named after the wealthy patron family Glory Daze ( edit ) Omega Sigma , Fraternity ( ΩΣ ) Kappa Theta , Sorority ( ΚΘ ) Greek ( edit ) Zeta Beta Zeta , Sorority ( ΖΒΖ ) Kappa Tau Gamma , Fraternity ( ΚΤΓ ) , which is a real sorority at The Catholic University of America Pi Pi Pi , Sorority ( ΠΠΠ ) Psi Phi Pi , Fraternity ( ΨΦΠ ) Lambda Sigma Omega , Fraternity ( ΛΣΩ ) Pi Sigma Theta ( ΠΣΘ ) Theta Pi Gamma ( ΘΠΓ ) Mu Gamma Sigma ( ΜΓΣ ) Iota Kappa Iota , Sorority ( ΙΚΙ ) Omega Chi Delta , Fraternity ( ΩΧΔ ) Gamma Psi Alpha , Sorority ( ΓΨΑ ) Hawaii Five - 0 ( edit ) Beta Phi Tau , ( ΒΦΤ ) fraternity at fictional Oahu State University in Season 3 episode 12 `` Kapu '' Lambda Lambda Phi , ( ΛΛΦ ) sorority at fictional Oahu State University in Season 3 episode 12 `` Kapu '' How I Met Your Mother ( edit ) Kappa Kappa Nu ( ΚΚΝ ) ( episode `` The Playbook '' ) Kappa Epsilon Gamma ( KEG ) , sorority , ( ΚΕΓ ) Season 3 , ep 3 `` The Third Wheel '' Sigma Gamma Theta ( ΣΓΘ ) ( episode `` Showdown '' ) How to Get Away with Murder ( edit ) Kappa Kappa Theta ( sorority ) . Season 1 It 's Always Sunny In Philadelphia ( edit ) Delta Omega Lambda Fraternity ( Episode `` The Gang Reignites The Rivalry '' ) Dennis was a member King of the Hill ( edit ) Omega House , cult disguised as a sorority ( episode `` Fun with Jane and Jane '' ) Zeta Sigma Tau , sorority ( episode `` Fun with Jane and Jane '' ) Law & Order ( edit ) Alpha Phi Beta Fraternity at Hudson University ( Episode Denial - season 8 episode 2 1997 ) Kappa Delta Alpha Sorority ( Episode Pledge ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( edit ) Beta Lambda Fraternity ( ΒΛ ) ( Episode `` Consent '' ) Kappa Delta Alpha Fraternity ( ΚΔΑ ) ( Episode ' `` Fight '' ) Nu Iota Pi Sorority ( ΝΙΠ ) ( Episode `` Girl Dishonored '' ) Phi Delta Fraternity ( ΦΔ ) ( Episode `` Spectacle '' ) Omega Beta Zeta ( ΩΒΖ ) ( Episode `` Svengali '' ) Tau Omega Fraternity ( ΤΩ ) ( Episodes `` Brotherhood '' , `` Girl Dishonored '' ) The Librarians ( edit ) Omega Theta , esoteric fraternity at mystical Wexler College in Season 2 episode 4 `` And the Cost of Educations '' broadcast Nov 15 , 2015 Lost Girl ( edit ) Kappa Theta Xi Sorority ( ΚΘΞ ) ( Episode Oh Kappa , My Kappa ) The Lying Game ( edit ) Phi Sigma Zeta , fraternity ( Episode : `` No Country for Young Love '' ) MADtv ( edit ) Kappa Kappa Kappa , a sorority that has the same initials as the KKK ; see also Tri-Kap at Dartmouth College Zeta Iota Tau Sorority M * A * S * H ( edit ) Tau Phi Epsilon - B.J. Hunnicutt 's fraternity ; it had previously rejected Major Frank Burns ( Season 4 Episode 1 - 12 Sep 1979 Welcome to Korea ) Mr. Ed ( edit ) Alpha Epsilon Mu sorority at fictional Brighton University . The sisters kidnapped Mr. Ed and kept him in their basement to be their mascot Season 1 episode 6 ( Feb 9 , 1961 ) `` Sorority House '' My name is Earl ( edit ) Phi Alpha - Fraternity brother hands out flyer for an `` All Day Party '' ( Episode The Professor ) Phi Alpha is the motto of the real fraternity Sigma Alpha Epsilon , of which the creator and producer of My Name is Earl , Gregory Thomas Garcia is an alumnus . The Mysteries of Laura ( edit ) Siosa U Omega Delta Kappa ( ΩΔΚ ) ( Episode : `` The Mystery of the Intoxicated Intern '' ) Ncis ( edit ) Alpha Chi Delta , ( ΑΧΔ ) Tony DiNozzo 's fraternity at Ohio State . Pretty Little Liars ( edit ) Nu Sigma Theta Pi Sigma Theta - Cover for Me Episode Gamma Zeta Chi - Gamma Zeta Die ! Psych ( edit ) Beta Kappa Theta sorority ( Episode Scary Sherry 2 : Bianca 's Toast ) Quantum Leap ( edit ) Chi Kappa Delta , fraternity ( Season 5 Episode 16 - 1993 Return of the Evil Leaper ) Tau Kappa Beta , fraternity ( Episode Animal Frat ) Relic hunter ( edit ) Nu Theta Phi sorority ( Sydney Fox used to belong to this sorority ) . Rizzoli & isles ( edit ) Psi Beta Tau , a sorority at fictional Boston Cambridge University ( BCU ) ( Season 4 Episode 2 `` In Over Your Head '' 2 Jul 2013 ) . Robot chicken ( edit ) Kappa Omega Kappa which is used as a genital euphemism . Rosewood ( edit ) Gamma Gamma Psi , a fraternity at the fictional UNU , where Rosewood is a member of their Alpha chapter , where he was also formerly president . Epsilon Theta Xi , a fraternity that is the rival of Gamma Gamma Psi . Sabrina the Teenage Witch ( edit ) Mu Pi , sorority ( Episode House of Pi ) Saturday Night Live ( edit ) Sigma Lambda Omega , ( ΣΛΩ ) fraternity that can not read ( SLO ) ( Sketch `` Fraternity '' ) Saved by the Bell ( edit ) Alpha Mu ( ΑΜ ) Beta Delta ( ΒΔ ) Kappa Theta ( ΚΘ ) Pi Psi ( ΠΨ ) Sigma Alpha Fraternity ( ΣΑ ) Rho Sigma ( ΡΣ ) ( Rigma ) Scream Queens ( edit ) Chi Tau Omega ( episode `` Pilot '' ) Iota Zeta Phi ( episode `` Chainsaw ) Kappa Kappa Tau ( Originally Kappa Nu Tau ) Kappa Lambda Gamma ( episode `` Chainsaw '' ) Rho Epsilon Chi Psi Theta Gamma ( episode `` Haunted House '' ) Omicron Omicron Omicron ( 1988 African American Sorority ) ( episode `` Haunted House '' ) The Dickie Dollar Scholars ( Does n't adhere to the Greek System ) Upsilon Beta Tau ( episode `` Chainsaw '' ) Scrubs ( edit ) Omega Beta Gamma - The sorority Eliott was in during her undergraduate studies . Possibly a play on the OB - GYN doctors trying a recruit Elliot , which J.D. refers to as a sorority . Theta Omega - The fraternity Turk was in during his undergraduate studies . In the episode My Chopped Liver , J.D. and Turk visit the Theta Omega fraternity house with their faces painted as the other friend 's skin colour . Upon ringing the doorbell , Turk notices another friend and leaves , leaving J.D. and his blackface alone and beaten up as a result of the unintentionally racist stunt . Shameless ( edit ) Pi Beta Omega , sorority ( ΠΒΩ ) Delta Lambda Delta , sorority ( ΔΛΔ ) ( S6 : E1 , `` I Only Miss Her When I 'm Breathing '' ) Gamma Delta Rho , sorority ( ΓΔΡ ) ( S6 : E7 Pimp 's Paradise ) Phi Beta Omega ( ΦΒΩ ) ( S6 : E9 A Yurt of One 's Own ) Sigma Omega Delta , fraternity ( ΣΩΔ ) ( S7 : 3 , Home Sweet Homeless Shelter ) The simpsons ( edit ) Alpha Tau , Waylon Smithers ' fraternity ( Episode `` I Married Marge '' ) Kappa Gamma Tau , `` last in grades , first in pranks '' ( Episode `` Faith Off '' ) Sigma Chi Sigma , fraternity that rented Ned Flanders ' house . Smallville ( edit ) Tri-Psi Sorority , an all - girl vampire sorority ( Episode `` Thirst '' ) Alpha Alpha Alpha , all - girl sorority at Metropolis University that helps the football team recruit ( Episode `` Recruit '' ) The Sopranos ( edit ) Epsilon Zeta Psi fraternity ( Episode He Is Risen ) Delta Kappa Xi ( ΔΚΞ ) fraternity ( Season Six , Part II , Episode 5 Walk Like a Man ) Sorority Lane ( edit ) Beta Pi Delta Sorority , a hot sorority on the CULA campus Gamma Chi Alpha Sorority , Beta Pi 's rival sorority Theta Phi Omega Fraternity , Party fraternity in CULA South park ( edit ) PC Fraternity ( Rho Omega Delta , or PC Delta ) , which appears to use the Greek letter Rho , a sideways Omega and Delta trigrammaton . A group of hyper politically correct college students and graduates in the episode `` Stunning and Brave '' . Sports Night ( edit ) Sigma Kappa Phi , an all - male fraternity to whose poker games Natalie was always invited during her college days ( Episode Shoe Money Tonight ) Sweet Valley High and Sweet Valley University ( edit ) Pi Beta Alpha , an all girl sorority at Sweet Valley High . Jessica Wakefield is president . Based on Pi Beta Phi , colors , national reputation , and `` inside '' secrets . Theta Alpha Theta , Sweet Valley University 's sorority . Jessica is a member . Switched at Birth ( edit ) Omega Psi , fraternity Tales from the crypt ( edit ) Delta Omega Alpha ( or DOA ) , an all girl sorority . At the end of the episode , it is revealed that they are an `` all - ghoul '' sorority who eat cruel fraternity leaders . ( Episode House of Horror ) Also probably a play on the Dead On Arrival acronym used by police . Tyler Perry 's House of Payne ( edit ) Omega Alpha Kappa , fraternity , steppers at Calvin / Pookie / Peanut 's house party Undeclared ( edit ) Theta Delta Zeta ( ΘΔΖ ) , fraternity Undergrads ( edit ) Alpha Sigma , fraternity Upsilon Sigma Phi Fraternity , gay fraternity Veronica Mars ( edit ) Zeta Theta Beta , the sorority at Hearst College that Veronica pretends to rush to get inside information for the school newspaper . ( Episode My Big Fat Greek Rush Week ) Pi Sigma Sigma , the fraternity at Hearst College that was accused of a series of rapes , but later cleared by Veronica . ( Episode Spit & Eggs ) Warehouse 13 ( edit ) Psi Phi Zeta ( PPZ ) , fraternity ( episode `` Savage Seduction '' ) . Reference is also made to a rival `` ATF . '' Wizards of Waverly Place ( edit ) Zeta Theta Beta ( Episode Movies , Season 1 ) Workaholics ( edit ) Kappa Zeta Nu ( Episode `` Brociopath '' , Season 4 ) Fraternity colonized and was established in 2012 . Chapter house is located in St. Mary 's , Maryland . Yes , Dear ( edit ) Phi Sigma Gamma , the sorority Christine joined after going back to school . ( Episode Sorority Girl ) Colleges ( edit ) Massachusetts Institute of Technology Gamma Alpha Gamma ( GAG ) , a hack Lambda Sigma Delta ( LSD ) Pi Tau Zeta University of Mary Washington Zeta Omega Delta Role - playing games ( edit ) GURPS Illuminati University ( edit ) Alpha Omega Pi , combined fraternity / sorority of reclusive mad scientist types in Steve Jackson Games ' GURPS Illuminati University setting Beta Chi Nu , `` Bitchen Bitches '' sorority devoted to `` victims '' of monsters , etc. in Steve Jackson Games ' GURPS Illuminati University setting Delta Upsilon Delta , `` DUDes '' , Phys . Ed. and team member fraternity in Steve Jackson Games ' GURPS Illuminati University setting Sigma Epsilon Chi , hedonistic sorority in Steve Jackson Games ' GURPS Illuminati University setting Over the Edge ( edit ) Alpha Rho Tau ( ΑΡΤ ) , `` ART , '' the intellectual and artistic sorority Delta Epsilon Theta ( ΔΕΘ ) , `` DETh , '' the intellectual and artistic fraternity Sigma Omicron Beta ( ΣΟΒ ) , `` SOB , '' the jock fraternity Sigma Epsilon Chi ( ΣΕΧ ) , `` SEX , '' the diva sorority MLB Power Pros Success Mode ( edit ) Pi Pi Pi Alternative fictional groups ( edit ) Gamma Delta Iota ( ΓΔΙ ) , GDI or `` God damn independent , '' a term used to collectively describe non-Greeks . In recent years , college students have adopted the name more frequently , spawning T - shirts and numerous Facebook groups . Phi Alpha Gamma ( ΦΑΓ ) , or fag ; an anti-gay slur used by some and a sign of pride when worn by others See also ( edit ) Fraternities and sororities References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Greek Life at Monsters University Jump up ^ `` National Lampoon 's Animal House '' . NPR . July 29 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` The Greeks Shall Inherit the Earth '' Archived 2006 - 10 - 20 at the Wayback Machine ... The Dartmouth Review . September 22 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Revenge of the Nerds , Organizations as paired and ordered at the end of event one ( Tricycle Race ) Time : 1 : 01 : 40 Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0555092/plotsummary Jump up ^ Scary Sherry 2 : Bianca 's Toast . IMdB . Jump up ^ Sabrina the Teenage Witch , episode `` House of Pi '' . TV.com Jump up ^ `` SNL : Fraternity '' . Hulu.com . Jump up ^ `` MIT Museum Extends Hack Display Due to Doubled Weekend Attendance '' by Jennifer Chung , The Tech , January 20 , 1999 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Unisex Sigma Delta / Lambda Sigma Delta Purity Test '' . MIT.edu . Jump up ^ `` Pi Tau Zeta '' . MIT.edu . Jump up ^ `` God Damn Independent '' T - shirt . SqueezeMyTees.com . ( hide ) Fictional education Schools Fictional Oxford colleges Fictional Cambridge colleges Fictional Oxbridge colleges Fictional fraternities and sororities Fictional schools School and university in literature Campus novel Varsity novel School television series People Fictional professors Fictional librarians representation in popular culture Fictional Oxford people Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_fictional_fraternities_and_sororities&oldid=799637487 '' Categories : Fraternities and sororities Lists of student societies Lists of fictional organizations Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from May 2011 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 22 : 57 . 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-8716739262777106136	Gene	Gene - wikipedia Gene This article is about the heritable unit for transmission of biological traits . For other uses , see Gene ( disambiguation ) . Chromosome ( 10 - 10 bp ) DNA Gene ( 10 - 10 bp ) Function A gene is a region of DNA that encodes function . A chromosome consists of a long strand of DNA containing many genes . A human chromosome can have up to 500 million base pairs of DNA with thousands of genes . In biology , a gene is a sequence of DNA or RNA that codes for a molecule that has a function . During gene expression , the DNA is first copied into RNA . The RNA can be directly functional or be the intermediate template for a protein that performs a function . The transmission of genes to an organism 's offspring is the basis of the inheritance of phenotypic traits . These genes make up different DNA sequences called genotypes . Genotypes along with environmental and developmental factors determine what the phenotypes will be . Most biological traits are under the influence of polygenes ( many different genes ) as well as gene -- environment interactions . Some genetic traits are instantly visible , such as eye color or number of limbs , and some are not , such as blood type , risk for specific diseases , or the thousands of basic biochemical processes that constitute life . Genes can acquire mutations in their sequence , leading to different variants , known as alleles , in the population . These alleles encode slightly different versions of a protein , which cause different phenotypical traits . Usage of the term `` having a gene '' ( e.g. , `` good genes , '' `` hair colour gene '' ) typically refers to containing a different allele of the same , shared gene . Genes evolve due to natural selection or survival of the fittest of the alleles . The concept of a gene continues to be refined as new phenomena are discovered . For example , regulatory regions of a gene can be far removed from its coding regions , and coding regions can be split into several exons . Some viruses store their genome in RNA instead of DNA and some gene products are functional non-coding RNAs . Therefore , a broad , modern working definition of a gene is any discrete locus of heritable , genomic sequence which affect an organism 's traits by being expressed as a functional product or by regulation of gene expression . The term gene was introduced by Danish botanist , plant physiologist and geneticist Wilhelm Johannsen in 1905 . It is inspired by the ancient Greek : γόνος , gonos , that means offspring and procreation . Contents 1 History 1.1 Discovery of discrete inherited units 1.2 Discovery of DNA 1.3 Modern synthesis and its successors 2 Molecular basis 2.1 DNA 2.2 Chromosomes 3 Structure and function 3.1 Structure 3.2 Functional definitions 4 Gene expression 4.1 Genetic code 4.2 Transcription 4.3 Translation 4.4 Regulation 4.5 RNA genes 5 Inheritance 5.1 Mendelian inheritance 5.2 DNA replication and cell division 5.3 Molecular inheritance 6 Molecular evolution 6.1 Mutation 6.2 Sequence homology 6.3 Origins of new genes 7 Genome 7.1 Number of genes 7.2 Essential genes 7.3 Genetic and genomic nomenclature 8 Genetic engineering 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Main textbook 10.2 References 10.3 Further reading 11 External links History ( edit ) Gregor Mendel Main article : History of genetics Discovery of discrete inherited units ( edit ) The existence of discrete inheritable units was first suggested by Gregor Mendel ( 1822 -- 1884 ) . From 1857 to 1864 , in Brno ( Czech Republic ) , he studied inheritance patterns in 8000 common edible pea plants , tracking distinct traits from parent to offspring . He described these mathematically as 2 combinations where n is the number of differing characteristics in the original peas . Although he did not use the term gene , he explained his results in terms of discrete inherited units that give rise to observable physical characteristics . This description prefigured Wilhelm Johannsen 's distinction between genotype ( the genetic material of an organism ) and phenotype ( the visible traits of that organism ) . Mendel was also the first to demonstrate independent assortment , the distinction between dominant and recessive traits , the distinction between a heterozygote and homozygote , and the phenomenon of discontinuous inheritance . Prior to Mendel 's work , the dominant theory of heredity was one of blending inheritance , which suggested that each parent contributed fluids to the fertilisation process and that the traits of the parents blended and mixed to produce the offspring . Charles Darwin developed a theory of inheritance he termed pangenesis , from Greek pan ( `` all , whole '' ) and genesis ( `` birth '' ) / genos ( `` origin '' ) . Darwin used the term gemmule to describe hypothetical particles that would mix during reproduction . Mendel 's work went largely unnoticed after its first publication in 1866 , but was rediscovered in the late 19th century by Hugo de Vries , Carl Correns , and Erich von Tschermak , who ( claimed to have ) reached similar conclusions in their own research . Specifically , in 1889 , Hugo de Vries published his book Intracellular Pangenesis , in which he postulated that different characters have individual hereditary carriers and that inheritance of specific traits in organisms comes in particles . De Vries called these units `` pangenes '' ( Pangens in German ) , after Darwin 's 1868 pangenesis theory . Sixteen years later , in 1905 , Wilhelm Johannsen introduced the term ' gene ' and William Bateson that of ' genetics ' while Eduard Strasburger , amongst others , still used the term ' pangene ' for the fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity . Discovery of DNA ( edit ) Advances in understanding genes and inheritance continued throughout the 20th century . Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA ) was shown to be the molecular repository of genetic information by experiments in the 1940s to 1950s . The structure of DNA was studied by Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins using X-ray crystallography , which led James D. Watson and Francis Crick to publish a model of the double - stranded DNA molecule whose paired nucleotide bases indicated a compelling hypothesis for the mechanism of genetic replication . In the early 1950s the prevailing view was that the genes in a chromosome acted like discrete entities , indivisible by recombination and arranged like beads on a string . The experiments of Benzer using mutants defective in the rII region of bacteriophage T4 ( 1955 - 1959 ) showed that individual genes have a simple linear structure and are likely to be equivalent to a linear section of DNA . Collectively , this body of research established the central dogma of molecular biology , which states that proteins are translated from RNA , which is transcribed from DNA . This dogma has since been shown to have exceptions , such as reverse transcription in retroviruses . The modern study of genetics at the level of DNA is known as molecular genetics . In 1972 , Walter Fiers and his team were the first to determine the sequence of a gene : that of Bacteriophage MS2 coat protein . The subsequent development of chain - termination DNA sequencing in 1977 by Frederick Sanger improved the efficiency of sequencing and turned it into a routine laboratory tool . An automated version of the Sanger method was used in early phases of the Human Genome Project . Modern synthesis and its successors ( edit ) Main article : Modern synthesis ( 20th century ) The theories developed in the early 20th century to integrate Mendelian genetics with Darwinian evolution are called the modern synthesis , a term introduced by Julian Huxley . Evolutionary biologists have subsequently modified this concept , such as George C. Williams ' gene - centric view of evolution . He proposed an evolutionary concept of the gene as a unit of natural selection with the definition : `` that which segregates and recombines with appreciable frequency . '' In this view , the molecular gene transcribes as a unit , and the evolutionary gene inherits as a unit . Related ideas emphasizing the centrality of genes in evolution were popularized by Richard Dawkins . Molecular basis ( edit ) Main article : DNA The chemical structure of a four base pair fragment of a DNA double helix . The sugar - phosphate backbone chains run in opposite directions with the bases pointing inwards , base - pairing A to T and C to G with hydrogen bonds . DNA ( edit ) The vast majority of organisms encode their genes in long strands of DNA ( deoxyribonucleic acid ) . DNA consists of a chain made from four types of nucleotide subunits , each composed of : a five - carbon sugar ( 2 - deoxyribose ) , a phosphate group , and one of the four bases adenine , cytosine , guanine , and thymine . Two chains of DNA twist around each other to form a DNA double helix with the phosphate - sugar backbone spiralling around the outside , and the bases pointing inwards with adenine base pairing to thymine and guanine to cytosine . The specificity of base pairing occurs because adenine and thymine align to form two hydrogen bonds , whereas cytosine and guanine form three hydrogen bonds . The two strands in a double helix must therefore be complementary , with their sequence of bases matching such that the adenines of one strand are paired with the thymines of the other strand , and so on . Due to the chemical composition of the pentose residues of the bases , DNA strands have directionality . One end of a DNA polymer contains an exposed hydroxyl group on the deoxyribose ; this is known as the 3 ' end of the molecule . The other end contains an exposed phosphate group ; this is the 5 ' end . The two strands of a double - helix run in opposite directions . Nucleic acid synthesis , including DNA replication and transcription occurs in the 5 ' → 3 ' direction , because new nucleotides are added via a dehydration reaction that uses the exposed 3 ' hydroxyl as a nucleophile . The expression of genes encoded in DNA begins by transcribing the gene into RNA , a second type of nucleic acid that is very similar to DNA , but whose monomers contain the sugar ribose rather than deoxyribose . RNA also contains the base uracil in place of thymine . RNA molecules are less stable than DNA and are typically single - stranded . Genes that encode proteins are composed of a series of three - nucleotide sequences called codons , which serve as the `` words '' in the genetic `` language '' . The genetic code specifies the correspondence during protein translation between codons and amino acids . The genetic code is nearly the same for all known organisms . Chromosomes ( edit ) Fluorescent microscopy image of a human female karyotype , showing 23 pairs of chromosomes . The DNA is stained red , with regions rich in housekeeping genes further stained in green . The largest chromosomes are around 10 times the size of the smallest . The total complement of genes in an organism or cell is known as its genome , which may be stored on one or more chromosomes . A chromosome consists of a single , very long DNA helix on which thousands of genes are encoded . The region of the chromosome at which a particular gene is located is called its locus . Each locus contains one allele of a gene ; however , members of a population may have different alleles at the locus , each with a slightly different gene sequence . The majority of eukaryotic genes are stored on a set of large , linear chromosomes . The chromosomes are packed within the nucleus in complex with storage proteins called histones to form a unit called a nucleosome . DNA packaged and condensed in this way is called chromatin . The manner in which DNA is stored on the histones , as well as chemical modifications of the histone itself , regulate whether a particular region of DNA is accessible for gene expression . In addition to genes , eukaryotic chromosomes contain sequences involved in ensuring that the DNA is copied without degradation of end regions and sorted into daughter cells during cell division : replication origins , telomeres and the centromere . Replication origins are the sequence regions where DNA replication is initiated to make two copies of the chromosome . Telomeres are long stretches of repetitive sequence that cap the ends of the linear chromosomes and prevent degradation of coding and regulatory regions during DNA replication . The length of the telomeres decreases each time the genome is replicated and has been implicated in the aging process . The centromere is required for binding spindle fibres to separate sister chromatids into daughter cells during cell division . Prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea ) typically store their genomes on a single large , circular chromosome . Similarly , some eukaryotic organelles contain a remnant circular chromosome with a small number of genes . Prokaryotes sometimes supplement their chromosome with additional small circles of DNA called plasmids , which usually encode only a few genes and are transferable between individuals . For example , the genes for antibiotic resistance are usually encoded on bacterial plasmids and can be passed between individual cells , even those of different species , via horizontal gene transfer . Whereas the chromosomes of prokaryotes are relatively gene - dense , those of eukaryotes often contain regions of DNA that serve no obvious function . Simple single - celled eukaryotes have relatively small amounts of such DNA , whereas the genomes of complex multicellular organisms , including humans , contain an absolute majority of DNA without an identified function . This DNA has often been referred to as `` junk DNA '' . However , more recent analyses suggest that , although protein - coding DNA makes up barely 2 % of the human genome , about 80 % of the bases in the genome may be expressed , so the term `` junk DNA '' may be a misnomer . Structure and function ( edit ) Structure ( edit ) Regulatory sequence Regulatory sequence Enhancer / silencer Promoter 5'UTR Open reading frame 3'UTR Enhancer / silencer Proximal Core Start Stop Terminator Transcription DNA Exon Exon Exon Intron Intron Post-transcriptional modification Pre - mRNA Protein coding region 5'cap Poly - A tail Translation Mature mRNA Protein The structure of a eukaryotic protein - coding gene . Regulatory sequence controls when and where expression occurs for the protein coding region ( red ) . Promoter and enhancer regions ( yellow ) regulate the transcription of the gene into a pre-mRNA which is modified to remove introns ( light grey ) and add a 5 ' cap and poly - A tail ( dark grey ) . The mRNA 5 ' and 3 ' untranslated regions ( blue ) regulate translation into the final protein product . Polycistronic operon Regulatory sequence Regulatory sequence Enhancer Enhancer / silencer / silencer Operator Promoter 5'UTR ORF ORF UTR 3'UTR Start Start Stop Stop Terminator Transcription DNA RBS RBS Protein coding region Protein coding region mRNA Translation Protein The structure of a prokaryotic operon of protein - coding genes . Regulatory sequence controls when expression occurs for the multiple protein coding regions ( red ) . Promoter , operator and enhancer regions ( yellow ) regulate the transcription of the gene into an mRNA . The mRNA untranslated regions ( blue ) regulate translation into the final protein products . The structure of a gene consists of many elements of which the actual protein coding sequence is often only a small part . These include DNA regions that are not transcribed as well as untranslated regions of the RNA . Flanking the open reading frame , genes contain a regulatory sequence that is required for their expression . First , genes require a promoter sequence . The promoter is recognized and bound by transcription factors and RNA polymerase to initiate transcription . The recognition typically occurs as a consensus sequence like the TATA box . A gene can have more than one promoter , resulting in messenger RNAs ( mRNA ) that differ in how far they extend in the 5 ' end . Highly transcribed genes have `` strong '' promoter sequences that form strong associations with transcription factors , thereby initiating transcription at a high rate . Others genes have `` weak '' promoters that form weak associations with transcription factors and initiate transcription less frequently . Eukaryotic promoter regions are much more complex and difficult to identify than prokaryotic promoters . Additionally , genes can have regulatory regions many kilobases upstream or downstream of the open reading frame that alter expression . These act by binding to transcription factors which then cause the DNA to loop so that the regulatory sequence ( and bound transcription factor ) become close to the RNA polymerase binding site . For example , enhancers increase transcription by binding an activator protein which then helps to recruit the RNA polymerase to the promoter ; conversely silencers bind repressor proteins and make the DNA less available for RNA polymerase . The transcribed pre-mRNA contains untranslated regions at both ends which contain a ribosome binding site , terminator and start and stop codons . In addition , most eukaryotic open reading frames contain untranslated introns which are removed before the exons are translated . The sequences at the ends of the introns , dictate the splice sites to generate the final mature mRNA which encodes the protein or RNA product . Many prokaryotic genes are organized into operons , with multiple protein - coding sequences that are transcribed as a unit . The genes in an operon are transcribed as a continuous messenger RNA , referred to as a polycistronic mRNA . The term cistron in this context is equivalent to gene . The transcription of an operon 's mRNA is often controlled by a repressor that can occur in an active or inactive state depending on the presence of certain specific metabolites . When active , the repressor binds to a DNA sequence at the beginning of the operon , called the operator region , and represses transcription of the operon ; when the repressor is inactive transcription of the operon can occur ( see e.g. Lac operon ) . The products of operon genes typically have related functions and are involved in the same regulatory network . Functional definitions ( edit ) Defining exactly what section of a DNA sequence comprises a gene is difficult . Regulatory regions of a gene such as enhancers do not necessarily have to be close to the coding sequence on the linear molecule because the intervening DNA can be looped out to bring the gene and its regulatory region into proximity . Similarly , a gene 's introns can be much larger than its exons . Regulatory regions can even be on entirely different chromosomes and operate in trans to allow regulatory regions on one chromosome to come in contact with target genes on another chromosome . Early work in molecular genetics suggested the concept that one gene makes one protein . This concept ( originally called the one gene - one enzyme hypothesis ) emerged from an influential 1941 paper by George Beadle and Edward Tatum on experiments with mutants of the fungus Neurospora crassa . Norman Horowitz , an early colleague on the Neurospora research , reminisced in 2004 that `` these experiments founded the science of what Beadle and Tatum called biochemical genetics . In actuality they proved to be the opening gun in what became molecular genetics and all the developments that have followed from that . '' The one gene - one protein concept has been refined since the discovery of genes that can encode multiple proteins by alternative splicing and coding sequences split in short section across the genome whose mRNAs are concatenated by trans - splicing . A broad operational definition is sometimes used to encompass the complexity of these diverse phenomena , where a gene is defined as a union of genomic sequences encoding a coherent set of potentially overlapping functional products . This definition categorizes genes by their functional products ( proteins or RNA ) rather than their specific DNA loci , with regulatory elements classified as gene - associated regions . Gene expression ( edit ) Main article : Gene expression In all organisms , two steps are required to read the information encoded in a gene 's DNA and produce the protein it specifies . First , the gene 's DNA is transcribed to messenger RNA ( mRNA ) . Second , that mRNA is translated to protein . RNA - coding genes must still go through the first step , but are not translated into protein . The process of producing a biologically functional molecule of either RNA or protein is called gene expression , and the resulting molecule is called a gene product . Genetic code ( edit ) Schematic of a single - stranded RNA molecule illustrating a series of three - base codons . Each three - nucleotide codon corresponds to an amino acid when translated to protein The nucleotide sequence of a gene 's DNA specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein through the genetic code . Sets of three nucleotides , known as codons , each correspond to a specific amino acid . The principle that three sequential bases of DNA code for each amino acid was demonstrated in 1961 using frameshift mutations in the rIIB gene of bacteriophage T4 ( see Crick , Brenner et al. experiment ) . Additionally , a `` start codon '' , and three `` stop codons '' indicate the beginning and end of the protein coding region . There are 64 possible codons ( four possible nucleotides at each of three positions , hence 4 possible codons ) and only 20 standard amino acids ; hence the code is redundant and multiple codons can specify the same amino acid . The correspondence between codons and amino acids is nearly universal among all known living organisms . Transcription ( edit ) Transcription produces a single - stranded RNA molecule known as messenger RNA , whose nucleotide sequence is complementary to the DNA from which it was transcribed . The mRNA acts as an intermediate between the DNA gene and its final protein product . The gene 's DNA is used as a template to generate a complementary mRNA . The mRNA matches the sequence of the gene 's DNA coding strand because it is synthesised as the complement of the template strand . Transcription is performed by an enzyme called an RNA polymerase , which reads the template strand in the 3 ' to 5 ' direction and synthesizes the RNA from 5 ' to 3 ' . To initiate transcription , the polymerase first recognizes and binds a promoter region of the gene . Thus , a major mechanism of gene regulation is the blocking or sequestering the promoter region , either by tight binding by repressor molecules that physically block the polymerase , or by organizing the DNA so that the promoter region is not accessible . In prokaryotes , transcription occurs in the cytoplasm ; for very long transcripts , translation may begin at the 5 ' end of the RNA while the 3 ' end is still being transcribed . In eukaryotes , transcription occurs in the nucleus , where the cell 's DNA is stored . The RNA molecule produced by the polymerase is known as the primary transcript and undergoes post-transcriptional modifications before being exported to the cytoplasm for translation . One of the modifications performed is the splicing of introns which are sequences in the transcribed region that do not encode protein . Alternative splicing mechanisms can result in mature transcripts from the same gene having different sequences and thus coding for different proteins . This is a major form of regulation in eukaryotic cells and also occurs in some prokaryotes . Translation ( edit ) Protein coding genes are transcribed to an mRNA intermediate , then translated to a functional protein . RNA - coding genes are transcribed to a functional non-coding RNA . ( PDB : 3BSE , 1OBB , 3TRA ) Translation is the process by which a mature mRNA molecule is used as a template for synthesizing a new protein . Translation is carried out by ribosomes , large complexes of RNA and protein responsible for carrying out the chemical reactions to add new amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain by the formation of peptide bonds . The genetic code is read three nucleotides at a time , in units called codons , via interactions with specialized RNA molecules called transfer RNA ( tRNA ) . Each tRNA has three unpaired bases known as the anticodon that are complementary to the codon it reads on the mRNA . The tRNA is also covalently attached to the amino acid specified by the complementary codon . When the tRNA binds to its complementary codon in an mRNA strand , the ribosome attaches its amino acid cargo to the new polypeptide chain , which is synthesized from amino terminus to carboxyl terminus . During and after synthesis , most new proteins must fold to their active three - dimensional structure before they can carry out their cellular functions . Regulation ( edit ) Genes are regulated so that they are expressed only when the product is needed , since expression draws on limited resources . A cell regulates its gene expression depending on its external environment ( e.g. available nutrients , temperature and other stresses ) , its internal environment ( e.g. cell division cycle , metabolism , infection status ) , and its specific role if in a multicellular organism . Gene expression can be regulated at any step : from transcriptional initiation , to RNA processing , to post-translational modification of the protein . The regulation of lactose metabolism genes in E. coli ( lac operon ) was the first such mechanism to be described in 1961 . RNA genes ( edit ) A typical protein - coding gene is first copied into RNA as an intermediate in the manufacture of the final protein product . In other cases , the RNA molecules are the actual functional products , as in the synthesis of ribosomal RNA and transfer RNA . Some RNAs known as ribozymes are capable of enzymatic function , and microRNA has a regulatory role . The DNA sequences from which such RNAs are transcribed are known as non-coding RNA genes . Some viruses store their entire genomes in the form of RNA , and contain no DNA at all . Because they use RNA to store genes , their cellular hosts may synthesize their proteins as soon as they are infected and without the delay in waiting for transcription . On the other hand , RNA retroviruses , such as HIV , require the reverse transcription of their genome from RNA into DNA before their proteins can be synthesized . RNA - mediated epigenetic inheritance has also been observed in plants and very rarely in animals . Inheritance ( edit ) Inheritance of a gene that has two different alleles ( blue and white ) . The gene is located on an autosomal chromosome . The white allele is recessive to the blue allele . The probability of each outcome in the children 's generation is one quarter , or 25 percent . Main articles : Mendelian inheritance and Heredity Organisms inherit their genes from their parents . Asexual organisms simply inherit a complete copy of their parent 's genome . Sexual organisms have two copies of each chromosome because they inherit one complete set from each parent . Mendelian inheritance ( edit ) According to Mendelian inheritance , variations in an organism 's phenotype ( observable physical and behavioral characteristics ) are due in part to variations in its genotype ( particular set of genes ) . Each gene specifies a particular trait with different sequence of a gene ( alleles ) giving rise to different phenotypes . Most eukaryotic organisms ( such as the pea plants Mendel worked on ) have two alleles for each trait , one inherited from each parent . Alleles at a locus may be dominant or recessive ; dominant alleles give rise to their corresponding phenotypes when paired with any other allele for the same trait , whereas recessive alleles give rise to their corresponding phenotype only when paired with another copy of the same allele . If you know the genotypes of the organisms , you can determine which alleles are dominant and which are recessive . For example , if the allele specifying tall stems in pea plants is dominant over the allele specifying short stems , then pea plants that inherit one tall allele from one parent and one short allele from the other parent will also have tall stems . Mendel 's work demonstrated that alleles assort independently in the production of gametes , or germ cells , ensuring variation in the next generation . Although Mendelian inheritance remains a good model for many traits determined by single genes ( including a number of well - known genetic disorders ) it does not include the physical processes of DNA replication and cell division . DNA replication and cell division ( edit ) The growth , development , and reproduction of organisms relies on cell division ; the process by which a single cell divides into two usually identical daughter cells . This requires first making a duplicate copy of every gene in the genome in a process called DNA replication . The copies are made by specialized enzymes known as DNA polymerases , which `` read '' one strand of the double - helical DNA , known as the template strand , and synthesize a new complementary strand . Because the DNA double helix is held together by base pairing , the sequence of one strand completely specifies the sequence of its complement ; hence only one strand needs to be read by the enzyme to produce a faithful copy . The process of DNA replication is semiconservative ; that is , the copy of the genome inherited by each daughter cell contains one original and one newly synthesized strand of DNA . The rate of DNA replication in living cells was first measured as the rate of phage T4 DNA elongation in phage - infected E. coli and found to be impressively rapid . During the period of exponential DNA increase at 37 ° C , the rate of elongation was 749 nucleotides per second . After DNA replication is complete , the cell must physically separate the two copies of the genome and divide into two distinct membrane - bound cells . In prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea ) this usually occurs via a relatively simple process called binary fission , in which each circular genome attaches to the cell membrane and is separated into the daughter cells as the membrane invaginates to split the cytoplasm into two membrane - bound portions . Binary fission is extremely fast compared to the rates of cell division in eukaryotes . Eukaryotic cell division is a more complex process known as the cell cycle ; DNA replication occurs during a phase of this cycle known as S phase , whereas the process of segregating chromosomes and splitting the cytoplasm occurs during M phase . Molecular inheritance ( edit ) The duplication and transmission of genetic material from one generation of cells to the next is the basis for molecular inheritance , and the link between the classical and molecular pictures of genes . Organisms inherit the characteristics of their parents because the cells of the offspring contain copies of the genes in their parents ' cells . In asexually reproducing organisms , the offspring will be a genetic copy or clone of the parent organism . In sexually reproducing organisms , a specialized form of cell division called meiosis produces cells called gametes or germ cells that are haploid , or contain only one copy of each gene . The gametes produced by females are called eggs or ova , and those produced by males are called sperm . Two gametes fuse to form a diploid fertilized egg , a single cell that has two sets of genes , with one copy of each gene from the mother and one from the father . During the process of meiotic cell division , an event called genetic recombination or crossing - over can sometimes occur , in which a length of DNA on one chromatid is swapped with a length of DNA on the corresponding homologous non-sister chromatid . This can result in reassortment of otherwise linked alleles . The Mendelian principle of independent assortment asserts that each of a parent 's two genes for each trait will sort independently into gametes ; which allele an organism inherits for one trait is unrelated to which allele it inherits for another trait . This is in fact only true for genes that do not reside on the same chromosome , or are located very far from one another on the same chromosome . The closer two genes lie on the same chromosome , the more closely they will be associated in gametes and the more often they will appear together ( known as genetic linkage ) . Genes that are very close are essentially never separated because it is extremely unlikely that a crossover point will occur between them . Molecular evolution ( edit ) Main article : Molecular evolution Mutation ( edit ) DNA replication is for the most part extremely accurate , however errors ( mutations ) do occur . The error rate in eukaryotic cells can be as low as 10 per nucleotide per replication , whereas for some RNA viruses it can be as high as 10 . This means that each generation , each human genome accumulates 1 -- 2 new mutations . Small mutations can be caused by DNA replication and the aftermath of DNA damage and include point mutations in which a single base is altered and frameshift mutations in which a single base is inserted or deleted . Either of these mutations can change the gene by missense ( change a codon to encode a different amino acid ) or nonsense ( a premature stop codon ) . Larger mutations can be caused by errors in recombination to cause chromosomal abnormalities including the duplication , deletion , rearrangement or inversion of large sections of a chromosome . Additionally , DNA repair mechanisms can introduce mutational errors when repairing physical damage to the molecule . The repair , even with mutation , is more important to survival than restoring an exact copy , for example when repairing double - strand breaks . When multiple different alleles for a gene are present in a species 's population it is called polymorphic . Most different alleles are functionally equivalent , however some alleles can give rise to different phenotypic traits . A gene 's most common allele is called the wild type , and rare alleles are called mutants . The genetic variation in relative frequencies of different alleles in a population is due to both natural selection and genetic drift . The wild - type allele is not necessarily the ancestor of less common alleles , nor is it necessarily fitter . Most mutations within genes are neutral , having no effect on the organism 's phenotype ( silent mutations ) . Some mutations do not change the amino acid sequence because multiple codons encode the same amino acid ( synonymous mutations ) . Other mutations can be neutral if they lead to amino acid sequence changes , but the protein still functions similarly with the new amino acid ( e.g. conservative mutations ) . Many mutations , however , are deleterious or even lethal , and are removed from populations by natural selection . Genetic disorders are the result of deleterious mutations and can be due to spontaneous mutation in the affected individual , or can be inherited . Finally , a small fraction of mutations are beneficial , improving the organism 's fitness and are extremely important for evolution , since their directional selection leads to adaptive evolution . Sequence homology ( edit ) A sequence alignment , produced by ClustalO , of mammalian histone proteins Genes with a most recent common ancestor , and thus a shared evolutionary ancestry , are known as homologs . These genes appear either from gene duplication within an organism 's genome , where they are known as paralogous genes , or are the result of divergence of the genes after a speciation event , where they are known as orthologous genes , and often perform the same or similar functions in related organisms . It is often assumed that the functions of orthologous genes are more similar than those of paralogous genes , although the difference is minimal . The relationship between genes can be measured by comparing the sequence alignment of their DNA . The degree of sequence similarity between homologous genes is called conserved sequence . Most changes to a gene 's sequence do not affect its function and so genes accumulate mutations over time by neutral molecular evolution . Additionally , any selection on a gene will cause its sequence to diverge at a different rate . Genes under stabilizing selection are constrained and so change more slowly whereas genes under directional selection change sequence more rapidly . The sequence differences between genes can be used for phylogenetic analyses to study how those genes have evolved and how the organisms they come from are related . Origins of new genes ( edit ) Evolutionary fate of duplicate genes . The most common source of new genes in eukaryotic lineages is gene duplication , which creates copy number variation of an existing gene in the genome . The resulting genes ( paralogs ) may then diverge in sequence and in function . Sets of genes formed in this way compose a gene family . Gene duplications and losses within a family are common and represent a major source of evolutionary biodiversity . Sometimes , gene duplication may result in a nonfunctional copy of a gene , or a functional copy may be subject to mutations that result in loss of function ; such nonfunctional genes are called pseudogenes . `` Orphan '' genes , whose sequence shows no similarity to existing genes , are less common than gene duplicates . Estimates of the number of genes with no homologs outside humans range from 18 to 60 . Two primary sources of orphan protein - coding genes are gene duplication followed by extremely rapid sequence change , such that the original relationship is undetectable by sequence comparisons , and de novo conversion of a previously non-coding sequence into a protein - coding gene . De novo genes are typically shorter and simpler in structure than most eukaryotic genes , with few if any introns . Over long evolutionary time periods , de novo gene birth may be responsible for a significant fraction of taxonomically - restricted gene families . Horizontal gene transfer refers to the transfer of genetic material through a mechanism other than reproduction . This mechanism is a common source of new genes in prokaryotes , sometimes thought to contribute more to genetic variation than gene duplication . It is a common means of spreading antibiotic resistance , virulence , and adaptive metabolic functions . Although horizontal gene transfer is rare in eukaryotes , likely examples have been identified of protist and alga genomes containing genes of bacterial origin . Genome ( edit ) The genome is the total genetic material of an organism and includes both the genes and non-coding sequences . Number of genes ( edit ) Representative genome sizes for plants ( green ) , vertebrates ( blue ) , invertebrates ( red ) , fungus ( yellow ) , bacteria ( purple ) , and viruses ( grey ) . An inset on the right shows the smaller genomes expanded 100-fold . The genome size , and the number of genes it encodes varies widely between organisms . The smallest genomes occur in viruses , and viroids ( which act as a single non-coding RNA gene ) . Conversely , plants can have extremely large genomes , with rice containing > 46,000 protein - coding genes . The total number of protein - coding genes ( the Earth 's proteome ) is estimated to be 5 million sequences . Although the number of base - pairs of DNA in the human genome has been known since the 1960s , the estimated number of genes has changed over time as definitions of genes , and methods of detecting them have been refined . Initial theoretical predictions of the number of human genes were as high as 2,000,000 . Early experimental measures indicated there to be 50,000 -- 100,000 transcribed genes ( expressed sequence tags ) . Subsequently , the sequencing in the Human Genome Project indicated that many of these transcripts were alternative variants of the same genes , and the total number of protein - coding genes was revised down to ~ 20,000 with 13 genes encoded on the mitochondrial genome . With the GENCODE annotation project , that estimate has continued to fall to 19,000 . Of the human genome , only 1 -- 2 % consists of protein - coding genes , with the remainder being ' noncoding ' DNA such as introns , retrotransposons , and noncoding RNAs . Every multicellular organism has all its genes in each cell of its body but not every gene functions in every cell . Essential genes ( edit ) Main article : Essential gene Gene functions in the minimal genome of the synthetic organism , Syn 3 . Essential genes are the set of genes thought to be critical for an organism 's survival . This definition assumes the abundant availability of all relevant nutrients and the absence of environmental stress . Only a small portion of an organism 's genes are essential . In bacteria , an estimated 250 -- 400 genes are essential for Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis , which is less than 10 % of their genes . Half of these genes are orthologs in both organisms and are largely involved in protein synthesis . In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae the number of essential genes is slightly higher , at 1000 genes ( ~ 20 % of their genes ) . Although the number is more difficult to measure in higher eukaryotes , mice and humans are estimated to have around 2000 essential genes ( ~ 10 % of their genes ) . The synthetic organism , Syn 3 , has a minimal genome of 473 essential genes and quasi-essential genes ( necessary for fast growth ) , although 149 have unknown function . Essential genes include Housekeeping genes ( critical for basic cell functions ) as well as genes that are expressed at different times in the organisms development or life cycle . Housekeeping genes are used as experimental controls when analysing gene expression , since they are constitutively expressed at a relatively constant level . Genetic and genomic Nomenclature ( edit ) Gene nomenclature has been established by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee ( HGNC ) for each known human gene in the form of an approved gene name and symbol ( short - form abbreviation ) , which can be accessed through a database maintained by HGNC . Symbols are chosen to be unique , and each gene has only one symbol ( although approved symbols sometimes change ) . Symbols are preferably kept consistent with other members of a gene family and with homologs in other species , particularly the mouse due to its role as a common model organism . Genetic engineering ( edit ) Comparison of conventional plant breeding with transgenic and cisgenic genetic modification . Main article : Genetic engineering Genetic engineering is the modification of an organism 's genome through biotechnology . Since the 1970s , a variety of techniques have been developed to specifically add , remove and edit genes in an organism . Recently developed genome engineering techniques use engineered nuclease enzymes to create targeted DNA repair in a chromosome to either disrupt or edit a gene when the break is repaired . The related term synthetic biology is sometimes used to refer to extensive genetic engineering of an organism . Genetic engineering is now a routine research tool with model organisms . For example , genes are easily added to bacteria and lineages of knockout mice with a specific gene 's function disrupted are used to investigate that gene 's function . Many organisms have been genetically modified for applications in agriculture , industrial biotechnology , and medicine . For multicellular organisms , typically the embryo is engineered which grows into the adult genetically modified organism . However , the genomes of cells in an adult organism can be edited using gene therapy techniques to treat genetic diseases . See also ( edit ) Copy number variation Epigenetics Full genome sequencing Gene - centric view of evolution Gene dosage Gene expression Gene family Gene nomenclature Gene patent Gene pool Gene redundancy Genetic algorithm Haplotype List of gene prediction software List of notable genes Predictive medicine Pseudogene Quantitative trait locus References ( edit ) Main textbook ( edit ) Alberts B , Johnson A , Lewis J , Raff M , Roberts K , Walter P ( 2002 ) . Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Fourth ed . ) . New York : Garland Science . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 3218 - 3 . -- A molecular biology textbook available free online through NCBI Bookshelf . Referenced chapters of Molecular Biology of the Cell Glossary Ch 1 : Cells and genomes 1.1 : The Universal Features of Cells on Earth Ch 2 : Cell Chemistry and Biosynthesis 2.1 : The Chemical Components of a Cell Ch 3 : Proteins Ch 4 : DNA and Chromosomes 4.1 : The Structure and Function of DNA 4.2 : Chromosomal DNA and Its Packaging in the Chromatin Fiber Ch 5 : DNA Replication , Repair , and Recombination 5.2 : DNA Replication Mechanisms 5.4 : DNA Repair 5.5 : General Recombination Ch 6 : How Cells Read the Genome : From DNA to Protein 6.1 : DNA to RNA 6.2 : RNA to Protein Ch 7 : Control of Gene Expression 7.1 : An Overview of Gene Control 7.2 : DNA - Binding Motifs in Gene Regulatory Proteins 7.3 : How Genetic Switches Work 7.5 : Posttranscriptional Controls 7.6 : How Genomes Evolve Ch 14 : Energy Conversion : Mitochondria and Chloroplasts 14.4 : The Genetic Systems of Mitochondria and Plastids Ch 18 : The Mechanics of Cell Division 18.1 : An Overview of M Phase 18.2 : Mitosis Ch 20 : Germ Cells and Fertilization 20.2 : Meiosis References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Gericke , Niklas Markus ; Hagberg , Mariana ( 5 December 2006 ) . `` Definition of historical models of gene function and their relation to students ' understanding of genetics '' . 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PMID 17998949 . Further reading ( edit ) Watson JD , Baker TA , Bell SP , Gann A , Levine M , Losick R ( 2013 ) . Molecular Biology of the Gene ( 7th ed . ) . Benjamin Cummings . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 90537 - 6 . Dawkins R ( 1990 ) . The Selfish Gene . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 286092 - 5 . Google Book Search ; first published 1976 . Ridley M ( 1999 ) . Genome : The Autobiography of a Species in 23 Chapters . Fourth Estate . ISBN 0 - 00 - 763573 - 7 . Brown , T ( 2002 ) . Genomes ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Wiley - Liss . ISBN 0 - 471 - 25046 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Comparative Toxicogenomics Database DNA From The Beginning -- a primer on genes and DNA Entrez Gene -- a searchable database of genes IDconverter -- converts gene IDs between public databases iHOP -- Information Hyperlinked over Proteins TranscriptomeBrowser -- Gene expression profile analysis The Protein Naming Utility , a database to identify and correct deficient gene names Genes -- an Open Access journal IMPC ( International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium ) -- Encyclopedia of mammalian gene function Global Genes Project -- Leading non-profit organization supporting people living with genetic diseases ENCODE threads Explorer Characterization of intergenic regions and gene definition . Nature GND : 4128987 - 0 NDL : 00563885 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gene&oldid=855218148 '' Categories : Cloning Genes Molecular biology Wikipedia articles with sections published in WikiJournal of Medicine Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from May 2015 Good articles Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Patois Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Українська اردو Vahcuengh Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語中文 90 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 August 2018 , at 18 : 59 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where are genes located what are their functions	[]	[]
8065406067273267620	A Feather on the Breath of God	A Feather on the Breath of God - wikipedia A Feather on the Breath of God Jump to : navigation , search A Feather on the Breath of God Studio album by Gothic Voices Released April 1985 Recorded St Jude 's Church , Hampstead Garden Suburb , London , 14 September 1981 Genre Sacred vocal music , plainchant , early music Length 44 : 03 Label Hyperion Records Producer Martin Compton Gothic Voices chronology The Garden of Zephirus ( 1985 ) A Feather on the Breath of God ( 1985 ) The Castle of Fair Welcome ( 1986 ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic A Feather on the Breath of God is an award - winning album of sacred vocal music written in the 12th century by the German abbess Hildegard of Bingen , and recorded by British vocal ensemble Gothic Voices with English soprano Emma Kirkby . It was released by the Hyperion Records label in April 1985 . It is an album of early medieval plainchant . The title is taken from a passage in Hildegard 's writings in which she describes herself : Listen : there was once a king sitting on his throne . Around him stood great and wonderfully beautiful columns ornamented with ivory , bearing the banners of the king with great honour . Then it pleased the king to raise a small feather from the ground and he commanded it to fly . The feather flew , not because of anything in itself but because the air bore it along . Thus am I ' `` A feather on the breath of God . '' The album received the Early - Medieval Gramophone Award for 1982 -- 1983 and the maximum rating of five stars from AllMusic . It was recorded in St. Jude 's Church , Hampstead Garden Suburb , London , on 14 September 1981 . The music and Latin texts are from a contemporary medieval manuscript ( Wiesbaden , Hessische Landesbibliothek M52 ) edited by Dr. Christopher Page , who also directed the recorded performance itself . Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listing 2 Personnel 2.1 Musicians 2.2 Recording and production personnel 3 References Track listing ( edit ) All compositions ( sequences and hymns ) written by Hildegard of Bingen . `` Columba aspexit '' ( 5 : 18 ) `` Ave , generosa '' ( 4 : 36 ) `` O ignis spiritus '' ( 4 : 48 ) `` O Ierusalem '' ( 8 : 02 ) `` O Euchari '' ( 5 : 43 ) `` O viridissima virga '' ( 3 : 13 ) `` O presul vere civitatis '' ( 6 : 12 ) `` O Ecclesia '' ( 6 : 11 ) Personnel ( edit ) Musicians ( edit ) Emma Kirkby -- soprano Emily Van Evera -- soprano Poppy Holden -- soprano Judith Stell -- soprano Margaret Philpot -- contralto Andrew Parrott -- tenor Kevin Breen -- tenor Howard Milner -- tenor Doreen Muskett -- symphony Robert White -- reed drones Christopher Page -- director Recording and production personnel ( edit ) Tony Faulkner -- recording engineer Martin Compton -- recording producer Terry Shannon -- front design Edward Perry -- executive producer References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : http://www.allmusic.com/album/a-feather-on-the-breath-of-god-mw0000157694 . Retrieved 11 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.hyperion-records.co.uk/dc.asp?dc=D_CDA66039&vw=dc . Retrieved 11 June 2014 . Jump up ^ A Feather on the Breath of God CD booklet , p. 2 . Jump up ^ A Feather on the Breath of God CD back cover . Jump up ^ A Feather on the Breath of God CD booklet , p. 5 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Feather_on_the_Breath_of_God&oldid=834567401 '' Categories : Western plainchant Early music albums 1985 albums Gramophone Award winners Hildegard of Bingen Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 12 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	hildegard von bingen a feather on the breath of god	[]	[]
3550372511272950263	Type I and type II errors	Type I and type II errors - wikipedia Type I and type II errors Jump to : navigation , search This article is about erroneous outcomes of statistical tests . For closely related concepts in binary classification and testing generally , see false positives and false negatives . In statistical hypothesis testing , a type I error is the incorrect rejection of a true null hypothesis ( also known as a `` false positive '' finding ) , while a type II error is incorrectly retaining a false null hypothesis ( also known as a `` false negative '' finding ) . More simply stated , a type I error is to falsely infer the existence of something that is not there , while a type II error is to falsely infer the absence of something that is . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 Statistical test theory 2.1 Type I error 2.2 Type II error 2.3 Table of error types 3 Examples 3.1 Example 1 3.2 Example 2 3.3 Example 3 3.4 Example 4 4 Etymology 5 Related terms 5.1 Null hypothesis 5.2 Statistical significance 6 Application domains 6.1 Inventory control 6.2 Computers 6.2. 1 Computer security 6.2. 2 Spam filtering 6.2. 3 Malware 6.2. 4 Optical character recognition 6.3 Security screening 6.4 Biometrics 6.5 Medicine 6.5. 1 Medical screening 6.5. 2 Medical testing 7 See also 8 Footnotes 9 References 10 External links Definition ( edit ) In statistics , a null hypothesis is a statement that one seeks to nullify with evidence to the contrary . Most commonly it is a statement that the phenomenon being studied produces no effect or makes no difference . An example of a null hypothesis is the statement `` This diet has no effect on people 's weight . '' Usually , an experimenter frames a null hypothesis with the intent of rejecting it : that is , intending to run an experiment which produces data that shows that the phenomenon under study does make a difference . In some cases there is a specific alternative hypothesis that is opposed to the null hypothesis , in other cases the alternative hypothesis is not explicitly stated , or is simply `` the null hypothesis is false '' -- in either event , this is a binary judgment , but the interpretation differs and is a matter of significant dispute in statistics . A type I error ( or error of the first kind ) is the incorrect rejection of a true null hypothesis . Usually a type I error leads one to conclude that a supposed effect or relationship exists when in fact it does n't . Examples of type I errors include a test that shows a patient to have a disease when in fact the patient does not have the disease , a fire alarm going on indicating a fire when in fact there is no fire , or an experiment indicating that a medical treatment should cure a disease when in fact it does not . A type II error ( or error of the second kind ) is the failure to reject a false null hypothesis . Examples of type II errors would be a blood test failing to detect the disease it was designed to detect , in a patient who really has the disease ; a fire breaking out and the fire alarm does not ring ; or a clinical trial of a medical treatment failing to show that the treatment works when really it does . In terms of false positives and false negatives , a positive result corresponds to rejecting the null hypothesis , while a negative result corresponds to failing to reject the null hypothesis ; `` false '' means the conclusion drawn is incorrect . Thus a type I error is a false positive , and a type II error is a false negative . When comparing two means , concluding the means were different when in reality they were not different would be a Type I error ; concluding the means were not different when in reality they were different would be a Type II error . Various extensions have been suggested as `` Type III errors '' , though none have wide use . All statistical hypothesis tests have a probability of making type I and type II errors . For example , all blood tests for a disease will falsely detect the disease in some proportion of people who do n't have it , and will fail to detect the disease in some proportion of people who do have it . A test 's probability of making a type I error is denoted by α . A test 's probability of making a type II error is denoted by β . These error rates are traded off against each other : for any given sample set , the effort to reduce one type of error generally results in increasing the other type of error . For a given test , the only way to reduce both error rates is to increase the sample size , and this may not be feasible . These terms are also used in a more general way by social scientists and others to refer to flaws in reasoning . This article is specifically devoted to the statistical meanings of those terms and the technical issues of the statistical errors that those terms describe . Statistical test theory ( edit ) In statistical test theory , the notion of statistical error is an integral part of hypothesis testing . The test requires an unambiguous statement of a null hypothesis , which usually corresponds to a default `` state of nature '' , for example `` this person is healthy '' , `` this accused is not guilty '' or `` this product is not broken '' . An alternative hypothesis is the negation of null hypothesis , for example , `` this person is not healthy '' , `` this accused is guilty '' or `` this product is broken '' . The result of the test may be negative , relative to the null hypothesis ( not healthy , guilty , broken ) or positive ( healthy , not guilty , not broken ) . If the result of the test corresponds with reality , then a correct decision has been made . However , if the result of the test does not correspond with reality , then an error has occurred . Due to the statistical nature of a test , the result is never , except in very rare cases , free of error . Two types of error are distinguished : type I error and type II error . Type I error ( edit ) A type I error occurs when the null hypothesis ( H ) is true , but is rejected . It is asserting something that is absent , a false hit . A type I error may be likened to a so - called false positive ( a result that indicates that a given condition is present when it actually is not present ) . In terms of folk tales , an investigator may see the wolf when there is none ( `` raising a false alarm '' ) . Where the null hypothesis , H , is : no wolf . The type I error rate or significance level is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis given that it is true . It is denoted by the Greek letter α ( alpha ) and is also called the alpha level . Often , the significance level is set to 0.05 ( 5 % ) , implying that it is acceptable to have a 5 % probability of incorrectly rejecting the null hypothesis . Type II error ( edit ) A type II error occurs when the null hypothesis is false , but erroneously fails to be rejected . It is failing to assert what is present , a miss . A type II error may be compared with a so - called false negative ( where an actual ' hit ' was disregarded by the test and seen as a ' miss ' ) in a test checking for a single condition with a definitive result of true or false . A Type II error is committed when we fail to believe a true alternative hypothesis . In terms of folk tales , an investigator may fail to see the wolf when it is present ( `` failing to raise an alarm '' ) . Again , H : no wolf . The rate of the type II error is denoted by the Greek letter β ( beta ) and related to the power of a test ( which equals 1 − β ) . Table of error types ( edit ) Tabularised relations between truth / falseness of the null hypothesis and outcomes of the test : Table of error types Null hypothesis ( H ) is True False Decision About Null Hypothesis ( H ) Fail to reject Correct inference ( True Positive ) Type II error ( False Negative ) Reject Type I error ( False Positive ) Correct inference ( True Negative ) Examples ( edit ) Example 1 ( edit ) Hypothesis : `` Adding water to toothpaste protects against cavities . '' Null hypothesis ( H ) : `` Adding water does not make toothpaste more effective in fighting cavities . '' This null hypothesis is tested against experimental data with a view to nullifying it with evidence to the contrary . A type I error occurs when detecting an effect ( adding water to toothpaste protects against cavities ) that is not present . The null hypothesis is true ( i.e. , it is true that adding water to toothpaste does not make it more effective in protecting against cavities ) , but this null hypothesis is rejected based on bad experimental data . Example 2 ( edit ) Hypothesis : `` Adding fluoride to toothpaste protects against cavities . '' Null hypothesis ( H ) : `` Adding fluoride to toothpaste has no effect on cavities . '' This null hypothesis is tested against experimental data with a view to nullifying it with evidence to the contrary . A type II error occurs when failing to detect an effect ( adding fluoride to toothpaste protects against cavities ) that is present . The null hypothesis is false ( i.e. , adding fluoride is actually effective against cavities ) , but the experimental data is such that the null hypothesis can not be rejected . Example 3 ( edit ) Hypothesis : `` The evidence produced before the court proves that this man is guilty . '' Null hypothesis ( H ) : `` This man is innocent . '' A type I error occurs when convicting an innocent person ( a miscarriage of justice ) . A type II error occurs when letting a guilty person go free ( an error of impunity ) . A positive correct outcome occurs when convicting a guilty person . A negative correct outcome occurs when letting an innocent person go free . Example 4 ( edit ) Hypothesis : `` A patient 's symptoms improve after treatment A more rapidly than after a placebo treatment . '' Null hypothesis ( H ) : `` A patient 's symptoms after treatment A are indistinguishable from a placebo . '' A Type I error would falsely indicate that treatment A is more effective than the placebo , whereas a Type II error would be a failure to demonstrate that treatment A is more effective than placebo even though it actually is more effective . Etymology ( edit ) In 1928 , Jerzy Neyman ( 1894 -- 1981 ) and Egon Pearson ( 1895 -- 1980 ) , both eminent statisticians , discussed the problems associated with `` deciding whether or not a particular sample may be judged as likely to have been randomly drawn from a certain population '' : and , as Florence Nightingale David remarked , `` it is necessary to remember the adjective ' random ' ( in the term ' random sample ' ) should apply to the method of drawing the sample and not to the sample itself '' . They identified `` two sources of error '' , namely : ( a ) the error of rejecting a hypothesis that should have not been rejected , and ( b ) the error of failing to reject a hypothesis that should have been rejected . In 1930 , they elaborated on these two sources of error , remarking that : ... in testing hypotheses two considerations must be kept in view , ( 1 ) we must be able to reduce the chance of rejecting a true hypothesis to as low a value as desired ; ( 2 ) the test must be so devised that it will reject the hypothesis tested when it is likely to be false . In 1933 , they observed that these `` problems are rarely presented in such a form that we can discriminate with certainty between the true and false hypothesis '' ( p. 187 ) . They also noted that , in deciding whether to fail to reject or reject a particular hypothesis amongst a `` set of alternative hypotheses '' ( p. 201 ) , H , H , ... , it was easy to make an error : ... ( and ) these errors will be of two kinds : ( I ) we reject H ( i.e. , the hypothesis to be tested ) when it is true , ( II ) we fail to reject H when some alternative hypothesis H or H is true . ( There are various notations for the alternative ) . In all of the papers co-written by Neyman and Pearson the expression H always signifies `` the hypothesis to be tested '' . In the same paper they call these two sources of error , errors of type I and errors of type II respectively . Related terms ( edit ) See also : Coverage probability Null hypothesis ( edit ) Main article : Null hypothesis It is standard practice for statisticians to conduct tests in order to determine whether or not a `` speculative hypothesis '' concerning the observed phenomena of the world ( or its inhabitants ) can be supported . The results of such testing determine whether a particular set of results agrees reasonably ( or does not agree ) with the speculated hypothesis . On the basis that it is always assumed , by statistical convention , that the speculated hypothesis is wrong , and the so - called `` null hypothesis '' that the observed phenomena simply occur by chance ( and that , as a consequence , the speculated agent has no effect ) -- the test will determine whether this hypothesis is right or wrong . This is why the hypothesis under test is often called the null hypothesis ( most likely , coined by Fisher ( 1935 , p. 19 ) ) , because it is this hypothesis that is to be either nullified or not nullified by the test . When the null hypothesis is nullified , it is possible to conclude that data support the `` alternative hypothesis '' ( which is the original speculated one ) . The consistent application by statisticians of Neyman and Pearson 's convention of representing `` the hypothesis to be tested '' ( or `` the hypothesis to be nullified '' ) with the expression H has led to circumstances where many understand the term `` the null hypothesis '' as meaning `` the nil hypothesis '' -- a statement that the results in question have arisen through chance . This is not necessarily the case -- the key restriction , as per Fisher ( 1966 ) , is that `` the null hypothesis must be exact , that is free from vagueness and ambiguity , because it must supply the basis of the ' problem of distribution , ' of which the test of significance is the solution . '' As a consequence of this , in experimental science the null hypothesis is generally a statement that a particular treatment has no effect ; in observational science , it is that there is no difference between the value of a particular measured variable , and that of an experimental prediction . Statistical significance ( edit ) If the probability of obtaining a result as extreme as the one obtained , supposing that the null hypothesis were true , is lower than a pre-specified cut - off probability ( for example , 5 % ) , then the result is said to be statistically significant and the null hypothesis is rejected . British statistician Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher ( 1890 -- 1962 ) stressed that the `` null hypothesis '' : ... is never proved or established , but is possibly disproved , in the course of experimentation . Every experiment may be said to exist only in order to give the facts a chance of disproving the null hypothesis . -- 1935 , p. 19 Application domains ( edit ) Statistical tests always involve a trade - off between : the acceptable level of false positives ( in which a non-match is declared to be a match ) and the acceptable level of false negatives ( in which an actual match is not detected ) . A threshold value can be varied to make the test more restrictive or more sensitive , with the more restrictive tests increasing the risk of rejecting true positives , and the more sensitive tests increasing the risk of accepting false positives . Inventory control ( edit ) An automated inventory control system that rejects high - quality goods of a consignment commits a type I error , while a system that accepts low - quality goods commits a type II error . Computers ( edit ) The notions of false positives and false negatives have a wide currency in the realm of computers and computer applications , as follows . Computer security ( edit ) Main articles : computer security and computer insecurity Security vulnerabilities are an important consideration in the task of keeping computer data safe , while maintaining access to that data for appropriate users . Moulton ( 1983 ) , stresses the importance of : avoiding the type I errors ( or false positives ) that classify authorized users as imposters . avoiding the type II errors ( or false negatives ) that classify imposters as authorized users . Spam filtering ( edit ) A false positive occurs when spam filtering or spam blocking techniques wrongly classify a legitimate email message as spam and , as a result , interferes with its delivery . While most anti-spam tactics can block or filter a high percentage of unwanted emails , doing so without creating significant false - positive results is a much more demanding task . A false negative occurs when a spam email is not detected as spam , but is classified as non-spam . A low number of false negatives is an indicator of the efficiency of spam filtering . Malware ( edit ) The term `` false positive '' is also used when antivirus software wrongly classifies a harmless file as a virus . The incorrect detection may be due to heuristics or to an incorrect virus signature in a database . Similar problems can occur with antitrojan or antispyware software . Optical character recognition ( edit ) Detection algorithms of all kinds often create false positives . Optical character recognition ( OCR ) software may detect an `` a '' where there are only some dots that appear to be an `` a '' to the algorithm being used . Security screening ( edit ) Main articles : explosive detection and metal detector False positives are routinely found every day in airport security screening , which are ultimately visual inspection systems . The installed security alarms are intended to prevent weapons being brought onto aircraft ; yet they are often set to such high sensitivity that they alarm many times a day for minor items , such as keys , belt buckles , loose change , mobile phones , and tacks in shoes . The ratio of false positives ( identifying an innocent traveller as a terrorist ) to true positives ( detecting a would - be terrorist ) is , therefore , very high ; and because almost every alarm is a false positive , the positive predictive value of these screening tests is very low . The relative cost of false results determines the likelihood that test creators allow these events to occur . As the cost of a false negative in this scenario is extremely high ( not detecting a bomb being brought onto a plane could result in hundreds of deaths ) whilst the cost of a false positive is relatively low ( a reasonably simple further inspection ) the most appropriate test is one with a low statistical specificity but high statistical sensitivity ( one that allows a high rate of false positives in return for minimal false negatives ) . Biometrics ( edit ) Biometric matching , such as for fingerprint recognition , facial recognition or iris recognition , is susceptible to type I and type II errors . The null hypothesis is that the input does identify someone in the searched list of people , so : the probability of type I errors is called the `` false reject rate '' ( FRR ) or false non-match rate ( FNMR ) , while the probability of type II errors is called the `` false accept rate '' ( FAR ) or false match rate ( FMR ) . If the system is designed to rarely match suspects then the probability of type II errors can be called the `` false alarm rate '' . On the other hand , if the system is used for validation ( and acceptance is the norm ) then the FAR is a measure of system security , while the FRR measures user inconvenience level . Medicine ( edit ) Further information : False positives and false negatives Medical screening ( edit ) In the practice of medicine , there is a significant difference between the applications of screening and testing . Screening involves relatively cheap tests that are given to large populations , none of whom manifest any clinical indication of disease ( e.g. , Pap smears ) . Testing involves far more expensive , often invasive , procedures that are given only to those who manifest some clinical indication of disease , and are most often applied to confirm a suspected diagnosis . For example , most states in the USA require newborns to be screened for phenylketonuria and hypothyroidism , among other congenital disorders . Although they display a high rate of false positives , the screening tests are considered valuable because they greatly increase the likelihood of detecting these disorders at a far earlier stage . The simple blood tests used to screen possible blood donors for HIV and hepatitis have a significant rate of false positives ; however , physicians use much more expensive and far more precise tests to determine whether a person is actually infected with either of these viruses . Perhaps the most widely discussed false positives in medical screening come from the breast cancer screening procedure mammography . The US rate of false positive mammograms is up to 15 % , the highest in world . One consequence of the high false positive rate in the US is that , in any 10 - year period , half of the American women screened receive a false positive mammogram . False positive mammograms are costly , with over $100 million spent annually in the U.S. on follow - up testing and treatment . They also cause women unneeded anxiety . As a result of the high false positive rate in the US , as many as 90 -- 95 % of women who get a positive mammogram do not have the condition . The lowest rate in the world is in the Netherlands , 1 % . The lowest rates are generally in Northern Europe where mammography films are read twice and a high threshold for additional testing is set ( the high threshold decreases the power of the test ) . The ideal population screening test would be cheap , easy to administer , and produce zero false - negatives , if possible . Such tests usually produce more false - positives , which can subsequently be sorted out by more sophisticated ( and expensive ) testing . Medical testing ( edit ) False negatives and false positives are significant issues in medical testing . False negatives may provide a falsely reassuring message to patients and physicians that disease is absent , when it is actually present . This sometimes leads to inappropriate or inadequate treatment of both the patient and their disease . A common example is relying on cardiac stress tests to detect coronary atherosclerosis , even though cardiac stress tests are known to only detect limitations of coronary artery blood flow due to advanced stenosis . False negatives produce serious and counter-intuitive problems , especially when the condition being searched for is common . If a test with a false negative rate of only 10 % , is used to test a population with a true occurrence rate of 70 % , many of the negatives detected by the test will be false . False positives can also produce serious and counter-intuitive problems when the condition being searched for is rare , as in screening . If a test has a false positive rate of one in ten thousand , but only one in a million samples ( or people ) is a true positive , most of the positives detected by that test will be false . The probability that an observed positive result is a false positive may be calculated using Bayes ' theorem . See also ( edit ) Statistics portal Binary classification Detection theory Egon Pearson Ethics in mathematics False positive paradox Family-wise error rate Information retrieval performance measures Neyman -- Pearson lemma Null hypothesis Probability of a hypothesis for Bayesian inference Precision and recall Prosecutor 's fallacy Prozone phenomenon Receiver operating characteristic Sensitivity and specificity Statisticians ' and engineers ' cross-reference of statistical terms Testing hypotheses suggested by the data Type III error Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Type I Error and Type II Error - Experimental Errors '' . explorable.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Sheskin , David ( 2004 ) . Handbook of Parametric and Nonparametric Statistical Procedures . CRC Press . p. 54 . ISBN 1584884401 . Jump up ^ Peck , Roxy and Jay L. Devore ( 2011 ) . Statistics : The Exploration and Analysis of Data . Cengage Learning . pp. 464 -- 465 . ISBN 0840058012 . Jump up ^ Cisco Secure IPS -- Excluding False Positive Alarms http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/vpndevc/ps4077/products_tech_note09186a008009404e.shtml ^ Jump up to : Lindenmayer , David ; Burgman , Mark A. ( 2005 ) . `` Monitoring , assessment and indicators '' . Practical Conservation Biology ( PAP / CDR ed . ) . Collingwood , Victoria , Australia : CSIRO Publishing . pp. 401 -- 424 . ISBN 0 - 643 - 09089 - 4 . Jump up ^ Schlotzhauer , Sandra ( 2007 ) . Elementary Statistics Using JMP ( SAS Press ) ( 1 ed . ) . Cary , NC : SAS Institute . pp. 166 -- 423 . ISBN 1 - 599 - 94375 - 1 . Jump up ^ Shermer , Michael ( 2002 ) . The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience 2 volume set . ABC - CLIO . p. 455 . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 653 - 9 . Retrieved 10 January 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Neyman , J. ; Pearson , E.S. ( 1967 ) ( 1928 ) . `` On the Use and Interpretation of Certain Test Criteria for Purposes of Statistical Inference , Part I '' . Joint Statistical Papers . Cambridge University Press . pp. 1 -- 66 . Jump up ^ David , F.N. ( 1949 ) . Probability Theory for Statistical Methods . Cambridge University Press . p. 28 . Jump up ^ Pearson , E.S. ; Neyman , J. ( 1967 ) ( 1930 ) . `` On the Problem of Two Samples '' . Joint Statistical Papers . Cambridge University Press . p. 100 . ^ Jump up to : Neyman , J. ; Pearson , E.S. ( 1967 ) ( 1933 ) . `` The testing of statistical hypotheses in relation to probabilities a priori '' . Joint Statistical Papers . Cambridge University Press . pp. 186 -- 202 . Jump up ^ Fisher , R.A. ( 1966 ) . The design of experiments . 8th edition . Hafner : Edinburgh . Jump up ^ Williams , G.O. ( 1996 ) . `` Iris Recognition Technology '' ( PDF ) . debut.cis.nctu.edu.tw . p. 56 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 23 . crossover error rate ( that point where the probabilities of False Reject ( Type I error ) and False Fail to reject ( Type II error ) are approximately equal ) is . 00076 % Jump up ^ In relation to this newborn screening , recent studies have shown that there are more than 12 times more false positives than correct screens ( Gambrill , 2006 . ( 1 ) ) References ( edit ) Betz , M.A. & Gabriel , K.R. , `` Type IV Errors and Analysis of Simple Effects '' , Journal of Educational Statistics , Vol. 3 , No. 2 , ( Summer 1978 ) , pp. 121 -- 144 . David , F.N. , `` A Power Function for Tests of Randomness in a Sequence of Alternatives '' , Biometrika , Vol. 34 , Nos. 3 / 4 , ( December 1947 ) , pp. 335 -- 339 . Fisher , R.A. , The Design of Experiments , Oliver & Boyd ( Edinburgh ) , 1935 . Gambrill , W. , `` False Positives on Newborns ' Disease Tests Worry Parents '' , Health Day , ( 5 June 2006 ) . 34471. html Kaiser , H.F. , `` Directional Statistical Decisions '' , Psychological Review , Vol. 67 , No. 3 , ( May 1960 ) , pp. 160 -- 167 . Kimball , A.W. , `` Errors of the Third Kind in Statistical Consulting '' , Journal of the American Statistical Association , Vol. 52 , No. 278 , ( June 1957 ) , pp. 133 -- 142 . Lubin , A. , `` The Interpretation of Significant Interaction '' , Educational and Psychological Measurement , Vol. 21 , No. 4 , ( Winter 1961 ) , pp. 807 -- 817 . Marascuilo , L.A. & Levin , J.R. , `` Appropriate Post Hoc Comparisons for Interaction and nested Hypotheses in Analysis of Variance Designs : The Elimination of Type - IV Errors '' , American Educational Research Journal , Vol. 7. , No. 3 , ( May 1970 ) , pp. 397 -- 421 . Mitroff , I.I. & Featheringham , T.R. , `` On Systemic Problem Solving and the Error of the Third Kind '' , Behavioral Science , Vol. 19 , No. 6 , ( November 1974 ) , pp. 383 -- 393 . Mosteller , F. , `` A k - Sample Slippage Test for an Extreme Population '' , The Annals of Mathematical Statistics , Vol. 19 , No. 1 , ( March 1948 ) , pp. 58 -- 65 . Moulton , R.T. , `` Network Security '' , Datamation , Vol. 29 , No. 7 , ( July 1983 ) , pp. 121 -- 127 . Raiffa , H. , Decision Analysis : Introductory Lectures on Choices Under Uncertainty , Addison -- Wesley , ( Reading ) , 1968 . 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3233660278707547741	Flying car (aircraft)	Flying car ( aircraft ) - wikipedia Flying car ( aircraft ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Where 's my flying car ? '' on the March 2008 cover of Popular Science , a technology magazine that has reported on flying cars and other futuristic aircraft throughout the 20th century . A flying car is a type of personal air vehicle that provides door - to - door transportation by both ground and air . The term `` flying car '' is often used to include roadable aircraft and hovercars . Many prototypes have been built since the first years of the twentieth century , but no flying car has yet reached production status . Their appearance is often predicted by futurologists , with their failure ever to reach production leading to the catchphrase , `` Where 's my flying car ? '' Flying cars are also a popular theme in fantasy and science fiction stories . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early developments 1.2 Modern developments 2 Design 2.1 Engineering 2.2 Economics 2.3 Safety 3 Popular culture 3.1 Where 's my flying car ? 3.2 Fiction 3.2. 1 Live action films 3.2. 2 Live action television series 3.2. 3 Animation 3.2. 4 Video games 3.2. 5 Literature 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links History ( edit ) Early developments ( edit ) In 1926 , Henry Ford displayed an experimental single - seat aeroplane that he called the `` sky flivver '' . The project was abandoned two years later when a distance - record attempt flight crashed , killing the pilot . The Flivver was not a flying car at all , but it did get press attention at the time , exciting the public that they would have a mass - produced affordable airplane product that would be made , marketed , sold , and maintained just like an automobile . The airplane was to be as commonplace in the future as the Model T of the time . In 1940 , Henry Ford famously predicted : `` Mark my word : a combination airplane and motorcar is coming . You may smile , but it will come . '' The Aerocar designed and built by Molt Taylor made a successful flight in December 1949 , and in following years versions underwent a series of road and flying tests . Chuck Berry featured the concept in his 1956 song `` You Ca n't Catch Me '' , and in December 1956 the Civil Aviation Authority approved the design for mass production , but despite wide publicity and an improved version produced in 1989 , Taylor did not succeed in getting the flying car into production . In the period between 1956 - 1958 , Ford 's Advanced Design studio built the Volante Tri-Athodyne , a 3 / 8 scale concept car model . It was designed to have three ducted fans , each with their own motor , that would lift it off the ground and move it through the air . In public relation release , Ford noted that `` the day where there will be an aero - car in every garage is still some time off '' , but added that `` the Volante indicates one direction that the styling of such a vehicle would take '' . In 1957 , Popular Mechanics reported that Hiller Helicopters was developing a ducted - fan aircraft that would be easier to fly than helicopters , and should cost a lot less . Hiller engineers expected that this type of an aircraft would become the basis for a whole family of special - purpose aircraft . In 1956 , the US Army 's Transportation Research Command began an investigation into `` flying jeeps '' , ducted - fan - based aircraft that were envisioned to be smaller and easier to fly than helicopters . In 1957 , Chrysler , Curtiss - Wright , and Piasecki were assigned contracts for building and delivery of prototypes . They all delivered their prototypes ; however , Piasecki 's VZ - 8 was the most successful of the three . While it would normally operate close to the ground , it was capable of flying to several thousand feet , proving to be stable in flight . Nonetheless , the Army decided that the `` Flying Jeep concept ( was ) unsuitable for the modern battlefield '' , and concentrated on the development of conventional helicopters . In addition to the army contract , Piasecki was developing the Sky Car , a modified version of its VZ - 8 for civilian use . In the mid-1980s , former Boeing engineer , Fred Barker , founded Flight Innovations Inc. and began the development of the Sky Commuter , a small duct fans - based VTOL aircraft . It was a compact , 14 - foot - long ( 4.3 m ) two - passenger and was made primarily of composite materials . In 2008 , the remaining prototype was sold for £ 86k on eBay . Transition Production Prototype of Terrafugia Transition at the N.Y. Int'l Auto Show in April 2012 Role Flying car Manufacturer Terrafugia First flight 5 March 2009 Introduction In development since 2006 , prototype unveiled in 2009 Number built Unit cost US $ 279,000 Modern developments ( edit ) In 1942 , the Soviet armed forces experimented with a gliding tank , the Antonov A-40 , but it was not capable of flying on its own . AeroMobil currently fly - tests a prototype that obtained Slovak ultralight certification . When the final product will be available or how much it will cost is not yet specified . Urban Aeronautics ' X-Hawk is a VTOL turbojet powered aircraft announced in 2006 with a first flight planned for 2009 . It was intended to operate much like a tandem rotor helicopter , but with ducted fans rather than exposed rotors . The requisite decrease in rotor size would also decrease fuel efficiency . The X-Hawk was being promoted for rescue and utility functions . As of 2013 , no flights had been reported . Terrafugia have a flying road vehicle , the Terrafugia Transition On 7 May 2013 , Terrafugia announced the TF - X , a plug - in hybrid tilt - rotor vehicle that would be the first fully autonomous flying car . It would have a range of 500 miles ( 800 km ) per flight and batteries are rechargeable by the engine . Development of TF - X is expected to last 8 -- 12 years , which means it will not come to market before 2021 -- 2025 . The Moller Skycar M400 is a prototype personal VTOL ( vertical take - off and landing ) aircraft which is powered by four pairs of in - tandem Wankel rotary engines , and is approaching the problems of satellite - navigation , incorporated in the proposed Small Aircraft Transportation System . Moller also advises that , currently , the Skycar would only be allowed to fly from airports & heliports . The Skycar M400 has tiny wheels and no road capability at all . Moller has been developing VTOL craft since the late 1960s , but no Moller vehicle has ever achieved free flight out of ground effect . The proposed Autovolantor model has an all - electric version powered by Altairnano batteries . The Xplorair PX200 is a French project of single - seater VTOL aircraft without rotating airfoil , relying on the Coandă effect and using an array of small jet engines called thermoreactors embedded within tiltwings ' body . Announced in 2007 , the project has been funded by the Government of France and is now supported by various aerospace firms . A full - scale drone is scheduled for flight at Paris Air Show 2017 , followed by the commercialization of a single - seater flying car in the years after . The SkyRider X2R is a prototype of a flying car developed by MACRO Industries , Inc . It is lighter than the Moller Skycar which has never successfully flown untethered . Also notable is the roadable aircraft PAL - V ONE , which is an autogyro or gyrocopter that can be taken to the road , too . Zee.Aero and Kitty Hawk Corporation are developing flying cars . Flying cars are planned to enter Russian market in 2018 . Design ( edit ) Engineering ( edit ) A practical flying car would have to be capable of safely taking off , flying and landing throughout heavily populated urban environments . However , to date , no vertical takeoff and landing ( VTOL ) vehicle has ever demonstrated such capabilities . To produce such an aircraft would require a propulsion system that is quiet , to avoid noise complaints , and has non-exposed rotors so it could be flown safely in urban environments . Additionally , for such aircraft to become airborne , they would require very powerful engines which would create huge and concentrated downdrafts , a bad idea in an urban environment . Many types of aircraft technologies and form factors have been suggested , such as ducted - fan and tiltrotor vehicles , but most previous designs have suffered from problems ; ducted - fan aircraft tend to easily lose stability and have difficulty traveling greater than 30 -- 40 knots , while tiltrotors , such as the V - 22 Osprey , are generally noisy . Economics ( edit ) Due to the requirement of propulsion that is both small and powerful , the cost of producing a flying car would be very high and estimated by some as much as 10 million dollars . In addition , the flying car 's energy efficiency would be much lower compared to conventional cars and other aircraft ; optimal fuel efficiency for airplanes is at high speeds and high altitudes , while flying cars would be used for shorter distances , at higher frequency , lower speeds and lower altitude . For both environmental and economic reasons , flying cars would be an enormous use of resources . Safety ( edit ) Although statistically , commercial flying is much safer than driving , unlike commercial planes personal flying cars might not have as many safety checks and their pilots would not be as well trained . Humans already have problems with the aspect of driving in two dimensions ( forward and backwards , side to side ) , adding in the up and down aspect would make `` driving '' or flying as it would be , much more difficult ; however , this problem might be solved via the sole use of self - flying and self - driving cars . In mid-air collisions and mechanical failures , the aircraft could fall from the sky or go through an emergency landing , resulting in deaths and property damage . In addition , poor weather conditions , such as low air density , lightning storms and heavy rain , snow or fog could be challenging and affect the aircraft 's aerodynamics . Popular culture ( edit ) Where 's my flying car ? ( edit ) Some of this section 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The flying car was and remains a common feature of conceptions of the future , including imagined near futures such as those of the 21st century . Complaints of the non-existence of flying cars have become nearly idiomatic as expressions of disappointment in the failure of the present to measure up to the glory of past predictions . In 1999 the U.S. journalist Gail Collins noted : Here we are , less than a month until the turn of the millennium , and what I want to know is , what happened to the flying cars ? We 're about to become Americans of the 21st century . People have been predicting what we 'd be like for more than 100 years , and our accoutrements do n't entirely live up to expectations . ( ... ) Our failure to produce flying cars seems like a particular betrayal since it was so central to our image . As a result , flying cars have been referred to jokingly with the question `` Where 's my flying car ? '' , emblematic of the supposed failure of modern technology to match futuristic visions that were promoted in earlier decades . Aired on 8 January 1998 , Seinfeld 's 167th episode , `` The Dealership '' , featured George and Jerry complaining about the non-existence of the flying cars . Jerry says , `` It 's like we 're living in the ' 50s here . '' A 2001 IBM television commercial featured Avery Brooks complaining , `` It is the year 2000 , but where are the flying cars ? I was promised flying cars . I do n't see any flying cars . Why ? Why ? Why ? '' Comedian Lewis Black had a similar routine early in the decade , in which he says , `` This new millennium sucks ! It 's exactly the same as the old millennium ! You know why ? No flying cars ! '' The Flying Car was a comedy short film written by Kevin Smith in 2002 for The Tonight Show with Jay Leno . It featured Dante Hicks and Randal Graves stuck in traffic , discussing the lengths to which a man might go to obtain such a vehicle . In 2008 , Onion News Network 's 245th episode , titled `` Mean Automakers Dash Nation 's Hope for Flying Cars '' , featured The Onion 's anchor Brandon Armstrong humorously arguing about the feasibility and existence of flying cars with representatives from General Motors , Toyota and Ford . Fiction ( edit ) The flying car has been depicted in many works of fantasy and science fiction . Live action films ( edit ) Some of this section 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Fantômas se déchaîne ( 1965 ) - Fantômas escapes in style , using his Citroën DS with retractable wings that converts into an airplane Star Wars ( 1977 -- present ) Flying cars appear in Star Wars where they are called airspeeders , such as those that can be seen on the planet of Coruscant in all three Star Wars prequel movies , from 1999 's Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace onward . They are also featured in Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones , where an early chase sequence involves flying cars . In 2005 's Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith , Bail Organa rides a retro - futuristic vehicle that apart from its flying ability resembles a 1950 - style car . Blade Runner ( 1982 ) `` Spinner '' is the generic term for the fictional flying cars used in Blade Runner , set in futuristic - cyberpunk Los Angeles of 2019 . A Spinner can be driven as a ground - based vehicle , and take off vertically , hover , and cruise using jet propulsion much like Vertical Take - Off and Landing ( VTOL ) aircraft . They are used extensively by the police to patrol and survey the population , and it is clear that despite restrictions wealthy people can acquire spinner licenses . The vehicle was conceived and designed by Syd Mead who described the spinner as an `` aerodyne '' -- a vehicle which directs air downward to create lift , though press kits for the film stated that the spinner was propelled by three engines : `` conventional internal combustion , jet , and anti-gravity '' Mead 's conceptual drawings were transformed into 25 working vehicles by automobile customizer Gene Winfield . A Spinner is on permanent exhibit at the Science Fiction Museum and Hall of Fame in Seattle , Washington . Back to the Future and Back to the Future Part II ( 1985 / 1989 ) In Back to the Future Part II and the ending of Back to the Future , Doc Brown invites Marty and his girlfriend Jennifer in his modified flying DeLorean time machine , and time travels to the year 2015 where flying hovercars are a common sight . The Fifth Element ( 1997 ) In The Fifth Element , set in 2263 New York City , flying cars are used as main mean of transportation . The production design for the film was developed by French comics creators Jean Giraud and Jean - Claude Mézières . Mézières wrote the book The Circles of Power , which features a character named S'Traks , who drives a flying taxicab through the congested air traffic of the vast metropolis on the planet Rubanis . Besson read the book and was inspired to change the Dallas character to a taxicab driver who flies through a futuristic New York City . Chitty Chitty Bang Bang : Professor Caractacus Potts salvages a broken classic race car and converts it into a flying car with wings sporting external propellers . The Absent Minded Professor : Professor Ned Brainard ( Fred MacMurray ) makes a Model T fly using flubber . His flying car also appears in the sequel , Son of Flubber , and in the 1997 remake , Flubber , starring Robin Williams . Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets : Mr. Weasley owns a Ford Anglia 105E that he used numerous spells on to make it flyable and invisible . Halloweentown : Marnie Cromwell , her brother Dylan and sister Sophie take a flying bus to Halloweentown to visit their grandmother and save Halloweentown from a villain named Kalabar . The Man with the Golden Gun : The villain , Francisco Scaramanga , owns an AMC Matador coupe that can be converted into a light airplane when wings with a jet engine and a flight tail unit are attached ( the car serves as the fuselage and landing gear ) . Thunderbirds : Lady Penelope 's pink Ford can extend wings and a gas - powered jet engine and take flight , retracting its back wheels . It can also , from flight setting , travel on water , where the wings fold down , and the front wheels retract . In the first film of the original puppet show , in Alan 's dream , the original FAB1 Rolls - Royce flew him and Lady Penelope to the Swinging Star . Sky High : Sky High is a high - school for superheroes and since the school floats high above ground , access is by flying school buses Live action television series ( edit ) Some of this section 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the children 's TV show , Supercar , the flying car `` Supercar '' was invented by Rudolph Popkiss and Horatio Beaker , and piloted by Mike Mercury . Mighty Morphin ' Power Rangers : In this 1993 TV show Power Rangers . Billy the Blue Ranger invents a flying car using the Volkswagen Beetle he dubbed the `` Rad Bug '' It was useful at times when they could n't teleport to places . Power Rangers : Turbo In the 1997 season 5 , Griller the monster makes cars fly out of control and crash into buildings and on the ground in `` Cars Attack '' . Later on in the episode `` The Wheels of fate '' a flying red car named Lighting Cruiser is a vehicle that Divatox tried to capture but T.J. captured the car . The Lighting Cruiser has auto driving and can go from wheel mode to flight mode by turning 4 wheels up allowing it to fly and it can fly like a jet . It would be used by T.J. along with Storm Blaster car which was used by Justin Stewart . Buck Rogers ( serial ) In the 1939 black and white live action TV series , after Buck Rogers and Buddy Wade wake up from their deep sleep , they discover a future with flying cars . Marvel 's Agents of Shield Characters belonging to the secret spy agency routinely use flying cars designed to look like normal vehicles . Animation ( edit ) Some of this section 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Animatrix ( 2003 ) In the best - selling animated film The Animatrix ( part of The Matrix saga ) , specifically in the episode called The Second Renaissance , appears a supposed TV commercial announcing a flying car called Versatran , this episode details the backstory of the Matrix universe , and the original war between man and machines which led to the creation of the Matrix ; among its content shows the elaboration of the Versatran propulsion engines , and how those engines will latter be used in Hovercraft battleships like the Nebuchadnezzar ( the ship Morpheus and Trinity use to rescue Neo ) . The animated television series The Jetsons , premiered in 1962 , reflected the idea that flying cars would become a significant means of transportation in the future . Flying cars were also featured in the film adaptation of The Jetsons . Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Fast Forward in the 6th season of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2003 TV series . Splinter the Rat and the 4 mutant Turtles Leo , Mike , Ralph , and Don time travel to the year 2105 in a New York city filled with flying cars and wheel cars . Cody Jones also runs Neil Tech industries . In the animated television series , Sherlock Holmes in the 22nd Century , set in the 22nd century in New London , people use flying cars as main mean of transportation . Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs A scientist Flint Lockwood attempts to build a flying car , but it crashes in the ocean . Later on , Flint Lockwood finally succeeds in building a flying car which he uses to fly up to his machine causing a raining food disaster . Despicable Me 2 Lucy Wilde owns a car that has the ability to convert into plane mode and both Lucy Wilde and Felonius Gru make their getaway from the Paradise Mall and the cars wings extend out and it flies away . Home In the 2015 DreamWorks movie , an alien named Oh shows a girl named Tip her car that he wrecked and fixed it into a flying car which they both fly in to save the world . Pinocchio 3000 : Flying cars can be seen in the city Scamboville . Mayor Scamboli owns a flying black car , Marline owns a red flying car convertible . The Scambocop owns a flying police car . Pinocchio steals the flying taxi bus and flies in the skyways to find his dad Geppetto while the Scambocop goes on a flying car chase to pull over the flying taxi bus . Meet the Robinsons : In this Disney CGI movie Wilbur takes Lewis as a kid to visit the future in the red flying car time machine and visits the future where flying cars are seen in the sky in the futuristic city made by Robinson Industries . Star Trek Into Darkness : Many flying cars are seen in the skies of San Francisco and London , including flying garbage trucks . The final action sequence showed Spock fighting Khan on top of a couple of flying garbage trucks . Lilo & Stitch : In this Disney cartoon movie the monster alien named Stitch escapes from jail on a spaceship . He then escapes in a red flying car which he pilots in outer space and crash lands on Earth in Hawaii . Later on near the end of the film Stitch can be seen driving his red hovercar . Inspector Gadget 's Biggest Caper Ever In this CGI movie the gadgetmobile converts from car mode into plane mode by extending its wings out flying over the hole in the road . Samurai Jack : In this Cartoon Network TV show . Jack has been sent forward in time through the time gate far into the future where he discovers flying hovercars in the city of Aku . Gerry Anderson 's New Captain Scarlet : Spectrum owns a fleet of red sports cars ( Cheetah RRV ) , which can extend wings , fire a thruster and either jump over obstacles in its path or fly . Moreover , Spectrum owns a flying motorcycle design ( Skyrider , which does not have wheels ) and a motor - tricycle design ( Stallion Raid Bike ) . The latter has wings , so it can be launched from Skybase . Phineas and Ferb : In the episode My Ride From Outer Space , the series ' title characters repair and modify a crashed alien spaceship into a Hot - Rod themed flying car , they also modified their mom 's station wagon into a flying car called The Flying Car of The Future , Today Ben10 : In 2 episodes , of the original series , that are set in the future , the title character 's grandfather is seen driving a flying future - version of the series ' signature Rust Bucket ( the old RV that 's used as the main transport in the series ) Generator Rex : Rex Salazar ( the series ' title character ) is capable of creating bio-mechanical machines out of parts of his own body . One such machine is called a Hover - bike , a fast version of a Motorcycle that has no wheels and can hover a few feet above the ground , which he uses as his main means of transport . Kim Possible : A muscle car , known as The Sloth was restored and used by the title character , Kim , and her twin brothers . The same car is then later modified more extensively as a rocket - propelled vehicle , and it eventually ends - up flying into outer - space Video games ( edit ) Some of this section 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Back to the Future II & III NES 1990 : Marty uses a remote control that allows the flying car Delorean to come to Marty whenever he needs to time travel to the years 1955 , 1985A and 2015 . Space Quest IV The Time Rippers : While Roger Wilco visits Space Quest X : Latex Babes of Estros , he gets kidnapped by women called Latex Babes . After Roger saves them from the Sea Slug monster they take him in a flying car to the Mall in the Galaxy called Galaxy Galleria . F - zero GX 2003 : In the city called Aeropolis Multiplex , while the player is racing in a hovercar . There are flying car traffic jams the player can see while racing in their hovercar . Wipeout Fusion 2002 : There are flying cars that can be seen while racing on the moon . Beam Breakers 2002 : In the year 2173 the player is driving in a flying car in the skyways , dodging other flying cars in cities like `` Neo York '' . There are 57 missions in story mode and the goals include dodging flying police cars , stealing other flying cars , ramming into an opponents , vandalizing restaurants and competing in a flying car race with flying car racers . Eyetoy : Antigrav 2004 : This game has flying cars in 4 cities the player has to dodge while riding on a hoverboard . Meet the Robinsons video game 2007 : Wilbur uses the red flying car time machine to chase after the Bowler Hat Guy and Doris the robot hat who stole the blue flying car time machine . Also flying cars can be seen outside Robinson Industries . Crime Cities 2001 : Flying car can be seen flying in the city . Also the player can drive their flying car and they can shoot flying cars out of the sky . Samurai Jack : The Shadow of Aku 2004 : For Nintendo Gamecube , PlayStation 2 . In the futuristic city of Aku , Samurai Jack has to jump on flying hovercars to get from building to building and must be careful he does n't fall to his death . Grand Theft Auto : Vice City contains a cheat to enable cars to fly . In Professor Layton and the Lost Future , Layton 's car is modified so that it can fly . Literature ( edit ) Some of this section 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the science fiction novel , Ralph 124C 41 + , people use `` Aeroflyer '' , a small flying car that can reach speeds of up to 600 mph ( 970 km / h ) Valérian and Laureline in the fifteenth volume , The Circles of Power See also ( edit ) Amphibious automobile CarterCopter Comparison of personal air vehicles Intermodal passenger transport List of fictional vehicles -- flying cars and personal spacecraft Personal air vehicle NASA Puffin Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ For example , see Scott , 2007 , where she asks `` This is not 1901 , we all own pocket - sized remote voice receiver / transmitters . The glittering , futuristic year of 2000 was done and dusted over seven years ago ... The future is now -- so where is my flying car ? '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Popular Science : Looking back at Henry Ford 's Flivver : A plane - car for the man of average means , December 2001 Archived 16 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Popular Science : Looking back at Henry Ford 's Flivver : A plane - car for the man of average means , December 2001 Archived 16 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Andrew Glass ( 25 August 2015 ) . Flying Cars : The True Story . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . pp. 84 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 547 - 53423 - 7 . Jump up ^ Joseph J. Cor ; Brian Horrigan ( 15 May 1996 ) . Yesterday 's Tomorrows : Past Visions of the American Future . Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978 - 0801853999 . Jump up ^ http://www.roadabletimes.com/roadables-vtol_volanteFord.html Jump up ^ `` Prediction 1957 : Flying Fan Vehicle '' . Gregory Benford and the Editors of Popular Mechanics . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vest - pocket VTOL . ( vertical take - off - and - landing aircraft , Sky Commuter ) ( column ) '' . Mechanical Engineering - CIME. 1 December 1990 . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sky Commuter vehicle prototype for sale '' . Urbanaero.com. 12 January 2012 . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Haines , Thomas B. ( 19 March 2009 ) . `` First roadable airplane takes flight '' . Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association ( AOPA ) . Retrieved 19 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` FAA REGISTRY Make / Model Inquiry Results ; Make / Model Code Entered : 05627LL '' . FAA Registry . FAA . 7 March 2014 . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . As of March 2014 Terrafugia has registered : * N302TF ( proof - of - concept , s / n D0001 , Airworthiness 1 December 2008 ) ; * N304TF ( design prototype , s / n D0002 , A / W 2013 - 11 - 26 ) ; * N305TF ( design prototype , s / n D0003 , no engine or A / W date listed as of March 2014 Jump up ^ `` AeroMobil : Flying car '' . aeromobil.com . Retrieved 9 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Urban Aeronautics '' . Urbanaero.com . Retrieved 7 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Category : Uncategorised ( 26 September 2012 ) . `` Moller International Home '' . Moller.com . Retrieved 24 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Flight 2002 Jump up ^ `` Rinspeed Squba , The First Underwater Flying Car '' . autoforsale.co.in . Archived from the original on 18 July 2014 . Retrieved 13 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Vance , Ashlee ; Stone , Brad ( 9 June 2016 ) . `` Welcome to Larry Page 's Secret Flying - Car Factories '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Flying Cars Jump up ^ https://www.rbth.com/science_and_tech/2017/07/20/back-to-the-future-flying-taxis-to-transport-muscovites-in-2018_807455 Jump up ^ `` Your Flying Car ? Delayed again , but you WILL get it , says Terrafugia '' . theregister.co.uk. 13 May 2013 . Retrieved 15 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` When cars fly '' . haaretz.com. 4 February 2011 . Retrieved 18 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Gail Collins ; Dan Collins ( 1 December 1990 ) . The Millennium Book : Your Essential All - purpose Guide to the Year 2000 . Main Street Books . ASIN 0385411650 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 41165 - 3 . CS1 maint : ASIN uses ISBN ( link ) Jump up ^ Barney L. Capehart ( 2007 ) . Encyclopedia of Energy Engineering and Technology , Volume 1 . CRC Press . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 3653 - 8 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8493 - 3653 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Top 5 Reasons You Do n't Want a Flying Car : Flying Can Be a Scary Event '' . howstuffworks.com . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 5 Reasons You Do n't Want a Flying Car : Breaking Down Means Falling Out of the Sky '' . howstuffworks.com . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 5 Reasons You Do n't Want a Flying Car : Flying Cars Are Hard to Drive in Bad Weather '' . howstuffworks.com . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Future shock : Why there 'll be no flying cars '' . The Post and Courier . Google News Archive. 12 December 1992 . Archived from the original on 15 September 2013 . Retrieved 15 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Scott , Katy ( 11 September 2007 ) , `` Where is my flying car ? '' , 3rd Degree , retrieved 16 September 2013 Jump up ^ Avery Brooks ( 2000 ) . Where are the flying cars ? ( Television advertisement ) . Retrieved 14 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Unexpected Rebirth of the Flying Car '' . Popular Science . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ The Flying Car on IMDb Jump up ^ Mean Automakers Dash Nation 's Hope for Flying Cars on IMDb Jump up ^ Onosko , Tim ( 1979 ) . Was n't the Future Wonderful ? : A View of Trends and Technology From the 1930s . Dutton . pp. 24 , 51 , 152 -- 153 . ISBN 0 - 525 - 47551 - 6 . Retrieved 27 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Sammon , pp. 79 -- 80 Jump up ^ The top 40 cars from feature films : 30 . POLICE SPINNER , ScreenJunkies.com , 30 March 2010 , archived from the original on 4 April 2014 , retrieved 27 July 2011 , though press kits for the film stated that the spinner was propelled by three engines : `` conventional internal combustion , jet and anti-gravity '' . Jump up ^ Willoughby , Gary , BladeZone 's Gary Willoughby has a One on One chat with Gene Winfield , the builder of the full size cars and spinners from the classic film Blade Runner , Bladezone , archived from the original on 27 September 2013 , retrieved 27 July 2011 Jump up ^ EMPSFM Brochure ( PDF ) , Science Fiction Museum and Hall of Fame , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 January 2011 , retrieved 27 July 2011 Jump up ^ Heller , Jason ( 10 March 2012 ) . `` R.I.P. Moebius , comics legend and Métal Hurlant co-founder '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Anders , Charlie ( 1 July 2012 ) . `` Luc Besson adapting classic time - travel comic created by Fifth Element concept artist '' . io9 . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Teichner , Martha ( 22 January 2012 ) . `` Jean Paul Gaultier : Fashion 's wild child '' . CBS News . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Sehajpal , Ashima ( 8 July 2011 ) . `` FLIRTING with change '' . The Tribune . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Helen . 500 Essential Anime Movies : The Ultimate Guide . -- Harper Design , 2009 . -- P. 40 . -- 528 p . -- ISBN 978 - 0061474507 Jump up ^ `` Voice Of 01 Versatran Spokesman '' . Behind The Voice Actors . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Julio Francisco Dantas De Rezende ( 2008 ) . Transpersonal Management : lessons from the Matrix trilogy . Editora E-papers . p. 29 . ISBN 978 - 85 - 7650 - 151 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Theft Auto : Vice City Cheats and Codes for PC - GTA Unlockables - GameFAQs '' . gamefaqs.gamespot.com . Retrieved 25 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Jones , Elton ( 2 May 2013 ) . `` ' Grand Theft Auto Vice City ' : The Top 25 Cheats You Need to Know '' . Heavy.com . Retrieved 25 March 2018 . Further reading ( edit ) BBC News Flying cars in 25 years , BBC News Online , 22 September 2004 . Brown , Stuart F. Why We 're Not Driving the Friendly Skies , The New York Times online , 22 August 2014 , and in print on 24 August 2014 , on p . AU1 of the New York edition . Feltman , Rachel . Why Do n't We Have Flying Cars ? , Popular Mechanics , 21 February 2013 . Hakim , Danny . A Helicopter of One 's Own , The New York Times online , 16 June 2014 , and in print on 17 June 2014 , p . D2 of the New York edition . Hodgdon , Theodore , A. ; Onosko , Tim ( ed . ) `` At Last -- a Convertible Auto - Plane '' , in Was n't the Future Wonderful ? : A View of Trends and Technology from the 1930s , Dutton , 1979 , pp. 152 -- 153 , ISBN 0525475516 , ISBN 978 - 0525475514 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flying automobiles ( aircraft ) . Roadable Times , pictures and descriptions of over 70 designs of flying cars and roadable aircraft past and present . How Flying Cars Will Work at HowStuffWorks . X-Hawk from HowStuffWorks Flying cars and roadable aircraft Roadable aircraft Historical Aerauto PL. 5C Aerocar ACA AC - 35 AVE Mizar Bryan Autoplane Convair Model 116 Convair Model 118 Curtiss Autoplane Fulton Airphibian Skroback Roadable Airplane Wagner Aerocar Waterman Arrowbile Modern Aeromobil ARES ( DARPA TX ) Haynes Aero Skyblazer I - TEC Maverick LaBiche FSC - 1 PAL - V Liberty Parajet Skycar Plane Driven PD - 1 Roadable Glastar Samson Switchblade Scaled Composites Model 367 BiPod Terrafugia Transition Trixy Trixformer Flying cars Historical Chrysler VZ - 6 Curtiss - Wright VZ - 7 Piasecki VZ - 8 Airgeep Sky Commuter Modern Moller M400 Skycar PAL - V Liberty SkyRider X2R Terrafugia TF - X Urban Aeronautics X-Hawk Xplorair Related topics Hovercar Jet pack Personal air vehicle ( comparisons ) Winged tank AVCEN Jetpod Emerging technologies Fields Agriculture Agricultural robot Closed ecological systems Cultured meat Genetically modified food Precision agriculture Vertical farming Architecture Arcology Building printing Contour crafting Domed city Biomedical Artificial uterus Ampakine Brain transplant Cryonics Cryoprotectant Cryopreservation Vitrification Suspended animation De-extinction Genetic engineering Gene therapy Head transplant Isolated brain Life extension Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence Nanomedicine Nanosensors Personalized medicine Regenerative medicine Stem - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who tried to make the first flying car	[ "The Aerocar designed and built by Molt Taylor made a successful flight in December 1949, and in following years versions underwent a series of road and flying tests. Chuck Berry featured the concept in his 1956 song \"You Can't Catch Me\", and in December 1956 the Civil Aviation Authority approved the design for mass production, but despite wide publicity and an improved version produced in 1989, Taylor did not succeed in getting the flying car into production.[3]" ]	[ "Molt Taylor" ]
-1927504931492084469	List of The Walking Dead (comics) characters	List of the Walking Dead ( comics ) characters - wikipedia List of the Walking Dead ( comics ) characters Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia 's layout guidelines . Please help by editing the article to make improvements to the overall structure . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) From left to right : Siddiq , Heath , Andrea , Aaron , Maggie Greene , Hershel Greene II , Paul Monroe , Magna , Connie , Luke , Kelly , Yumiko , Rick Grimes , Negan , Carl Grimes , Eugene Porter , Rosita Espinosa , and Olivia . The following is a list of characters from The Walking Dead comic book series , created by Robert Kirkman . Plot structure and characterization between the comic and television series can be similar , derivative , or in many cases almost entirely irrelevant . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character lifespans 1.1 Volume 1 -- 8 1.2 Volume 9 -- 16 1.3 Volume 17 -- 24 1.4 Volume 25 -- 2 Grimes family 2.1 Rick Grimes 2.2 Carl Grimes 2.3 Judith Grimes 2.4 Lori Grimes 2.5 Andrea / Andrea Grimes 3 Jones family 3.1 Duane Jones 3.2 Morgan Jones 4 Atlanta survivor camp 4.1 Allen 4.2 Amy 4.3 Donna 4.4 Ben 4.5 Billy 4.6 Dale 4.7 Jim 4.8 Carol 4.9 Sophia 4.10 Glenn 4.11 Shane 5 Tyreese 's group 5.1 Chris 5.2 Julie 5.3 Tyreese 6 Greene family farm 6.1 Arnold Greene 6.2 Billy Greene 6.3 Hershel Greene 6.4 Lacey Greene 6.5 Maggie Greene 6.6 Rachel Greene 6.7 Susie Greene 6.8 Shawn Greene 6.9 Otis 6.10 Patricia 7 The Prisoners 7.1 Andrew 7.2 Axel 7.3 Dexter 7.4 Thomas Richards 8 Michonne 's group 8.1 Michonne 8.2 Mike 8.3 Terry 9 Woodbury 10 Post-prison survivors 10.1 Rosita Espinosa 10.2 Abraham Ford 10.3 Eugene Porter 10.4 Gabriel Stokes 11 The Hunters 12 Alexandria Safe - Zone Community 13 Washington , D.C. 14 Hilltop Colony 15 The Saviors 16 The Kingdom 17 Richmond , Virginia 18 The Whisperers 19 Oceanside 20 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 21 Notes 22 References Character lifespans ( edit ) The following table graphically shows each recurring character 's status in each volume of the comic sorted by which volume they first appeared ; a character marked as absent in one issue may appear in a later volume . Volumes the character is alive and present Volume in which the character dies Volumes the character is a walker Volumes the character is deceased Volumes the character is alive but does not appear in ( as of current issue ) Volume 1 -- 8 ( edit ) Character Volume 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Rick Grimes Shane Walsh Lori Grimes Carl Grimes Duane Jones Unknown Unknown Unknown Morgan Jones Unknown Unknown Glenn Rhee Andrea Sophia Peletier Dale Horvath Carol Peletier Donna Allen Ben and Billy Amy Jim Unknown Tyreese Julie Chris Otis Maggie Greene Hershel Greene Lacey Greene Arnold Greene Billy Greene Rachel and Susie Greene Patricia Thomas Dexter Andrew Unknown Axel Michonne Unknown Caeser Martinez The Governor Gabe Bruce Stevens Alice Warren Bob Stookey Unknown Penny Unknown Judith Grimes Lilly Caul Unknown Volume 9 -- 16 ( edit ) Character Volume 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Abraham Ford Rosita Espinosa Eugene Porter Gabriel Stokes Unknown Chris and The Hunters Aaron Eric Heath Scott Tobin Bruce Douglas Monroe Regina Monroe Olivia Nicholas Mikey Josh Dr. Denise Cloyd Spencer Monroe Pete Anderson Ron Anderson Jessie Anderson Barbara Unknown Holly Derek Paul `` Jesus '' Monroe Gregory Unknown Kal Eduardo Unknown Brianna Samuel Unknown Earl Sutton Harlan Carson Johnny Volume 17 -- 24 ( edit ) Character Volume 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Paula Negan Dwight Unknown Tara Carson Unknown Sherry Unknown Amber Unknown Mark Unknown Ezekiel Unknown Erin Alex Oscar Unknown Magna Luke Yumiko Kelly Connie Annie Siddiq Anna Dante Hershel Greene II Unknown Rolland Marco Ken Alpha Brandon Rose Darius Lydia Morton Rose Tammy Rose Pete Julia \ Volume 25 -- ( edit ) Character Volume 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Vincent Laura Stephanie Beta William Zachary Juanita ' Princess ' Sanchez Josh Mike Grimes family ( edit ) Rick Grimes ( edit ) Main article : Rick Grimes Rick is the group 's de facto leader . He is Lori 's husband and Carl 's father . Before the zombie apocalypse , Rick is a sheriff 's deputy in the small town of Cynthiana , Kentucky . While in a shootout against an escaped convict with his partner and best friend , Shane Walsh , Rick is wounded and subsequently awakens from a coma some time later . After finding his family in Atlanta camp , Rick quickly assumes the role of the leader of the survivor community . As the story progresses , Rick adopts a more dark and assertive nature . He lost his wife and daughter during the fall of the prison . Lori 's death leaves Rick in emotional wreck . Rick suffers frightening hallucinations of her , and for a while seems to hear conversations with her on an old phone . For the heavy loss of lives occurred , Rick constantly blames himself . At the same time , he never backs away from a difficult decision affecting his community . Rick is very protective of Carl , while at the same time feels detached from Carl 's now bleak outlook of the world . Eventually Rick begins a romantic relationship with Andrea in Alexandria . Rick is the leader of the Alexandria survivors community . As the war with Negan escalates , Negan forces Dwight to shoot Rick with a bolt ( possibly with walker blood on it to infect Rick with the walker - virus ) , but as Rick does not turn , Dwight is proven a trustworthy ally and not a surreptitious foe . He takes Negan captive and ends the war . Two years later , he is still leading the Safe - Zone and dating Andrea . After The Whisperers attack the Safe - Zone during the fair , Rick 's leadership is questioned . To divert this , Rick manages to move the survivors anger towards The Whisperers through propaganda and army campaigns . Rick begins to trust Negan after the latter brings Alpha 's head to him . Rick then kills Sherry after the Savior 's betray his alliance , and then he learns that Andrea was bitten and is dying , causing him great grief . Series Lifespan : # 1 -- onward Carl Grimes ( edit ) Main article : Carl Grimes Carl is the son of Rick and Lori as well as Judith 's elder brother . Carl begins as a normal and innocent child , but as the events of the new world order force him to grow up , he becomes colder and competently makes sometimes brash decisions for the good of his group of friends . When the group arrives at the prison , Carl starts dating Carol 's daughter Sophia . However , their relationship ends as they part ways during the conflict with Negan . During an invasion by walkers at the Alexandria Safe - Zone , he is accidentally shot in the eye and loses it . As a teenager , Carl resides at the Hilltop Colony as a blacksmith apprentice but still remains close friends with Sophia , while contacting and later forming a sexual relationship with Whisperer , Lydia . He is currently back at Alexandria , with the rest of the survivors of the walker attack on the Hilltop . Series Lifespan : # 2 onward Judith Grimes ( edit ) Judith is the newborn daughter of Lori Grimes and younger sister to Carl . Though Rick is acknowledged as her father , it is strongly implied that Shane is her biological father . During the Governor 's second attack on the prison , Lori is shot by Lilly while holding Judith , and Lori falls , crushing Judith . Series Lifespan : # 39 -- 48 Lori Grimes ( edit ) Main article : Lori Grimes Lori is Rick 's wife and Carl and Judith Grimes ' mother . During the Governor 's second attack on the prison , she is shot by Lilly while holding Judith , whom she crushes after falling . Series Lifespan : # 2 -- 48 Andrea / Andrea Grimes ( edit ) Main article : Andrea ( The Walking Dead ) Andrea is one of the comic 's longest - living survivors , alongside Rick , Carl , Maggie and Sophia Peletier . Andrea worked as a clerk for a Law firm before the zombie apocalypse , a job which she says she hated . She is shown to be one of the greatest rifle shooters in the Walking Dead universe , known for sniping at foes of the group whether they are human or zombies . After having a relationship with Dale in the prison , she is later in a relationship with Rick at the Alexandria Safe - Zone after Dale 's death . She acts as a motherly figure to Carl and plays an important role in running the Safe - Zone , often seen as a Vice President figure . Andrea was bitten by a walker whilst saving Eugene from the herd that attacked Alexandria . She dies in her room with Rick , and various members of Alexandria and the Hilltop say goodbye to her before she dies . Series Lifespan : # 3 -- 167 Jones family ( edit ) Duane Jones ( edit ) Duane Jones is a young boy hiding out with his father , Morgan , in various houses in Rick 's neighborhood , attempting to ride out the zombie apocalypse . After meeting Rick and being provided with weapons from the police station , he and Duane part ways with Rick , potentially to meet again some day . Much later , at Christmas , Morgan and Duane are seen alive and well , living in a cabin on a snowy mountain . Later still , Rick encounters the two , but while Morgan is alive , Duane has turned . Morgan now joins Rick , but leaves his reanimated son to roam freely within the house . Series Lifespan : # 1 -- 59 Morgan Jones ( edit ) Main article : Morgan Jones ( The Walking Dead ) Morgan is the devoted father of Duane Jones struggling to get over the recent death of his wife . He and his son seek refuge in Rick 's hometown after the outbreak occurs . He is the first living person Rick encounters after waking up . He details Rick of the outbreak and what has been happening within the world the past couple months . Sometime within the following weeks / months , Duane falls prey to the walkers and gets turned . Morgan , unable to cope with the death of his son , resorts to locking Duane in the house with chains . Later Rick takes him in as one of his community . He develops an attraction and consequently a complicated relationship with Michonne . While helping fight off zombies with Michonne , Rick , and the others , he is caught off guard and bitten on the arm by a walker . Michonne chops his arm off , and from there he is left bedridden . He is shortly thereafter killed by her before he has the chance to re-animate . Series Lifespan : # 1 -- 83 Atlanta survivor camp ( edit ) Allen ( edit ) Allen is the big - bearded husband of Donna and father of twins Billy and Ben . Before the dead rose , Allen was a shoe salesman gradually falling into debt . After the dead rose , Allen and his family joined the group of survivors encamped on the outer limits of Atlanta . Upon leaving , Allen suffered terribly when Donna was killed by zombies , sending him into a downward emotional spiral that he never truly recovers from . He confides in Rick and the two became close friends . Andrea tried to offer him comfort , due to her similar loss of her sister , but , Allen rejected her sympathy and maintained a bitter relationship with her . With time , he gradually gained a sense of acceptance , but this new - found peace was short - lived ; Allen was bitten on the foot by a zombie , while helping the others clear out the remaining areas of the prison the group was staying in . In an effort to contain the infection , Rick made a violent and botched attempt at amputation . After a long struggle for survival against blood loss , and serious infections setting in , Allen died . After being shot in the head by Rick before he could reanimate , his body was buried outside the prison . Series Lifespan : # 3 -- 23 Amy ( edit ) Main article : Amy ( The Walking Dead ) Amy is Andrea 's younger sister . They join the survivor group on the outskirts of Atlanta . Amy is bitten by a zombie in the opening stages of a zombie attack on their exposed camp . She dies of the bite , and Andrea shoots her in the head to prevent reanimation and buries her in the nearby forest . Series Lifespan : # 3 -- 5 Donna ( edit ) Donna is the wife of Allen and mother of twins Billy and Ben . She is strong - willed , loving and caring to her family . Before the events of the series , Donna made all the big decisions in her relationship with her husband , while leaving the financial responsibilities with Allen . After the dead rise , Donna and her family join the group of survivors encamped on the outer limits of Atlanta , where she makes a point of resenting that the women of the group ( herself , Carol and Lori ) have to take care of most of the group 's domestic chores ( e.g. laundry ) . Shortly after , when the group attempts to settle at Wiltshire Estates , Donna is killed by a zombie and her body devoured by more of the undead , leaving Allen permanently devastated . Series Lifespan : # 3 -- 9 Ben ( edit ) Ben is Allen and Donna 's twin son . He is unofficially adopted by Dale and Andrea after their parents die . He does not seem to understand what is happening in the world as it is and believes zombies to be people too . On the road to D.C. , Ben brutally slaughters Billy , convinced that he will come back . The group debates killing Ben to protect themselves , but takes no immediate action . In the night , Carl sneaks into the van where Ben is locked up , and executes him . Billy and Ben are buried side by side . Series Lifespan : # 3 -- 61 Billy ( edit ) Billy is Allen and Donna 's twin son . He is unofficially adopted by Dale and Andrea after their parents die . On the road to D.C. , Billy is brutally slaughtered by Ben , who is convinced that Billy will come back . Andrea and Dale are devastated by his loss . Series Lifespan : # 3 -- 61 Dale ( edit ) Main article : Dale Horvath Dale is shown to be the wisest member of the survivor group . Without telling the group he had been bitten , Dale goes off to die but is knocked out by the Hunters who then cook and eat his leg . After Rick 's group finds and kills the hunters , they take Dale back to the church . After he dies , he is shot by Andrea to prevent reanimation and his body is burned . Andrea keeps and wears Dale 's fishing hat which she uses to talk to him . Series Lifespan : # 3 -- 66 Jim ( edit ) Jim joins the survivor group after his entire family is killed by zombies . During a zombie attack on the group , Jim , failing to kill one with his gun , grapples with a zombie and violently smashes its head in , his rage over his family 's death driving him momentarily insane . After coming to his senses , he , and the rest of the group realize that he has been bitten on the stomach . Jim is left under a tree on the outskirts of Atlanta , in the hopes that , upon reanimating , he can be reunited with the undead members of his family that may still exist . Series Lifespan : # 3 -- 6 Carol ( edit ) Main article : Carol Peletier Carol is a 24 - year - old housewife and the mother of Sophia . She is portrayed as a fragile woman , relying on others for emotional and physical support . She becomes Tyreese 's girlfriend until he cheats on her with Michonne , which contributes to her continuing psychological breakdown . She dies in the prison , feeding herself to a walker tied up for medical observation after convincing herself that the walker wanted to be her friend . This comes after Tyreese 's infidelity and Rick and Lori 's rejection of a polyamorous relationship . Her daughter is taken in by Glenn and Maggie . Series Lifespan : # 3 -- 42 Sophia ( edit ) Main article : Sophia Peletier Sophia is the daughter of Carol and adopted daughter of Maggie . Early in the series she develops a friendship and later a relationship with Carl until they are separated within the two different communities of Alexandria and the Hilltop 22 miles apart . After Carol dies at the prison , Sophia pretends that Maggie and Glenn are her real parents , until she admits she is aware of Carol , and was simply repressing the bad memories around her suicide attempts . Four years into the apocalypse , and two years after the war with Negan , Sophia and Carl reunite as he becomes a blacksmith apprentice at the Hilltop . She is brutally beaten by two bullies after she tries to stop them from harming another child , before Carl defends her and leaves them in a critical condition . Series Lifespan : # 3 onward Glenn ( edit ) Main article : Glenn Rhee Glenn is Maggie 's boyfriend ( later husband ) . Glenn delivered pizzas in Atlanta before the events of the comic which gave him the skills to make supply runs . On one of these runs , he found Rick and brought him back to the group , reuniting him with his family . He is a key member of Rick 's group throughout his life , often acting as a supply runner . He also makes a very close friend named Heath after the group comes to Alexandria . He planned to live with Maggie at the Hilltop Colony , So Maggie , Sophia , and their baby could be safe . He is beaten to death with a baseball bat by Negan . Series Lifespan : # 2 -- 100 Shane ( edit ) Main article : Shane Walsh ( The Walking Dead ) Shane is a police officer and longtime friend of Rick Grimes . After Rick is shot and put into a coma , and the zombie outbreak occurs , he rescues Rick 's family and leads a group of survivors , becoming romantically involved with Rick 's wife , Lori . When Rick returns to his family alive , Shane grows increasingly jealous of their relationship , as well as Rick 's role in the group . He is shot in the neck by Carl and is later put down by Rick . Series Lifespan : # 1 -- 6 , # 7 ( flashback ) , # 15 ( as a zombie ) , # 37 ( flashback ) Tyreese 's group ( edit ) Chris ( edit ) Chris is a disturbed , sixteen - year - old boyfriend of Julie , living with her and her father , Tyreese before the zombie crisis begins . The three eventually join Rick 's group in Atlanta 's outskirts , and move with them from Wiltshire Estates to the prison . Unbeknownst to the others , Chris exhorts Julie into a youthfully idealistic suicide pact , and haphazardly executes it one night , in the prison , shooting her . Julie reanimates in her father 's arms and Chris shoots her a second time . Tyreese , in furious rage chokes Chris to death , then beats his reanimated corpse until he is nothing but pulverized pieces , which he then burns . Tyreese later confesses his enraged manslaughter to Rick . Series Lifespan : # 7 -- 15 Julie ( edit ) Julie is Tyreese 's sixteen - year - old teenage daughter . She is shown to be affectionate to both her father and boyfriend . The end of the world has not stopped her from seeking independence where she can find it . During the initial stages of clearing out the penitentiary , she and Chris act as babysitters . Once settled , after having sex for the first time with Chris , she carries out an ill - fated suicide pact with her boyfriend . She soon reanimates in Tyreese 's arms , and almost kills her father before being fatally shot by Chris again . Series Lifespan : # 7 -- 14 , # 15 ( as a zombie ) Tyreese ( edit ) Main article : Tyreese Tyreese is shown to be a devoted father as well as an able - bodied fighter and leadership figure to those around him . However , he is also a very flawed individual , suffering from emotional fragility . Despite this , he is greatly admired by his fellow survivors and is a role model to Carl , while acting as Rick 's right - hand man ( despite often being conflicted with him on several issues ) . He is killed by The Governor outside the prison , being decapitated with Michonne 's sword . Series Lifespan : # 7 -- 46 , # 49 ( as a zombie ) , # 72 ( flashback ) , # 75 ( canon ) Greene family farm ( edit ) Arnold Greene ( edit ) Arnold is Hershel 's second son . He is shown as loyal and reliable to his father . He is bitten by his brother , Shawn , who had become a zombie and has been kept locked inside the family 's barn . He is shot by a distraught Hershel to prevent reanimation . Series Lifespan : # 10 -- 11 Billy Greene ( edit ) Billy is Hershel 's youngest son . Depicted as in his teens , brash and rebellious , he acts as one of the best shots of the group , second only to Andrea . Billy ends up having a one - night stand with Carol before she commits suicide , which causes him to feel guilt . He is killed in the final stages of the assault on the prison by the Woodbury Army ; his death leads his father to allow himself to die as well . Series Lifespan : # 10 -- 48 Hershel Greene ( edit ) Main article : Hershel Greene Hershel is the patriarch of the Greene family and owner of the farm where Rick 's group are invited to stay after Carl is shot . He later joins up with Rick 's group at the prison after the farm becomes too unsafe only to be killed during the Governor 's second attack on the prison . Series Lifespan : # 10 -- 48 Lacey Greene ( edit ) Lacey is Hershel 's eldest daughter . She is shown as sarcastic and weary of her father . Lacey shared her love of reading with Carol . She is killed by the zombies that were kept in the family 's barn while attempting to save Arnold . Series Lifespan : # 10 -- 11 Maggie Greene ( edit ) Main article : Maggie Greene Maggie is Hershel Greene 's tomboyish second oldest daughter and Glenn 's lover . She eventually becomes Glenn 's wife and later widow , and takes the role of being a surrogate mother to Sophia Peletier following the suicide of the girl 's biological mother , Carol Peletier . She soon discovers she is pregnant while living at the Alexandria Safe - Zone in Washington DC . After Glenn 's death , she moves with Sophia to the Hilltop Colony . She successfully overthrows Gregory as leader , outing him as a coward for siding with the man who murdered Glenn , only caring for his own safety . Eventually she becomes the de facto leader of the community as she moves enforcements to save the civilians of Alexandria in the war against the Saviours during the bombings . Two years after the war , she remains a strong and capable leader , while also taking care of her two - year - old son , Hershel Greene II She continues to come into conflict with Gregory , who orchestrates a plan to kill her with other parents who disagree with her actions towards their sons ' injuries after Carl Grimes had beaten them to save Sophia . Gregory manages to poison Maggie as she is dealing with one of the Whisperer captives , Lydia . The Hilltop is attacked during the Whisperer War arc , and Maggie is forced to lead the survivors to Alexandria . Series Lifespan : # 10 onward Rachel Greene ( edit ) Rachel is one of Hershel 's youngest twin daughters . Along with her sister , she is decapitated by Thomas when alone in the prison barbershop . Series Lifespan : # 10 -- 15 , # 16 ( as zombies ) Susie Greene ( edit ) Susie is one of Hershel 's youngest twin daughters . Along with her sister , she is decapitated by Thomas when alone in the prison barbershop . Series Lifespan : # 10 -- 15 , # 16 ( as zombies ) Shawn Greene ( edit ) Shawn is Hershel 's oldest son and the first member of the Greene family to be killed by zombies , as shown in the video game adaptation The Walking Dead : Season One . He is reanimated and locked in Hershel 's barn until a cure for the epidemic can be discovered . He eventually escapes the barn and kills his brother Arnold . He is shot by Hershel when Hershel realizes that his son will never again be normal . Series Lifespan : # 11 ( as a zombie ) Otis ( edit ) Otis is the boyfriend of Patricia and a neighbor of Hershel Greene . He accidentally shoots and almost kills Carl while out hunting for a deer . Otis remains at the farm while the Greenes leave to join Rick at the prison . Otis later follows , and is saved from zombies by the newly arrived Michonne . He rejoins the group ( though ends his relationship with Patricia after learning of her part in Dexter 's attempted coup ) . Later , when the prison is temporarily overrun by zombies , Otis is attacked by zombies and killed . When Rick and his group return from Woodbury , Otis has turned into a walker . Rick shoots him in the head . Series Lifespan : # 9 -- 30 , # 35 ( as a zombie ) Patricia ( edit ) Patricia is Otis ' incredibly naive girlfriend . After Thomas kills Hershel 's twin daughters , Patricia attempts to free him so the other survivors do n't kill him . Thomas almost kills her soon afterward , but Patricia manages to fight him off until Maggie arrives and shoots him . Rick is wary of allowing Patricia to stay with the group but decides she is ultimately harmless . Her naiveté allows the inmates of the prison to convince her to help them take back the prison from Rick , though their plan is thwarted after Dexter is killed . Patricia then becomes an outcast amongst the survivors , but regains acceptance by saving Rick 's life via a blood transfusion before the attack on the prison . She is shot and killed by a member of Woodbury during the final assault on the prison . Series Lifespan : # 10 -- 48 The prisoners ( edit ) Main article : The Prisoners ( The Walking Dead ) Andrew ( edit ) Andrew is a dreadlocked former drug user who believes God sent the zombie apocalypse to help him `` get clean '' . He is of African - American background . He has a relationship with Dexter , apparently in love with him , probably due to the amount of time spent locked up alone with him and the two other convicts . When Dexter is accused of murder , he organizes Andrew to find a way into the previously unexplored Block A and gather up the guards riot gear to take over the prison . After Dexter 's death , he is extremely distraught ; he subsequently flees the prison during the time Michonne and Otis arrive . His fate remains unclear . Later on , the writer stated that Andrew is probably deceased . In the novel The Fall of the Governor it is revealed that Andrew has turned into a zombie . Shortly afterwards he is shot by Lilly Caul . Series Lifespan : # 13 -- 19 Axel ( edit ) Main article : Axel ( The Walking Dead ) Axel is described as a grizzled old white biker imprisoned for armed robbery . When Dexter tries to force the survivors out of the prison , Axel stands up for them . Being the only of the four convicts to remain with the survivors over the majority of the story , he eventually finds their trust through hard work and earnest commitment . He has a brief relationship with Patricia after being shot in the arm during the first prison assault . After helping the survivors set up defenses , he is shot in the head , an early casualty of the second prison assault . Series Lifespan : # 13 -- 47 , # 75 ( canon ) Dexter ( edit ) Dexter is a towering , physically intimidating African - American inmate at the prison where the group takes residence . Convicted of murdering his wife and her lover , whom he states , `` were the last '' . He ironically trusts the other survivors far less than they trust him . He has a covert relationship with Andrew , but is purely in said relationship for sex . After the murders of the Greene twins , Lori leads the group to wrongly lock him up on account of being the only convict known to murder . After Thomas is revealed to be responsible and not receiving any apology , he loses his patience and orders Andrew to scavenge the prison 's riot gear . Amidst the confusion with Thomas , Dexter gathers Andrew and a defecting Patricia with their new riot gear to force out the survivors . He is soon after killed discreetly in a skirmish against zombies by Rick , who covers it up as a friendly fire mistake . Series Lifespan : # 13 -- 19 Thomas richards ( edit ) Thomas is a nerdy man who claims to be in federal prison for tax evasion ( which he claims is not his fault ) . He is actually a homicidal lunatic who murders two of Hershel 's daughters by decapitation and attempts to murder Andrea before he is beaten senseless by an enraged Rick . Patricia attempts to free him so the other survivors would not hang him , nearly getting herself killed in the process . He is later shot repeatedly by Maggie Greene after his attempted escape . His deceased body is thrown to the zombie hordes outside of the prison . Series Lifespan : # 13 -- 18 Michonne 's group ( edit ) Michonne ( edit ) Main article : Michonne Michonne is a katana - wielding survivor who saves the life of Otis and thereafter joins Rick 's group at the prison . Over the course of the series , she finds herself repressed and unhappy over the deaths of her loved ones , believing she does n't deserve any happiness or a chance to start over , due to the pain of leaving her daughters behind , assuming they 've been killed along with her ex-husband , Dominic . She journeys to Alexandria with the group and after two years , returns from a long sea voyage . She is the supposed leader of The Kingdom after the death of Ezekiel , but is currently helping at the Hilltop Colony after delivering a near - dead Aaron . Series Lifespan : # 19 onward Mike ( edit ) Mike is the reanimated boyfriend of Michonne who is used for camouflage with the other zombies . In the Michonne special , it is revealed that Mike and Terry met up with Michonne before staying in a secluded house where a zombie tried to gain entry and bit him in the arm . He is decapitated by Michonne when she gains entry into the prison , but she still speaks to him nonetheless . Terry ( edit ) Terry is the best friend of Michonne 's boyfriend , Mike . Woodbury ( edit ) Alice , previously an interior design student , is a fast learner and , while living in Woodbury , is Dr. Stevens ' assistant . She chooses to leave Woodbury with Rick and thereafter becomes the de facto physician of Rick 's group and helps deliver Lori 's baby . While attempting to cover Rick and Lori in their escape , she is personally killed by a vengeful Governor during the assault on the prison . Series Lifespan : # 29 -- 48 Bob Stookey is the local town drunk of Woodbury . Forty years prior to the series , he was supposedly an army medic . His minor role expands significantly when he saves the Governor 's life . He is called upon by Gabe and Bruce to save the Governor when Alice and Dr. Stevens , the only town medics have fled and Michonne almost tortures the Governor to death . After a slow recovery , the Governor personally asks him to watch over his zombie daughter until the Woodbury army returns from killing the prison survivors . In The Walking Dead : The Fall of the Governor , it is revealed that Bob is alive and continues to live in Woodbury along with Lilly Caul and the group of refugees she has taken in . Series Lifespan : # 29 -- 43 Lilly Caul is an angry brunette woman from Woodbury who participated in the prison assault . Before Woodbury , she was a survivor with her father , who sacrificed himself to save her . Lilly 's back story is told in the novel The Walking Dead : The Road to Woodbury . She is ordered by the Governor to kill Lori who is protecting baby Judith . After shooting them , she discovers that the Governor forced her to kill a baby , and she becomes extremely distraught . When a large crowd of zombies breaks through into the prison yard , Lilly kills the Governor while he 's gathering them up , and she throws his body to the hordes while attempting to lead the remnant of the Woodbury survivors into the prison . The prison becomes overrun with zombies , but it is ultimately unknown what becomes of any of them . Robert Kirkman announced that Lilly Caul is not the same character as the Lilly from the Walking Dead video game . Lilly 's fate is revealed in The Walking Dead : The Fall of the Governor , where she escapes the prison , leading a small group of surviving Woodbury soldiers back to the safety of the town . She becomes the de facto leader of Woodbury , and takes in a new group of refugees to live in the town with the original residents . Series Lifespan : # 46 -- 48 Bruce Cooper is the Governor 's right - hand man and one of his best friends . An intimidating , muscular figure , Bruce is tall and bald , but has a short goatee . He is shown as trusting of the Governor to do whatever is necessary for the survival and prosperity of Woodbury , whether it means violence and brutality against those who disagree or run the wrong way with them . He is extremely loyal to the Governor , displaying this trait when he nearly killed Glenn without any hesitancy under orders from the Governor . When Rick 's group ventured out to loot Woodbury 's Wal - Mart in preparation for an attack , Bruce led a small team to confront them ; he is then shot in the neck by Andrea and left for dead . the Governor later discovers him alive , barely , choking on his own blood but managing to give his boss info on the survivor 's actions before Phillip shoots him , to prevent reanimation . Series Lifespan : # 27 -- 43 Gabriel Harris ( or Gabe ) is the other enforcer most loyal to the Governor and another one of his closest friends . Gabe is described as a short , stocky man and seems extremely obedient toward the Governor , albeit hesitant and doubtful of some of the Governor 's actions . He becomes the Governor 's chief confidant after Bruce 's death , organising Woodbury against the prison community . He accompanies the Governor almost everywhere . He leads the scout parties and is responsible for discovering the prison 's location , as well as the capture and torture of Tyreese , handing him over to the Governor to use as leverage . Gabe is second in command at the latter prison assaults . At the end he becomes weary of the battle , and is shot by Andrea when she returns with the RV . Series Lifespan : # 27 -- 47 The Governor ( or Philip Blake / Brian Blake ) is the leader of Woodbury . He turns on Ricks group and imprisons them . Attempting to find the location of the prison where Rick 's group have found shelter he cuts off Rick 's hand , mentally tortures Glenn , and has Michonne restrained , stripped and repeatedly raped To learn the location of the prison , the Governor allows the survivors to escape the premises with the help of one of his guards . However , Michonne stays behind and finds her way to his apartment , where she manages to tie him up and torture him with various implements , dismembering and disfiguring him . He loses his right arm , his fingernails , his right ear , his testicles , and his left eye . The Governor survives and eventually finds the prison . When the first attack on the prison fails leading to retreat . After a failed later attempt to gain his way into the prison by using Tyreese as a hostage , the Governor crushes the fences with a tank . A bloody massacre ensues killing most of Ricks group forcing the remaining members to flee . After the battle tensions rise within his group , as the ammunition they have remaining is limited and a handful of their own moral consciences come into play . The Governor forces Lilly to kill Judith and Lori , and Lilly , who sees an opportunity to end the Governor 's reign , shoots him in the head and kicks him into a group of roamers . Series Lifespan : # 27 -- 48 , # 72 ( flashback ) , # 75 ( canon ) Penny Blake is the daughter of The Governor who has been zombified by the time the comic starts . The Governor keeps her locked in his apartment and feeds her human remains . Series Lifespan : # 29 -- 44 , Caesar Ramon Martinez is the man who conducted Rick , Glenn , and Michonne 's entry to Woodbury . He later helped Rick 's party escape and fight their way back to the prison . After assisting Rick 's party in escaping , Martinez betrays them by sneaking out of the prison to go tell the Governor its location so that he may capture and kill everyone inside . During his run back to Woodbury , Rick runs him down in the RV and then strangles him to death . Caesar 's reanimated body is discovered by a Woodbury scouting party , and his head is brought back to Woodbury , to manipulate people to turn them against the people of the prison . He is put down by Lilly Caul upon the latter 's return to Woodbury . Series Lifespan : # 27 -- 36 , # 43 ( as a zombie ) , # 75 ( canon ) Dr. Stevens is Woodbury 's primary doctor . While he resents working for the Governor , he understands that he would be killed if he did not cooperate . He tends to Rick 's severed hand , being responsible for his recovery . While escaping Woodbury with the others , he is bitten and presumed to be a zombie . In The Walking Dead : The Fall of the Governor Lilly discovers he has turned into a zombie . She kills him and buries him . Series Lifespan : # 28 -- 32 Marianne Dolan Williams is a resident of Woodbury , and the mother of Matthew Williams . She approaches Dr. Stevens as the former is attempting to escape from Woodbury with Rick 's party , hoping to schedule an appointment with him for Matthew , who has recently taken ill . Dr. Stevens tells her to reschedule , even though he knows he will never return to Woodbury . It is revealed in The Walking Dead : The Fall of the Governor that Marianne Dolan Williams is still alive and continues to live in Woodbury under the leadership of Lilly Caul . Series Lifespan : # 32 Hap Abernathy is a member of the Woodbury Army , who participated in the assault on the prison . After the prison becomes overrun by Walkers , he and a small group of surviving soldiers are led safely back to Woodbury by Lilly Caul . Series Lifespan : # 48 Gloria Pyne is a member of the Woodbury Army . She looks for Tyreese and Michonne after they escaped . In The Walking Dead : The Fall of the Governor , it is revealed that Gloria and a small group of surviving Woodbury soldiers had been led safely back to Woodbury by Lilly Caul , who has now assumed leadership of the town . Series Lifespan : # 45 Post-prison survivors ( edit ) Rosita Espinosa ( edit ) Main article : Rosita Espinosa Rosita is a woman who joins up with Sgt . Abraham Ford and Eugene in their mission to reach Washington D.C. She is a foil to Abraham 's potential brutality ; kind , gentle , and understanding , capable of neutralizing and abating Abraham 's emotional instabilities or inhumane talk and urges . After Abraham has an affair with Holly , she moves in with Eugene and begins a relationship with him . She mourns Abraham along with Holly after his death . After two years , she is pregnant but tells Eugene he is not the father . After Alpha marks a border between the Whisperers and the other communities , Rosita is one of the many casualties who has been decapitated with their reanimated head on a spike . Series Lifespan : # 53 -- 144 Abraham Ford ( edit ) Main article : Abraham Ford Abraham is a Sergeant in the U.S. Army . Sometime after the zombie crisis began , Ford came into contact with Eugene , who claimed he had information that Washington D.C. is the only potential sanctuary from the zombie hordes . Teaming up with Rosita and Eugene , Ford is now on a mission to get there , intending to solve the zombie crisis after Eugene reveals he has crucial information about the zombie 's origins . At the Alexandria Safe - Zone he has an affair with Holly , which leads to him breaking up with Rosita . He is murdered by Dwight , a member of the Saviors . Series Lifespan : # 53 -- 98 Eugene Porter ( edit ) Main article : Eugene Porter Eugene is a high school science teacher who has lied about being a scientist working on a cure for the outbreak disease in order to receive protection from others . He is known for his intelligence , as he knows how to make bullets , and he contributes to the group by suggesting ideas to Rick . He lived with Rosita and they were in a relationship , but he is not the father of her child but promised to raise him as his own . However , Rosita is one of the victims at the hand of The Whisperers . After her death , Eugene becomes distraught , but eventually finds a woman on the radio he built who says she is from Ohio . Series Lifespan : # 53 onward Gabriel Stokes ( edit ) Main article : Gabriel Stokes ( The Walking Dead ) Gabriel is a priest who comes across the group after leaving his church , where he had been hiding from the undead . The group is very suspicious of his story , and does not trust him . He had survived over several months alone in the church by turning away his followers and any other civilians when the zombie attacks started , saving him from internal conflict . As a consequence , however , he now feels remorse . Since arriving at the Safe - Zone , he believes that God 's plan for him has been to meet the survivors so that he could eventually preach at the Safe - Zone 's church . He eventually redeems himself . During the conflict with the Wisperers he joins Rick 's army , training intensively with Dwight and proving to be an excellent shot . While at the guard tower , the Whisperers approach with a zombie herd . Gabriel tries to warn Rick but falls and breaks his leg . Begging for mercy , Beta disembowels him , leaving him for zombies to feast on . Series Lifespan : # 61 -- 158 The Hunters ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : Split characters into own sections . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2014 ) Chris , Theresa , David , Greg , Charlie , and Albert are members of a group of people , the Hunters , who have been tracking down Rick and his group of survivors . The Hunters , led by Chris , start out as a regular group of survivors ; but , as food becomes scarce , they resort to cannibalism , reasoning that hunting animals was a waste of time and that humans would be much easier to hunt and kill . They normally hunt down small groups of survivors and isolated ones , and avoid larger groups . Soon after , they have no luck tracking down small groups of survivors , and they resort to hunting down Rick 's group because they are getting desperate and need food . Chris and the Hunters successfully capture Dale in the middle of the night as he is leaving to die due to a zombie bite he received earlier in the day . After learning that Dale is `` tainted meat '' because of his wound , Chris and the Hunters beat him and decide to leave Dale in front of the church that Rick 's group is staying at . As Rick 's group carry Dale away , the Hunters shoot Glenn in the leg , believing that the survivors would be easier targets if they were scared . Rick 's group eventually discovers Chris and the other Hunters in an abandoned neighborhood . Rick attempts negotiations in order to get the Hunters to stop targeting their group . Rick also finds out the Hunters had eaten their own children . This is the only time Chris shows signs of remorse , but justifies it by saying it was to survive , as animals in the wild ( bears in this instance ) would eat their own young if they would otherwise starve to death . After getting his finger shot off by Andrea , Chris and the Hunters forcefully have their weapons taken away by Abraham . After surrendering to Rick and begging for his life , Chris and the other Hunters are mutilated and beaten to death by Rick and the others to avenge what they had done to Dale and all of their previous victims . His body is later burned , along with those of the rest of his group . Series Lifespan : # 61 -- 66 Alexandria Safe - Zone community ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : examples and additional citations for Mikey and Paula . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2014 ) Aaron is a recruiter for the Alexandria Safe - Zone Community who comes into contact with Rick 's group shortly after they meet Abraham , Rosita , and Eugene . He watches over the group until he finds them suitable for the community . Although the survivors are suspicious of Aaron 's motives , they go along with him and join the Alexandria Safe - Zone . Aaron 's romantic partner , Eric , also accompanies him on his recruiting missions . After the zombie attack on the community , Aaron trains with Rick and Andrea in order to defend against the undead . Aaron , along with Eric , joins Rick 's group as they travel in search of food . He is devastated when Eric is killed in an attack on the Saviors ' base , but uses his rage constructively to increase his drive to fight the Saviors . After the time jump , Aaron still resides at the Safe - Zone , but is stabbed by Beta . He survives the attack on the Hilltop , saving Carl from a burning building , and joins Maggie on her journey to Alexandria . He has shown a romantic interest in Jesus . Series Lifespan : # 67 onward Pete Anderson is a surgeon . He is physically abusive towards his wife , Jessie and son , Ron . After Rick separates him from his family , Pete flies into a rage and kills Douglas 's wife Regina while trying to assassinate Rick . He 's executed by Rick on Douglas 's orders shortly afterward . Series Lifespan , Pete : # 72 -- 77 , Jessie Anderson is the wife of Pete , the surgeon at Alexandria . She finds herself physically abused only for Rick Grimes , a constable , to come in and face the problem . After helping her , Jessie and Rick form a close bond and eventually begin a relationship . She finds peace with her son Ron . However , she is killed during a horde attack at Alexandria , and Rick is forced to amputate her arm to save his son after she refuses to let go of him . Series Lifespan : # 72 -- 83 , # 85 ( as a zombie ) , Ron Anderson is the son of Pete and Jessie Anderson . He is physically abused by his father until his father 's death . When the horde attacks Alexandria , he is devoured in front of his mother and she joins him in death . Series Lifespan : # 72 -- 83 , Anna is a young girl who arrived during the two year time skip . When Carl moves to the Hilltop , she gives him a letter expressing her feelings towards him . Series Lifespan : # 129 onward Annie is a farm hand who arrived during the two year time skip . She seems to have a bond of friendship with Siddiq . Series Lifespan : # 127 onward Barbara lives in the Safe - Zone by the time Rick 's group arrive . Her whereabouts after the war with Negan are currently unknown , she moved to the Hilltop but is unknown if she survived the battle there . Series Lifespan : # 72 onwards Bruce serves as second - in - command in charge of the Exploration team that goes to D.C for supplies and the construction workers that explain the community and repairs the walls . He has a friendship with Abraham and Robert where they work together . He is one of the first victims of the zombie outbreak in the Safe - Zone . He is part of the party that tries to clear the zombie herd that is attracted in the wake of the deadly firefight with the Scavengers . While the party tries to get back inside the gate , Bruce is severely bitten on the neck , being the last one to make it through . Once inside of the gate , he falls to the floor and gasps for breath , screaming , `` I do n't want to die ! '' He is quickly killed by Abraham out of mercy , who bashes the front of his skull in with a single blow from his weapon . Series Lifespan : # 69 -- 80 Dr. Denise Cloyd is the doctor of the Alexandria Safe - Zone . Denise is also romantically involved with Heath . She takes care of many of the characters , such as Morgan and Carl , after they sustain injuries . When the walkers attack the Safe - Zone , Denise is trapped in Rick 's house with the group . However , she runs back to her house to take care of any civilians that need her . Rick brings Carl to Denise to take care of him , and she is able to patch him up . When Rick leaves to get food for the community , he asks Denise to watch over Carl . After Negan returns Holly to Alexandria , Denise takes the sack off of her head , and she is revealed to be undead . Before Denise has time to react , Holly bites her arm ( only to be put down by Rick seconds later ) . She refuses Rick 's pleas to amputate her arm instead of tending to an injured Heath . She saves his life , and displays willingness to risk her own for him . Denise spends her final hours laid up in bed , with Heath by her side . After speaking her last words to Heath , Denise later passes away . Michonne offers to put her down before she reanimates . She is buried with the other fallen Alexandria residents afterwards . Series Lifespan : # 71 -- 121 Eric is Aaron 's boyfriend and partner who serves as Aaron 's `` insurance policy '' with the duty to kill anyone who might harm Aaron or the community . During an attempt to recruit a young woman , Eric is stabbed after discovering the woman trying to steal Maggie 's horse . Aaron immediately brings Eric back to the Safe - Zone . Doctor Cloyd treats Eric , and he recovers quickly . Later , during the zombie attack on the Safe - Zone , Eric hides with Aaron , though they later join in the fight against the zombies . Eric , along with Aaron , joins Rick 's group as they left the community in search of food . Eric is not seen interacting with the Saviors much , he is seen on the wall of the Alexandria Safe - Zone alongside Carl and Rosita . He tells Carl not to try and shoot Negan , however , Carl shoots anyway and hits Negan 's bat , Lucille . This causes the Saviors to open fire on his and Carl 's position . When Negan asks the people of Alexandria to throw Carl over the wall , Eric tells him to `` go fuck himself '' . Later , as Rick 's squad storms the Savior outpost , Eric is one of several to be killed during the siege with a shot to the head . Aaron , who runs up behind him , catches him as he collapses and mourns his fallen partner as bullets fly by . Rick tells Aaron to take cover to which Aaron collects his rifle and tells Rick to lead the way . A vengeful Aaron is seen one of the first to breach the outpost as they make their way inside . Rick and his troops return with Eric 's body where it is presumed he is set to be buried there . Aaron is found standing in his home by Heath where he continues to mourn him . Heath consoles his depressed friend and they embrace , remembering the better times of Eric when he was alive . Series Lifespan : # 68 -- 118 Erin lives in the Safe - Zone by the time Rick 's group . She seems to be quite wise by helping Spencer calm down one time . She is murdered by Alpha along with 11 others and her reanimated head was used as a line marker . Series Lifespan : # 106 -- 145 Heath is a young African American man who goes on scouting missions for the community . He is primarily a supply runner and is well - experienced with navigating the backstreets of Washington . He also begins a relationship with Denise Cloyd . After his partner Scott dies from an infection , Glenn becomes his new partner . He and Glenn share a strong bond . He is initially very distrustful of Glenn 's group , seeing Rick as another `` Davidson '' , though he grows to trust them . He defends Rick and his group against Nicholas when Nicholas shows signs of an uprising . Heath seems to be integrated into Rick 's inner circle , participating in most meetings and being picked to go to the Kingdom . Overall , Heath has proven to be a loyal member of Rick 's group . During an attack by Negan , he loses a leg to a grenade explosion . After the time jump , Heath is mostly seen on a horse , scouting and protecting land . In The Whisperer War , he checks in with Dwight to see what is going on . Series Lifespan : # 69 onward Scott is a young African American man who is a supply runner for the Alexandria Safe - Zone and the best friend of Heath . Scott 's leg was injured after jumping from a rooftop . The wound gets infected and not long after Scott dies of the infection . Series Lifespan : # 69 -- 77 Holly is Abraham 's girlfriend . She works alongside the construction crew , planning and building new walls for the community . Upon having her life saved by Abraham , the two gradually fall in love with each other and initiate a secret relationship behind Rosita 's back . She is frequently shown to be behind his back with various interpersonal issues , and at one point urges Abraham to attempt to take charge of the group ( though that never truly comes to fruition ) . Holly is later devastated by Abraham 's death . Holly , along with Rick , Heath and Nicholas run after the Saviors in order to kill Negan and his men once and for all . Andrea takes out the driver of Negan 's truck and Rick order 's Negan and his men not to move . Suddenly the guns are shot out of everyone 's hands by men Negan had hidden outside the walls . Carl tries to shoot Negan but he misses and hits Lucille instead . This angers Negan who demands that Carl be thrown over the wall , or he will execute Holly and the others . Holly is seen as one of the people who volunteers to travel with Rick , Paul and Ezekiel to the Sanctuary , the Saviors ' main base . After luring walkers to converge at their location , Holly gets on one of the buses and notices that Rick is n't with them . Paul tries to keep her aboard , but Holly escapes and finds Rick . He orders her to get back on the bus before the Saviors begin shooting again , but Holly refuses . She claims it 's too risky for him to sacrifice himself like this and volunteers to do it herself . Rick once again tells her to leave but Holly stands her ground again , saying the man who killed Abraham is in there . After again being told to leave , Holly knees Rick in the groin , steals the truck and drives it through the fence . Holly is wounded from the impact and falls out from the driver 's side . She 's attacked by a walker but Negan saves her , telling Holly that she `` is n't getting off that easy . '' Holly is then taken captive by the Saviors . Negan mistakes Holly for Andrea and admires how quickly she had healed after the fight with Connor . Holly corrects Negan that she is not her , and she was with Abraham . Holly looks over at Dwight and reminds him of who Abraham was . Negan does n't believe Holly and has her taken away . Holly is almost raped by David , until Negan steps in and kills him . He apologizes to Holly , and assures her that the Saviors are n't monsters . Holly is later captured and unmentioned throughout the war until Negan attacks Alexandria confronting Rick , offering to return Holly in exchange for a talk . Unknown to Rick , Holly is now a walker which is hidden by the bag over her head . When unmasked by Denise , she proceeds to bite her arm . She is then shot in the head by Rick . Series Lifespan : # 73 -- 119 , # 120 ( as a zombie ) Josh is a child who befriends Carl when he arrives in the Safe - Zone . Over time the two become good friends and when he is killed by Alpha , Carl cries over his reanimated head . Series Lifespan : # 70 -- 145 , Douglas Monroe is a former Democratic Ohio U.S. congressman who becomes the leader of the Alexandria Safe - Zone . He is the husband of Regina and the father of Spencer . He welcomes Rick and company with open arms , though he demands that they follow the rules that he had set in place . He becomes distraught over his wife 's death and holes himself up in his house for long stretches of time . During the zombie attack , Douglas is surrounded by zombies . As he tries to shoot the zombies , he accidentally hits Carl Grimes . He is then devoured by the undead . The character was converted and gender - swapped into that of Deanna Monroe for the television series . Series Lifespan : # 70 -- 83 Regina Monroe is the wife of Douglas Monroe , and the mother of Spencer Monroe . She is often seen walking around Alexandria with Douglas . She is attending Fr . Gabriel Stokes ' church and is demanding at times . She is killed by Pete Anderson , after telling him to put a knife away . Her death allows Douglas to let Rick kill Pete . Douglas is suicidal after his wife 's death . Series Lifespan : # 70 -- 77 Spencer Monroe is the son of deceased Douglas and Regina Monroe . He and Andrea take a liking toward one another and almost strike up a relationship , but Andrea is disgusted by him when he exhibits signs of extreme selfishness . He later participates in a coup against Rick led by Nicholas , blaming Rick for the death of both of his parents . During the Savior 's sojourn in Alexandria , he approaches Negan to tell him that it would be better if he leads Alexandria , and tells Negan that Rick can not be trusted . He asks if Negan can kill Rick to put him , Spencer , in charge of the Community ; disgusted by Spencer 's attempted backstabbing of his leader , Negan tells him he is a coward for asking someone else to do his dirty work and promptly disembowels him . Series Lifespan : # 72 -- 111 , # 112 ( corpse ) Nicholas is a resident of the Alexandria Safe - Zone Community , as well as a family man . He is shown to be an aggressive yet timid man . When Rick and the survivor group first arrive in the community , Nicholas is one of the most wary , especially after discovering that Rick is allowing Carl to carry a gun . He wastes no time picking arguments with the survivors . He becomes increasingly frustrated as Rick 's sense of leadership dominates the community , and it comes to a boiling point once the man murders his close friend in the community , Pete Anderson . Witnessing this , Nicholas quickly attempts to form a coup with his fellow Alexandria citizens and viciously beats Glenn . The coup is quickly dissolved by Rick , and he apologizes . Since then , Nicholas becomes more accepting of Rick and his group and becomes Rick 's most trusted ally and participates in his plans . During one of the Savior supply trips to Alexandria , Nicholas , Rick , Heath , and Holly attempt to kill Negan . He is shot in the arm by the hidden Saviors and is lined up by Negan to be executed by his bat , unless the remaining citizens of Alexandria throw Carl over the wall . The citizens refuse his demands and he turns his attention to Rick . Nicholas interrupts and attempts to plead for his life . This only angers Negan , who says that if either Rick , Holly or Heath tell him to kill Nicholas he will do so and spare their lives . In response Heath tells him Nicholas is just scared . Negan proceeds with the execution and starts singing to select his victim , he and the others are rescued by Jesus . After the Saviors attack of Alexandria , he later expresses a desire to leave Alexandria with his family , for their safety , to Rick , who announces matter - of - factly that the entire town will be relocating to the Hilltop Colony . Soon after this , Negan attacks the Hilltop with the Saviors . Nicholas participates in the battle and defends the Hilltop . Later , Rick takes him and Aaron to help corner the saviors . After Rick is shot by Dwight 's arrow , Nicholas helps carry Rick back into Gregory 's mansion . However he is attacked by a Savior with an infected knife and slashed in the back . He is later seen with Paula , suffering from a severe fever and succumbing to the effects of the wound . He later dies from his wounds with Paula by his side . Series Lifespan : # 71 -- 125 Mikey is the young son of Nicholas and Paula ; residents of the Alexandria Safe - Zone Community . Mikey initially has a rough relationship with Carl Grimes , though they eventually learn to get along with one another . Eventually Mikey , along with his parents , relocate to Hilltop Colony during the war but move back afterwards . He loses his father during the final battle with Negan . Series Lifespan : # 71 onward Paula is a resident of the Alexandria Safe - Zone Community , wife to Nicholas , and mother of Mikey. Little has been revealed about Paula . Paula with her husband and son relocate to Hilltop Colony during the war but move back afterwards . She loses her husband during the final battle . Series Lifespan : # 72 ( mentioned ) , # 85 , # 99 - 163 Olivia is a cheerful young woman in charge of the weapons storage at the Alexandria Safe - Zone . Olivia persuades Douglas to let Michonne keep her weapons after Rick 's group joins the community , and also cuts Rick 's hair for him . A bit of a gossip , Olivia is the first to tell Rick about Davidson . After the zombie attack , Andrea trains Olivia and the others on how to use weapons , though Olivia has difficulty killing the walkers . Later , Olivia tells Rick that food rations are running low , leading Rick to form a group to find food outside of the community . When Rick and the others leave , Olivia joins Nicholas and Spencer in conspiring against him , though it is unclear what her feelings are on ousting Rick . She does not receive any blame for her part in the conspiracy after it is absolved , and her opinion of Rick seems to have improved . Olivia later admits Maggie Greene and many other residents of the Hilltop Community into Alexandria after the Saviors ' second attack on the town . She is still residing in the Safe - Zone after the time skip . During the conflict with the Whisperers Olivia is one of the twelve people who was decapitated by Alpha . Series Lifespan : # 70 -- 144 Siddiq is a member of the construction crew who arrived during the two year time skip . During the fair , he heads up the effort to build rooms for the new arrivals . Series Lifespan : # 127 onwards Tobin heads the construction team . His cowardice in the face of an attack had led to the death of many workers in the past . After taking on Abraham , the team is attacked once again , and Tobin leaves Holly for dead . Abraham saves Holly and kills the walkers much to the amazement of the other workers . This gains Tobin 's respect , and he willingly allows Abraham to take over . Tobin is killed defending the community from zombies after a herd breaks through one of the walls . Series Lifespan : # 69 -- 81 Washington , D.C. ( edit ) Derek is the leader of a small group of scavengers in DC . After following gunshots the group finds the Alexandria community . They demand to be let in and threaten Rick at gunpoint . A shootout ensues and Derek 's group are all killed . These gunshots attract the attention of the large DC horde which eventually rips through the walls of the community . Series Lifespan : # 75 -- 78 Hilltop Colony ( edit ) Ethan is a member of the Hilltop sent as an emissary ( along with Andy , Crystal and David ) to Negan 's settlement . Unhappy with the Hilltop , Negan kills Andy and David , and keeps Crystal hostage . Ethan is sent back to assassinate Gregory in exchange for her life . After stabbing him , Rick tackles Ethan to the ground before cutting his throat . Series Lifespan : # 95 Gregory is a somewhat self - important member of the Hilltop described as `` keeping the trains running on time '' , though he hosts a number of flaws ( including hitting on female newcomers of the Hilltop , forgetting names , and putting himself before others ) . He is stabbed by Ethan in exchange for Crystal 's life , who had been taken hostage by Negan , but fortunately recovers . Like his fellow survivors , he is helpless against the Saviors and relies on Rick to help rid them of the gang . His inability to rule becomes increasingly apparent throughout his time in the comics . He is apparently overthrown by Maggie Greene as the Hilltop 's leader in Issue 120 . When Carl starts to live in the Hilltop and beats two boys almost to death he plans to kill Maggie by poisoning her . However , his plan is foiled by Jesus who arrives in time to save Maggie , who requests that Gregory be jailed . After much deliberation , Maggie decides that Gregory must be killed . He is later hanged for his attempt on Maggie 's life as the rest of the Hilltop watch . Series Lifespan : # 95 -- 141 Kal is a resident living in the Hilltop Colony who patrols the metal walls protecting Hilltop . He seems to be good friends with Paul Monroe and trusts him . After getting Ezekiel to help their fight against the Saviors , Paul informs Kal of the plan to take Negan down and asks for an estimate on how many soldiers the Hilltop can spare . Later when Paul was supposed to meet Kal again , he is told by Earl Sutton that Kal had gone out `` patrolling '' ; Paul realizes that Kal has gone to inform the Saviors of the attack . Paul catches up with Kal who is hiding in the woods . Paul notices a disturbance , and Kal throws a spear at Paul . Paul catches the spear and breaks it in half before Kal reveals himself . He then tells Paul he believes his action will put the Hilltop in danger with his plan to go against the Saviors . Jesus eventually convinces him that the Saviors need to be defeated if they want to live in peace , and Kal agrees to help . While the two are talking , they forget about the group of Saviors summoned by a flare that Kal set off before Jesus caught up with him . The two nervously make up a new story , but Paul receives a punch to the gut from the Savior member Connor . Kal leaves with Paul , asking if he can keep his betrayal a secret from everyone else . Since then , he joins Jesus 's fight against the Saviors . Later , he is able to alert the others of the incoming Savior attack on the Hilltop , and he attempts to stop the Savior 's attack , verbally warning Negan . Negan ignores his warning and orders him to be shot ; he is then shot in the head by an unnamed Savior , killing him instantly . Series Lifespan : # 95 -- 123 Paul `` Jesus '' Monroe is a bearded man with impressive physical skills who acts as ambassador for the colony and frequently searches for new recruits . He spies on the Alexandria Safe - Zone Community to see if they 're safe to bring in . After a pretty tense and unexpected introduction , Paul is attacked by Michonne and Abraham where he easily immobilized them . After instructing to meet Rick , he is knocked out and tied up by him . After the interrogations , Rick eventually decides to let Paul take him to Hilltop , On the way , Paul reveals that he could have escaped anytime but remained there to see if Rick could be trusted . The two make up and continue their way . After reaching Hilltop , he reveals to Rick and his group that he and the rest of his people , for months , have been under siege by the Saviors . He attempts to track them back to their base , but is caught and chased back to the colony . After the death of Glenn , he decides to join Rick in his fight against the Saviors and participates in Rick 's plans . After Rick decides to let go of a captive Dwight , Rick tells Paul to follow him and see what they are up against , but to tell no one of their plans . After gearing up , Paul begins to follow Dwight , hoping to discover the Saviors base of operations . He is later ambushed by three Saviors . As he tries to fight off the Savior trio , he is subdued by one of the members . After being knocked to the floor , Paul is almost killed by the Saviors , however , he is saved by Dwight and another Savior , who tell Paul 's attackers to stand down , as they have some `` important '' questions for Paul . Dwight and the other Savior tie Paul up and load him onto a jeep . They drive to Sanctuary , allowing Paul to get a good look at the area and he bails out of the jeep at the very last second , narrowly avoiding capture and reports it back to Rick . He introduces Rick to Ezekiel , the leader of the Kingdom , in the hopes of forming the three communities into standing against the Saviors . As he sneaks into the Hilltop to tell Maggie of Rick 's plan , he learns that Kal betrayed him and ran off to inform the Saviors of their plan in which Jesus catches up to him and convinces him to change his mind . He continues to recruit members of the Hilltop , much to Gregory 's dismay . Later , As Negan holds Rick , Nicholas , Heath & Holly hostage for attempting to kill him , Jesus arrives at the Safe - Zone , hidden away from Negan and his men . He then grabs a Savior by his foot and trips him over . The Saviors open fire , but instead of hitting Paul they kill the Savior . Negan tells them to hold fire and at that moment Paul throws himself at the nearest Savior and orders Rick , Heath , Holly , and Nicholas into a trench . He proceeds to fight the Saviors until he works his way to Negan , who he disarms and captures . Negan frantically tells the Saviors to hold fire and Paul issues an order to let the survivors go and threatens to kill Negan . He tells Paul that even if he were to succeed , the Saviors would still open fire and kill Paul . However it is revealed that Paul 's intentions were to stall the Saviors until Ezekiel and his soldiers arrive . Jesus continues to aid Rick and Ezekiel in their fight against the Saviors until Negan is defeated . Two years after Negan 's incarceration , Jesus resides in Alexandria and becomes Rick 's right hand - man after Abraham 's death . Series Lifespan : # 91 onward Earl Sutton is a resident living in the Hilltop Colony who also creates weapons for the colony 's survivors . He is the blacksmith who is in charge of making spears , door hinges , knives and many other metal objects needed by the Hilltop . He is also Jesus 's good friend . Series Lifespan : # 95 onward Brianna is a resident living in the Hilltop Colony . She sees Maggie crying at Glenn 's grave and tries cheering her up . She 'd lost people in the apocalypse too : her husband , parents , siblings , what passed for a boyfriend , and even her daughter . She helps Maggie understand death , although sad and terrible , is a part of life and is natural ; it is n't something we need to be uncomfortable to talk about . She and Maggie are becoming good friends . Series Lifespan : # 109 onward Harlan Carson is a doctor in the Hilltop Colony who has treated Maggie , checking out on her baby , making sure everything 's okay . When Maggie is stressed out about delivering a baby , Doctor Harlan Carson assures her that her baby will be the third baby he 's delivered on the Hilltop . Harlan has been called a miracle worker . Harlan Carson has worked on many people in the Hilltop Colony including their leader , Gregory , whom he had brought back from the brink of death by knife wound . Series Lifespan : # 95 onward Dante is a guard in the Hilltop Colony who appears to have a crush on Maggie and is one of her right - hand men . He looked for missing survivor Ken , but was captured and later released alongside Ken by Alpha and The Whisperers . He later helps the others with the conflicts that comes ahead . Maggie sends him to spy on Negan after he leaves Alexandria . Series Lifespan : # 131 onward The Saviors ( edit ) Carson is Negan 's man of trust inside the main base . Carson is seen asking Negan about the recent gunfire from Carl , asking if everything 's alright and if they need to worry about it , he is also the one who informs Negan that the iron is ready for Mark 's punishment . He is later seen in the Sanctuary when Rick 's forces have trapped him and the rest of the Saviors inside , by using noise to draw a huge herd to the Sanctuary . He asks Negan if he should set up a meeting , Negan tells him no as there are more `` pressing '' matters to attend with . Carson is seen along with Negan and Dwight after capturing Eugene . After Negan leaves to have sex with his wives , Carson and Dwight stay behind with Eugene . Dwight explains to Eugene that he is secretly on Rick 's side . Carson overhears the conversation , and says as good as his life in the Sanctuary is , he 'd much rather be able to see his brother again and live freely . He tells Dwight he 'll help him rebel against Negan . After the war he lives with his brother Harlan in the Hilltop . Carson is one of the twelve victims decapitated by Alpha during the conflict with the Whisperers . Series Lifespan : # 105 - 144 Connor is a high - ranking member of the Saviors . Connor spots Rick and his small group 's departure to the Hilltop Colony following Abraham 's death , and soon after calls for the rest of the Saviors in the area for an attack on the Alexandria Safe - Zone at dawn . Connor 's rally is heeded as Andrea reports the Saviors ' attack on the community when Rick returns from his confrontation with Negan , though they are repelled and the majority of the attackers are killed . Soon after Kal leaves the Hilltop Colony , he sends a flare to contact the Saviors . Connor is the Savior that leads the group that answers the call . Paul stops the revelation of the plan by telling Connor their next payment of supplies might be a little low . This infuriates Connor , who subsequently punches Paul in the gut and leaves with his group . Later on , Connor volunteers to be part of the back - up team sent by Negan to surround Alexandria 's walls while Negan and his team go in to wait for Rick 's group to return . After Seth and another Savior are killed by Rick and Andrea , it is presumed that Connor either saw Andrea or the flash coming from the rifle she used because he is later seen inside the bell tower sneaking up on her . He ambushes Andrea by surprise with a knife and proceeds to beat her . As Connor begins to choke her to death , he laments that he feels bad for having to kill her after she 's gone through so much more pain and loss than other survivors he 's met . A fight ensues , ending when Andrea pushes Connor out of the window to fall to his death . Series Lifespan : # 99 -- 113 , # 114 ( corpse ) Dwight is a member of the Saviors who has a half burnt face due to Negan , the leader of the Saviors . Dwight wields a crossbow which he uses to kill zombies and Abraham Ford . During an attack on Alexandria , Dwight is captured and is at first interrogated by Andrea , though after the deaths of Glenn and Abraham and realizing that Negan 's group is too strong , he is released by Rick . The release is a ploy from Rick to have Jesus follow Dwight back to the Saviors headquarters . Dwight has a tense relationship with Negan and has since pledged allegiance to Ezekiel 's plans to defeat the Saviors . After the war he becomes the leader of the Saviors , but ultimately leaves to become one of Rick 's main enforcers in the war against The Whisperers . He is replaced as leader of the Saviors by Sherry . Series Lifespan : # 98 onward Negan is the leader of the Saviors . He has gathered together strong men and leads them in terrorizing nearby survivor communities in exchange for food and supplies . Negan sets out for revenge against Rick 's group after they kill some members of his gang . Negan orders Abraham 's murder . He has some trackers find the Safe - Zone while he and the rest of his gang follow and ambush the group during their trip to the Hilltop . After Rick refuses a deal that would give Negan access to the Safe - Zone 's supplies , Negan brutally murders Glenn with a baseball bat wrapped in barbed wire he calls `` Lucille '' . After that the Safe - Zone Community gives him half the supplies to prevent him from killing any more of their members . Negan is notable for using excessive profanity when he speaks , even to his own men . Rick plans a war against Negan , which he wins when Dwight betrays Negan . After the war Negan is kept as a prisoner in the Alexandria Safe - Zone . When Magna and her people arrive in Alexandria they discover Negan in the prison . Negan tells them that he is tortured and pleads them to release him , but Magna knows he 's lying and refuses . Later , Negan escapes captivity along with the help of Brandon , who he later kills near Whisperer territory . Negan joins The Whisperers and gains Alpha 's trust . When in an isolated area , Negan slits and decapitates Alpha 's head over The Whisperers ' views on rape . He returns to Alexandria , and bargains with Rick to be a free man within Alexandria after showing Alpha 's head . Rick gives him over to Dwight to look after , who returns Lucille to him after he proves his loyalty . Aftre the breaking of Lucille Negan mourns and buries the baseball bat . He then saves Rick 's life from a walker herd at the gates of Alexandria . Series Lifespan : # 100 onward Sherry is one of Negan 's five wives . She was Dwight 's wife before the apocalypse ; although they were married , Sherry decided to become one of Negan 's wives in order to make both her life and Dwight 's easier . One night , Dwight and Sherry meet behind Negan 's back and sleep together , violating the rule that none of the Saviors are allowed to have sexual intercourse with Negan 's wives unless they have earned enough points , and Negan irons his face as punishment . Dwight harbors some bitterness towards Sherry , blaming her for not giving up her privileged position to stop Negan . After the war , Sherry is never shown but still lives at The Saviors Compound . Currently , Dwight has moved on from her and has found new love in a fellow Savior . However Sherry starts hating how Rick Grimes to trying to bring peace so she starts taking up leadership of the saviors to lead a revolt . Unfortunately this does n't last long as she gets killed by Rick when he accidentally breaks her neck while trying to make a deal with her in order to stop the attack . Series Lifespan : # 105 - 166 The Kingdom ( edit ) Ezekiel ( referred to as `` King Ezekiel '' by his fellow citizens ) is the leader of a community known as the Kingdom . At some point , Ezekiel met and formed a friendship with Paul Monroe who invited his community to join a trading network that includes the Hilltop community Paul belongs to . He later discovers the Saviors are threatening and harassing the other communities in the trade network in exchange for supplies and possibly sees how vicious their leader , Negan really is ( despite the truce offered by the Saviors . ) He bides his time and waited for the opportune moment to strike back against `` this tyrant '' . The opportunity Ezekiel is waiting for finally comes when Paul brings Rick Grimes to meet him and passes on the information that they have regarding the Saviors ' strength and the location of their main base of operations . During the war he starts a relationship with Michonne . Ezekiel was a zookeeper and has known Shiva since she was born . Two years after the war against the Saviors ended , Ezekiel and Michonne broke up , but Ezekiel is confident to start their relationship again . However , he is decapitated by Alpha along with eleven other people during the conflict with the Whisperers . Series Lifespan : # 108 -- 144 Shiva is Ezekiel 's pet tiger , and she resides with him at the Kingdom . Ezekiel has known her since she was born . She presumably had a normal life as a zoo tiger . Prior to the events of the series , Ezekiel saved Shiva 's life by neglecting to report her attacking him when she was a cub , eventually leading to a bond with her that continued into the outbreak . She is mostly seen sitting with Ezekiel at his side while he sits on his throne , Ezekiel keeps Shiva on a chain . Shiva sleeps in a cage inside Ezekiel 's room . According to Ezekiel , Shiva hates violence , and she reacts angrily when Rick punches Dwight . Shiva aids Ezekiel in battle against the Saviors , even killing a Savior . It is due to her and Paul `` Jesus '' Monroe that the Saviors retreat from Alexandria Safe - Zone . Along with Ezekiel , Shiva sleeps in Michonne 's house , specifically the bathroom . In the morning , Ezekiel mentions that Shiva defecated in the bathtub . Later , after the battle of the sanctuary , Shiva is seen with Ezekiel and Michonne , eating a dead zombie . Ezekiel tells Michonne that Shiva is able to eat zombies without getting sick . When Ezekiel is cornered by a large group of zombies , Shiva comes to his rescue , and while Ezekiel runs away , Shiva is shown being devoured by the horde , saving her master 's life . Series Lifespan : # 108 -- 118 William ( sometimes referred to as `` King William '' ) serves as the de facto leader of The Kingdom after the death of Ezekiel . He rejects some of Ezekiel 's traditions , and refuses to be addressed as good sir . He aids the militia of Rick Grimes by supplying him with troops . William joins in with patrols after he sens capable men off to help Rick . He then rides to the Hilltop after hearing news of an attack , but is too late to save everyone . Series Lifespan # 157 onward Richmond , virginia ( edit ) Bernie is a part of Magna 's group of survivors traveling through the D.C. area . When Paul Monroe , along with the rest of the Alexandria herd - crew are steering the herd away from the Kingdom , they come across his group . The herd began to surround the group and despite Jesus ' best efforts , Bernie is unable to escape , resulting in him being grabbed and eaten alive by a large group of them . Series Lifespan : # 127 Connie is part of Magna 's group who joins the Alexandria Safe - Zone Community two years after the Savior war ends . Along with the rest of the group , she is interviewed by Andrea and later debates about what the group 's move against Alexandria will be . Series Lifespan : # 127 onward Kelly is part of Magna 's group who joins the Alexandria Safe - Zone Community two years after the Savior war ends . After they came across the herd being led by Jesus , Kelly and his group return to Alexandria with him to meet with Rick . He argues with Magna and says they should not trust the Alexandria Safe - Zone group and blames them for Bernie 's death in which Magna defends them . Later on after being interviewed by Andrea , Kelly debates with his group and believes the Alexandria Safe - Zone Community is hiding something . Series Lifespan : # 127 onward Luke is part of Magna 's group who joins the Alexandria Safe - Zone Community two years after the Savior war ends . Luke is shown to be very supportive of Magna being the leader of their group ; when Rick asks Magna who the leader is , Magna tries to tell him that there is no leader and surviving was a team effort , but Luke interrupts her and tells Rick that Magna is the leader . Along with eleven other people he was decapitated by Alpha during the Whisperer conflict . Series Lifespan : # 127 -- 144 Magna is the leader of the Richmond survivors who joins the Alexandria Safe - Zone Community two years after the Savior war ends . At the beginning of the apocalypse , Magna is one of many survivors who arrive at a nursing home near Washington D.C. Seeing it as a potential safe haven , she decides to stay . After a while , the home becomes too crowded . It is not explicitly said what happens , but Magna and a group of others leave and set off on their own . During the next seven months , several of her groupmates are killed . One day , Magna and her group are attacked by a herd of zombies , and Magna herself is almost bitten on the arm ; however , a timely rescue by Paul Monroe saves her life . Paul quickly dismounts from his horse and starts helping Magna and her group fend off the zombies , Paul then tells Magna to cut the horses free from the toppled train - cart and get to safety , saying he and other members of the Alexandria Safe - Zone scout group will rid the zombie herd from the area . After escaping from the herd on horseback , Magna and her group manage to get to a Safe - Zone and after a few minutes of hiding , she , Paul , and the rest of his scout group manage to begin leading the zombie herd away . Shortly after , Paul arrives on horseback to meet her and invites her to join Alexandria 's community as long as she agrees to give her weapons over to him . Magna is hesitant to do so at first , but when Paul tells her Alexandria has plenty of food , she accepts wholeheartedly . After she arrives at Alexandria , Paul takes her the community 's great hall , where Rick Grimes is waiting to interview her group . Magna introduces him to all the members of her group , Kelly , Luke , Connie , and Yumiko . Rick then tells them to rest up for the day , as he would like to interview each member of the group the next day , saying it is best they get to know each other , Magna agreeing with him before she walks off . After Magna is interviewed by Andrea , Magna is in a house with her group . The group debates about what they will do . Magna says that Alexandria is too good to be true and that they 're hiding something and that they will find out what it is that they are hiding . When Rick is absent from Alexandria , Magna and her group discover the prison . They find Negan , who tells them that Rick and his people are animals that torture him and he begs them to release him . Magna does not believe him , saying she knows how a tortured person looks like and they leave him . Later , when Andrea goes back to her home , Magna and her people ambush her , demanding answers . She is currently part of Dwight 's army squad . While outside , she notices Negan but is hesitant to shoot him despite Dwight 's commands . She is Yumiko 's girlfriend . Series Lifespan : # 127 onward Yumiko is part of Magna 's group who joins the Alexandria Safe - Zone Community two years after the Savior war ends . After her group arrive at Alexandria after a herd attack , she is quick to praise the effort the community is doing . She is Magna 's girlfriend . Series Lifespan : # 127 onward The Whisperers ( edit ) Joshua is one of the Whisperers to follow Paul Monroe , Darius and two other guards . He was killed by Paul . Lydia later claimed that Joshua was one of the friendlier members of the Whisperers . Series Lifespan : # 133 -- 134 Lydia is one of the Whisperers to follow Paul Monroe , Darius and two other guards . She is captured by Jesus . She is put in a cell next to Carl 's . She tries to get information about the Hilltop community by talking to Carl , and later starts a sexual relationship with him . Series Lifespan : # 134 onward Alpha is the leader of the Whisperers and Lydia 's mother . Her real name is unknown and insists that even her daughter call her by her title . Alpha and several of her people approach the gates of the Hilltop and exchange Ken and Dante for Lydia . When Carl chases the Whisperers , he is taken prisoner . Alpha decides to infiltrate the Alexandria Safe - Zone and buys a sword at the fair . After meeting Rick she allows Carl and Lydia to leave the Whisperers , on the condition that nobody will cross a border she marked . On their way back , Rick and co . discover that Alpha has decapitated twelve residents of the Safe - Zone , the Hilltop Colony , the Kingdom and the Sanctuary and that she used their heads placed on pikes to mark the border . After Negan appears to have joined her group , Alpha is fatally slashed across the neck and decapitated by him moments afterward . Series Lifespan : # 132 -- 156 Beta is Alpha 's right - hand man who carries two knives . In an encounter with Michonne and Aaron , he stabs Aaron and leaves them with some zombies and Whisperers . Upon arriving at The Whisperers camp , he notices Negan and attempts to kill him but is thwarted by Alpha . In response to the untimely death of Alpha , Beta takes a leadership position and declares war on Alexandria . Series Lifespan : # 154 -- 173 Oceanside ( edit ) Pete is a fisherman for Oceanside that has a close friendship with Michonne and Siddiq . Series Lifespan : # 139 onwards Pittsburgh , pennsylvania ( edit ) Juanita `` Princess '' Sanchez is a lone survivor residing in Pittsburgh and claims to have not seen any survivors in around a year . She is goofy but capable of surviving . Series Lifespan : # 171 onwards Notes ( edit ) The Walking Dead comic book and the television series based on it are regarded as separate continuities . Therefore , characters and events appearing in one have no effect on the continuity of the other . Every Grimes family member besides Judith has been shot at least once : Lori ( 1 ) , Rick ( 2 ) , Carl ( 2 ) , Andrea ( 2 ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Moore , Tony ( p ) , Moore , Tony ( i ) , Kirkman , Robert ( let ) . `` Days Gone Bye '' The Walking Dead 2 : ( 22 ) ( November 12 , 2003 ) , 1071 N. Batavia St. , Suite A , Orange , CA 92867 : Image Comics Jump up ^ Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie ( inker , cover ) , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones , cover colors , back cover ) ( i ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) . `` The Calm Before '' The Walking Dead v7 , 39 : ( 22 ) ( July 2007 ) , 1942 University Avenue , Suite 305 , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics ^ Jump up to : Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie ( inker , cover ) , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones , cover colors ) ( i ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) . `` Made To Suffer '' The Walking Dead v8 , 48 : ( 22 ) ( April 2 , 2008 ) , 1942 University Avenue , Suite 305 , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics ^ Jump up to : Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Moore , Tony ( p ) , Moore , Tony ( i ) , Kirkman , Robert ( let ) . `` Days Gone Bye '' The Walking Dead 3 : ( 22 ) ( December 10 , 2003 ) , 1071 N. Batavia St. , Suite A , Orange , CA 92867 : Image Comics Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference issue167 was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones ) ( i ) , Moore , Tony ( cover ) ( col ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) . `` The Heart 's Desire '' The Walking Dead v4 , 23 : ( 22 ) ( November 2005 ) , 1942 University Avenue , Suite 305 , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics Jump up ^ Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Moore , Tony ( p ) , Moore , Tony ( i ) , Kirkman , Robert ( let ) . `` Days Gone Bye '' The Walking Dead 5 : ( 22 ) ( February 1 , 2004 ) , 1071 N. Batavia St. , Suite A , Orange , CA 92867 : Image Comics ^ Jump up to : Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones ) ( i ) , Moore , Tony ( cover ) ( col ) , Kirkman , Robert ( let ) . `` Miles Behind Us '' The Walking Dead v2 , 9 : ( 22 ) ( June 2004 ) , 1071 N. Batavia St. , Suite A , Orange , CA 92867 : Image Comics ^ Jump up to : Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie ( inker , cover ) , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones , cover colors ) ( i ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) , Sitterson , Aubrey ( ed ) . `` Fear The Hunters '' The Walking Dead v11 , 61 : ( 22 ) ( May 15 , 2009 ) , 2134 Allston Way , 2nd Floor , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics ^ Jump up to : Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie ( inker , cover ) , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones , cover colors ) ( i ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) , Sitterson , Aubrey ( ed ) . `` Fear The Hunters '' The Walking Dead v11 , 66 : ( 22 ) ( October 14 , 2009 ) , 2134 Allston Way , 2nd Floor , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics ^ Jump up to : Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Moore , Tony ( p ) , Moore , Tony , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones ) ( i ) , Kirkman , Robert ( let ) . `` Days Gone Bye '' The Walking Dead 6 : ( 22 ) ( March 2004 ) , 1071 N. Batavia St. , Suite A , Orange , CA 92867 : Image Comics ^ Jump up to : Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie ( inker , cover ) , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones , cover colors , back cover ) ( i ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) . `` The Calm Before '' The Walking Dead v7 , 42 : ( 22 ) ( September 2007 ) , 1942 University Avenue , Suite 305 , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics ^ Jump up to : Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones ) ( i ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) , Grace , Sina ( ed ) . `` Something To Fear '' The Walking Dead v17 , 100 : ( 30 ) ( July 11 , 2012 ) , 2134 Allston Way , 2nd Floor , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics , Skybound Entertainment Jump up ^ Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Moore , Tony ( p ) , Moore , Tony ( i ) , Kirkman , Robert ( let ) . `` Days Gone Bye '' The Walking Dead 1 : ( 24 ) ( October 8 , 2003 ) , 1071 N. Batavia St. , Suite A , Orange , CA 92867 : Image Comics ^ Jump up to : Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones ) ( i ) , Moore , Tony ( cover ) ( col ) , Kirkman , Robert ( let ) . `` Miles Behind Us '' The Walking Dead v2 , 7 : ( 22 ) ( April 2004 ) , 1071 N. Batavia St. , Suite A , Orange , CA 92867 : Image Comics ^ Jump up to : Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones ) ( i ) , Moore , Tony ( cover ) ( col ) , Kirkman , Robert ( let ) . `` Safety Behind Bars '' The Walking Dead v3 , 15 : ( 22 ) ( January 2005 ) , 1942 University Avenue , Suite 305 , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics Jump up ^ Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie ( inker , cover ) , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones , cover colors , back cover ) ( i ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) . `` The Calm Before '' The Walking Dead v7 , 37 : ( 22 ) ( May 2007 ) , 1942 University Avenue , Suite 305 , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics Jump up ^ Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones ) ( i ) , Moore , Tony ( cover ) ( col ) , Kirkman , Robert ( let ) . `` Safety Behind Bars '' The Walking Dead v3 , 14 : ( 22 ) ( November 2004 ) , 1942 University Avenue , Suite 305 , Berkeley , CA 947047 : Image Comics ^ Jump up to : Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie ( inker , cover ) , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones , cover colors ) ( i ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) . `` Made To Suffer '' The Walking Dead v8 , 46 : ( 22 ) ( February 13 , 2008 ) , 1942 University Avenue , Suite 305 , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics Jump up ^ Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie ( inker , cover ) , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones , cover colors ) ( i ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) . `` Here We Remain '' The Walking Dead v9 , 49 : ( 22 ) ( May 14 , 2008 ) , 1942 University Avenue , Suite 305 , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics ^ Jump up to : Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie ( inker , cover ) , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones , cover colors ) ( i ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) , Grace , Sina ( ed ) . `` Life Among Them '' The Walking Dead v12 , 72 : ( 22 ) ( May 19 , 2010 ) , 2134 Allston Way , 2nd Floor , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics ^ Jump up to : Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie ( inker , cover ) , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones , cover colors ) ( i ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) , Grace , Sina ( ed ) . `` Too Far Gone '' The Walking Dead v13 , 75 : ( 30 ) ( July 21 , 2010 ) , 2134 Allston Way , 2nd Floor , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics , Skybound Entertainment ^ Jump up to : Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones ) ( i ) , Moore , Tony ( cover ) ( col ) , Kirkman , Robert ( let ) . `` Miles Behind Us '' The Walking Dead v2 , 10 : ( 22 ) ( July 2004 ) , 1071 N. Batavia St. , Suite A , Orange , CA 92867 : Image Comics ^ Jump up to : Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones ) ( i ) , Moore , Tony ( cover ) ( col ) , Kirkman , Robert ( let ) . `` Miles Behind Us '' The Walking Dead v2 , 11 : ( 22 ) ( August 2004 ) , 1071 N. Batavia St. , Suite A , Orange , CA 92867 : Image Comics ^ Jump up to : Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones ) ( i ) , Moore , Tony ( cover ) ( col ) , Kirkman , Robert ( let ) . `` Safety Behind Bars '' The Walking Dead v3 , 16 : ( 22 ) ( February 2005 ) , 1942 University Avenue , Suite 305 , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics Jump up ^ Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie ( inker , cover ) , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones , cover colors , back cover ) ( i ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) . `` The Best Defense '' The Walking Dead v5 , 30 : ( 22 ) ( August 2006 ) , 1942 University Avenue , Suite 305 , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics Jump up ^ Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie ( inker , cover ) , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones , cover colors , back cover ) ( i ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) . `` This Sorrowful Life '' The Walking Dead v6 , 35 : ( 22 ) ( February 2007 ) , 1942 University Avenue , Suite 305 , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics ^ Jump up to : Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones ) ( i ) , Moore , Tony ( cover ) ( col ) , Kirkman , Robert ( let ) . `` Safety Behind Bars '' The Walking Dead v3 , 13 : ( 22 ) ( October 2004 ) , 1071 N. Batavia St. , Suite A , Orange , CA 92867 : Image Comics ^ Jump up to : Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones ) ( i ) , Moore , Tony ( cover ) ( col ) , Kirkman , Robert ( let ) . `` The Heart 's Desire '' The Walking Dead v4 , 19 : ( 22 ) ( June 2005 ) , 1942 University Avenue , Suite 305 , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics ^ Jump up to : Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie ( inker , cover ) , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones , cover colors ) ( i ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) . `` Made To Suffer '' The Walking Dead v8 , 47 : ( 22 ) ( March 12 , 2008 ) , 1942 University Avenue , Suite 305 , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics Jump up ^ Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones ) ( i ) , Moore , Tony ( cover ) ( col ) , Kirkman , Robert ( let ) . `` Safety Behind Bars '' The Walking Dead v3 , 18 : ( 22 ) ( April 2005 ) , 1942 University Avenue , Suite 305 , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics ^ Jump up to : Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie ( inker , cover ) , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones , cover colors , back cover ) ( i ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) . `` The Best Defense '' The Walking Dead v5 , 29 : ( 22 ) ( June 2006 ) , 1942 University Avenue , Suite 305 , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics ^ Jump up to : Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie ( inker , cover ) , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones , cover colors , back cover ) ( i ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) . `` Made To Suffer '' The Walking Dead v8 , 43 : ( 26 ) ( October 24 , 2007 ) , 1942 University Avenue , Suite 305 , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics ^ Jump up to : Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie ( inker , cover ) , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones , cover colors , back cover ) ( i ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) . `` The Best Defense '' The Walking Dead v5 , 27 : ( 22 ) ( April 2006 ) , 1942 University Avenue , Suite 305 , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics Jump up ^ Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie ( inker , cover ) , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones , cover colors , back cover ) ( i ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) . `` This Sorrowful Life '' The Walking Dead v6 , 33 : ( 22 ) ( December 2006 ) , 1942 University Avenue , Suite 305 , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics Jump up ^ Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie ( inker , cover ) , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones , cover colors ) ( i ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) . `` Made To Suffer , Part 2 '' The Walking Dead v8 , 44 : ( 22 ) ( November 21 , 2007 ) , 1942 University Avenue , Suite 305 , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics Jump up ^ Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie ( inker , cover ) , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones , cover colors , back cover ) ( i ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) . `` This Sorrowful Life '' The Walking Dead v6 , 36 : ( 22 ) ( March 2007 ) , 1942 University Avenue , Suite 305 , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics Jump up ^ Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie ( inker , cover ) , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones , cover colors , back cover ) ( i ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) . `` The Best Defense '' The Walking Dead v5 , 28 : ( 22 ) ( June 2006 ) , 1942 University Avenue , Suite 305 , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics ^ Jump up to : Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie ( inker , cover ) , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones , cover colors , back cover ) ( i ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) . `` This Sorrowful Life '' The Walking Dead v6 , 32 : ( 22 ) ( October 2006 ) , 1942 University Avenue , Suite 305 , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics Jump up ^ Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie ( inker , cover ) , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones , cover colors ) ( i ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) . `` Made To Suffer , Part 3 '' The Walking Dead v8 , 45 : ( 22 ) ( December 12 , 2007 ) , 1942 University Avenue , Suite 305 , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics ^ Jump up to : Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie ( inker , cover ) , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones , cover colors ) ( i ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) . `` Here We Remain '' The Walking Dead v9 , 53 : ( 22 ) ( October 10 , 2008 ) , 1942 University Avenue , Suite 305 , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics ^ Jump up to : Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie ( inker , cover ) , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones , cover colors ) ( i ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) , Grace , Sina ( ed ) . `` Something To Fear '' The Walking Dead v17 , 98 : ( 22 ) ( May 30 , 2012 ) , 2134 Allston Way , 2nd Floor , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics , Skybound Entertainment Jump up ^ Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie ( inker , cover ) , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones , cover colors ) ( i ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) , Sitterson , Aubrey ( ed ) . `` Life Among Them '' The Walking Dead v12 , 67 : ( 22 ) ( November 11 , 2009 ) , 2134 Allston Way , 2nd Floor , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics ^ Jump up to : Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie ( inker , cover ) , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones , cover colors ) ( i ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) , Grace , Sina ( ed ) . `` No Way Out '' The Walking Dead v14 , 83 : ( 22 ) ( March 30 , 2011 ) , 2134 Allston Way , 2nd Floor , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics , Skybound Entertainment ^ Jump up to : Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie ( inker , cover ) , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones , cover colors ) , Ketner , Lukas ( variant cover ) ( i ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) , Grace , Sina ( ed ) . `` We Find Ourselves '' The Walking Dead v15 , 85 : ( 22 ) ( May 25 , 2011 ) , 2134 Allston Way , 2nd Floor , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics , Skybound Entertainment Jump up ^ Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( penciller , cover ) ( p ) , Gaudiano , Stefano , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones ) ( i ) , Dave Stewart ( cover colors ) ( col ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) , Mackiewicz , Sean ( ed ) . `` Even Now , They Still Find New Ways to Dispose of the Dead '' The Walking Dead v22 , 129 : ( 44 ) ( July 9 , 2014 ) , 2001 Center St. , 6th Floor , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics , Skybound Entertainment ^ Jump up to : Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( penciller , cover ) ( p ) , Gaudiano , Stefano , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones ) ( i ) , Dave Stewart ( cover colors ) ( col ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) , Mackiewicz , Sean ( ed ) . `` A New Beginning '' The Walking Dead v22 , 127 : ( 44 ) ( May 14 , 2014 ) , 2001 Center St. , 6th Floor , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics , Skybound Entertainment ^ Jump up to : Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie ( inker , cover ) , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones , cover colors ) ( i ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) , Sitterson , Aubrey ( ed ) . `` Life Among Them '' The Walking Dead v12 , 69 : ( 22 ) ( January 27 , 2010 ) , 2134 Allston Way , 2nd Floor , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics Jump up ^ Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie ( inker , cover ) , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones , cover colors ) ( i ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) , Grace , Sina ( ed ) . `` No Way Out '' The Walking Dead v14 , 80 : ( 22 ) ( December 2010 ) , 2134 Allston Way , 2nd Floor , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics , Skybound Entertainment ^ Jump up to : Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie ( inker , cover ) , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones , cover colors ) ( i ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) , Sitterson , Aubrey ( ed ) . `` Life Among Them '' The Walking Dead v12 , 71 : ( 22 ) ( April 28 , 2010 ) , 2134 Allston Way , 2nd Floor , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics Jump up ^ Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( penciller , cover ) ( p ) , Gaudiano , Stefano , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones ) ( i ) , Dave Stewart ( cover colors ) ( col ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) , Mackiewicz , Sean ( ed ) . `` All Out War -- Part Two '' The Walking Dead v21 , 121 : ( 22 ) ( February 12 , 2014 ) , 2001 Center St. , 6th Floor , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics , Skybound Entertainment Jump up ^ Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie ( inker , cover ) , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones , cover colors ) ( i ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) , Sitterson , Aubrey ( ed ) . `` Life Among Them '' The Walking Dead v12 , 68 : ( 22 ) ( December 9 , 2009 ) , 2134 Allston Way , 2nd Floor , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics ^ Jump up to : Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( penciller , cover ) ( p ) , Gaudiano , Stefano , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones ) ( i ) , Dave Stewart ( cover colors ) ( col ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) , Mackiewicz , Sean ( ed ) . `` All Out War -- Part One '' The Walking Dead v20 , 118 : ( 22 ) ( December 11 , 2013 ) , 2001 Center St. , 6th Floor , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics , Skybound Entertainment Jump up ^ Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie ( inker , cover ) , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones , cover colors ) ( i ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) , Mackiewicz , Sean ( ed ) . `` The Search For Carl '' The Walking Dead v18 , 106 : ( 22 ) ( January 9 , 2013 ) , 2134 Allston Way , 2nd Floor , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics , Skybound Entertainment ^ Jump up to : Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( penciller , cover ) ( p ) , Gaudiano , Stefano , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones ) ( i ) , Dave Stewart ( cover colors ) ( col ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) , Mackiewicz , Sean ( ed ) . `` Blood for Blood '' The Walking Dead v24 , 144 : ( 22 ) ( August 12 , 2015 ) , 2001 Center St. , 6th Floor , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics , Skybound Entertainment ^ Jump up to : Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie ( inker , cover ) , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones , cover colors ) ( i ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) , Grace , Sina ( ed ) . `` Too Far Gone '' The Walking Dead v13 , 77 : ( 22 ) ( September 22 , 2010 ) , 2134 Allston Way , 2nd Floor , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics , Skybound Entertainment Jump up ^ Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie ( inker , cover ) , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones , cover colors ) ( i ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) , Grace , Sina ( ed ) . `` Too Far Gone '' The Walking Dead v13 , 73 : ( 22 ) ( June 16 , 2010 ) , 2134 Allston Way , 2nd Floor , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics Jump up ^ Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( penciller , cover ) ( p ) , Gaudiano , Stefano , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones ) ( i ) , Dave Stewart ( cover colors ) ( col ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) , Mackiewicz , Sean ( ed ) . `` All Out War -- Part One '' The Walking Dead v20 , 119 : ( 22 ) ( January 8 , 2014 ) , 2001 Center St. , 6th Floor , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics , Skybound Entertainment Jump up ^ Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( penciller , cover ) ( p ) , Gaudiano , Stefano , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones ) ( i ) , Dave Stewart ( cover colors ) ( col ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) , Mackiewicz , Sean ( ed ) . `` All Out War -- Part One '' The Walking Dead v20 , 120 : ( 22 ) ( January 22 , 2014 ) , 2001 Center St. , 6th Floor , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics , Skybound Entertainment ^ Jump up to : Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie ( inker , cover ) , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones , cover colors ) ( i ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) , Sitterson , Aubrey ( ed ) . `` Life Among Them '' The Walking Dead v12 , 70 : ( 22 ) ( February 24 , 2010 ) , 2134 Allston Way , 2nd Floor , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics Jump up ^ Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie ( inker , cover ) , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones , cover colors ) ( i ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) , Mackiewicz , Sean ( ed ) . `` March To War '' The Walking Dead v19 , 111 : ( 22 ) ( June 12 , 2013 ) , 2001 Center St. , 6th Floor , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics , Skybound Entertainment Jump up ^ Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie ( inker , cover ) , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones , cover colors ) ( i ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) , Mackiewicz , Sean ( ed ) . `` March To War '' The Walking Dead v19 , 112 : ( 22 ) ( July 10 , 2013 ) , 2001 Center St. , 6th Floor , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics , Skybound Entertainment Jump up ^ Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( penciller , cover ) ( p ) , Gaudiano , Stefano , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones ) ( i ) , Dave Stewart ( cover colors ) ( col ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) , Mackiewicz , Sean ( ed ) . `` All Out War -- Part Two '' The Walking Dead v21 , 125 : ( 22 ) ( April 9 , 2014 ) , 2001 Center St. , 6th Floor , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics , Skybound Entertainment ^ Jump up to : Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie ( inker , cover ) , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones , cover colors ) ( i ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) , Grace , Sina ( ed ) . `` Something To Fear '' The Walking Dead v17 , 99 : ( 22 ) ( June 20 , 2012 ) , 2134 Allston Way , 2nd Floor , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics , Skybound Entertainment Jump up ^ Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie ( inker , cover ) , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones , cover colors ) ( i ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) , Grace , Sina ( ed ) . `` No Way Out '' The Walking Dead v14 , 81 : ( 22 ) ( February 2011 ) , 2134 Allston Way , 2nd Floor , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics , Skybound Entertainment Jump up ^ Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie ( inker , cover ) , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones , cover colors ) ( i ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) , Grace , Sina ( ed ) . `` Too Far Gone '' The Walking Dead v13 , 78 : ( 22 ) ( October 20 , 2010 ) , 2134 Allston Way , 2nd Floor , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics , Skybound Entertainment ^ Jump up to : Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie ( inker , cover ) , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones , cover colors ) ( i ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) , Grace , Sina ( ed ) . `` A Larger World '' The Walking Dead v16 , 95 : ( 22 ) ( March 28 , 2012 ) , 2134 Allston Way , 2nd Floor , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics , Skybound Entertainment Jump up ^ Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( penciller , cover ) ( p ) , Gaudiano , Stefano , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones ) ( i ) , Dave Stewart ( cover colors ) ( col ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) , Mackiewicz , Sean ( ed ) . `` All Out War -- Part Two '' The Walking Dead v21 , 123 : ( 22 ) ( March 12 , 2014 ) , 2001 Center St. , 6th Floor , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics , Skybound Entertainment Jump up ^ Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie ( inker , cover ) , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones , cover colors ) ( i ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) , Grace , Sina ( ed ) . `` A Larger World '' The Walking Dead v16 , 91 : ( 21 ) ( November 16 , 2011 ) , 2134 Allston Way , 2nd Floor , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics , Skybound Entertainment Jump up ^ Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie ( inker , cover ) , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones , cover colors ) ( i ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) , Mackiewicz , Sean ( ed ) . `` March To War '' The Walking Dead v19 , 109 : ( 22 ) ( April 10 , 2013 ) , 2001 Center St. , 6th Floor , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics , Skybound Entertainment ^ Jump up to : Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie ( inker , cover ) , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones , cover colors ) ( i ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) , Mackiewicz , Sean ( ed ) . `` What Comes After '' The Walking Dead v18 , 105 : ( 22 ) ( December 12 , 2012 ) , 2134 Allston Way , 2nd Floor , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics , Skybound Entertainment Jump up ^ Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie ( inker , cover ) , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones , cover colors ) ( i ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) , Mackiewicz , Sean ( ed ) . `` March To War '' The Walking Dead v19 , 113 : ( 22 ) ( August 14 , 2013 ) , 2001 Center St. , 6th Floor , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics , Skybound Entertainment Jump up ^ Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie ( inker , cover ) , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones , cover colors ) ( i ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) , Mackiewicz , Sean ( ed ) . `` March To War '' The Walking Dead v19 , 114 : ( 22 ) ( September 11 , 2013 ) , 2001 Center St. , 6th Floor , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics , Skybound Entertainment ^ Jump up to : Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( p ) , Adlard , Charlie ( inker , cover ) , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones , cover colors ) ( i ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) , Mackiewicz , Sean ( ed ) . `` What Comes After '' The Walking Dead v18 , 108 : ( 22 ) ( March 13 , 2013 ) , 2001 Center St. , 6th Floor , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics , Skybound Entertainment ^ Jump up to : Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( penciller , cover ) ( p ) , Gaudiano , Stefano , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones ) ( i ) , Dave Stewart ( cover colors ) ( col ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) , Mackiewicz , Sean ( ed ) . The Walking Dead v23 , 133 : ( 22 ) ( October 22 , 2014 ) , 2001 Center St. , 6th Floor , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics , Skybound Entertainment ^ Jump up to : Kirkman , Robert ( w ) , Adlard , Charlie ( penciller , cover ) ( p ) , Gaudiano , Stefano , Cliff Rathburn ( gray tones ) ( i ) , Dave Stewart ( cover colors ) ( col ) , Wooton , Rus ( let ) , Mackiewicz , Sean ( ed ) . The Walking Dead v23 , 134 : ( 22 ) ( November 12 , 2014 ) , 2001 Center St. , 6th Floor , Berkeley , CA 94704 : Image Comics , Skybound Entertainment ( hide ) The Walking Dead Robert Kirkman Tony Moore Charlie Adlard Comic books The Walking Dead Television series The Walking Dead Episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 Accolades Soundtrack Vol. 1 Talking Dead Fear the Walking Dead Episodes season 1 Web series The Walking Dead Torn Apart Cold Storage The Oath Fear the Walking Dead Flight 462 Passage Video games The Walking Dead Season One `` 400 Days '' Two Michonne Three : A New Frontier Other games Survival Instinct Road to Survival Novels Rise of the Governor The Road to Woodbury The Fall of the Governor Descent Invasion Search and Destroy Return to Woodbury Characters Lists Comic book series Television series Aaron Alden Amy Jessie Anderson Andrea Axel Tara Chambler Clementine Daryl Dixon Merle Dixon Dwight Rosita Espinosa Lee Everett King Ezekiel Abraham Ford Gareth The Governor Gregory Beth Greene Hershel Greene Maggie Greene Carl Grimes Lori Grimes Rick Grimes Dale Horvath Morgan Jones Lilly Milton Mamet Caesar Martinez Deanna Monroe Paul `` Jesus '' Monroe Morales Michonne Negan Olivia The Prisoners Carol Peletier Sophia Peletier Eugene Porter Glenn Rhee Lizzie and Mika Samuels Gabriel Stokes Bob Stookey T - Dog Shane Walsh Sasha Williams Tyreese Williams Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Walking_Dead_(comics)_characters&oldid=827996803 '' Categories : Lists of literary characters The Walking Dead characters Characters created by Robert Kirkman Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with broken reference names Wikipedia articles needing reorganization from June 2015 Use mdy dates from November 2014 Articles lacking reliable references from June 2017 All articles lacking reliable references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2015 Articles to be expanded from November 2014 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All self - contradictory articles All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Português Edit links This page was last edited on 27 February 2018 , at 23 : 16 . 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-6965408807709958930	Saint Paul, Minnesota	Saint Paul , Minnesota - wikipedia Saint Paul , Minnesota Jump to : navigation , search For an overview of the Twin Cities metropolitan area , see Minneapolis -- Saint Paul . Saint Paul , Minnesota State capital City of Saint Paul Clockwise from the top : Downtown Saint Paul as seen from Harriet Island , the Xcel Energy Center , the Saint Paul Cathedral , the Minnesota State Capitol , the Marjorie McNeely Conservatory , and the historic James J. Hill House Flag Seal Nickname ( s ) : `` the Capital City '' , `` the Saintly City '' , `` Pig 's Eye '' , `` STP '' , `` Last City of the East '' Motto ( s ) : The most livable city in America . Location in Ramsey County and the state of Minnesota Saint Paul , Minnesota Location in Minnesota , United States & North America Saint Paul , Minnesota Saint Paul , Minnesota ( the US ) Saint Paul , Minnesota Saint Paul , Minnesota ( North America ) Show map of Minnesota Show map of the US Show map of North America Show all Coordinates : 44 ° 56 ′ 39 '' N 93 ° 5 ′ 37 '' W / 44.94417 ° N 93.09361 ° W / 44.94417 ; - 93.09361 Coordinates : 44 ° 56 ′ 39 '' N 93 ° 5 ′ 37 '' W / 44.94417 ° N 93.09361 ° W / 44.94417 ; - 93.09361 Country United States State Minnesota County Ramsey Incorporated March 4 , 1854 Named for St. Paul the Apostle Government Mayor Melvin Carter ( DFL ) Area City 56.18 sq mi ( 145.51 km ) Land 51.98 sq mi ( 134.63 km ) Water 4.20 sq mi ( 10.88 km ) Elevation 702 ft ( 214 m ) Population ( 2010 ) City 285,068 Estimate ( 2016 ) 304,442 Rank City : 64th MN : 2nd Density 5,818 / sq mi ( 2,246 / km ) Metro 3,524,583 ( US : 16th ) Demonym Saint Paulite Time zone CST ( UTC - 6 ) Summer ( DST ) CDT ( UTC - 5 ) ZIP codes 55101 -- 55175 Area code ( s ) 651 Website www.stpaul.gov Current as of July 30 , 2008 . Saint Paul ( abbreviated St. Paul ) is the capital and second-most populous city of the U.S. state of Minnesota . As of 2016 , the city 's estimated population was 304,442 . Saint Paul is the county seat of Ramsey County , the smallest and most densely populated county in Minnesota . The city lies mostly on the east bank of the Mississippi River in the area surrounding its point of confluence with the Minnesota River , and adjoins Minneapolis , the state 's largest city . Known as the `` Twin Cities '' , the two form the core of Minneapolis -- Saint Paul , the 16th - largest metropolitan area in the United States , with about 3.52 million residents . Founded near historic Native American settlements as a trading and transportation center , the city rose to prominence when it was named the capital of the Minnesota Territory in 1849 . The Dakota name for Saint Paul is `` Imnizaska '' . Though Minneapolis ( Bdeota ) is better - known nationally , Saint Paul contains the state government and other important institutions . Regionally , the city is known for the Xcel Energy Center , home of the Minnesota Wild , and for the Science Museum of Minnesota . As a business hub of the Upper Midwest , it is the headquarters of companies such as Ecolab . Saint Paul , along with its Twin City , Minneapolis , is known for its high literacy rate . It was the only city in the United States with a population of 250,000 or more to see an increase in circulation of Sunday newspapers in 2007 . The settlement originally began at present - day Lambert 's Landing , but was known as Pig 's Eye after Pierre `` Pig 's Eye '' Parrant established a popular tavern there . When Lucien Galtier , the first Catholic pastor of the region , established the Log Chapel of Saint Paul ( shortly thereafter to become the first location of the Cathedral of Saint Paul ) , he made it known that the settlement was now to be called by that name , as `` Saint Paul as applied to a town or city was well appropriated , this monosyllable is short , sounds good , it is understood by all Christian denominations '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Neighborhoods 2.2 Climate 3 Demographics 3.1 2010 census 4 Economy 5 Culture 6 Sports 7 Government and politics 7.1 State and federal 8 Education 9 Media 10 Transportation 10.1 Interstate and roadways 10.2 Mass transit 10.3 Railroad 10.4 Airports 11 Sister cities 12 Notable people 13 See also 14 References 15 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Saint Paul , Minnesota A burial mound at Indian Mounds Park Burial mounds in present - day Indian Mounds Park suggest that the area was originally inhabited by the Hopewell Native Americans about two thousand years ago . From the early 17th century until 1837 , the Mdewakanton Dakota , a tribe of the Sioux , lived near the mounds after fleeing their ancestral home of Mille Lacs Lake from advancing Ojibwe . They called the area I - mni - za ska dan ( `` little white rock '' ) for its exposed white sandstone cliffs . Following the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 , US Army officer Zebulon Pike negotiated approximately 100,000 acres ( 40,000 ha ; 160 sq mi ) of land from the local Dakota tribes in 1805 to establish a fort . The negotiated territory was located on both banks of the Mississippi River , starting from Saint Anthony Falls in present - day Minneapolis , to its confluence with the Saint Croix River . Fort Snelling was built on the territory in 1819 at the confluence of the Mississippi and Minnesota rivers , which formed a natural barrier to both Native American nations . The 1837 Treaty with the Sioux ceded all local tribal land east of the Mississippi to the U.S. Government . Taoyateduta ( Chief Little Crow V ) moved his band at Kaposia across the river to the south . Fur traders , explorers , and missionaries came to the area for the fort 's protection . Many of the settlers were French - Canadians who lived nearby . However , as a whiskey trade flourished , military officers banned settlers from the fort - controlled lands . Pierre `` Pig 's Eye '' Parrant , a retired fur trader - turned - bootlegger who particularly irritated officials , set up his tavern , the Pig 's Eye , near present - day Lambert 's Landing . By the early 1840s , the community had become important as a trading center and a destination for settlers heading west . Locals called the area Pig 's Eye ( French : L'Œil du Cochon ) or Pig 's Eye Landing after Parrant 's popular tavern . Joe Rolette was responsible for preventing the capital of Minnesota from moving to Saint Peter . In 1841 , Father Lucien Galtier was sent to minister to the Catholic French Canadians and established a chapel , named for his favorite saint , Paul the Apostle , on the bluffs above Lambert 's Landing . Galtier intended for the settlement to adopt the name Saint Paul in honor of the new chapel . In 1847 , a New York educator named Harriet Bishop moved to the area and opened the city 's first school . The Minnesota Territory was formalized in 1849 and Saint Paul named as its capital . In 1857 , the territorial legislature voted to move the capital to Saint Peter . However , Joe Rolette , a territorial legislator , stole the physical text of the approved bill and went into hiding , thus preventing the move . On May 11 , 1858 , Minnesota was admitted to the union as the thirty - second state , with Saint Paul as the capital . That year , more than 1,000 steamboats were in service at Saint Paul , making the city a gateway for settlers to the Minnesota frontier or Dakota Territory . Natural geography was a primary reason that the city became a landing . The area was the last accessible point to unload boats coming upriver due to the Mississippi River Valley 's stone bluffs . During this period , Saint Paul was called `` The Last City of the East . '' Industrialist James J. Hill constructed and expanded his network of railways into the Great Northern Railway and Northern Pacific Railway , which were headquartered in Saint Paul . Today they are collectively part of the BNSF Railway . On August 20 , 1904 , severe thunderstorms and tornadoes damaged hundreds of downtown buildings , causing USD $1.78 million ( $48.48 million present - day ) in damages to the city and ripping spans from the High Bridge . In the 1960s , during urban renewal , Saint Paul razed western neighborhoods close to downtown . The city also contended with the creation of the interstate freeway system in a fully built landscape . From 1959 to 1961 , the western Rondo Neighborhood was demolished by the construction of Interstate 94 , which brought attention to racial segregation and unequal housing in northern cities . The annual Rondo Days celebration commemorates the African American community . Downtown had short skyscraper - building booms beginning in the 1970s . The tallest buildings , such as Galtier Plaza ( Jackson and Sibley Towers ) , The Pointe of Saint Paul condominiums , and the city 's tallest building , Wells Fargo Place ( formerly Minnesota World Trade Center ) , were constructed in the late 1980s . In the 1990s and 2000s , the tradition of bringing new immigrant groups to the city continued . As of 2004 , nearly 10 % of the city 's population were recent Hmong immigrants from Vietnam , Laos , Cambodia , Thailand , and Myanmar . Saint Paul is the location of the Hmong Archives . Geography ( edit ) The Meeker Island Lock and Dam was the first lock and dam on the Mississippi River in 1902 . Saint Paul 's history and growth as a landing port are tied to water . The city 's defining physical characteristic , the confluence of the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers , was carved into the region during the last ice age , as were the steep river bluffs and dramatic palisades on which the city is built . Receding glaciers and Lake Agassiz forced torrents of water from a glacial river that undercut the river valleys . The city is situated in east - central Minnesota . The Mississippi River forms a municipal boundary on part of the city 's west , southwest , and southeast sides . Minneapolis , the state 's largest city , lies to the west . Falcon Heights , Lauderdale , Roseville , and Maplewood are north , with Maplewood lying to the east . The cities of West Saint Paul and South Saint Paul are to the south , as are Lilydale , Mendota , and Mendota Heights , although across the river from the city . The city 's largest lakes are Pig 's Eye Lake , which is part of the Mississippi , Lake Phalen , and Lake Como . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 56.18 square miles ( 145.51 km ) , of which 51.98 square miles ( 134.63 km ) is land and 4.20 square miles ( 10.88 km ) is water . Neighborhoods ( edit ) Main article : Neighborhoods of Saint Paul Saint Paul 's Department of Planning and Economic Development divides Saint Paul into seventeen Planning Districts , created in 1979 to allow neighborhoods to participate in governance and use Community Development Block Grants . With a funding agreement directly from the city , the councils share a pool of funds . The councils have significant land - use control , a voice in guiding development , and they organize residents . The boundaries are adjusted depending on population changes ; as such , they sometimes overlap established neighborhoods . Though these neighborhoods changed over time , preservationists have saved many of their historically significant structures . The city 's seventeen Planning Districts are : Sunray - Battle Creek - Highwood Greater East Side West Side Dayton 's Bluff Payne - Phalen North End Thomas Dale ( Frogtown ) Summit - University West End Como Park Hamline - Midway Saint Anthony Park Union Park Macalester - Groveland Highland Park Summit Hill Downtown Climate ( edit ) See also : Climate of the Twin Cities and Climate of Minnesota The city skyline from the southwest in the winter Saint Paul has a continental climate typical of the Upper Midwestern United States . Winters are frigid and snowy , while summers are warm to hot and humid . On the Köppen climate classification , Saint Paul falls in the hot summer humid continental climate zone ( Dfa ) . The city experiences a full range of precipitation and related weather events , including snow , sleet , ice , rain , thunderstorms , tornadoes , and fog . Due to its northerly location in the United States and lack of large bodies of water to moderate the air , Saint Paul is sometimes subjected to cold Arctic air masses , especially during late December , January , and February . The average annual temperature of 47.05 ° F ( 8.36 ° C ) gives the Minneapolis − Saint Paul metropolitan area the coldest annual mean temperature of any major metropolitan area in the continental U.S. ( hide ) Climate data for Saint Paul , Minnesota Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 57 ( 14 ) 59 ( 15 ) 83 ( 28 ) 93 ( 34 ) 93 ( 34 ) 103 ( 39 ) 105 ( 41 ) 103 ( 39 ) 95 ( 35 ) 88 ( 31 ) 75 ( 24 ) 66 ( 19 ) 105 ( 41 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 26 ( − 3 ) 31 ( − 1 ) 43 ( 6 ) 58 ( 14 ) 71 ( 22 ) 80 ( 27 ) 85 ( 29 ) 82 ( 28 ) 73 ( 23 ) 59 ( 15 ) 42 ( 6 ) 29 ( − 2 ) 56.6 ( 13.7 ) Daily mean ° F ( ° C ) 16.5 ( − 8.6 ) 21.5 ( − 5.8 ) 33.5 ( 0.8 ) 48 ( 9 ) 60.5 ( 15.8 ) 69.5 ( 20.8 ) 74.5 ( 23.6 ) 72 ( 22 ) 63 ( 17 ) 50 ( 10 ) 34.5 ( 1.4 ) 21 ( − 6 ) 47.05 ( 8.36 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 7 ( − 14 ) 12 ( − 11 ) 24 ( − 4 ) 38 ( 3 ) 50 ( 10 ) 59 ( 15 ) 64 ( 18 ) 62 ( 17 ) 53 ( 12 ) 41 ( 5 ) 27 ( − 3 ) 13 ( − 11 ) 37.5 ( 3.1 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 29 ( − 34 ) − 32 ( − 36 ) − 25 ( − 32 ) ( − 16 ) 21 ( − 6 ) 36 ( 2 ) 45 ( 7 ) 42 ( 6 ) 26 ( − 3 ) 15 ( − 9 ) − 14 ( − 26 ) − 29 ( − 34 ) − 32 ( − 36 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 0.79 ( 20.1 ) 0.67 ( 17 ) 1.54 ( 39.1 ) 2.87 ( 72.9 ) 3.7 ( 94 ) 4.21 ( 106.9 ) 4.41 ( 112 ) 4.76 ( 120.9 ) 3.27 ( 83.1 ) 2.91 ( 73.9 ) 1.81 ( 46 ) ( 28 ) 32.04 ( 813.9 ) Source # 1 : U.S. climate data Source # 2 : The Weather Channel Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1850 1,112 -- 1860 10,401 835.3 % 1870 20,030 92.6 % 1880 41,473 107.1 % 1890 133,156 221.1 % 1900 163,065 22.5 % 1910 214,744 31.7 % 1920 234,698 9.3 % 1930 271,606 15.7 % 1940 287,736 5.9 % 1950 311,349 8.2 % 1960 313,411 0.7 % 1970 309,980 − 1.1 % 1980 270,230 − 12.8 % 1990 272,235 0.7 % 2000 287,151 5.5 % 285,068 − 0.7 % Est. 2016 304,442 6.8 % U.S. Decennial Census 2015 Estimate Main article : Demographics of Saint Paul ( hide ) Demographic profile 2000 1990 1970 White 60.1 % 67.0 % 82.3 % 95.4 % -- Non-Hispanic 55.9 % 64.0 % 80.4 % 93.6 % Black or African American 15.7 % 11.7 % 7.4 % 3.5 % Hispanic or Latino ( of any race ) 9.6 % 7.9 % 4.2 % 2.1 % Asian 15.0 % 12.4 % 7.1 % 0.2 % The earliest known inhabitants from about 400 A.D. were members of the Hopewell tradition who buried their dead in mounds ( now Indian Mounds Park ) on the bluffs above the river . The next known inhabitants were the Mdewakanton Dakota in the 17th century who fled their ancestral home of Mille Lacs Lake in central Minnesota in response to westward expansion of the Ojibwe nation . The Ojibwe would later occupy the north ( east ) bank of the Mississippi River . By 1800 , French - Canadian explorers came through the region and attracted fur traders to the area . Fort Snelling and nearby Pig 's Eye Tavern also brought the first Yankees from New England and English , Irish , and Scottish immigrants who had enlisted in the army and settled nearby after discharge . These early settlers and entrepreneurs built houses on the heights north of the river . The first wave of immigration came with the Irish who settled at Connemara Patch along the Mississippi , named for their home in Connemara Ireland . The Irish would become prolific in politics , city governance , and public safety , much to the chagrin of the Germans and French who had grown into the majority . In 1850 , the first of many groups of Swedish immigrants passed through Saint Paul on their way to farming communities in northern and western regions of the territory . A large group settled in Swede Hollow , which would later become home to Poles , Italians , and Mexicans . The last Swedish presence had moved up Saint Paul 's East Side along Payne Avenue in the 1950s . In terms of people who specified European ancestry in the 2005 - 2007 American Community Survey , the city was 26.4 % German , 13.8 % Irish , 8.4 % Norwegian , 7.0 % Swedish , and 6.2 % English . There is also a visible community of people of Sub-Saharan African ancestry , representing 4.2 % of Saint Paul 's population . By the 1980s , the Thomas Dale area , once an Austro - Hungarian enclave known as Frogtown ( German : Froschburg ) , became home to Vietnamese people who left their war - torn country . Soon after a settlement program for the Hmong diaspora came , and by 2000 , the Saint Paul Hmong were the largest urban contingent in the United States . Mexican immigrants have settled in Saint Paul 's West Side since the 1930s , and have grown enough that Mexico opened a foreign consulate in 2005 . The majority of residents claiming religious affiliation are Christian , split between the Roman Catholic Church and various Protestant denominations . The Roman Catholic presence comes from Irish , German , Scottish , and French Canadian settlers who , in time , would be bolstered by Hispanic immigrants . There are Jewish synagogues such as Mount Zion Temple and relatively small populations of Hindus , Muslims , and Buddhists . The city has been dubbed `` paganistan '' due to its large Wiccan population . As of the 2005 - 2007 American Community Survey conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau , White Americans made up 66.5 % of Saint Paul 's population ; of which 62.1 % were non-Hispanic whites , down from 93.6 % in 1970 . Blacks or African Americans made up 13.9 % of Saint Paul 's population ; of which 13.5 % were non-Hispanic blacks . American Indians made up 0.8 % of Saint Paul 's population ; of which 0.6 % were non-Hispanic . Asian Americans made up 12.3 % of Saint Paul 's population ; of which 12.2 % were non-Hispanic . Pacific Islander Americans made up less than 0.1 % of Saint Paul 's population . Individuals from some other race made up 3.4 % of Saint Paul 's population ; of which 0.2 % were non-Hispanic . Individuals from two or more races made up 3.1 % of Saint Paul 's population ; of which 2.6 % were non-Hispanic . In addition , Hispanics and Latinos made up 8.7 % of Saint Paul 's population . As of the 2000 U.S. Census , there were 287,151 people , 112,109 households , and 60,999 families residing in the city . The racial makeup of the city was 67.0 % White , 11.7 % African American , 1.1 % Native American , 12.4 % Asian ( mostly Hmong ) , 0.1 % Pacific Islander , 3.8 % from other races , and 3.9 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.9 % of the population . 2010 Census ( edit ) As of the census of 2010 , there were 285,068 people , 111,001 households , and 59,689 families residing in the city . The population density was 5,484.2 inhabitants per square mile ( 2,117.5 / km ) . There were 120,795 housing units at an average density of 2,323.9 per square mile ( 897.3 / km ) . The racial makeup of the city was 60.1 % white , 15.7 % African American , 1.1 % Native American , 15.0 % Asian , 0.1 % Pacific Islander , 3.9 % from other races , and 4.2 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.6 % of the population . There were 111,001 households of which 30.4 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 34.1 % were married couples living together , 14.8 % had a female householder with no husband present , 4.9 % had a male householder with no wife present , and 46.2 % were non-families. 35.8 % of all households were made up of individuals and 8.5 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 3.33 . The median age in the city was 30.9 years . 25.1 % of residents were under the age of 18 ; 13.9 % were between the ages of 18 and 24 ; 29.6 % were from 25 to 44 ; 22.6 % were from 45 to 64 ; and 9 % were 65 years of age or older . The gender makeup of the city was 48.9 % male and 51.1 % female . Economy ( edit ) The Ford Motor Company 's Twin Cities Assembly Plant in 2006 The Minneapolis -- Saint Paul -- Bloomington area employs 1,570,700 people in the private sector as of July 2008 , 82.43 percent of which work in private service providing - related jobs . Major corporations headquartered in Saint Paul include Ecolab , a chemical and cleaning product company which was named in 2008 by the Minneapolis / St. Paul Business Journal as the eighth best place to work in the Twin Cites for companies with 1,000 full - time Minnesota employees , and Securian Financial Group Inc . The 3M Company is often cited as one of Saint Paul 's companies , though it is located in adjacent Maplewood . 3M employs 16,000 people throughout Minnesota . St. Jude Medical , a manufacturer of medical devices , is directly across the northern border of Saint Paul in Little Canada , though the company 's address is listed in Saint Paul . The city was home to the Ford Motor Company 's Twin Cities Assembly Plant , which opened in 1924 and closed at the end of 2011 . The plant was in Highland Park on the Mississippi River , adjacent to Lock and Dam No. 1 , Mississippi River , which generates hydroelectric power . The site is now being cleared of all buildings and tested for contamination to prepare for redevelopment . The city of Saint Paul has financed city development by use of tax increment financing ( TIF ) . In 2018 , the city had 55 TIF districts . Some projects that have benefited from TIF funding include the St. Paul Saints stadium , as well as building affordable housing along the Twin Cities Metro Green Line . Culture ( edit ) Como Park Zoo and Conservatory is a free public greenhouse and urban zoo open year - round . In winter months , Saint Paul hosts the Saint Paul Winter Carnival , a tradition that began in 1886 when a New York reporter called Saint Paul `` another Siberia . '' Attended by 350,000 visitors annually , the event showcases ice sculpting , an annual treasure hunt , winter food , activities , and an ice palace . The Como Zoo and Conservatory and adjoining Japanese Garden are popular year - round . The historic Landmark Center in downtown Saint Paul hosts cultural and arts organizations . The city 's notable recreation locations include Indian Mounds Park , Battle Creek Regional Park , Harriet Island Regional Park , Highland Park , the Wabasha Street Caves , Lake Como , Lake Phalen , and Rice Park , as well as several areas abutting the Mississippi River . The Irish Fair of Minnesota is also held annually at the Harriet Island Pavilion area . And the country 's largest Hmong American sports festival , the Freedom Festival , is held the first weekend of July at McMurray Field near Como Park . The city is associated with the Minnesota State Fair in nearby Falcon Heights just west of Saint Paul 's Como Park neighborhood and southeast of the University of Minnesota Saint Paul Campus . Though Fort Snelling is on the Minneapolis side of the Mississippi River bluff , the area including Fort Snelling State Park and Pike Island is managed by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources headquartered in the city . The Minnesota Centennial Showboat was anchored in the Mississippi River along Harriet Island . Saint Paul is the birthplace of cartoonist Charles M. Schulz ( Peanuts ) , who lived in Merriam Park from infancy until 1960 . Schulz 's Snoopy cartoon inspired giant , decorated Peanuts sculptures around the city , a Chamber of Commerce promotion in the late 1990s . Other notable residents include writer F. Scott Fitzgerald , playwright August Wilson , who premiered many of the ten plays in his Pittsburgh Cycle at the local Penumbra Theater , painter LeRoy Neiman , and photographer John Vachon . The Ordway Center for the Performing Arts hosts theater productions and the Minnesota Opera is a founding tenant . RiverCentre , attached to Xcel Energy Center , serves as the city 's convention center . The city has contributed to the music of Minnesota and the Twin Cities music scene through various venues . Great jazz musicians have passed through the influential Artists ' Quarter , first established in the 1970s in Whittier , Minneapolis , and moved to downtown Saint Paul in 1994 . Artists ' Quarter also hosts the Soapboxing Poetry Slam , home of the 2009 National Poetry Slam Champions . At The Black Dog , in Lowertown , many French or European jazz musicians ( Evan Parker , Tony Hymas , Benoît Delbecq , François Corneloup ... ) have met Twin Cities musicians and started new groups touring in Europe . Groups and performers such as Fantastic Merlins , Dean Magraw / Davu Seru , Merciless Ghosts , and Willie Murphy are regulars . The Turf Club in Midway has been a music scene landmark since the 1940s . Saint Paul is also the home base of the internationally acclaimed Rose Ensemble . As an Irish stronghold , the city boasts popular Irish pubs with live music , such as Shamrocks , The Dubliner , and O'Gara's . The internationally acclaimed Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra is the nation 's only full - time professional chamber orchestra . The Minnesota Centennial Showboat on the Mississippi River began in 1958 with Minnesota 's first centennial celebration . Saint Paul hosts a number of museums , including the University of Minnesota 's Goldstein Museum of Design , the Minnesota Children 's Museum , the Schubert Club Museum of Musical Instruments , the Minnesota Museum of American Art , the Traces Center for History and Culture , the Minnesota History Center , the Alexander Ramsey House , the James J. Hill House , the Minnesota Transportation Museum , the Science Museum of Minnesota , and The Twin City Model Railroad Museum . Sports ( edit ) Main articles : Sports in Minneapolis -- Saint Paul and Sports in Minnesota The Xcel Energy Center hosts hockey , other professional sports , concerts , and other events . The Saint Paul division of Parks and Recreation runs over 1,500 organized sports teams . In addition , the Parks and Recreation department is responsible for 160 parks and 41 recreation centers . Saint Paul hosts a number of professional , semi-professional , and amateur sports teams . The Minnesota Wild play their home games in downtown Saint Paul 's Xcel Energy Center , which opened in 2000 . The Wild brought the NHL back to Minnesota for the first time since 1993 , when the Minnesota North Stars left the state for Dallas , Texas . ( The World Hockey Association 's Minnesota Fighting Saints played in Saint Paul from 1972 to 1977 . ) Citing the history of hockey in the Twin Cities and teams at all levels , Sports Illustrated called Saint Paul the new Hockeytown U.S.A. in 2007 . The Xcel Energy Center , a multipurpose entertainment and sports venue , can host concerts and accommodate nearly all sporting events . It occupies the site of the demolished Saint Paul Civic Center . The Xcel Energy Center hosts the Minnesota high school boys hockey tournament , the Minnesota high school girls ' volleyball tournament , and concerts throughout the year . In 2004 , it was named the best overall sports venue in the US by ESPN . Two Circus Juventas students on silks The St. Paul Saints is the city 's independent league baseball team . There have been several different teams called the Saints over the years . Founded in 1884 , they were shut down in 1961 after the Minnesota Twins moved to Bloomington . The St. Paul Saints were brought back in 1993 as an independent baseball team in the Northern League , moving to the American Association in 2006 . Their home games are played at the open - air CHS Field in downtown 's Lowertown Historic District . Four noted Major League All - Star baseball players are natives of Saint Paul : Hall of Fame outfielder Dave Winfield , Hall of Fame infielder Paul Molitor , pitcher Jack Morris , and first baseman Joe Mauer . The all - black St. Paul Colored Gophers played four seasons in Saint Paul from 1907 to 1911 . The St. Paul Twin Stars of the National Premier Soccer League play their home games at Macalester Stadium . The first curling club in Saint Paul was founded in 1888 . The current club , the St. Paul Curling Club , was founded in 1912 and is the largest curling club in the United States . The Minnesota RollerGirls are a flat - track roller derby league based in the Roy Wilkins Auditorium . Minnesota 's oldest athletic organization , the Minnesota Boat Club , resides in the Mississippi River on Raspberry Island . Saint Paul is also home to Circus Juventas , the largest circus arts school in North America . On March 25 , 2015 , Major League Soccer announced that it had awarded its 23rd MLS franchise to Minnesota United FC , a team from the lower - level North American Soccer League . Bill McGuire and his ownership group , which includes Jim Pohlad of the Minnesota Twins , Glen Taylor of the Minnesota Timberwolves , former Minnesota Wild investor Glen Nelson , and his daughter Wendy Carlson Nelson of the Carlson hospitality company , had intended to build a privately financed soccer - specific stadium in Downtown Minneapolis near the Minneapolis Farmer 's Market , but their plan was met with heavy opposition from Minneapolis Mayor Betsy Hodges , who said her city was suffering from `` stadium fatigue '' after building three stadiums , for the Minnesota Twins , Minnesota Vikings and the Minnesota Golden Gophers , within a six - year span . On July 1 , 2015 , after failing to reach an agreement with the city of Minneapolis , McGuire and his partners turned their focus to Saint Paul . On October 23 , 2015 , Bill McGuire of Minnesota United FC and Saint Paul Mayor Chris Coleman announced that a privately financed soccer - specific stadium would be built on the vacant Metro Transit bus barn site in Saint Paul 's Midway neighborhood near the intersection of Snelling Avenue and University Avenue . It is midway between downtown Saint Paul and downtown Minneapolis . The stadium will open in 2019 and seat 19,400 . The team will play in the MLS in 2017 . The Timberwolves , Twins , Vikings , and Lynx all play in Minneapolis . Professional sports in Saint Paul Club Sport League Venue ( Capacity ) Championships Minnesota Wild Ice hockey National Hockey League Xcel Energy Center ( 17,954 ) Minnesota United FC Soccer Major League Soccer Allianz Field ( 19,400 ) NASL : 2011 and 2014 St. Paul Saints Baseball American Association CHS Field ( 7,210 ) NL : 1993 , 1995 , 1996 , and 2004 Government and politics ( edit ) Main articles : Government and politics in Saint Paul , Minnesota and List of mayors of Saint Paul , Minnesota Minnesota State Capitol Saint Paul has a variation of the strong mayor - council form of government . The mayor is the chief executive and chief administrative officer for the city and the seven - member city council is the legislative body . The mayor is elected by the entire city , while members of the city council are elected from seven different geographic wards of approximately equal population . Both the mayor and council members serve four - year terms . The current mayor is Melvin Carter ( DFL ) . Carter is Saint Paul 's first African - American mayor . Aside from Norm Coleman , who became a Republican during his second term , Saint Paul has not elected a Republican mayor since 1952 . Saint Paul City Hall and Ramsey County Courthouse The city is also the county seat of Ramsey County , named for Alexander Ramsey , the state 's first governor . The county once spanned much of the present - day metropolitan area and was originally to be named Saint Paul County after the city . Today it is geographically the smallest county and the most densely populated . Ramsey is the only home rule county in Minnesota ; the seven - member Board of Commissioners appoints a county manager whose office is in the combination city hall / county courthouse along with the Minnesota Second Judicial Courts . The nearby Law Enforcement Center houses the Ramsey County Sheriff 's office . State and federal ( edit ) See also : Minnesota Legislature and Politics of Minnesota § Federal representation Saint Paul is the capital of the state of Minnesota . The city hosts the capitol building , designed by Saint Paul resident Cass Gilbert , and the House and Senate office buildings . The Minnesota Governor 's Residence , which is used for some state functions , is on Summit Avenue . The Minnesota Democratic - Farmer - Labor Party ( affiliated with the Democratic Party ) is headquartered in Saint Paul . Numerous state departments and services are also headquartered in Saint Paul , such as the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources . The city is split into four Minnesota Senate districts ( 64 , 65 , 66 and 67 ) and eight Minnesota House of Representatives districts ( 64A , 64B , 65A , 65B , 66A , 66B , 67A and 67B ) , all of which are held by Democrats . Saint Paul is the heart of Minnesota 's 4th congressional district , represented by Democrat Betty McCollum . The district has been in DFL hands without interruption since 1949 . Minnesota is represented in the US Senate by Democrat Amy Klobuchar , a former Hennepin County Attorney , and Democrat Tina Smith , former Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota . Minnesota House and Senate districts Senate House Name First Elected Party Name First Elected Party 64 Dick Cohen 1986 DFL 64A Erin Murphy 2006 DFL 64B Dave Pinto 2014 DFL 65 Sandy Pappas 1990 DFL 65A Rena Moran DFL 65B Carlos Mariani 1990 DFL 66 John Marty * DFL 66A John Lesch 2002 DFL 66B Alice Hausman * DFL 67 Foung Hawj 2012 DFL 67A Tim Mahoney 1998 DFL 67B Sheldon Johnson 2000 DFL * District also includes Falcon Heights , Lauderdale and Roseville . Education ( edit ) 1930s - era students at Hamline University taking finals Main article : Education in Saint Paul , Minnesota Saint Paul is second in the United States in the number of higher education institutions per capita . Higher education institutions that call Saint Paul home include three public and eight private colleges and universities and five post-secondary institutions . Well - known colleges and universities include the Saint Catherine University , Concordia University , Hamline University , Macalester College , and the University of St. Thomas . Metropolitan State University and Saint Paul College , which focus on non-traditional students , are based in Saint Paul , as well as a law school , Mitchell Hamline School of Law . The Saint Paul Public Schools district is the state 's largest school district and serves approximately 39,000 students . The district is extremely diverse with students from families speaking 90 different languages , although only five languages are used for most school communication : English , Spanish , Hmong , Karen , and Somali . The district runs 82 different schools , including 52 elementary schools , twelve middle schools , seven high schools , ten alternative schools , and one special education school , employing over 6,500 teachers and staff . The school district also oversees community education programs for pre-K and adult learners , including Early Childhood Family Education , GED Diploma , language programs , and various learning opportunities for community members of all ages . In 2006 , Saint Paul Public Schools celebrated its 150th anniversary . Some students attend public schools in other school districts chosen by their families under Minnesota 's open enrollment statute . A variety of K - 12 private , parochial , and public charter schools are also represented in the city . In 1992 , Saint Paul became the first city in the US to sponsor and open a charter school , now found in most states across the nation . Saint Paul is currently home to 21 charter schools as well as 38 private schools . The Saint Paul Public Library system includes a Central Library and twelve branch locations . Media ( edit ) Main article : Media in the Twin Cities Minnesota Public Radio headquarters in downtown Saint Paul Residents of Saint Paul can receive 10 broadcast television stations , five of which broadcast from within Saint Paul . One daily newspaper , the St. Paul Pioneer Press , two weekly neighborhood newspapers , the East Side Review and City Pages ( owned by The Star Tribune Company ) , and several monthly or semimonthly neighborhood papers serve the city . Several media outlets based in neighboring Minneapolis also serve the Saint Paul community , including the Star Tribune . Saint Paul is home to Minnesota Public Radio , a three - format system that broadcasts on nearly 40 stations around the Midwest . MPR locally delivers news and information , classical , and The Current ( which plays a wide variety of music ) . The station has 110,000 regional members and more than 800,000 listeners each week throughout the Upper Midwest , the largest audience of any regional public radio network . Also operating as part of American Public Media , MPR 's programming reaches five million listeners , most notably through Live from Here , hosted by Chris Thile ( previously known as A Prairie Home Companion , hosted by Garrison Keillor , who also lives in the city ) . The Fitzgerald Theater , renamed in 1994 for Saint Paul native and novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald , is home to the show . Transportation ( edit ) Interstate and roadways ( edit ) Interstate Highways Interstate 35E Interstate 94 US Highways US 10 US 52 US 61 Minnesota Highways Highway 5 Highway 51 Highway 280 I - 94 as it enters downtown Saint Paul from the west Residents use Interstate 35E running north - south and Interstate 94 running east - west . Trunk highways include U.S. Highway 52 , Minnesota State Highway 280 , and Minnesota State Highway 5 . Saint Paul has several unique roads such as Ayd Mill Road , Phalen Boulevard and Shepard Road / Warner Road , which diagonally follow particular geographic features in the city . Biking is also gaining popularity , due to the creation of more paved bike lanes that connect to other bike routes throughout the metropolitan area and the creation of Nice Ride Minnesota , a seasonally operated nonprofit bicycle sharing and rental system that has over 1,550 bicycles and 170 stations in both Minneapolis and Saint Paul . Downtown Saint Paul has a five - mile ( 8 km ) enclosed skyway system over twenty - five city blocks . The 563 - mile ( 906 km ) Avenue of the Saints connects Saint Paul with Saint Louis , Missouri . The layout of city streets and roads has often drawn complaints . While he was Governor of Minnesota , Jesse Ventura appeared on the Late Show with David Letterman , and remarked that the streets were designed by `` drunken Irishmen '' . He later apologized , though people had been complaining about the fractured grid system for more than a century by that point . Some of the city 's road design is the result of the curve of the Mississippi River , hilly topography , conflicts between developers of different neighborhoods in the early city , and grand plans only half - realized . Outside of downtown , the roads are less confusing , but most roads are named , rather than numbered , increasing the difficulty for non-natives to navigate . Mass Transit ( edit ) See also : Metro Transit ( Minnesota ) Metro Transit provides bus service and light rail in the Minneapolis -- Saint Paul area . The METRO Green Line is an 11 - mile ( 18 km ) light rail line that connects downtown Saint Paul to downtown Minneapolis with 14 stations in Saint Paul . The Green Line runs west along University Avenue , through the University of Minnesota campus , until it links up and then shares stations with the METRO Blue Line in downtown Minneapolis . Construction began in November 2010 and the line began service on June 14 , 2014 . Roughly 45,000 people rode on the first day ; an average 28,000 riders are expected per day . Metro Transit opened the METRO A Line , Minneapolis -- Saint Paul 's first arterial bus rapid transit line , along Snelling Avenue and Ford Parkway . The A Line connects the METRO Blue Line at 46th Street station to Rosedale Center with a connection at the Green Line Snelling Avenue station . The A Line is the first in a series of planned arterial bus rapid transit lines and is set to open in early 2016 . Railroad ( edit ) Amtrak 's Empire Builder between Chicago and Seattle stops once daily in each direction at the newly renovated Saint Paul Union Station . Ridership on the train is increasing , about 6 % from 2005 to over 505,000 in fiscal year 2007 . Increased ridership has prompted southern Minnesota leaders to plan for an expansion of Amtrak 's service in the area . Saint Paul is the site of the Pig 's Eye Yard , a major freight classification yard for Canadian Pacific Railway . As of 2003 , the yard handled over 1,000 freight cars per day . Both Union Pacific and Burlington Northern Santa Fe run trains through the yard , though they are not classified at Pig 's Eye . Burlington Northern Santa Fe operates the large Northtown Yard in Minneapolis , which handles about 600 cars per day . There are several other small yards located around the city . Saint Paul Downtown Airport ( Holman Field ) Airports ( edit ) See also : St. Paul Downtown Airport Saint Paul is served by the Minneapolis -- Saint Paul International Airport ( MSP ) , which sits on 3,400 acres ( 14 km ) southwest of the city on the west side of the Mississippi River between Minnesota State Highway 5 , Interstate 494 , Minnesota State Highway 77 , and Minnesota State Highway 62 . The airport serves three international , twelve domestic , seven charter , and four regional carriers and is a hub and home base for Delta Air Lines , Mesaba Airlines and Sun Country Airlines . Saint Paul is also served by the St. Paul Downtown Airport located just south of downtown , across the Mississippi River . The airport , also known as Holman Field , is a reliever airport run by the Metropolitan Airports Commission . The airport houses Minnesota 's Air National Guard and is tailored to local corporate aviation . There are three runways that serve about 100 resident aircraft and a flight training school . The Holman Field Administration Building and Riverside Hangar are on the National Register of Historic Places . Sister Cities ( edit ) Saint Paul has eight sister cities , as designated by Sister Cities International : Ciudad Romero ( El Salvador ) Culiacán ( Mexico ) Changsha ( China ) Lawaaikamp ( South Africa ) Manzanillo ( Mexico ) Nagasaki ( Japan ) ( 1955 ) the oldest sister city in Japan Neuss ( Germany ) Novosibirsk ( Russia ) Notable people ( edit ) Tony Levine ( born 1972 ) , football coach Isaac Rosefelt ( born 1985 ) , American - Israeli basketball player for Hapoel Jerusalem in the Israeli Basketball Premier League F. Scott Fitzgerald ( 1896 - 1940 ) , author Alfred E. Perlman ( 1902 - 1983 ) , president of New York Central Railroad and its successor , Penn Central . Louie Anderson ( born 1953 ) , comedian Dave Winfield ( born 1951 ) , MLB baseball player Paul Molitor ( born 1956 ) , MLB baseball player Jack Morris ( born 1955 ) , MLB baseball player Joe Mauer ( born 1983 ) , MLB baseball player Loni Anderson ( born 1946 ) , actress Josh Hartnett ( born 1978 ) , actor Lindsey Vonn ( born 1984 ) , professional and Olympic skier Warren Burger ( born 1907 ) , US Supreme Court Chief Justice Harry Blackmun ( born 1908 ) , US Supreme Court Associate Justice , grew up in St. Paul Herb Brooks ( born 1937 ) , hockey coach Paul Holmgren ( born 1955 ) , NHL hockey player , general manager , president of Philadelphia Flyers ( 2014 -- present ) Ryan McDonagh ( born 1989 ) , NHL hockey player Charles Schulz ( born 1922 ) , cartoonist , born in Minneapolis , grew up in St. Paul LeRoy Neiman ( born 1921 ) , artist Kate Millett ( born 1934 ) , scholar , author , feminist DeWitt Wallace ( born 1889 ) , magazine publisher , co-founder of Reader 's Digest Allan Kingdom ( born 1993 ) , rap artist , created a song with Kanye West Eyedea ( born 1981 ) , rap artist Rachel Keller ( actress ) ( born 1992 ) , actress See also ( edit ) Geography portal North America portal United States portal Minnesota portal Minneapolis -- Saint Paul References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` US Gazetteer files 2010 '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2012 . Retrieved November 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Retrieved November 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The City of Saint Paul -- Official website '' . The City of Saint Paul . 2008 . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places of 50,000 or More '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ramsey County '' . Metro MSP . Minneapolis Regional Chamber Development Foundation . 2008 . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas on July 1 , 2015 Population Estimates : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2015 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . June 1 , 2016 . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . 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Father Galtier to Bishop Grace , Prairie du Chien January 14 , 1846 . pp. 184 -- 190 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Trimble , Steve ( July 2 , 2000 ) . `` A Short history of Indian Mounds Park '' . Neighborhood Pride Celebration . daytonsbluff.org . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2011 . Retrieved December 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Mounds Park '' . Mississippi National River and recreation Area . National Park Service . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Morrison ( 2008 ) . `` Dakota Life '' . City of Bloomington . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Stephen Return Riggs ; James Owen Dorsey ( 1892 ) . A Dakota - English Dictionary . University of Michigan . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lambert 's Landing '' . National Park Services . July 27 , 2006 . Retrieved July 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Treaty Story '' . Minnesota History Center . 1999 . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2009 . 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Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Mary Lethert Wingerd . `` Separated at Birth : The Sibling Rivalry of Minneapolis and St. Paul '' . Organization of American Historians . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2013 . Retrieved November 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` St. Paul , Minneapolis and other cities in Minnesota suffer from gale '' . GenDisasters.com . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2007 . Retrieved March 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rondo Neighborhood & the Building of I - 94 '' . Minnesota Historical Society . 2008 . Jump up ^ F. James Davis ( 1965 ) . `` The Effects of a Freeway Displacement on Racial Housing Segregation in a Northern City '' . Phylon . Clark Atlanta University . 26 ( 3 ) : 209 -- 215 . doi : 10.2307 / 273848 . JSTOR 273848 . Jump up ^ `` Rondo Days official site '' . Rondo Avenue Inc . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2008 . Retrieved August 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tallest skyscrapers of Saint Paul '' . Emporis. 2008 . Retrieved August 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hmong Refugee Resettlement '' . Minnesota Council of Non-Profits . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2008 . Retrieved March 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Moua , Teng . `` Hmong Archives Reaches a Milestone '' . Hmong Today . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2011 . Retrieved December 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mississippi : River Facts '' . U.S. National Park Service . August 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Medcalf , Myron P. ( September 11 , 2007 ) . `` St. Paul 's neighborhood councils scrutinize their financial status '' . Star Tribune . pp. B4 Local . Jump up ^ `` District Councils '' . City of Saint Paul . 2008 . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Saint Paul Participation '' . Citizen Participation Project Case Studies . Citizen Participation Project . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2007 . Retrieved November 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kottek , Markus ; Grieser , Jürgen ; Beck , Christoph ; Rudolf , Bruno ; Rubel , Franz ( June 2006 ) . `` World Map of the Köppen - Geiger climate classification updated '' . Meteorologische Zeitschrift . E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. 15 ( 3 ) : 259 -- 263 . doi : 10.1127 / 0941 - 2948 / 2006 / 0130 . Retrieved December 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 45.4 ° F for 1971 through 2000 per U.S. Census Archived January 3 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . who cites `` Normals 1971 -- 2000 '' . National Climatic Data Center . Retrieved March 25 , 2007 . or 44.6 ° F ( 7.0 ° C ) per Fisk , Charles ( March 3 , 2007 ) . `` Minneapolis - Saint Paul Area Daily Climatological History of Temperature , Precipitation , and Snowfall , A Year - by - Year Graphical Portrayal ( 1820 -- present ) '' . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2007 . Retrieved March 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Data , US Climate . `` Climate Saint Paul - Minnesota and Weather averages Saint Paul '' . Jump up ^ `` Seasonal Temperature and Precipitation Information '' . The Weather Channel . August 2011 . Retrieved July 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ United States Census Bureau . `` Census of Population and Housing '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=bkmk '' . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` St. Paul ( city ) , Minnesota '' . State & County QuickFacts . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Race and Hispanic or Latino : 2000 '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places : Earliest Census to 1990 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2012 . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : From 15 % sample Jump up ^ David A. Lanegran ( 2001 ) . `` From Swede Hollow to Arlington Hills , From Snoose Boulevard to Minnehaha Parkway : Swedish Neighborhoods of the Twin Cities '' ( PDF ) . Macalester College . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on July 24 , 2008 . Retrieved July 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` District 7 : Thomas - Dale or Frogtown '' . Ramsey County Historical Society . 2005 . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Tom Kenworthy ( November 29 , 2004 ) . `` Hmong get closer look since shootings '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Hmong Resettlement Revisited '' . Bridging Refugee Youth and Children 's Services . June 2004 . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2007 . Retrieved November 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Saint Paul Ethnic Population Growth '' . City of Saint Paul . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2009 . Retrieved November 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bianca Vazquez Toness ( May 24 , 2005 ) . `` Mexican consulate opens in June '' . Minnesota Public Radio . 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Jump up ^ Johnson , Kim ( August 20 , 2008 ) . `` Business Journal names Best Places to Work '' . Minneapolis / St. Paul Business Journal . American City Business Journals , Inc . Retrieved August 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Abbe , Mary ( July 21 , 2008 ) . `` Same old struggles at the MMAA '' . Star Tribune . Chris Harte . p. 3 . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2008 . Retrieved July 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Wyant , Carissa ( August 14 , 2008 ) . `` 3M to cut hundreds of jobs in coming months '' . Minneapolis / St. Paul Business Journal . American City Business Journals , Inc . Retrieved August 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Moore , Janet ( July 16 , 2008 ) . `` St. Jude Medical 's product sales appear recession - proof '' . Star Tribune . Chris Harte . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Locations '' . About St. Jude Medical . St. Jude Medical , Inc. 2008 . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lock and Dam 1 '' . St. Paul District . US Army Corps of Engineers . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Retrieved August 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Melo , Frederick . `` With Ford plant gone , St. Paul leaders seek model development '' . twincities.com . Pioneer Press . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Frederick Melo : You do n't know TIF ! '' . Twin Cities . 2018 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Saint Paul Winter Carnival '' . St Paul Winter Carnival . 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Snelling State Park '' . Minnesota DNR. 2006 . Retrieved December 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Harry F. Schroeder , Jr . The Kid After Whom Charles M. Schulz Named His Beethoven - Loving Character in His `` Peanuts '' Cartoon `` . Delehanty - Sullivan - Kinsman - Schroeder Family History Workspace. 2006 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ PRnewswire.co.uk , `` Saint Paul kicks off encore to the successful ' Peanuts on Parade ' summer art project '' Jump up ^ `` John Vachon : A Register of His Papers in the Library of Congress '' . Prepared by Connie L. Cartledge . Manuscript Division , Library of Congress . 2006 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved October 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ordway Center for the Performing Arts '' . Ordway Center for the Performing Arts . 2006 . Retrieved December 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Berryman , Don ( April 21 , 2004 ) . `` Artists ' Quarter '' . Jazz Police . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2008 . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gelhhar , Jenny ( 2007 ) . `` The Turf Club '' . Features . Saint Paul Almanac . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra Three concerts '' . University of Chicago . 2008 . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Centennial Showboat ! '' . University of Minnesota . July 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Goldstein Museum of Design '' . College of Design . Regents of the University of Minnesota . 2008 . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2008 . Retrieved July 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hours , Parking , and Directions '' . Visitor Information . Minnesota Children 's Museum . 2010 . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2010 . Retrieved December 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ong , Bao ( July 31 , 2006 ) . `` Carlson 's legacy : Schubert Club : Thanks to him , once - tiny arts group attracts top artists to Twin Cities '' . Pioneer Press . Archived from the original ( registration required ) on December 31 , 2008 . Retrieved July 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Schubert Club Museum of Musical Instruments '' . The Schubert Club . 2008 . Retrieved July 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Wyant , Carissa ( July 26 , 2008 ) . `` St. Paul art museum loses director ; searches for new home '' . Minneapolis St. Paul Business Journal . American City Business Journals , Inc . Retrieved July 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Abbe , Mary ( July 21 , 2008 ) . `` Same old struggles at the MMAA '' . Star Tribune . Chris Harte . p. 1 . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2008 . Retrieved July 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` St. Paul Culture : Museums '' . M.R. Danielson Advertising Associates . 2002 . Retrieved December 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Schulman , Andrew . `` St. Paul takes SI Sportstown Honors for the Land of 10,000 Lakes '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved October 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Havens , Chris ( October 31 , 2007 ) . `` In St. Paul , they 're passionate about parks '' . Star Tribune . pp. AA1 . ISSN 0895 - 2825 . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2007 . Retrieved November 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Michael Farber ( December 4 , 2007 ) . `` In Search of ... 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3325458161619533929	Yom Kippur	Yom Kippur - wikipedia Yom Kippur Jump to : navigation , search For the war , see Yom Kippur War . Yom Kippur Jews Praying in the Synagogue on Yom Kippur , by Maurycy Gottlieb ( 1878 ) Observed by Jews , Samaritans , some Christian groups Type Jewish Significance Atonement for personal and national sins , fate of each person is sealed for the upcoming year Observances Fasting , prayer , abstaining from physical pleasures , refraining from work Date 10th day of Tishrei 2017 date sunset , September 29 -- nightfall , September 30 2018 date sunset , September 18 -- nightfall , September 19 2019 date sunset , October 8 -- nightfall , October 9 2020 date sunset , September 27 -- nightfall , September 28 Related to Rosh Hashanah , which precedes Yom Kippur Part of a series on Judaism Movements ( show ) Orthodox Haredi Hasidic Modern Conservative Reform Karaite Reconstructionist Renewal Humanistic Haymanot Philosophy ( show ) Principles of faith Kabbalah Messiah Ethics Chosenness Names of God Musar movement Texts ( show ) Tanakh Torah Nevi'im Ketuvim Ḥumash Siddur Piyutim Zohar Rabbinic Mishnah Talmud Midrash Tosefta Law ( show ) Mishneh Torah Tur Shulchan Aruch Mishnah Berurah Aruch HaShulchan Kashrut Tzniut Tzedakah Niddah Noahide laws Holy cities / places ( show ) Jerusalem Safed Hebron Tiberias Synagogue Beth midrash Mikveh Sukkah Chevra kadisha Holy Temple Tabernacle Important figures ( show ) Abraham Isaac Jacob Moses Aaron David Solomon Sarah Rebecca Rachel Leah Rabbinic sages Chazal Tannaim Amoraim Savoraim Geonim Rishonim Acharonim Religious roles ( show ) Rabbi Rebbe Posek Hazzan Dayan Rosh yeshiva Mohel Kohen Culture and education ( show ) Brit Pidyon haben Bar and Bat Mitzvah Marriage Bereavement Yeshiva Kolel Cheder Ritual objects ( show ) Sefer Torah Tallit Tefillin Tzitzit Kippah Mezuzah Menorah Shofar Four species Etrog Lulav Hadass Arava Kittel Gartel Prayers ( show ) Shema ( Sh'ma ) Amidah Aleinu Kaddish Minyan Birkat Hamazon Shehecheyanu Hallel Havdalah Tachanun Kol Nidre Selichot ( S'lichot ) Major holidays ( show ) Rosh Hashana Yom Kippur Sukkot Pesach Shavuot Other religions ( show ) Judaism and Christianity Hinduism Islam Abrahamic religions Judeo - Christian Pluralism Related topics ( show ) Jews Zionism Israel Criticism Antisemitism Anti-Judaism Holocaust theology Music Jesus Muhammad Judaism portal Yom Kippur ( / jɔːm , joʊm , jɒm ˈkɪpər , kɪˈpʊər / ; Hebrew : יוֹם כִּיפּוּר ‬ , IPA : ( ˈjom kiˈpuʁ ) , or יום הכיפורים ‬ ) , also known as the Day of Atonement , is the holiest day of the year in Judaism . Its central themes are atonement and repentance . Jewish people traditionally observe this holy day with an approximate 25 - hour period of fasting and intensive prayer , often spending most of the day in synagogue services . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur 2.1 Heavenly books opened 3 Prayer service 4 Observance 4.1 Preceding day 4.2 General observances 4.3 Eve 4.4 Prayer services 4.5 Repentance ( Teshuva ) and confessional ( Vidui ) 4.6 Avodah : remembering the Temple service 4.7 Date of Yom Kippur 5 In the Torah 5.1 Midrashic interpretation 6 Mishnaic and Talmudic literature 6.1 Temple service 7 Observance in Israel 8 Observance by athletes 9 Related observances in other religions 10 Recognition by the United Nations 11 Modern scholarship 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Etymology ( edit ) Yom means `` day '' in Hebrew and Kippur comes from a root that means `` to atone '' , which is related to the biblical name of the covering of the Ark ( called the kapporet ) . Yom Kippur is usually expressed in English as `` Day of Atonement '' . Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur ( edit ) Yom Kippur is `` the tenth day of ( the ) seventh month '' ( Tishrei ) and is regarded as the `` Sabbath of Sabbaths '' . Rosh Hashanah ( referred to in the Torah as Yom Teruah ) is the first day of that month according to the Hebrew calendar . On this day forgiveness of sins is also asked of God . Yom Kippur completes the annual period known in Judaism as the High Holy Days or Yamim Nora'im ( `` Days of Awe '' ) that commences with Rosh Hashanah . Heavenly books opened ( edit ) According to Jewish tradition , God inscribes each person 's fate for the coming year into a book , the Book of Life , on Rosh Hashanah , and waits until Yom Kippur to `` seal '' the verdict . During the Days of Awe , a Jew tries to amend his or her behavior and seek forgiveness for wrongs done against God ( bein adam leMakom ) and against other human beings ( bein adam lechavero ) . The evening and day of Yom Kippur are set aside for public and private petitions and confessions of guilt ( Vidui ) . At the end of Yom Kippur , one hopes that they have been forgiven by God . Prayer service ( edit ) The Yom Kippur prayer service includes several unique aspects . One is the actual number of prayer services . Unlike a regular day , which has three prayer services ( Ma'ariv , the evening prayer ; Shacharit , the morning prayer ; and Mincha , the afternoon prayer ) , or a Shabbat or Yom Tov , which have four prayer services ( Ma'ariv ; Shacharit ; Mussaf , the additional prayer ; and Mincha ) , Yom Kippur has five prayer services ( Ma'ariv ; Shacharit ; Musaf ; Mincha ; and Ne'ilah , the closing prayer ) . The prayer services also include private and public confessions of sins ( Vidui ) and a unique prayer dedicated to the special Yom Kippur avodah ( service ) of the Kohen Gadol ( high priest ) in the Holy Temple in Jerusalem . Observance ( edit ) As one of the most culturally significant Jewish holidays , Yom Kippur is observed by many secular Jews who may not observe other holidays . Many secular Jews attend synagogue on Yom Kippur -- for many secular Jews the High Holy Days are the only times of the year during which they attend synagogue -- causing synagogue attendance to soar . Preceding day ( edit ) Erev Yom Kippur ( lit . `` eve ( of ) day ( of ) atonement '' ) is the day preceding Yom Kippur , corresponding to the ninth day of the Hebrew month of Tishrei . This day is commemorated with additional morning prayers , asking others for forgiveness , giving charity , performing the kapparot ritual , an extended afternoon prayer service , and two festive meals . General observances ( edit ) Leviticus 16 : 29 mandates establishment of this holy day on the 10th day of the 7th month as the day of atonement for sins . It calls it the Sabbath of Sabbaths and a day upon which one must afflict one 's soul . Leviticus 23 : 27 decrees that Yom Kippur is a strict day of rest . Five additional prohibitions are traditionally observed , as detailed in the Jewish oral tradition ( Mishnah tractate Yoma 8 : 1 ) . The number five is a set number , relating to : In the Yom Kippur section of the Torah , the word soul appears five times . The soul is known by five separate names : soul , wind , spirit , living one and unique one . Unlike regular days , which have three prayer services , Yom Kippur has five - Maariv , Shacharis , Mussaf , Minchah and Neilah The Kohen Gadol rinsed himself in the mikveh ( ritual bath ) five times on Yom Kippur . The traditions are as follows : No eating and drinking No wearing of leather shoes No bathing or washing No anointing oneself with perfumes or lotions No marital relations A parallel has been drawn between these activities and the human condition according to the Biblical account of the expulsion from the garden of Eden . Refraining from these symbolically represents a return to a pristine state , which is the theme of the day . By refraining from these activities , the body is uncomfortable but can still survive . The soul is considered to be the life force in a body . Therefore , by making one 's body uncomfortable , one 's soul is uncomfortable . By feeling pain one can feel how others feel when they are in pain . This is the purpose of the prohibitions . Total abstention from food and drink as well as keeping the other traditions begins at sundown , and ends after nightfall the following day . One should add a few minutes to the beginning and end of the day , called tosefet Yom Kippur , lit . `` addition to Yom Kippur '' . Although the fast is required of all healthy men over 13 or women over 12 , it is waived in the case of certain medical conditions . Virtually all Jewish holidays involve meals , but since Yom Kippur involves fasting , Jewish law requires one to eat a large and festive meal on the afternoon before Yom Kippur , after the Mincha ( afternoon ) prayer . Wearing white clothing ( or a kittel for Ashkenazi Jews ) , is traditional to symbolize one 's purity on this day . Many Orthodox men immerse themselves in a mikveh on the day before Yom Kippur . In order to apologize to God , one must : Pray Repent Give to charity Eve ( edit ) Main article : Kol Nidre Before sunset on Yom Kippur eve , worshipers gather in the synagogue . The Ark is opened and two people take from it two Sifrei Torah ( Torah scrolls ) . Then they take their places , one on each side of the Hazzan , and the three recite ( in Hebrew ) : In the tribunal of Heaven and the tribunal of earth , we hold it lawful to pray with transgressors . The cantor then chants the Kol Nidre prayer ( Aramaic : כל נדרי ) . This prayer is recited in Aramaic . Its name `` Kol Nidre '' is taken from the opening words , and translates `` All vows '' : All personal vows we are likely to make , all personal oaths and pledges we are likely to take between this Yom Kippur and the next Yom Kippur , we publicly renounce . Let them all be relinquished and abandoned , null and void , neither firm nor established . Let our personal vows , pledges and oaths be considered neither vows nor pledges nor oaths . The leader and the congregation then say together three times `` May all the people of Israel be forgiven , including all the strangers who live in their midst , for all the people are in fault . '' The Torah scrolls are then placed back into the Ark , and the Yom Kippur evening service begins . Prayer services ( edit ) Some married Ashkenazi Orthodox men wear a kittel , a white robe - like garment for evening prayers on Yom Kippur , otherwise used by males on their wedding day . They also wear a tallit ( prayer shawl ) , which is typically worn only during morning services . Prayer services begin with the Kol Nidrei prayer , which is recited before sunset . Kol Nidre is a prayer that dates back to 9th century Palestine . It is recited in a dramatic manner , before the open ark , using a melody that dates back to the 16th century . Then the service continues with the evening prayers ( Ma'ariv or Arvit ) and an extended Selichot service . The morning prayer service is preceded by litanies and petitions of forgiveness called selichot ; on Yom Kippur , many selichot are woven into the liturgy of the mahzor ( prayer book ) . The morning prayers are followed by an added prayer ( Mussaf ) as on all other holidays . This is followed by Mincha ( the afternoon prayer ) which includes a reading ( Haftarah ) of the entire Book of Jonah , which has as its theme the story of God 's willingness to forgive those who repent . The service concludes with the Ne'ila ( `` closing '' ) prayer , which begins shortly before sunset , when the `` gates of prayer '' will be closed . Yom Kippur comes to an end with a recitation of Shema Yisrael and the blowing of the shofar , which marks the conclusion of the fast . Repentance in Judaism Teshuva `` Return '' Repentance , atonement and higher ascent in Judaism In the Hebrew Bible Altars Korban Temple in Jerusalem Prophecy within the Temple Aspects Confession Atonement Love of God Awe of God Mystical approach Ethical approach Meditation Services Torah study Tzedakah Mitzvot In the Jewish calendar Month of Elul Selichot Rosh Hashanah Shofar Tashlikh Ten Days of Repentance Kapparot Mikveh Yom Kippur Sukkot Simchat Torah Ta'anit Tisha B'Av Passover The Omer Shavuot In contemporary Judaism Baal Teshuva movement Jewish Renewal Musar movement Repentance ( Teshuva ) and confessional ( Vidui ) ( edit ) The Talmud states , `` Yom Kippur atones for those who repent and does not atone for those who do not repent '' . Repentance in Judaism is done through a process called Teshuva , which in its most basic form consists of regretting having committed the sin , resolving not to commit that sin in the future and to confess that sin before God . Confession in Judaism is called Vidui ( Hebrew וידוי ) . There is also a commandment to repent on Yom Kippur . Accordingly , Yom Kippur is unique for the confessional , or Vidui , that is part of the prayer services . In keeping with the requirement to repent on Yom Kippur , Jews recite the full Vidui a total of 9 times : once during Mincha on Yom Kippur eve , and on Yom Kippur itself during Ma'ariv ( 2 times ) , Shacharit ( 2 times ) , Musaf ( 2 times ) , and Mincha ( 2 times ) ; at Ne'eilah , only the short confessional is said . The first time in each service takes place during the personal recitation of the Amidah ( standing , silent prayer ) , and the second time during the cantor 's repetition of the Amidah ( except during the preceding Mincha ) , in a public recitation . The Yom Kippur confessional consists of two parts : a short confession beginning with the word Ashamnu ( אשמנו , `` we have sinned '' ) , which is a series of words describing sin arranged according to the aleph - bet , and a long confession , beginning with the words Al Cheyt ( על חטא , `` for the sin '' ) , which is a set of 22 double acrostics , also arranged according to the aleph - bet , enumerating a range of sins . It is notable that during the public recitation of Ashamnu together with the cantor , the entire congregation sings these words to a tune , representing the joy of being cleansed from one 's sins . Avodah : remembering the Temple service ( edit ) A recitation of the sacrificial service of the Temple in Jerusalem traditionally features prominently in both the liturgy and the religious thought of the holiday . Specifically , the Avodah ( `` service '' ) in the Musaf prayer recounts in great detail the sacrificial ceremonies of the Yom Kippur Korbanot ( sacrificial offerings ) that are recited in the prayers but have not been performed for 2,000 years , since the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans . This traditional prominence is rooted in the Babylonian Talmud 's description of how to attain atonement following the destruction of the Temple . According to Talmud tractate Yoma , in the absence of a Temple , Jews are obligated to study the High Priest 's ritual on Yom Kippur , and this study helps achieve atonement for those who are unable to benefit from its actual performance . In Orthodox Judaism , accordingly , studying the Temple ritual on Yom Kippur represents a positive rabbinically ordained obligation which Jews seeking atonement are required to fulfill . In Orthodox synagogues and many Conservative ones a detailed description of the Temple ritual is recited on the day . In most Orthodox and some Conservative synagogues , the entire congregation prostrates themselves at each point in the recitation where the Kohen Gadol ( High Priest ) would pronounce the Tetragrammaton ( God 's holiest name , according to Judaism ) . The main section of the Avodah is a threefold recitation of the High Priest 's actions regarding expiation in the Holy of Holies . Performing the sacrificial acts and reciting Leviticus 16 : 30 , ( `` Your upright children '' ) . ( These three times , plus in some congregations the Aleinu prayer during the Musaf Amidah on Yom Kippur and Rosh Hashanah , are the only times in Jewish services when Jews engage in prostration , with the exception of some Yemenite Jews and talmedhei haRambam ( disciples of Maimonides ) who may prostrate themselves on other occasions during the year ) . A variety of liturgical poems are added , including a poem recounting the radiance of the countenance of the Kohen Gadol after exiting the Holy of Holies , traditionally believed to emit palpable light in a manner echoing the Torah 's account of the countenance of Moses after descending from Mount Sinai , as well as prayers for the speedy rebuilding of the Temple and the restoration of sacrificial worship . There are a variety of other customs , such as hand gestures to mime the sprinkling of blood ( one sprinkling upwards and seven downwards per set of eight ) . Orthodox liturgies include prayers lamenting the inability to perform the Temple service and petitioning for its restoration , which Conservative synagogues generally omit . In some Conservative synagogues , only the Hazzan ( cantor ) engages in full prostration . Some Conservative synagogues abridge the recitation of the Avodah service to varying degrees , and some omit it entirely . Many Reform and Reconstructionist services omit the entire service as inconsistent with modern sensibilities . Date of Yom Kippur ( edit ) See also : Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000 -- 2050 Yom Kippur falls each year on the 10th day of the Jewish month of Tishrei , which is 9 days after the first day of Rosh Hashanah . In terms of the Gregorian calendar , the earliest date on which Yom Kippur can fall is September 14 , as happened in 1899 and 2013 . The latest Yom Kippur can occur relative to the Gregorian dates is on October 14 , as happened in 1967 and will happen again in 2043 . After 2089 , the differences between the Hebrew calendar and the Gregorian calendar will result in Yom Kippur falling no earlier than September 15 . Gregorian calendar dates for this year 's and upcoming Yom Kippur holidays are : 2018 -- Wednesday , September 19 2019 -- Wednesday , October 9 2020 -- Monday , September 28 2021 -- Thursday , September 16 2022 -- Wednesday , October 5 Note : Yom Kippur begins at sundown on the preceding day and ends at nightfall on the listed day . In the Torah ( edit ) The Torah calls the day Yom HaKippurim ( יוֹם הַכִּיפּוּרִים ) and in it Leviticus 23 : 27 decrees a strict prohibition of work and affliction of the soul upon the tenth day of the seventh month , later known as Tishrei . The laws of Yom Kippur are mentioned in three passages in the Torah : Leviticus 16 : 1 -- 34 : God told Moses to tell Aaron that he can only enter the sanctuary in front of the cover that is on the ark when God is present on the cover in a cloud . If Aaron is to enter otherwise , he will die . On the tenth day of the seventh month , God said that the people must not work in order to cleanse and atone for their sins . The Kohen will lead in the atonement of all the people . Leviticus 23 : 26 -- 32 : God said to Moses that the tenth day of the month is the day of atonement and will be holy . The people must give a fire - offering to God and must not work . God told Moses that whoever does work , God will rid of the soul from its people . This is a day of complete rest from the evening of the ninth day of the month to the following evening . Numbers 29 : 7 -- 11 : The tenth day of the seventh month is a holy day and one must not work . For an elevation offering , one must sacrifice a young bull , a ram and seven lambs who are a year old . As well , for a sin offering , one must sacrifice a male goat . Midrashic interpretation ( edit ) Traditionally , Yom Kippur is considered the date on which Moses received the second set of Ten Commandments . It occurred following the completion of the second 40 days of instructions from God . At this same time , the Israelites were granted atonement for the sin of the Golden Calf ; hence , its designation as the Day of Atonement . Mishnaic and Talmudic literature ( edit ) Temple service ( edit ) The following summary of the Temple service is based on the traditional Jewish religious account described in Mishnah tractate Yoma , appearing in contemporary traditional Jewish prayer books for Yom Kippur , and studied as part of a traditional Jewish Yom Kippur worship service . While the Temple in Jerusalem was standing ( from Biblical times through 70 C.E. ) , the Kohen Gadol ( High Priest ) was mandated by the Torah to perform a complex set of special services and sacrifices for Yom Kippur to attain Divine atonement , the word `` kippur '' meaning `` atone '' in Hebrew . These services were considered to be the most important parts of Yom Kippur because through them the Kohen Gadol made atonement for all Jews and the world . During the service , the Kohen Gadol entered the Holy of Holies in the center of the Temple , the only time of the year that anyone went inside . Doing so required special purification and preparation , including five immersions in a mikvah ( ritual bath ) , and four changes of clothing . Seven days prior to Yom Kippur , the Kohen Gadol was sequestered in the Palhedrin chamber in the Temple , where he reviewed ( studied ) the service with the sages familiar with the Temple , and was sprinkled with spring water containing ashes of the Red Heifer as purification . The Talmud ( Tractate Yoma ) also reports that he practiced the incense offering ritual in the Avitnas chamber . On the day of Yom Kippur , the Kohen Gadol had to follow a precise order of services , sacrifices , and purifications : Morning ( Tamid ) Offering The Kohen Gadol first performed the regular daily ( Tamid ) offering -- usually performed by ordinary priests -- in special golden garments , after immersing in a mikvah and washing his hands and feet . Garment Change 1 The Kohen Gadol immersed in a special mikvah in the Temple courtyard and changed into special linen garments , and washed his hands and feet twice , once after removing the golden garments and once before putting on the linen garments . Bull as Personal Sin - Offering The Kohen Gadol leaned ( performed Semikha ) and made a confession over the bull on behalf of himself and his household , pronouncing the Tetragrammaton . The people prostrated themselves when they heard . He then slaughtered the bull as a chatat ( sin - offering ) and received its blood in a bowl . Lottery of the goats At the Eastern ( Nikanor ) gate , the Kohen Gadol drew lots from a lottery box over two goats . One was selected `` for the Lord '' , and one `` for Azazel '' . The Kohen Gadol tied a red band around the horns of the goat `` for Azazel '' . Incense Preparation The Kohen Gadol ascended the mizbeach ( altar ) and took a shovel full of embers with a special shovel . He was brought incense . He filled his hands and placed it in a vessel . ( The Talmud considered this the most physically difficult part of the service , as the Kohen Gadol had to keep the shovelful of glowing coals balanced and prevent its contents from dropping , using his armpit or teeth , while filling his hands with the incense ) . Incense Offering Holding the shovel and the vessel , he entered the Kadosh Hakadashim , the Temple 's Holy of Holies . In the days of the First Temple , he placed the shovel between the poles of the Ark of the Covenant . In the days of the Second Temple , he put the shovel where the Ark would have been . He waited until the chamber filled with smoke and left . Sprinkling of Bull 's Blood in the Holy of Holies The Kohen Gadol took the bowl with the bull 's blood and entered the Most Holy Place again . He sprinkled the bull 's blood with his finger eight times , before the Ark in the days of the First Temple , where it would have been in the days of the Second . The Kohen Gadol then left the Holy of Holies , putting the bowl on a stand in front of the Parochet ( curtain separating the Holy from the Holy of Holies ) . Goat for the Lord as Sin - Offering for Kohanim The Kohen Gadol went to the eastern end of the Israelite courtyard near the Nikanor Gate , laid his hands ( semikha ) on the goat `` for the Lord '' , and pronounced confession on behalf of the Kohanim ( priests ) . The people prostrated themselves when he pronounced the Tetragrammaton . He then slaughtered the goat , and received its blood in another bowl . Sprinkling of Goat 's Blood in the Holy of Holies The Kohen Gadol took the bowl with the goat 's blood and entered the Kadosh Hakadashim , the Temple 's Holy of Holies again . He sprinkled the goat 's blood with his finger eight times the same way he had sprinkled the bull 's blood . The blood was sprinkled before the Ark in the days of the First Temple , where it would have been in the days of the Second Temple . The Kohen Gadol then left the Kadosh Hakadashim , putting the bowl on a stand in front of the Parochet ( curtain separating the Holy from the Holy of Holies ) . Sprinkling of blood in the Holy Standing in the Hekhal ( Holy ) , on the other side of the Parochet from the Holy of Holies , the Kohen Gadol took the bull 's blood from the stand and sprinkled it with his finger eight times in the direction of the Parochet . He then took the bowl with the goat 's blood and sprinkled it eight times in the same manner , putting it back on the stand . Smearing of blood on the Golden ( Incense ) Altar The Kohen Gadol removed the goat 's blood from the stand and mixed it with the bull 's blood . Starting at the northeast corner , he then smeared the mixture of blood on each of the four corners of the Golden ( Incense ) altar in the Haichal . He then sprinkled the blood eight times on the altar . Cliffs of Mount Azazel Goat for Azazel The Kohen Gadol left the Haichal and walked to the east side of the Azarah ( Israelite courtyard ) . Near the Nikanor Gate , he leaned his hands ( Semikha ) on the goat `` for Azazel '' and confessed the sins of the entire people of Israel . The people prostrated themselves when he pronounced the Tetragrammaton . While he made a general confession , individuals in the crowd at the Temple would confess privately . The Kohen Gadol then sent the goat off `` to the wilderness '' . In practice , to prevent its return to human habitation , the goat was led to a cliff outside Jerusalem and pushed off its edge . Preparation of sacrificial animals While the goat `` for Azazel '' was being led to the cliff , the Kohen Gadol removed the insides of the bull , and intertwined the bodies of the bull and goat . Other people took the bodies to the Beit HaDeshen ( place of the ashes ) . They were burned there after it was confirmed that the goat `` for Azazel '' had reached the wilderness . Reading the Torah After it was confirmed that the goat `` for Azazel '' had been pushed off the cliff , the Kohen Gadol passed through the Nikanor Gate into the Ezrat Nashim ( Women 's Courtyard ) and read sections of the Torah describing Yom Kippur and its sacrifices . Garment change 2 The Kohen Gadol removed his linen garments , immersed in the mikvah in the Temple courtyard , and changed into a second set of special golden garments . He washed his hands and feet both before removing the linen garments and after putting on the golden ones . Offering of Rams The Kohen Gadol offered two rams as an olah offering , slaughtering them on the north side of the mizbeach ( outer altar ) , receiving their blood in a bowl , carrying the bowl to the outer altar , and dashing the blood on the northeast and southwest corners of the Outer Altar . He dismembered the rams and burned the parts entirely on the outer altar . He then offered the accompanying mincha ( grain ) offerings and nesachim ( wine - libations ) . Musaf Offering The Kohen Gadol then offered the Musaf offering . Burning of Innards The Kohen Gadol placed the insides of the bull and goat on the outer altar and burned them entirely . Garment change 3 The Kohen Gadol removed his golden garments , immersed in the mikvah , and changed to a new set of linen garments , again washing his hands and feet twice . Removal of Incense from the Holy of Holies The Kohen Gadol returned to the Holy of Holies and removed the bowl of incense and the shovel . Garment Change 4 The Kohen Gadol removed his linen garments , immersed in the mikvah , and changed into a third set of golden garments , again washing his hands and feet twice . Evening ( Tamid ) Offering The Kohen Gadol completed the afternoon portion of the regular ( tamid ) daily offering in the special golden garments . He washed his hands and feet a tenth time . The Kohen Gadol wore five sets of garments ( three golden and two white linen ) , immersed in the mikvah five times , and washed his hands and feet ten times . Sacrifices included two ( daily ) lambs , one bull , two goats , and two rams , with accompanying mincha ( meal ) offerings , wine libations , and three incense offerings ( the regular two daily and an additional one for Yom Kippur ) . The Kohen Gadol entered the Holy of Holies three times . The Tetragrammaton was pronounced three times , once for each confession . Observance in Israel ( edit ) Ayalon Highway in Tel Aviv , empty of cars on Yom Kippur 2004 Yom Kippur is a legal holiday in the modern state of Israel . There are no radio or television broadcasts , airports are shut down , there is no public transportation , and all shops and businesses are closed . In 2013 , 73 % of the Jewish people of Israel said that they were intending to fast on Yom Kippur . It is very common in Israel to wish `` Tsom Kal '' ( ( an ) easy fast ) or `` Tsom Mo'il '' ( ( a ) benefiting fast ) to everyone before Yom Kippur , even if one does not know whether they will fast or not . It is considered impolite to eat in public on Yom Kippur or to sound music or to drive a motor vehicle . There is no legal prohibition on any of these , but in practice such actions are universally avoided in Israel during Yom Kippur , except for emergency services . Over the last few decades , bicycle - riding and inline skating on the empty streets have become common among secular Israeli youngsters , especially on the eve of Yom Kippur in Tel Aviv and Israel in general . In 1973 , an air raid siren was sounded on the afternoon of Yom Kippur and radio broadcasts were resumed to alert the public to the surprise attack on Israel by Egypt and Syria that launched the Yom Kippur War . Observance by athletes ( edit ) Sandy Koufax Gabe Carimi Some notable athletes have observed Yom Kippur , even when it conflicted with their playing their sport . In baseball , Sandy Koufax , the Hall of Fame pitcher , decided not to pitch Game 1 of the 1965 World Series because it fell on Yom Kippur . Koufax garnered national attention for his decision , as an example of the conflict between social pressures and personal beliefs . Hall of Fame first baseman Hank Greenberg attracted national attention in 1934 , nearly three decades earlier , when he refused to play baseball on Yom Kippur , even though the Tigers were in the middle of a pennant race , and he was leading the league in RBIs . The Detroit Free Press columnist and poet Edgar A. Guest wrote a poem titled `` Speaking of Greenberg '' , which ended with the lines `` We shall miss him on the infield and shall miss him at the bat / But he 's true to his religion -- and I honor him for that . '' When Greenberg arrived in synagogue on Yom Kippur , the service stopped suddenly , and the congregation gave an embarrassed Greenberg a standing ovation . Former Los Angeles Dodgers outfielder Shawn Green , similarly , made headlines in 2001 for sitting out a game for the first time in 415 games ( then the longest streak among active players ) , to honor Yom Kippur , even though his team was in the middle of a playoff race . Other baseball players who have similarly sat out games on Yom Kippur include former Boston Red Sox and New York Yankees third baseman Kevin Youkilis , former Houston Astros catcher and current Detroit Tigers manager Brad Ausmus , and outfielder Art Shamsky . Gabe Carimi , the Consensus All - American left tackle in American football who won the 2010 Outland Trophy as the nation 's top collegiate interior lineman faced a conflict in his freshman year of college in 2007 . That year Yom Kippur fell on a Saturday , and he fasted until an hour before his football game against Iowa started that night . Carimi said , `` Religion is a part of me , and I do n't want to just say I 'm Jewish . I actually do make sacrifices that I know are hard choices . '' In 2004 , Matt Bernstein , standout fullback at University of Wisconsin -- Madison , fasted on Yom Kippur , then broke his fast on the sidelines before rushing for 123 yards in a game against Penn State . In 2011 , golfer Laetitia Beck declined a request to join the UNC Tar - Heels Invitational competition , because it conflicted with Yom Kippur . Instead , she spent the day fasting and praying . She said : `` My Judaism is very important to me , and ... on Yom Kippur , no matter what , I have to fast . '' Boris Gelfand , Israel 's top chess player , played his game in the prestigious London Grand Prix Chess Tournament on 25 September 2012 ( eve of Yom Kippur ) earlier , to avoid playing on the holiday . In 2013 , the International Tennis Federation fined the Israel Tennis Association `` more than $13,000 ... for the inconvenience '' of having to reschedule a tennis match between the Israeli and Belgian teams that was originally scheduled on Yom Kippur . Dudi Sela , Israel 's # 1 player , quit his quarterfinal match in the third set of the 2017 Shenzhen Open so he could begin observing Yom Kippur by the time the sun set , forfeiting a possible $34,000 in prize money and 90 rankings points . Related observances in other religions ( edit ) Messianic Jews and some other sabbatarian churches also observe Yom Kippur as a holy day , from evening to evening . In the Christian observance , it is a time of prayer and fasting from all food and drink and a time of instruction through study and church attendance . It focuses on Christ 's sacrifice and atonement for sins . It is seen as a time to give thanks and praise , to humble oneself and to seek repentance . It is also a time where Messianic Jews pray for Israel and Jews who have not yet proclaimed Yeshua / Jesus is the Messiah that was promised in prophesies from the Old Testament . Recognition by the United Nations ( edit ) Starting 2016 the United Nations officially recognizes Yom Kippur , stating that from then on no official meetings would take place on the day . As well , the United Nations stated that , beginning in 2016 , they would have nine official holidays and seven floating holidays which each employee would be able to choose one of . It stated that the floating holidays will be Yom Kippur , Day of Vesak , Diwali , Gurpurab , Orthodox Christmas , Orthodox Good Friday , and Presidents ' Day . This was the first time the United Nations officially recognized any Jewish holiday . Modern scholarship ( edit ) According to textual scholars , the biblical regulations covering Yom Kippur are spliced together from multiple source texts , as indicated by evidence such as with the duplication of the confession over the bullock , and the incongruity in one verse stating that the high priest should not enter the Holy of Holies ( with the inference that there are exceptions for certain explicitly identified festivals ) , and the next verse indicating that they can enter whenever they wish ( as long as a specific ritual is carried out first ) . Although Rashi tried to find a harmonistic explanation for this incongruity , the Leviticus Rabbah maintains that it was indeed the case that the high priest could enter at any time if these rituals were carried out . Textual scholars argue that the ritual is composed from three sources , and a couple of redactional additions : prerequisite rituals before the high priest can enter the Holy of Holies ( on any occasion ) , namely a sin offering and a whole offering , followed by the filling of the Holy of Holies with a cloud of incense while wearing linen garments regulations which establish an annual day of fasting and rest , during which the sanctuary and people are purified , without stating the ritual for doing so ; this regulation is very similar to the one in the Holiness Code later elaborations of the ceremony , which include the sprinkling of the blood on the mercy seat , and the use of a scapegoat sent to Azazel ; the same source also being responsible for small alterations to related regulations the redactional additions On the basis of their assumptions , these scholars believe that the original ceremony was simply the ritual purification of the sanctuary from any accidental ritual impurity , at the start of each new year , as seen in the Book of Ezekiel . Textual scholars date this original ceremony to before the priestly source , but after JE . According to the Book of Ezekiel , the sanctuary was to be cleansed by the sprinkling of bullock 's blood , on the first day of the first and of the seventh months -- near the start of the civil year and of the ecclesiastical year , respectively ; although the masoretic text of the Book of Ezekiel has the second of these cleansings on the seventh of the first month , biblical scholars regard the Septuagint , which has the second cleaning as being the first of the seventh month , as being more accurate here . It appears that during the period that the Holiness Code and the Book of Ezekiel were written , the new year began on the tenth day of the seventh month , and thus liberal biblical scholars believe that by the time the Priestly Code was compiled , the date of the new year and of the day of atonement had swapped around . See also ( edit ) Break fast References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Yom Kippur '' . Random House Webster 's Unabridged Dictionary . Jump up ^ It can be argued that the weekly Sabbath ( Shabbat ) is holier . See Shabbat ( Status as a holy day ) . Jump up ^ Propitiation , Easton 's Bible Dictionary Jump up ^ Numbers 29 : 7 Jump up ^ Cohen , S.M. , Eisen , A.M. : The Jew within : self , family , and community in America , page 169 . Indiana University Press , 2000 . `` For completely uninvolved Jews ... the question of synagogue attendance rarely arises . They are unlikely ever to consider the matter , except at Rosh Hashanha and Yom Kippur or to attend a bar or bat mitzvah . '' See also Samuel C. Heilman , Synagogue Life , 1976 . Jump up ^ `` Erev Yom Kippur -- The purpose of the day as seen through Talmudic anecdotes ( PDF ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Scherman , Nosson . `` Yom Kippur - Its Significance , Laws and Prayers '' New York : Mesorah Publications , 1989 . Print ^ Jump up to : `` Why Rabbis wear sneakers on their holiest day '' . `` Article by Avi Rabinowitz , NYU homepages '' Jump up ^ Abrams , Judith . Yom Kippur : A Family Service Minneapolis : KAR - BEN , 1990 . Print Jump up ^ `` OU Customs for Erev Yom Kippur '' . Retrieved September 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Translation of Philip Birnbaum , from High Holiday Prayer Book ' , Hebrew Publishing Company , NY , 1951 Jump up ^ `` Jewish Virtual Library -- Yom Kippur '' . Retrieved September 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Halacha L'Maaseh : Yom Kippur '' . Retrieved September 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rabbi Daniel Kohn . `` My Jewish Learning -- Prayer Services '' . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Green , David B. ( September 26 , 2011 ) . `` Lawrence A. Hoffman and the message of Kol Nidre '' . Haaretz . Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The significance of shofar to Yom Kippur is discussed at `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2009 . Retrieved July 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Yoma 85b . Jump up ^ Maimonodes , Mishneh Torah , Laws of Teshuva 2 : 7 ^ Jump up to : Arnold Lustiger , Michael Taubes , Menachem Genack , and Hershel Schachter , Kasirer Edition Yom Kippur Machzor With Commentary Adapted from the Teachings of Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik . New York : K'hal Publishing , 2006 . pp. 588 -- 589 ( summary ) ; 590 -- 618 . Jump up ^ `` Rosh HaShanah and the Gregorian calendar '' . Oztorah.com . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Spiro , Rabbi Ken . Crash Course in Jewish History Part 12 -- The Golden Calf . Aish HaTorah . accessed April 29 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Sounds of The City '' . Israel Insider . October 14 , 2005 . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Poll : 73 % of Israelis fast on Yom Kippur '' . Ynet . September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Public Radio International , `` The World '' , ' Yom Kippur : Kids and Bikes in Tel Aviv ' `` . Theworld.org . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Solomvits , Sandor . `` Yom Kippur and Sandy Koufax '' . JewishSports.com . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2006 . Retrieved August 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Peter Dreier . `` How Will Jewish Ballplayers Handle the Yom Kippur Quandry ? ( sic ) '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Came Yom Kippur : A Hank Greenberg Poem '' . baseball-almanac.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Green , Koufax and Greenberg -- same dilemma , different decisions '' . ESPN . September 26 , 2001 . Retrieved March 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brown , M. Stephen . `` One on One with Kevin Youkilis '' . JewishSports.com . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2009 . Retrieved June 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gammons , Peter ( September 29 , 2001 ) . `` Apolitical blues '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Where Are They Now -- Art Shamsky '' . Baseball Savvy . September 14 , 2004 . Retrieved September 10 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch , Deborah ( December 27 , 2010 ) . `` Gabe Carimi : Star in shul and on the football field '' . JTA . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Andrea Waxman ( October 5 , 2007 ) . `` Yom Kippur , then football ; Carimi fasts and then tackles '' . The Wisconsin Jewish Chronicle . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2011 . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Madeline Miller ( December 17 , 2010 ) . `` The Biggest Thing in Jewish Sports ? UW Gridiron Great Gabe Carimi '' . Hillel.org . Retrieved March 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chris McCoskey ( February 25 , 2011 ) . `` Combine Leftovers '' . Detroit News . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2011 . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Craig Ellenport ( February 24 , 2011 ) . `` Why is this prospect different from other prospects ? '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ivan Maisel ( September 27 , 2004 ) . `` Bernstein feasted on Penn State after fasting '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Saval , Malina ( October 14 , 2011 ) . `` Golf / Israelis abroad / Beck follows in Koufax 's footsteps '' . Haaretz . Retrieved September 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Soclof , Adam ( October 7 , 2011 ) . `` The original Sandy Koufax of women 's golf '' . Jewish Telegraphic Agency . Retrieved September 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gelfand and Grischuk winners in 4th round London Grand Prix '' . ChessVibes . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2013 . Retrieved September 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Israeli tennis players fined for sitting out Yom Kippur '' . The Times of Israel . 12 August 2013 . Retrieved 6 June 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.hebrew4christians.com/Holidays/Fall_Holidays/Yom_Kippur/yom_kippur.html Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) ^ Jump up to : Tal Trachtman Alroy , CNN ( 19 December 2015 ) . `` U.N. recognizes Yom Kippur as official holiday - CNN.com '' . CNN . ^ Jump up to : Singer , Isidore ; et al. , eds. ( 1901 -- 1906 ) . `` `` . Jewish Encyclopedia . New York : Funk & Wagnalls Company . ^ Jump up to : Cheyne and Black , Encyclopedia Biblica Jump up ^ Leviticus 16 : 6 and Leviticus 16 : 6 Jump up ^ Leviticus 16 : 2 Jump up ^ Leviticus Rabbah 21 Jump up ^ Leviticus 16 : 1 , 16 : 3 -- 4 , 16 : 12 -- 13 , 16 : 34 ( b ) Jump up ^ Leviticus 16 : 29 -- 34 ( a ) Jump up ^ Leviticus 23 : 27 -- 31 Jump up ^ Leviticus 16 : 5 , 16 : 7 -- 10 , 16 : 14 -- 28 Jump up ^ Exodus 30 : 10 , Leviticus 25 : 9 Jump up ^ Leviticus 16 : 2 , 16 : 6 , 16 : 11 ^ Jump up to : Singer , Isidore ; et al. , eds. ( 1901 -- 1906 ) . `` Atonement , Day of '' . Jewish Encyclopedia . New York : Funk & Wagnalls Company . else -- > Jump up ^ Richard Elliott Friedman , Who wrote the Bible Jump up ^ Ezekiel 45 : 18 -- 20 Jump up ^ Leviticus 25 : 9 Jump up ^ Ezekiel 40 : 1 External links ( edit ) Look up Yom Kippur in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yom Kippur . 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GND : 4234190 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yom_Kippur&oldid=826731053 '' Categories : Hebrew words and phrases Jewish fast days Yom Kippur Book of Leviticus Non-Gregorian September observances Non-Gregorian October observances Observances set by the Hebrew calendar Autumn events in Israel Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia with no article parameter Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia with a Wikisource reference Infobox holiday ( other ) Articles containing Hebrew - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Wikipedia articles that may have off - topic sections Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 18 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which is the jewish holy day of atonement and cleansing	[]	[]
8844994431397523842	Matthew 6:3	Matthew 6 : 3 - wikipedia Matthew 6 : 3 Matthew 6 : 3 is the third verse of the sixth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament and is part of the Sermon on the Mount . This verse continues the discussion of how one should give to charity . In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads : But when thou doest alms , let not thy left hand know what thy right hand doeth : The World English Bible translates the passage as : But when you do merciful deeds , do n't let your left hand know what your right hand does , For a collection of other versions see here : Matthew 6 : 3 The previous two verses argued that charitable giving should be kept secret , so that it is not done for praise by others . This verse uses a metaphor to build on this argument , but there is some debate over exactly what this metaphor means . This verse is the origin of a common English expression . However `` the left hand does n't know what the right hand is doing '' is generally a term of derision for an organization where different members are pursuing opposing or contradictory goals . This is quite different from this verse where Jesus presents the lack of coordination as an ideal . Since the owner of the hands must know what both are doing , Jesus ' statement here is thus generally considered a humorous hyperbole . One interpretation , outlined by Hendriksen , is that Jesus is here stating that just as we should avoid seeking the praise of others for our good deeds , we should also avoid self - congratulation for our piety . One should not feel smug about our own goodness , but should rather try to forget our own good deeds . Hendriksen feels this view is supported by Matthew 25 : 37 - 39 . An alternate view , expressed by Filson , is that this verse is not a condemnation of smugness , but rather of scheming for public praise . Giving should be an automatic action without need to consider the potential rewards . If one spends too much effort pondering giving , one will scheme to have even secret donations made public so that you might be praised . Thus the verse means that right hand should by reflex be generous without the need for mental calculus , and if the mind is avoided so too is the left hand . This view sees this verse simply of a metaphor explaining the rules already laid out in the previous two verse . Fowler agrees with this second interpretation , and believes that Matthew 6 : 4 bears it out . Lewis takes a third approach , arguing the proverb is a metaphor for secrecy , and that it was earlier used as such by the Stoics . By this interpretation the left hand not knowing what the right is doing is a metaphor for how covert the proper donor should be . Harrington believes that the verse is based on an ancient proverb whose exact meaning is not known . His guess is that it referred to close friendship , and that this verse implies that friends that are even as close as one 's left hand should not be made aware of donations . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hendriksen , William . The Gospel of Matthew . Edinburgh : Banner of Truth Trust , 1976 Jump up ^ Filson , Floyd V. A Commentary on the Gospel According to St. Matthew . London : A. & C. Black , 1960 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Harold . The Gospel of Matthew : Volume One . Joplin : College Press , 1968 Jump up ^ Lewis , Jack P . The Gospel According to Matthew . Austin , Texas : R.B. Sweet , 1976 . Jump up ^ Harrington , Daniel J. The Gospel of Matthew . Liturgical Press , 1991 pg. 94 Preceded by Matthew 6 : 2 Gospel of Matthew Chapter 6 Succeeded by Matthew 6 : 4 Gospel of Matthew chapter 6 Verse Matthew 6 : 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Places Galilee Terms Lord 's Prayer Sermon on the Mount ← chapter 5 Gospel of Matthew chapter 7 → Gospel of Matthew Bible Chapter Matthew 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Verse Matthew 1 : 1 - 25 2 : 1 - 23 3 : 1 - 17 4 : 1 - 25 5 : 1 - 48 6 : 1 - 34 7 : 1 - 24 27 : 1 - 66 28 : 1 - 16 Places Bethany Bethlehem Bethsaida Capernaum Egypt Galilee Jerusalem Jordan River Judea Samaria Sea of Galilee People Andrew Caiaphas Herod James Jeremiah Jesus Christ John the Baptist Joseph Judas Iscariot Mary Mary Magdalene Matthew Philip Pontius Pilate Rachel Simon Peter Thomas Zebedee Groups Angels Pharisees Sadducees Sanhedrin Events Star of Bethlehem Magi Baptism of Jesus Sermon on the Mount Lord 's Prayer Golden rule Walking on water Last Supper Crucifixion of Jesus Sources Greek Text Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Book of Malachi ( chapter 4 ) Gospel of Mark ( chapter 1 ) → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matthew_6:3&oldid=853488331 '' Categories : Matthew 6 Hidden categories : Pages with numeric Bible version references Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 04 : 04 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	what does the bible say about your right hand	[]	[]
2759823412078888052	Appellate procedure in the United States	Appellate procedure in the United States - wikipedia Appellate procedure in the United States Jump to : navigation , search The Court of Appeals in Washington , D.C. United States appellate procedure involves the rules and regulations for filing appeals in state courts and federal courts . The nature of an appeal can vary greatly depending on the type of case and the rules of the court in the jurisdiction where the case was prosecuted . There are many types of standard of review for appeals , such as de novo and abuse of discretion . However , most appeals begin when a party files a petition for review to a higher court for the purpose of overturning the lower court 's decision . An appellate court is a court that hears cases on appeal from another court . Depending on the particular legal rules that apply to each circumstance , a party to a court case who is unhappy with the result might be able to challenge that result in an appellate court on specific grounds . These grounds typically could include errors of law , fact , procedure or due process . In different jurisdictions , appellate courts are also called appeals courts , courts of appeals , superior courts , or supreme courts . The specific procedures for appealing , including even whether there is a right of appeal from a particular type of decision , can vary greatly from state to state . The right to file an appeal can also vary from state to state ; for example , the New Jersey Constitution vests judicial power in a Supreme Court , a Superior Court , and other courts of limited jurisdiction , with an appellate court being part of the Superior Court . Contents ( hide ) 1 Access to appellant status 2 Ability to appeal 3 Direct or collateral : Appealing criminal convictions 3.1 Appellate review 3.1. 1 Direct Appeal 3.1. 1.1 Preservation Issues 3.1. 2 State Post Conviction Relief : Collateral Appeal 3.1. 3 Habeas Corpus 4 Notice of appeal 5 Appellate procedure 6 Results 7 See also 8 References Access to appellant status ( edit ) A party who files an appeal is called an `` appellant '' , `` plaintiff in error '' , `` petitioner '' or `` pursuer '' , and a party on the other side is called a `` appellee '' . A `` cross-appeal '' is an appeal brought by the respondent . For example , suppose at trial the judge found for the plaintiff and ordered the defendant to pay $50,000 . If the defendant files an appeal arguing that he should not have to pay any money , then the plaintiff might file a cross-appeal arguing that the defendant should have to pay $200,000 instead of $50,000 . The appellant is the party who , having lost part or all their claim in a lower court decision , is appealing to a higher court to have their case reconsidered . This is usually done on the basis that the lower court judge erred in the application of law , but it may also be possible to appeal on the basis of court misconduct , or that a finding of fact was entirely unreasonable to make on the evidence . The appellant in the new case can be either the plaintiff ( or claimant ) , defendant , third - party intervenor , or respondent ( appellee ) from the lower case , depending on who was the losing party . The winning party from the lower court , however , is now the respondent . In unusual cases the appellant can be the victor in the court below , but still appeal . An appellee is the party to an appeal in which the lower court judgment was in its favor . The appellee is required to respond to the petition , oral arguments , and legal briefs of the appellant . In general , the appellee takes the procedural posture that the lower court 's decision should be affirmed . Ability to appeal ( edit ) An appeal `` as of right '' is one that is guaranteed by statute or some underlying constitutional or legal principle . The appellate court can not refuse to listen to the appeal . An appeal `` by leave '' or `` permission '' requires the appellant to obtain leave to appeal ; in such a situation either or both of the lower court and the court may have the discretion to grant or refuse the appellant 's demand to appeal the lower court 's decision . In the Supreme Court , review in most cases is available only if the Court exercises its discretion and grants a writ of certiorari . In tort , equity , or other civil matters either party to a previous case may file an appeal . In criminal matters , however , the state or prosecution generally has no appeal `` as of right '' . And due to the double jeopardy principle , the state or prosecution may never appeal a jury or bench verdict of acquittal . But in some jurisdictions , the state or prosecution may appeal `` as of right '' from a trial court 's dismissal of an indictment in whole or in part or from a trial court 's granting of a defendant 's suppression motion . Likewise , in some jurisdictions , the state or prosecution may appeal an issue of law `` by leave '' from the trial court or the appellate court . The ability of the prosecution to appeal a decision in favor of a defendant varies significantly internationally . All parties must present grounds to appeal , or it will not be heard . By convention in some law reports , the appellant is named first . This can mean that where it is the defendant who appeals , the name of the case in the law reports reverses ( in some cases twice ) as the appeals work their way up the court hierarchy . This is not always true , however . In the federal courts , the parties ' names always stay in the same order as the lower court when an appeal is taken to the circuit courts of appeals , and are re-ordered only if the appeal reaches the Supreme Court . Direct or collateral : appealing criminal convictions ( edit ) Many jurisdictions recognize two types of appeals , particularly in the criminal context . The first is the traditional `` direct '' appeal in which the appellant files an appeal with the next higher court of review . The second is the collateral appeal or post-conviction petition , in which the petitioner - appellant files the appeal in a court of first instance -- usually the court that tried the case . The key distinguishing factor between direct and collateral appeals is that the former occurs in state courts , and the latter in federal courts . Relief in post-conviction is rare and is most often found in capital or violent felony cases . The typical scenario involves an incarcerated defendant locating DNA evidence demonstrating the defendant 's actual innocence . Appellate review ( edit ) `` Appellate review '' is the general term for the process by which courts with appellate jurisdiction take jurisdiction of matters decided by lower courts . It is distinguished from judicial review , which refers to the court 's overriding constitutional or statutory right to determine if a legislative act or administrative decision is defective for jurisdictional or other reasons ( which may vary by jurisdiction ) . In most jurisdictions the normal and preferred way of seeking appellate review is by filing an appeal of the final judgment . Generally , an appeal of the judgment will also allow appeal of all other orders or rulings made by the trial court in the course of the case . This is because such orders can not be appealed `` as of right '' . However , certain critical interlocutory court orders , such as the denial of a request for an interim injunction , or an order holding a person in contempt of court , can be appealed immediately although the case may otherwise not have been fully disposed of . There are two distinct forms of appellate review , `` direct '' and `` collateral '' . For example , a criminal defendant may be convicted in state court , and lose on `` direct appeal '' to higher state appellate courts , and if unsuccessful , mount a `` collateral '' action such as filing for a writ of habeas corpus in the federal courts . Generally speaking , `` ( d ) irect appeal statutes afford defendants the opportunity to challenge the merits of a judgment and allege errors of law or fact ... ( Collateral review ) , on the other hand , provide ( s ) an independent and civil inquiry into the validity of a conviction and sentence , and as such are generally limited to challenges to constitutional , jurisdictional , or other fundamental violations that occurred at trial . '' `` Graham v. Borgen '' , 483 F 3d. 475 ( 7th Cir. 2007 ) ( no . 04 - 4103 ) ( slip op . at 7 ) ( citation omitted ) . In Anglo - American common law courts , appellate review of lower court decisions may also be obtained by filing a petition for review by prerogative writ in certain cases . There is no corresponding right to a writ in any pure or continental civil law legal systems , though some mixed systems such as Quebec recognize these prerogative writs . Direct appeal ( edit ) After exhausting the first appeal as of right , defendants usually petition the highest state court to review the decision . This appeal is known as a direct appeal . The highest state court , generally known as the Supreme Court , exercises discretion over whether it will review the case . On direct appeal , a prisoner challenges the grounds of the conviction based on an error that occurred at trial or some other stage in the adjudicative process . Preservation issues ( edit ) An appellant 's claim ( s ) must usually be preserved at trial . This means that the defendant had to object to the error when it occurred in the trial . Because constitutional claims are of great magnitude , appellate courts might be more lenient to review the claim even if it was not preserved . For example , Connecticut applies the following standard to review unpreserved claims : 1. the record is adequate to review the alleged claim of error ; 2 . the claim is of constitutional magnitude alleging the violation of a fundamental right ; 3 . the alleged constitutional violation clearly exists and clearly deprived the defendant of a fair trial ; 4 . if subject to harmless error analysis , the state has failed to demonstrate harmlessness of the alleged constitutional violation beyond a reasonable doubt . State post conviction relief : collateral appeal ( edit ) All States have a post-conviction relief process . Similar to federal post-conviction relief , an appellant can petition the court to correct alleged fundamental errors that were not corrected on direct review . Typical claims might include ineffective assistance of counsel and actual innocence based on new evidence . These proceedings are normally separate from the direct appeal , however some states allow for collateral relief to be sought on direct appeal . After direct appeal , the conviction is considered final . An appeal from the post conviction court proceeds just as a direct appeal . That is , it goes to the intermediate appellate court , followed by the highest court . If the petition is granted the appellant could be released from incarceration , the sentence could be modified , or a new trial could be ordered . Habeas Corpus ( edit ) Main article : Habeas corpus in the United States Notice of appeal ( edit ) A `` notice of appeal '' is a form or document that in many cases is required to begin an appeal . The form is completed by the appellant or by the appellant 's legal representative . The nature of this form can vary greatly from country to country and from court to court within a country . The specific rules of the legal system will dictate exactly how the appeal is officially begun . For example , the appellant might have to file the notice of appeal with the appellate court , or with the court from which the appeal is taken , or both . Some courts have samples of a notice of appeal on the court 's own web site . In New Jersey , for example , the Administrative Office of the Court has promulgated a form of notice of appeal for use by appellants , though using this exact form is not mandatory and the failure to use it is not a jurisdictional defect provided that all pertinent information is set forth in whatever form of notice of appeal is used . The deadline for beginning an appeal can often be very short : traditionally , it is measured in days , not months . This can vary from country to country , as well as within a country , depending on the specific rules in force . In the U.S. federal court system , criminal defendants must file a notice of appeal within 10 days of the entry of either the judgment or the order being appealed , or the right to appeal is forfeited . Appellate procedure ( edit ) See also : United States courts of appeals Generally speaking the appellate court examines the record of evidence presented in the trial court and the law that the lower court applied and decides whether that decision was legally sound or not . The appellate court will typically be deferential to the lower court 's findings of fact ( such as whether a defendant committed a particular act ) , unless clearly erroneous , and so will focus on the court 's application of the law to those facts ( such as whether the act found by the court to have occurred fits a legal definition at issue ) . If the appellate court finds no defect , it `` affirms '' the judgment . If the appellate court does find a legal defect in the decision `` below '' ( i.e. , in the lower court ) , it may `` modify '' the ruling to correct the defect , or it may nullify ( `` reverse '' or `` vacate '' ) the whole decision or any part of it . It may , in addition , send the case back ( `` remand '' or `` remit '' ) to the lower court for further proceedings to remedy the defect . In some cases , an appellate court may review a lower court decision `` de novo '' ( or completely ) , challenging even the lower court 's findings of fact . This might be the proper standard of review , for example , if the lower court resolved the case by granting a pre-trial motion to dismiss or motion for summary judgment which is usually based only upon written submissions to the trial court and not on any trial testimony . Another situation is where appeal is by way of `` re-hearing '' . Certain jurisdictions permit certain appeals to cause the trial to be heard afresh in the appellate court . Sometimes , the appellate court finds a defect in the procedure the parties used in filing the appeal and dismisses the appeal without considering its merits , which has the same effect as affirming the judgment below . ( This would happen , for example , if the appellant waited too long , under the appellate court 's rules , to file the appeal . ) Generally , there is no trial in an appellate court , only consideration of the record of the evidence presented to the trial court and all the pre-trial and trial court proceedings are reviewed -- unless the appeal is by way of re-hearing , new evidence will usually only be considered on appeal in `` very '' rare instances , for example if that material evidence was unavailable to a party for some very significant reason such as prosecutorial misconduct . In some systems , an appellate court will only consider the written decision of the lower court , together with any written evidence that was before that court and is relevant to the appeal . In other systems , the appellate court will normally consider the record of the lower court . In those cases the record will first be certified by the lower court . The appellant has the opportunity to present arguments for the granting of the appeal and the appellee ( or respondent ) can present arguments against it . Arguments of the parties to the appeal are presented through their appellate lawyers , if represented , or `` pro se '' if the party has not engaged legal representation . Those arguments are presented in written briefs and sometimes in oral argument to the court at a hearing . At such hearings each party is allowed a brief presentation at which the appellate judges ask questions based on their review of the record below and the submitted briefs . In an adversarial system , appellate courts do not have the power to review lower court decisions unless a party appeals it . Therefore , if a lower court has ruled in an improper manner , or against legal precedent , that judgment will stand if not appealed -- even if it might have been overturned on appeal . The United States legal system generally recognizes two types of appeals : a trial `` de novo '' or an appeal on the record . A trial de novo is usually available for review of informal proceedings conducted by some minor judicial tribunals in proceedings that do not provide all the procedural attributes of a formal judicial trial . If unchallenged , these decisions have the power to settle more minor legal disputes once and for all . If a party is dissatisfied with the finding of such a tribunal , one generally has the power to request a trial `` de novo '' by a court of record . In such a proceeding , all issues and evidence may be developed newly , as though never heard before , and one is not restricted to the evidence heard in the lower proceeding . Sometimes , however , the decision of the lower proceeding is itself admissible as evidence , thus helping to curb frivolous appeals . In some cases , an application for `` trial de novo '' effectively erases the prior trial as if it had never taken place . The Supreme Court of Virginia has stated that ' `` This Court has repeatedly held that the effect of an appeal to circuit court is to `` annul the judgment of the inferior tribunal as completely as if there had been no previous trial . '' ' The only exception to this is that if a defendant appeals a conviction for a crime having multiple levels of offenses , where they are convicted on a lesser offense , the appeal is of the lesser offense ; the conviction represents an acquittal of the more serious offenses . `` ( A ) trial on the same charges in the circuit court does not violate double jeopardy principles , ... subject only to the limitation that conviction in ( the ) district court for an offense lesser included in the one charged constitutes an acquittal of the greater offense , permitting trial de novo in the circuit court only for the lesser - included offense . '' In an appeal on the record from a decision in a judicial proceeding , both appellant and respondent are bound to base their arguments wholly on the proceedings and body of evidence as they were presented in the lower tribunal . Each seeks to prove to the higher court that the result they desired was the just result . Precedent and case law figure prominently in the arguments . In order for the appeal to succeed , the appellant must prove that the lower court committed reversible error , that is , an impermissible action by the court acted to cause a result that was unjust , and which would not have resulted had the court acted properly . Some examples of reversible error would be erroneously instructing the jury on the law applicable to the case , permitting seriously improper argument by an attorney , admitting or excluding evidence improperly , acting outside the court 's jurisdiction , injecting bias into the proceeding or appearing to do so , juror misconduct , etc . The failure to formally object at the time , to what one views as improper action in the lower court , may result in the affirmance of the lower court 's judgment on the grounds that one did not `` preserve the issue for appeal '' by objecting . In cases where a judge rather than a jury decided issues of fact , an appellate court will apply an `` abuse of discretion '' standard of review . Under this standard , the appellate court gives deference to the lower court 's view of the evidence , and reverses its decision only if it were a clear abuse of discretion . This is usually defined as a decision outside the bounds of reasonableness . On the other hand , the appellate court normally gives less deference to a lower court 's decision on issues of law , and may reverse if it finds that the lower court applied the wrong legal standard . In some cases , an appellant may successfully argue that the law under which the lower decision was rendered was unconstitutional or otherwise invalid , or may convince the higher court to order a new trial on the basis that evidence earlier sought was concealed or only recently discovered . In the case of new evidence , there must be a high probability that its presence or absence would have made a material difference in the trial . Another issue suitable for appeal in criminal cases is effective assistance of counsel . If a defendant has been convicted and can prove that his lawyer did not adequately handle his case and that there is a reasonable probability that the result of the trial would have been different had the lawyer given competent representation , he is entitled to a new trial . A lawyer traditionally starts an oral argument to any appellate court with the words `` May it please the court . '' After an appeal is heard , the `` mandate '' is a formal notice of a decision by a court of appeal ; this notice is transmitted to the trial court and , when filed by the clerk of the trial court , constitutes the final judgment on the case , unless the appeal court has directed further proceedings in the trial court . The mandate is distinguished from the appeal court 's opinion , which sets out the legal reasoning for its decision . In some jurisdictions the mandate is known as the `` remittitur '' . Results ( edit ) The result of an appeal can be : Affirmed : Where the reviewing court basically agrees with the result of the lower courts ruling ( s ) . Reversed : Where the reviewing court basically disagrees with the result of the lower courts ruling ( s ) , and overturns their decision . Remanded : Where the reviewing court sends the case back to the lower court . There can be multiple outcomes , so that the reviewing court can affirm some rulings , reverse others and remand the case all at the same time . Remand is not required where there is nothing left to do in the case . `` Generally speaking , an appellate court 's judgment provides ' the final directive of the appeals courts as to the matter appealed , setting out with specificity the court 's determination that the action appealed from should be affirmed , reversed , remanded or modified ' '' . Some reviewing courts who have discretionary review may send a case back without comment other than review improvidently granted . In other words , after looking at the case , they chose not to say anything . The result for the case of review improvidently granted is effectively the same as affirmed , but without that extra higher court stamp of approval . See also ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Appellate procedure in the United States Look up appeal in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Appellate court Appellee Civil procedure Court of Appeals Courts - martial in the United States Criminal procedure Defendant Interlocutory appeal List of legal topics Petition for stay Plaintiff Pursuer Reversible error Supreme Court of the United States Writ of Certiorari Writ of habeas corpus Writ of mandamus List of wrongful convictions in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jeffrey S. Mandel , New Jersey Appellate Practice ( Gann Law Books ) , chapter 1 : 2 Jump up ^ `` U.S. Supreme Court Rule 10 '' . Legal Information Institute . Jump up ^ `` Consultation Paper on Prosecution Appeals Brought in Cases of Indictment '' . Law Reform Commission of Ireland . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` UK Law Online '' . University of Leeds . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Special Habeas Corpus Procedures in Capital Cases '' . United States Office of the Law Revision Counsel . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` State of Ohio '' . Ohio 12th District Court of Appeals . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Bickford , James . `` Opinion Recap : All Judicial Review is either direct or collateral '' . Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act . SCOTUS Bblog . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Dauman , Chad . `` Criminal Appeals in the United States : Preservation Issues '' . blog . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 27 . Jump up ^ Yackle , Larry ( 2003 ) . Federal Courts , Habeas Corpus . Thomson Reuters . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Process For Post-Conviction Relief '' ( PDF ) . Oregon Department of Justice . Oregon Department of Justice . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey S. Mandel , New Jersey Appellate Practice ( Gann Law Books ) Jump up ^ Rule 4 ( b ) ( 1 ) ( A ) Jump up ^ `` Gaskill v. Commonwealth '' , 206 Va . 486 , 490 , 144 S.E. 2d 293 , 296 ( 1965 ) Jump up ^ `` Kenyon v. Commonwealth '' , 37 Va . App . 668 , 673 , 561 S.E. 2d 17 , 19 -- 20 Jump up ^ State v. Randolph , 210 N.J. 330 , 350 n. 5 ( 2012 ) , citing Mandel , New Jersey Appellate Practice ( Gann Law Books ) , chapter 28 : 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appellate_procedure_in_the_United_States&oldid=804430201 '' Categories : United States appellate procedure United States procedural law Legal procedure Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 23 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which of these is not an option for an appellate judge	[]	[]
-7885939933157945998	Stranger Things	Stranger Things - wikipedia Stranger Things Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Stranger Things ( disambiguation ) . Stranger Things Genre Science fiction Horror Supernatural Period drama Created by The Duffer Brothers Starring Winona Ryder David Harbour Finn Wolfhard Millie Bobby Brown Gaten Matarazzo Caleb McLaughlin Natalia Dyer Charlie Heaton Cara Buono Matthew Modine Noah Schnapp Sadie Sink Joe Keery Dacre Montgomery Sean Astin Paul Reiser Composer ( s ) Kyle Dixon Michael Stein Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 17 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Karl Gajdusek Cindy Holland Brian Wright Matt Thunell Shawn Levy Dan Cohen The Duffer Brothers Iain Paterson Shannon Tsang Location ( s ) Jackson , Georgia Cinematography Tim Ives Tod Campbell Running time 42 -- 62 minutes Production company ( s ) 21 Laps Entertainment Monkey Massacre Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) High dynamic range Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) -- present External links Website Stranger Things is an American science fiction - horror web television series created , written , and directed by the Duffer Brothers . The Duffer Brothers , Shawn Levy , and Dan Cohen serve as executive producers . The first season , released in July 2016 , stars Winona Ryder , David Harbour , Finn Wolfhard , Millie Bobby Brown , Gaten Matarazzo , Caleb McLaughlin , Natalia Dyer , Charlie Heaton , Cara Buono and Matthew Modine , with Noah Schnapp and Joe Keery in recurring roles . For the second season , Schnapp and Keery were promoted to series regulars , along with the additions of Sadie Sink , Dacre Montgomery , Sean Astin and Paul Reiser . Set in the fictional town of Hawkins , Indiana , in the 1980s , the first season focuses on the investigation into the disappearance of a young boy amid supernatural events occurring around the town , including the appearance of a girl with psychokinetic abilities who helps the missing boy 's friends in their own search . The second season , titled Stranger Things 2 , is set a year after the first , and deals with attempts of the characters to return to normal and consequences that linger from the first season . The Duffer Brothers developed the series as a mix of investigative drama alongside supernatural elements with childlike sensibilities , establishing its time frame in the 1980s and creating a homage to pop culture of that decade . Several themes and directorial aspects were inspired and aesthetically informed by the works of Steven Spielberg , John Carpenter , and Stephen King , among others , including several films , anime and video games . The first season was released on Netflix on July 15 , 2016 . It received critical acclaim for its characterization , pacing , atmosphere , acting , soundtrack , directing , writing , and homages to 1980s genre films . The series has received several industry nominations and awards , including winning the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series in 2016 , and receiving eighteen nominations for the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards , including Outstanding Drama Series . On August 31 , 2016 , Netflix renewed the series for a second season of nine episodes , which was released on October 27 , 2017 . In December 2017 , Netflix ordered a third season , which will consist of eight episodes . The Duffer Brothers have said that Stranger Things is likely to end after its fourth or fifth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.2. 1 Introduced in season one 2.2. 2 Introduced in season two 2.3 Guest 2.3. 1 Introduced in season one 2.3. 2 Introduced in season two 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Writing 4.3 Casting 4.4 Filming 4.5 Visual effects 4.6 Music 4.6. 1 Soundtracks 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Audience viewership 6.2 Critical reception 6.2. 1 Season 1 6.2. 2 Season 2 6.3 Commentary 6.4 Awards and nominations 7 Other media 7.1 Beyond Stranger Things 7.2 Mobile video game 7.3 PlayStation VR game 7.4 Others 8 Lawsuit 9 References 10 External links Premise Stranger Things is set in the fictional rural town of Hawkins , Indiana , during the early 1980s . The nearby Hawkins National Laboratory ostensibly performs scientific research for the United States Department of Energy , but secretly does experiments into the paranormal and supernatural , including those that involve human test subjects . Inadvertently , they have created a portal to an alternate dimension called `` the Upside Down '' . The influence of the Upside Down starts to affect the unknowing residents of Hawkins in calamitous ways . The first season begins in November 1983 , when Will Byers is abducted by a creature from the Upside Down . His mother , Joyce , and the town 's police chief , Jim Hopper , search for Will . At the same time , a young psychokinetic girl called Eleven escapes from the laboratory and assists Will 's friends , Mike , Dustin , and Lucas , in their own efforts to find Will . The second season is set a year later , starting in October 1984 . Will has been rescued , but few know of the details of the events . When it is discovered that Will is still being influenced by entities from the Upside Down , his friends and family learn there is a larger threat to their universe from the Upside Down . The third season is currently planned to take place another year later , in 1985 , and in the midst of the popularity of Back to the Future 's release . Mike and Eleven have developed a relationship , as have Max and Lucas . Cast and characters The Duffer Brothers , Shawn Levy and the main cast of season 2 of Stranger Things at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con International Main Winona Ryder as Joyce Byers , the mother of Will and Jonathan Byers . She is divorced from Lonnie Byers . David Harbour as Jim Hopper , chief of Hawkins Police Department . After his young daughter died of cancer , Hopper got divorced and lapsed into alcoholism . Finn Wolfhard as Mike Wheeler , son of Karen and Ted , younger brother of Nancy , and one of three friends of Will Byers . He is an intelligent and conscientious student and is committed to his friends . He develops romantic feelings for Eleven . Millie Bobby Brown as Eleven ( `` El '' ) , a young girl with psychokinetic abilities and a limited vocabulary . Her real name is Jane , the biological daughter of Terry Ives . After escaping from Hawkins Laboratory , where experiments were being performed on her , she befriends Mike , Dustin , and Lucas . She develops romantic feelings for Mike . Gaten Matarazzo as Dustin Henderson , one of Will 's friends . His cleidocranial dysplasia causes him to lisp . In the second season , he is proud of his new front teeth and is attracted to Max . Caleb McLaughlin as Lucas Sinclair , one of Will 's friends . He is wary of Eleven but later befriends her . In season two , he is one of Max 's love interests . Natalia Dyer as Nancy Wheeler , daughter of Karen and Ted and older sister of Mike . In season one , she is Steve Harrington 's girlfriend . In season two , she becomes Jonathan Byers ' girlfriend . Charlie Heaton as Jonathan Byers , the older brother of Will Byers and the son of Joyce Byers . He is a quiet teenager , an outsider at school , and an aspiring photographer . He is close with his mother and brother , and he becomes the boyfriend of Nancy Wheeler . Cara Buono as Karen Wheeler , mother of teenaged Nancy , middle schooler Mike , and toddler Holly . Matthew Modine as Martin Brenner , the scientist in charge of Hawkins Laboratory . He is manipulative and remote . He and his team are searching for Eleven . He reappears in season 2 briefly . Noah Schnapp as Will Byers , the younger brother of Jonathan Byers and the son of Joyce Byers . He is captured by a monster from the `` Upside Down '' , an alternate dimension discovered by Hawkins Laboratory scientists . Schnapp was promoted to series regular for the second season , after recurring in the first . Sadie Sink as Maxine `` Max '' Mayfield / `` Madmax '' , Billy 's younger stepsister , and a tomboy who catches the attention of both Lucas and Dustin . She was introduced in the second season . Joe Keery as Steve Harrington , a popular high school student and the boyfriend of Nancy Wheeler . He ostracizes Jonathan Byers , but later comes to befriend him . He begins as Nancy 's boyfriend but breaks up with her in season two . Keery was promoted to series regular for the second season , after recurring in the first . Dacre Montgomery as Billy Hargrove , Max 's violent and unpredictable older stepbrother . He challenges Steve 's popularity . He was introduced in the second season . Sean Astin as Bob Newby , a former schoolmate of Joyce and Hopper . In season two , he runs the Hawkins RadioShack and is Joyce 's boyfriend , putting him at odds with Hopper . He was introduced in the second season . Paul Reiser as Sam Owens , a Department of Energy executive . He replaces Brenner as director of Hawkins Laboratory . He is stubborn and committed to scientific research , yet empathetic to the residents of Hawkins . He was introduced in the second season . Maya Hawke as Robin , an `` alternative girl '' bored with her job until she stumbles onto one of the secrets of Hawkins . She will be introduced in the third season . Recurring Introduced in season one Joe Chrest as Ted Wheeler , husband of Karen , father of teenager Nancy , middle schooler Mike , and toddler Holly . Rob Morgan as Powell , one of Hopper 's officers . He is serious and by the book . Shannon Purser as Barbara `` Barb '' Holland , best friend of Nancy Wheeler . She is concerned that her friendship with Nancy may be threatened by Nancy 's relationship with Steve . John Reynolds as Callahan , another of Hopper 's officers . Not nearly as serious as his partner , he still works hard in the search for Will Byers . Mark Steger as the Monster , a creature that exists in the Upside Down . Referred to as `` the Demogorgon '' by Mike , Lucas and Dustin . Catherine Dyer as Connie Frazier , Brenner 's FBI enforcer who has no qualms about murdering those who have come into contact with Eleven . Randy Havens as Scott Clarke , the boys ' teacher . He encourages their interest in science and technology and helps them whenever asked . Hugh Holub as the lead scientist at Hawkins Laboratory . Tobias Jelinek as the lead agent at Hawkins National Laboratory , who assists Brenner . Cade Jones as James , a school bully who hangs around with Troy . Anniston and Tinsley Price as Holly Wheeler , daughter of Karen and Ted , younger sister of Nancy and Mike . Susan Shalhoub Larkin as Florence ( `` Flo '' ) , the secretary at the Hawkins Police Station . Tony Vaughn as Russell Coleman , the principal at Hawkins Middle School . Peyton Wich as Troy , a school bully of Mike , Lucas , Dustin , and Will . Charles Lawlor as Donald Melvald , the owner of a general store where Joyce Byers works . Chester Rushing as Tommy H. , former friend of Steve , and boyfriend of Carol . Chelsea Talmadge as Carol , former friend of Steve , and girlfriend of Tommy . Robert Walker - Branchaud as an agent of Hawkins Laboratory who disguises himself as a repairman . Cynthia Barrett as Marsha Holland , Barbara Holland 's mother . Aimee Mullins as Terry Ives , a woman who claims her daughter , Jane , was stolen from her shortly after she gave birth , but she has since gone into a mental state where she is unaware of her surroundings . She is the biological mother of Eleven . Introduced in season two Linnea Berthelsen as Kali / Eight , a young woman with illusion manipulation abilities who , along with Eleven , was experimented on at the Hawkins Laboratory but later managed to escape . Vanathi Kalai Parthiban portrays a young Kali . Catherine Curtin as Claudia Henderson , Dustin 's mother . Brett Gelman as Murray Bauman , a former journalist that became a conspiracy theorist , who visits Hawkins to go after a cold case . Joe Davison as a technician at Hawkins Laboratory . Priah Ferguson as Erica Sinclair , Lucas ' younger sister . Ferguson will have an expanded recurring role in the third season , who along with her friends , join in investigating the strange events around Hawkins . Guest Introduced in season one Ross Partridge as Lonnie Byers , the drunk , egotistical , selfish ex-husband of Joyce Byers and father of Jonathan and Will . He has a much younger girlfriend named Cynthia . Chris Sullivan as Benny Hammond , owner and chef of Benny 's Burgers , and friend of Hopper . Andrew Benator as a scientist at Hawkins Laboratory . Glennellen Anderson as Nicole , a classmate of Nancy , Steve and Jonathan . Pete Burris as the head of security at Hawkins Laboratory . Jerri Tubbs as Diane Hopper , Jim 's ex-wife . Amy Seimetz as Becky Ives , Terry 's sister who takes care of her . Elle Graham as Sarah Hopper , Jim and Diane 's daughter . Executive producer Shawn Levy cameos as a morgue worker . Introduced in season two Kai L. Greene as Funshine , a member of Kali 's crew . James Landry Hébert as Axel , a member of Kali 's crew . Anna Jacoby - Heron as Dottie , a member of Kali 's crew . Gabrielle Maiden as Mick , a member of Kali 's crew . Aaron Muñoz as Mr. Holland , Barbara 's father . Karen Ceesay as Mrs. Sinclair , Lucas and Erica 's mother . Drew Scheid as Nancy , Steve and Jonathan 's classmate . Pruitt Taylor Vince as Ray , a technician at Hawkins Laboratory who performed forcible electroshock therapy on Terry Ives , contributing to her deteriorated mental state . Arnell Powell as Mr. Sinclair , Lucas and Erica 's father . Will Chase as Neil Hargrove , Billy 's abusive father , Max 's stepfather , and Susan 's husband . Jennifer Marshall as Susan Hargrove , Max 's mother , Billy 's stepmother , and Neil 's wife . Episodes Season 1 ( 2016 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) On November 6 , 1983 , in a U.S. Department of Energy laboratory in the town of Hawkins , Indiana , a scientist is attacked by an unseen creature . While bicycling home from a Dungeons & Dragons session with his friends , 12 - year - old Will Byers encounters the creature and vanishes . The next day , a buzz - cut young girl wearing a hospital gown steals food from a local diner . The owner , Benny , takes pity on her and feeds her before calling social services . From a tattoo on her arm , he learns that her name is Eleven . A woman posing as a social worker arrives and murders Benny . Armed men search the diner for Eleven , but she escapes . Will 's mother Joyce believes she hears Will 's voice on a distorted phone call , but her phone short circuits . Will 's friends Mike , Dustin , and Lucas search for Will in the woods and find Eleven . `` Chapter Two : The Weirdo on Maple Street '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) The boys bring Eleven to Mike 's house , where she sleeps in the basement . The next day , Mike nicknames her `` El '' . She says that `` bad people '' are looking for her and refuses to meet Mike 's parents . Scientists from the laboratory find a substance oozing from the walls of Joyce 's home . At Mike 's home , Eleven recognizes and points out Will in a photo . Dustin and Lucas want to inform Mike 's parents about Eleven , but she uses psychokinesis to stop them . While searching for Will , Mr. Clarke , the boys ' science teacher , discovers a scrap of a hospital gown outside the laboratory grounds . Nancy goes with her friend Barb to a party at her boyfriend Steve 's house . Will 's brother Jonathan investigates the woods where Will went missing . Hearing screaming , he runs to help but finds only Steve , Nancy , and their friends roughhousing around Steve 's swimming pool . He secretly photographs them . Barb , left alone by the poolside , vanishes . Joyce receives another call from Will , hears music from his room , and sees something coming through the wall . `` Chapter Three : Holly , Jolly '' Shawn Levy Jessica Mecklenburg July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Barb wakes up in an empty and decaying pool . She screams for Nancy and attempts to climb out but is dragged down by something unseen . Joyce strings Christmas lights around her home to talk to Will , who can turn them on and off . Hawkins Lab director Dr. Martin Brenner allows Hopper to view the lab 's security camera footage . Hopper realizes it is fake . He and his deputies research Hawkins Lab , Brenner , and a woman named Terry Ives who claimed her daughter was taken by Brenner . Eleven has a flashback in which Brenner , whom she calls `` Papa , '' has her put in solitary confinement for refusing to telekinetically harm a cat . Nancy worries about Barb , who is missing . Steve and his friends discover Jonathan 's photographs . They destroy them and his camera . Nancy recovers a photo of Barb by the poolside and returns to Steve 's house to search for her . Nancy finds Barb 's car and sees the creature in the woods . Joyce establishes a code with Will using the lights , which he uses to tell her that he is alive but unsafe . He tells Joyce to run as a creature begins to climb through her wall . The boys secretly commence `` Operation Mirkwood '' as Eleven leads them to Will . However , Will 's apparent body is discovered in the water at a quarry , causing Mike , Dustin and Lucas to be devastated . `` Chapter Four : The Body '' Shawn Levy Justin Doble July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Eleven proves to the boys that Will is still alive by making contact through Mike 's walkie - talkie . Joyce goes to the morgue to view the body and refuses to believe it is Will . The boys give Eleven a makeover so they can sneak her into school . Joyce hears Will in her living room wall . Tearing away the wallpaper , she sees him behind a membrane . At school , Eleven uses Mr. Clarke 's ham radio to channel Will talking to his mother . Joyce demolishes the wall with an axe but reveals only her front porch . Nancy discovers a figure behind Barb in Jonathan 's photo . Jonathan realizes that the figure matches his mother 's description of the creature : a humanoid figure with long arms and no face . Nancy tells the police about her missing friend and subsequently admits to her mother that she slept with Steve . When she tells Steve about the police , she is irritated that he cares only about not getting in trouble with his father . Hopper confronts the state trooper who found Will 's body and beats him until he admits he was ordered to lie . Hopper goes to the morgue and finds that Will 's supposed body is a dummy . He breaks into Hawkins laboratory . 5 5 `` Chapter Five : The Flea and the Acrobat '' The Duffer Brothers Alison Tatlock July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Will 's father Lonnie assures Joyce her experiences are hallucinations . Hopper discovers a portal in the basement of the lab but is knocked out by the lab 's guards . He wakes at home and discovers a hidden microphone . Sheriff 's deputies inform Hopper that Barb 's car was found , but Hopper finds the state 's involvement suspicious . The boys determine Will is trapped in an alternate dimension Eleven calls the `` Upside Down , '' and he is being pursued by a monster similar to a Demogorgon . After Will 's funeral , science teacher Mr. Clarke tells the boys that a high - energy spacetime tear could create a passage between dimensions . Using their compasses , they search for a disruption in the Earth 's electromagnetic field . Eleven remembers encountering the creature during a lab experiment , and afraid , she redirects the compasses . Lucas notices and confronts her . Mike defends her , he and Lucas fight , and Eleven telekinetically flings Lucas off Mike . While Dustin and Mike tend to the unconscious Lucas , Eleven disappears . In the woods , Nancy and Jonathan find a wounded deer . The creature drags the deer away , and Nancy follows the trail of blood to a portal to the Upside Down . She crawls through and discovers the creature feasting upon the deer . She snaps a twig and draws the creature 's attention . 6 6 `` Chapter Six : The Monster '' The Duffer Brothers Jessie Nickson - Lopez July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Jonathan pulls Nancy back through the portal and saves her from the monster . Later , Steve sees them together through her bedroom window and assumes they are dating . Nancy and Jonathan resolve to kill the monster and purchase supplies from an army surplus store . During a fist fight with Steve , Jonathan inadvertently assaults a police officer and is arrested . Joyce and Hopper track down Terry Ives , who is catatonic and tended by her sister Becky . Becky explains that Terry underwent Project MKUltra testing while unknowingly pregnant ; she believed her daughter Jane was kidnapped by Brenner at birth . Joyce and Hopper conclude Eleven is likely Jane . Eleven shoplifts Eggo waffles . She recalls being asked to contact the monster and accidentally opening the portal to the Upside Down in the laboratory basement . While searching for Eleven , Mike and Dustin are ambushed by school bullies Troy and James . Troy holds Dustin at knifepoint and demands Mike make a suicidal jump into the lake where Will 's body was discovered . Mike jumps but is levitated to safety by Eleven , who scares away the bullies . Lucas realizes agents from the laboratory are heading to Mike 's house . 7 7 `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' The Duffer Brothers Justin Doble July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Lucas warns Mike via walkie - talkie that government agents are en route . Mike , Dustin , and Eleven flee . Eleven telekinetically flips a van that blocks their path , and the kids escape . Lucas reconciles with Mike and Eleven . Joyce and Hopper are called to the police station because of Jonathan 's assault . Jonathan and Nancy reveal their knowledge of the monster to Joyce and Hopper . The group contacts Mike and his friends and they rendezvous . They ask Eleven to search for Will and Barb , but her earlier feats have left her too weak to find them . To amplify Eleven 's powers , they break into the middle school and build a sensory - deprivation tank . Eleven finds Barb 's corpse with a slug - like creature crawling out of her mouth . With Joyce 's help , she finds Will alive , hiding in the Upside Down `` Castle Byers , '' his backyard fort . Hopper and Joyce break into Hawkins Laboratory but are apprehended by security guards . Nancy and Jonathan resolve to kill the monster and steal their hunting gear back from the police station . In the Upside Down , the monster breaks into the fort where Will is hiding . 8 8 `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' The Duffer Brothers Story by : Paul Dichter Teleplay by : The Duffer Brothers July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Hopper gives up Eleven 's location so that he and Joyce can enter the Upside Down . They find Will unconscious in the Upside - Down town library . They pull a tendril out of his throat , perform CPR , and revive him . Nancy and Jonathan booby - trap the Byers ' home , then cut their hands to attract the monster with their blood . Steve arrives , intending to apologize to Jonathan about their fight , but the monster attacks . The monster springs the trap but escapes back to the Upside Down . Eleven and the boys hide in the middle school . Mike asks Eleven to a school dance , the Snow Ball , and kisses her . The military storms the school to re-capture Eleven , but she kills them and collapses . As Brenner cradles her , the monster attacks , apparently killing him . The boys hide Eleven in a classroom . The monster corners them , but Eleven pins it against a wall . She says goodbye to Mike , disintegrates the monster , and vanishes . Mike is devastated at her disappearance . Will is hospitalized and reunited with his mother , brother , and friends . Hopper is reluctantly picked up by a black car . One month later , Nancy and Steve are back together , and both are friends with Jonathan . Hopper leaves Eggo waffles and other food in a box in the woods . Will coughs up a slug - like creature and has a vision of the world as the Upside Down , but he hides this from his family . Season 2 ( 2017 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 9 `` Chapter One : MADMAX '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) On October 28 , 1984 , Kali and her gang use her psychic powers to escape the police . Her wrist tattoo marks her as `` 008 . '' At the Hawkins arcade , Will has a vision of the Upside Down . Murray Bauman describes an elaborate conspiracy theory to Hopper . Hopper investigates a blight on Bob Merril 's pumpkin patch . Mr. Clarke introduces a new girl named Maxine ( `` Max '' ) to his class . At Hawkins Lab , Owens examines Will . He tells Joyce that Will is experiencing posttraumatic stress disorder . Nancy and Steve have dinner with Barb 's parents , who are selling their house to pay for Bauman 's investigation into Barb 's disappearance . Mike tries to contact with Eleven , still believing she is alive even 352 days after her disappearance . Dustin hears a noise from the trashcan outside his home , and Will has a vision of an enormous spidery creature in the Upside Down . Hopper goes home to a cabin in the woods , where Eleven , revealed to be alive , accuses him of being late . 10 `` Chapter Two : Trick or Treat , Freak '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) In a flashback , Eleven awakens in the Upside Down middle school , having just destroyed the monster at the end of the first season . After escaping the Upside Down , she goes to Mike 's house . To avoid government agents , she hides in the woods . In the present , Eleven asks to go trick - or - treating , but Hopper says it 's too risky . Hopper learns the blight has spread to pumpkin patches all over town . Nancy wants to tell Barb 's parents about her death , but Steve insists it 's too dangerous . At a Halloween party that evening , Nancy gets drunk and tells Steve she does n't love him . Angered , Steve leaves , and asks Jonathan to take her home . Mike , Will , Dustin , Lucas , and Max go trick - or - treating . Will has a vision of a shadowy monster from the Upside Down trying to catch him . Mike admits to Will that he is still trying to contact Eleven . Eleven tries to contact Mike through the void but fails . Dustin finds a creature in his trash can . 11 `` Chapter Three : The Pollywog '' Shawn Levy Justin Doble October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Dustin feeds the creature a 3 Musketeers chocolate bar and names it d'Artagnan ( `` Dart '' ) . In a flashback , Hopper leaves food in the woods for Eleven . She approaches him and moves into his grandfather 's hunting cabin . In the present , Hopper refuses to allow Eleven outside . Angry , she escapes and looks for Mike . Bob recounts a childhood nightmare to Will and encourages him to stand up to his fears . Nancy persuades Jonathan to help her tell Barb 's parents the truth . Hopper confronts Owens with evidence that the pumpkin blight comes from the lab . Dustin brings Dart to school and shows it to Will , Mike , Lucas , and Max . Will realizes Dart is from the Upside Down . Dart molts and escapes . Eleven sees Mike and Max arguing and mistakes it for flirting . Jealous , she makes Max fall off her skateboard . On a videotape Will made while trick - or - treating , Joyce discovers an image of the monster . Will finds Dart , triggering a vision of the Upside Down . Dustin recovers Dart . Following Bob 's advice , Will confronts the monster , but it invades his body . 12 `` Chapter Four : Will the Wise '' Shawn Levy Paul Dichter October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Joyce takes Will home . His temperature is strangely low , but he refuses a warm bath . Eleven returns to the cabin . She and Hopper fight , and Hopper grounds her . Will tells Joyce and Hopper that he 's connected to the Shadow Monster . Unable to explain in words , he makes a vast number of scribbles . Joyce and Hopper piece them together into a map . Nancy and Jonathan are caught by lab agents . Owens shows them the gate to the Upside Down . He says it can be contained but not destroyed , admits Barb died , and allows Nancy and Jonathan to go free . Secretly , Nancy records his confession . Billy warns Max to stay away from Lucas . Eleven finds Hopper 's notes on Hawkins Lab . Using her psychic powers , she contacts Terry Ives , who calls her `` Jane . '' Dustin discovers Dart devouring his cat and realizes Dart is a young Demogorgon . Following Will 's map , Hopper digs in Merril 's field and finds a tunnel corrupted by the Upside Down . 13 5 `` Chapter Five : Dig Dug '' Andrew Stanton Jessie Nickson - Lopez October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Vines trap Hopper in the infected tunnels . Will realizes Hopper is in danger . Lucas tells Max the truth about Will 's disappearance last year , but she does n't believe him . Jonathan and Nancy play Owens ' confession to Bauman . The three agree to publicize a watered down and more believable story about Barb dying from toxins released by the lab . Dustin traps Dart in his root cellar and recruits Steve to fight it . Owens and the lab scientists realize the soil from the infected pumpkin patches is part of a hive mind . Eleven hitchhikes to Terry 's house . She telepathically communicates with Terry , seeing images of another child kept in Hawkins Lab and of Terry being crippled by forced shock therapy . Bob Newby figures out Hopper 's location , and he and Joyce enter the tunnels to rescue him . They are joined by scientists from Hawkins Lab . As the scientists burn the vines filling the tunnels , Will screams in agony and collapses . 14 6 `` Chapter Six : The Spy '' Andrew Stanton Kate Trefry October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Will is rushed to the lab , where he can not recognize Bob , Hopper , or Owens . Owens speculates that damaging the tunnels may be lethal to Will . He shows Hopper the lab basement , where an enormous gate to the Upside Down has been discovered under the floor . Dart molts again and escapes the root cellar . Nancy and Jonathan spend the night at Bauman 's and admit their feelings for each other . Lucas offers to prove to Max that his story is true , and he sneaks her out of her house . Steve offers Dustin dating tips . Steve , Dustin , Lucas and Max set a trap for Dart at the junkyard . Max opens up to Lucas about Billy 's anger over his father 's remarriage to Max 's mother . Dart , now the size of a large dog , arrives with a pack of adolescent Demogorgons and traps the four in a bus . Will announces he knows how to stop the Shadow Monster . Owens sends a team of soldiers into the tunnels , and the Demodogs leave the junkyard . Will apologizes , saying the Shadow Monster made him do it . The Demodogs ambush the soldiers , slaughter them , and climb into the lab . 15 7 `` Chapter Seven : The Lost Sister '' Rebecca Thomas Justin Doble October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) In Chicago , Eleven locates Kali , who is the girl from Terry 's memories . Kali can create illusions , and she leads a gang of outcasts who exact revenge on those who have hurt them . She teaches Eleven to channel her anger towards stronger powers . Eleven uses her powers to find Ray , the lab technician who performed shock therapy on Terry , and the gang breaks into his apartment . Ray claims Brenner is still alive , and he offers to lead Kali and Eleven to Brenner . They disbelieve him , and Kali tries to coax Eleven into killing Ray . When Eleven learns he has two daughters , she stops and prevents Kali from killing him . Back at their hideout , Kali conjures a vision of Brenner and demands that Eleven avenge their mother . Eleven visualizes Mike and Hopper and realizes they are in trouble . While Kali and her gang escape the police , Eleven returns to Hawkins . 16 8 `` Chapter Eight : The Mind Flayer '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) The Demodogs overwhelm the lab . Mike convinces Joyce to sedate Will so that the Shadow Monster can not track them . Mike , Will , Joyce , Hopper , Bob , and Owens shelter in the lab 's security room . Dustin , Steve , Lucas , and Max track the Demodogs to the lab , where they regroup with Nancy and Jonathan . When the power goes out , Bob resets the circuit breakers so they can escape . Owens stays behind and uses the security cameras to guide the others out . Mike , Will , Joyce , and Hopper escape , but Bob is killed by the Demodogs . The group retreat to the Byers ' house , where Dustin suggests that the Shadow Monster is a Mind Flayer . After disguising their location , they interrogate Will . Using Morse code , he taps out , `` CLOSE GATE . '' The house phone rings , and Will realizes where he is . The Mind Flayer sends a Demodog to the house , but , to everyone 's surprise , Eleven arrives and kills it . 17 9 `` Chapter Nine : The Gate '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) After finally reuniting with Mike , Eleven and Hopper head for the lab , where they find the gate guarded by Demodogs . Jonathan , Nancy , and Joyce take Will to Hopper 's cabin and overheat him , forcing the Mind Flayer out . Mike , Dustin , Lucas , and Max want to draw the Demodogs away from the gate , but Steve keeps them at the house for their own safety . Billy , forced by his abusive father to look for Max , arrives at the Byers house . He overpowers Steve in a fistfight , but Max sedates him , and the group leaves in Billy 's car . They start a fire in the tunnels , but Dart blocks their return . Dustin feeds Dart a 3 Musketeers bar , and Dart allows them to pass . Eleven channels her anger into closing the gate , and as the gate closes , the remaining monsters in Hawkins die . One month later , Hawkins Lab has shut down . Barb is given a funeral , and Owens provides Hopper a birth certificate for Eleven , listing him as her father . The students , including Eleven , attend the school 's winter dance , the Snow Ball . Max and Lucas kiss , as do Mike and Eleven . Nancy pities Dustin and dances with him . In the Upside Down , the Mind Flayer towers over the school . Production Development Ross ( left ) and Matt Duffer , the creators of the series Stranger Things was created by Matt and Ross Duffer , known professionally as the Duffer Brothers . The two had completed writing and producing their 2015 film Hidden , which they had tried to emulate the style of M. Night Shyamalan , however , due to changes at Warner Bros. , its distributor , the film did not see a wide release and the Duffers were unsure of their future . To their surprise , television producer Donald De Line approached them , impressed with Hidden 's script , and offered them the opportunity to work on episodes of Wayward Pines alongside Shyamalan . The brothers were mentored by Shyamalan during the episode 's production , so that when they finished , they felt they were ready to produce their own television series . The Duffer Brothers prepared a script that would essentially be similar to the series ' actual pilot episode , along with a 20 - page pitch book to help shop the series around for a network . They pitched the story to a number of cable networks , all of which rejected the script on the basis that they felt a plot centered around children as leading characters would not work , asking them to make it a children 's show or to drop the children and focus on Hopper 's investigation in the paranormal . In early 2015 , Dan Cohen , the VP of 21 Laps Entertainment , brought the script to his colleague Shawn Levy . They subsequently invited the Duffer Brothers to their office and purchased the rights for the series , giving full authorship of it to the brothers . After reading the pilot , the streaming service Netflix purchased the whole season for an undisclosed amount ; the show was subsequently announced for a planned 2016 release by Netflix in early April 2015 . The Duffer Brothers stated that at the time they had pitched to Netflix , the service had already gotten recognized for its original programming , such as House of Cards and Orange Is the New Black , with well - recognized producers behind them , and were ready to start giving upcoming producers like them a chance . The brothers started to write out the series and brought Levy and Cohen in as executive producers to start casting and filming . `` Montauk is an eight - hour sci - fi horror epic . Set in Long Island in 1980 and inspired by the supernatural classics of that era , we explore the crossroads where the ordinary meet the extraordinary ... emotional , cinematic and rooted in character , Montauk is a love letter to the golden age of Steven Spielberg and Stephen King -- a marriage of human drama and supernatural fear . '' -- The Duffer Brothers ' original pitch for Montauk The book cover the Duffer Brothers created to pitch Montauk , inspired by Stephen King book covers such as Firestarter The series was originally known as Montauk , as the setting of the script was in Montauk , New York and nearby Long Island locations . The brothers had chosen Montauk as it had further Spielberg ties with the film Jaws , where Montauk was used for the fictional setting of Amity Island . After deciding to change the narrative of the series to take place in the fictional town of Hawkins instead , the brothers felt they could now do things to the town , such as placing it under quarantine , that they really could not envision with a real location . With the change in location , they had to come up with a new title for the series under direction from Netflix 's Ted Sarandos so that they could start marketing it to the public . The brothers started by using a copy of Stephen King 's Firestarter novel to consider the title 's font and appearance , and came up with a long list of potential alternatives . Stranger Things came about as it sounded similar to another King novel , Needful Things , though Matt noted they still had a `` lot of heated arguments '' over this final title . To pitch the series , the Duffers showcased images , footage and music from 1980s films such as E.T. the Extra Terrestrial , Close Encounters of the Third Kind , Poltergeist , Hellraiser , Stand by Me , Firestarter , A Nightmare on Elm Street and Jaws , in order to establish the tone of the series . With the critical success of the first season after its release in July 2016 , speculation on a possible second season was raised . The Duffer Brothers initially intended for Stranger Things to either be a standalone miniseries or an anthology series . They also considered the possibility of setting a potential second season ( which they refereed to as a ' sequel ' ) in the early 1990s and featuring an older version of the characters , along with all new characters , who are drawn back to Hawkins after supernatural events begin occurring again . However , following the release of the first season , they realized that the likability of the characters -- especially the children -- was key to the series ' success , and they decided to set the second season in 1984 and focus on the same characters . By the end of July , the Duffer Brothers had outlined a plan for such a season if it was green - lit , and Netflix 's CEO Reed Hastings said in early August that the company `` would be dumb not to '' renew Stranger Things for a second season . On August 31 , 2016 , Netflix announced it had renewed Stranger Things for a second season of nine episodes , to be released in 2017 . The Duffer Brothers revealed that the series had been renewed for a second season before the first premiered . Regarding the decision to wait more than a month after the first season premiered to announce the renewal , Matt Duffer said , `` it actually ended up working because it had built up to this fever pitch . I guess that 's what ( Netflix ) were intending to do all the time . '' The Duffers wrote the second season to make the combined first and second season feel like a complete work , but setting elements in place to go forward with additional seasons if they are green - lit . While most of the story for the second season had been decided before the first season aired , the Duffers took in the audience reactions from the first season to adjust some of the details within the second season . They knew they would not have the same element of audience surprise as when the show aired anew , and were aware fans wanted to see certain elements , but Ross said `` ... the point is not to give everyone what they think they want . Because I do n't think they really know what they want . '' The Duffers felt that the second season should be treated more as a sequel rather than a continuation , and thus have opted to call the second Stranger Things 2 . This approach had some trepidation from Netflix , since the company felt movie sequels typically have a bad reputation , but the Duffers pointed out that there had been many successful sequels that surpassed the original film , and felt confident with this name . Despite revealing episode titles for the season in the announcement teaser in order `` to provide some hint of where we were going in season two without giving anything away , '' Matt Duffer stated that some of the titles would change , since there were some things `` we did n't want to put on there because we felt like it would give too much away , '' and because `` people are smart on the fucking internet '' with fan - created `` videos analyzing the chapter titles ... right on a lot '' of how the titles related to the plot of the season . In early October 2017 , the Duffers revealed the final titles for the first six episodes of the season . Levy noted in November 2016 that he and the Duffer Brothers had already begun planning a potential third season , saying , `` We are not gon na be caught off guard and we do n't wan na be making stuff up like the day before we have to write it and make it , so we are definitely optimistic and we have started thinking ahead . '' The Duffers anticipate having about four to five seasons to work with , but do want to `` have a really finite ending '' while the show is still at a height of success , according to Matt , rather than letting it draw out indefinitely . In August 2017 , the Duffers confirmed there would be a third season , with the likelihood of one more season following that , with Ross saying , `` We 're thinking it will be a four - season thing and then out '' . However , executive producer Shawn Levy later suggested that either four or five total seasons were possibilities , claiming that `` the truth is we 're definitely going four seasons and there 's very much the possibility of a fifth . Beyond that , it becomes I think very unlikely . '' Matt Duffer later commented that no official decision has been made , claiming that `` It 's hard , like four seems short , five seems long . So I do n't know what to do . '' In December 2017 , Netflix officially confirmed that they have greenlit the third season . Writing The idea of Stranger Things started with how the brothers felt they could take the concept of the 2013 film Prisoners , detailing the moral struggles a father goes through when his daughter is kidnapped , and expand it out over eight or so hours in a serialized television approach . As they focused on the missing child aspect of the story , they wanted to introduce the idea of `` childlike sensibilities '' they could offer , and toyed around with the idea of a monster that could consume humans . The brothers thought the combination of these things `` was the best thing ever '' . To introduce this monster into the narrative , they considered `` bizarre experiments we had read about taking place in the Cold War '' such as Project MKUltra , which gave a way to ground the monster 's existence in science rather than something spiritual . This also helped them to decide on using 1983 as the time period , as it was a year before the film Red Dawn came out , which focused on Cold War paranoia . Subsequently , they were able to use all their own personal inspirations from the 1980s , the decade they were born , as elements of the series , crafting it in the realm of science fiction and horror . The Duffer Brothers have cited as influence for the show ( among others ) : Stephen King novels ; films produced by Steven Spielberg , John Carpenter , Wes Craven , Robert Zemeckis , George Lucas and Guillermo del Toro ; films such as Alien and Stand by Me ; Japanese anime such as Akira and Elfen Lied ; and video games such as Silent Hill , The Last of Us , and Dark Souls . The Duffers also believe that they may have brought influences from other works unintentionally , including Beyond the Black Rainbow and D.A.R.Y.L. , discovered by reviewing fan feedback on the show . With Netflix as the platform , the Duffer Brothers were not limited to a typical 22 - episode format , opting for the eight - episode approach . They had been concerned that a 22 - episode season on broadcast television would be difficult to `` tell a cinematic story '' with that many episodes . Eight episodes allowed them to give time to characterization in addition to narrative development ; if they had less time available , they would have had to remain committed to telling a horror film as soon as the monster was introduced and abandon the characterization . Within the eight episodes , the brothers aimed to make the first season `` feel like a big movie '' with all the major plot lines completed so that `` the audience feels satisfied '' , but left enough unresolved to indicate `` there 's a bigger mythology , and there 's a lot of dangling threads at the end '' , something that could be explored in further seasons if Netflix opted to create more . Regarding writing for the children characters of the series , the Duffer Brothers considered themselves as outcasts from other students while in high school and thus found it easy to write for Mike and his friends , and particularly for Barb . Joyce was fashioned after Richard Dreyfuss ' character Roy Neary in Close Encounters of the Third Kind , as she appears `` absolutely bonkers '' to everyone else as she tries to find Will . Other characters , such as Billy in the second season , have more villainous attributes that are not necessarily obvious from the onset ; Matt explained that they took further inspiration from Stephen King for these characters , as King `` always has really great human villains '' that may be more malicious than the supernatural evil . According to David Harbour , writing for the third season was still occurring in December 2017 . Levy said the season would be less about Will , saying , `` We 're not going to put Will through hell for a third season in a row . He 'll be dealing with stuff , but he wo n't be at rock bottom ... We 're ( going to be ) dealing with forces of evil that are new . '' Casting The Duffers cast David Harbour as Chief Hopper believing this was his opportunity to have a lead character in a work . In June 2015 , it was announced that Winona Ryder and David Harbour had joined the series as Joyce and as the unnamed chief of police , respectively . The Duffer Brothers ' casting director Carmen Cuba had suggested Ryder for the role of Joyce , which the two were immediately drawn to because of her predominance in the films of the 1980s . Levy believed Ryder could `` wretch up the emotional urgency and yet find layers and nuance and different sides of ( Joyce ) '' . Ryder praised that the show 's multiple storylines required her to act for Joyce as `` she 's out of her mind , but she 's actually kind of onto something '' , and that the producers had faith she could pull off the difficult role . The Duffer Brothers had been interested in Harbour before , who until Stranger Things primarily had smaller roles as villainous characters , and they felt that he had been `` waiting too long for this opportunity '' to play a lead , while Harbour himself was thrilled by the script and the chance to play `` a broken , flawed , anti-hero character '' . Additional casting followed two months later with Finn Wolfhard as Mike , Millie Bobby Brown in an undisclosed role , Gaten Matarazzo as Dustin , Caleb McLaughlin as Lucas , Natalia Dyer as Nancy , and Charlie Heaton as Jonathan . In September 2015 , Cara Buono joined the cast as Karen , followed by Matthew Modine as Martin Brenner a month later . Additional cast who recur for the first season include Noah Schnapp as Will , Shannon Purser as Barbara `` Barb '' Holland , Joe Keery as Steve Harrington , and Ross Partridge as Lonnie , among others . Actors auditioning for the children roles read lines from Stand By Me . The Duffer Brothers estimated they went through about a thousand different child actors for the roles . They noted that Wolfhard was already `` a movie buff '' of the films from the 1980s period and easily filled the role , while they found Matarazzo 's audition to be much more authentic than most of the other audition tapes , and selected him after a single viewing of his audition tape . As casting was started immediately after Netflix greenlit the show , and prior to the scripts being fully completed , this allowed some of the actor 's takes on the roles to reflect into the script . The casting of the young actors for Will and his friends had been done just after the first script was completed , and subsequent scripts incorporated aspects from these actors . The brothers said Modine provided significant input on the character of Dr. Brenner , whom they had not really fleshed out before as they considered him the hardest character to write for given his limited appearances within the narrative . In October 2016 , it was announced that Schnapp and Keery had been promoted to the main cast for the second season , after each recurring in the first season , and that Sadie Sink and Dacre Montgomery would join the main cast as Max and Billy , respectively . Ryder , Harbour , Wolfhard , Brown , Matarazzo , McLaughlin , Dyer and Heaton also return for the season . Sean Astin as Bob Newby and Paul Reiser as Sam Owens are also part of the main cast in the season . For Owens , the Duffer Brothers had referred to the character in their pitch to Netflix for the season as `` Paul Reiser '' , and specifically alluded to Reiser 's character Burke in Aliens , with Ross referencing James Cameron 's casting choice for that film , saying , `` ( Cameron ) thought people would inherently trust ( Reiser ) and it would be a twist '' . Reiser 's son was a fan of Stranger Things , and gave his father an early appreciation of the series , so that by when the production called his agent about the role , Reiser was excited for the part . Joining them in recurring roles are Linnea Berthelsen as Kali / Eight and Brett Gelman as Murray Bauman . The third season sees Ryder , Harbour , Wolfhard , Brown , Matarazzo , McLaughlin , Dyer , Heaton , Buono , Schnapp , Sink , Keery and Montgomery return . They are joined by Maya Hawke as Robin . For the third season , it was reported that the several of the cast members would be receiving pay raises . Ryder and Habour were receiving an increase to $350,000 an episode from $150,000 and $80,000 respectively ; Wolfhard , Matarazzo , McLaughlin , and Schnapp were receiving a pay increase to $200,000 an episodes and possibly around $250,000 , a significant increase from the reported $20,000 they made in season one ( later increased by $60,000 ) ; and Dyer , Heaton , and Keery would be receiving approximately $150,000 an episode . Brown 's pay was not disclosed , but was estimated to be a bigger raise than her young counterparts . Some sources suggest she is at least making $250,000 and may be getting possibly between $300,000 and $350,000 per episode . Filming The brothers had desired to film the series around the Long Island area to match the initial Montauk concept . However , with filming scheduled to take place in November 2015 , it was difficult to shoot in Long Island in the cold weather , and the production started scouting locations in and around the Atlanta , Georgia area . The brothers , who grew up in North Carolina , found many places that reminded them of their own childhoods in that area , and felt the area would work well with the narrative shift to the fictional town of Hawkins , Indiana . The filming of the first season began in November 2015 and was extensively done in Atlanta , Georgia , with the Duffer Brothers and Levy handling the direction of individual episodes . Jackson served as the basis of the fictional town of Hawkins , Indiana . Other shooting locations included the Georgia Mental Health Institute as the Hawkins National Laboratory site , Bellwood Quarry , Patrick Henry High School in Stockbridge , Georgia , for the middle and high school scenes , Emory University 's Continuing Education Department , the former city hall in Douglasville , Georgia , Georgia International Horse Park , the probate court in Butts County , Georgia , Old East Point Library and East Point First Baptist Church in East Point , Georgia , Fayetteville , Georgia , Stone Mountain Park , Palmetto , Georgia , and Winston , Georgia . Set work was done at Screen Gem Studios in Atlanta . The series was filmed with a Red Dragon digital camera . Filming for the first season concluded in early 2016 . While filming , the brothers tried to capture shots that could be seen as homages to many of the 1980s references they recalled . Their goal was not necessarily to fill the work with these references , but instead make the series seem to the viewer as a 1980s film . They spent little time reviewing those works and instead went by memory . Matt further recognized that some of their filming homages were not purposely done but were found to be very comparable , as highlighted by a fan - made video comparing the show to several 1980s works side - by - side . Matt commented on the video that `` Some were deliberate and some were subconscious . '' The brothers recognized that many of the iconic scenes from these 1980s films , such as with Poltergeist , was about `` taking a very ordinary object that people deal with every day , their television set , and imbuing it with something otherworldly '' , leading to the idea of using the Christmas light strings for Will to communicate with Joyce . The brothers attributed much of the 1980s feel to set and costume designers and the soundtrack composers that helped to recreate the era for them . Lynda Reiss , the head of props , had about a $220,000 budget , similar to most films , to acquire artifacts of the 1980s , using eBay and searching through flea markets and estate sales around the Atlanta area . The bulk of the props were original items from the 1980s with only a few pieces , such as the Dungeons & Dragons books made as replicas . Costume designer Kimberly Adams - Galligan for the first season aimed for capturing authenticity of the clothes choices by the characters , such as reflecting that the Byers would likely use hand - me - down clothes compared to the other families ; in this case , while the costume department did distress the outfits for all the characters , they spent more time for Will 's clothes compared to Mike 's . Frequently , they needed to create outfits for the kids themselves since many were still growing during the time of filming , and could not readily acquire period fashion across a range of sizes . Director of photography Tim Ives shot the first season with Leica lens and the 6K Red Scarlet Dragon to `` make sure that our images had the soft and round tones that are in ' 80s films '' ; this is achieved through digital image processing . Ives said that these cameras allow them to create an adaptable quality to the recorded film that is adaptable to a wide range of viewing experiences , including support for newer and future television technologies such as high dynamic range video that was just becoming adopted at the time of filming . Filming for the second season began on November 7 , 2016 , once again in and around the Atlanta Metro area . While parts of Season 2 were set in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , these were actually filmed in downtown Atlanta , with skylines of Pittsburgh added in post-production . Andrew Stanton , director of Pixar 's Finding Nemo and WALL - E , directed the fifth and sixth episodes of the second season . Levy stated that Stanton was a big fan of the show and called up Levy , offering his directorial abilities for the show . Rebecca Thomas directed the seventh episode of the season . Unlike the first season , which they were able to film without any real security issues , the heightened awareness of the show required the producers to take significant steps to keep the show 's production in secret while filming the second season . They spoke to the production team of HBO 's Game of Thrones for tips and advice for securing filming sites , and have adopted code names for the series and various parts to allow the actors to speak to others without revealing details of the show 's plot . Kim Wilcox took over for costumes in the second season , finding many of the same problems with designing for the child actors that were aging . Furthermore , she wanted to create the 80 's aestetic but as reflected in a small rural town , with the trends of period slowly filtering into it rather that immediately jump on elements like neon colors . The second season concluded filming on June 2 , 2017 . Ives once again used Leica lens to film the season , while upgrading to the Red Weapon 8K S35 camera . Filming for the third season is expected to begin on April 23 , 2018 . Visual effects To create the aged effect for the series , a film grain was added over the footage , which was captured by scanning in film stock from the 1980s . The Duffers wanted to scare the audience , but not to necessarily make the show violent or gory , following in line with how the 1980s Amblin Entertainment films drove the creation of the PG - 13 movie rating . It was `` much more about mood and atmosphere and suspense and dread than they are about gore '' , though they were not afraid to push into more scary elements , particularly towards the end of the first season . The brothers had wanted to avoid any computer - generated effects for the monster and other parts of the series and stay with practical effects . However , the six - month filming time left them little time to plan out and test practical effects rigs for some of the shots . They went with a middle ground of using constructed props including one for the monster whenever they could , but for other shots , such as when the monster bursts through a wall , they opted to use digital effects . Post-production on the first season was completed the week before it was released to Netflix . The title sequence uses closeups of the letters in the Stranger Things title with a red tint against a black background as they slide into place within the title . The sequence was created by the studio Imaginary Forces , formerly part of R / GA , led by creative director Michelle Doughtey . Levy introduced the studio to the Duffer Brothers , who explained their vision of the 1980s - inspired show , which helped the studio to fix the concept the producers wanted . Later , but prior to filming , the producers sent Imaginary Forces the pilot script , the synth - heavy background music for the titles , as well as the various book covers from King and other authors that they had used to establish the title and imagery , and were looking for a similar approach for the show 's titles , primarily using a typographical sequence . They took inspiration from several title sequences of works from the 1980s that were previously designed by Richard Greenberg under R / GA , such as Altered States and The Dead Zone . They also got input from Dan Perri , who worked on the title credits of several 1980s films . Various iterations included having letters vanish , to reflect the `` missing '' theme of the show , and having letters cast shadows on others , alluding to the mysteries , before settling into the sliding letters . The studio began working on the title sequence before filming , and took about a month off during the filming process to let the producers get immersed in the show and come back with more input . Initially they had been working with various fonts for the title and used close - ups of the best features of these fonts , but near the end the producers wanted to work with ITC Benguiat , requiring them to rework those shots . The final sequence is fully computer generated , but they took inspiration from testing some practical effects , such as using Kodalith masks as would have been done in the 1980s , to develop the appropriate filters for the rendering software . The individual episode title cards used a `` fly through '' approach , similar to the film Bullitt , which the producers had suggested to the studio . Music Main article : Music of Stranger Things The Stranger Things original soundtrack was composed by Michael Stein and Kyle Dixon of the electronic band Survive . It makes extensive use of synthesizers in homage to 1980s artists and film composers including Jean - Michel Jarre , Tangerine Dream , Vangelis , Goblin , John Carpenter , Giorgio Moroder , and Fabio Frizzi . According to Stein and Dixon , the Duffer Brothers had been fans of Survive 's music , and used their song `` Dirge '' for the mock trailer that was used to sell the show to Netflix . Once the show was green - lit , the Duffers contacted Survive around July 2015 to ask if they were still doing music ; the two provided the production team with dozens of songs from their band 's past to gain their interest , helping to land them the role . Once aboard , the two worked with producers to select some of their older music to rework for the show , while developing new music , principally with character motifs . The two had been hired before the casting process , so their motif demos were used and played over the actors ' audition tapes , aiding in the casting selection . The show 's theme is based on an unused work Stein composed much earlier that ended up in the library of work they shared with the production staff , who thought that with some reworking would be good for the opening credits . In addition to original music , Stranger Things features period music from artists including The Clash , Joy Division , Toto , New Order , The Bangles , Foreigner , Echo and the Bunnymen , Peter Gabriel , and Corey Hart , as well as excerpts from Tangerine Dream , John Carpenter , and Vangelis . In particular , The Clash 's `` Should I Stay or Should I Go '' was specifically picked to play at pivotal moments of the story , such as when Will is trying to communicate with Joyce from the Upside Down . Soundtracks Stranger Things ' original soundtrack , consisting of 75 songs from Stein and Dixon split across two volumes , was released by Lakeshore Records . Digital release and streaming options were released on August 10 and 19 , 2016 for the two volumes , respectively , while retail versions were available on September 16 and 23 , 2016 . Limited editions of the soundtrack on vinyl , in both individual and a boxed set , are set for release in July 2017 . A cassette version of the soundtrack , sold exclusively by Urban Outfitters , was released on July 14 , 2017 . The cassette packaging features a cardboard cover that emulates an old VHS sleeves , while the cassette case is made to look like a VHS tape . Both volumes were nominated individually for the Best Score Soundtrack Category for the 2017 Grammy Awards , though neither won . The soundtrack for the second season of Stranger Things was released digitally on October 20 , 2017 . The soundtrack , once again composed by Stein and Dixon , consists of 34 songs and was released by Lakeshore Records in the United States and Invada Records internationally . The soundtrack is intended to be released on physical formats , such as compact disc , vinyl , and cassette as well . On the soundtrack 's composition , Stein and Dixon together said that the score for the season introduces `` new styles of composition , while still revisiting old themes when appropriate ... We 've created new elements that are necessary to support the story , but still want to remain true to the sound of Season 1 . '' The first track from the soundtrack , `` Walkin ' in Hawkins '' , was released on October 12 . Release The first season consisted of eight one - hour - long episodes which were released worldwide on Netflix on July 15 , 2016 , in Ultra HD 4K . The second season , consisting of nine episodes , was released on October 27 , 2017 in HDR . A teaser for the second season , which also announced the release date , aired during Super Bowl LI . The third season is expected to consist of eight episodes . It is not expected to be released until late 2018 or early 2019 . Home Media The first season of Stranger Things was released on a Blu - ray / DVD combo pack exclusively to Target retailers on October 17 , 2017 , which includes a vintage VHS - inspired packaging . Reception Winona Ryder ( left ) was nominated for the Golden Globe , Satellite and Screen Actors Guild Award , while Millie Bobby Brown ( right ) was nominated for the Emmy Award and Screen Actors Guild Award for their work in the series . Audience viewership As Netflix does not reveal subscriber viewership numbers for any of their original series , Symphony Technology Group compiled data for the season based on people using software on their phones that measures television viewing by detecting a program 's sound . According to Symphony , within the first 35 days of release , Stranger Things averaged ratings around 14.07 million adults between the ages 18 -- 49 in the United States . This made it the third most - watched season of Netflix original content in the U.S. at the time behind the first season of Fuller House and fourth season of Orange Is the New Black . In a September 2016 analysis , Netflix found that Stranger Things `` hooked '' viewers by the second episode of the first season , indicating that the second episode was `` the first installment that led at least 70 percent of viewers who watched that episode to complete the entire first season of a show . '' In August 2017 , the marketing analytics firm Jumpshot determined the season was the seventh-most viewed Netflix season in the first 30 days after it premiered , garnering slightly more than 20 % of the viewers that the second season of Daredevil received , which was the most viewed season according to Jumpshot . Jumpshot , which `` analyzes click - stream data from an online panel of more than 100 million consumers '' , looked at the viewing behavior and activity of the company 's U.S. members , factoring in the relative number of U.S. Netflix viewers who watched at least one episode of the season . Critical reception Season 1 Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 94 % ( 70 reviews ) 76 ( 34 reviews ) 94 % ( 120 reviews ) 78 ( 33 reviews ) Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the first season an approval rating of 94 % based on 70 reviews , and a weighted average rating of 7.96 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus states , `` Exciting , heartbreaking , and sometimes scary , Stranger Things acts as an addictive homage to Spielberg films and vintage 1980s television . '' Review aggregator Metacritic gave the first season a normalized score of 76 out of 100 based on 34 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . IGN gave the score of 8 out of 10 and called the series `` Great '' , saying `` Stranger Things is an easy recommendation , offering viewers an atmospheric and endearing series that is a nostalgic throwback without feeling like a simple copy . '' In a review in the San Francisco Chronicle Dave Wiegand wrote : `` Stranger Things reminds us of a time marked by a kind of no - strings escapism . And as it does so , we find ourselves yearning for it because the Duffers have made it so irresistibly appealing . There may be other equally great shows to watch this summer , but I guarantee you wo n't have more fun watching any of them than you will watching Stranger Things . '' Joshua Alston of The A.V. Club also reviewed it positively saying , `` Balancing style and substance is always challenging for a series like Stranger Things , but the show is perfectly calibrated . It feels like watching a show produced during the era in which it 's set , but with the craft of today 's prestige television . '' Reviewing for HitFix , Alan Sepinwall said , `` Over the course of the eight hours , the story and characters take on enough life of their own so that the references do n't feel self - indulgent , and so that the series can be appreciated even if you do n't know the plot of E.T. or the title font of Stephen King 's early novels ( a huge influence on the show 's own opening credits ) by heart . '' Emily Nussbaum of The New Yorker also applauded the series and wrote , `` This is astoundingly efficient storytelling , eight hours that pass in a blink , with even minor characters getting sharp dialogue , dark humor , or moments of pathos . '' Television critic Mary McNamara of Los Angeles Times said , `` For the most part , and in absolute defiance of the odds , Stranger Things honors its source material in the best way possible : By telling a sweet ' n ' scary story in which monsters are real but so are the transformative powers of love and fealty . '' The Wall Street Journal 's Brian Kelly said , `` Matt Duffer and Ross Duffer , brothers and the show 's creators , have done their homework when it comes to ' 80s cinema . Whether you 're a fan of John Carpenter 's The Thing or The Goonies is more your speed , there 's plenty to like in Stranger Things . '' In a negative review , cultural critic Grafton Tanner called the series `` wish fulfillment '' and `` a window through which the present - shocked can gaze at a clichéd past . '' Similarly , Marinna Guzy of The Establishment wrote : `` When confronted with a story like Stranger Things , a recycled retelling of an old story being marketed as homage and good , clean nostalgia , one has to wonder whether or not studios and content creators like the Duffer Brothers ever ask themselves whether or not the story they are telling is the one that should be told . What purpose does Stranger Things serve beyond reinforcing the status quo in the media landscape and perpetuating the dangerous delusion that things were better way back when ? '' Season 2 On Rotten Tomatoes , the second season has an approval rating of 94 % based on 120 reviews , and an average rating of 7.79 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus states , `` Stranger Things ' slow - building sophomore season balances moments of humor and a nostalgic sweetness against a growing horror that 's all the more effective thanks to the show 's full - bodied characters and evocative tone . '' On Metacritic , the second season has a normalized score of 78 out of 100 , based on 33 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Commentary Shannon Purser 's performance as Barb received a great deal of attention from fans , and led to her being nominated for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series . Shortly after its release , Stranger Things gained a dedicated fanbase . One area of focus from these fans was the character of Barb , the nerdy friend and classmate of Nancy who is taken and killed by the monster early in the season . According to actress Shannon Purser , Barb `` was n't supposed to be a big deal '' , and the Duffer Brothers had not gone into great detail about the character since the focus was on finding Will . However , many fans sympathized with the character , with Laura Bradley of Vanity Fair suggesting that these people found that Barb would be a similar misfit in society , and `` looks more like someone you might actually meet in real life '' compared to the other characters , particularly Nancy , in the series . Hashtags such as `` # ImWithBarb '' and `` # JusticeforBarb '' grew in popularity after the series ' release , and several fan sites and forums were created to support her . While Purser did not return for the second season , the Duffer Brothers used the real - life `` Justice for Barb '' movement as inspiration for narrative at the start of the second season , with Nancy addressing the fact `` that no one ever cares about '' Barb . Purser and several media outlets took her nomination as Barb for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series in the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards as achieving `` Justice for Barb '' , highlighting how well her character was received . Another impact of the series has been an increase demand for Eggo waffles , as they are shown to be Eleven 's favorite food in several episodes and are seen as a representation of the show . The Kellogg Company , which manufactures Eggo , had not been part of the production prior to the first season 's release , but recognized the market impact of the series . It provided a vintage 1980s Eggo television advertisement for Netflix to use in its Super Bowl LI commercial , and is looking to become more involved with cross-promotion . Awards and nominations Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2016 Hollywood Music in Media Awards Best Main Title -- TV Show / Digital Streaming Series Kyle Dixon , Michael Stein Nominated Best Original Score -- TV Show / Miniseries Kyle Dixon , Michael Stein Nominated Outstanding Music Supervision -- Television Nora Felder Won American Film Institute Awards Top 10 TV Programs of the Year Stranger Things Won Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series Stranger Things Nominated Most Bingeworthy Show Stranger Things Nominated 2017 Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Drama Stranger Things Nominated Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Winona Ryder Nominated Golden Tomato Awards Best - reviewed TV Sci - Fi / Fantasy / Horror Stranger Things 3rd place Best - reviewed New TV Show Stranger Things 8th place People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Show Stranger Things Nominated Favorite Premium Sci - Fi / Fantasy Series Stranger Things Nominated Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actress Millie Bobby Brown Nominated National Television Awards Best Period Drama Stranger Things Nominated Dorian Awards TV Drama of the Year Stranger Things Nominated TV Performance of the Year -- Actress Winona Ryder Nominated American Cinema Editors Awards Best Edited One Hour Series for Non-Commercial Television Dean Zimmerman `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated Kevin D. Ross `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Producers Guild of America Awards Episodic Television , Drama The Duffer Brothers , Shawn Levy , Dan Cohen , Iain Paterson Won Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Winona Ryder Nominated Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Main cast Won Directors Guild of America Awards Outstanding Directorial Achievement for a Drama Series The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Marc Kolbe , Aaron Sims , Olcun Tan Nominated Art Directors Guild Awards One - Hour Period or Fantasy Single - Camera Television Series Chris Trujillo `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' , `` Chapter Three : Holly , Jolly '' , `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated SOC Lifetime Achievement Awards Camera Operator of the Year -- Television Bob Gorelick Nominated Grammy Awards Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media Stranger Things Volume 1 Nominated Stranger Things Volume 2 Nominated NME Awards Best TV Series Stranger Things Nominated Guild of Music Supervisors Awards Best Music Supervision in a Television Drama Nora Felder Won Cinema Audio Society Awards Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television Series -- One Hour Chris Durfy , Joe Barnett , Adam Jenkins , Judah Getz , John Guentner `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Satellite Awards Best Television Series -- Genre Stranger Things Nominated Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Winona Ryder Nominated Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing : TV Short Form -- Music David Klotz `` Chapter Three : Holly Jolly '' Won Best Sound Editing : TV Short Form -- FX / Foley Jacob McNaughton `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Make - Up Artists & Hair Stylists Guild Awards Best Period and / or Character Make - Up -- Television Amy L. Forsythe , Samantha Smith Nominated Best Period and / or Character Hair Styling -- Television Sarah Hindsgaul , Evelyn Roach Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards Drama Series Paul Dichter , Justin Doble , the Duffer Brothers , Jessica Mecklenburg , Jessie Nickson - Lopez , Alison Tatlock Nominated New Series Paul Dichter , Justin Doble , the Duffer Brothers , Jessica Mecklenburg , Jessie Nickson - Lopez , Alison Tatlock Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Outstanding Period Television Series Kimberly Adams , Malgosia Turzanska Nominated IFMCA Awards Best Original Score for a Television Series Kyle Dixon , Michael Stein Nominated Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Digital TV Series or Film -- Young Actor Noah Schnapp Nominated Best Performance in a Digital TV Series or Film -- Young Actress Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Best Performance in a Digital TV Series or Film -- Teen Actor Gaten Matarazzo Nominated Caleb McLaughlin Nominated Finn Wolfhard Nominated Best Performance in a Digital TV Series or Film -- Teen Actress Natalia Dyer Nominated Empire Awards Best TV Series Stranger Things Nominated Location Managers Guild Awards Outstanding Locations in Period Television Tony Holley Nominated Shorty Awards Best TV Show Stranger Things Nominated Peabody Awards Best Entertainment Program Stranger Things Nominated Bram Stoker Awards Superior Achievement in a Screenplay The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated MTV Movie & TV Awards TV Show of the Year Stranger Things Won Best Actor in a TV Show Millie Bobby Brown Won Best Hero Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Best Villain The Demogorgon Nominated British Academy Television Awards Best International Program The Duffer Brothers , Shawn Levy , Dan Cohen Nominated MTV Millennial Awards TV Series of the Year Stranger Things Won Golden Trailer Awards Best Fantasy Adventure ( TV Spot / Trailer / Teaser for a series ) Stranger Things Won Best Sound Editing ( TV Spot / Trailer / Teaser for a series ) Stranger Things Nominated Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series Stranger Things Won Best Actress on a Television Series Winona Ryder Nominated Best Younger Actor on a Television Series Millie Bobby Brown Won TCA Awards Program of the Year Stranger Things Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Drama Stranger Things Nominated Outstanding New Program Stranger Things Nominated Hugo Awards Best Dramatic Presentation , Long Form The Duffer Brothers Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Fantasy / Sci - Fi Series Stranger Things Nominated Choice Breakout Series Stranger Things Nominated Choice Breakout TV Star Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Finn Wolfhard Nominated Dragon Awards Best Science Fiction or Fantasy TV Series Stranger Things Won Gold Derby TV Awards Drama Series Stranger Things Won Drama Supporting Actor David Harbour Nominated Drama Supporting Actress Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Winona Ryder Nominated Breakthrough Performer of the Year Millie Bobby Brown Won Drama Episode Justin Doble , the Duffer Brothers `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Paul Ditcher , the Duffer Brothers `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Ensemble of the Year Main cast Nominated Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series Shannon Purser as Barb Holland `` Chapter Three : Holly , Jolly '' Nominated Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Period Program ( One Hour or More ) Chris Trujillo , William Davis , Jess Royal `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Carmen Cuba , Tara Feldstein , Chase Paris Won Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series ( One Hour ) Tim Ives `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series Kevin D. Ross `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Dean Zimmerman `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Won Outstanding Hairstyling for a Single - Camera Series Sarah Hindsgaul , Evelyn Roach `` Chapter Two : The Weirdo on Maple Street '' Nominated Outstanding Makeup for a Single - Camera Series ( Non-Prosthetic ) Myke Michaels , Teresa Vest `` Chapter Six : The Monster '' Nominated Outstanding Music Supervision Nora Felder `` Chapter Two : The Weirdo on Maple Street '' Nominated Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series Bradley North , Craig Henighan , Jordan Wilby , Jonathan Golodner , Tiffany S. Griffth , Sam Munoz , David Klotz , Noel Vought , Ginger Geary `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Won Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series ( One Hour ) Joe Barnett , Adam Jenkins , Chris Durfy , Bill Higley `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Outstanding Main Title Design Michelle Dougherty , Peter Frankfurt , Arisu Kashiwagi , Eric Demeusy Won Outstanding Original Main Title Theme Music Michael Stein , Kyle Dixon Won Outstanding Creative Achievement in Interactive Media within a Scripted Program Netflix , CBS Digital Stranger Things VR Experience Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series Stranger Things Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series David Harbour as Jim Hopper `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Millie Bobby Brown as Eleven `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Best TV Series Stranger Things Won Best TV Actress Millie Bobby Brown Won Best TV Supporting Actor David Harbour Nominated Best TV Supporting Actress Winona Ryder Won World Soundtrack Awards Best TV Composer of the Year Kyle Dixon , Michael Stein Nominated HPA Awards Outstanding Editing -- Television Dean Zimmerman `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Won Outstanding Sound -- Television Craig Henigham , Joe Barnett , Adam Jenkins , Jordan Wilby , Tiffany Griffith `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Won American Film Institute Awards Top 10 TV Programs of the Year Stranger Things Won 2018 Golden Tomato Awards Best - reviewed TV Sci - Fi / Fantasy / Horror Stranger Things Won Best - reviewed Returning TV Show Stranger Things 2nd place Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Drama Stranger Things Nominated Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film David Harbour Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series Stranger Things Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series David Harbour Won NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Performance by a Youth Caleb McLaughlin Won Producers Guild of America Awards Episodic Television , Drama Iain Paterson , Shawn Levy , Dan Cohen , the Duffer Brothers , Rand Geiger , Justin Doble Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series David Harbour Nominated Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Main cast Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Television Series Max Calder , Crystal Hooks , Kathryn Howard , Cal Johnson , Jason Kehler , Jo Jo Lambert , Anderson Martin , Lonnie R. Smith , Jr Nominated American Cinema Editors Awards Best Edited Drama Series for Non-Commercial Television Kevin D. Ross `` Chapter Nine : The Gate '' Nominated Art Directors Guild Awards One - Hour Period or Fantasy Single - Camera Television Series Chris Trujillo `` Chapter Six : The Spy '' , `` Chapter Eight : The Mind Flayer '' , `` Chapter Nine : The Gate '' Nominated Directors Guild of America Awards Outstanding Directorial Achievement for a Drama Series The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter Nine : The Gate '' Nominated SOC Lifetime Achievement Awards Camera Operator of the Year -- Television Bob Gorelick Won Guild of Music Supervisors Awards Best Music Supervision in a Television Promo Bobby Gumm , Michael Paquette Won Satellite Awards Best Television Series -- Genre Stranger Things Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards Drama Series Paul Dichter , Justin Doble , the Duffer Brothers , Jessica Mecklenburg , Jessie Nickson - Lopez , Alison Tatlock Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Paul Graff , Christina Graff , Seth Hill , Joel Sevilla , Caius the Man `` Chapter Nine : The Gate '' Nominated Outstanding Created Environment in an Episode , Commercial , or Real - Time Project Saul Galbiati , Michael Maher , Seth Cobb , Kate McFadden `` Chapter Nine : The Gate '' Nominated NME Awards Best TV Series Stranger Things Won Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing : TV Short Form -- Music David Klotz `` Chapter Eight : The Mind Flayer '' Won Best Sound Editing : TV Short Form -- Dialogue / ADR Bradley North , Tiffany Griffith `` Chapter Eight : The Mind Flayer '' Nominated Best Sound Editing : TV Short Form -- FX / Foley Bradley North , Craig Hennigan , Jordan Wilby , Antony Zeller , Zane D. Bruce , Lindsay Pepper `` Chapter Eight : The Mind Flayer '' Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Outstanding Period Television Series Kim Wilcox Nominated Cinema Audio Society Awards Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television Series -- One Hour Michael P. Clark , Joe Barnett , Adam Jenkins , Bill Higley , Anthony Zeller `` Chapter Eight : The Mind Flayer '' Nominated Make - Up Artists & Hair Stylists Guild Awards Best Period and / or Character Make - Up -- Television Amy L. Forsythe , Jillian Erickson Nominated Best Special Make - Up Effects -- Television Amy L. Forsythe , Jillian Erickson Nominated ICG Publicists Awards Publicist Showmanship Television Award Denise Godoy Won Empire Awards Best TV Series Stranger Things Nominated Best Actress in a TV Series Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Show Stranger Things Won Favorite TV Actress Millie Bobby Brown Won Bram Stoker Awards Superior Achievement in a Screenplay The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter One : MADMAX '' Nominated British Academy Games Awards Mobile Game BonusXP , Inc . Stranger Things : The Game Pending Saturn Awards Best Younger Actor in a Television Series Millie Bobby Brown Pending Best New Media Television Series Stranger Things Pending Other Media Beyond Stranger Things Logo for the aftershow With the release of the second season of the series , Netflix also released Beyond Stranger Things , an aftershow hosted by Jim Rash . The guests of the aftershow are composed of cast and crew from the series , including the Duffer Brothers and the series ' stars , to discuss the development and behind - the - scenes production of the series and its larger mythology . Unlike previous aftershows created by Embassy Row , such as Talking Dead and Talking Bad , Beyond Stranger Things is intended to be watched after a screening of the entire current season . No . Title Guests Video guests Original release date `` Mind Blown '' Shawn Levy , the Duffer Brothers , Finn Wolfhard , and Millie Bobby Brown David Harbour October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) `` Mad for Max '' Shawn Levy , the Duffer Brothers , Caleb McLaughlin , Gaten Matarazzo , and Sadie Sink None October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) `` Unlikely Allies '' Shawn Levy , the Duffer Brothers , Gaten Matarazzo , and Joe Keery None October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) `` Truth in Hawkins '' Joe Keery , Natalia Dyer , Charlie Heaton , and Brett Gelman David Harbour and Shannon Purser October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 5 `` The AV Club '' Caleb McLaughlin , Gaten Matarazzo , Noah Schnapp , Randy Havens , and Bill Nye Sean Astin October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 6 `` The New Class '' Sadie Sink , Brett Gelman , Dacre Montgomery , and Linnea Berthelsen Sean Astin and Paul Reiser October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 7 `` Closing the Gate '' Shawn Levy , the Duffer Brothers , Millie Bobby Brown , Noah Schnapp , and Natalia Dyer David Harbour , Sean Astin , and Eddie Tsang October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Mobile video game Netflix and BonusXP developed a free mobile game tie - in for Stranger Things , released to iOS and Android devices on October 4 , 2017 . The game uses a retro - pixel style of art , similar to games for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System . The game is loosely based on the Stranger Things story after season one , with the player starting as Chief of Police Jim Hopper looking for the missing boys . Once these characters are found , they become playable and have special abilities that allow the player to access more areas in the game . BonusXP had less than a year to complete the game . The team decided to make the game in a similar style to The Legend of Zelda because it `` was a perfect match because both ( Stranger Things and Zelda ) are about exploration , and it 's kind of a mysterious fit that fit the mood of the show , '' according to BonusXP president Dave Pottinger . The map of Hawkins in the game was based on a Google street view map of Jackson , Georgia where the series is filmed . In order to help keep the game a secret , BonusXP did not hire game testers for their quality assurance , instead having family members from the design team provide feedback ; this process helped create the two difficulty levels in the game . Completing the game gives players a clip from the Season 2 premiere episode of the show . The game was downloaded 3 million times in the first week , becoming a top download and receiving critical praise . With the release of season two , an update to the game added Max as a playable character , and a release for the Amazon Fire TV , which included controller support . The game was nominated for `` Mobile Game '' at the upcoming 14th British Academy Games Awards . PlayStation VR game Sony Interactive Entertainment has announced that it is working on a PlayStation 4 - exclusive game , based on Stranger Things , for their PlayStation VR peripheral . The company has since released a teaser showing the Christmas - lights - on - a-wall scenes . Others United States Representative David Cicilline compared the state of the nation during the presidency of Donald Trump to that of Stranger Things during a speech given in Congress on February 16 , 2017 , using a sign `` Trump Things '' in the same format as the title card of the show and saying `` Like the main characters in Stranger Things , we are now stuck in the Upside Down '' . As part of its release on Netflix on April 14 , 2017 , the cast of the rebooted version of Mystery Science Theater 3000 riffed on the first part of `` Chapter 1 '' of Stranger Things . Google used augmented reality ( AR ) `` stickers '' of Stranger Things characters to introduce its ARCore technology announced alongside its Pixel 2 phone in October 2017 . Sesame Street created a young audience - appropriate spoof of Stranger Things , called Sharing Things , released in November 2017 ; it featured Cookie Monster as the `` Cookiegorgon '' , Grover as Lucas , Ernie as Dustin , and included several nods to the narrative of the second season . Lawsuit In April 2018 , filmmaker Charlie Kessler filed a lawsuit against the Duffer Brothers , claiming that they stole his idea behind his short film Montauk for Stranger Things . Kessler 's Montauk featured a similar premise of a missing boy , a nearby military base doing otherworldy experiments , and a monster from another dimension . Kessler has directed the film and debuted it at the 2012 Hamptons International Film Festival . During the 2014 Tribeca Film Festival , he pitched his film to the Duffers and later gave them `` the script , ideas , story and film '' for a larger film idea he called The Montauk Project for their review . Kessler contended that The Duffer Borthers used his ideas to device the premise for Stranger Things without appropriate compensation and is seeking monetary damages . The Duffer Brothers ' lawyer stated that the Duffers never saw Kessler 's film nor spoke to him regarding it , and that Kessler had no input into their concepts for Stranger Things . Journalists have noted that the idea of supernatural events around Montauk had originated due to urban legend of the Montauk Project , which came to light from the 1992 book The Montauk Project : Experiments in Time . References Jump up ^ Ho , Rodney ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` New Netflix drama series Stranger Things to shoot in Atlanta '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix to premiere original series Montauk in 2016 '' . Reuters. April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Caitlin ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Is Hawkins A Real Town ? ' Stranger Things ' Will Make You Nostalgic For These Other ' 80s Classics '' . Bustle . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things : Millie Bobby Brown to Return as Eleven in Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 : Shawn Levy Confirms He 's Directing Again ; Teases Season 3 '' . Collider . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things 2 returns to Upside Down with new monster , bigger story '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Time ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things 2 : Where is Eleven ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things season 2 : Who 's in danger ? Who 's new ? The plot revealed ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Longeretta , Emily ( January 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Scoop : Sean Astin Playing Winona Ryder 's ' Boyfriend ' & More '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hime , Nelly ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things Season 2 Confirmed , Duffer Brothers Reveal Details '' . Nagame Digital . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kilkenny , Katie ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : First Season 3 Details Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Scoop : Winona Ryder to Headline Untitled Netflix Supernatural Thriller '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` Duffer Bros. Netflix Supernatural Drama Series Sets Young Cast , Gets Title '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( September 1 , 2015 ) . `` Cara Buono Joins Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' ; Dean Cain In ' Lady Dynamite ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' Adds Matthew Modine to Cast ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . October 27 , 2015 . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Stranger Things ' executive producer confirms a major character 's fate '' . Business Insider . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Trailer : First Look At Netflix 's Supernatural Drama Starring Winona Ryder & Matthew Modine '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( October 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Netflix Series Adds Two New Regulars , Promotes Two For Season 2 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Crossan , Ashley ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Stranger Things ' Actor Joe Keery on Season 2 , Steve 's Hair and Justice for Barb '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schwindt , Oriana ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Casts Sean Astin , Paul Reiser , Linnea Berthelsen '' . Variety . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : Priah Ferguson Promoted , Maya Hawke Added As New Regular In Season 3 Of Netflix Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Coates , Tyler ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` This 19 - Year - Old Unknown Actress Just Became an ' 80s Cult Icon '' . Esquire . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nyren , Erin ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Mark Steger on Portraying the Monster in ' Stranger Things ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Randall , Kayla ( November 2016 ) . `` Two young Louisiana actors are featured in two buzzed - about Netflix shows '' . 225 Baton Rouge . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kubai , Andy ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Real Life Conspiracy and Occult Connections '' . Screenrant.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Meet the mysterious Stranger Things 2 character at the heart of Eleven 's episode '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schwindt , Oriana ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Adds Brett Gelman as Conspiracy Theorist '' . Variety . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lerner , Will ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : There will be more of excellent Erica in Season 3 '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( September 1 , 2015 ) . `` Ross Patridge Joins cast of Stranger Things '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things Season 2 : Nashville Vet Will Chase Joins Cast as ( Spoiler ) '' . TVline . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mellor , Louisa ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Stranger Things spoiler - free review '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sternbergh , Adam ( August 20 , 2017 ) . `` Turned Upside Down '' . Vulture . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Grow , Kory ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : How Two Brothers Created Summer 's Biggest TV Hit '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cohen , Finn ( August 14 , 2016 ) . `` Matt and Ross Duffer Discuss ' Stranger Things , ' a Nightmare on ' 80s Street '' . New York Times . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berkshire , Geoff ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : Shawn Levy on Directing Winona Ryder , Netflix 's Viral Model '' . Variety . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Spangler , Todd ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Orders ' Montauk ' Supernatural Drama Series from ' Wayward Pines ' Duffer Twins '' . Variety . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Orders Supernatural Drama Series From Matt & Ross Duffer , Shawn Levy '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Miyamoto , Ken ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` How to Sell Your TV Series the Stranger Things Way '' . Screencraft . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Orders Supernatural Drama Series From Matt & Ross Duffer , Shawn Levy '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fienberg , Daniel ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` The Duffer Brothers Talk ' Stranger Things ' Influences , ' It ' Dreams and Netflix Phase 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Leon , Melissa ( August 6 , 2016 ) . `` Inside ' Stranger Things ' : The Duffer Bros. on How They Made the TV Hit of the Summer '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Giroux , Jack ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Was Pitched as an Anthology Series '' . SlashFilm . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Smith , Nigel ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things creators tease ' darker ' second season '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Jasper ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things : Netflix boss says it would be ' dumb ' not to do season two '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things Renewed at Netflix , Season 2 to Premiere in 2017 '' . Variety . 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Jump up ^ Squires , John ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` '' Stranger Things '' Season 1 Getting VHS - Style Blu - ray Release at Target `` . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Ratings : Where Series Ranks Among Netflix 's Most Watched '' . Variety . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Butler , Bethoine ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' won over most viewers in just two episodes , according to Netflix '' . Washington Post . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's ' Marvel 's The Defenders ' Poised for Binge - Viewing Pop , Data Indicates '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : Season 1 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . 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Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` How the Internet Made Barb from Stranger Things Happen '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Drysdale , Jennifer ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Stranger Things ' Star Shannon Purser Reacts to First Emmy Nom and Finally Getting Justice for Barb '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` An Emmy Nomination Is Truly Justice for Barb '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Erin ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` # JusticeForBarb : ' Stranger Things Shannon Purser receives Emmy nomination '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Ashely ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` Why Eleven From Stranger Things Is the Perfect National Waffle Day Mascot '' . Time . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sloane , Garrett ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Eggo 's Role In ' Stranger Things ' Turns Into Free Super Bowl Mention With More To Come '' . Advertising Age . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Music In Visual Media Nominees -- Hollywood Music In Media Awards -- HMMA '' . Hollywood Music in Media Awards . Jump up ^ `` HMMA Winners -- Hollywood Music In Media Awards -- HMMA '' . Hollywood Music in Media Awards . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` AFI Awards : TV Honorees Heavy On Freshmen ; ' This Is Us ' Lone Network Show '' . Jump up ^ `` HBO Leads Television Nominations For The 22nd Annual Critics ' Choice Awards with 22 Nominations '' . November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Winners & Nominees 2017 '' . The Golden Globes . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best - reviewed TV Sci - Fi / Fantasy / Horror 2016 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best - reviewed New TV Shows 2016 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . January 12 , 2017 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards Nominees 2017 -- Full List '' . Deadline.com . November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The National Television Awards 2017 -- winners in full '' . Radio Times . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( January 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Moonlight ' Leads Gay and Lesbian Entertainment Critics ' Dorian Award Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Paul Sheehan ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` ACE Eddie Awards 2017 : Full list of nominations includes Oscar frontrunner ' La La Land ' '' . Gold Derby . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Producers Guild TV Awards : ' Westworld , ' ' Stranger Things , ' ' Atlanta ' Grab Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Seth ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` SAG Award Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick . `` DGA TV Awards Nominations : ' Stranger Things ' , ' Westworld ' & ' Atlanta ' On List ; Docus Include ' OJ : Made In America ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Leads Visual Effects Society Feature Competition With 7 Nominations As ' Doctor Strange , ' ' Jungle Book ' Grab 6 Each '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick . `` Art Directors Guild Awards Nominations : ' Rogue One ' , ' Game Of Thrones ' & More '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' La La Land ' Camera Operator Tops SOC Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy nominations 2017 : Beyoncé and R&B artists shine while rock suffers '' . The Guardian . December 6 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` VO5 NME Awards 2017 -- full winners ' list '' . NME . February 15 , 2017 . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guild of Music Supervisors Awards : The Complete Winners List '' . Billboard . February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Wins Cinema Audio Society Award for Sound Mixing '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Winners & Nominees '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Slack , Anne . `` 2017 : Winners '' . mpse.memberclicks.net . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Slack , Anne . `` 2017 : Television Short Form Nominees '' . www.mpse.org . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Suicide Squad , ' ' Star Trek Beyond ' Among Winners at Makeup Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` Writers Guild TV Nominations : ' Stranger Things , ' ' Westworld , ' ' This Is Us , ' ' Atlanta ' Break Through '' . Variety . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Period Television Series '' . costumedesignersguild.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IFMCA Award Nominations 2016 '' . filmmusiccritics.org . February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees -- Young Artist Awards '' . Young Artist Awards . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nugent , John ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Three Empire Awards 2017 : Rogue One , Tom Hiddleston And Patrick Stewart Win Big '' . Empire . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hidden Figures , ' ' La La Land ' Among Location Managers Guild Award Nominees '' . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Shorty Awards 2017 : Finalists '' . Variety . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment -- Peabody Awards : ' Atlanta , ' ' Lemonade , ' ' Stranger Things ' Among Finalists '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Bram Stoker Awards Final Ballot '' . Horror World . February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Here Are Your 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards Nominations : See The Full List '' . MTV News . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Robert ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Crown ' Leads BAFTA Television Award Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ¡ Estos son los ganadores de los Premios MTV MIAW ! '' . mtvla.com ( in Spanish ) . June 3 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Golden Trailer Awards Nominees : Warner Bros & ' Lego Batman ' Lead Pack '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' Wins Top Prize at Golden Trailer Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilyadov , Alex ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things , The Leftovers Among TCA Awards Nominees '' . IGN . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Osburn , Alex ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` Handmaid 's Tale , Atlanta Lead TCA Award Winners '' . IGN . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Hugo Awards '' . The Hugo Awards . December 31 , 2016 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ceron , Ella . `` The Pretty Little Liars Were ALL Nominated for the Same EXACT Award '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 Reveal Second Wave of Nominations '' . E ! News . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Andrew ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Dragon Awards are a far - ranging sci - fi and fantasy reading list '' . The Verge . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Chris Beachum , Daniel Montgomery , Marcus James ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 Gold Derby TV Awards nominations : ' This is Us , ' ' Veep , ' ' The Leftovers , ' ' Stranger Things ' among top contenders '' . Goldderby . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Emmy Nominations 2017 Announced '' . IGN . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Emmy ® Awards Nominations For Programs Airing June 1 , 2016 -- May 31 , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` Creative Arts Emmy Winners : ' Stranger Things , ' ' Westworld , ' ' Big Little Lies ' Win Big -- Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Never mind Oscar , here 's the 2017 FANGORIA Chainsaw Awards Nominees Ballot ! '' . FANGORIA ® . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rebecca , Rubin ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' La La Land , ' ' Stranger Things ' Among 2017 World Soundtrack Award Nominees '' . Variety . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` HPA Awards : ' Dunkirk ' Wins Best Editing in a Feature '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards 2017 '' . American Film Institute . December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best - reviewed TV Sci - Fi / Fantasy / Horror 2017 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . January 3 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best - reviewed Returning TV Shows 2017 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . January 3 , 2018 . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes : Full list of nominees '' . BBC News . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( December 2 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix , FX 's ' Feud ' Lead Critics ' Choice TV Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ THR Staff ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` NAACP Image Awards : ' Marshall , ' ' Get Out , ' ' Girls Trip ' Dominate Film Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` PGA Awards Film & TV Nominations Unveiled '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` SAG Award Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick . `` SAG Awards ' Stunt Ensemble Nominees Include Fallen ' Walking Dead ' Stuntman '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Carolyn Giardina ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' Shape of Water , ' ' Baby Driver ' Among ACE Eddie Awards Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi , ' ' Dunkirk , ' ' Lady Bird ' Nab Art Directors Guild Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` DGA Announces Nominees for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Television , Commercials and Documentary for 2017 '' . Directors Guild of America . January 10 , 2018 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Press Releases '' . socawards.com . January 11 , 2017 . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lealos , Shawn S. ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` Complete list of nominees for the Guild of Music Supervisors Awards 2018 '' . AXS . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . TheWrap . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia . `` Writers Guild Award TV Nominations : ' The Americans , ' ' Handmaid 's Tale , ' ' GLOW ' Grab Multiple Mentions '' . Variety . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Visual Effects Society Awards : ' Apes , ' ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Lead Feature Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Paine , Andre ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` Lorde and Charli XCX top VO5 NME Awards 2018 nominations '' . NME . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Motion Picture Sound Editors Reveal Golden Reel Nominations '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey . `` I , Tonya , Get Out earn Costume Designers Guild nominations '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 50th Annual CAS Awards Timeline '' . Cinema Audio Society . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guild Awards Nominations Announced '' . local706.org . January 5 , 2018 . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` Publicists Guild Awards : ' Get Out ' , ' Stranger Things 2 ' , Deadline 's Mike Fleming Jr . Among Winners '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Travis , Ben ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Star Wars The Last Jedi and Thor Ragnarok Lead Empire Awards 2018 Nominations '' . Empire . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` Nickelodeon Unveils 2018 Kids ' Choice Awards Nominations '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Drysdale , Jennifer ( March 24 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 Kids ' Choice Awards : The Complete Winners List '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 2017 Bram Stoker Awards Winners -- Horror Writers Association BlogHorror Writers Association Blog '' . horror.org . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : deAlessandri , Marie ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Hellblade : Senua 's Sacrifice at forefront of BAFTA Games Awards nominations '' . The Market for Computer & Video Games . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stedman , Alex ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Aftershow to Launch on Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Webster , Andrew ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` This Stranger Things mobile game will help prepare you for the Upside Down '' . The Verge . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` There 's an official Stranger Things video game and it looks retro cool '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gallagher , Danny ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` How an Allen Studio Won the Contract to Make the Top - Secret Stranger Things Game '' . Dallas Observer . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Beating The Stranger Things Game Reveals This Never - Before - Seen Clip From Season 2 '' . GameSpot . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` PS4 's PlayStation VR Getting Stranger Things Experience , See A Teaser Here '' . Jump up ^ Bowerman , Mary ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Congressman compares Trump administration to ' Upside Down ' in ' Stranger Things ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Farokhmanesh , Megan ( April 15 , 2017 ) . `` Mystery Science Theater 3000 perfectly dunks on Stranger Things '' . The Verge . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Adi ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Google is turning Stranger Things characters into adorable augmented reality stickers '' . The Verge . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lenker , Maureen Lee ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` Sesame Street parodies Stranger Things with Cookiegorgon '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` Duffer Brothers Accused Of Lifting ' Stranger Things ' From 2012 Short Film '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Reyes - velarde , Alejandra ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' creators respond to lawsuit alleging they stole the idea for the hit sci - fi series '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Guerrasio , Jason ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` This Is The Crazy Government Conspiracy Theory That Inspired ' Stranger Things ' '' . sciencealert.com . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schladebeck , Jessica ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` A look at ' Stranger Things ' and the secret government experiments that inspired it '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Was Inspired By a Creepy , Supposedly Real Experiment Called The Montauk Project '' . / Film . 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-6494194065134116962	Forever Young (Rod Stewart song)	Forever Young ( Rod Stewart song ) - Wikipedia Forever Young ( Rod Stewart song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Forever Young '' Single by Rod Stewart from the album Out of Order Released 3 July 1988 Genre Rock Length 4 : 06 Label Warner Bros. Records Songwriter ( s ) Jim Cregan , Kevin Savigar , Bob Dylan , Rod Stewart Producer ( s ) Rod Stewart , Andy Taylor Rod Stewart singles chronology `` Lost in You '' ( 1988 ) `` Forever Young '' ( 1988 ) `` My Heart Ca n't Tell You No '' ( 1988 ) `` Lost in You '' ( 1988 ) `` Forever Young '' ( 1988 ) `` My Heart Ca n't Tell You No '' ( 1988 ) `` Forever Young '' is the second single released by Rod Stewart from his Out of Order album in 1988 . The song was a Top 20 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at # 12 , and # 7 on the Canadian RPM Magazine charts . The structure of the lyrics in this song is very similar to a Bob Dylan song of the same title . After its completion , the song was then sent to Dylan , asking whether he had a problem with it . The two men agreed to participate in the ownership of the song and share Stewart 's royalties . Stewart wrote the song with two of his band members : guitarist Jim Cregan and keyboardist Kevin Savigar . Stewart told Mojo magazine in 1995 that he considered `` Forever Young '' to be one of his favourite songs and the reason for writing it was , `` I love ' Forever Young ' , because that was a real heartfelt song about my kids . I suddenly realized I 'd missed a good five years of Sean and Kimberly 's life because I was so busy touring all the time . With these kids now I do n't make that mistake - I take them on tour with me , so I can watch them grow up . So that 's another favorite . Unfortunately , it was n't a big hit in England , but it 's like a national anthem here ( America ) '' . Stewart recorded a more mellow version of the song for his 1996 compilation album If We Fall in Love Tonight , and a version featuring just Stewart 's voice with piano accompaniment can be found on the 2009 compilation album The Rod Stewart Sessions 1971 - 1998 . A live version was recorded during his MTV Unplugged session in 1993 . Though not included on the original release of the live album Unplugged ... and Seated , this version was later released as a bonus track on the Collector 's Edition of the album released by Rhino Records in 2009 . Another live version of the song from his 2013 performance at The Troubadour , West Hollywood was included on the deluxe edition of the album Time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Music video 2 In popular culture 2.1 Chart history 3 References 4 External links Music video ( edit ) The video for this song features Stewart singing to a child ( played by Alex Zuckerman ) while scenes of rural America pass by . In popular culture ( edit ) The song was featured in a Pampers commercial that showcased baby animals with their mothers . An acoustic version was performed by Matthew Morrison in the Glee third - season finale episode `` Goodbye ''. Chances Are Chart history ( edit ) Chart ( 1988 ) Peak position Australia 94 Canadian Singles Chart 9 New Zealand Singles Chart 46 UK Singles Chart 57 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 12 U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks U.S. Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks 13 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 17 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldstein , Patrick ( 26 June 1988 ) . `` Rod Stewart Sounds an Echo of Dylan '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Caro . `` The song remains the same ? Copycats tricky to tag in a recycled culture '' . Chicago Tribune . Victoria Advocate . Retrieved 30 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Songfacts . Songfacts . Web . 2 Apr. 2012 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Emily . `` P&G Seeks New Way to Sell Pampers To Parents in Penny - Pinching Times '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 18 November 2013 . Pampers ' TV ad , ( ... ) shows bear cubs , baby elephants and penguins snuggling with their mothers to ( ... ) `` Forever Young . '' Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a-ro4eorQCQ Jump up ^ http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&file_num=nlc008388.8692&type=1&interval=20 Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , October 29 , 1988 External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Rod Stewart singles 1970s `` It 's All Over Now '' ( 1970 ) `` Reason to Believe '' / `` Maggie May '' ( 1971 ) `` Every Picture Tells a Story '' / `` Reason to Believe '' ( 1971 ) Spain only `` ( I Know ) I 'm Losing You '' / `` Mandolin Wind '' ( 1971 ) `` Handbags and Gladrags '' ( 1972 ) `` You Wear It Well '' ( 1972 ) `` Angel '' ( 1972 ) `` What 's Made Milwaukee Famous ( Has Made a Loser Out of Me ) '' ( 1972 ) `` Twistin ' the Night Away '' ( 1973 , 1987 ) `` Oh ! No Not My Baby '' ( 1973 ) `` Farewell '' / `` You Send Me '' ( 1973 ) `` Mine for Me '' ( 1974 ) `` You Can Make Me Dance , Sing or Anything '' ( 1974 ) Stewart / Faces `` Sailing '' ( 1975 ) `` This Old Heart of Mine '' ( 1975 ) `` Tonight 's the Night '' ( 1976 ) `` The Killing of Georgie '' ( 1976 ) `` Get Back '' ( 1976 ) `` The First Cut Is the Deepest '' ( 1977 ) `` I Do n't Want to Talk About It '' ( 1977 , 1990 ) `` You 're in My Heart ( The Final Acclaim ) '' ( 1978 ) `` Hot Legs '' ( 1978 ) `` I Was Only Joking '' ( 1978 ) `` Da Ya Think I 'm Sexy ? '' ( 1978 , 1997 ) `` Ai n't Love a Bitch '' ( 1979 ) `` Blondes ( Have More Fun ) '' ( 1979 ) 1980s `` ( If Loving You Is Wrong ) I Do n't Want to Be Right '' ( 1980 ) `` Passion '' ( 1980 ) `` Tonight , I 'm Yours ( Do n't Hurt Me ) '' ( 1981 ) `` Young Turks '' ( 1982 ) `` How Long ? '' ( 1982 ) `` Baby Jane '' ( 1983 ) `` That 's What Friends Are For '' ( 1983 ) `` Infatuation '' ( 1984 ) `` Some Guys Have All the Luck '' ( 1984 ) `` All Right Now '' ( 1984 ) `` People Get Ready '' ( 1985 , 1991 , 1993 ) Stewart / Beck `` Love Touch '' ( 1986 ) `` In My Life '' ( 1987 ) `` Forever Young '' ( 1988 ) `` My Heart Ca n't Tell You No '' ( 1988 ) `` This Old Heart of Mine ( Is Weak for You ) '' ( 1989 ) Stewart / Isley `` Downtown Train '' ( 1989 ) 1990s `` It Takes Two '' ( 1990 ) Stewart / Turner `` Rhythm of My Heart '' ( 1991 ) `` The Motown Song '' ( 1991 ) `` Your Song '' ( 1992 ) `` Ruby Tuesday '' ( 1993 ) `` Have I Told You Lately '' ( 1993 ) `` Reason to Believe '' ( unplugged , 1993 ) `` All for Love '' ( 1993 ) Stewart / Adams / Sting `` Leave Virginia Alone '' ( 1995 ) `` Lady Luck '' ( 1996 ) `` Ooh La La '' ( 1998 ) `` Rocks '' ( 1998 ) `` Cigarettes and Alcohol '' ( 1998 ) `` Faith of the Heart '' ( 1999 ) 2000s `` These Foolish Things '' ( 2002 ) `` They Ca n't Take That Away from Me '' ( 2003 ) `` Time After Time '' ( 2003 ) `` What a Wonderful World '' ( 2004 ) `` Blue Moon '' ( 2004 ) `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' ( 2005 ) `` I 've Got a Crush on You '' ( 2005 ) `` I 've Got My Love to Keep Me Warm '' ( 2006 ) `` Have You Ever Seen the Rain ? '' ( 2006 ) 2010s `` Let It Snow ! Let It Snow ! Let It Snow ! '' ( 2012 ) `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' ( 2012 ) `` Everyday '' ( 2015 ) This 1980s single - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forever_Young_(Rod_Stewart_song)&oldid=841025488 '' Categories : Rod Stewart songs 1988 singles Songs written by Bob Dylan Songs written by Rod Stewart Songs involved in plagiarism controversies Songs written by Jim Cregan Songs written by Kevin Savigar 1988 songs Warner Bros. Records singles 1980s single stubs Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2014 Use British English from August 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 13 May 2018 , at 16 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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-4341172381784737314	History of the England national football team	History of the England national football team - wikipedia History of the England national football team This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( February 2010 ) The history of the England national football team begins with the first ever international football match in 1870 . They have won one World Cup , in 1966 on home soil , and qualified fourteen times for the tournament onwards from 1950 . England staged Euro 1996 ( European Championship ) . However , the team has never made it to the final of the competition ; their best performances being a semi final in Euro 1968 and Euro 1996 . Contents 1 Early years 1.1 1870 -- 1900 1.2 1900 -- 1939 2 Post-war era 2.1 1950 and 1954 World Cups 2.2 Munich disaster and the 1958 World Cup 3 1960s 3.1 World Champions 4 1970s 4.1 West German and Polish defeats 1972 -- 1974 4.2 Revie years , 1974 -- 1976 5 1980s 5.1 1982 World Cup 5.2 Robson revival , 1982 -- 1990 6 1990s 6.1 Graham Taylor : `` Best we forget '' 6.2 Venables : Euro 1996 : Football comes home 6.3 1996 -- 1999 6.4 Keegan : 1999 -- 2000 : `` A little bit short . '' 7 2000s 7.1 Eriksson era , 2001 -- 2006 : Three Quarter Finals 7.2 McClaren Era , 2006 -- 2007 : Qualifying heartache 7.3 Capello Era , 2008 -- 2012 : Fell Short Again 8 2010s 8.1 2010 FIFA World Cup : An Almighty Disaster 8.2 UEFA Euro 2012 Qualifiers 8.3 Hodgson Era , 2012 -- 2016 : More Tournament Humiliation 8.4 UEFA Euro 2012 : Another penalty shootout exit 8.5 2014 FIFA World Cup and 150 years of The FA 8.6 UEFA Euro 2016 Qualifying : A Perfect Record 8.7 UEFA Euro 2016 : From High Hopes to a New Low 8.8 Allardyce Era , 2016 : Gone In 67 Days 8.9 Southgate Era : Revival and new young talent 9 References Early years ( edit ) 1870 -- 1900 ( edit ) England 's first ever international representative matches were arranged by influential sports ' administrator CW Alcock under the auspices of the Football Association . The first five friendly matches , which all took place at The Oval , London , were played against Scotland between 1870 and 1872 . However , these are not considered full internationals by FIFA because the Scotland teams were composed entirely of London - based Scottish players . England v Scotland 1870 - 1872 Match Date Venue Score Winner England v Scotland ( 1870 ) 5 March 1870 The Oval , London 1 -- 1 Draw 19 November 1870 The Oval , London 1 -- 0 England v Scotland ( 1871 ) 25 February 1871 The Oval , London 1 -- 1 Draw 17 November 1871 The Oval , London 2 -- 1 England v Scotland ( 1872 ) 24 February 1872 The Oval , London 1 -- 0 England 's first FIFA recognised international football match was a 0 -- 0 draw against Scotland at Hamilton Crescent in Partick , Glasgow , on 30 November 1872 . In this game , Scotland was represented by players from Glasgow 's Queens Park F.C. . The first `` official '' English team was : Robert Barker ( Hertfordshire Rangers ) , goal ; Harwood Greenhalgh ( Notts Club ) , three - quarter back ; R.C. Welch ( Harrow Chequers ) , half back ; F. Chappell ( Oxford University ) , fly - kick ; capt . Cuthbert Ottaway ( Oxford University ) , middle ; Charles Chenery ( Crystal Palace ) , middle ; Charles Clegg ( Sheffield ) , middle ; Arnold Kirke - Smith ( Oxford University ) , middle ; J. Brockbank ( Oxford University ) right side ; W.J. Maynard ( 1st Surrey Rifles ) left side ; J.F. Morris ( Barnes Club ) left side . The following year , England beat Scotland 4 -- 2 at the Kennington Oval . But in 1878 , a resurgent Scotland thrashed England 7 -- 2 at Hampden Park in Glasgow . The record defeat stood for 77 years , until England beat Scotland 7 -- 2 at Wembley Stadium during the 1955 British Home Championships . 1900 -- 1939 ( edit ) Over the next 40 years , England played mostly Scotland , Wales and ( what was then ) Ireland . This was partly due to the dominance of the United Kingdom in international football , and the problems of arranging continental internationals before the advent of air travel . England faced its first continental opposition in a tour of Central Europe in 1908 . The English team beat Austria , Hungary and Bohemia . England 's first defeat outside the British Isles was a 4 -- 3 loss to Spain in Madrid in 1929 . Although the FA had joined FIFA in 1906 , the relationship with the British associations was fraught . In 1928 , the British nations withdrew from FIFA , in a dispute over payments to amateur players . This meant that England did not enter the first three World Cups . However , they did defeat 1934 World Cup winners Italy 3 -- 2 , in the `` Battle of Highbury '' in November 1934 . On 1 December 1937 , Stanley Matthews scored a hat - trick in England 's 5 -- 4 victory over Czechoslovakia . The England team also included Vic Woodley , Wilf Copping , Stan Cullis , Len Goulden , Willie Hall , John Morton and Bert Sproston . In May 1938 , England toured Europe . The first match was against Germany in Berlin . Adolf Hitler wanted the game to be a showcase for Nazi propaganda . While the England players were getting changed , a Football Association official went into their dressing - room , and told them that they had to make the Nazi salute during the playing of the German national anthem . Stanley Matthews later recalled : `` The dressing room erupted . There was bedlam . All the England players were livid and totally opposed to this , myself included . Everyone was shouting at once . Eddie Hapgood , normally a respectful and devoted captain , wagged his finger at the official and told him what he could do with the Nazi salute , which involved putting it where the sun does n't shine . '' The FA official left , but returned saying he had a direct order from British Ambassador Sir Neville Henderson that the players must make the salute , because the political situation between Britain and Germany was now so sensitive it needed `` only a spark to set Europe alight '' . Reluctantly the England team raised their right arms , except for Stan Cullis who refused , and was subsequently dropped from the squad . The game was watched by 110,000 people as well as senior Nazis , including Hermann Göring and Joseph Goebbels . England won the game 6 -- 3 . The game included a goal scored by Len Goulden that Stanley Matthews described as `` the greatest goal I ever saw in football '' . According to Matthews : `` Len met the ball on the run ; without surrendering any pace , his left leg cocked back like the trigger of a gun , snapped forward and he met the ball full face on the volley . To use modern parlance , his shot was like an Exocet missile . The German goalkeeper may well have seen it coming , but he could do absolutely nothing about it . From 25 yards , the ball screamed into the roof of the net with such power , that the netting was ripped from two of the pegs , by which it was tied to the crossbar . '' On 1 September 1939 , Germany invaded Poland . Three days later , Neville Chamberlain declared war on Germany . The government immediately imposed a ban on the assembly of crowds resulting in the end of all league football matches apart from some unofficial wartime internationals played between 11 November 1939 and 5 May 1945 , for which the largest crowd was 133,000 on 24 April 1944 and again on 14 April 1945 both at Hampden Park . Post-war era ( edit ) 1950 and 1954 World Cups ( edit ) Between 27 May 1945 and 19 May 1946 , England played seven unofficial victory internationals , an unofficial international match against Scotland on 24 August 1946 ( 2 -- 2 ) , and unofficial internationals against Switzerland and Switzerland ' B ' . The FA rejoined FIFA in 1946 , the same year they appointed the first dedicated team manager , Walter Winterbottom ( although the team was picked by a committee ) . In 1948 , England gained two notable victories , a 4 -- 0 victory over the reigning world champions Italy in Turin , and 10 -- 0 victory over an undefeated Portugal in Lisbon , after which the players involved famously became known as the `` lions of Lisbon '' . England , however , then lost their first match at home , to non-British opposition when they were defeated 0 -- 2 by the Republic of Ireland in 1949 at Goodison Park , Liverpool . England 's World Cup debut came in 1950 ; however , they suffered an infamous 1 -- 0 defeat by the United States , and failed to get beyond the first group stage after losing their final game against Spain . Billy Wright was selected to be the first scape goat of England being eliminated from the World Cup finals . England 's tactical inferiority was highlighted on 25 November 1953 , when Hungary came to visit Wembley Stadium . One of the then best sides in the world and fielding legendary players such as Ferenc Puskás , József Bozsik , Sándor Kocsis , Zoltán Czibor and Nándor Hidegkuti , Hungary outclassed the English 6 -- 3 -- this was England 's first ever home loss to continental opposition . In the return match in Budapest , Hungary won 7 -- 1 , which still stands as England 's worst ever defeat . Ivor Broadis scored the England goal . After the game , bewildered England centre - half Syd Owen said , `` It was like playing people from outer space . '' In the 1954 World Cup , two goals by Broadis saw him become the first England player to score two goals in a game at the World Cup finals . Broadis beat Nat Lofthouse by 30 minutes when both scored two each in the thrilling 4 -- 4 draw against Belgium . In reaching the quarter - finals for the first time , England lost 4 -- 2 , being eliminated by Uruguay . Only twice have England progressed beyond the World Cup quarter - finals away from home . Munich disaster and the 1958 World Cup ( edit ) On 15 May 1957 , Stanley Matthews became the oldest player ever to represent his country . On his last appearance for England , in a 4 -- 1 defeat by Denmark in Copenhagen , he was 42 years and 104 days old . Hopes of success at the 1958 finals were hit by the Munich air disaster in February that year , which claimed the lives of eight Manchester United players . Three of the players who died were established England internationals . They were full - back Roger Byrne , who had never missed an England game since making his senior début for the country in 1954 , centre - forward Tommy Taylor , who had scored 16 goals in just 19 appearances for his country , and wing - half Duncan Edwards , who was then widely regarded as the finest player in English football . Also killed was David Pegg , who had just made his senior debut for England and was tipped by many as the successor in the national team to ageing legend Tom Finney , who retired from international action in 1958 . Two other players to die in the crash , centre - half Mark Jones and wing - half Eddie Colman , had also been widely tipped to be capped by England . Winger Johnny Berry , who had been capped four times for England , survived the crash but was injured to such an extent that he never played football again . Forward Bobby Charlton , who was injured in the crash , recovered sufficiently to make his England début in April that year and begin one of the great England international careers ( which would eventually yield 106 caps , an all - time record 49 goals and a World Cup winner 's medal ) . He was named in the squad which travelled to Sweden for the finals , but did not kick a ball as England exited in the group stages after a play - off defeat against the Soviet Union , a game deemed necessary after the two finished entirely equal in second spot of their group . England 's inside forward Johnny Haynes remarked after elimination in 1958 , `` Everyone in England thinks we have a God given right to win the World Cup . '' Joe Mears as chief selector became the scapegoat . All the signs pointed to how far English football had fallen behind the rest of the world , including a devastating 1 -- 0 loss to the Americans in the 1950 World Cup in Brazil . Although by the end of the 1950s , emerging talents such as prolific goalscorer Jimmy Greaves suggested that sufficiently talented players were available , provided the tactical and coaching side of the game could bring the best out of them . 1960s ( edit ) World champions ( edit ) By the 1960s , English tactics and training started to improve , and England turned in a respectable performance in the 1962 World Cup , losing in the quarter - finals to eventual winners Brazil . By now , more young players were making their mark , including elegant young defender Bobby Moore . Indeed , the squad taken by England to Chile was the youngest , on average , ever taken to a major tournament , with no player over the age of 29 . The oldest featured player was the 28 - year - old Maurice Norman . After Winterbottom retired in 1962 , former captain Alf Ramsey was appointed and crucially won the right to choose the squad and team himself , taking that role away from the selection committee . Ramsey boldly predicted that England would win the following tournament , which England were hosting . Ramsey 's prediction came true , and the 1966 World Cup on home soil was England 's finest moment . An unremarkable group phase saw England win two and draw one of their games , with a 30 - yard strike by Bobby Charlton at Wembley in London against Mexico proving a highlight . All of England 's games were played at Wembley , which was ( and still is ) the England national team 's home stadium . An injury to centre forward Jimmy Greaves in the final group match against France prompted Ramsey into a re-think for the quarter final against Argentina , and inexperienced replacement Geoff Hurst responded by scoring the only goal of the game . Charlton then hit both goals in a 2 - 1 semi-final win over Portugal ( a game that was originally supposed to be played at Liverpool 's Goodison Park ) and England had reached the final , where they would meet West Germany . By now , Greaves was fit again , but Ramsey kept faith with Hurst , despite calls from the media for the main goalscorer to return . England 's `` Wingless Wonders '' ( a phrase coined by the press after Ramsey devised a new 4 -- 3 -- 3 system which relied on stamina - based midfield players rather than natural wingers ) won the final 4 -- 2 after extra time , with three goals from Hurst and one from Martin Peters . Hurst 's second goal became the most talked - about and controversial in England football history , with West Germany 's players protesting , to this day , that the ball from Hurst 's shot did not fully cross the goal - line after bouncing down from the crossbar . Numerous attempts to decide the matter once and for all have not been fully conclusive , although the sporting consensus suggests that England were fortunate to be awarded a goal . In 1995 , researchers from Oxford University announced the results of computer video analysis of the television footage , which gave new angles of view : they concluded that the shot had not crossed the line . Bobby Moore became the first and , to date , only England captain to lift the World Cup . The game prompted an unwitting piece of flawless and immortal broadcasting from the BBC 's Kenneth Wolstenholme when describing the last - ditch run and shot from Hurst which led to his third goal - `` And here comes Hurst , he 's got ... ( notices spectators on the field ) ... some people are on the pitch , they think it 's all over ! ( Hurst shoots and scores ) It is now ! '' Wolstenholme 's words became as much part of the folklore from the 1966 World Cup as England 's victory . Hurst has stated that , being the last minute of extra time with England 3 - 2 up , he was merely trying to put the ball into the stand to kill the last few seconds , however his shot ended up in the back of the German net . At Euro 1968 , England lost to Yugoslavia in the semi-final , 1 -- 0 , in the 87th minute . Alan Mullery became the first player to be sent off while playing for England . In Mexico , for the 1970 World Cup , many observers considered that England had a stronger squad and team than in 1966 . The world - class nucleus of Bobby Charlton , Bobby Moore and Gordon Banks was still intact ; Geoff Hurst , Martin Peters and Alan Ball in the interim had further enhanced their reputations and they had been supplemented with the likes of Terry Cooper , Alan Mullery and emerging talents such as Colin Bell and Allan Clarke . England 's preparations in Colombia were disrupted , when Bobby Moore was arrested in the Bogotá Bracelet incident , before he was given a conditional release . Despite the intense tropical heat and humidity , eating the same poor quality food for weeks on end , avoiding the sewage - filled water / ice and high altitude conditions ( all of these conditions were somewhat alien for the English team ) , England progressed with some ease to the quarter - finals , despite a 1 -- 0 defeat by the favourites Brazil in their group , which was most notable for a stunning save from Pelé by goalkeeper Gordon Banks and arguably captain Bobby Moore 's finest performance in an England shirt . Both were expected to meet again in the final some weeks hence . In the quarter - final match , at the Estadio Nou Camp in León , they came up against their foes from the 1966 final , West Germany . However , before the match , disaster struck the team when goalkeeper Gordon Banks was stricken with food - poisoning - his late replacement was the talented , but internationally inexperienced Peter Bonetti , who had not played a competitive match for over a month . England coasted into a 2 -- 0 lead just after half - time with goals from Mullery and Peters , but the Germans fought back to 2 -- 2 through Franz Beckenbauer and Uwe Seeler , both goals having a touch of fortune about them . Geoff Hurst had a legitimate goal disallowed , and with eleven minutes remaining in extra time , Gerd Müller scored the winner . Some blame was attached to Bonetti , as well as some ill - advised tactical moves by Ramsey ( such as the substitution of Bobby Charlton instead of the tiring Cooper ) and the oppressive heat and altitude in Mexico but ultimately the culpability for defeat was shared by the whole team . Charlton broke Billy Wright 's record for England caps in this game but told Ramsey on the flight home from Mexico that he no longer wished to be considered . When his team were knocked out in 1970 , Ramsay was stunned , and said , `` We must now look ahead to the next World Cup in Munich where our chances of winning I would say are very good indeed . '' Bonetti became this tournament 's scapegoat and spent the rest of his career enduring chants of `` You lost the World Cup '' . 1970s ( edit ) West German and Polish defeats 1972 -- 1974 ( edit ) England failed to reach the final stages of Euro 1972 thanks again to West Germany . The crucial two - legged qualifier resulted in a 3 -- 1 win for the Germans at Wembley and a goalless draw in Berlin . In the first of these games , 1966 hat - trick hero Geoff Hurst made his final England appearance . Attention then turned to qualification for the 1974 World Cup in West Germany . This was a new experience for Ramsey , as England had not needed to qualify since the 1962 competition , due to the automatic qualification given to them as hosts in 1966 , and holders in 1970 . On paper they were given a comfortable draw , in a three - team group with Wales and Olympic champions Poland . After a victory , and a draw with Wales , England went to Poland next , the Poles having lost their first match in Cardiff . The match was a disaster for England , who went a goal down from a free kick seven minutes into the game to a sloppy defensive error by Bobby Moore and goalkeeper Peter Shilton . This was compounded two minutes into the second half when Moore allowed Włodzimierz Lubański to dispossess him , and make it 2 -- 0 . To make matters worse , with less than a quarter of an hour to go , Alan Ball became the second player to be sent off while playing for England which would rule him out of the return in four months time . Three months later , Poland easily disposed of the Welsh , 3 -- 0 in Chorzów , so this meant that only a victory at Wembley against the Poles would be good enough for England to qualify . The match has passed into folklore as England , from beginning to end , created chance after chance but failed to score . England 's inability to find the net was largely down to Polish goalkeeper Jan Tomaszewski . Twelve minutes into the second half , Norman Hunter -- in the team for Bobby Moore , who was about to see his international career end with a record 108 caps , made a costly mistake . Running towards a ball by the touch - line near halfway , he made to control the ball , but Grzegorz Lato intercepted , raced away and squared the ball for Jan Domarski whose shot squirmed under Peter Shilton 's body . Although Allan Clarke equalised from the penalty spot six minutes later and chances continued to rain down on the Polish goal , the score remained 1 -- 1 . Although at the time the result was seen as a poor one , the Poles went on to prove themselves to be a very good team , finishing third in the following summer 's World Cup . In the aftermath of this failure however , the FA sacked Ramsey in the spring of 1974 , after eleven years at the helm . Revie years , 1974 -- 1976 ( edit ) After a brief period where Joe Mercer was caretaker manager of the side , the FA appointed Don Revie as Ramsey 's permanent successor . But Revie fared worse than Ramsey , as England failed to qualify from the group stages of the Euro 1976 , despite an opening 3 -- 0 win at home over eventual champions Czechoslovakia and also a 5 -- 0 win over Cyprus in which Malcolm Macdonald scored all five of England 's goals , a post-war record . Ultimately , it was a defeat in the return in Czechoslovakia , and a 0 -- 0 draw at home against Portugal that cost England , as they fell a point short of qualification . Revie 's methods and habits were criticised , insisting on increasing players ' appearance fees when no player had expressed dissatisfaction , calling up oversized squads , dropping or ignoring inform players , the use of dossiers on the opposition and his attempts to cultivate a `` club '' atmosphere with the players which had worked among his squads as a domestic manager , and Revie 's position as manager was continually undermined by the chairman of the English FA Harold Thompson , who Ted Croker commented seemed bent on ' humiliating ' Revie . Revie selected a squad to take part in a mini-tournament in South America in the summer of 1976 , but initially did not accompany the players , saying he was going to scout the opposition England were still due to face , in the ultimately unsuccessful bid to qualify for the 1978 World Cup in Argentina . In fact , he was putting the final seal on a lucrative deal to take charge of the national side of the United Arab Emirates . After his resignation , he was punished by the FA and banned from working in English football for a decade , and although he overturned the ban on appeal , his reputation was ruined , and he never worked in English football again . After the departure of Revie , Brian Clough applied for the post , but the FA rejected him , and instead gave the role to Ron Greenwood , who was brought out of retirement to act as caretaker after Revie 's exit . He was unable to rescue England 's campaign to reach the 1978 World Cup , the damage had been done in a 2 -- 0 defeat by Italy in the Stadio Olimpico , Rome , in November 1976 during Revie 's era . Though level with Italy on points , England missed out on qualification on goal difference ( had they scored three goals more , they would have made the finals ) . Failure to beat relatively weak teams more comprehensively , had again cost England dearly . Italy though , were a very good team , and would finish fourth at the 1978 World Cup . 1980s ( edit ) 1982 World Cup ( edit ) Greenwood did , however , take England to their first major tournament in a decade when qualification for Euro 1980 in Italy was secured reasonably comfortably . During the qualification campaign , England also played a friendly match against Czechoslovakia , in which Viv Anderson became the first black player to win an England cap . England were unspectacular at the finals , and did not progress beyond their group . At the same time , the team were attracting an ever - growing hooligan element in their support , especially at matches abroad , and against Belgium , Italian police were forced to deploy tear gas . Greenwood had begun to plan England 's future upon taking the job , and the likes of Bryan Robson , Kenny Sansom , Terry Butcher and Glenn Hoddle were already fully fledged internationals as England turned their attention to qualifying for the 1982 World Cup in Spain . The campaign was long with England unable to put a reasonable run of victories together , at one point , Greenwood was all set to resign after one disappointing qualifying result , but was persuaded to stay on by his players during the flight home , but eventually England benefitted from other results and qualified in the final game with a 1 -- 0 win over Hungary at Wembley . At the finals , England won all three of their group games , and Robson scored the fastest goal at a World Cup finals , when he netted 27 seconds into the opening match against France ( this record has since been broken ) . England went into the second - round pool but were eliminated , despite ultimately remaining unbeaten in six matches . Greenwood announced his immediate retirement . This was also another tournament marred by violence , a problem which would continue through the rest of the decade , when England went overseas . Robson revival , 1982 -- 1990 ( edit ) Although at the time he was widely derided by the press , Bobby Robson is now looked upon as one of England 's more successful managers . He started badly on a public relations front by not telling captain Kevin Keegan that he would not be calling him into his first squad . Keegan heard the news via the media , aired his disgust and retired from the international game . On the pitch , Robson 's England failed to make the final stages of Euro 1984 , their hopes of qualification effectively ended in the autumn of 1983 when they lost to Denmark to a controversially - given penalty at Wembley . Robson resisted calls to quit and the Football Association kept faith in him . At the time , the England team was in a period of transition , with experienced players like Mick Mills , Phil Neal , Paul Mariner , Trevor Brooking and Trevor Francis had either retired or were approaching the end of their careers . However , an impressive set of younger players were breaking into the national side , including striker Gary Lineker , winger Trevor Steven and midfielder Chris Waddle . This new - look England side sealed qualification for the 1986 World Cup in Mexico . England had a poor start in group stages played in the intense 90 - degree F heat and humidity of Monterrey , losing to Portugal , and then drawing with Morocco in a game which saw Ray Wilkins become the first England player to be sent off at a World Cup and captain Bryan Robson helped from the field in agony , not to return again in the competition , after dislocating his shoulder ( a recurrence of an injury sustained after colliding with a sprinkler on the side of the pitch during a Manchester United game ) . Pressure mounted on England to rescue themselves with a win over Poland , and Gary Lineker 's first - half hat - trick did just that . In the second round , England defeated Paraguay in the high altitude of Mexico City 's Azteca Stadium 3 -- 0 , thanks largely to two more goals from Lineker , but were to fall short in controversial circumstances against the eventual winners Argentina in the quarter finals , again at the Azteca thanks to two very different but equally memorable goals from Diego Maradona -- the infamous `` Hand of God '' goal , where Maradona punched the ball into the net , and then the second after a 50 - yard dribble past five England players , that is widely regarded as one of the finest goals in history , and is often called the Goal of the Century . Lineker then pulled a goal back , but England were unable to find an equaliser and went out . But Lineker still won the Golden Boot , as the tournament 's top scorer with six goals , and was then on his way to Barcelona from Everton in a deal worth nearly £ 3 million . England suffered a setback two years later at Euro 1988 in West Germany . They qualified comfortably for the tournament , but then and lost all of their group games at the finals . These defeats included a 1 -- 0 defeat by the Republic of Ireland , managed by 1966 England hero Jack Charlton . The Republic had never qualified for a major competition before . The tournament also marked the final England appearances of Glenn Hoddle and Kenny Sansom after lengthy careers in the England side . England 's performance sparked public and media criticism of Robson , who offered his resignation , but it was rejected and he stayed in charge as England look to qualify for the 1990 World Cup in Italy . Qualification was sealed without conceding a single goal in the qualifying stages . The 1990 World Cup in Italy was to be Robson 's last tournament in charge , having decided before it began that he would not be extending his contract , and would be returning to club football with PSV . The competition turned out to be England 's best since 1966 ; after a slow start in the group stage where they played all their group stage matches in the city of Cagliari on the island of Sardinia ( at the British government 's request ) , England managed narrow wins after extra-time over Belgium in Bologna and Cameroon in Naples during the team 's first 2 knockout round matches , before being beaten in Turin on penalties by West Germany ( the eventual winners of the tournament ) in the semi-finals after drawing 1 -- 1 , with Stuart Pearce and Chris Waddle failing from the spot . England lost the third place play - off 2 -- 1 to Italy in Bari , and so finished fourth . However , the team 's good performance ( the tournament marked the only time England have progressed beyond the World Cup quarter finals away from home ) , the relative lack of violence , winning the Fair Play Award and the emergence of Paul Gascoigne : England 's player of the tournament , who famously cried after being booked against West Germany ( which would have ruled him out of the final had England won ) were all factors in the rehabilitation of football into British society in the 1990s , as well as the reinstatement of English clubs into European club competition in the 1990 -- 91 season after a five - year ban following the Heysel disaster . Another star who emerged was David Platt , a midfielder who went as back - up to Bryan Robson , and came back with three goals and an international reputation . It eventually earned him a number of big - money moves around Italian clubs . After this World Cup , Shilton retired from international football with 125 caps , at that time a record . 1990s ( edit ) Graham Taylor : `` best we forget '' ( edit ) Robson 's successor , Graham Taylor , failed to build on the team that fared well in 1990 , instead discarding older players like Bryan Robson and Chris Waddle ( in the form of his life at Marseille ) . While England qualified for Euro 1992 in Sweden , they crashed out in the group stage with no wins and only a single goal . Taylor was also widely criticised for taking off Gary Lineker in what turned out to be his final England appearance , when England needed a goal , and Lineker himself needed to score just one more goal to equal Bobby Charlton 's record of 49 goals for the national team . Taylor was vilified by the press , leading The Sun to begin their infamous ' turnip ' campaign . England failed to qualify for the 1994 World Cup in the United States after suffering defeats in Norway and then the Netherlands , in a game in which defender Ronald Koeman escaped being sent off before scoring the winning goal - Taylor 's irate reaction was broadcast to millions as part of the documentary An Impossible Job . In their final qualifying match , England infamously went 1 -- 0 down to tiny San Marino after just eight seconds , the fastest World Cup goal of all time , before recovering to win 7 -- 1 . This was of little use , though , as he Netherlands also won their final qualifying game and joined Norway in the World Cup . Taylor resigned the following week . His reign is regarded as one of the bleakest in England 's history ; in the FA 's official history of the England team , the chapter on Taylor 's tenure is entitled `` Best we forget '' . A huge list of candidates were touted to replace him , including Steve Coppell , Dave Bassett , Gerry Francis and John Lyall . On 28 January 1994 , however , Terry Venables , who had left Tottenham Hotspur in acrimonious circumstances the previous year , was appointed . Venables : Euro 1996 : football comes home ( edit ) Venables oversaw a much improved performance at Euro 1996 . The tournament was held in England , which in some respects was an advantage , since the team did not have to go through a qualifying campaign , but it also hindered Venables in a way , since it was obvious that the team needed a total rebuild , after the World Cup qualifying disaster . It also could only test out potential new players in friendlies ( which Premier League managers were notoriously reluctant to release any key players for ) . The tournament also marked the 30th anniversary of the 1966 World Cup victory , so fans ' expectations were high as the tournament began , with Venables deploying emerging younger stars such as Steve McManaman , Darren Anderton and Gary Neville alongside established mainstays of previous campaigns , including Paul Gascoigne , Stuart Pearce , David Platt and Tony Adams , a player featuring in his first tournament since the debacle of Euro 1988 . After famous victories over Scotland , a 2 -- 0 win featuring a crucial David Seaman penalty save and a brilliant Gascoigne goal , and the Netherlands by 4 -- 1 , and a rare penalty shoot - out win over Spain , England fans were subjected to déjà vu as their side lost a semi-final on penalties to Germany again after drawing 1 -- 1 . Gareth Southgate missed the vital penalty this time . His penalty being saved by goalkeeper Andreas Köpke . Alan Shearer , who had taken over from Lineker as England 's core centre forward , emerged from the tournament as its top scorer with five goals . Due to tension between himself and the FA , over the extension of his contract after the tournament , Venables announced in January 1996 that he would step down after the European Championships ( 3 ) , although it became widely and inaccurately reported that Venables was told by the FA he would not be employed further . This was because of ongoing worries , about his business interests . 1996 -- 1999 ( edit ) On 2 May 1996 , Glenn Hoddle was named as the new England manager , eight years after his final international appearance , and one year after his last game at club level . Hoddle selected Alan Shearer as captain , replacing Tony Adams , but also brought a number of emerging talents into the squad , including the Manchester United midfield trio of Paul Scholes , Nicky Butt and David Beckham , and central defenders Rio Ferdinand and Sol Campbell . Hoddle oversaw England 's qualification for the 1998 World Cup ( the first World Cup with 32 teams instead of 24 ) with a 0 -- 0 draw against Italy at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome , and drew out a winning performance in the Tournoi de France , a friendly tournament held before the World Cup against competition hosts France , Brazil and Italy . After this promising build - up , however , Hoddle came under fire for omitting fans ' favourite and arguably England 's most talented player of the era , Paul Gascoigne and Southampton player Matt Le Tissier from the squad for the finals , ultimately bringing their international playing careers to an end . England were eventually knocked out of the World Cup on penalties , this time in the last 16 to Argentina , although the game itself had been galvanised by a wonder goal from 18 - year - old striker Michael Owen , who had first been capped four months earlier . England should have progressed to the Quarter Finals however , as Sol Campbell had a goal wrongly disallowed . Glenn Hoddle revealed only after his team had been knocked out `` my innermost thought , which was that England would win the World Cup '' . Beckham was scapegoated for the defeat of 1998 only because he got himself sent off after 46 minutes for an altercation with Diego Simeone . He took so much abuse , he recalled later , that `` I 've got a little book in which I 've written down the names of those people who upset me the most . I do n't want to name them because I want it to be a surprise when I get them back . '' Hoddle 's reign itself was riddled with ridicule over his religious convictions and insistence on employing a faith healer as part of the set - up . Things were made worse because the side 's results did not seem to justify his unorthodox methods . In addition to the underwhelming performance at the World Cup , England suffered a poor start to the Euro 2000 qualifying tournament , and there was reported discontent between Hoddle and several senior players , most notably Shearer . Hoddle was dismissed on 2 February 1999 , two days after an interview with The Sunday Times in which he spoke about his belief in reincarnation and claimed that disabled people were paying for sins in a previous life . Keegan : 1999 -- 2000 : `` a little bit short . '' ( edit ) Under considerable media and public pressure , the FA appointed former captain Kevin Keegan , who only just managed to get England into Euro 2000 after a 2 -- 1 aggregate playoff win over Scotland . At the finals in Belgium and the Netherlands , a lacklustre England failed to get beyond the group stage , losing to both Portugal and Romania after leading in each game . After England 's exit , Alan Shearer retired from international football , he had announced his intentions before the tournament , and no - one could persuade him to change his mind . On 7 October 2000 , shortly after losing the opening World Cup qualifier to Germany in the last - ever game at Wembley before its redevelopment , Keegan himself resigned , citing that he was `` a little bit short '' ( 4 ) tactically at international level . The FA 's chief executive of the time , Adam Crozier , reluctantly accepted Keegan 's resignation in the Wembley tunnel 's lavatory and before leaving the stadium , had telephoned the agent of Sven - Göran Eriksson to talk about the vacancy . The fateful defeat against Germany was also the last game that Tony Adams played for England , after a career stretching back to 1987 . He confirmed his retirement from international football in February 2001 , deciding to concentrate on his remaining time as a player with Arsenal . While a deal with Eriksson was set up , Howard Wilkinson was hastily appointed manager for a subsequent qualifier with Finland , which ended in a draw . A month later , it was confirmed that Eriksson would be Keegan 's permanent successor , but would not take up the job until June 2001 , because of his commitment to Lazio . Former England under - 21 manager Peter Taylor was appointed caretaker manager for a subsequent friendly match with Italy , and it was widely expected that Taylor would act as temporary manager , until Eriksson formally took over , though this was itself problematic given Taylor 's own commitment to Leicester City . The matter was rendered moot , when Eriksson resigned from Lazio shortly after the turn of the year , allowing him to take over before England had to play another match . 2000s ( edit ) Eriksson era , 2001 -- 2006 : three quarter finals ( edit ) In January 2001 , Eriksson was duly appointed as Keegan 's successor , and as a Swedish national , he became the first foreign national to manage England . This decision attracted huge controversy , but the critics were quickly silenced as Eriksson immediately turned around the team 's campaign to qualify for the 2002 World Cup with a 5 -- 1 victory over Germany in Munich , where England came from behind with goals from Emile Heskey , Steven Gerrard and a Michael Owen hat - trick . England ensured qualification after a tense final game against Greece ; David Beckham scored from a free - kick in the last seconds of the game to make the score 2 -- 2 , and put England top of their group on goal difference . The month before the finals , Eriksson declared , `` I think we will win it '' . In the finals in South Korea / Japan , England beat Argentina 1 -- 0 in the group stage , with David Beckham scoring the only goal with a penalty as he exorcised the ghosts of his red card four years earlier , and reached the quarter - finals , where they met the tournament 's eventual winners Brazil . England went in front , when Owen took advantage of a Brazilian defensive mistake , but an equaliser from Rivaldo and a 35 - metre free kick by Ronaldinho saw Brazil turn the game round to win 2 -- 1 . England could not create any more good chances , despite Ronaldinho later being sent off , and were eliminated . However , they had reached the last eight of the World Cup for the first time since 1990 , and even in defeat they had lost to the team who went on to win the competition ( without losing or drawing a game and scoring 18 goals on the way ) for the fifth time in 44 years . For Euro 2004 , England came top of their qualification group . During the campaign , teenage striker Wayne Rooney was installed as a new star in England 's attack , with much expected of him for the finals . His emergence was tempered by the loss of defender Rio Ferdinand , who was given a controversial eight - month ban from football in December 2003 after missing a drugs test . This meant he was unable to play in the tournament . In England 's match against France , Frank Lampard scored a first - half goal and England looked as if they would win the match , however France scored twice within the last three minutes of the game . Had David Beckham not missed a penalty , England would have entered the knock - out stages undefeated . England progressed with Rooney scoring in games against Switzerland and Croatia . Although favoured to do well in the quarter - finals , England 's challenge was greatly affected early in the game , when Rooney suffered a broken metatarsal in his foot . Sol Campbell scored a goal which was disallowed and England eventually lost in another penalty shootout to Portugal , after a 2 -- 2 draw . Beckham and Darius Vassell missed their penalties . Michael Owen 's goal during the game made him the first England player to score in four consecutive tournaments . 2005 saw Eriksson receive heavy criticism from fans , for his defensive strategies and alleged lack of passion , his lack of communication with the players from the bench , and a perceived inability to change tactics when necessary in a game , as witnessed against Brazil in 2002 . A 4 -- 1 loss to Denmark in a friendly , was followed by a humiliating 1 -- 0 defeat by Northern Ireland in a 2006 World Cup qualifier , David Healy scoring the goal in the 73rd minute which , despite a previously excellent qualifying record , led to further criticism . An unconvincing 1 -- 0 victory over Austria did nothing to relieve the pressure . However , despite these criticisms , England qualified for the World Cup finals with one match to spare , and travelled to Germany as group winners , following a 2 -- 1 victory , and a much improved performance against Poland . In January 2006 , following revelations made in the News of the World , the FA decided to come to an agreement with Eriksson over his future . On 23 January 2006 , it was announced that Eriksson was to stand down after the 2006 World Cup finals . A number of possible successors were linked with the job ; after a series of interviews that was widely criticised for its length , Portugal national team manager Luiz Felipe Scolari was allegedly offered the job . In April 2006 , however , declined , due to the belief that accepting the offer before a World Cup , would conflict with his managerial duties for Portugal . The FA also visited New York City in order to hold talks with Bruce Arena . On 4 May 2006 , it was announced that Steve McClaren would succeed Eriksson after the World Cup . His first game in charge would be against Greece at Old Trafford on 16 August . England : 2006 's FIFA World Cup England 's 2006 World Cup campaign saw them drawn in Group B alongside Paraguay , Trinidad and Tobago and Sweden . Their opening match of the tournament was against Paraguay in the Waldstadion in Frankfurt on 10 June 2006 . The only goal of the game came after 2 minutes and 44 seconds , when a David Beckham free - kick was headed in by Paraguayan defender Carlos Gamarra . The 1 -- 0 win over Paraguay was followed by a 2 -- 0 victory over Trinidad and Tobago on 15 June 2006 in the Frankenstadion in Nuremberg . The deadlock was only broken in the 84th minute when England took the lead with a Peter Crouch header , and this was followed by a Steven Gerrard strike in injury time . The win secured England 's place in the last 16 . It also saw the return as a substitute of Wayne Rooney , just six weeks after breaking a metatarsal bone in his foot . England 's final group match saw them play Sweden in Cologne . Rooney started the game , but his strike partner Michael Owen was stretchered off with a cruciate ligament injury after less than two minutes . England , however , still took a first half lead through a wonder strike from Joe Cole . Sweden equalised through Marcus Allbäck before Steven Gerrard gave England the lead again in the 86th minute . England , however , were denied a first win over Sweden since 1968 when Henrik Larsson levelled again in the 90th minute . Sol Campbell 's introduction as a substitute made him the first England player to feature in the final stages of six consecutive tournaments , beginning with Euro 1996 . England beat Ecuador in the last 16 on 25 June in Stuttgart , courtesy of a Beckham free - kick . Beckham duly became the first England player to score in three World Cup tournaments , having also found the net at the 1998 and 2002 competitions . The game also saw Rooney 's full rehabilitation as he managed to play for the whole 90 minutes . The quarter - final against Portugal on 1 July , ended 0 -- 0 after extra time . David Beckham was substituted early in the second half with an ankle injury , and then Wayne Rooney was controversially sent off for pushing Cristiano Ronaldo and stamping on Ricardo Carvalho 's groin ( 5 ) in a rough tackle , though Rooney later denied it was intentional . The draw led to a penalty shoot - out that England lost 3 -- 1 , thus being eliminated from the tournament . Frank Lampard , Steven Gerrard and Jamie Carragher all had their attempts saved by keeper Ricardo , with Owen Hargreaves , later to be named man of the match ( 6 ) , the only England player to score his penalty kick . It continued England 's woes in penalty shootouts at major championships as well as Sven - Göran Eriksson 's poor head - to - head record against Luiz Felipe Scolari . Thus , continuing the streak that England seemed to never break . England had never won a penalty shoot - out in the World Cup up to this point . On 2 July 2006 , the morning after England 's exit , a tearful Beckham announced that he was stepping down as captain , although he stressed that he was keen to continue playing for England . In his last press conference prior to the flight home , Eriksson said he only wished to be remembered for being `` honest '' , and a coach who `` tried my best '' . After World Cup 2006 , Owen Hargreaves was voted England 's `` Player of The Tournament '' by fans on theFA.com . Hargreaves was an unpopular choice for the squad , prior to the competition . However , after the World Cup proved a turning point , going from unpopular to fan favourite . McClaren era , 2006 -- 2007 : qualifying heartache ( edit ) Steve McClaren was appointed England manager after the 2006 World Cup . He was not a popular choice with the media or fans , and most said it was a panic choice , and called the selection process of the new manager a shambles . He appointed Terry Venables as coach and John Terry as captain , and chose not to recall David Beckham to the squad following the World Cup for almost a year . He also dropped Sol Campbell and David James , leaving Gary Neville and from January 2007 , his brother Phil as the only players regularly involved in his first year in charge , who were over the age of 30 . England started their Euro 2008 qualifying campaign well , beating Andorra 5 -- 0 , and getting a hard fought 1 -- 0 win over Macedonia away in Skopje . Results then took a turn , England drew 0 -- 0 at home with Macedonia , and then suffering a 2 -- 0 defeat away to Croatia where Gary Neville netted an Own Goal . The pressure on McClaren was already starting to build , and after a five - month break from qualifiers , England only managed a goalless draw away to Israel putting in another lackluster performance . This followed , to what some described as the worst match in England history , England played Andorra away and did win 3 -- 0 , but still it took them 60 minutes to break the deadlock , and in the first half England barely threatened the part timers . There was a huge chorus of boos going into half time . England played their first match at the new Wembley Stadium against Brazil on 1 June 2007 -- a game for which Beckham was recalled after 11 months in the international wilderness , and which heralded Michael Owen 's return from his World Cup injury . In a qualifying game against Estonia five days later , Owen broke Gary Lineker 's record for most goals in competitive internationals , which Lineker had held exclusively or jointly for 15 years . The return to Wembley saw an upturn in form with England beating Israel , Russia and Estonia 3 -- 0 each . After this , England played Russia away , a game which if they won they would qualify but lose , and qualification would not be in their hands . England put in a very good display , and took a first half lead through Wayne Rooney . But Russia went on to win 2 -- 1 . England were relying on Israel to beat Russia to be able to qualify , and they did , with an injury time winner . All England had to do after this was get a draw against Croatia , whom had already qualified . McClaren had a weakened side out after injuries and suspensions to key players such as Michael Owen , Wayne Rooney and John Terry and as a result , McClaren recalled players that were inexperienced and out of form , such as Micah Richards , Wayne Bridge , Joleon Lescott and also goalkeeper Scott Carson who was handed his competitive debut in goal and his mistake letting the ball go through his legs gave Croatia a 1 -- 0 lead and shortly made it 2 -- 0 . but McClaren brought on David Beckham and this seemed to turn the game . Frank Lampard firstly converted a penalty , and then Peter Crouch got onto the end of David Beckham 's cross to equalise . And after the majority thought it was job done . Croatia scored a third , and won the game 3 -- 2 , resulting in Russia qualifying and England missing out on their first major tournament since the 1994 World Cup . The sight of a hapless and unemotional McClaren standing on the touchline in the rain during this match , became the most iconic image of his tenure , and he was labelled `` The Wally with the Brolly '' by the media . After the game , McClaren refused to resign as manager , but the next day , he and Terry Venables were sacked by the FA . Capello era , 2008 -- 2012 : fell short again ( edit ) Capello After McClaren 's failure to reach Euro 2008 , the FA began a search for a new manager . On 14 December 2007 , Fabio Capello , former manager of Milan , Real Madrid , Roma and Juventus , was named as the new manager of England , the second foreign manager to take the post . Like his predecessor , his first major decision upon selecting a squad was to omit David Beckham , leaving the former captain on 99 caps and prompting a media frenzy , about whether he would ever reach the 100 mark . Capello 's first match was a friendly international 2 -- 1 win against Switzerland on 6 February 2008 . The England team enjoyed more success under Capello , with six wins , two draws and two defeats out of ten friendlies , as of September 2009 . On top of this , they won all of their first eight matches in their 2010 World Cup qualifying campaign : for the first time , the team qualified for the World Cup with two qualifying games to spare . 2010s ( edit ) 2010 FIFA World Cup : an almighty disaster ( edit ) England headed to the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa as favourites to comfortably progress through Group C , which included the United States , Algeria and Slovenia . The opening match against the United States started well with Steven Gerrard scoring after just four minutes of play . Late in the first half , however , Clint Dempsey equalised after a speculative shot was mishandled by England goalkeeper Robert Green ; the game ended 1 -- 1 . England 's second match against Algeria ended in a goalless draw that saw England being outplayed by an unfancied side , leading to the English press questioning Capello 's tactics , as well as the team 's spirit and ability to handle the pressure . England rallied however , with a solid performance against Slovenia that ended in a 1 -- 0 victory , thanks to a goal from Jermain Defoe . Due to the United States 's last minute winner against Algeria , England finished as group runners up behind the United States , and were thus drawn against Group D winners Germany in the second round . In the subsequent game , an apparently valid England goal by Frank Lampard was disallowed as the Uruguayan linesman ruled it had not crossed the line . England ultimately lost 4 -- 1 to the Germans , suffering their worst ever defeat in a World Cup finals match . Gary Neville said England lacked skill and strength in depth . Following England 's dismal showing at the World Cup , their worst in 60 years and on the final FIFA tournament ranking , their worst ever , the nation turned against the team . Newspapers , media and fans all wanted Fabio Capello sacked after he refused to resign but the FA chose to keep him on . Four weeks before the World Cup , the FA had agreed to delete a clause from Capello 's contract which would have allowed it to be terminated early , meaning that it would cost them £ 12 million to fire him . England 's World Cup failure also hurt the team financially , with Nationwide , Carlsberg and National Express all terminating their sponsorship deals with immediate effect . It left confectionery company Mars as the only official sponsor of team . National confidence in the team reached an all - time low . Jamie Carragher and Emile Heskey both retired from international football and several other key figures from the squad were dropped from selection for a friendly match against Hungary on 11 August 2010 . Nearly half the seats were empty at Wembley for the match but despite fears that the players would be verbally abused by the supporters throughout the game , that did n't materialise . England put in another rather below - par performance , but still won 2 -- 1 . Minutes before kick - off , Capello told ITV Sport that he was considering not choosing experienced player David Beckham again , stating that he wanted to give upcoming youth players more of a chance . Uefa Euro 2012 qualifiers ( edit ) England were drawn in Group G of the Euro 2012 qualifiers alongside Bulgaria , Switzerland , Wales and Montenegro . They introduced a new home kit for their first qualifier against Bulgaria , which they won 4 -- 0 in a game that saw them hailed in the press as a much needed return to form , in which blue replaced red as the secondary colour . Four days later , they defeated Switzerland away 3 -- 1 . England maintained their unbeaten start , with a 0 -- 0 home draw against Montenegro in October . Despite being denied a penalty for a handball incident and providing better shots on goal than their opponents , the tactics played in the game generated some large criticism . 2010 ended with a home friendly against France , another familiar side who had also performed dismally at the World Cup , and were struggling to return to normal . England were outplayed and outclassed from start to finish , and France took a deserved 2 -- 1 victory . England 's fans booed the players off at the end of the game , bringing the curtain down on a troubled year for the team , which most media critics dubbed as `` the worst season ever '' . At the start of 2011 , Capello promised that he would make radical changes to the side , in an aim to bring the team back to its best . Car company Vauxhall became the team 's new main sponsors in January 2011 , a deal that would originally last until 2014 but later extended . England started 2011 with a promising 2 -- 1 win over Denmark , in which youngsters like Jack Wilshere , James Milner and Theo Walcott impressed . The end of March saw a return to Euro 2012 qualifying with a dominant display against home rivals Wales at the Millennium Stadium , but the team could only manage a 2 -- 0 victory , taking them to top in Group G on goal difference . They followed up with a hard - fought 1 -- 1 draw in a friendly match against Ghana at Wembley . A rather subdued performance against Switzerland at home in June resulted in a 2 -- 2 draw . England then did not return to action until September , after their friendly match against Netherlands was called off , due to the widespread violence in the country at the time . In that month , two wins , 3 -- 0 away in Bulgaria ( which showcased their new away kits of navy blue ) and then a 1 -- 0 win at home to Wales , took them to the brink of qualification . A 2 -- 2 draw in Montenegro in October sealed the group and their place in Euro 2012 . However , the qualification was marred by the sending off of Wayne Rooney , suspending him for the first game of the tournament . This ban was later increased to three and then dropped to two following a subsequent appeal . The draw for the Euro 2012 group stage placed England in Group D , alongside France , Sweden and tournament co-hosts Ukraine . Hodgson era , 2012 -- 2016 : more tournament humiliation ( edit ) In February 2012 , sports manufacturers Umbro revealed a new home kit with a modified version of the FA 's crest . For the first time the England shirt was designed purely from red and white . In February 2012 , John Terry was stripped of the captaincy for the second time after he was formally charged for racism offences regarding to an incident in a Premier League match with Queens Park Rangers player Anton Ferdinand , the brother of former England teammate Rio Ferdinand . Capello told Italian media that he did not agree with the FA 's decision to strip Terry of the captaincy . This resulted in rumours that Capello had breached his contract in that he always had to back decisions made by the executive board . After an urgent meeting was called , on 8 February , the FA confirmed that Capello had resigned from the manager 's job with immediate effect . This occurred on the same day that Tottenham Hotspur manager Harry Redknapp was cleared of charges for tax evasion and straight away , fans , press and other football figures backed Redknapp for the vacant role . Capello 's former assistant Stuart Pearce took charge for a friendly match against Netherlands , a match rescheduled from the previous summer , in which Netherlands won 3 -- 2 and Scott Parker took the temporary role as captain . In that , the England home kits were changed again from blue and white to red and white , with the crest now in a complete red colour . On 1 May 2012 , the FA announced that Roy Hodgson would take over as manager of the team from Euro 2012 onwards . Steven Gerrard was promoted back to the captaincy when the provisional team squad for the tournament was announced . England 's first two games under Hodgson were friendly matches against Norway away from home and Belgium at home , both these games ended in 1 -- 0 wins for England . Uefa Euro 2012 : another penalty shootout exit ( edit ) Hodgson 's first competitive match in charge was the first match in Euro 2012 against France in Kharkiv , the match ended a 1 -- 1 draw . A dramatic 3 -- 2 win over Sweden , also in Kharkiv , followed by a tense 1 -- 0 victory over co-hosts Ukraine , saw England top their group and were drawn to play Italy in the quarter - finals . After a 0 -- 0 draw in regulation and extra time , in which England were outplayed and outclassed , and with goalkeeper Joe Hart making numerous saves just to keep England in the match , England once again lost on penalties to Italy . 2014 FIFA World Cup and 150 years of the FA ( edit ) For the 2014 World Cup qualifiers , England were seeded in Group H , having to play Montenegro , Ukraine , Poland , Moldova and San Marino . The team began their qualifying campaign in September 2012 , with an easy 5 -- 0 win away in Moldova , before a hard - earned 1 -- 1 draw at home to Ukraine , for which they trailed in most of the match only for a Frank Lampard penalty to rescue a point for England late on . In October 2012 , England dispatched San Marino 5 -- 0 at home , before drawing 1 -- 1 away in Poland , in a match which was played a day late . This was after organisers failed to close the stadium roof in Warsaw , resulting in a waterlogged pitch . The calendar year for England ended with a 4 -- 2 friendly defeat by Sweden in Stockholm , the first match to be played at the new Friends Arena . The year 2013 marked 150 years of the FA , and so a series a special friendly games were scheduled to play throughout the year . These were at home to Brazil in February , winning 2 -- 1 , and then away to Brazil in June , drawing 2 -- 2 , home to Republic of Ireland in May , drawing 1 -- 1 , home to Scotland in August , winning 3 -- 2 , which saw striker Ricky Lambert score on his England debut . The Republic of Ireland marked the introduction of another new home kit , with red being replaced by navy blue as the secondary colour , giving it a similar look to the late 2000s home kits . These kits were the first to be produced by American sports manufacturer Nike , ending a long term association with Umbro . England returned to qualifying action in March , with an 8 -- 0 win in San Marino , and a 1 -- 1 draw away to Montenegro . Then in September saw a win 4 -- 0 at home to Moldova and a tame 0 -- 0 draw in Kiev against Ukraine . Following a 4 -- 1 win at home to Montenegro in October , Hodgson 's side needed just one more win to qualify , which they did by beating Poland 2 -- 0 at home , to secure their place at the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil . In November , however , England were given a reality check by Chile and Germany , with respective 2 -- 0 and 1 -- 0 defeats at Wembley . In the 2014 FIFA World Cup itself , they failed to get past the group stage , suffering defeats to Italy and Uruguay , both losing by a goal , and a 0 -- 0 draw against Costa Rica . The Three Lions needed Italy to win their final two games in the group to stand any chance of qualifying for the knockout stage , however England 's hopes of progressing ended as Italy lost to Costa Rica 0 -- 1 . Uefa Euro 2016 qualifying : a perfect record ( edit ) Following the World Cup debacle , both Steven Gerrard and Frank Lampard retired from international football and Wayne Rooney was promptly installed as the new captain . England 's first match following the tournament , a 1 -- 0 friendly win over Norway , was more noticeable for being the lowest attended international match in Wembley history . The FA made the unprecedented decision to close off the top block of the stadium due to a lack of interest from fans ; the match was also beaten head - to - head in the TV ratings by an episode of the popular BBC programme , The Great British Bake Off . Even though England had a relatively disappointing performance in the 2014 World Cup , it changed in their Euro 2016 qualifying campaign . England were drawn into Group E with Switzerland , Slovenia , Estonia , Lithuania and San Marino . England started their campaign with a 2 -- 0 victory over Switzerland in St. Jakob - Park in Basel . Later , they defeated San Marino with a score of 0 -- 5 , 0 -- 1 against Estonia , 3 -- 1 against Slovenia , 4 -- 0 against Lithuania , and 2 -- 3 against Slovenia again on 14 June 2015 in Stadion Stožice in Ljubljana . On 5 September 2015 , England beat San Marino 6 -- 0 at San Marino Stadium , Serravalle , to become the first team to qualify for Euro 2016 . Victories against Switzerland and Estonia at home -- the former match saw Wayne Rooney break the record for the all - time leading England goalscorer -- and away in Lithuania helped England achieve their first 100 % qualifying campaign record for a major tournament . Uefa Euro 2016 : from high hopes to a new low ( edit ) England were seeded the final tournament draw and were placed in Group B to face Russia , Wales and Slovakia . Their first match , in Marseille against Russia , finished in a 1 -- 1 draw , as they failed to make their superior domination in the match pay ; Eric Dier had put England in front from a well executed free - kick before they conceded a stoppage time equaliser . The second match in Lens was their much anticipated clash with Wales . England fell behind just before half - time when a Gareth Bale free - kick squandered past Joe Hart , however Hodgson responded by bringing on both Jamie Vardy and Daniel Sturridge at the start of the second half and both players turned the game in England 's favour , as both scored with Sturridge netting the winner in stoppage time as England won 2 -- 1 . With their fate in their own hands , Hodgson made the bold decision to rest six players , including Wayne Rooney , for the final group match against Slovakia in Saint - Étienne . The gamble backfired as England struggled to break past a Slovakian side that had clearly turned up to play for the draw . The match ended in an goalless draw , and coupled with Wales ' 3 -- 0 win over Russia , it meant England came runners - up of Group B and were sent to the tougher side of the knockout stage draw . For a while , it appeared Portugal would be England 's next opponents , but following a late winner for Iceland in their final group match , the Scandinavian debutantes would instead lie in wait for the Three Lions in Nice . For the round of 16 match , Hodgson restored the same starting XI used for the first two group matches with the single exception of Sturridge starting instead of Adam Lallana . England made the perfect start , with Rooney scoring a penalty inside three minutes , only for Ragnar Sigurðsson to equalise for the minnows nearly 60 seconds later . In the 18th minute , Kolbeinn Sigþórsson made the most of poor goalkeeping by Joe Hart to give Iceland a lead of 2 -- 1 . From there , Iceland defended resolutely while England struggled to make any chances of their own . Iceland held on for a famous victory , and inflicted England 's most embarrassing defeat at a major tournament since 1950 , where they lost to the United States . The players were booed off the pitch , and suffered almighty ridicule from the media , in both the UK and around the world . Minutes after the match , Hodgson announced his immediate resignation , with Ray Lewington and Gary Neville also leaving their positions as Hodgson 's assistants . Allardyce era , 2016 : gone in 67 days ( edit ) Main article : 2016 English football scandal A little under a month since their dismal exit from Euro 2016 , the FA appointed Sunderland manager Sam Allardyce as the new manager of the national side . Allardyce opted to forego a friendly match to begin his reign , so his first match in charge was the opening match of England 's 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifying campaign away in Slovakia , for which England had been drawn in the same group as rivals Scotland . England labored to a 1 -- 0 win in Trnava , with Adam Lallana scoring in stoppage time . A week and a half before the next round of qualifying matches , The Daily Telegraph broke a story of Allardyce appearing to meet up with a group of Far East businessmen , but were later revealed to be undercover journalists working for the newspaper . The content of the meeting showed Allardyce appearing to explain how to `` get around '' breaking football transfer policies and also apparently mocking his predecessor Roy Hodgson , the England players and Prince William , Duke of Cambridge . Allardyce apologised for his misconduct but the FA sacked him on those grounds . Allardyce 's tenure of 67 days is the shortest for a permanent manager in England history . Southgate era : revival and new young talent ( edit ) That same day , 27 September 2016 , Gareth Southgate left his role as manager for the England under - 21 team and was put in temporary charge of the national team until 15 November of that year . On 30 November 2016 , Southgate was appointed as permanent England manager on a four - year contract . Under Southgate , England finished 1st in the qualifying group ; in which they recorded 8 wins and 2 draws , without a single defeat ; also scoring 18 goals and conceding just 3 goals . At the 2018 FIFA World Cup , England were drawn in a group featuring Belgium , Tunisia and debutants Panama . The first match was played against Tunisia ; in which England won 2 -- 1 with two goals from captain Harry Kane , including a stoppage - time winner . In the next match , England beat Panama by a scoreline of 6 -- 1 win ; marking England 's largest win at a major tournament , with a brace from John Stones , a hat - trick from Harry Kane and a goal from Jesse Lingard ; the match secured both England and Belgium 's advancement into the round of sixteen . With the hat - trick , Harry Kane became the third England player to score a hat - trick in a World Cup match , after Geoff Hurst against Germany in the 1966 final and Gary Lineker against Poland in 1986 . England 's third and final game was against Belgium ; which England lost 0 -- 1 , finishing second in the group . England played with Colombia in the round of sixteen ; in which they led 1 -- 0 through a penalty from Harry Kane before conceding a stoppage - time equaliser from Colombia to take the match to extra-time ; the match could not be finished in extra-time , leading the match to penalties ; which England won 4 -- 3 with Eric Dier scoring the winning penalty , securing England 's first penalty shootout win at the World Cup , and also just their second penalty shootout win at a major tournament , the previous being against Spain at Euro 1996 . England 's quarter - final meeting was against Sweden ; which they won 2 -- 0 , with goals from Harry Maguire and Dele Alli ; qualifying England for their first semi-final since 1990 , in which they finished in fourth place . England played Croatia in the semi-finals , on 11 July . However , they lost 2 -- 1 despite initially taking the lead through a free - kick from Kieran Trippier and dominating the first half ; but a goal from Ivan Perišić in the 68th minute sent the tie into extra-time , with Mario Mandžukić scoring the crucial goal that took Croatia to their first ever World Cup final . In the last minutes of extra-time , England were forced to play with 10 men as a result of Kieran Trippier suffering an injury , and England already having made the permitted four substitutions . England played Belgium in the third place play - off , on 14 July and lost 2 - 0 . 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Jump up ^ `` Colombia 1 - 1 England ( 3 - 4 on penalties ) : Eric Dier spot - kick sends Three Lions into quarter - fnals '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Sweden 0 - 2 England : Harry Maguire and Dele Alli head England into World Cup semis '' . Sky Sports . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` SWEDEN 0 - 2 ENGLAND : Three Lions through to the World Cup semi-final '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com. `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - Matches - Croatia - England - FIFA.com '' . www.fifa.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup 2018 : Croatia v England '' . BBC Sport. 2018 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 2018 - 07 - 11 ) . `` England 's World Cup dream dashed as Croatia win semi-final in extra time '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com. `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - Matches - Belgium - England - FIFA.com '' . www.fifa.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 12 . England national football team General The Football Association History Managers Captains Kits Venues Wembley Stadium 1923 stadium 2007 stadium Home venues St George 's Park ( Burton ) Statistics All - time record Records World Cup record European Championship record Hat - tricks Awards The FA England Awards The FA Women 's Football Awards Results Men 's 1872 -- 99 1900 -- 29 1930 -- 59 1960 -- 79 1980 -- 99 2000 -- 19 Unofficial matches Women 's 2010s Players World Cup & Euro Championship squads 10 + caps 4 -- 9 caps 2 -- 3 caps 1 cap Born outside England Other categories World Cups 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1982 1986 1990 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 European Championships 1968 1980 2000 2012 2016 Other tournaments British Home Championship ( 1884 -- 1984 ) Minor tournaments Noted rivalries Argentina Austria Belgium Brazil Denmark France Germany Hungary Italy Ireland Netherlands Poland Portugal Scotland Spain Sweden Switzerland Wales Culture Noted matches Band Songs Discography WAGs `` They think it 's all over '' Other FA teams Men 's England B England C Amateur ( defunct ) U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 Futsal Learning Disabilities Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Women 's Senior U-23 U-20 U-19 U-17 U-15 Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Football in the United Kingdom United Kingdom National team Olympic men 's team Olympic women 's team Nations Cup British Home Championship Rous Cup British League Cup Empire Exhibition Trophy Football World Championship Coronation Cup Texaco Cup Anglo - Scottish Cup List of football matches between British national teams List of football matches between British clubs in UEFA competitions International Football Association Board England -- Scotland football rivalry British clubs tours to South America England National team The FA Footballing history National team history Premier League English Football League FA Cup EFL Cup Scotland National team The SFA Footballing history National team history Scottish Professional Football League Scottish Cup Scottish League Cup Wales National team FAW National team history Welsh Premier League Welsh Cup Welsh League Cup Northern Ireland National team IFA National team history Northern Ireland Football League Irish Cup Northern Ireland League Cup Records England Northern Ireland Scotland Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_England_national_football_team&oldid=851899412 '' Categories : History of the England national football team History of association football by national team Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2015 Use British English from June 2011 Wikipedia introduction cleanup from February 2010 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from February 2010 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from March 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 25 July 2018 , at 08 : 58 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did england last go to the world cup final	[ "Ramsey's prediction came true,[9] and the 1966 World Cup on home soil was England's finest moment. An unremarkable group phase saw England win two and draw one of their games, with a 30-yard strike by Bobby Charlton at Wembley in London against Mexico proving a highlight. All of England's games were played at Wembley, which was (and still is) the England national team's home stadium. An injury to centre forward Jimmy Greaves in the final group match against France prompted Ramsey into a re-think for the quarter final against Argentina, and inexperienced replacement Geoff Hurst responded by scoring the only goal of the game. Charlton then hit both goals in a 2-1 semi-final win over Portugal (a game that was originally supposed to be played at Liverpool's Goodison Park) and England had reached the final, where they would meet West Germany. By now, Greaves was fit again, but Ramsey kept faith with Hurst, despite calls from the media for the main goalscorer to return.[12]\t\n" ]	[ "1966" ]
-6539650198902958665	2018 Ryder Cup	2018 Ryder Cup - wikipedia 2018 Ryder Cup Jump to : navigation , search 42nd Ryder Cup Matches Dates 28 -- 30 September 2018 Venue Le Golf National , Albatros Course Location Saint - Quentin - en - Yvelines , Île - de-France , France Captains Thomas Bjørn ( Europe ) Jim Furyk ( USA ) ← 2016 2020 → Saint - Quentin - en - Yvelines Location in France The 42nd Ryder Cup Matches will be held in France from 28 -- 30 September 2018 at the Albatros Course of Le Golf National in Saint - Quentin - en - Yvelines , a suburb southwest of Paris . It will be the second Ryder Cup to be held in Continental Europe , after the 1997 contest , which was held in Spain . The United States are the defending champions , but last won in Europe in 1993 , a quarter century earlier . Contents ( hide ) 1 Format 2 Bidding for the 2018 Ryder Cup 3 Course 4 Team qualification and selection 4.1 Europe 4.2 United States 5 Teams 5.1 Captains 5.2 Vice-captains 6 References 7 External links Format ( edit ) The Ryder Cup is a match play event , with each match worth one point . The competition format will be as follows : Day 1 ( Friday ) -- 4 foursome ( alternate shot ) matches and 4 fourball ( better ball ) matches Day 2 ( Saturday ) -- 4 foursome matches and 4 fourball matches Day 3 ( Sunday ) -- 12 singles matches On the first two days there are 4 foursome matches and 4 fourball matches with the home captain choosing which are played in the morning and which in the afternoon . With a total of 28 points available , 141⁄2 points are required to win the Cup , and 14 points are required for the defending champion , the United States , to retain the Cup . All matches are played to a maximum of 18 holes . Bidding for the 2018 Ryder Cup ( edit ) Ryder Cup Europe confirmed originally six countries -- France , Germany , the Netherlands , Portugal , Spain and Sweden -- to be interested in bidding for the 2018 Ryder Cup . The deadline for the submission of bids was set for 30 April 2010 ; Sweden withdrew from the bidding early that month , while the Spanish bidding host city of Tres Cantos showed poor popular support . There were five bids to host the event : France : Saint - Quentin - en - Yvelines French bid website / French golf federation bid press kit Germany : Neuburg / Rohrenfeld Portugal : Lisbon / Comporta , Alentejo Coast Spain : Madrid / Guadarrama Netherlands : Rotterdam / Lingewaal France were announced as hosts on 17 May 2011 , despite calls for the Cup to be held in Spain , as a tribute to the late Seve Ballesteros . Course ( edit ) Main article : Le Golf National Hole 5 6 7 8 9 Out 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 In Total Meter 380 195 515 445 370 350 440 190 445 3,430 350 175 405 390 555 365 160 443 430 3,273 6,703 Yards 416 213 563 487 405 383 481 208 596 3,752 383 191 443 427 607 399 175 484 470 3,579 7,331 Par 5 5 36 5 35 71 Team qualification and selection ( edit ) Europe ( edit ) The European team qualification rules were announced on 18 January 2017 . There were a number of changes compared to 2016 with an increase in the number of captain 's picks from three to four . The team will consist of : The leading four players on the Race to Dubai Points List Points earned in all Race to Dubai tournaments starting with the 2017 D + D Real Czech Masters . Points earned from the 2018 BMW PGA Championship onwards , will be multiplied by 1.5 . The leading four players , not qualified above , on the World Points List Total World Points earned in Official World Golf Ranking events starting on 31 August 2017 ( the start date of the D + D Real Czech Masters ) . Points earned from the date of the 2018 BMW PGA Championship onwards , will be multiplied by 1.5 . No World points will be earned from tournaments staged opposite Rolex Series tournaments in both 2017 and 2018 . Four captain 's picks Membership criteria for the European Tour have been reduced from five tournaments to four ( outside the majors and WGCs ) for the 2018 season . As in previous Ryder Cups , all players must be members of the European Tour to be eligible to play for Europe . Changes were also made to eligibility of future captains and vice-captains . Current points lists : http://www.rydercup.com/rankings Paul Casey is not currently a member of the European Tour and hence does not earn points . United States ( edit ) The United States qualification rules were announced on 8 February 2017 . The majority of the team will be selected from the Ryder Cup points list which is based on prize money won in important tournaments . Generally one point is awarded for every $1,000 earned . The team will consist of : The leading eight players on the Ryder Cup points list , gained in the following events 2017 major championships 2017 World Golf Championship events and The Players Championship ( half points ) 2018 major championships ( double points for the winner , 50 % extra for those who make the cut ) 2018 PGA Tour events . Qualifying events in this category are those played between 1 January and 12 August 2018 , the date of the PGA Championship , and including the Zurich Classic of New Orleans team event . `` Alternate '' events ( those played opposite a major or WGC event ) do not earn points Four captain 's picks Three announced after the 2018 Dell Technologies Championship , which concludes on 3 September . One announced after the 2018 BMW Championship , which concludes on 9 September . The qualification rules were similar to those used for the 2016 Ryder Cup . The points given for the current season major championships have been reduced from double to 50 % extra ( except for the winner who still gets double points ) . The dates on which the captain 's picks are made has also been brought forward by one or two weeks . Current points list : http://www.pgatour.com/stats/stat.131.html Teams ( edit ) Captains ( edit ) Thomas Bjørn was named as the European captain on 6 December 2016 . He was chosen by a five - man panel made up of the three most recent European Ryder Cup captains ( Darren Clarke , Paul McGinley and José María Olazábal ) , the Chief Executive of the European Tour , Keith Pelley and European Tour Tournament Committee member Henrik Stenson . Jim Furyk was named as the USA captain on 11 January 2017 . Vice-captains ( edit ) Each captain selects a number of vice-captains to assist him during the tournament . Bjørn selected Robert Karlsson as his first vice-captain in May 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The 2010 Ryder Cup -- Bidding nations for 2018 Ryder Cup announced Jump up ^ News & Events PGA.com Jump up ^ About 500 people march against the construction of a golf course Jump up ^ New demonstration at Tres Cantos against the golf course project Jump up ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/golf/13409990.stm BBC Sport , 17 May 2011 Jump up ^ `` Ryder Cup 2018 : Europe to increase wildcards from three to four '' . BBC Sport. 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Changes make to membership criteria and 2018 Ryder Cup qualification process '' . European Tour . 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ryder Cup captain Jim Furyk announces selection criteria for 2018 U.S. Ryder Cup team '' . PGA of America . 8 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Bjørn named 2018 European Ryder Cup Captain '' . Ryder Cup . 6 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Furyk FAQs : Everything you need to know about the 2018 Ryder Cup USA Captain '' . Ryder Cup . 11 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Karlsson named as Vice-Captain '' . Ryder Cup . 30 May 2017 . External links ( edit ) Ryder Cup 2018 website ( hide ) Ryder Cup matches United States vs. Great Britain 1927 1929 1931 1933 1935 1937 1939 1941 1943 1945 1947 1949 1951 1953 1955 1957 1959 1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 United States vs. Great Britain & Ireland 1973 1977 United States vs. Europe 1979 1981 1985 1991 1993 1995 1999 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 See also Ryder Cup matches American Ryder Cup golfers European Ryder Cup golfers Ryder Cup records Broadcasters Coordinates : 48 ° 45 ′ 14 '' N 2 ° 04 ′ 37 '' E / 48.754 ° N 2.077 ° E / 48.754 ; 2.077 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_Ryder_Cup&oldid=803350345 '' Categories : Ryder Cup Golf tournaments in France Sport in Île - de-France Saint - Quentin - en - Yvelines 2018 in golf 2018 in French sport September 2018 sports events Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 2 October 2017 , at 00 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is the 2018 ryder cup being held	[ "The 42nd Ryder Cup Matches will be held in France from 28–30 September 2018 at the Albatros Course of Le Golf National in Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, a suburb southwest of Paris. It will be the second Ryder Cup to be held in Continental Europe, after the 1997 contest, which was held in Spain. The United States are the defending champions, but last won in Europe in 1993, a quarter century earlier." ]	[ "at the Albatros Course of Le Golf National in Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, a suburb southwest of Paris" ]
-8430884605977694604	List of current champions in WWE	List of current champions in WWE - wikipedia List of current champions in WWE This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 11 October 2017 . There are 2 pending revisions awaiting review . Jump to : navigation , search WWE is a professional wrestling promotion based out of Stamford , Connecticut . Title reigns are either determined by professional wrestling matches or are awarded to a wrestler , as a result of the culmination of various scripted storylines . The WWE splits its main roster into two distinctive brands , Raw and SmackDown , as well as a developmental brand , NXT , with each having their own set of championships . There are five active singles championships for male wrestlers , two active championships for female wrestlers , and two active tag team championships between Raw and SmackDown , and one male , one female , and one tag team championship on NXT . There is also one championship representing the United Kingdom which was created to be the centerpiece of an upcoming UK - based brand , but in the interim , it is being defended in NXT as well as on independent shows . Between the three currently active brands , 16 wrestlers hold the championships . The list includes the number of times the wrestler has held the title , the date and location of the win , and a description of the winning bout . The following is correct as of October 12 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current championships 1.1 Raw 1.2 SmackDown 1.3 NXT 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Current championships ( edit ) At the top of WWE 's championship hierarchy are the WWE Championship on SmackDown and the WWE Universal Championship on Raw . The current WWE Champion is Jinder Mahal , who is in his first reign . He won the title at Backlash by defeating Randy Orton . The current WWE Universal Champion is Brock Lesnar , who is in his first reign . He won the title by defeating Goldberg at WrestleMania 33 . Secondary titles in WWE include the WWE Intercontinental Championship for Raw and the WWE United States Championship for SmackDown . The Intercontinental Championship is currently held by The Miz , who is in his seventh reign . He won the title by defeating Dean Ambrose at Extreme Rules . The United States Championship is currently held by Baron Corbin , who is in his first reign . He won the title by defeating Tye Dillinger and former champion AJ Styles in a triple threat match at Hell in a Cell by pinning Dillinger . The WWE Cruiserweight Championship is part of the Raw brand and is for wrestlers 205 lb ( 93 kg ) and under . It is defended on Raw and the cruiserweight - exclusive 205 Live . It was also defended once at an NXT house show . The title is currently held by Kalisto , who is in his first reign . He won the title by defeating Enzo Amore on the October 9 editon of Raw in a Lumberjack match . The WWE Raw Women 's Championship is currently held by Alexa Bliss , who is in her second reign . She defeated Sasha Banks on the August 28 edition of Raw . The WWE SmackDown Women 's Championship is held by first - time champion Natalya . She won the title by defeating Naomi at SummerSlam . The WWE Raw Tag Team Championship is currently held by Dean Ambrose and Seth Rollins , who are in their first reign as a team and second for Rollins individually . They won the titles by defeating Cesaro and Sheamus at SummerSlam . The WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship is held by record three - time champions The Usos ( Jey and Jimmy Uso ) . They won the titles by defeating Big E and Xavier Woods of The New Day in a Hell in a Cell match at Hell in a Cell . The top title of NXT is the NXT Championship , which is currently held by Drew McIntyre , who is in his first reign . He won the title by defeating Bobby Roode on August 19 , 2017 , at NXT TakeOver : Brooklyn III . The NXT Women 's Championship is currently vacated as former champion Asuka relinquished the championship after suffering a collarbone injury at NXT TakeOver : Brooklyn III . The next champion will be determined at NXT TakeOver : WarGames . The NXT Tag Team Championship is held by first - time title holders Eric Young and Alexander Wolfe of Sanity , who won the titles from The Authors of Pain at NXT TakeOver : Brooklyn III . The WWE United Kingdom Championship is intended to be the top championship of an upcoming WWE Network show produced in the United Kingdom . Until then , the championship is being defended on NXT . It is also defended on independent shows , making it the only active WWE championship to be defended outside of WWE . It is currently held by Pete Dunne , who defeated Tyler Bate at NXT TakeOver : Chicago . Raw ( edit ) Championship Current champion ( s ) Reign Date won Days held Location Notes WWE Universal Championship Brock Lesnar April 2 , 2017 193 Orlando , Florida Defeated Goldberg at WrestleMania 33 WWE Intercontinental Championship The Miz 7 June 4 , 2017 130 Baltimore , Maryland Defeated Dean Ambrose at Extreme Rules WWE Raw Women 's Championship Alexa Bliss August 28 , 2017 45 Memphis , Tennessee Defeated Sasha Banks on Raw WWE Cruiserweight Championship Kalisto October 9 , 2017 Indianapolis , Indiana Defeated Enzo Amore on Raw in a Lumberjack match WWE Raw Tag Team Championship Dean Ambrose and Seth Rollins ( 1 , 2 ) August 20 , 2017 53 Brooklyn , New York Defeated Cesaro and Sheamus at SummerSlam SmackDown ( edit ) Championship Current champion ( s ) Reign Date won Days held Location Notes WWE Championship Jinder Mahal May 21 , 2017 144 Rosemont , Illinois Defeated Randy Orton at Backlash WWE United States Championship Baron Corbin October 8 , 2017 Detroit , Michigan Defeated former champion AJ Styles and Tye Dillinger in a Triple threat match at Hell in a Cell WWE SmackDown Women 's Championship Natalya August 20 , 2017 53 Brooklyn , New York Defeated Naomi at SummerSlam WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship The Usos ( Jey and Jimmy Uso ) October 8 , 2017 Detroit , Michigan Defeated The New Day ( Big E and Xavier Woods ) in a Hell in a Cell match at Hell in a Cell NXT ( edit ) Championship Current champion ( s ) Reign Date won Days held Location Notes NXT Championship Drew McIntyre August 19 , 2017 54 Brooklyn , New York Defeated Bobby Roode at NXT TakeOver : Brooklyn III NXT Women 's Championship Vacant -- August 24 , 2017 -- Winter Park , Florida Asuka relinquished the championship after suffering a collarbone injury at NXT TakeOver : Brooklyn III NXT Tag Team Championship Sanity ( Alexander Wolfe and Eric Young ) August 19 , 2017 54 Brooklyn , New York Defeated The Authors of Pain ( Akam and Rezar ) at NXT TakeOver : Brooklyn III WWE United Kingdom Championship Pete Dunne May 20 , 2017 145 Rosemont , Illinois Defeated Tyler Bate at NXT TakeOver : Chicago See also ( edit ) Professional wrestling portal List of current WWE tag teams and stables List of former championships in WWE List of WWE personnel References ( edit ) Jump up ^ HHH discusses 205 Live ... and more -- 411 Mania.com Jump up ^ NXT house show results 12 / 2 / 16 -- 411 Mania.com Jump up ^ http://www.wwe.com/shows/wwenxt/article/asuka-relinquishes-nxt-womens-title External links ( edit ) Current champions Jinder Mahal on WWE.com Brock Lesnar on WWE.com The Miz on WWE.com Baron Corbin on WWE.com Kalisto on WWE.com Dean Ambrose on WWE.com Seth Rollins on WWE.com Jey Uso on WWE.com Jimmy Uos on WWE.com Alexa Bliss on WWE.com Natalya on WWE.com Current NXT champions Drew McIntyre on WWE.com Pete Dunne on WWE.com Eric Young on WWE.com Alexander Wolfe on WWE.com References WWE.com Current championships in WWE Championships Raw Universal ( reigns ) Intercontinental ( reigns ) Women 's ( reigns ) Cruiserweight ( reigns ) Tag Team ( reigns ) SmackDown WWE ( reigns ) United States ( reigns ) Women 's ( reigns ) Tag Team ( reigns ) NXT NXT ( reigns ) United Kingdom ( reigns ) Women 's ( reigns ) Tag Team ( reigns ) Accomplishments André the Giant Memorial Trophy Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic Triple Crown Grand Slam King of the Ring Money in the Bank Royal Rumble Slammy Award WWE tournaments Former championships WWE History Capitol Wrestling Corporation 1980s boom Black Saturday WrestleMania The Streak The Kliq Monday Night Wars Montreal Screwjob Attitude Era The Undertaker vs. Mankind The Invasion Brand Extension Chris Benoit double - murder and suicide The New Monday Night Wars TNA Entertainment , LLC sues WWE Raw 1000 Persona and reception of Roman Reigns Programming Brands Raw SmackDown NXT Weekly 205 Live Main Event Experience Bottom Line Afterburn Vintage Wal3ooha Seasonal Total Bellas Total Divas Specials Free for All Tribute to the Troops ( results ) Animated Camp WWE Pay - per - view and WWE Network events Royal Rumble Elimination Chamber Fastlane WrestleMania Payback Backlash Extreme Rules Money in the Bank Great Balls of Fire Battleground SummerSlam No Mercy Hell in a Cell TLC : Tables , Ladders & Chairs Survivor Series Clash of Champions Roadblock NXT TakeOver Other Other WWE programming Former programming Personnel McMahon family Roster Hall of Fame Alumni A -- C D -- H I -- M N -- R S -- Z Action figures LJN Wrestling Superstars Mattel WWE Legends WWF Hasbro action figures Other Affiliated properties WWE Books WWE Libraries Inc . WWE Magazine WWE Music Group Discography WWE NXT WWE Studios WWE Home Video WWE Network ( Canada ) WWE Performance Center Tapout Defunct businesses World Bodybuilding Federation The World WWE Classics on Demand WWE Niagara Falls XFL Investments Marvel Experience Tout Notable acquisitions World Championship Wrestling History Extreme Championship Wrestling WWE brand American Wrestling Association World Class Championship Wrestling Smoky Mountain Wrestling Global Wrestling Federation Georgia Championship Wrestling Partnerships Current Evolve Insane Championship Wrestling Progress Wrestling Former Deep South Wrestling Florida Championship Wrestling Heartland Wrestling Association International Wrestling Association Memphis Championship Wrestling Ohio Valley Wrestling Power Pro Wrestling Ultimate Pro Wrestling World Wrestling Alliance Accomplishments Current champions Former championships Money in the Bank André the Giant Memorial Trophy Cruiserweight Classic Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic Mae Young Classic Slammy Award Triple Crown Grand Slam WWE tournaments Draft 2002 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2016 2017 Miscellaneous List of WWE attendance records Women in WWE WrestleMania Axxess Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_current_champions_in_WWE&oldid=804919450 '' Categories : WWE championships Professional wrestling champion lists Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Talk Pending changes Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Español فارسی हिन्दी Македонски Polski Português Русский Simple English ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This version of the page has been revised . Besides normal editing , the reason for revision may have been that this version contains factual inaccuracies , vandalism , or material not compatible with the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License . About Wikipedia	who is the current us champion in wwe	[ "Secondary titles in WWE include the WWE Intercontinental Championship for Raw and the WWE United States Championship for SmackDown. The Intercontinental Championship is currently held by The Miz, who is in his seventh reign. He won the title by defeating Dean Ambrose at Extreme Rules. The United States Championship is currently held by Baron Corbin, who is in his first reign. He won the title by defeating Tye Dillinger and former champion AJ Styles in a triple threat match at Hell in a Cell by pinning Dillinger." ]	[ "Baron Corbin" ]
1286961257596662328	The Land of Stories	The Land of Stories - wikipedia The Land of Stories This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Land of Stories Cover of the first book in the series The Wishing Spell ( 2012 ) The Enchantress Returns ( 2013 ) A Grimm Warning ( 2014 ) Beyond the Kingdoms ( 2015 ) An Author 's Odyssey ( 2016 ) ( Worlds Collide ) ( 2017 ) Author Chris Colfer Illustrator Brandon Dorman Country United States Language English Genre Children 's fiction , adventure and fantasy Publisher Little , Brown Books for Young Readers Published 2012 -- 2017 Media type Print ( hardcover and paperback ) , audiobook , e-book No. of books 6 Website thelandofstories.com The Land of Stories is a series of children 's fiction , adventure and fantasy books written by American author , actor and singer Chris Colfer . The first book , The Wishing Spell , was released on July 17 , 2012 . The sixth and final book was published in July 2017 . The books are described by Colfer as a `` modern day fairy tale '' , following twins Alex and Conner Bailey as they fall from the real world into a world full of fairy tales they have only ever read about before and discover there is more to this world than meets the eye . Contents ( hide ) 1 Books 1.1 The Wishing Spell 1.2 The Enchantress Returns 1.3 A Grimm Warning 1.4 Beyond the Kingdoms 1.5 An Author 's Odyssey 1.6 Worlds Collide 2 Companion books 3 Development 4 Characters 4.1 Heroes 4.2 Villains 5 Reception 6 Film adaptation 7 References 8 External links Books ( edit ) The Wishing Spell ( edit ) The first book in the series , The Wishing Spell was published on July 17 , 2012 . A year has gone by since Alex and Conner Bailey suffered the tragic loss of their father . Their mother , who is trying to balance her job and her family after her husband was killed in a car accident . This book also tells the story of Evly , The Evil Queen and her lover Mira . When she was little , she was a very kind and caring girl . Evly stole the Wishing Spell to free her lover Mira from the magic mirror , but he dies in her arms and they are both swallowed up by the mirror . Alex and Conner find themselves trapped in the fairy - tale world , until they learn that their grandmother is the Fairy Godmother , who is capable of making portals between the Otherworld and the fairy - tale world , and the journal written by a man who had successfully completed the Wishing Spell years before when he fell in love with a woman on Earth belonged to their father . Therefore , Alex and Conner are part fairy . Alex and Conner get back to their mother through a portal made by their grandmother into the Otherworld in the end . The Enchantress Returns ( edit ) The Enchantress Returns is the second installment in the series and was published on August 6 , 2013 . Alex heads home after attending school and finds her brother Conner , who is worried because their mother has n't yet come home from work . He also found a romantic note to their mother from a surgeon she worked with named Dr. Bob who brought them a puppy . When Charlotte comes home , Alex and Conner ask if Charlotte really has a boyfriend . Their mother tells them that it 's true . Later on , Bob goes to see the twins and tells them about his plan to propose to their mother . He shows them the ring , which has two large diamonds on it , one pink and the other blue . When Bob asks the twins for permission about the proposal , Conner and Alex decide that this would make both Bob and their mom happy , so they agree . All three decided to surprise Charlotte with a special dinner at the Bailey house . Alex returns home as quickly as she could from a course she was taking at a community college , and Bob tells their officemates at the hospital to keep Charlotte busy so she wo n't come home early . The twins ' mother , Charlotte , does n't show up on time , but another nurse at the hospital says that she had left two hours ago . They then hear a mysterious knock at the door and a bunch of fairy tale soldiers barge in . Bob was originally doubtful , but later accepts that The Land of Stories is real . The twins ' grandmother , the Fairy Godmother , enters and explains that their mother was kidnapped . While their grandmother attends to her own business , Mother Goose babysits the twins . Later , Alex gives Mother Goose champagne until she becomes drunk , and Alex asks her for information , which she unknowingly gives . Alex discovers that her mother was captured by Ezmia , `` the Enchantress , '' and that the Sleeping Kingdom was in ruin . Since she could n't get to the Land of Stories through the book , she sneaks out of the house and goes to her Grandmother 's house , hoping to find a way to the Land of Stories . The next day , she almost falls off of a bridge . Unexpectedly , Conner saves her , and admits that he had followed her . They eventually go to their grandmother 's house , which had a glowing painting in it . Alex knows that this is a portal to the other world . Suddenly , Alex and Conner find themselves in The Land of Stories . They eventually find Froggy , who is still in frog form as a disguise . All three travel to the Red Riding Hood Kingdom , where the Enchantress seemed to be destroying symbolic historic sights . Alex and Conner then attend a meeting only for the kings and queens by persuading Red to wear a dress that they could hide under . At the meeting , the Enchantress captures Alex and Conner 's grandmother , revealing that she had captured ' Alex ' , but instead got Charlotte , their mother , who pretended to be Alex . At Red 's castle , Conner learns of something called the Wand of Wonderment , which makes the holder invincible . To create it , one must find the six most valuable things of the six most hated people in the world . To help find all the items , Red asks the villagers to all pitch in to make a flying ship out of all her baskets . When the ship is completed , Alex , Conner , Red , Froggy , Goldilocks , and Jack fly the ship across The Land of Stories . They obtain the ice scepter of the Snow Queen , the wedding ring of Cinderella 's stepmother , the giant 's harp , the glass from the Evil Queen 's mirror , and the jewels of the Sea Witch . However , they are unclear on what the Enchantress 's most prized possession is . After landing in the Troll and Goblin territory , they discover that Trollbella is now queen , and that Bob traveled to the Land of Stories as well . They meet the reflection of the Evil Queen in the Eastern Kingdom , who says that the Enchantress ' most prized possession is her pride . The Enchantress uses her vines to drag Conner , Red , Froggy , Goldilocks , and Jack to the coliseum . Alex tries to defeat the Enchantress by subtly stealing her pride , but she is blasted off of the coliseum . Because she was holding the Wand of Wonderment , she is saved from death . However , when she reaches the ground , she faints . Alex then has a dream that she was talking to Alice from Wonderland , Lucy from Narnia , Dorothy from Oz , and Wendy from Neverland , who advises her on the situation . Alex wakes up and goes back up the coliseum using a flying horse which is actually Bob . When she arrives , she drops the Wand in front of The Enchantress . The Enchantress tries to kill Alex with the Wand after Alex stripped her of her powers ( until Ezmia got hold of the Wand of Wonderment ) but Rumpelstiltskin jumps in front of the blast to save Alex out of guilt for what he has tried to do for Ezmia . Conner destroys the Wand , so all the magic is taken from her body and she dies . After that , Bob finally proposes to Charlotte and they get married in Cinderella 's castle . When it is time to leave , Alex claims that she is meant to stay in the Land of Stories , and that Conner should share their stories in the real world . The twins then believe that they were to be separated forever after the fairies decided to seal all portals leading to and from The Land of Stories . Later , Conner fetches Cinderella 's stepmother and stepsisters to go back to his world , Conner also shares their stories in the Otherworld . A Grimm Warning ( edit ) A Grimm Warning is the third installment in the series and was published on July 8 , 2014 . In the beginning of the third book , Alex is in the Land of Stories training to be the next fairy godmother and is preparing for her coronation as Fairy Godmother . Meanwhile , Conner is at school in the real world and is questioned about where his sister is . Conner goes on a school trip to Germany to hear stories by the Brothers Grimm that was recently found in a time capsule . The good news for Conner is that the girl he has a crush on ( Bree Campbell ) is going . The bad news is that four girls called the Book Huggers are also going . As for Alex , she keeps messing up casting her spells . She eventually meets a farm boy named Rook Robins , whom she starts falling for . She becomes very torn later in the story because her grandmother is dying and she feels like she is killing her . The fairy godmother is dying because she finally finds a replacement ; now the fairy god mother can rest knowing the fairy tale world rests in good hands . Conner finds out that one of the stories is actually a secret message and a warning for the Land of Stories . He sets out across Germany to crack a 200 - year code . With the help of Bree and the directions of Mother Goose , Conner eventually meets Emmerich Himmelsbach , a little boy from a small village . Alex and Conner realize an army from their world , the world of regular people , is coming to the Fairy Tale world . The army is led by the Masked Man , whom they presume is their father . When some villagers are attacked by the Grande Armée , Rook ( Alex 's crush ) informs the army of where Alex and the kings and queens are located in order to free his father . Alex 's grandmother , the fairy godmother , eventually defeats the twins ' presumed father 's dragon with her fairy magic and dies . Alex is disgusted with Rook , figuring out he was the person who leaked out information and dumps him . Rook saves the world . Alex feels sad about dumping him , but knows she has to . In the end Alex finds out the masked man is Lloyd Bailey ( in book 4 ) Beyond the Kingdoms ( edit ) Beyond the Kingdoms is the fourth installment in the series and was published on July 7 , 2015 . The book begins with the Bailey twins chasing the Masked Man , who they think is their late father . Alex was going through mood swings , in which her hair would float above her head and her eyes would glow . She also would get affected by her emotions greatly , in which she would attack many people . Alex then was ' un-godmothered ' and kicked out of the fairy council for insisting that the Masked Man should be one of their highest priorities . Alex loses control of her magic , shooting at the fairy council with lightning and vanishing . She arrived at the Giant 's castle which Mother Goose was staying in . Later on , at Red and Froggy 's wedding , Morina the beauty witch arrives and claims to be Froggy 's first lover ( and the one who cursed him to live as a frog ) . She also threatens to harm Red if he does n't leave with her . Froggy chose to leave with her , as Morina is a very powerful entity . Meanwhile , Conner gets beaten up by the Masked Man in the library as he attempts to steal books . Conner ripped off his mask , so everyone else can be convinced that he is their father . That night , Alex wishes to speak with her late grandmother , who sends an angelic moth of memories from the stars to tell Alex the true story of the Masked Man : he 's their uncle Lloyd . Conner 's old friend Trix the fairy had stolen a book from his grandmother 's possession . Apparently , what Lloyd attempted to steal was a Portal Potion , which could transport anyone into any book created . The ingredients to the potion contain a branch from the oldest tree in the woods , a feather from the finest pheasant in the sky , a liquefied lock and key that belonged to a true love , two weeks of moonlight and a spark of magic . Alex then confronted that the Masked Man was their uncle and not their father . Conner said she was crazy , but Mother Goose said that it was true and it was their grandmother 's final wish for her to not tell . The group then have to travel into the literature stories and attempt to stop their uncle before he recruits an army of literary villains . Alex and Conner are trapped in separate worlds by Lloyd , Alex in the world of King Arthur and Conner in the land of Robin Hood . After they escape and meet up in the land of Oz , they realize Lloyd has sent armies to destroy the kingdoms and that they need to go home for supplies . They leave for the Otherworld on a cliffhanger -- they will not go into any published stories , but into Conner 's own short stories. And Conner is ... An Author 's Odyssey ( edit ) An Author 's Odyssey is the fifth installment in the series and was published on July 12 , 2016 . When the twins and their friends enter worlds crafted from Conner 's imagination , finding allies no one else could have ever dreamed of , and also recovering many memories they had made in the fairy - tale world , the race begins to put an end to the Masked Man 's reign of terror . Conner and Alex spend moments in Conner 's short stories ranging from battling pirates to racing in an ancient pyramid filled with a thousand zombie mummies with the story 's main protagonist . Conner had to go with his mother , Charlotte Bailey , in one of those adventures . In the meantime , the Sea Witch and the Snow Queen along with the witches at Dead Man 's Creek had other plans . The Snow Queen and the Sea Witch planned a handful of dust made from a magic mirror created by demons on Alex whereas only one piece of the dust turned the Enchantress into what she became . Worlds Collide ( edit ) The sixth and final book in the series , titled Worlds Collide , was released on July 11 , 2017 . Conner and Alex must brave the impossible . All of the Land of Stories fairy tale characters -- heroes and villains -- are no longer confined within their world . With mayhem brewing in the Big Apple , Conner and Alex will have to win their biggest battle yet . After a prologue in which Conner , now 80 , is celebrating his birthday at a bookstore , and realises he does n't know what happened to Alex , and begins reading his last book . The story starts with Alex , still under the witches ' control , wreaking havoc at the New York Public Library . Conner realises this and accompanied by Red , Jack , Goldilocks , and Bree . There are a few mishaps at the airport , such as Red buying a mirror at a gift shop , but they get on the plane safely . When they arrive , the Book Huggers , sitting in a restaurant , see Conner and tell their parents . However , Conner ducks and the parents do n't see him . Then as Conner 's group attempts to make it into the library , a homeless man who had helped them earlier for money leads them to a subway tunnel that was abandoned in the ' 20s , and heads directly under the library . While there , they hear from other homeless people , and realise a portal between the worlds is going to open up in the library . They break into the library and see Alex , who is controlled by Morina , and the witch keeps them quiet . While sleeping , Conner gets a message from Alex saying that she wants him to kill her so she can `` return to magic '' and break free from the curse . The Book Huggers rescue Conner and the gang . Meanwhile , Alex is causing more chaos against her will . After the Literary Army was destroyed , Conner wrote a story , where he and Alex never explored the Land of Stories . Alex is not affected by the curse in the story , and they see their father . Alex then gets emotional to the point the curse disintegrates and they leave . They then repair New York and a week later , meet the president . They explain to her to safeguard the Land of Stories book to ensure a catastrophe never happens again like that of the Literary Army . The series ends with 70 years later where Conner , now 80 , is going to be relocated to an retirement home because his children believe he is crazy . His granddaughter Charlotte `` Charlie '' Bailey visits him as he is about to visit his sister , Alex . He then exits to the Fairy Tale world . The series ends with Charlie hearing a sound and going to the attic and seeing the Land of Stories book shine.in the next series will be about Conner . Conner Conner , Conner . Companion books ( edit ) Five companion books to the series have been published . The Land of Stories : A Treasury of Classic Fairy Tales is represented as the book Alex and Conner enter in the series . The Curvy Tree and Trollbella Throws a Party are picture books with text by Colfer . The Adventures from the Land of Stories series includes The Mother Goose Diaries and Queen Red Riding Hood 's Guide to Royalty . All are illustrated by Brandon Dorman except for The Mother Goose Diaries , which has illustrations by Olga and Aleksey Ivanov . On October 16 , 2018 , Colfer will release a new book , titled The Ultimate Book Hugger 's Guide . He also has plans for a Goldilocks graphic novel . Development ( edit ) Colfer recorded his audio book using his own voice . The Land of Stories : The Wishing Spell has been translated into several languages , including Spanish , Russian , Italian , French , Hebrew , Greek , Portuguese ( Brazil ) , and Dutch . Characters ( edit ) Heroes ( edit ) Alex Bailey is a smart , curious girl , described as having bright blue eyes and short , strawberry - blond hair with a headband always in it . She is very studious , and pays close attention to every class , getting full marks . She is also considered the teacher 's pet but does n't have any friends . She is the twin sister to Conner Bailey . She also was the reason why the twins went in the book in the first place . Conner Bailey is a boy looking very much like his twin sister , who sleeps all day , even in class , and is a slacker . He 's very social , however , but feels like he is constantly overshadowed by his brainy sister . He holds a deep hatred against his teacher , Mrs. Peters however she inspired Conner to become a writer and in book 5 travels into his short stories . He the twin brother to Alex Bailey . In the last book , it is revealed that Conner and Bree marry and have children together . Froggy is a large , slightly humanoid frog . Formerly Prince Charlie Charming , a curse was placed upon him for being too vain . He is very wise and gives the twins advice and help throughout . He is embarrassed of being a frog , and lives in a sort of house - hole in the dwarf forests . In ( Beyond the Kingdoms ) he is imprisoned in a magic mirror in order to protect Red who he then married . Red Riding Hood is a girl in a fairy tale series . But , she is older now . She 's a little bit selfish , loves her gigantic outfits but since she has her own kingdom , she 's very smart and good with her people . Her lover used to be Jack but he would always turn her away in favor of Goldilocks but Red now loves Froggy but turns her away during their wedding in the 4th book to protect her . Red does n't like gross stuff , since she 's a lady . Little Bo Peep took over her throne in the A Grimm Warning but she got her throne back . In book 6 , Froggy and Red adopt the Lost Boys from Neverland . In the 6th book `` 《 Worlds Collide 》 '' she ends up marrying him . Jack is now a grown man with the other Fairy Tale characters , who grew a very famous beanstalk when he was younger . He gets married to Goldilocks in the third book , in the fifth book they have a child and name him Hero . Goldilocks is a criminal , raiding kingdoms , who got given her first sword to fight with by Hagetta , a kind witch who lives in the Dwarf Forests . She gets married to Jack in the third book . In the fourth book , she is going to be a mother . In the fifth book she gives birth to a baby boy and names him Hero . Fairy Godmother is Alex and Conner 's grandmother and leads the Fairy Council through bad times and also is the only one who can create a portal between the fairy - tale world and the Otherworld . She dies in A Grimm Warning after slaying a dragon . Mother Goose is able to travel between worlds ( with the Fairy Godmother ) and reads nursery rhymes around the world to children . She is part of the Fairy Council . She is first mentioned in The Wishing Spell , and appears in The Enchantress Returns , A Grimm Warning and Beyond the Kingdoms . She `` retires '' and joins Merlin in his story in Beyond the Kingdoms . She likes to gamble and travel with her pet goose , Lester . Bree Campbell is an intelligent and determined girl . She was first introduced in A Grimm Warning as a classmate of Conner Bailey . She is a horror writer and is described as beautiful . She has blonde hair with a streak of pink and blue and always wears a purple beanie and an earbud in one ear . Conner actually has a huge crush on Bree , and at the end of ( A Grimm Warning ) , Bree reveals that she has a crush on him too . She also becomes close friends with Emmerich . In the last book , it is revealed that Connor and Bree marry and have children together . Emmerich Himmelsbach is a boy from Hohenschwangau , Germany , and approximately ten years old . He first appears in A Grimm Warning . He helps Conner and Bree get into Neuschwanstein castle and ends up joining Conner on his adventure to save the Land of Stories . In Beyond the Kingdoms , he turns out to be the son of Bo Peep and Lloyd Bailey , the Masked Man and the twins ' uncle , therefore making Emmerich their cousin . Auburn Sally is a character based on Goldilocks - she is a pirate who sails with her crew aboard their ship the Dolly Llama . Conner barely manages to convince her to be part of his army . They are forced to battle Smoky Sails Sam when he attacks them . Auburn Sally appears in An Author 's Odyssey . King Arthur is the King of England , from Camelot . He meets Alex in Beyond the Kingdoms , and ends up being the boyfriend of Alex . Charlotte and John Bailey are the parents of Alex and Conner . John dies in the first book leaving Charlotte on her own until the second book when she marries Bob . Royals : - Queen Cinderella : Queen of the Charming Kingdom . - Queen Sleeping Beauty : Queen of the Eastern Kingdom . - Princess Hope - Princess Ash - Queen Rapunzel - Queen Little Red Riding Hood - Queen Snow White - Sir William - King Chance Charming - King Chandler Charming - King Charlie Charming - King Chase Charming - Ghost of Queen Beauty : The Ghost living in the Eastern / Sleeping Kingdom from the story Beauty and the Beast . Villains ( edit ) Evly , The Evil Queen is Snow White 's stepmother . The whole Fairy tale world thought she was vain and power obsessed , but she really only wanted to free her lover , Mira , from her magic mirror . Mira had been put in the magic mirror by Ezmia , The Enchantress . After the battle at her palace in ' The Wishing Spell ' , she is trapped by the mirror which had once held Mira , and was transformed into a hopeless version of her old self , wandering the mirror realm in the vain hope of finding her lost lover . In Worlds Collide , the effects of the mirror have caused her to forget herself . This caused her to revert into a young girl . She is soon discovered by Froggy , who was at the time , cursed by Morina , the Beauty Witch into his own mirror , and together they set of to warn his friends of the plot the fairytale villains have . She is released from the mirror realm by offering words of wisdom to a woman who 's self - esteem was shattered by her looks . With being released , she has turned into her true , middle aged self . Evly 's final fate is unknown , however it appears that she has a brighter future with her complete reformation . Ezmia , The Enchantress was cursed by the witches to hate everyone and tried to destroy the world . This same curse was placed on Alex Bailey in the 5th book . Ezmia was once a small girl living in the Otherworld in misery following the death of her parents and the destruction of her village . She was to be killed by ruthless soldiers , but in an act of self - defense killed them instead . The Fairy Godmother , who had secretly watched this , took Ezmia under her wing and she became her apprentice and became very powerful . So much so the Fairy Godmother chose her as the next Fairy Godmother . Sadly , bitterness over men who failed her as well as what she claimed was the other fairies ' jealousy caused her to renounce her title and turned to Dark Magic . She is defeated by Alex Bailey . It is later revealed , however , that it was the witches who cast a spell on her to turn to rage . The Snow Queen is a blind weather witch who , a long time ago , secretly plotted against the king of the Northern Kingdom , whom she had befriended by granting him wishes and making prophecies . She overthrew the king and covered the kingdom in an everlasting winter . She was eventually overthrown by Wise Prince White ( Snow White 's grandfather ) and banished to the Northern Mountains , where she lives in an icy lair with her polar bears . Morina is an evil witch that cursed Froggy to look like a frog . Morina looks like a beautiful lady but she has ram 's horns on her head . The Masked Man is the main villain in books 3 , 4 and 5 . In book 4 , it is revealed that the Masked Man is Alex and Conner 's uncle . In book 5 Emmerich is revealed to him as his son , and Little Bo Peep as his wife . His plot is to overthrow the Kingdoms and take over the world . Smoky Sails Sam is a pirate in book 5 who wants to kill Auburn Sally because of what she stole from him . General Marquis is a general of the Grand Armée who wants to take over the fairy tale world . He appeared in The Grimm Warning but died because of the Masked Man . Captain Hook is a pirate in the fourth and fifth book who wants to kill Peter Pan Reception ( edit ) The Wishing Spell was on the New York Times Bestseller List for five weeks , and reached No. 1 for two of the five . The Onion 's The A.V. Club gave The Wishing Spell a B . The Wishing Spell was named one of Barnes & Noble 's `` Best Books of 2012 '' . Film adaptation ( edit ) On June 13 , 2017 , it was announced that Twentieth Century Fox is developing a film adaptation of the first book , The Wishing Spell , with Colfer directing and writing the screenplay . He will also serve as one of the executive producers on the film , which will be produced by 21 Laps Entertainment . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Chris Colfer on The Land of Stories and wishing his characters could meet Harry Potter '' . Entertainment Weekly . July 12 , 2016 . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Land of Stories : The Wishing Spell : Chris Colfer : 9780316201575 : Amazon.com : Books '' . Amazon.com. 2012 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Barrett , Annie ( 2013 - 04 - 01 ) . `` ' Glee ' star Chris Colfer reveals title , date , and cover of second ' Land of Stories ' book '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ D'Amico , Jordan ( 2015 - 04 - 11 ) . `` Chris Colfer Reveals The Cover & Title For His Fourth `` Land Of Stories '' Book `` . RecentlyHeard.com . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Land of Stories : An Author 's Odyssey '' . Amazon.com. 2016 - 07 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Colfer on The Land of Stories and wishing his characters could meet Harry Potter '' . Entertainment Weekly . July 12 , 2016 . Retrieved September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Land of Stories : Worlds Collide '' . Little , Brown Books for Young Readers . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Tasha ( 2012 - 09 - 03 ) . `` Chris Colfer : The Land of Stories : The Wishing Spell '' . Avclub.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Barnes & Noble 's Best Books of 2012 : Books '' . Barnes and Noble. 2013 - 06 - 24 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Patterson , Michael ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` A ' Glee ' - ful Return : Chris Colfer Will Adapt & Direct A Movie Adaptation Of His Book Series , The Land Of Stories '' . moviepilot.com . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 16 . External links ( edit ) Children 's literature portal Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Land_of_Stories&oldid=849565251 '' Categories : American children 's novels Children 's fantasy novels Novels based on fairy tales Series of children 's books Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2012 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano Português Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 9 July 2018 , at 21 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the land of stories take place	[]	[]
4754338722925501401	Abdominal cavity	Abdominal cavity - wikipedia Abdominal cavity Abdominal cavity Front of abdomen , showing surface markings for duodenum , pancreas , and kidneys . Details Identifiers Latin cavitas abdominis MeSH D034841 TA A01. 1.00. 051 A10. 1.00. 001 FMA 12266 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The abdominal cavity is a large body cavity in humans and many other animals that contains many organs . It is a part of the abdominopelvic cavity . It is located below the thoracic cavity , and above the pelvic cavity . Its dome - shaped roof is the thoracic diaphragm , a thin sheet of muscle under the lungs , and its floor is the pelvic inlet , opening into the pelvis . Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Organs 1.2 Peritoneum 1.3 Mesentery 1.4 Omenta 2 Clinical significance 2.1 Ascites 2.2 Inflammation 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Structure ( edit ) The abdominal cavity is labeled 3 in this image , and together with the pelvic cavity ( 4 ) it makes up the abdominopelvic cavity 6 . Organs ( edit ) Organs of the abdominal cavity include the stomach , liver , gallbladder , spleen , pancreas , small intestine , kidneys , large intestine , and adrenal glands . Peritoneum ( edit ) Main article : Peritoneum The abdominal cavity is lined with a protective membrane termed the peritoneum . The inside wall is covered by the parietal peritoneum . The kidneys are located in the abdominal cavity behind the peritoneum , in the retroperitoneum . The viscera are also covered by visceral peritoneum . Between the visceral and parietal peritoneum is the peritoneal cavity , which is a potential space . It contains serous fluid that allows motion . This motion is apparent of the gastrointestinal tract . The peritoneum , by virtue of its connection to the two ( parietal and visceral ) portions , gives support to the abdominal organs . The peritoneum divides the cavity into numerous compartments . One of these the lesser sac is located behind the stomach and joins into the greater sac via the foramen of Winslow . Some of the organs are attached to the walls of the abdomen via folds of peritoneum and ligaments , such as the liver and others use broad areas of the peritoneum , such as the pancreas . The peritoneal ligaments are actually dense folds of the peritoneum that are used to connect viscera to viscera or viscera to the walls of the abdomen . They are named in such a way as to show what they connect typically . For example , the gastrocolic ligament connects the stomach and colon and the splenocolic ligament connects the spleen and the colon , or sometimes by their shape as the round ligament or triangular ligament . Mesentery ( edit ) Mesenteries are folds of peritoneum that are attached to the walls of the abdomen and enclose viscera completely . They are supplied with plentiful amounts of blood . The three most important mesenteries are mesentery for the small intestine , the transverse mesocolon , which attaches the back portion of the colon to the abdominal wall , and the sigmoid mesocolon which enfolds the sigmoid colon . Omenta ( edit ) The omentum are specialized folds of peritoneum that enclose nerves , blood vessels , lymph channels , fatty tissue , and connective tissue . There are two omenta . First , is the greater omentum that hangs off of the transverse colon and greater curvature of the stomach . The other is the lesser omentum that extends between the stomach and the liver . Clinical significance ( edit ) Ascites ( edit ) When fluid collects in the abdominal cavity , this condition is called ascites . This is usually not noticeable until enough fluid has collected to distend the abdomen . The collection of fluid will cause pressure on the viscera , veins , and thoracic cavity . Treatment is directed at the cause of the fluid accumulation . One method is to decrease the portal vein pressure , especially useful in treating cirrhosis . Chylous ascites heals best if the lymphatic vessel involved is closed . Heart failure can cause recurring ascites . Inflammation ( edit ) Another disorder is called peritonitis which usually accompanies inflammatory processes elsewhere . It can be caused by damage to an organ , or from a contusion to the abdominal wall from the outside or by surgery . It may be brought in by the bloodstream or the lymphatic system . The most common origin is the gastrointestinal tract . Peritonitis can be acute or chronic , generalized or localized , and may have one origin or multiple origins . The omenta can help control the spread of infection ; however without treatment , the infection will spread throughout the cavity . An abscess may also form as a secondary reaction to an infection . Antibiotics have become an important tool in fighting abscesses ; however , external drainage is usually required also . See also ( edit ) Coelom References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Abdominal cavity '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . I : A-Ak -- Bayes ( 15th ed . ) . Chicago , Illinois : Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc. 2010 . pp. 19 -- 20 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59339 - 837 - 8 . Jump up ^ Wingerd , Bruce ( 1994 ) . The Human Body : Concepts of Anatomy and Physiology . Fort Worth : Saunders College Publishing . pp. 11 -- 12 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 055507 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Abdominal cavity . Anatomy of the peritoneum and mesentery General Peritoneum cavity Mesentery Abdominal From ventral mesentery Lesser omentum Hepatoduodenal ligament Hepatogastric ligament Liver Coronary ligament ( Left triangular ligament Right triangular ligament Hepatorenal ligament ) Falciform ligament Round ligament of liver Ligamentum venosum From dorsal mesentery Greater omentum Gastrophrenic ligament Gastrocolic ligament Gastrosplenic ligament Mesentery Splenorenal ligament Phrenicocolic ligament Folds Umbilical folds Supravesical fossa Medial inguinal fossa Lateral umbilical fold Lateral inguinal fossa Ileocecal fold Abdominal cavity Greater sac Lesser sac Omental foramen General Cystohepatic triangle Hepatorenal recess of subhepatic space Abdominal wall Inguinal triangle Peritoneal recesses Paracolic gutters Paramesenteric gutters Pelvic Uterus / ovaries Broad ligament of the uterus Mesovarium Mesosalpinx Mesometrium ) Ovarian ligament Suspensory ligament of ovary Recesses Male Recto - vesical pouch Pararectal fossa Female Recto - uterine pouch Recto - uterine fold ( Uterosacral ligament ) Vesico - uterine pouch Ovarian fossa Paravesical fossa Retroperitonium Spaces Extraperitoneal space Retroperitoneal space Retropubic space Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abdominal_cavity&oldid=833865132 '' Categories : Abdomen Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština ChiShona Deutsch Eesti Español 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Slovenščina کوردی Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Українська Võro 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 19 : 46 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	name the membrane that connects the stomach with the liver	[ "The omentum are specialized folds of peritoneum that enclose nerves, blood vessels, lymph channels, fatty tissue, and connective tissue. There are two omenta. First, is the greater omentum that hangs off of the transverse colon and greater curvature of the stomach. The other is the lesser omentum that extends between the stomach and the liver.[1]\n" ]	[ "the lesser omentum" ]
5462179156181389673	Ballpoint pen	Ballpoint pen - wikipedia Ballpoint pen Jump to : navigation , search `` Ball Pen '' redirects here . For the 2012 Indian film , see Ball Pen ( film ) . Ballpoint pen A retractable ballpoint pen assemblage ( Schneider K15 ) . Inventor John Loud ( patent ) Inception 1888 Manufacturer Multiple brands Available Worldwide mass - production Notes Ubiquitous writing instrument A ballpoint pen , also known as a biro , or ball pen , is a pen that dispenses ink over a metal ball at its point , i.e. over a `` ball point '' . The metal commonly used is steel , brass , or tungsten carbide . It was conceived and developed as a cleaner and more reliable alternative to dip pens and fountain pens , and it is now the world 's most - used writing instrument : millions are manufactured and sold daily . As a result , it has influenced art and graphic design and spawned an artwork genre . Pen manufacturers produce designer ballpoint pens for the high - end and collectors ' markets . The Bic Cristal is a popular disposable type of ballpoint pen whose design is recognised by its place in the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art , New York . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 Postwar proliferation 2 Types of ballpoint pens 3 As art medium 4 Manufacturing 4.1 Standards 5 Guinness World Record 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Tip of a ballpoint pen magnified Origins ( edit ) At left , an authentic Birome made in Argentina by Bíró & Meyne . At right , Birome advertisement in Argentine magazine Leoplán , 1945 . The concept of using a ball point within a writing instrument as a method of applying ink to paper has existed since the late 19th century . In these inventions , the ink was placed in a thin tube whose end was blocked by a tiny ball , held so that it could not slip into the tube or fall out of the pen . The first patent for a ballpoint pen was issued on 30 October 1888 , to John J. Loud , who was attempting to make a writing instrument that would be able to write `` on rough surfaces - such as wood , coarse wrapping - paper , and other articles '' which then - common fountain pens could not . Loud 's pen had a small rotating steel ball , held in place by a socket . Although it could be used to mark rough surfaces such as leather , as Loud intended , it proved to be too coarse for letter - writing . With no commercial viability , its potential went unexploited and the patent eventually lapsed . The manufacture of economical , reliable ballpoint pens as we know them arose from experimentation , modern chemistry , and precision manufacturing capabilities of the early 20th century . Patents filed worldwide during early development are testaments to failed attempts at making the pens commercially viable and widely available . Early ballpoints did not deliver the ink evenly ; overflow and clogging were among the obstacles inventors faced toward developing reliable ballpoint pens . If the ball socket was too tight , or the ink too thick , it would not reach the paper . If the socket was too loose , or the ink too thin , the pen would leak or the ink would smear . Ink reservoirs pressurized by piston , spring , capillary action , and gravity would all serve as solutions to ink - delivery and flow problems . László Bíró , a Hungarian newspaper editor frustrated by the amount of time that he wasted filling up fountain pens and cleaning up smudged pages , noticed that inks used in newspaper printing dried quickly , leaving the paper dry and smudge free . He decided to create a pen using the same type of ink . Bíró enlisted the help of his brother György , a chemist , to develop viscous ink formulae for new ballpoint designs . Bíró 's innovation successfully coupled ink - viscosity with a ball - socket mechanism which acted compatibly to prevent ink from drying inside the reservoir while allowing controlled flow . Bíró filed a British patent on 15 June 1938 . In 1941 , the Bíró brothers and a friend , Juan Jorge Meyne , fled Germany and moved to Argentina , where they formed Bíró Pens of Argentina and filed a new patent in 1943 . Their pen was sold in Argentina as the Birome ( portmanteau of the names Bíró and Meyne ) , which is how ballpoint pens are still known in that country . This new design was licensed by the British , who produced ballpoint pens for RAF aircrew as the Biro . Ballpoint pens were found to be more versatile than fountain pens , especially at high altitudes , where fountain pens were prone to ink - leakage . Bíró 's patent , and other early patents on ballpoint pens often used the term `` ball - point fountain pen '' . Post-war proliferation ( edit ) Following World War II , many companies vied to commercially produce their own ballpoint pen design . In post-war Argentina , success of the Birome ballpoint was limited , but in mid-1945 , the Eversharp Co. , a maker of mechanical pencils , teamed up with Eberhard Faber Co. to license the rights from Birome for sales in the United States . During the same period , American entrepreneur Milton Reynolds came across a Birome ballpoint pen during a business trip to Buenos Aires , Argentina . Recognizing commercial potential , he purchased several ballpoint samples , returned to the United States , and founded Reynolds International Pen Company . Reynolds bypassed the Birome patent with sufficient design alterations to obtain an American patent , beating Eversharp and other competitors to introduce the pen to the U.S. market . Debuting at Gimbels department store in New York City on 29 October 1945 , for US $12.50 each ( 1945 US dollar value , about $166 in 2016 dollars ) , Reynolds Rocket became the first commercially successful ballpoint pen . Reynolds went to great extremes to market the pen , with great success ; Gimbel 's sold many thousands of pens within one week . In Britain , the Miles Martin pen company was producing the first commercially successful ballpoint pens there by the end of 1945 . Neither Reynolds ' nor Eversharp 's ballpoint lived up to consumer expectations in America . Ballpoint pen sales peaked in 1946 , and consumer interest subsequently plunged due to market - saturation . By the early 1950s the ballpoint boom had subsided and Reynolds ' company folded . Paper Mate pens , among the emerging ballpoint brands of the 1950s , bought the rights to distribute their own ballpoint pens in Canada . Facing concerns about ink - reliability , Paper Mate pioneered new ink formulas and advertised them as `` banker - approved '' . In 1954 , Parker Pens released The Jotter -- the company 's first ballpoint -- boasting additional features and technological advances which also included the use of tungsten - carbide textured ball - bearings in their pens . In less than a year , Parker sold several million pens at prices between three and nine dollars . In the 1960s , the failing Eversharp Co. sold its pen division to Parker and ultimately folded . Marcel Bich also introduced a ballpoint pen to the American marketplace in the 1950s , licensed from Bíró and based on the Argentine designs . Bich shortened his name to Bic in 1953 , becoming the ballpoint brand now recognised globally . Bic pens struggled until the company launched its `` Writes The First Time , Every Time ! '' advertising campaign in the 1960s . Competition during this era forced unit prices to drop considerably . Types of ballpoint pens ( edit ) Bic Cristal ballpoint pens shown in four basic ink colours . Ballpoint pens are produced in both disposable and refillable models . Refills allow for the entire internal ink reservoir , including a ballpoint and socket , to be replaced . Such characteristics are usually associated with designer - type pens or those constructed of finer materials . The simplest types of ballpoint pens are disposable and have a cap to cover the tip when the pen is not in use , or a mechanism for retracting the tip , which varies between manufacturers but is usually a spring - or screw - mechanism . Rollerball pens employ the same ballpoint mechanics , but with the use of water - based inks instead of oil - based inks . Compared to oil - based ballpoints , rollerball pens are said to provide more fluid ink - flow , but the water - based inks will blot if held stationary against the writing surface . Water - based inks also remain wet longer when freshly applied and are thus prone to smearing -- posing problems to left - handed people ( or right handed people writing right - to - left script ) -- and running , should the writing surface become wet . Because of a ballpoint pen 's reliance on gravity to coat the ball with ink , most can not be used to write upside - down . However , technology developed by Fisher pens in the United States resulted in the production of what came to be known as the `` Fisher Space Pen '' . Space Pens combine a more viscous ink with a pressurised ink reservoir that forces the ink toward the point . Unlike standard ballpoints , the rear end of a Space Pen 's pressurized reservoir is sealed , eliminating evaporation and leakage , thus allowing the pen to write upside - down , in zero - gravity environments , and reportedly underwater . Astronauts have made use of these pens in outer space . Ballpoint pens with `` erasable ink '' were pioneered by the Paper Mate pen company . The ink formulas of erasable ballpoints have properties similar to rubber cement , allowing the ink to be literally rubbed clean from the writing surface before drying and eventually becoming permanent . Erasable ink is much thicker than standard ballpoint inks , requiring pressurised cartridges to facilitate inkflow -- meaning they can also write upside - down . Though these pens are equipped with erasers , any eraser will suffice . The inexpensive , disposable Bic Cristal ( also simply Bic pen or Biro ) is reportedly the most widely sold pen in the world . It was the Bic company 's first product and is still synonymous with the company name . The Bic Cristal is part of the permanent collection at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City , acknowledged for its industrial design . Its hexagonal barrel mimics that of a wooden pencil and is transparent , showing the ink level in the reservoir . Originally a sealed streamlined cap , the modern pen cap has a small hole at the top to meet safety standards , helping to prevent suffocation if children suck it into the throat . Multipens are pens that feature multiple varying colored ballpoint refills . Sometimes ballpoint refills are combined with another non-ballpoint refill . Ballpoint pens are sometimes provided free by businesses , such as hotels , as a form of advertising -- printed with a company 's name ; a ballpoint pen is a relatively low cost advertisement that is highly effective ( customers will use , and therefore see , a pen daily ) . Businesses and charities include ballpoint pens in direct mail campaigns to increase a customer 's interest in the mailing . Ballpoints have also been produced to commemorate events , such as a pen commemorating the 1963 assassination of President John F. Kennedy . As art medium ( edit ) Main article : Ballpoint pen artwork Example of a ballpoint pen work - in - progress -- rendering of actor Steve McQueen by artist James Mylne . Ballpoint pens have proven to be a versatile art medium for professional artists as well as amateur doodlers . Low cost , availability , and portability are cited by practitioners as qualities which make this common writing tool a convenient , alternative art supply . Some artists use them within mixed - media works , while others use them solely as their medium - of - choice . Effects not generally associated with ballpoint pens can be achieved . Traditional pen - and - ink techniques such as stippling and cross-hatching can be used to create half - tones or the illusion of form and volume . For artists whose interests necessitate precision line - work , ballpoints are an obvious attraction ; ballpoint pens allow for sharp lines not as effectively executed using a brush . Finely applied , the resulting imagery has been mistaken for airbrushed artwork and photography , causing reactions of disbelief which ballpoint artist Lennie Mace refers to as the Wow Factor . Famous 20th - century artists such as Andy Warhol , among others , have utilised ballpoint pens to some extent during their careers . Ballpoint pen artwork continues to attract interest in the 21st century , with contemporary artists gaining recognition for their specific use of ballpoint pens ; for their technical proficiency , imagination , and innovation . Korean - American artist Il Lee has been creating large - scale , ballpoint - only abstract artwork since the late 1970s . Since the 1980s , Lennie Mace creates imaginative , ballpoint - only artwork of varying content and complexity , applied to unconventional surfaces including wood and denim . The artist coined terms such as PENtings and Media Graffiti to describe his varied output . More recently , British artist James Mylne has been creating photo - realistic artwork using mostly black ballpoints , sometimes with minimal mixed - media color . In the mid-2000s ( decade ) , Juan Francisco Casas generated Internet attention for a series of large - scale , photo - realistic ballpoint duplications of his own snapshots of friends , utilising only blue pens . Ballpoint `` PENting '' by Lennie Mace , Uchuu Neko Parade ( 2005 ) ballpoint pen and hardware on paper . Using ballpoint pens to create artwork is not without limitations . Color availability and sensitivity of ink to light are among concerns of ballpoint pen artists . Mistakes pose greater risks to ballpoint artists ; once a line is drawn , it generally can not be erased . Additionally , `` blobbing '' of ink on the drawing surface and `` skipping '' of ink - flow require consideration when using ballpoint pens for artistic purposes . Although the mechanics of ballpoint pens remain relatively unchanged , ink composition has evolved to solve certain problems over the years , resulting in unpredictable sensitivity to light and some extent of fading . Manufacturing ( edit ) The ink holder of a disposable ballpoint pen . Although designs and construction vary between brands , basic components of all ballpoint pens are universal . Standard components include the freely rotating ball point itself ( distributing the ink ) , a socket holding the ball in place , and a self - contained ink reservoir supplying ink to the ball . In modern disposable pens , narrow plastic tubes contain the ink , which is compelled downward to the ball by gravity . Brass , steel , or tungsten carbide are used to manufacture the ball bearing - like points , then housed in a brass socket . The function of these components can be compared with the ball - applicator of roll - on antiperspirant ; the same technology at a larger scale . The ball point delivers the ink to the writing surface while acting as a buffer between the ink in the reservoir and the air outside , preventing the quick - drying ink from drying inside the reservoir . Modern ballpoints are said to have a two - year shelf life , on average . The common ballpoint pen is a product of mass production , with components produced separately on assembly lines . Basic steps in the manufacturing process include production of ink formulas , moulding of metal and plastic components , and assembly . Marcel Bich was involved in developing the production of inexpensive ballpoint pens . Standards ( edit ) The International Organization for Standardization has published standards for ball point and roller ball pens : ISO 12756 1998 : Drawing and writing instruments -- Ball point pens -- Vocabulary ISO 12757 - 1 1998 : Ball point pens and refills -- Part 1 : General use ISO 12757 - 2 1998 : Ball point pens and refills -- Part 2 : Documentary use ( DOC ) ISO 14145 - 1 1998 : Roller ball pens and refills -- Part 1 : General use ISO 14145 - 2 1998 : Roller ball pens and refills -- Part 2 : Documentary use ( DOC ) Guinness world record ( edit ) The world 's largest functioning ballpoint pen was made by Acharya Makunuri Srinivasa in India . The pen measures 5.5 m ( 18 ft 0.53 in ) long and weighs 37.23 kg ( 82.08 lb 1.24 oz ) . See also ( edit ) A seized nib of a Ballpoint pen can be freed by heating the nib briefly with a cigarette lighter . Gel pen List of pen types , brands and companies Retractable pen Rollerball pen Ballpoint pen knife References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bellis , Mary . `` About ballpoint pens '' . About.com . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How does a ballpoint pen work ? '' . Engineering . HowStuffWorks. 1998 -- 2007 . Retrieved 16 November 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Romanowsky ( January 1998 ) . `` How products are made '' . Ballpoint pen . High Beam Research , Inc . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Russell - Ausley , Melissa . `` How Ballpoint Pens Work '' . Howstuffworks , Inc . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Décolletage Plastique Design Team . Bic Cristal ® Ballpoint pen . 1950 - MoMA '' . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Collingridge , M.R. et al. ( 2007 ) `` Ink Reservoir Writing Instruments 1905 -- 20 '' Transactions of the Newcomen Society 77 ( 1 ) : pp. 69 -- 100 , p. 69 Jump up ^ ( Japes P. Mannings , `` Reservoir , Fountain , and Stylographic Pens '' ) , Journal of the Society of Arts , October 27 , 1905 , p. 1150 Jump up ^ Great Britain Patent No. 15630 , 30 October 2008 Jump up ^ `` Patent US392046 - op weym - Google Patents '' . Google.com . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Ryan , James Gilbert ; Schlup , Leonard C. ( 2006 ) . Historical Dictionary of The 1940s . M.E. Sharpe , Inc. p. 40 . ISBN 0 - 7656 - 0440 - X . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Birome Ballpoint Pen Collection '' . Bios , Landmarks , Patents -- ASME . ASME ( American Society of Mechanical Engineers ) . 1996 -- 2013 . Jump up ^ Collingridge , M.R. et al. ( 2007 ) `` Ink Reservoir Writing Instruments 1905 -- 20 '' Transactions of the Newcomen Society 77 ( 1 ) : pp. 69 -- 100 , page 80 Jump up ^ Webshark Ltd. -- www.webshark.hu . `` A porcelán - arany csoda '' . Herend . Archived from the original on 12 October 2007 . Retrieved 11 September 2010 . Jump up ^ The first complete specifications appear to be UK 498997 , June 1938 and UK 512218 , December 1938 ; his rather basic Hungarian patent 120037 was dated April 1938 . Collingridge , M.R. et al. ( 2007 ) `` Ink Reservoir Writing Instruments 1905 -- 20 '' Transactions of the Newcomen Society 77 ( 1 ) : pp. 69 -- 100 , p. 80 Jump up ^ Campbell , Douglas E. ; Chant , Stephen J. ( 30 March 2017 ) . `` Patent Log : Innovative Patents that Advanced the United States Navy '' . Lulu.com . Retrieved 30 March 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Ball point fountain pen '' . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Red ball point fountain pen inks and colorants therefor '' . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fountain pen of the ball point type '' . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ball - point fountain pen '' . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Writing instrument '' . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen Van Dulken ; Andrew Phillips ( 2002 ) . Inventing the 20th century : 100 inventions that shaped the world . NYU Press . p. 106 . Jump up ^ Cresce , Greg . `` book review , `` Politics , human intrigue flow through ballpoint pen 's history '' `` . Gyorgy Moldova ; Ballpoint : A tale of Genius and Grit , Perilous Times , and the Invention that Changed the Way We Write ; Winnipeg Free Press . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Phaidon Design Classics - Volume 2 , 2006 Phaidon Press Ltd . ISBN 0 - 7148 - 4399 - 7 Jump up ^ `` Fisher Space Pen -- About Us '' . Retrieved 5 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : V. Elaine Smay ( 1979 ) . `` New Designs ; Ball - point pen uses erasable ink '' . Popular Science ( July 1979 ; pg. 20 ) . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Humble Masterpieces -- The Museum of Modern Art New York , 8 April -- 27 September 2004 . Jump up ^ `` BIC Corporation -- Company History '' . Fundinguniverse.com . Retrieved 17 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . Bicworld.com . Retrieved 17 August 2011 . Jump up ^ BICWorld.com FAQ -- BIC World ^ Jump up to : Genocchio , Benjamin ( 10 August 2007 ) . `` To See the World in Ballpoint Pen '' . The New York Times . Manhattan , New York , USA : Arthur Ochs Sulzberger , Jr . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . OCLC 1645522 . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Attewill , Fred ( 29 September 2011 ) . `` Artist wins £ 6,000 art prize after using 3p ballpoint pens from Tesco '' . Metro . Kensington , London , England : Associated Newspapers Ltd . ISSN 1469 - 6215 . OCLC 225917520 . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Cathy ( 2010 ) . Watercolor tricks & techniques : 75 new and classic painting secrets ( illustrated , revised ed . ) . Cincinnati , Ohio , USA : North Light Books . p. 123 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60061 - 308 - 1 . OCLC 299713330 . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Small , Suzy ( 19 August 2005 ) . `` Ai Candy ; exhibition preview '' . Tokyo Weekender . Tokyo , Japan : BC Media Group . 2 ( 15 ) : 16 . Retrieved 3 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Mylne , James ( 2010 ) . `` About Ballpoints , & Using Them in Art '' . Biro Drawing.co.uk . James R. Mylne . Archived from the original on 28 November 2012 . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Tizon , Natalia ( 2007 ) . Art of Sketching ( illustrated ed . ) . New York City , New York , USA : Sterling Publishing . p. 84 . ISBN 9781402744235 . OCLC 76951111 . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Liddell , C.B. ( 3 April 2002 ) . `` The hair - raising art of Lennie Mace ; Lennie Mace Museum '' . The Japan Times . Tokyo , Japan : Toshiaki Ogasawara . ISSN 0447 - 5763 . OCLC 21225620 . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Liddell , C.B. ( Jan 2002 ) . `` Getting the ball rolling in harajuku '' . Tokyo Journal . Tokyo , Japan : Nexxus Communications K.K. 21 ( 241 ) : 36 -- 37 . ISSN 0289 - 811X . OCLC 13995159 . ^ Jump up to : Garnham , Emily ( 16 April 2010 ) . `` Biro artist recreates Girl With A Pearl Earring masterpiece '' . Daily Express . London , England : Northern and Shell Media . OCLC 173337077 . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Warhol , Andy ; Slovak , Richard ; Hunt , Timothy ( 2007 ) . Warhol Polaroid Portraits . New York City , New York , USA : McCaffrey Fine Art . pp. intro . ISBN 9780979048418 . OCLC 420821909 . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Honda , Takahiko ( April 2011 ) . `` New York 's Playful Ballpoint Picasso '' . 「月刊ギャラリー」 ( Gekkan Gallery Guide ) . Tokyo , Japan : Gallery Station Co. , Ltd. 4 : 27 . Jump up ^ staff ( 2 February 2008 ) . `` Simply birolliant -- the incredible 10ft ' photographs ' drawn with a ballpoint pen '' . Daily Mail . England : Associated Newspapers Ltd . ISSN 0307 - 7578 . OCLC 16310567 . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Holben Ellis , Margaret ( 1995 ) . The care of prints and drawings ( reprint , illustrated ed . ) . Lanham , Maryland , USA : Rowman Altamira . pp. 101 -- 103 . ISBN 9780761991366 . OCLC 33404294 . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dransfield , Rob ; Needham , Dave ( 2005 ) . GCE AS Level Applied Business Double Award for OCR . Heinemann Educational Publishers . p. 329 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 435401 - 16 - 0 . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ISO 12756 : 1998 -- Drawing and writing instruments -- Ball point pens and roller ball pens -- Vocabulary '' . Iso.org. 12 June 2009 . Retrieved 11 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ISO 12757 - 1 : 1998 -- Ball point pens and refills -- Part 1 : General use '' . Iso.org. 12 June 2009 . Retrieved 11 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ISO 12757 - 2 : 1998 -- Ball point pens and refills -- Part 2 : Documentary use ( DOC ) '' . Iso.org. 12 June 2009 . Retrieved 11 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ISO 14145 - 1 : 1998 -- Roller ball pens and refills -- Part 1 : General use '' . Iso.org. 12 June 2009 . Retrieved 11 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ISO 14145 - 2 : 1998 -- Roller ball pens and refills -- Part 2 : Documentary use ( DOC ) '' . Iso.org. 12 June 2009 . Retrieved 11 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Largest ball point pen '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 14 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ballpens . A history of the ballpoint pen . Did Biros really revolutionise writing ? -- BBC News -- 24 October 2006 Laszlo Biro on Jewish. hu 's list of famous Hungarians The Ballpointer online journal covering ballpoint pen artwork Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ballpoint_pen&oldid=798866230 '' Categories : Hungarian inventions Products introduced in 1938 Pens Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from January 2015 Use British English from September 2010 Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Hausa हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Simple English Slovenščina Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt West - Vlams Winaray ייִדיש 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 September 2017 , at 07 : 56 . 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64071770658349312	Battle of Tannenberg	Battle of Tannenberg - wikipedia Battle of Tannenberg For the 1410 battle at the same location , see Battle of Grunwald . For the 1944 battle in Estonia , see Battle of Tannenberg Line . Battle of Tannenberg Part of the East Prussian campaign of the Eastern Front in World War I Russian prisoners of war after the Battle of Tannenberg . Date 26 -- 30 August 1914 Location Near Allenstein , East Prussia ( today Olsztyn , Poland ) 53 ° 29 ′ 45 '' N 20 ° 08 ′ 4 '' E / 53.49583 ° N 20.13444 ° E / 53.49583 ; 20.13444 Coordinates : 53 ° 29 ′ 45 '' N 20 ° 08 ′ 4 '' E / 53.49583 ° N 20.13444 ° E / 53.49583 ; 20.13444 Result Decisive German victory Second Russian Army annihilated Belligerents German Empire Russian Empire Commanders and leaders Paul von Hindenburg Erich Ludendorff Max Hoffmann Alexander Samsonov † Units involved 8th Army 1st Army 2nd Army Strength 150,000 230,000 Casualties and losses 10,000 -- 15,000 killed or wounded 12,000 killed or wounded Official German data 21 -- 30 / 08 / 14 : 13,873 : 1,726 KIA 7,461 WIA 4,686 MIA 170,000 : 78,000 killed or wounded 92,000 POW 350 guns captured hide East Prussian Campaign Stallupönen Gumbinnen Tannenberg 1st Masurian Lakes Vivat ribbon commemorating Battle of Tannenberg . Shows Wilhelm II and `` Hindenburg the victor of Tannenberg '' . The Battle of Tannenberg was fought between Russia and Germany between the 26th and 30th of August 1914 , the first month of World War I . The battle resulted in the almost complete destruction of the Russian Second Army and the suicide of its commanding general , Alexander Samsonov . A series of follow - up battles ( First Masurian Lakes ) destroyed most of the First Army as well and kept the Russians off balance until the spring of 1915 . The battle is particularly notable for fast rail movements by the Germans , enabling them to concentrate against each of the two Russian armies in turn , and also for the failure of the Russians to encode their radio messages . It brought considerable prestige to Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg and his rising staff - officer Erich Ludendorff . Although the battle actually took place near Allenstein ( Olsztyn ) , Hindenburg named it after Tannenberg , 30 km to the west , in order to , in German eyes , avenge the defeat of the Teutonic Knights 500 years earlier at the Battle of Grunwald ( which was always known as the Battle of Tannenberg in German ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Prelude : 17 -- 22 August 3 Battle 3.1 Consolidation of the German Eighth Army 3.2 Early phases of battle : 23 -- 26 August 3.3 Main battle : 26 -- 30 August 4 Aftermath 5 Post-war legacy 6 Footnotes 7 Further reading Background ( edit ) The French army 's Plan XVII at the outbreak of World War I involved swift mobilization followed by an immediate attack to drive the Germans from Alsace and Lorraine . If the British Expeditionary Force ( BEF ) joined in accordance with their Allied treaty , they would fill the left flank . Their Russian allies in the East would have a massive army , more than 95 divisions , but their mobilization would inevitably be slower . Getting their men to the front would itself take time because of their relatively sparse and unreliable railway network ( for example , three - quarters of the Russian railways were still single - tracked . Russia intended to have 27 divisions at the front by day 15 and 52 by day 23 , but it would take 60 days before 90 divisions were in action . Despite their difficulties , the Russians promised the French that they would promptly engage the armies of Austria - Hungary in the south and on day 15 would invade German East Prussia . East Prussia was a vulnerable salient thrust into Russian territory , extending from the Vistula River in the west to the border with ( at the time , Russian ) Lithuania in the east , a distance of roughly 190 km ( 120 mi ) . On the north was the Baltic and on the south was the border with ( at the time , Russian ) Poland ; it was about 130 km ( 81 mi ) wide . Somewhat east of the center of the province was the heavily fortified peninsula on which its capital Königsberg ( nowadays : Kaliningrad , Russia ) was located . The Russians would rely on two of their three railways that ran up to the border ; each would provision an army . The railways ended at the border , as Russian trains operated on a different rail gauge than Western Europe . Consequently , its armies could be transported by rail only as far as the German border and could use Prussian railways only with captured locomotives and rolling stock . The First Army would use the line that ran from Vilnius , Lithuania , to the border 136 km ( 85 mi ) southeast of Königsberg . The Second Army railway ran from Warsaw , Poland , to the border 165 km ( 103 mi ) southwest of Königsberg . The two armies would take the Germans in a pincers . The Russian supply chains would be ungainly because -- for defense -- on their side of the border there were only a few sandy tracks rather than proper macadamized roads . Adding to their supply problems , the Russians deployed large numbers of cavalry and Cossacks ; every day each horse needed ten times the resources that a man required . The First Army commander was Gen. Pavel Karlovitch Rennenkampf , who in the Russo - Japanese War had earned a reputation for `` exceptional energy , determination , courage , and military capability . '' The Second Army , coming north from Warsaw , was under Gen. Alekesander Vasilevich Samsonov , who was `` ... possessed of a brilliant mind , reinforced by an excellent military education '' . Since commanding a division in the war with Japan he had been governor of Turkestan . The two armies were directed by the military governor of Warsaw , who in wartime commanded the Northwest Military District , Gen. Yakov Grigorevich Zhilinskiy . His duties in Manchuria had been more diplomatic than military . Before moving to Warsaw he had been Chief of the Russian General Staff for two years . He set up his headquarters in Volkovysk . ( Vawkavysk , Belarus ) , about 410 km ( 250 mi ) from Königsberg . Communications would be a daunting challenge . The Russian supply of cable was insufficient to run telephone or telegraph connections from the rear ; all they had was needed for field communications . Therefore , they relied on mobile wireless stations , which would link Zhilinskiy to his two army commanders and with all corps commanders . The Russians were aware that the Germans had broken their ciphers , but they continued to use them until war broke out . A new code was ready but they were still very short of the code books . Zhilinskiy and Rennenkampf each had one ; Samsonov did not . Hence , many messages were sent in the clear , hoping that they would not be intercepted . The German Schlieffen Plan proposed to defeat France swiftly while the Russians were mobilizing . Then Germany 's armies would shift by train to the Eastern Front . Therefore , East Prussia was garrisoned by a single army , the Eighth , commanded by Gen. Maximilian von Prittwitz und Gaffron , which was to hold back the Russians while the outcome in the West was decided . A tangle of lakes , marshes and dense woods characterized the province , which would help defenders . When the war began the bulk of the German Eighth Army was southwest of Königsberg , ready to defend either the Western or the Southern frontier : 485,000 Russians were facing 173,000 Germans . More than half of the men in both armies just had been mobilized , so many were not yet fighting fit . Prelude : 17 -- 22 August ( edit ) Rennenkampf 's First Army crossed the frontier on 17 August 1914 , moving westward slowly . This was sooner than the Germans anticipated , because the Russian mobilization , including the Baltic and Warsaw districts , had begun secretly on 25 July , not with the Tsar 's proclamation on 30 July . They were attacked at Stallupönen by a division of the German I Corps under Lt. Gen. Hermann von François . The Russians were driven back and lost 3,000 men as prisoners , but I Corps was ordered by Prittwitz , who had not authorized the attack , to pull back to Gumbinnen to concentrate his forces . The Russian advance continued on the afternoon of 18 August and on the following day . Prittwitz attacked near Gumbinnen on 20 August , when he knew from intercepted wireless messages that Rennenkampf 's infantry was resting . German I Corps was on their left , XVII Corps commanded by Lt. Gen. August von Mackensen in the center and I Reserve Corps led by Gen. Otto von Below on the right . A night march enabled one of François ' divisions to hit the Russian XX Corps ' right flank at 04 : 00 . Rennenkampf 's men rallied to stoutly resist the attack . Their artillery was devastating until they ran out of ammunition , then the Russians retired . I Corps attacks were halted at 16 : 00 to rest men sapped by the torrid summer heat . François was sure they could win the next day . On his left Mackensen 's XVII Corps launched a vigorous frontal attack but the Russian infantry held firm . That afternoon the Russian heavy artillery struck back -- the German infantry fled in panic , their artillery limbered up and joined the stampede . Prittwitz ordered I Corps and I Reserve Corps to break off the action and retreat also . At noon he had telephoned Field Marshal von Moltke at OHL ( Oberste Heeresleitung , Supreme Headquarters ) to report that all was going well ; that evening he telephoned again to report disaster . His problems were compounded because an intercepted wireless message disclosed that the Russian II Army included five Corps and a cavalry division , and aerial scouts saw their columns marching across the frontier . They were opposed by a single reinforced German Corps , the XX , commanded by Lt. Gen. Friedrich von Scholtz . Prittwitz excitedly but inconclusively and repeatedly discussed the dreadful news with Moltke that evening on the telephone , shouting back and forth . At 20 : 23 Eighth Army telegraphed OHL that they would withdraw to West Prussia . Generalfeldmarschall Paul von Hindenburg However , by the next morning , 21 August , Eighth Army staff realized that because Samsonov 's II Army was closer to the Vistula crossings they must relocate most of their forces to join with XX Corps to block Samsonov before they could withdraw further . Now Moltke was told that they would only retreat a short way ; François protested directly to the Kaiser about his panicking superiors . That evening Prittwitz reported that the German 1st Cavalry Division had disappeared . His next call disclosed that they had ridden in with 500 prisoners . Probably Moltke had already decided to replace both Prittwitz and his highly regarded chief of staff , Maj. Gen. Alfred von Waldersee . On the morning of 22 August their replacements , Col. Gen. Paul von Hindenburg and Maj. Gen. Erich Ludendorff , were notified of their new assignments . The Eighth Army issued orders to move toward Samsonov 's Second Army . I Corps was closest to the railway , so it would move by train to support the right of XX Corps , while the other two German corps would march the shorter distance to XX Corps ' left . The First Cavalry Division with some older garrison troops would remain to screen Rennenkampf . On the afternoon of 22 August the head of the Eighth Army field railways was informed by telegraph that new commanders were coming by special train . The telegram relieving their former commanders came later . I Corps was moving over more than 150 km ( 93 miles ) of rail , day and night , one train every 30 minutes , with 25 minutes to unload instead of the customary hour or two . After the battle at Gumbinnen Rennenkampf decided to keep his First Army in position to resupply and to be in good positions if the Germans attacked again . Both Russian armies were having serious supply problems ; everything had to be carted up from the railheads because they could not use the East Prussian railway track , and many units were hampered by lack of field bakeries , ammunition carts and the like . The Second Army also was hampered by incompetent staff work and poor communications . Poor staff work not only exacerbated supply problems but , more importantly , caused Samsonov during the fighting to lose operational control over all but the two corps in his immediate vicinity ( XIII & XV Corps ) . Battle ( edit ) Further information : Order of battle at Tannenberg ( 1914 ) Consolidation of the German Eighth Army ( edit ) The new commanders arrived at Marienburg at 14 : 00 on 23 August ; they had met for the first time on their special train the previous night and now they rendezvouzed with the Eighth Army staff . Hindenburg knew none of them . Ludendorff knew the senior officer , deputy Chief of Operations Col. Max Hoffmann , because they had served together and had been neighbors in Berlin and he had met several of the junior men . First they sorted out the orders that had been issued for concentrating most of Eighth Army against Samsonov -- each corps had received orders from the Eighth Army and also from Ludendorff -- which rankled the staff . However , the orders were almost identical because they were dictated by the situation . I Corps was moving by the rail line . The Eighth Army had ordered it further west to shield the Vistula crossings , but now it would detrain at Deutsch - Eylau , where it could support the right of XX Corps . XVII Corps and I Reserve Corps would march towards the left of XX Corps . Ludendorff had delayed their marches for a day to rest while remaining in place should Rennenkampf attack . The German 1st Cavalry Division and some garrison troops of older men would remain as a screen just south of the eastern edge of the Königsberg defenses , facing Rennenkampf 's First Army . The eastern portion of the Königsberg defenses was the only part that was fully manned , while the approaches from the south were entirely open . Then the new commanders raised the stakes dramatically . They must do more than stop Samsonov in his tracks , as they had tried to block and push back Rennenkampf . Samsonov must be annihilated before they turned back to deal with Rennenkampf . For the moment Samsonov would be opposed only by the forces he was already facing , XX Corps , mostly East Prussians who were defending their homes . The bulk of the Second Russian Army was still coming towards the front ; if necessary , they would be allowed to push further into the province while the German reinforcements assembled on the flanks , poised to encircle the invaders -- just the tactics instilled by Schlieffen . The danger was that if Rennenkampf 's First Army marched southwest they would appear on the Eighth Army 's extreme left flank . Thanks to their consolidation , the coming battle would be fought with 1.8 Russians facing each German . OHL was informed that they were moving to envelop the invaders . Early phases of battle : 23 -- 26 August ( edit ) Movements of 23 -- 26 August 1914 . Red : Germans , blue : Russians Zhilinskiy had agreed to Samsonov 's proposal to start the Second Army 's advance further westward than originally planned , separating them even further from Rennenkampf 's First Army . On 22 August Samsonov 's forces encountered Germans all along their front and pushed them back in several places . Zhilinskiy ordered him to pursue vigorously . They already had been advancing for six days in torrid heat without sufficient rest along primitive roads , averaging 24 km ( 15 mi ) a day and had outrun their supplies On 23 August they attacked the German XX Corps , which retreated to the Orlau - Frankenau line that night . The Russians followed , and on the 24th they attacked again ; the now partially entrenched XX Corps temporarily stopped their advance before retreating to avoid possible encirclement . At one stage the chief of staff of the corps directed artillery fire onto his own dwelling . Samsonov saw a wonderful opportunity because , as far as he was aware , both of his flanks were unopposed . He ordered most of his units to the northwest , toward the Vistula , leaving only his VI Corps to continue north towards their original objective of Seeburg . He did not have enough aircraft or skilled cavalry to detect the German buildup on his left . Rennenkampf mistakenly reported that two of the German Corps had sheltered in the Königsberg fortifications . German infantry during the battle of Tannenberg On 24 August Hindenburg , Ludendorff and Hoffmann motored along the German lines to meet Scholtz and his principal subordinates , sharing the roads with panic - stricken refugees ; in the background were columns of smoke from burning villages ignited by artillery shells . They could keep control of their army because most of the local telephone operators remained at their switchboards , carefully tracking the motorcade . Along the way they drove through the village of Tannenberg , which reminded the two younger men of the defeat of the Teutonic Knights there by the Poles and Lithuanians in 1410 ; Hindenburg had been thinking about that battle since the evening before when he strolled near the ruins of the castle of the Teutonic Order . ( In 1910 Slavs had commemorated their triumph on the old battlefield . ) By telephone with headquarters they were reassured that Rennenkampf 's army was moving forward , but slowly -- his heavy wagons were sinking into the East Prussian sands . They knew about Samsonov 's proposed movements from a wireless intercept that agreed perfectly with papers found on the body of a Russian officer killed at Gumbinnen . When they met François he was told that Samsonov was moving northwest , to turn what he believed to be the German right flank . I Corps was ordered to attack the Russian left wing at Usdau on the next day , 25 August . François objected vigorously : only part of his corps had arrived and his artillery would not be detrained and ready before 26 August . Ludendorff screeched at him until François finally agreed to attack , but with the proviso that because his ammunition column was still on the road , his men must charge with bayonets . By setting Usdau as the objective , the commanders realized that part of the Russian Second Army would escape the trap . On the way back to headquarters Hoffmann received new radio intercepts . Rennenkampf 's most recent orders from Zhilinskiy were to continue due west , not turn southward towards Samsonov , who was instructed to continue his own drive northwest . Based on this information Scholtz formed a new defensive flank along the Drewenz River , while his main line strengthened their defenses . Back at headquarters Hindenburg told the staff , `` Gentlemen . Our preparations are so well in hand that we can sleep soundly tonight . '' As the battle was beginning OHL telegraphed the Eighth Army that three army corps and a cavalry division would be sent to East Prussia . Ludendorff replied that they would arrive too late for the present battle , but would be welcome if they could be spared . Moltke was optimistic about their progress in France and Belgium and two army corps and the cavalry were sent . Main battle : 26 -- 30 August ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Movements of 27 -- 30 August 1914 Samsonov 's cavalry detected the German buildup on their left , so he ordered reinforcements to extend the Russian line , but it would take hours or even days for them to arrive . True to his word , on 26 August François advanced part of his 1st Division toward the Russian outposts at 08 : 00 , where -- despite telephone prodding from the Eighth Army -- they only skirmished at a distance until noon . By then the railways had brought up the rest of I Corps including their artillery . Finally they drove the Russian outposts back , but at 15 : 45 François halted in order to organize a strong attack on the following day by men with full stomachs and ammunition pouches . Scholtz followed his orders , which were to make sure that Russians were not slipping past his flanks , which would make it difficult to spring the trap . On his right he attacked to push back the Russian 2nd Division and almost destroyed it . On his left the German 3rd Reserve Division repelled an attack by the Russian VI Corps . It was a different story in the thinly held center , where the Russian XIII Corps advanced toward the road center of Allenstein almost unopposed . Zhilinskiy was visited by the commander of the Russian Army , the Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia , who ordered him to support Samsonov . Therefore , Rennenkampf ordered two of his corps to invest Königsberg , while the other two were to march to make contact with Samsonov . These orders were sent by wireless in the clear . The next day the Russian First Army 's cavalry started riding towards their Second Army , but their infantry waited for resupply . Burning house during the fight at Usdau on 27 August 1914 Dead Russian soldiers in a trench near Usdau That evening the Eighth Army 's staff was on edge . Little had been achieved during the day , when they had intended to spring the trap . XX Corps had done well on another torrid day , but now was exhausted . On their far left they knew that XVII Corps and I Reserve Corps were coming into action , but headquarters had learned little about their progress . In fact , XVII Corps had defeated the Russian VI Corps , which fled back along the roads . XVII Corps had endured long marches in sweltering weather , but some men still had the energy to pursue on bicycles requisitioned from civilians . To add to their worries , German aerial scouts reported that still more of Samsonov 's army was detraining at his railhead . Another aviator mistakenly reported that Rennenkampf 's infantry was now heading towards them . The Eighth Army might be the one in the trap . Hoffmann , who had been an observer with the Japanese in Manchuria , tried to ease their nerves by telling how Samsonov and Rennenkampf had quarreled during that war , so they would do nothing to help one another . It was a good story that Hoffmann treasured and retold frequently , so it reappears in many histories , but not in either Hindenburg 's or Ludendorff 's memoirs . In Hindenburg 's words `` ... firm resolution began to yield to vacillation ... '' At dinner Ludendorff was visibly distraught , toying with his bread , and finally abruptly asked to speak alone with Hindenburg . When Ludendorff emerged from their tête - a-tête he issued the orders to continue the attack on Samsonov . The rest of the German forces coming onto their left wing were swinging into place by forced marches . Samsonov 's II Army was now facing Germans along a 100 km ( 62 mi ) line . François was ready to attack the Russian left decisively on 27 August , hitting I Russian Corps . His artillery barrage was overwhelming , and soon he had taken the key town of Usdau . In the center the Russians continued to strongly attack the German XX Corps and to move northwest from Allenstein . The German XVII Corps and I Reserve Corps pushed the Russian right wing they had bloodied the day before further back . Gen. Basil Gourko , commanding the Russian First Army Cavalry Division ( and from 1916 -- 17 chief of the general staff ) , was told later that Samsonov did not know what was happening on his flanks because he was observing the action from a rise in the ground a distance from his wireless set and reports were not relayed to him . It was late in the day before he realized that his army was in frightful danger . On the morning of 28 August the German commanders were motoring along the front when they were shown a report from an aerial observer that Rennenkampf was moving towards their rear . Ludendorff announced that the attack on the Second Army must be broken off . Hindenburg led him behind a nearby hedge , when they emerged Hindenburg calmly said that operations would continue as planned . Before long they learned that the report of Rennenkampf 's movement was mistaken . Samsonov 's I Corps on the left and VI Corps on the right were both retreating . His center had received so little food and ammunition that they were unable to keep attacking . They were ordered to retreat southeast to obtain what they needed to fight . Samsonov asked that Rennenkampf be ordered to help . It was too late . François by this time had advanced due east , moving further than his orders specified , to form a line south of the Russians between Neidenburg and Willenberg , and XVII German Corps had swung southwest to meet him . The noose was in place . The Russians who had been attacking were surrounded . On 29 August the troops from the Russian Second Army 's center who were retreating south ran into a German defensive line . Those Russians who tried break through by dashing across open fields heavy with crops were mown down . They were in a cauldron centered at Frogenau , east of Tannenberg , and throughout the day were relentlessly pounded by artillery . Many surrendered -- long columns of prisoners jammed the roads away from the battleground . Hindenburg and Ludendorff watched from a hilltop , with only a single field telephone line ; thereafter they stayed closer to the telephone network . Hindenburg met one captured Russian corps commander that day , another on the day following . On 30 August the Russians remaining outside of the cauldron tried unsuccessfully to break open the snare . Rather than report the loss of his army to Tsar Nicholas II , Samsonov disappeared in the woods that night and committed suicide . His body was found in the following year and returned to Russia by the Red Cross . On 31 August Hindenburg formally reported to the kaiser that three Russian army corps ( XIII , XV and XXIII ) had been destroyed . The two corps ( I and VI ) that had not been caught in the cauldron had been severely bloodied and were retreating back to Poland . He requested that the battle be named Tannenberg ( an imaginative touch that both Ludendorff and Hoffmann claimed as their own ) . Russian prisoners of war at Tilsit railway station Samsonov 's Second Army had been almost annihilated : 92,000 captured , 78,000 killed or wounded and only 10,000 ( mostly from the retreating flanks ) escaping . The Russians had lost 350 big guns . The Germans suffered just 12,000 casualties out of the 150,000 men committed to the battle . Sixty trains were required to take captured Russian equipment to Germany . Other historians give smaller numbers for Russian killed and wounded , which were never properly recorded . For instance , 30,000 Russian killed or wounded , with 13 generals and 500 guns captured . The Russian First Army had been so slowed by the combative German cavalry screen that by the time the battle was over their closest unit was still perhaps as much as 70 km ( 43 mi ) from the trapped Second Army . Other Russian units were scattered back along the line to Königsberg , leaving the First Army itself in a dangerously spread - out position . Aftermath ( edit ) 1998 photo of the foundations of the Tannenberg Memorial , which later served as the burial site of Paul von Hindenburg To David Stevenson it was `` a major victory but far from decisive '' , because the Russian First Army was still in East Prussia . It set the stage for the First Battle of the Masurian Lakes a week later , when the reinforced German Eighth Army confronted the Russian First Army . Rennenkampf retreated hastily back over the pre-war border before they could be encircled . Field Marshal Sir Edmund Ironside saw Tannenberg as the `` ... greatest defeat suffered by any of the combatants during the war '' . It was a tactical masterpiece that demonstrated the superior skills of the German army . Their pre-war organization and training had proven themselves , which bolstered German morale while severely shaking Russian confidence . Nonetheless , as long as the great battle in the West continued the outnumbered Germans had to remain on the defensive in the East , anticipating that the Russians would make another thrust from Poland against Germany , and because the Russians had bested the Austro - Hungarians in the Battle of Galicia ; their allies would need help . The Russian official inquiry into the disaster blamed Zhilinskiy for not controlling his two armies . He was replaced in the Northwest Command and sent to liaise with the French . Rennenkampf was exonerated , but was retired after a dubious performance in Poland in 1916 . The reverse of a World War I German Silver medallion liberation of East Prussia 1914 by Paul von Beneckendorff und von Hindenburg . Referring to the Battle of Tannenberg . The naked Gen. Hindenburg fighting the Russian Bear with his sword . Hindenburg was hailed as an epic hero , Ludendorff was praised , but Hoffmann was generally ignored by the press . Apparently not pleased by this , he later gave tours of the area , noting , `` This is where the Field Marshal slept before the battle , this is where he slept after the battle , and this is where he slept during the battle . '' However , Hindenburg countered by saying , `` If the battle had gone badly , the name ' Hindenburg ' would have been reviled from one end of Germany to the other . '' Hoffmann is not mentioned in Hindenburg 's memoirs . In his memoirs Ludendorff takes credit for the encirclement and most historians give him full responsibility for conducting the battle . Hindenburg wrote and spoke of `` we '' , and when questioned about the crucial tête - á - tête with Ludendorff after dinner on 26 August resolutely maintained that they had calmly discussed their options and resolved to continue with the encirclement . Military historian Walter Elze wrote that a few months before his death Hindenburg finally acknowledged that Ludendorff had been in a funk that evening . Hindenburg would also remark , `` After all , I know something about the business , I was the instructor in tactics at the War Academy for six years '' . Post-war legacy ( edit ) A German monument was completed in 1927 . However , it was blown up by the Germans during the retreat in January 1945 . German film director Heinz Paul made a film , Tannenberg , about the battle , shot in East Prussia in 1932 . The battle is at the center of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn 's novel August 1914 , published in 1971 . The video game Darkest of Days features the Battle of Tannenberg as one of the game 's signature historical locations a player gets to explore . Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hastings , Max. , 2013 ; p. 281 . Jump up ^ Hastings , Max . Catastrophe : Europe goes to war 1914 London : William Collins , 2013 ; p. 281 . Jump up ^ Spencer Tucker , The Great War : 1914 -- 1920 , 2002 , p. 43 Jump up ^ Sanitätsbericht über das deutsche Heer im Weltkriege 1914 / 1918 , III . Band , Berlin 1934 , S. 36 Jump up ^ Sweetman 2004 , p. 158 Jump up ^ Ian F.W. Beckett , The Great War : 1914 -- 1918 , 2014 , p. 76 Jump up ^ Strachan , H. ( 2001 ) The First World War . Volume I. To Arms . Oxford University Press , p. 298 . Jump up ^ Strachan ( 2001 ) p. 312 . Jump up ^ Herwig , H.L. ( 1997 ) . The First World War , Germany and Austria - Hungary 1914 -- 1918 . Arnold , London , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Van Creveld , M. ( 1977 ) . Supplying War . Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Gourko , G.B. ( 1918 ) Memories & Impressions of war and revolution in Russia , 1914 -- 1917 . John Murray , London , pp. 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Norman , B. ( 1973 ) . Secret warfare : the battle of codes and ciphers . David & Charles , Newton Abbot , p. 62 . Jump up ^ McMeekin , S. ( 2011 ) The Russian Origins of the First World War . Harvard University Press , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Showalter , 1991 , pp. 91 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Showalter , 1991 , p. 195 Jump up ^ Showalter , 1991 , p. 196 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , W.B. , ( 1986 ) Passage through Armageddon . The Russians in war & revolution 1914 - 1918 . Simon & Schuster , pp. 72 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Golovine , Nicholas N. ( 1931 ) . The Russian army in the World War . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Hindenburg , P. von , ( 1921 ) Out of my life , Harper , vol. 1 , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Showalter , 1991 pp. 106 -- 23 Jump up ^ Schlieffen , Alfred , Graf von ( 1925 ) . Cannae . Berlin : E.S. Mittler . Jump up ^ Lincoln , 1986 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Showalter , 1991 , p. 238 Jump up ^ Asprey , R.B. ( 1991 ) The German High Command at War ; Hindenburg and Ludendorff conduct World War I. London : William Morrow , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Egremont , M. , ( 2011 ) Forgotten land : journeys among the ghosts of East Prussia . London : Picador . Jump up ^ Showalter , 1991 , p. 233 . Jump up ^ Asbury , 1991 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Showalter , 1991 , p. 263 . Jump up ^ Hoffmann , General Max ( 1999 ) ( 1924 ) . The war of lost opportunities . Nashville , Tennessee : Battery Press . p. 34 . Jump up ^ Hindenburg , 1921 , p. 117 Jump up ^ Gourko , General Basil , ( 1918 ) Memories & Impressions of war and revolution in Russia , 1914 -- 1917 . London : John Murray . Jump up ^ Showalter 1991 , p. 291 . Jump up ^ Stevenson 2004 , p. 68 Jump up ^ Hindenburg , 1921 , vol. 1 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ `` Battle of Tannenberg - Summary '' . britannica.com . Jump up ^ Hastings , Max , ( 2013 ) Catastrophe : Europe goes to war 1914 . London : William Collins , 2013 ; p. 281 . Jump up ^ Showalter , 1991 , p. 323 . Jump up ^ Gray , Randall ; Argyle , Christopher ( 1990 ) . Chronicle of the First World War . New York : Oxford . p. vol . I 282 . Jump up ^ Stevenson 2004 , p. 69 Jump up ^ Ironside , Major General Sir E. ( 1925 ) . Tannenberg : The First Thirty Days in East Prussia . W. Blackwood and Sons , Edinburgh. 195 . Jump up ^ Bohon , J.W. ( 1996 ) `` Zhilinsky '' in The European Powers in the First World War , ed , Tucker , S.C. , Garland , New York , p. 768 . Jump up ^ Ludendorff , 1919 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Showalter , 1991 , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Papen , F. von . ( 1952 ) . Memoirs . London : A. Deutsch , p. 177 . Jump up ^ `` A Monument to German Pride : A history of the Tannenberg Memorial '' . buffalo.edu . Further reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Tannenberg ( 1914 ) . World War I portal Clark , Christopher ( 2006 ) , Iron Kingdom : The Rise and Fall of Prussia , 1600 -- 1947 , Cambridge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02385 - 7 Durschmied , Erik ( 2000 ) , `` 10 '' , The hinge factor : how chance and stupidity have changed history , Arcade , ISBN 978 - 1 - 55970 - 515 - 8 Harrison , Richard W. ( 1991 ) , `` Samsonow and the Battle of Tannenberg , 1914 '' , in Bond , Brian , Fallen Stars . Eleven Studies of Twentieth Century Military Disaster , London : Brassey 's , pp. 13 -- 31 , ISBN 0 - 08 - 040717 - X Haufler , Hervie ( 2003 ) , Codebreakers ' Victory : How the Allied Cryptographers Won World War II , New York : New American Library , p. 10 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 451 - 20979 - 5 Jaques , Tony ( 2007 ) , Dictionary of Battles and Sieges : A -- E , Greenwood , ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33537 - 2 Showalter , Dennis E ( 1991 ) , Tannenberg : Clash of Empires , 1914 ( 2004 ed . ) , Brassey 's , ISBN 978 - 1 - 57488 - 781 - 5 Stevenson , David ( 2004 ) , 1914 -- 1918 : The History of the First World War , Penguin Books Ltd , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 026817 - 1 Stone , David ( 2015 ) . The Russian Army in the Great War : The Eastern Front , 1914 -- 1917 . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 9780700620951 . Strachan , Hew ( 2001 ) , The First World War , Oxford : Oxford , ISBN 0 - 19 - 926191 - 1 Sweetman , John ( 2004 ) , Tannenberg 1914 ( 1st ed . ) , London : Cassell , ISBN 978 - 0 - 304 - 35635 - 5 Tuchman , Barbara Wertheim ( 1994 ) , The Guns of August , New York : Ballantine Books , ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 47609 - 8 Hastings , Max ( 2013 ) , Catastrophe 1914 : Europe Goes to War . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who fought at the battles of tannenburg and masurian lakes	[ "The Battle of Tannenberg was fought between Russia and Germany between the 26th and 30th of August 1914, the first month of World War I. The battle resulted in the almost complete destruction of the Russian Second Army and the suicide of its commanding general, Alexander Samsonov. A series of follow-up battles (First Masurian Lakes) destroyed most of the First Army as well and kept the Russians off balance until the spring of 1915. The battle is particularly notable for fast rail movements by the Germans, enabling them to concentrate against each of the two Russian armies in turn, and also for the failure of the Russians to encode their radio messages. It brought considerable prestige to Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg and his rising staff-officer Erich Ludendorff.", "The Battle of Tannenberg was fought between Russia and Germany between the 26th and 30th of August 1914, the first month of World War I. The battle resulted in the almost complete destruction of the Russian Second Army and the suicide of its commanding general, Alexander Samsonov. A series of follow-up battles (First Masurian Lakes) destroyed most of the First Army as well and kept the Russians off balance until the spring of 1915. The battle is particularly notable for fast rail movements by the Germans, enabling them to concentrate against each of the two Russian armies in turn, and also for the failure of the Russians to encode their radio messages. It brought considerable prestige to Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg and his rising staff-officer Erich Ludendorff." ]	[ "Russia", "Germany" ]
-1817418448329985181	Cuerda seca	Cuerda seca - wikipedia Cuerda seca Tile from Isfahan in Iran , 17th century Cuerda seca ( Spanish for `` dry cord '' ) is a technique used when applying coloured glazes to ceramic surfaces . When different coloured glazes are applied to a ceramic surface , the glazes have a tendency to run together during the firing process . In the cuerda seca technique , the water - soluble glazes are separated on the surface by thin lines of a greasy substance to prevent them running out of their delineated areas . A dark pigment such as manganese carbonate is usually mixed with the grease to produce a dark line around each coloured area . In central Asia tiles were manufactured using the cuerda seca technique from the second half of the 14th century . The introduction of different coloured glazes is recorded in the mausoleums of the Shah - i - Zinda necropolis in Samarkand . In the 1360s the colours were restricted to white , turquoise and cobalt blue but by 1386 the palette had been expanded to include yellow , light - green and unglazed red . Large quantities of cuerda seca tiles were produced during the Timurid ( 1370 -- 1507 ) and Safavid ( 1501 -- 1736 ) periods . In the 15th century Persian potters from Tabriz introduced the technique into Turkey and were responsible for decorating the Yeşil Mosque in Bursa ( 1419 - 1424 ) . Within the Ottoman Empire cuerda seca tilework fell out of fashion in the 1550s and new imperial buildings were decorated with underglaze - painted tiles from İznik . The last building in Istanbul to include cuerda seca tilework was the Kara Ahmed Pasha Mosque which was designed in 1555 but only completed in 1572 . Tile from Khargird in Iran , mid 15th century Ottoman tile , Istanbul , first half 16th century Pitcher from Susa in Iran , 8th - 9th century Dish from Seville in Spain , early 16th century Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Campbell 2006 . Jump up ^ Porter 1995 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Atasoy & Raby 1989 , p. 373 , fn 23 . Jump up ^ Porter 1995 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Atasoy & Raby 1989 , p. 83 . Jump up ^ Atasoy & Raby 1989 , p. 220 . Jump up ^ Necipoğlu 2005 , pp. 377 - 384 . Sources ( edit ) Atasoy , Nurhan ; Raby , Julian ( 1989 ) . Iznik : The Pottery of Ottoman Turkey . London : Alexandra Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85669 - 054 - 6 . Campbell , Gordon , ed. ( 2006 ) . `` Cuerda seca and cuenca tiles '' . The Grove Encyclopedia of Decorative Arts , Volume 1 . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 293 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 518948 - 3 . Necipoğlu , Gülru ( 2005 ) . The Age of Sinan : Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire . London : Reaktion Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86189 - 253 - 9 . Porter , Venetia ( 1995 ) . Islamic Tiles . London : British Museum Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7141 - 1456 - 9 . Further reading ( edit ) Chapoulie , R. ; Delery , C. ; Daniel , F. ; Vendrell - Saz , M. ( 2005 ) . `` Cuerda seca ceramics from Al - Andalus , Islamic Spain and Portugal ( 10th − 12th centuries AD ) : Investigation with SEM -- EDX and cathodoluminescence '' . Archaeometry. 47 ( 3 ) : 519 -- 534 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 4754.2005. 00217. x . Gestoso y Pérez , José ( 1899 ) . Ensayo de un diccionario de los artífices que florecieron en Sevilla : desde el siglo XIII al XVIII inclusive . Volume 1 ( in Spanish ) . Seville : En la oficina de la Andalucía moderna . p. 77 . OCLC 9986104 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cuerda seca ceramics . The cuerda seca method , Qantara project . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cuerda_seca&oldid=771445699 '' Categories : Types of pottery decoration Pottery Ceramic glazes Tiling Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Talk About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 21 March 2017 , at 15 : 58 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	cuerda seca tilework became widely used in the 16th and 17th centuries because	[]	[]
-5346766516727020708	Entity–relationship model	Entity -- relationship model - wikipedia Entity -- relationship model Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) An entity -- relationship model ( ER model ) describes inter-related things of interest in a specific domain of knowledge . An ER model is composed of entity types ( which classify the things of interest ) and specifies relationships that can exist between instances of those entity types . An entity -- relationship diagram for an MMORPG using Chen 's notation . In software engineering an ER model is commonly formed to represent things that a business needs to remember in order to perform business processes . Consequently , the ER model becomes an abstract data model that defines a data or information structure that can be implemented in a database , typically a relational database . Entity -- relationship modeling was developed for database design by Peter Chen and published in a 1976 paper . However , variants of the idea existed previously . Some ER modelers show super and subtype entities connected by generalization - specialization relationships , and an ER model can be used also in the specification of domain - specific ontologies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Introduction 2 Entity -- relationship modeling 2.1 Mapping natural language 2.2 Relationships , roles and cardinalities 2.3 Role naming 2.4 Cardinalities 2.5 Crow 's foot notation 2.6 Modelling issues 3 Entity -- relationships and semantic modeling 3.1 Semantic model 3.2 Extension model 3.3 Entity -- relationship origins 3.3. 1 Philosophical alignment 4 Limitations 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Introduction ( edit ) An entity -- relationship model is usually the result of systematic analysis to define and describe what is important to processes in an area of a business . It does not define the business processes ; it only presents a business data schema in graphical form . It is usually drawn in a graphical form as boxes ( entities ) that are connected by lines ( relationships ) which express the associations and dependencies between entities . An ER model can also be expressed in a verbal form , for example : one building may be divided into zero or more apartments , but one apartment can only be located in one building . Entities may be characterized not only by relationships , but also by additional properties ( attributes ) , which include identifiers called `` primary keys '' . Diagrams created to represent attributes as well as entities and relationships may be called entity - attribute - relationship diagrams , rather than entity - relationship models . An ER model is typically implemented as a database . In a simple relational database implementation , each row of a table represents one instance of an entity type , and each field in a table represents an attribute type . In a relational database a relationship between entities is implemented by storing the primary key of one entity as a pointer or `` foreign key '' in the table of another entity There is a tradition for ER / data models to be built at two or three levels of abstraction . Note that the conceptual - logical - physical hierarchy below is used in other kinds of specification , and is different from the three schema approach to software engineering . Conceptual data model This is the highest level ER model in that it contains the least granular detail but establishes the overall scope of what is to be included within the model set . The conceptual ER model normally defines master reference data entities that are commonly used by the organization . Developing an enterprise - wide conceptual ER model is useful to support documenting the data architecture for an organization . A conceptual ER model may be used as the foundation for one or more logical data models ( see below ) . The purpose of the conceptual ER model is then to establish structural metadata commonality for the master data entities between the set of logical ER models . The conceptual data model may be used to form commonality relationships between ER models as a basis for data model integration . Logical data model A logical ER model does not require a conceptual ER model , especially if the scope of the logical ER model includes only the development of a distinct information system . The logical ER model contains more detail than the conceptual ER model . In addition to master data entities , operational and transactional data entities are now defined . The details of each data entity are developed and the relationships between these data entities are established . The logical ER model is however developed independently of the specific database management system into which it can be implemented . Physical data model One or more physical ER models may be developed from each logical ER model . The physical ER model is normally developed to be instantiated as a database . Therefore , each physical ER model must contain enough detail to produce a database and each physical ER model is technology dependent since each database management system is somewhat different . The physical model is normally instantiated in the structural metadata of a database management system as relational database objects such as database tables , database indexes such as unique key indexes , and database constraints such as a foreign key constraint or a commonality constraint . The ER model is also normally used to design modifications to the relational database objects and to maintain the structural metadata of the database . The first stage of information system design uses these models during the requirements analysis to describe information needs or the type of information that is to be stored in a database . The data modeling technique can be used to describe any ontology ( i.e. an overview and classifications of used terms and their relationships ) for a certain area of interest . In the case of the design of an information system that is based on a database , the conceptual data model is , at a later stage ( usually called logical design ) , mapped to a logical data model , such as the relational model ; this in turn is mapped to a physical model during physical design . Note that sometimes , both of these phases are referred to as `` physical design . '' Entity -- relationship modeling ( edit ) Two related entities An entity with an attribute A relationship with an attribute Primary key An entity may be defined as a thing capable of an independent existence that can be uniquely identified . An entity is an abstraction from the complexities of a domain . When we speak of an entity , we normally speak of some aspect of the real world that can be distinguished from other aspects of the real world . An entity is a thing that exists either physically or logically . An entity may be a physical object such as a house or a car ( they exist physically ) , an event such as a house sale or a car service , or a concept such as a customer transaction or order ( they exist logically -- as a concept ) . Although the term entity is the one most commonly used , following Chen we should really distinguish between an entity and an entity - type . An entity - type is a category . An entity , strictly speaking , is an instance of a given entity - type . There are usually many instances of an entity - type . Because the term entity - type is somewhat cumbersome , most people tend to use the term entity as a synonym for this term . Entities can be thought of as nouns . Examples : a computer , an employee , a song , a mathematical theorem . A relationship captures how entities are related to one another . Relationships can be thought of as verbs , linking two or more nouns . Examples : an owns relationship between a company and a computer , a supervises relationship between an employee and a department , a performs relationship between an artist and a song , a proves relationship between a mathematician and a conjecture . The model 's linguistic aspect described above is utilized in the declarative database query language ERROL , which mimics natural language constructs . ERROL 's semantics and implementation are based on reshaped relational algebra ( RRA ) , a relational algebra that is adapted to the entity -- relationship model and captures its linguistic aspect . Entities and relationships can both have attributes . Examples : an employee entity might have a Social Security Number ( SSN ) attribute ; the proved relationship may have a date attribute . Every entity ( unless it is a weak entity ) must have a minimal set of uniquely identifying attributes , which is called the entity 's primary key . Entity -- relationship diagrams do n't show single entities or single instances of relations . Rather , they show entity sets ( all entities of the same entity type ) and relationship sets ( all relationships of the same relationship type ) . Example : a particular song is an entity . The collection of all songs in a database is an entity set . The eaten relationship between a child and her lunch is a single relationship . The set of all such child - lunch relationships in a database is a relationship set . In other words , a relationship set corresponds to a relation in mathematics , while a relationship corresponds to a member of the relation . Certain cardinality constraints on relationship sets may be indicated as well . Mapping natural language ( edit ) Chen proposed the following `` rules of thumb '' for mapping natural language descriptions into ER diagrams : `` English , Chinese and ER diagrams '' by Peter Chen . English grammar structure ER structure Common noun Entity type Proper noun Entity Transitive verb Relationship type Intransitive verb Attribute type Adjective Attribute for entity Adverb Attribute for relationship Physical view show how data is actually stored . Relationships , roles and cardinalities ( edit ) In Chen 's original paper he gives an example of a relationship and its roles . He describes a relationship `` marriage '' and its two roles `` husband '' and `` wife '' . A person plays the role of husband in a marriage ( relationship ) and another person plays the role of wife in the ( same ) marriage . These words are nouns . That is no surprise ; naming things requires a noun . Chen 's terminology has also been applied to earlier ideas . The lines , arrows and crow 's - feet of some diagrams owes more to the earlier Bachman diagrams than to Chen 's relationship diagrams . Another common extension to Chen 's model is to `` name '' relationships and roles as verbs or phrases . Role naming ( edit ) It has also become prevalent to name roles with phrases such as is the owner of and is owned by . Correct nouns in this case are owner and possession . Thus person plays the role of owner and car plays the role of possession rather than person plays the role of , is the owner of , etc . The use of nouns has direct benefit when generating physical implementations from semantic models . When a person has two relationships with car then it is possible to generate names such as owner_person and driver_person , which are immediately meaningful . Cardinalities ( edit ) Modifications to the original specification can be beneficial . Chen described look - across cardinalities . As an aside , the Barker -- Ellis notation , used in Oracle Designer , uses same - side for minimum cardinality ( analogous to optionality ) and role , but look - across for maximum cardinality ( the crows foot ) . In Merise , Elmasri & Navathe and others there is a preference for same - side for roles and both minimum and maximum cardinalities . Recent researchers ( Feinerer , Dullea et al . ) have shown that this is more coherent when applied to n - ary relationships of order greater than 2 . In Dullea et al. one reads `` A ' look across ' notation such as used in the UML does not effectively represent the semantics of participation constraints imposed on relationships where the degree is higher than binary . '' In Feinerer it says `` Problems arise if we operate under the look - across semantics as used for UML associations . Hartmann investigates this situation and shows how and why different transformations fail . '' ( Although the `` reduction '' mentioned is spurious as the two diagrams 3.4 and 3.5 are in fact the same ) and also `` As we will see on the next few pages , the look - across interpretation introduces several difficulties that prevent the extension of simple mechanisms from binary to n - ary associations . '' Various methods of representing the same one to many relationship . In each case , the diagram shows the relationship between a person and a place of birth : each person must have been born at one , and only one , location , but each location may have had zero or more people born at it . Two related entities shown using Crow 's Foot notation . In this example , an optional relationship is shown between Artist and Song ; the symbols closest to the song entity represents `` zero , one , or many '' , whereas a song has `` one and only one '' Artist . The former is therefore read as , an Artist ( can ) perform ( s ) `` zero , one , or many '' song ( s ) . Chen 's notation for entity -- relationship modeling uses rectangles to represent entity sets , and diamonds to represent relationships appropriate for first - class objects : they can have attributes and relationships of their own . If an entity set participates in a relationship set , they are connected with a line . Attributes are drawn as ovals and are connected with a line to exactly one entity or relationship set . Cardinality constraints are expressed as follows : a double line indicates a participation constraint , totality or surjectivity : all entities in the entity set must participate in at least one relationship in the relationship set ; an arrow from entity set to relationship set indicates a key constraint , i.e. injectivity : each entity of the entity set can participate in at most one relationship in the relationship set ; a thick line indicates both , i.e. bijectivity : each entity in the entity set is involved in exactly one relationship . an underlined name of an attribute indicates that it is a key : two different entities or relationships with this attribute always have different values for this attribute . Attributes are often omitted as they can clutter up a diagram ; other diagram techniques often list entity attributes within the rectangles drawn for entity sets . Related diagramming convention techniques : Bachman notation Barker 's notation EXPRESS IDEF1X Martin notation ( min , max ) - notation of Jean - Raymond Abrial in 1974 UML class diagrams Merise Object - role modeling Crow 's foot notation ( edit ) Crow 's foot notation is used in Barker 's Notation , Structured Systems Analysis and Design Method ( SSADM ) and information engineering . Crow 's foot diagrams represent entities as boxes , and relationships as lines between the boxes . Different shapes at the ends of these lines represent the cardinality of the relationship . Crow 's foot notation was used in the consultancy practice CACI . Many of the consultants at CACI ( including Richard Barker ) subsequently moved to Oracle UK , where they developed the early versions of Oracle 's CASE tools , introducing the notation to a wider audience . Modelling issues ( edit ) In modelling a database you can encounter two issues that impact the results obtained from queries , that are notorious enough to have received their own names . The first is the ' fan trap ' . It occurs when you have a ( master ) table linking to multiple tables in a one - to - many relationship . The issue derives its name from the way the model looks when you draw it in an entity - relationship diagram : the linked tables ' fan out ' from the master table . This type of model looks similar to a star schema , a type of model used in data warehouses . When trying to calculate sums over aggregates using standard SQL over the master table , you get unexpected ( and incorrect ) results . The solution is to either adjust the model or the SQL . This issue occurs mostly in databases for decision support systems , and software that queries such systems sometimes includes specific methods for handling this issue . The second issue is a ' chasm trap ' . A chasm trap occurs when a model suggests the existence of a relationship between entity types , but the pathway does not exist between certain entity occurrences . For example , a Building has one - or - more Rooms , that hold zero - or - more Computers . You would expect to be able to query the model to see all the Computers in the Building . However , Computers not currently assigned to a Room ( because they are under repair or somewhere else ) are not shown on the list . You need another relation between Building and Computers to capture all the computers in the building . This last modelling issue is the result of a failure to capture all the relationships that exist in the real world in the model . See Entity - Relationship Modelling 2 for details . Entity -- relationships and semantic modeling ( edit ) Semantic model ( edit ) A semantic model is a model of concepts , it is sometimes called a `` platform independent model '' . It is an intensional model . At the latest since Carnap , it is well known that : `` ... the full meaning of a concept is constituted by two aspects , its intension and its extension . The first part comprises the embedding of a concept in the world of concepts as a whole , i.e. the totality of all relations to other concepts . The second part establishes the referential meaning of the concept , i.e. its counterpart in the real or in a possible world '' . Extension model ( edit ) An extensional model is one that maps to the elements of a particular methodology or technology , and is thus a `` platform specific model '' . The UML specification explicitly states that associations in class models are extensional and this is in fact self - evident by considering the extensive array of additional `` adornments '' provided by the specification over and above those provided by any of the prior candidate `` semantic modelling languages ''. `` UML as a Data Modeling Notation , Part 2 '' Entity -- relationship origins ( edit ) Peter Chen , the father of ER modeling said in his seminal paper : `` The entity - relationship model adopts the more natural view that the real world consists of entities and relationships . It incorporates some of the important semantic information about the real world . '' In his original 1976 article Chen explicitly contrasts entity -- relationship diagrams with record modelling techniques : `` The data structure diagram is a representation of the organization of records and is not an exact representation of entities and relationships . '' Several other authors also support Chen 's program : Philosophical alignment ( edit ) Chen is in accord with philosophic and theoretical traditions from the time of the Ancient Greek philosophers : Socrates , Plato and Aristotle ( 428 BC ) through to modern epistemology , semiotics and logic of Peirce , Frege and Russell . Plato himself associates knowledge with the apprehension of unchanging Forms ( The forms , according to Socrates , are roughly speaking archetypes or abstract representations of the many types of things , and properties ) and their relationships to one another . Limitations ( edit ) ER assume information content that can readily be represented in a relational database . They describe only a relational structure for this information . They are inadequate for systems in which the information can not readily be represented in relational form , such as with semi-structured data . For many systems , possible changes to information contained are nontrivial and important enough to warrant explicit specification . Some authors have extended ER modeling with constructs to represent change , an approach supported by the original author ; an example is Anchor Modeling . An alternative is to model change separately , using a process modeling technique . Additional techniques can be used for other aspects of systems . For instance , ER models roughly correspond to just 1 of the 14 different modeling techniques offered by UML . Even where it is suitable in principle , ER modeling is rarely used as a separate activity . One reason for this is today 's abundance of tools to support diagramming and other design support directly on relational database management systems . These tools can readily extract database diagrams that are very close to ER diagrams from existing databases , and they provide alternative views on the information contained in such diagrams . In a survey , Brodie and Liu could not find a single instance of entity -- relationship modeling inside a sample of ten Fortune 100 companies . Badia and Lemire blame this lack of use on the lack of guidance but also on the lack of benefits , such as lack of support for data integration . The enhanced entity -- relationship model ( EER modeling ) introduces several concepts not in ER modeling , but are closely related to object - oriented design , like is - a relationships . For modelling temporal databases , numerous ER extensions have been considered . Similarly , the ER model was found unsuitable for multidimensional databases ( used in OLAP applications ) ; no dominant conceptual model has emerged in this field yet , although they generally revolve around the concept of OLAP cube ( also known as data cube within the field ) . See also ( edit ) Associative entity Concept map Database design Data structure diagram Enhanced entity -- relationship model Enterprise architecture framework Value range structure diagrams Comparison of data modeling tools Ontology Object - role modeling Three schema approach Structured - Entity - Relationship - Model Schema - agnostic Databases References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Chen , Peter ( March 1976 ) . `` The Entity - Relationship Model - Toward a Unified View of Data '' . ACM Transactions on Database Systems . 1 ( 1 ) : 9 -- 36 . doi : 10.1145 / 320434.320440 . Jump up ^ A.P.G. Brown , `` Modelling a Real - World System and Designing a Schema to Represent It '' , in Douque and Nijssen ( eds . ) , Data Base Description , North - Holland , 1975 , ISBN 0 - 7204 - 2833 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Designing a Logical Database : Supertypes and Subtypes '' Jump up ^ Beynon - Davies , Paul ( 2004 ) . Database Systems . Basingstoke , UK : Palgrave : Houndmills . ISBN 1403916012 . Jump up ^ Thomas Basboell : Motion and society . On meaningfulness of concepts Jump up ^ Hubert Tardieu , Arnold Rochfeld and René Colletti La methode MERISE : Principes et outils ( Paperback - 1983 ) Jump up ^ Elmasri , Ramez , B. Shamkant , Navathe , Fundamentals of Database Systems , third ed. , Addison - Wesley , Menlo Park , CA , USA , 2000 . Jump up ^ ER 2004 : 23rd International Conference on Conceptual Modeling , Shanghai , China , November 8 - 12 , 2004 Jump up ^ A Formal Treatment of UML Class Diagrams as an Efficient Method for Configuration Management 2007 Jump up ^ James Dullea , Il - Yeol Song , Ioanna Lamprou - An analysis of structural validity in entity - relationship modeling 2002 Jump up ^ Hartmann , Sven . `` Reasoning about participation constraints and Chen 's constraints '' . Proceedings of the 14th Australasian database conference - Volume 17 . Australian Computer Society , Inc. , 2003 . Jump up ^ http://wenku.baidu.com/view/8048e7bb1a37f111f1855b22.html Jump up ^ Kent in `` Data and Reality '' : `` One thing we ought to have clear in our minds at the outset of a modelling endeavour is whether we are intent on describing a portion of `` reality '' ( some human enterprise ) or a data processing activity . '' Jump up ^ Abrial in `` Data Semantics '' : `` ... the so called `` logical '' definition and manipulation of data are still influenced ( sometimes unconsciously ) by the `` physical '' storage and retrieval mechanisms currently available on computer systems . '' Jump up ^ Stamper : `` They pretend to describe entity types , but the vocabulary is from data processing : fields , data items , values . Naming rules do n't reflect the conventions we use for naming people and things ; they reflect instead techniques for locating records in files . '' Jump up ^ In Jackson 's words : `` The developer begins by creating a model of the reality with which the system is concerned , the reality that furnishes its ( the system 's ) subject matter ... '' Jump up ^ Elmasri , Navathe : `` The ER model concepts are designed to be closer to the user 's perception of data and are not meant to describe the way in which data will be stored in the computer . '' Jump up ^ P. Chen . Suggested research directions for a new frontier : Active conceptual modeling . ER 2006 , volume 4215 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science , pages 1 -- 4 . Springer Berlin / Heidelberg , 2006 . Jump up ^ The power and limits of relational technology in the age of information ecosystems . On The Move Federated Conferences , 2010 . Jump up ^ A. Badia and D. Lemire . A call to arms : revisiting database design . Citeseerx , Jump up ^ Gregersen , Heidi ; Jensen , Christian S. ( 1999 ) . `` Temporal Entity - Relationship models -- a survey '' . IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering . 11 ( 3 ) : 464 -- 497 . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.1. 2497 . Jump up ^ RICCARDO TORLONE ( 2003 ) . `` Conceptual Multidimensional Models '' . In Maurizio Rafanelli . Multidimensional Databases : Problems and Solutions ( PDF ) . Idea Group Inc ( IGI ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59140 - 053 - 0 . Further reading ( edit ) Chen , Peter ( 2002 ) . `` Entity - Relationship Modeling : Historical Events , Future Trends , and Lessons Learned '' ( PDF ) . Software pioneers . Springer - Verlag . pp. 296 -- 310 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 43081 - 4 . Barker , Richard ( 1990 ) . CASE Method : Entity Relationship Modelling . Addison - Wesley . ISBN 0201416964 . Barker , Richard ( 1990 ) . CASE Method : Tasks and Deliverables . Addison - Wesley . ISBN 0201416972 . Mannila , Heikki ; Räihä , Kari - Jouko ( 1992 ) . The Design of Relational Databases . Addison - Wesley . ISBN 0201565234 . Thalheim , Bernhard ( 2000 ) . Entity - Relationship Modeling : Foundations of Database Technology . Springer . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 65470 - 4 . Bagui , Sikha ; Earp , Richard ( 2011 ) . Database Design Using Entity - Relationship Diagrams ( 2nd ed . ) . CRC Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4398 - 6176 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Entity - relationship models . `` The Entity Relationship Model : Toward a Unified View of Data '' Entity Relationship Modelling Logical Data Structures ( LDSs ) - Getting started by Tony Drewry . Crow 's Foot Notation Kinds of Data Models -- and How to Name Them presentation by David Hay Database models Common models Flat Hierarchical Dimensional Network Relational Entity -- relationship Enhanced Graph Object - oriented Entity -- attribute -- value Other models Associative Correlational Multidimensional Array Semantic Star schema XML database Implementations Flat file Column - oriented Document - oriented Object - relational Deductive Temporal XML data store Key - value store Triplestore Data model Main Architecture Modeling Structure Schemas Conceptual Logical Physical Types Database Data structure diagram Entity -- relationship model ( enhanced ) Geographic Generic Semantic Related models Data flow diagram Information model Object model Object - role modeling Unified Modeling Language See also Database design Business process modeling Core architecture data model Enterprise modelling Function model Process modeling XML schema Data Format Description Language Database Main Requirements Theory Models Database management system Machine Server Application Connection datasource DSN Administrator Lock Types Tools Languages Data definition Data manipulation Query information retrieval Security Activity monitoring Audit Forensics Negative database Design Entities and relationships ( and Enhanced notation ) Normalization Refactoring Programming Abstraction layer Object - relational mapping Management Virtualization Tuning caching Migration Preservation Integrity See also Database - centric architecture Intelligent database Two - phase locking Locks with ordered sharing Load file Publishing Halloween Problem Log shipping Book Category WikiProject Software engineering Fields Computer programming Requirements engineering Software deployment Software design Software maintenance Software testing Systems analysis Formal methods Concepts Data modeling Enterprise architecture Functional specification Modeling language Orthogonality Programming paradigm Software Software archaeology Software architecture Software configuration management Software development methodology Software development process Software quality Software quality assurance Software verification and validation Structured analysis Orientations Agile Aspect - oriented Object orientation Ontology Service orientation SDLC Models Developmental Agile EUP Executable UML Incremental model Iterative model Prototype model RAD UP Scrum Spiral model V - Model Waterfall model XP Other SPICE CMMI Data model ER model Function model Information model Metamodeling Object model Systems model View model Languages IDEF UML USL SysML Software engineers Victor Basili Kent Beck Grady Booch Fred Brooks Barry Boehm Peter Chen Danese Cooper Ward Cunningham Tom DeMarco Edsger W. Dijkstra Delores M. Etter Martin Fowler Adele Goldstine Margaret Hamilton C.A.R. Hoare Lois Haibt Mary Jean Harrold Grace Hopper Watts Humphrey Michael A. Jackson Ivar Jacobson Alan Kay Nancy Leveson Stephen J. Mellor Bertrand Meyer David Parnas Trygve Reenskaug Winston W. Royce James Rumbaugh Mary Shaw Peri Tarr Elaine Weyuker Niklaus Wirth Edward Yourdon Related fields Computer science Computer engineering Project management Risk management Systems engineering Category Commons LCCN : sh00009200 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Entity -- relationship_model&oldid = 799588798 '' Categories : Data modeling diagrams Entity -- relationship model Data modeling languages Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2016 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2012 All articles needing style editing Wikipedia articles needing style editing from July 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2012 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tools Languages Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Lumbaart Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2017 , at 16 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	applications of erd for any real world system development	[]	[]
-4119587443410618897	The Young and the Restless	The Young and the Restless - wikipedia The Young and the Restless Jump to : navigation , search The Young and the Restless Also known as Y&R Genre Soap opera Drama Created by William J. Bell Lee Phillip Bell Written by Mal Young Directed by Sally McDonald Owen Renfroe Conal O'Brien Casey Childs Michael Eilbaum See below Starring Present cast Former cast Theme music composer RC Cates Sharon Farber Rick Krizman Dominic Messinger Opening theme `` Nadia 's Theme '' by Barry De Vorzon and Perry Botkin , Jr . Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes 11,000 ( as of September 1 , 2016 ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Mal Young ( and others ) Producer ( s ) Supervising Producers John Fisher Anthony Morina Producer Mary O'Leary Coordinating Producer Matthew J. Olsen Associate Producer Jimmy Freeman See below Location ( s ) CBS Television City Los Angeles , California Camera setup Multiple - camera setup Running time 30 minutes ( 1973 -- 80 ) 60 minutes ( 1980 -- present ) Production company ( s ) Bell Dramatic Serial Company ( 1973 -- present ) Corday Productions ( 1973 -- present ) Screen Gems ( 1973 -- 74 ) Columbia Pictures Television ( 1974 -- 2001 ) CPT Holdings , Inc. ( 1988 -- present ) Columbia TriStar Television ( 2001 -- 02 ) Sony Pictures Television ( 2002 -- present ) Distributor Sony Pictures Television Release Original network CBS Picture format NTSC ( 480i ) ( 1973 -- 2001 ) HDTV 1080i ( 2001 -- present ) Audio format Mono ( 1973 -- 87 ) Stereo ( 1987 -- present ) Original release March 26 , 1973 ( 1973 - 03 - 26 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Related shows As the World Turns The Bold and the Beautiful External links Website The Young and the Restless ( often abbreviated as Y&R ) is an American television soap opera created by William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell for CBS . The show is set in a fictional Wisconsin town called Genoa City , which is unlike and unrelated to the real life village of the same name , Genoa City , Wisconsin . First broadcast on March 26 , 1973 , The Young and the Restless was originally broadcast as half - hour episodes , five times a week . The show expanded to one - hour episodes on February 4 , 1980 . In 2006 , the series began airing encore episodes weeknights on SOAPnet until 2013 , when Y&R moved to TVGN ( now Pop ) . Pop still airs the encore episodes on weeknights , starting July 1 , 2013 . The series is also syndicated internationally . The Young and the Restless originally focused on two core families : the wealthy Brooks family and the working class Foster family . After a series of recasts and departures in the early 1980s , all the original characters except Jill Foster and Katherine Chancellor were written out . Bell replaced them with the new core families , the Abbotts and the Williamses . Over the years , other families such as the Newmans , Winters , and the Baldwin - Fishers were introduced . Despite these changes , one storyline that has endured through almost the show 's entire run is the feud between Jill Abbott and Katherine Chancellor , the longest rivalry on any American soap opera . Since its debut , The Young and the Restless has won nine Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Drama Series . It is also currently the highest - rated daytime drama on American television . As of 2008 , it had appeared at the top of the weekly Nielsen ratings in that category for more than 1,000 weeks since 1988 . As of December 12 , 2013 , according to Nielsen ratings , The Young and the Restless was the leading daytime drama for an unprecedented 1,300 weeks , or 25 years . The serial is also a sister series to The Bold and the Beautiful , as several actors have crossed over between shows . In June 2017 , The Young and the Restless was renewed for three additional years . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Production 2.1 Videotaping and broadcasting 3 Casting and story development 4 Executive producers and head writers 5 Awards 5.1 Daytime Emmy Awards 5.2 TV Soap Golden Boomerang Awards 5.3 Writers Guild of America Awards 6 Broadcast 6.1 Oceania 6.2 Europe 6.3 African / Eastern 7 Theme music and other music 8 Ratings 8.1 Ratings history 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) To compete with the youthful ABC soap operas , All My Children , One Life to Live , and General Hospital , CBS executives wanted a new daytime serial that was youth oriented . William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell created The Young and the Restless in 1972 for the network under the working title , The Innocent Years ! `` We were confronted with the very disturbing reality that young America had lost much of its innocence , '' Bell said . `` Innocence as we had known and lived it all our lives had , in so many respects , ceased to exist . '' They changed the title of the series to The Young and the Restless because they felt it `` reflected the youth and mood of the early seventies . '' The Bells named the fictional setting for the show after the real Genoa City , Wisconsin , which was located on their way from their then - home in Chicago to their annual summer vacation spot in Lake Geneva . The Young and the Restless began airing on March 26 , 1973 , replacing the cancelled soap opera , Where the Heart Is . Bell worked as head writer from the debut of the series until his retirement in 1998 . He wrote from his home in Chicago while production took place in Los Angeles , California . Originally , Bell wanted to shoot the series in New York , however , CBS executives felt that Los Angeles would be more cost effective . John Conboy acted as the show 's first executive producer , staying in the position until 1982 . Bell and H. Wesley Kenney became co-executive producers that year until Edward Scott took over in 1989 . Bell then became senior executive producer . Other executive producers included David Shaughnessy , John F. Smith , Lynn Marie Latham , Josh Griffith , Maria Arena Bell , and Paul Rauch . In the mid-1980s , Bell and his family moved to Los Angeles to create a new soap opera . During this time , his three children , William Jr. , Bradley , and Lauralee Bell , each became involved in soap operas . Lauralee Bell worked as an actress on The Young and the Restless . Bradley Bell co-created The Bold and the Beautiful with his father . William Bell Jr. became involved in the family 's production companies as president of Bell Dramatic Serial Co. and Bell - Phillip Television Productions Inc . `` It 's worked out very well for us because we really all worked in very different aspects of the show , '' William Bell Jr. said . `` With my father and I , it was a great kind of partnership and pairing in the sense that he had a total control of the creative side of the show and I did n't have even the inclination to interject in what he was doing . '' After William J. Bell 's 1998 retirement , a number of different head writers took over the position , including Kay Alden , Trent Jones , John F. Smith , Lynn Marie Latham , Scott Hamner , Josh Griffith , Maria Arena Bell , and Hogan Sheffer . In 2012 , former General Hospital executive producer Jill Farren Phelps was hired as the new executive producer of the soap , replacing Bell . Griffith was also named the sole head writer . On August 15 , 2013 , it was speculated and reported by several online sources that Griffith had resigned as head - writer of the serial . Further speculation adds that Shelly Altman may take over as the new scribe , alongside Tracey Thomson or Jean Passanante may be brought aboard as co-head scribe . On September 12 , 2013 , it was announced that Passanante and Altman were named head writers of the show , with Thomson promoted to co-head writer . On September 18 , 2014 , former All My Children , Santa Barbara and General Hospital head writer Charles Pratt , Jr. was named as the new head writer of the show . Passanante , Altman and Thomson have been demoted to breakdown writers . Pratt was also named as co-executive producer sharing the credit with Phelps . On June 7 , 2016 , Serial Scoop announced that Phelps had been terminated from her position as executive producer ; a replacement was not named at the time of their reporting . The following morning , Sony Pictures Television confirmed to several media outlets that Phelps had been let go from her position ; British television producer Mal Young was announced as Phelps ' replacement . Phelps ' last appearance as executive producer was July 12 , 2016 , while Young 's first appearance occurred the following day on July 13 . On September 13 , 2016 , it was announced that Pratt was named as executive producer and show - runner of Lee Daniels ' Star . The same day , Daytime Confidential revealed that former Generations and Days of Our Lives head writer Sally Sussman , who previously had positions with the show , such as Associate Head Writer , was in - talks to replace Pratt as Head Writer . On September 15 , 2016 , it was confirmed that Sussman was named as the soap 's new head writer . On September 21 , 2016 , Daytime Confidential reported that after ten years since leaving the soap , Alden had been re-hired to be a story consultant under Sussman 's regime . Sussman 's tenure as head writer began taping on October 20 , 2016 , and began airing on December 7 , 2016 . On June 20 , 2017 , CBS announced its decision to renew the serial for three years . On July 31 , 2017 , it was announced that both Alden and Sussman would retire from their positions ; Young was named as Sussman 's successor as head writer . Sussman last aired as head writer on October 24 , 2017 . Young 's tenure as head writer aired on October 25 , 2017 . Production ( edit ) Videotaping and broadcasting ( edit ) Taped at CBS Television City , studios 41 and 43 in Hollywood since its debut on March 26 , 1973 , the show was packaged by the distribution company Columbia Pictures Television , which has now been replaced by Sony Pictures Television . The Young and the Restless originally aired as a half - hour series on CBS and was the first soap opera to focus on the visual aspects of production , creating `` a look that broke with the visual conventions of the genre . '' Similar to the radio serials that had preceded them , soap operas at the time primarily focused on dialogue , characters , and story , with details like sets as secondary concerns . The Young and the Restless stood out by using unique lighting techniques and camera angles , similar to Hollywood - style productions . The style of videotaping included using out - of - the - ordinary camera angles and a large number of facial close - ups with bright lighting on the actors ' faces . Conboy said he used lighting to create `` artistic effects '' . Those effects made the series look dark , shadowy , and moody . The Young and the Restless ' look influenced the taping styles of other soap operas . When H. Wesley Kenney replaced Conboy as executive producer , he balanced the lighting of the scenes . Due to the success of the series , CBS and their affiliates pressured Bell to lengthen the series from 30 minutes to a full hour . Bell attributed this change to the show 's fall from number one in the Nielsen ratings , since the lengthening of the show led to the departure of a number of cast members . `` The issue of performing in a one - hour show had not been part of their contracts , '' Bell said . This forced the show to recast multiple main characters and eventually phase out the original core families in favor of new ones . The show expanded to one hour on February 4 , 1980 . It airs at 12 : 30pm ET / 11 : 00am CT / PT , although some stations opt to air it at 11 : 30am CT . Exteriors used in the late 1980s and early 1990s ( and reused years later ) included locations in and around Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , including Allegheny General Hospital , One Oxford Centre , the Duquesne Club , Hampton Township and the prison . Phillip Chancellor died in the Richland , Pennsylvania area , where the police chief was not told and believed the accident really happened . On June 27 , 2001 , The Young and the Restless became the first daytime soap opera to be broadcast in high - definition . In September 2011 , its sister soap The Bold and the Beautiful became the last soap to make the transition from SD to HD before All My Children ended its ABC run on September 23 , 2011 and began its TOLN run online on April 29 , 2013 . On April 24 , 2006 , SoapNet began airing same - day episodes of the series . The final airing on SoapNet was on June 28 , 2013 . The soap has moved from SoapNet to TV Guide Network . The same day episodes begin airing on TVGN ( now Pop ) weeknights on July 1 , 2013 . Casting and story development ( edit ) See also : The Young and the Restless cast members , The Young and the Restless characters , and The Young and the Restless storylines The cast photo of The Young and the Restless , taken in celebration of the soap 's 11,000 th episode ( 2016 ) . Front row ( l-r ) : Hunter King , Miles Gaston Villanueva , Melissa Ordway , Sean Carrigan , Mishael Morgan , Bryton James , Amelia Heinle , Jason Thompson , Eileen Davidson , Gina Tognoni , Peter Bergman , Eric Braeden , Melody Thomas Scott , Steve Burton , Sharon Case , Joshua Morrow , Justin Hartley , Melissa Claire Egan , Jess Walton , Tristan Rogers , Christel Khalil and Daniel Goddard Second row : Robert Adamson , Sofia Pernas , Michael E. Knight , Beth Maitland , Tracey E. Bregman , Christian LeBlanc , Doug Davidson , Lauralee Bell , Kristoff St. John , Camryn Grimes , Greg Rikaart , Mara McCaffray , Catherine Bach and Kate Linder Co-creators William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell centered The Young and the Restless around two core families , the wealthy Brooks ' and the poor Fosters . Bell borrowed this technique of soap opera building from his mentor , Irna Phillips . While casting for the series , Bell and executive producer John Conboy auditioned 540 actors for the 13 main characters . They assembled the youngest group of actors ever cast on a soap opera at the time , hiring mostly unknown actors who they considered `` glamorous model types '' . Chemistry between actors also factored into the criteria for casting . The stories focused on the younger characters , with an emphasis in fantasy . The fantasy element was reflected in the love story between Jill Foster and the millionaire Phillip Chancellor II ; the Leslie Brooks , Brad Elliot , and Lorie Brooks love triangle ; and Snapper Foster 's romance with Chris Brooks . Sexuality also played a major role in the stories . Formerly , soap operas did not delve into the sexual side of their romances . Bell changed that , first during his time as head writer of Days of Our Lives and again on The Young and the Restless . William Gray Espy 's Snapper Foster is considered the `` first to discover sex on a soap opera . '' During the story , the character is engaged to Chris Brooks ( Trish Stewart ) and having a sexual relationship with Sally McGuire ( Lee Crawford ) . Other plots reflected sexual themes as well . For the first time in the genre , the dialogue and the story situations included explicit sexual themes such as premarital intercourse , impotence , incest , and rape . The first two rape storylines that would be told on the serial were controversial at the time as they reflected a more introspective and analytic storytelling style , the first time rape storylines would be addressed in this manner in the genre . The first , in 1973 - 74 , revolved around the rape of Chris Brooks and the aftermath , in which she entertained ( and , eventually , rejected ) the idea that she was perhaps at fault for her attack . The second , in 1976 , involved Chris 's sister Peggy ( Pamela Peters Solow ) and was meant to serve as a cut - and - dried story in which no viewer could justify this attack , committed out of the blue by an authority figure . The series also explored social issues . Jennifer Brooks underwent the first mastectomy on a soap opera . Other social issue storylines included bulimia , alcoholism , and cancer . Lesbianism was also touched on with Katherine Chancellor , who flirts with Jill while drunk in 1974 and has a brief relationship with Joann Curtis ( Kay Heberle ) in 1977 . When the series lengthened from a half - hour to an hour in 1980 , multiple cast members who portrayed characters from the original core families departed because their contracts only bound them to performing in a half - hour show . A number of the characters were recast until one of the few remaining original actors , Jaime Lyn Bauer , who portrayed Lorie Brooks , decided to leave . When she announced her intention not to renew her contract , Bell decided to replace the original core families . `` As I studied the remaining cast , I realized I had two characters - Paul Williams , played by Doug Davidson , and Jack Abbott , played by Terry Lester - both of whom had a relatively insignificant presence on the show , '' Bell said . `` They did n't have families . Hell , they did n't even have bedrooms . But these became the two characters I would build our two families around . '' The characters from the Abbott and Williams families were integrated into the series while the Brooks and Foster families , with the exception of Jill , were phased out . The continuity of the feud between Jill and Katherine , which began in the early years of the show , smoothed the transition . The relationship between the two characters remained a central theme throughout the series and became the longest lasting rivalry in daytime history . Another character introduced in the 1980s was Eric Braeden 's Victor Newman . Originally , the character was `` a despicable , contemptible , unfaithful wife abuser '' who was intended to be killed off . Braeden 's tenure on the show was meant to last between eight and twelve weeks . `` When I saw Eric Braeden 's first performance - the voice , the power , the inner strength - I knew immediately that I did n't want to lose this man , '' Bell said . `` He was exactly what the show needed . Not the hateful man we saw on - screen , but the man he could and would become . '' Bell rewrote the story to save the character and put Braeden on contract . Victor 's romance with Nikki Reed became a prominent plot in the series . With the success of another iconic character , Kimberlin Brown 's Sheila Carter , Bell made daytime drama history in 1992 by successfully crossing her over from The Young and the Restless to his second soap , The Bold and the Beautiful . The success of the crossover was due , in part , to the creativity of Bell , as the nefarious character of Sheila was presumed to have died in a fire on The Young and the Restless . In the 1980s , core black characters were introduced with the Barber and Winters families . Victoria Rowell ( Drucilla Barber ) and Tonya Lee Williams ( Dr. Olivia Barber ) were cast as the nieces of the Abbott 's maid , Mamie Johnson , in 1990 . The brothers Neil ( Kristoff St. John ) and Malcolm Winters ( Shemar Moore ) were introduced as love interests for Olivia and Drucilla . The Young and the Restless became popular among black viewers , which Williams and St. John attributed to the writing for the black characters . `` I play a CEO at a major corporation , that 's something we do n't see that often , '' St. John said . `` And the show does n't use the old African - American stereotypes that we have been seeing on TV , like the hustler , the pimp , the drug dealer . We have come a long way . '' Though the characters held prominent positions in the fictional work place of Genoa City , they had little interaction with other characters outside of their jobs . Executive producers and head writers ( edit ) Executive producers Name Years Production Notes / Contributions William J. Bell 1973 -- 2005 Also the show 's creator and longtime head writer ( until 1998 ) , he served as the main executive producer while working alongside of other executive producers . He was n't credited as an executive producer until 1982 when his credit began appearing with H. Wesley Kenney . Served as solo EP from 1986 to 1987 after the departure of Kenney . He received the title of `` senior executive producer '' when Edward Scott became EP and remained credited with the title until 2004 when he returned to the executive producer credit with John F. Smith as co-executive producer . William J. Bell died on April 29 , 2005 and on the following Monday , his credit as EP was edited from the show ; he was still living when those episodes were filmed . John Conboy 1973 -- 82 Served as the show 's first executive producer while credited with the `` produced by '' credit as the title of executive producer was credited hardly on any soaps ( other than a small few ) , until the mid-1970s to 1980s . It was under his run when CBS wanted Y&R expanded from 30 minutes to an hour with the cancellation of Love of Life . Also the show switched from the live - to - tape filming technique to pre-recording episodes , a practice that remains in effect to this date as with all soaps . John departed in 1982 to produce his newly created soap Capitol , which was later cancelled to make room for Y&R 's sister show The Bold and the Beautiful . H. Wesley Kenney 1982 -- 86 Guided the show with more action - driven story direction inspired in large part by the more action oriented soap General Hospital which was a ratings smash at the time . The change to more action storylines are believed to be what helped the show win Daytime Emmy Awards in 1983 , 1985 and 1986 . Began crediting the show 's cast in alphabetical order , a standard that remains to this date . Ceased the fade to next scene transition effect within the show 's episodes . Had artist Sandy Dvore , who designed the art drawing photos in the shows main title , to design the show 's signature stylized brush stroke logo on Y&R merchandise in 1982 , leading to the debut of the logo in the show 's main title in January 1984 . Edward J. Scott 1987 -- 2001 Debuted on the show in 1976 as an associate producer eventually becoming the `` produced by '' producer under John Conboy until 1987 . Briefly filled in as EP for H. Wesley Kenney in 1986 . Helped the show rise to co - # 1 in 1987 with General Hospital in ratings before it solely dethroned GH as # 1 in 1988 and has since remained there . Retired the longtime art drawings cast montage of the opening credits in 1988 . Began the practice of crediting production principals on opening scenes of the show and adding the cast members ' real - life names to the opening credits in 1999 . Ceased the last commercial break between the last scene and end credits . Converted the show into HDTV in 2001 , making it the first soap in history to do so . Returned from 2004 to 2007 as `` supervising producer '' , a position he previously had briefly in 1987 . Real - life husband of actress Melody Thomas Scott ( Nikki Reed Newman ) . David Shaughnessy 2001 -- 04 Assumed executive producer position after serving as a producer and supervising producer since 1991 . The Bell Dramatic Serial Co. production logo began appearing with end credits under his run . He managed to score brief returns by veteran actors such as Jaime Lyn Bauer , William Gray Espy , Meg Bennett and James Houghton ( who wrote on the show between 1991 and 2006 ) , all of whom who left the show back in the 1970s and 1980s , for brief storylines in 2002 and 2003 . Debuted `` next episode '' preview scenes in 2003 , a practice started with the ABC soaps in 1998 . John F. Smith 2003 -- 06 Became co-executive producer with William J. Bell and David Shaughnessy while still serving as co-head writer with Kay Alden and Trent Jones ( until 2004 ) . Worked as a writer on the show since the early 1980s . Still maintained the co-EP title after William J. Bell 's passing in 2005 . Stepped down in 2006 as EP while remaining as co-head writer until November 2006 . Lynn Marie Latham 2006 -- 07 Brought on as a `` creative consultant '' under John F. Smith in November 2005 ; Latham would later fire Smith as co-head writer in 2006 . Promoted to head writer with Kay Alden and Smith in February 2006 , then promoted to executive producer , becoming the show 's first female EP in October 2006 , after the show went that summer without an EP . Tenure as EP / HW was criticized by viewers and insiders for damaging the show 's history with out - of - text writing , firing several longtime cast and crew members in favor of several unknowns , and doing too much favoritism . She was fired when she abandoned her post as EP to go on strike for the 2007 -- 08 writer 's strike . Josh Griffith 2006 -- 08 Brought on by Lynn Marie Latham as her co-executive producer in 2006 . Assumed full producer duties in December 2007 , when Latham was fired . He also served as head writer with Maria Arena Bell during the 2007 -- 08 writers strike . Remained as EP when Bell became sole head writer until he was fired when it was learned that he was tampering with Bell 's stories ; this was also known as former EP Edward Scott , who is friends with Griffith , was said to be doing the same thing on Days of Our Lives , leading to his departure from that show . Paul Rauch 2008 -- 11 The veteran producer debuted as Maria Arena Bell 's co-executive producer in October 2008 . It was established that his role as co-executive producer would be to only foresee everything with the production of the show while Bell was solely responsible for the stories . This was the only time Paul ever been a co-EP and his first stop back to soap operas in six years since his 2002 departure from Guiding Light . He opted not to renew his contract with Y&R after three years with the show and stepped down in May 2011 . Maria Arena Bell 2008 -- 12 Bell is the wife of William Bell , Jr. , the oldest son of William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell . Under her run , she brought the show 's fictional Jabot Cosmetics to life by teaming up with a real cosmetics marketing company to help distribute the products . Named head writer in December 2007 . Bell was named executive producer in October 2008 , after Josh Griffith was ousted for tampering with her stories . Bell brought along veteran producer Paul Rauch to help her with the production of the show while she mostly focused on the stories . She was known for steering away from character - driven storylines in favor of plot - driven ones , which was criticized . From 2008 to 2010 , she was credited as co-executive producer as well as Rauch , while her credit appeared first . Bell was let go in July 2012 ; an official reason was never given for her departure , however many sources speculate it was due to the controversial pairing of characters Sharon and Victor Newman ( Sharon Case and Eric Braeden ) . One of the final milestones to happen under Bell 's regime was the celebration of the 10,000 th episode . The final episode under Bell 's direction was broadcast on October 11 , 2012 ; but she was credited until October 22 . Jill Farren Phelps 2012 -- 16 Named executive producer in July 2012 upon the dismissal of Maria Arena Bell . This marked the second CBS soap opera Phelps executive produced , with the first being Guiding Light from 1991 to 1995 . While Maria Arena Bell was still credited , Phelps began her tenure by August as she made several immediate casting changes ( such as hiring Robert Adamson and Hunter King , two young actors she worked with on the primetime soap Hollywood Heights , respectively ) . By October , she was still uncredited as executive producer although her first episode aired on October 12 , 2012 , and received her first official credit on October 23 , 2012 . On June 7 , 2016 , Serial Scoop and Daytime Confidential reported that Phelps had been terminated at that soap , with no confirmation of final airdate made at press time . Phelps ' exit was confirmed the following day by Sony Pictures Television . Phelps was last credited as executive producer on July 12 , 2016 . Charles Pratt , Jr . 2015 -- 16 Named co-executive producer in September 2014 , sharing the position with Phelps , a position he previously served on NBC soap opera Santa Barbara . Pratt 's first episode as HW and co-EP aired on January 16 , 2015 . On September 13 , 2016 , it was announced that Pratt would no longer co-executive producer the soap , given his new position as show - runner of Lee Daniels ' Star . Pratt was last credited as head writer and co-executive producer on December 6 , 2016 . Mal Young 2016 -- present Named executive producer in June 2016 upon the dismissal of Jill Farren Phelps . This marks the first American soap opera Young executive produced , having previously been the producer and executive producer of British soap operas Brookside , EastEnders and Holby City . July 13 , 2016 , marked Young 's first appearance as executive producer . Immediate changes made under Young included the return of actress Elizabeth Hendrickson and a return guest appearance from Michael Graziadei in the roles of Chloe Mitchell and Daniel Romalotti , respectively . The series will also celebrate its 11,000 th episode under Young 's credit on September 1 , 2016 . In 2017 , it was announced that Young would take on head writer duties after Sally Sussman 's retirement . Young 's first credit as head writer will appear on October 25 , 2017 . Sally Sussman 2016 -- 17 Named co-executive producer in September 2016 upon the dismissal of Pratt , Jr ... Sussman shares the position with Young , a position she previously served on NBC soap opera Generations . Sussman 's first credit as head writer and co-executive producer appeared on December 7 , 2016 . In July 2017 , it was announced that Sussman would retire ; she received her last credit as head writer and co-executive producer on October 24 , 2017 . Head writers Years Head writer ( s ) March 26 , 1973 -- 97 William J. Bell 1997 -- 98 William J. Bell Kay Alden 1998 -- 2000 Kay Alden 2000 -- 02 Kay Alden Trent Jones 2002 -- 06 Kay Alden John F. Smith 2006 Kay Alden John F. Smith Lynn Marie Latham 2006 -- 07 Lynn Marie Latham Scott Hamner 2007 -- 08 Josh Griffith Maria Arena Bell 2008 -- 12 Maria Arena Bell Hogan Sheffer Scott Hamner 2012 -- 13 Josh Griffith Hogan Sheffer Tracey Thomson Shelly Altman 2013 -- 15 Shelly Altman Jean Passanante Tracey Thomson 2015 -- 16 Charles Pratt , Jr . 2016 -- 17 Sally Sussman 2017 -- Mal Young Awards ( edit ) The serial has won 116 Daytime Emmys , among 360 nominations . The following list summarizes awards won by The Young and the Restless : Daytime Emmy Awards ( edit ) Recipient Role Year ( s ) Outstanding Drama Series 1975 , 1983 , 1985 , 1986 , 1993 , 2004 , 2007 ( tied with Guiding Light ) , 2014 , 2015 ( tied with Days of Our Lives ) Outstanding Individual Director in a Daytime Drama Series Richard Dunlap 1975 , 1978 Outstanding Drama Series Directing Team 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2001 , 2002 , 2011 Outstanding Drama Series Writing Team 1992 , 1997 , 2000 , 2006 , 2011 , 2014 , 2017 Lead Actor Peter Bergman Eric Braeden Christian LeBlanc Doug Davidson Billy Miller Jack Abbott Victor Newman Michael Baldwin Paul Williams Billy Abbott 1991 , 1992 , 2002 1998 2005 , 2007 2009 2013 2014 Lead Actress Jess Walton Michelle Stafford Jeanne Cooper Gina Tognoni Jill Foster Abbott Phyllis Summers Katherine Chancellor Phyllis Summers 1997 2008 2017 Supporting Actor Shemar Moore Greg Rikaart Kristoff St. John Billy Miller Steve Burton Malcolm Winters Kevin Fisher Neil Winters Billy Abbott Dylan McAvoy 2000 2005 2008 2010 , 2013 ( tied with Scott Clifton ) 2017 Supporting Actress Beth Maitland Jess Walton Michelle Stafford Sharon Case Amelia Heinle Jessica Collins Traci Abbott Connolly Jill Foster Abbott Phyllis Summers Sharon Newman Victoria Newman Avery Bailey Clark 1985 1991 1997 1999 2014 2015 , 2016 Younger Actress Tracey E. Bregman Tricia Cast Heather Tom Camryn Grimes Christel Khalil Hunter King Lauren Fenmore Nina Webster Victoria Newman Cassie Newman Lily Winters Summer Newman 1985 1992 1993 , 1999 2000 2012 2014 , 2015 Younger Actor Kristoff St. John David Tom David Lago Bryton James Neil Winters Billy Abbott Raul Guittierez Devon Hamilton 1992 2000 2005 2007 Lifetime Achievement Award William J. Bell Jeanne Cooper Lee Phillip Bell creator Katherine Chancellor co-creator 1992 2007 TV Soap Golden Boomerang Awards ( edit ) 2006 `` Hall of Fame Inductee '' Eric Braeden ( Victor Newman ) Writers Guild of America Awards ( edit ) 2003 `` Best Daytime Serial '' Written by Kay Alden , Trent Jones , John F. Smith , Jerry Birn , Jim Houghton , Natalie Minardi , Janice Ferri , Eric Freiwald , Joshua McCaffrey , Michael Minnis , Rex M. Best 2006 `` Best Daytime Serial '' Written by Kay Alden , John F. Smith , Janice Ferri , Jim Houghton , Natalie Minardi Slater , Sally Sussman Morina , Sara Bibel , Eric Freiwald , Linda Schreiber , Joshua S. McCaffrey , Marc Hertz , Sandra Weintraub 2008 `` Best Daytime Serial '' Written by Lynn Marie Latham , Scott Hamner , Bernard Lechowick , Cherie Bennett , Jeff Gottesfeld , Jim Stanley , Natalie Minardi Slater , Lynsey Dufour , Marina Alburger , Sara Bibel , Sandra Weintraub Broadcast ( edit ) In Belize , Channel 5 Great Belize Television airs the soap , while rival Channel 7 Tropical Vision Limited also airs the soap . In Canada , the Global Television Network airs new episodes a day ahead of the US broadcast . Most Global stations use The Young and the Restless as a late - afternoon lead - in for their local newscasts , but times vary by market . It also airs on NTV in Newfoundland and Labrador which airs the program on a same - day - as - CBS basis . In Jamaica , the show airs on CVMTV . In Trinidad , the show airs weekdays on CBS and has been airing in Trinidad since the 1980s . In 1988 , 70 percent of Trinidadians who had access to a television watched daily episodes of The Young and the Restless , a series that emphasized family problems , sexual intrigue , and gossip . Oceania ( edit ) Main article : Screening of soap operas in Australia In Australia , The Young and the Restless airs after Days of Our Lives on Arena . It previously aired on the Nine Network from April 1 , 1974 to February 23 , 2007 , before joining the W line - up on April 2 , 2007 , to August 17 , 2012 , On July 20 , 2012 , it was announced that the show would move to Arena on August 20 , 2012 , after W rebranded as SoHo . Episodes are approximately one week behind those airing in the US at present . In New Zealand , The Young and the Restless aired alongside Days of Our Lives on TV ONE and ended on November 6 , 2009 . The soap was approximately four seasons behind the CBS season due to being preempted by holiday and sporting programming . In the Philippines , aired from 1987 to 1989 on ABS - CBN . Europe ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , The Young and The Restless has aired on many TV channels starting in 1990 , when episodes from 1987 debuted on BSB Galaxy in a regular weekday timeslot . When BSB merged with Sky in November 1990 , the soap moved to Sky 's flagship channel Sky One and aired at 11 : 00 weekdays until the end of 1992 . When BSB 's original three - year contract to air the soap expired , Sky chose not to renew it . In 1993 , Y&R was picked up by UK Living ( then known as simply Living , now Sky Living ) in a primetime timeslot , picking up where Sky left off . This lasted until late 1995 . In 2007 , Zone Romantica , now CBS Drama began broadcasting the show weekdays ( four years behind US ) . In 2009 , when CBS went into partnership with and took over the Chellozone Channels the show was relegated to just one showing a day ( in favor of repeating shows such as Dynasty and Dallas in the daytime ) . It was attracting around 18 -- 20,000 viewers at midnight in the last week of its broadcast in the UK in August 2010 . African / eastern ( edit ) In India , the show began airing in February 2007 on Zee Café . The channel started with episodes from 2004 . In South Africa , the show airs on e.tv . The show was originally aired in South Africa in the early 1990s , dubbed into the Afrikaans language , and entitled ' Rustelose Jare ' ( Restless Years ) . In 1999 The Young and the Restless was canceled but the show returned to South African television screens in June 2004 , with no overhead foreign translations . As of June 2014 , episodes are screened nine months behind the US . Because of `` continual viewing '' with no breaks , South African audiences will catch up with the US broadcast by mid-2016 . Theme music and other music ( edit ) Main article : Nadia 's Theme `` Nadia 's Theme '' has been the theme music of The Young and the Restless since the show 's debut in 1973 . The melody , originally titled `` Cotton 's Dream '' , was composed by Barry De Vorzon and Perry Botkin , Jr. for the 1971 theatrical film Bless the Beasts and Children . The melody was later renamed `` Nadia 's Theme '' after the ABC television network 's sports summary program Wide World of Sports lent the music for a montage of Romanian gymnast Nadia Comăneci 's routines during the 1976 Summer Olympics ; despite the title , Nadia never performed her floor exercises using this piece of music . Instead , she used a piano arrangement of a medley of the songs `` Yes Sir , That 's My Baby '' and `` Jump in the Line . '' Botkin wrote a rearranged version of the piece specifically for The Young and the Restless ' debut . The song remained unchanged , save for a slight remix in 1988 and a three - year stint in the early 2000s ( decade ) , when an alternate , more jazzy arrangement of that tune was used , using portions of the longer closing version of the original theme . An LP album was published in 1976 by A&M Records . The track list contains two titles of the French composer Michel Colombier , Rainbow and Emmanuel , a success track which he wrote in memory of the death of his son . In late September and early October 2012 , upon the show 's 10,000 th episode , the current form of opening credits were updated . In the years prior , fans criticized them for their lack of updates and cast additions ( some contract players , such as Adrienne Frantz , and Kimberlin Brown came and went without being added ) . In mid-February 2017 , the current form of opening credits were updated to honor the history on CBS Daytime and to carry them into the future as they approach the 44th anniversary . Ratings ( edit ) See also : List of U.S. daytime soap opera ratings As of 2010 , The Young and the Restless has managed over 1,000 consecutive weeks in the # 1 spot for daytime dramas . On the week ending April 6 , 2012 , The Young and the Restless was watched by a new low of an average of 3,960,000 viewers for the week , beating its previous low of 4.209 million in October 2011 , as well as being the only week to date below 4 million viewers . Currently , the show is still the most - watched daytime drama ; and for the season 2011 -- 12 , has a household rating of 3.5 , and 1.5 for the Women 18 -- 49 demographic . As of 2008 , the Tuesday episodes of The Young and the Restless on average is the most - watched daytime drama showing . When introduced during the 1972 -- 73 season , the show was at the bottom of the ratings , but rose rapidly : ninth by 1974 -- 75 and third by 1975 -- 76 . By 1988 -- 89 it had dethroned long - time leader General Hospital as the top - rated soap , a position it has held ever since . During the week of December 2 , 2013 , the series celebrated their twenty - fifth year as the number one daytime drama . The Young and the Restless airs every weeknight on Pop , where it averaged 362,000 viewers from July to September 2013 . Ratings history ( edit ) Season Rating Season rank 1972 -- 73 5.0 15th 1973 -- 74 6.2 13th 1974 -- 75 8.4 9th 1975 -- 76 8.6 3rd 1976 -- 77 8.7 4th 1977 -- 78 7.8 5th 1978 -- 79 8.6 3rd 1979 -- 80 8.8 3rd 1980 -- 81 7.8 6th 1981 -- 82 7.4 5th 1982 -- 83 8.0 4th 1983 -- 84 8.8 3rd 1984 -- 85 8.1 3rd 1985 -- 86 8.3 2nd 1986 -- 87 8.0 2nd 1987 -- 88 8.1 1st 1988 -- 89 8.1 1st 1990 -- 91 8.1 1st 1991 -- 92 8.2 1st 1992 -- 93 8.4 1st 1993 -- 94 8.6 1st 1994 -- 95 7.5 1st 1995 -- 96 7.6 1st 1996 -- 97 7.1 1st 1997 -- 98 6.8 1st 1998 -- 99 6.9 1st 1999 -- 00 6.8 1st 2000 -- 01 5.8 1st 2001 -- 02 5.0 1st 2002 -- 03 4.7 1st 2003 -- 04 4.4 1st 2004 -- 05 4.2 1st 2005 -- 06 4.2 1st 2006 -- 07 4.2 1st 2007 -- 08 4.1 1st 2008 -- 09 3.7 1st 2009 -- 10 3.8 1st 2010 -- 11 3.6 1st 2011 -- 12 3.5 1st 2012 -- 13 3.6 1st 2013 -- 14 3.4 1st 2014 -- 15 3.5 1st 2015 - 16 3.6 1st 2016 - 17 3.5 1st ^ A ( debut ) ^ B Tied in rating ( 8.1 ) with General Hospital ; however General Hospital drew more viewers in millions . ^ C The Young and the Restless was number - one solo ( for the first time ) for the 1988 -- 89 and has retained this position ever since . See also ( edit ) Television portal United States portal CBS Daytime Genoa City ( The Young and the Restless ) The Young and the Restless cast members The Young and the Restless characters List of longest - serving soap opera actors References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Strohm , Emily ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` The Young and the Restless Celebrates 11,000 Episodes and 43 Years on Air ! '' . People . United States : Time Inc . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2016 . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Young and the Restless '' . E ! True Hollywood Story . 2001 - 05 - 20 . E ! . ^ Jump up to : Simon , Ron ; Thompson , Robert J. ; Spence , Louise ; Feuer , Jane ( 1997 ) . Morton , Robert , ed . Worlds Without End : The Art and History of the Soap Opera . New York , New York : Harry N Abrams . pp. 150 -- 151 . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 3997 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Hyatt , Wesley ( 1997 ) . The Encyclopedia of Daytime Television . Billboard Books . pp. 476 -- 482 . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 8315 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : McNeil , Alex ( 1996 ) . Total Television : The Comprehensive Guide to Programming From 1948 to the Present . Fourth Edition . Penguin Books . pp. 931 -- 934 . ISBN 0140249168 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Denise ( March 17 , 2006 ) . `` Sudser Slides to SoapNet '' . Variety magazine . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael ( June 28 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Young and the Restless ' Moves From Soapnet to TV Guide Network '' . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( June 28 , 2013 ) . `` ' The Young & the Restless ' Moves to TVGN for Exclusive Basic Cable Airings Beginning Monday , July 1 '' . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Young and the Restless 35th Anniversary Salute '' ( PDF ) . Los Angeles Times . April 9 , 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Worlds Without End , p. 33 ^ Jump up to : `` Black Stars Heat Up Daytime Soaps '' . Jet . October 13 , 1997 . pp. 52 -- 56 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Y&R : Famous Plots -- Kay / Jill Feud '' . Youngandtherestless.com . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Y&R : Famous Plots '' . Global.com . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2012 . Retrieved February 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Coleridge , Daniel ( April 26 , 2004 ) . `` TV Guide Editors ' Blogs -- Daniel 's Dish '' . TV Guide . Jump up ^ http://www.cbs.com/shows/the_young_and_the_restless/about/1001688/ ^ Jump up to : Matelski , Marilyn ( 1988 ) . The Soap Opera Evolution : America 's Enduring Romance with Daytime Drama . Jefferson , North Carolina : McFarland & Company , Inc . Publishers . p. 164 . ISBN 0 - 89950 - 324 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline '' . ( Sony ) . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Cassata , Mary ; Irwin , Barbara ( 1996 ) . Hoffman , Peter , ed . The Young and the Restless Most Memorable Moments . Los Angeles , California : General Publishing Group . p. 9 . ISBN 1 - 881649 - 87 - 3 . Jump up ^ Dorothy Catherine Anger ( 1999 ) . Other Worlds : Society Seen Through Soap Opera . University of Toronto Press . pp. 67 -- 68 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55111 - 103 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Oei , Lily ( December 5 , 2001 ) . `` Exec replaces Scott '' . Variety magazine . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Gladden , Chelsea P. `` Ask the Writers ! '' . Sony . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Gladden , Chelsea P. `` Checking in with Lynn ... '' Sony . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Soap Watch '' . Entertainment Weekly . February 22 , 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Branco , Nelson ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` Soap Whisperer '' . TV Guide Canada . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Oei , Lily ( March 4 , 2004 ) . `` Ellen the talk of the Emmys '' . Variety magazine . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ; Oei , Lily ( March 14 , 2007 ) . `` Daytime Emmy Nominations '' . Variety magazine . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Jill Farren Phelps Named Executive Producer And Josh Griffith Named Head Writer Of `` THE YOUNG AND THE RESTLESS , '' The Number One Daytime Drama `` . Market Watch . Marketwatch.com . July 26 , 2012 . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ SOD ( August 15 , 2013 ) . `` Y&R Head Writer Out '' . Soap Opera Digest . Soapoperadigest.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( August 15 , 2013 ) . `` RUMOR REPORT : Is Josh Griffith IN or OUT at The Young and the Restless ? ! '' . Daytime Confidential . Daytimeconfidential.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2013 . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Simms , Richard M. ( August 15 , 2013 ) . `` Y&R Headwriter Out ? '' . Soaps in Depth . CBS.soapsindepth.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( August 15 , 2013 ) . `` Will Shelly Altman Assume Head Writer Duties at The Young and the Restless ? '' . Daytime Confidential . Daytimeconfidential.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2013 . Retrieved August 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ SOD ( September 12 , 2013 ) . `` Y&R Officially Names New Head Writers '' . Soap Opera Digest . Soapoperadigest.com . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( September 18 , 2013 ) . `` Chuck Pratt Gets Head Writer Gig and an Executive Producer Credit at The Young and the Restless '' . Daytime Confidential . Daytimeconfidential.zap2it.com . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Michael ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` Jill Farren Phelps Out at The Young and the Restless ? '' . Serial Scoop . United States : Blogger ( Google ) . Retrieved June 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` CONFIRMED ! JILL FARREN PHELPS OUT AT Y&R '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , inc. 8 June 2016 . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : SOD ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` MAL YOUNG 'S FIRST Y&R EPISODE SET '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Roots , Kimberly ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Ex-Y&R Headwriter Chuck Pratt Named New Showrunner of Lee Daniels ' Star '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : SOD ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` New Gig For Y&R 's Charles Pratt , Jr '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Giddens , Jamey ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Chuck Pratt OUT at Y&R ; Hearing Sally Sussman Morina in Talks '' . Daytime Confidential . Confidential Media ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Giddens , Jamey ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` Sally Sussman Morina Named Head Writer of The Young and the Restless '' . Daytime Confidential . Confidential Media ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : SOD ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` Y&R NAMES NEW HEAD WRITER '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States . American Media , Inc . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` Kay Alden Returns to The Young and the Restless as Story Consultant ( Exclusive ) '' . Daytime Confidential . Confidential Media ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fairman , Michael ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Y&R 's Melody Thomas Scott Reveals First Airdate Of Sally Sussman Morina and Kay Alden 's Scripts ! '' . On - Air On - Soaps . United States : Michael Fairman Soaps , Inc . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ SOD ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Renews Daytime Lineup ; Y&R Gets 3 More Years '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` The Young and the Restless Gets 3 More Seasons , as CBS Renews Daytime Slate '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Giddens , Jamey ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` The Young and the Restless SHOCKER : Sally Sussman and Kay Alden to Retire ; Mal Young in as New Head Writer ! ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Daytime Confidential . United States : Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ SOD ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Y&R Scribes Out ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` New Y&R Head Writer Mal Young 's Material to Begin Airing in October '' . Daytime Confidential . United States : Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : SOD ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive ! How Y&R Will Change '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shows -- CBS Television City '' . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Worlds Without End , p. 36 . ^ Jump up to : Soares , Manuela ( 1978 ) . The Soap Opera Book . New York , New York : Harmony Books . pp. 29 -- 31 . ISBN 0 - 517 - 53331 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Carol Traynor ( 1992 ) . It 's Time for My Story . Westport , Connecticut : Praeger Publishers . p. 31 . ISBN 0 - 275 - 94297 - X . Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( February 21 , 2014 ) . `` TV Q&A : ' Bates Motel , ' ' The Young & the Restless ' and Patrice King Brown '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Prikios , Karen Anderson ( June 25 , 2001 ) . `` Finding the art in HDTV '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Y&R Leaving SOAPnet This Summer ! '' . Soaps in Depth . June 26 , 2013 . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Starting July 1 watch same day episodes of # YR weeknights '' . TVGN Twitter . June 26 , 2013 . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Countdown To Y&R Clip From TVGN ! '' . Soap in Depth . June 26 , 2013 . Retrieved June 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Denis , Paul ( 1985 ) . Inside the Soaps . Don Mills , Ontario , Canada : Citadel Press . pp. 116 -- 119 . ISBN 0 - 8065 - 0940 - 6 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Annie ( 1979 ) . All My Afternoons . New York , New York : A & W Publishing . pp. 152 -- 162 . ISBN 0 - 89104 - 098 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : 1970s and Sex on American TV ^ Jump up to : Williams , p. 98 Jump up ^ Williams , p. 103 ^ Jump up to : Waldron , Clarence ( April 7 , 2008 ) . `` ' Young and the Restless ' Celebrates 35 Years of Drama , Success '' . Jet . pp. 56 -- 59 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Worlds Without End , p. 93 Jump up ^ Worlds Without End , p. 107 Jump up ^ `` Huge Shakeup at Y&R ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . August 20 , 2012 . pp. 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2012 ) . `` DAYTIME AND SOAP OPERA TV RATINGS CBS Celebrates The Young and the Restless Milestone 10,000 th Episode on The Talk '' . TVbytheNumbers . United States : Zap2it . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Logan , Michael ( August 27 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : New Boss Jill Farren Phelps Reveals What 's in Store For The Young and the Restless '' . TV Guide . TVGuide.com . Retrieved August 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Series producer ( s ) : Jill Farren Phelps and Charles Pratt , Jr. ; Writer ( s ) : Charles Pratt , Jr. and Tracey Thomson ( July 12 , 2016 ( US ) ; July 11 , 2016 ( Canada ) ) . The Young and the Restless . Season 43 . Episode 10,064 . CBS . Check date values in : date = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ SOD ( September 19 , 2014 ) . `` Y&R HIRES NEW HEAD WRITER '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States . American Media Inc . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` The Most Polarizing Pair in Soaps : Execs Jill Farren Phelps and Chuck Pratt on the State of The Young and the Restless '' . TV Guide . TVGuide.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( May 13 , 2015 ) . `` Round 2 : The Young and the Restless Chiefs Jill Farren Phelps and Chuck Pratt Answer Our Burning Questions '' . TV Guide . TVGuide.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Series producer ( s ) : Charles Pratt , Jr. and Mal Young ; Writer ( s ) : Charles Pratt , Jr. and Tracey Thomson ( July 13 , 2016 ( US ) ; July 12 , 2016 ( Canada ) ) . The Young and the Restless . Season 43 . Episode 10,065 . CBS . Check date values in : date = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` 1975 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1985 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1986 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1993 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2004 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2007 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Daytime Emmys 2014 : The Winners List '' . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( Apr 26 , 2015 ) . `` Daytime Emmys : Days and Y&R Split Best Drama , GH Wins 3 Acting Awards , B&B Tops Soap Opera Pack '' . tvline.com . Retrieved Apr 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McNeil , Alex ( 1996 ) . Total Television : The Comprehensive Guide to Programming From 1948 to the Present . Fourth Edition . Penguin Books . p. 1067 . ISBN 0140249168 . Jump up ^ McNeil , p. 1075 . Jump up ^ McNeil , p. 1095 -- 1102 Jump up ^ `` 1996 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1997 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1998 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1999 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2002 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` And The Daytime Emmy Winners Are ! '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . June 20 , 2011 . Retrieved June 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McNeil , p. 1111 Jump up ^ `` 2006 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1991 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1992 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2005 Emmy Award Winners '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Daytime Emmys '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Lead Actor in a Drama Series '' . June 16 , 2013 . Retrieved June 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2008 Daytime Emmys '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2000 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Daytime Emmys '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Supporting Actor in a Drama Series '' . June 16 , 2013 . Retrieved June 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 Emmy Winners & Nominees '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' General Hospital ' scores 5 Daytime Emmys , including best drama ; ' Today , ' ' Jeopardy ! ' also win '' . Associated Press . June 23 , 2012 . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/766507/The-Young-and-the-Restless Jump up ^ Nadia Comăneci at Olympic.org Jump up ^ Y&R UNVEILS NEW OPENING Jump up ^ The Young and the Restless To Mark 1000 Weeks on Top ! -- The Young and the Restless News -- Soaps.com Jump up ^ New Lows For DAYS / Y&R ; Another Horrible Week For Soaps Soap Opera Network ^ Jump up to : Ratings : New Low For DAYS in Women 18 -- 49 Viewers Soap Opera Network Jump up ^ Daytime 's 40 Most Popular Shows Soap Opera Network Jump up ^ The Deadline Team ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` ' General Hospital ' Overtakes ' The Young And The Restless ' For First Time In More Than Six Years '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ https://finance.yahoo.com/news/big-brother-dark-young-restless-161800237.html Jump up ^ Daytime Ratings : Week of April 28 Edition Soap Opera Network Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2009/01/09/soap-opera-ratings-for-december-29-2008-january-2-2009/10582/ Jump up ^ Ratings : DAYS Rebounds From Bad Week Soap Opera Network Jump up ^ Ratings : Soaps Down in Total Viewers Soap Opera Network External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Young and the Restless . Wikinews has related news : The Young and the Restless celebrates 35 years : Wikinews interviews three actresses Official website The Young and the Restless at CBS Daytime The Young and the Restless on IMDb The Young and the Restless Daily Recaps The Young and the Restless at TVGN The Young and the Restless at Yahoo ! TV The Young and the Restless at the W. Channel Full episodes of The Young and the Restless Available only to U.S. viewers In depth audio interview with Eric Braeden ( Dec 2007 ) The Young and the Restless Official Fan Wiki at CBS Wiki The Young and the Restless Cast Present cast members Past cast members Crew William J. Bell Lee Phillip Bell Mal Young Families Newman Abbott Chancellor Barber / Winters Related articles Genoa City Storylines The Bold and the Beautiful Victor and Nikki Nick and Sharon J.T. and Colleen Daniel and Lily Devon and Hilary `` Nadia 's Theme '' The Young and the Restless characters Present and future characters Ashley Abbott Billy Abbott Jack Abbott Jill Abbott John Abbott Johnny Abbott Traci Abbott Cane Ashby Charlie Ashby Mattie Ashby Sam Ashby Lily Winters Colin Atkinson Fenmore Baldwin Michael Baldwin Gloria Abbott Bardwell Jeffrey Bardwell Christine Blair Mariah Copeland Hilary Curtis Lauren Fenmore Kevin Fisher Scotty Grainger Devon Hamilton J.T. 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-1182030867488307312	New York Stock Exchange	New York Stock Exchange - Wikipedia New York Stock Exchange Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the stock exchange . For its parent company , see Intercontinental Exchange . New York Stock Exchange The New York Stock Exchange in 2012 . Type Stock exchange Location New York City , New York , U.S. Founded March 8 , 1817 , Wall Street , New York City Owner Intercontinental Exchange ( Owner ) Key people Jeffrey Sprecher ( Chairman ) Currency United States Dollar No. of listings 2,400 Market cap US $19.3 trillion Volume US $20.161 trillion ( 2011 ) Indices Dow Jones Industrial Average S&P 500 NYSE Composite Website nyse.com New York Stock Exchange U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Historic Landmark NYC Landmark Front Elevation of the New York Stock Exchange . Show map of Lower Manhattan Show map of New York Show map of the US Show all Coordinates 40 ° 42 ′ 24.6 '' N 74 ° 0 ′ 39.7 '' W / 40.706833 ° N 74.011028 ° W / 40.706833 ; - 74.011028 Coordinates : 40 ° 42 ′ 24.6 '' N 74 ° 0 ′ 39.7 '' W / 40.706833 ° N 74.011028 ° W / 40.706833 ; - 74.011028 Built 1903 Architect Trowbridge & Livingston ; George B. Post Architectural style Classical Revival NRHP reference # 78001877 Significant dates Added to NRHP June 2 , 1978 Designated NHL June 2 , 1978 Designated NYCL July 9 , 1985 The New York Stock Exchange ( abbreviated as NYSE and nicknamed `` The Big Board '' ) , is an American stock exchange located at 11 Wall Street , Lower Manhattan , New York City , New York . It is by far the world 's largest stock exchange by market capitalization of its listed companies at US $21.3 trillion as of June 2017 . The average daily trading value was approximately US $ 169 billion in 2013 . The NYSE trading floor is located at 11 Wall Street and is composed of 21 rooms used for the facilitation of trading . A fifth trading room , located at 30 Broad Street , was closed in February 2007 . The main building and the 11 Wall Street building were designated National Historic Landmarks in 1978 . The NYSE is owned by Intercontinental Exchange , an American holding company that it also lists ( NYSE : ICE ) . Previously , it was part of NYSE Euronext ( NYX ) , which was formed by the NYSE 's 2007 merger with Euronext . NYSE and Euronext now operate as divisions of Intercontinental Exchange . The NYSE has been the subject of several lawsuits regarding fraud or breach of duty and in 2004 was sued by its former CEO for breach of contract and defamation . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Notable events 3 Official holidays 4 Trading 4.1 NYSE Composite Index 4.2 Timeline 4.3 Merger , acquisition , and control 5 Opening and closing bells 5.1 History 5.2 Notable bell - ringers 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) See also : List of presidents of the New York Stock Exchange The Stock Exchange at 10 -- 12 Broad Street , in 1882 The earliest recorded organization of securities trading in New York among brokers directly dealing with each other can be traced to the Buttonwood Agreement . Previously securities exchange had been intermediated by the auctioneers who also conducted more mundane auctions of commodities such as wheat and tobacco . On May 17 , 1792 twenty four brokers signed the Buttonwood Agreement which set a floor commission rate charged to clients and bound the signers to give preference to the other signers in securities sales . The earliest securities traded were mostly governmental securities such as War Bonds from the Revolutionary War and First Bank of the United States stock , although Bank of New York stock was a non-governmental security traded in the early days . The Bank of North America along with the First Bank of the United States and the Bank of New York were the first shares traded on the New York Stock Exchange . In 1817 the stockbrokers of New York operating under the Buttonwood Agreement instituted new reforms and reorganized . After sending a delegation to Philadelphia to observe the organization of their board of brokers , restrictions on manipulative trading were adopted as well as formal organs of governance . After re-forming as the New York Stock and Exchange Board the broker organization began renting out space exclusively for securities trading , which previously had been taking place at the Tontine Coffee House . Several locations were used between 1817 and 1865 , when the present location was adopted . The invention of the electrical telegraph consolidated markets , and New York 's market rose to dominance over Philadelphia after weathering some market panics better than other alternatives . The Open Board of Stock Brokers was established in 1864 as a competitor to the NYSE . With 354 members , the Open Board of Stock Brokers rivaled the NYSE in membership ( which had 533 ) `` because it used a more modern , continuous trading system superior to the NYSE 's twice - daily call sessions . '' The Open Board of Stock Brokers merged with the NYSE in 1869 . Robert Wright of Bloomberg writes that the merger increased the NYSE 's members as well as trading volume , as `` several dozen regional exchanges were also competing with the NYSE for customers . Buyers , sellers and dealers all wanted to complete transactions as quickly and cheaply as technologically possible and that meant finding the markets with the most trading , or the greatest liquidity in today 's parlance . Minimizing competition was essential to keep a large number of orders flowing , and the merger helped the NYSE to maintain its reputation for providing superior liquidity . '' The Civil War greatly stimulated speculative securities trading in New York . By 1869 membership had to be capped , and has been sporadically increased since . The latter half of the nineteenth century saw rapid growth in securities trading . Securities trade in the latter nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was prone to panics and crashes . Government regulation of securities trading was eventually seen as necessary , with arguably the most dramatic changes occurring in the 1930s after a major stock market crash precipitated an economic depression . The Stock Exchange Luncheon Club was situated on the seventh floor from 1898 until its closure in 2006 . The main building , located at 18 Broad Street , between the corners of Wall Street and Exchange Place , was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1978 , as was the 11 Wall Street building . The floor of the New York Stock Exchange in 1908 The NYSE announced its plans to merge with Archipelago on April 21 , 2005 , in a deal intended to reorganize the NYSE as a publicly traded company . NYSE 's governing board voted to merge with rival Archipelago on December 6 , 2005 , and became a for - profit , public company . It began trading under the name NYSE Group on March 8 , 2006 . A little over one year later , on April 4 , 2007 , the NYSE Group completed its merger with Euronext , the European combined stock market , thus forming NYSE Euronext , the first transatlantic stock exchange . Wall Street is the leading US money center for international financial activities and the foremost US location for the conduct of wholesale financial services . `` It comprises a matrix of wholesale financial sectors , financial markets , financial institutions , and financial industry firms '' ( Robert , 2002 ) . The principal sectors are securities industry , commercial banking , asset management , and insurance . Prior to the acquisition of NYSE Euronext by the ICE in 2013 , Marsh Carter was the Chairman of the NYSE and the CEO was Duncan Niederauer . Presently , the chairman is Jeffrey Sprecher . Notable events ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Wall Street Crash of 1929 ; Black Tuesday ( 1987 ) ; Friday the 13th mini-crash ; October 27 , 1997 mini-crash ; and Economic effects arising from the September 11 attacks The exchange was closed shortly after the beginning of World War I ( July 31 , 1914 ) , but it partially re-opened on November 28 of that year in order to help the war effort by trading bonds , and completely reopened for stock trading in mid-December . On September 16 , 1920 , a bomb exploded on Wall Street outside the NYSE building , killing 33 people and injuring more than 400 . The perpetrators were never found . The NYSE building and some buildings nearby , such as the JP Morgan building , still have marks on their façades caused by the bombing . The Black Thursday crash of the Exchange on October 24 , 1929 , and the sell - off panic which started on Black Tuesday , October 29 , are often blamed for precipitating the Great Depression . In an effort to try to restore investor confidence , the Exchange unveiled a fifteen - point program aimed to upgrade protection for the investing public on October 31 , 1938 . On October 1 , 1934 , the exchange was registered as a national securities exchange with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission , with a president and a thirty - three - member board . On February 18 , 1971 , the non-profit corporation was formed , and the number of board members was reduced to twenty - five . One of Abbie Hoffman 's well - known publicity stunts took place in 1967 , when he led members of the Yippie movement to the Exchange 's gallery . The provocateurs hurled fistfuls of dollars toward the trading floor below . Some traders booed , and some laughed and waved . Three months later the stock exchange enclosed the gallery with bulletproof glass . Hoffman wrote a decade later , `` We did n't call the press ; at that time we really had no notion of anything called a media event . '' NYSE 's stock exchange traders floor before the introduction of electronic readouts and computer screens . On October 19 , 1987 , the Dow Jones Industrial Average ( DJIA ) dropped 508 points , a 22.6 % loss in a single day , the second - biggest one - day drop the exchange had experienced . Black Monday was followed by Terrible Tuesday , a day in which the Exchange 's systems did not perform well and some people had difficulty completing their trades . Subsequently , there was another major drop for the Dow on October 13 , 1989 -- the Mini-Crash of 1989 . The crash was apparently caused by a reaction to a news story of a $6.75 billion leveraged buyout deal for UAL Corporation , the parent company of United Airlines , which broke down . When the UAL deal fell through , it helped trigger the collapse of the junk bond market causing the Dow to fall 190.58 points , or 6.91 percent . Similarly , there was a panic in the financial world during the year of 1997 ; the Asian Financial Crisis . Like the fall of many foreign markets , the Dow suffered a 7.18 % drop in value ( 554.26 points ) on October 27 , 1997 , in what later became known as the 1997 Mini-Crash but from which the DJIA recovered quickly . This was the first time that the `` circuit breaker '' rule had operated . On January 26 , 2000 , an altercation during filming of the music video for `` Sleep Now in the Fire , '' which was directed by Michael Moore , caused the doors of the exchange to be closed and the band Rage Against the Machine to be escorted from the site by security after band members attempted to gain entry into the exchange . In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks , the NYSE was closed for 4 trading sessions , resuming on Monday , September 17 , one of the rare times the NYSE was closed for more than one session and only the third time since March 1933 . On the first day , the NYSE suffered a 7.1 % drop in value ( 684 points ) , after a week , it dropped by 14 % ( 1370 points ) . An estimated of $1.4 trillion was lost within five days of trading . On May 6 , 2010 , the Dow Jones Industrial Average posted its largest intraday percentage drop since the October 19 , 1987 , crash , with a 998 - point loss later being called the 2010 Flash Crash ( as the drop occurred in minutes before rebounding ) . The SEC and CFTC published a report on the event , although it did not come to a conclusion as to the cause . The regulators found no evidence that the fall was caused by erroneous ( `` fat finger '' ) orders . On October 29 , 2012 , the stock exchange was shut down for 2 days due to Hurricane Sandy . The last time the stock exchange was closed due to weather for a full two days was on March 12 and 13 in 1888 . On May 1 , 2014 , the stock exchange was fined $4.5 million by the Securities and Exchange Commission to settle charges it violated market rules . On August 14 , 2014 , Berkshire Hathaway 's A Class shares , the highest priced shares on the NYSE , hit $200,000 a share for the first time . On July 8 , 2015 , technical issues affected the stock exchange , halting trading at 11 : 32 am ET . The NYSE reassured stock traders that the outage was `` not a result of a cyber breach , '' and the Department of Homeland Security confirmed that there was `` no sign of malicious activity . '' Trading eventually resumed at 3 : 10 pm ET the same day . Official holidays ( edit ) The New York Stock Exchange is closed on New Years Day , Martin Luther King , Jr . Day , Washington 's Birthday , Good Friday , Memorial Day , Fourth of July , Labor Day , Thanksgiving and Christmas . When those holidays occur on a weekend , the holiday is observed on the closest weekday . In addition , the Stock Exchange closes early on the day before Independence Day , the day after Thanksgiving , and the day before Christmas . Trading ( edit ) The NYSE trading floor in August 2008 . The New York Stock Exchange ( sometimes referred to as `` the Big Board '' ) provides a means for buyers and sellers to trade shares of stock in companies registered for public trading . The NYSE is open for trading Monday through Friday from 9 : 30 am -- 4 : 00 pm ET , with the exception of holidays declared by the Exchange in advance . The NYSE trades in a continuous auction format , where traders can execute stock transactions on behalf of investors . They will gather around the appropriate post where a specialist broker , who is employed by a NYSE member firm ( that is , he / she is not an employee of the New York Stock Exchange ) , acts as an auctioneer in an open outcry auction market environment to bring buyers and sellers together and to manage the actual auction . They do on occasion ( approximately 10 % of the time ) facilitate the trades by committing their own capital and as a matter of course disseminate information to the crowd that helps to bring buyers and sellers together . The auction process moved toward automation in 1995 through the use of wireless hand held computers ( HHC ) . The system enabled traders to receive and execute orders electronically via wireless transmission . On September 25 , 1995 , NYSE member Michael Einersen , who designed and developed this system , executed 1000 shares of IBM through this HHC ending a 203 - year process of paper transactions and ushering in an era of automated trading . As of January 24 , 2007 , all NYSE stocks can be traded via its electronic hybrid market ( except for a small group of very high - priced stocks ) . Customers can now send orders for immediate electronic execution , or route orders to the floor for trade in the auction market . In the first three months of 2007 , in excess of 82 % of all order volume was delivered to the floor electronically . NYSE works with US regulators like the SEC and CFTC to coordinate risk management measures in the electronic trading environment through the implementation of mechanisms like circuit breakers and liquidity replenishment points . Until 2005 , the right to directly trade shares on the exchange was conferred upon owners of the 1366 `` seats . '' The term comes from the fact that up until the 1870s NYSE members sat in chairs to trade . In 1868 , the number of seats was fixed at 533 , and this number was increased several times over the years . In 1953 , the number of seats was set at 1,366 . These seats were a sought - after commodity as they conferred the ability to directly trade stock on the NYSE , and seat holders were commonly referred to as members of the NYSE . The Barnes family is the only known lineage to have five generations of NYSE members : Winthrop H. Barnes ( admitted 1894 ) , Richard W.P. Barnes ( admitted 1926 ) , Richard S. Barnes ( admitted 1951 ) , Robert H. Barnes ( admitted 1972 ) , Derek J. Barnes ( admitted 2003 ) . Seat prices varied widely over the years , generally falling during recessions and rising during economic expansions . The most expensive inflation - adjusted seat was sold in 1929 for $625,000 , which , today , would be over six million dollars . In recent times , seats have sold for as high as $4 million in the late 1990s and as low as $1 million in 2001 . In 2005 , seat prices shot up to $3.25 million as the exchange entered into an agreement to merge with Archipelago and became a for - profit , publicly traded company . Seat owners received $500,000 in cash per seat and 77,000 shares of the newly formed corporation . The NYSE now sells one - year licenses to trade directly on the exchange . Licenses for floor trading are available for $40,000 and a license for bond trading is available for as little as $1,000 as of 2010 . Neither are resell - able , but may be transferable during a change of ownership of a corporation holding a trading license . Following the Black Monday market crash in 1987 , NYSE imposed trading curbs to reduce market volatility and massive panic sell - offs . Following the 2011 rule change , at the start of each trading day , the NYSE sets three circuit breaker levels at levels of 7 % ( Level 1 ) , 13 % ( Level 2 ) , and 20 % ( Level 3 ) of the average closing price of the S&P 500 for the preceding trading day . Level 1 and Level 2 declines result in a 15 - minute trading halt unless they occur after 3 : 25 pm , when no trading halts apply . A Level 3 decline results in trading being suspended for the remainder of the day . ( The biggest one - day decline in the S&P 500 since 1987 was the 9.0 % drop on October 15 , 2008 . ) NYSE Composite index ( edit ) In the mid-1960s , the NYSE Composite Index ( NYSE : NYA ) was created , with a base value of 50 points equal to the 1965 yearly close . This was done to reflect the value of all stocks trading at the exchange instead of just the 30 stocks included in the Dow Jones Industrial Average . To raise the profile of the composite index , in 2003 the NYSE set its new base value of 5,000 points equal to the 2002 yearly close . Its close at the end of 2013 was 10,400.32 . Timeline ( edit ) The NYSE at Christmas time ( December 2008 ) In 1792 , NYSE acquires its first traded securities . In 1817 , the constitution of the New York Stock and Exchange Board is adopted , it had also been established by the New York brokers as a formal organization . In 1865 , New York Gold Exchange was acquired by the NYSE . In 1867 , Stock tickers were first introduced . In 1885 , the 400 NYSE members in the Consolidated Stock Exchange withdraw from Consolidated over disagreements on exchange trade areas . In 1896 , DJIA first published in The Wall Street Journal . In 1903 , NYSE moves into new quarters at 18 Broad Street . In 1906 , DJIA exceeds 100 on January 12 . In 1907 , Panic of 1907 . In 1909 , Trading in bonds . In 1914 , World War I causes the longest exchange shutdown : four months , two weeks ; re-opening December 12 brings the largest one - day percentage drop in the DJIA ( 24.4 % ) . In 1915 , Basis of quoting and trading in stocks changed from % of par value to dollars . In 1920 , a bomb exploded on Wall Street outside the NYSE building . Thirty killed and over 100 injured . In 1929 , central quote system established ; Black Thursday , October 24 and Black Tuesday , October 29 signal the end of the Roaring Twenties bull market . In 1943 , trading floor is opened to women . In 1949 , the longest ( eight - year ) bull market begins . In 1954 , DJIA surpasses its 1929 peak in inflation - adjusted dollars . In 1956 , DJIA closes above 500 for the first time on March 12 . In 1966 , NYSE begins a composite index of all listed common stocks . This is referred to as the `` Common Stock Index '' and is transmitted daily . The starting point of the index is 50 . It is later renamed the NYSE Composite Index . In 1967 , Muriel Siebert becomes the first female member of the New York Stock Exchange . In 1967 , protesters led by Abbie Hoffman throw mostly fake dollar bills at traders from gallery , leading to the installation of bullet - proof glass . In 1970 , Securities Investor Protection Corporation established . In 1971 , NYSE incorporated and recognized as Not - for - Profit organization . In 1972 , DJIA closes above 1,000 for the first time on November 14 . In 1977 , foreign brokers are admitted to NYSE . In 1980 , New York Futures Exchange established . In 1987 , Black Monday , October 19 , sees the second - largest one - day DJIA percentage drop ( 22.6 % ) in history . In 1991 , DJIA exceeds 3,000 . In 1995 , DJIA exceeds 5,000 . In 1996 , real - time ticker introduced . In 1999 , DJIA exceeds 10,000 on March 29 . In 2000 , DJIA peaks at 11,722.98 on January 14 ; first NYSE global index is launched under the ticker NYIID . Security after the September 11 attacks In 2001 , trading in fractions ( ⁄ ) ends , replaced by decimals ( increments of $0.01 , see Decimalization ) ; September 11 attacks occur causing NYSE to close for four sessions . In 2003 , NYSE Composite Index relaunched and value set equal to 5,000 points . In 2006 , NYSE and ArcaEx merge , creating NYSE Arca and forming the publicly owned , for - profit NYSE Group , Inc. ; in turn , NYSE Group merges with Euronext , creating the first trans - Atlantic stock exchange group ; DJIA tops 12,000 on October 19 . In 2007 , US President George W. Bush shows up unannounced to the Floor about an hour and a half before a Federal Open Market Committee interest - rate decision on January 31 ; NYSE announces its merger with the American Stock Exchange ; NYSE Composite closes above 10,000 on June 1 ; DJIA exceeds 14,000 on July 19 and closes at a peak of 14,164.53 on October 9 . In 2008 , DJIA loses more than 500 points on September 15 amid fears of bank failures , resulting in a permanent prohibition of naked short selling and a three - week temporary ban on all short selling of financial stocks ; in spite of this , record volatility continues for the next two months , culminating at 51⁄2 - year market lows . In 2009 , DJIA closes at 6,547.05 on March 9 reaching a 12 - year low ; DJIA returns to 10,015.86 on October 14 . In 2013 , DJIA closes above 2007 highs on March 5 ; DJIA closes above 16,500 to end the year . In 2014 , DJIA closes above 17,000 on July 3 and above 18,000 on December 23 . In 2015 , DJIA achieved an all - time high of 18,351.36 on 19 May . In 2015 , DJIA dropped over 1,000 points to 15,370.33 soon after open on August 24 , 2015 , before bouncing back and closing at 15,795.72 , a drop of over 669 points . In 2016 , DJIA hits an all - time high of 18,873.6 . On Wednesday , January 25 , 2017 , the DJIA reaches 20,000.00 . Merger , acquisition , and control ( edit ) In October 2008 NYSE Euronext completed acquisition of the American Stock Exchange ( AMEX ) for $260 million in stock . On February 15 , 2011 , NYSE and Deutsche Börse announced their merger to form a new company , as yet unnamed , wherein Deutsche Börse shareholders will have 60 % ownership of the new entity , and NYSE Euronext shareholders will have 40 % . On February 1 , 2012 , the European Commission blocked the merger of NYSE with Deutsche Börse , after commissioner Joaquin Almunia stated that the merger `` would have led to a near - monopoly in European financial derivatives worldwide . '' Instead , Deutsche Börse and NYSE will have to sell either their Eurex derivatives or LIFFE shares in order to not create a monopoly . On February 2 , 2012 , NYSE Euronext and Deutsche Börse agreed to scrap the merger . In April 2011 , Intercontinental Exchange ( ICE ) , an American futures exchange , and NASDAQ OMX Group had together made an unsolicited proposal to buy NYSE Euronext for approximately US $ 11,000,000,000 , a deal in which NASDAQ would have taken control of the stock exchanges . NYSE Euronext rejected this offer twice , but it was finally terminated after the United States Department of Justice indicated their intention to block the deal due to antitrust concerns . In December 2012 , ICE had proposed to buy NYSE Euronext in a stock swap with a valuation of $8 billion . NYSE Euronext shareholders would receive either $33.12 in cash , or $11.27 in cash and approximately a sixth of a share of ICE . The chairman and CEO of ICE , Jeffrey Sprecher , will retain those positions , but four members of the NYSE board of directors will be added to the ICE board . Opening and closing bells ( edit ) U.S. Secretary of Commerce Donald L. Evans rings the ' opening bell ' at the NYSE on April 23 , 2003 . Former chairman Jack Womack is also in this picture . NASA astronauts Scott Altman and Mike Massimino ring the ' closing bell ' . The NYSE 's opening and closing bells mark the beginning and the end of each trading day . The ' opening bell ' is rung at 9 : 30 am ET to mark the start of the day 's trading session . At 4 pm ET the ' closing bell ' is rung and trading for the day stops . There are bells located in each of the four main sections of the NYSE that all ring at the same time once a button is pressed . There are three buttons that control the bells , located on the control panel behind the podium which overlooks the trading floor . The main bell , which is rung at the beginning and end of the trading day , is controlled by a green button . The second button , colored orange , activates a single - stroke bell that is used to signal a moment of silence . A third , red button controls a backup bell which is used in case the main bell fails to ring . History ( edit ) The signal to start and stop trading was not always a bell . The original signal was a gavel ( which is still in use today along with the bell ) , but during the late 1800s , the NYSE decided to switch the gavel for a gong to signal the day 's beginning and end . After the NYSE changed to its present location at 18 Broad Street in 1903 , the gong was switched to the bell format that is currently being used . A common sight today is the highly publicized events in which a celebrity or executive from a corporation stands behind the NYSE podium and pushes the button that signals the bells to ring . Many consider the act of ringing the bells to be quite an honor and a symbol of a lifetime of achievement . Furthermore , due to the amount of coverage that the opening / closing bells receive , many companies coordinate new product launches and other marketing - related events to start on the same day as when the company 's representatives ring the bell . This daily tradition was n't always this highly publicized either . In fact , it was only in 1995 that the NYSE began having special guests ring the bells on a regular basis . Prior to that , ringing the bells was usually the responsibility of the exchange 's floor managers . Notable bell - ringers ( edit ) Many of the people who ring the bell are business executives whose companies trade on the exchange . However , there have also been many famous people from outside the world of business that have rung the bell . Athletes such as Joe DiMaggio of the New York Yankees and Olympic swimming champion Michael Phelps , entertainers such as rapper Snoop Dogg , singer and actress Liza Minnelli and members of the band Kiss , and politicians such as Mayor of New York City Rudy Giuliani and President of South Africa Nelson Mandela have all had the honor of ringing the bell . Two United Nations Secretaries General have also rung the bell . On April 27 , 2006 , Secretary - General Kofi Annan rang the opening bell to launch the United Nations Principles for Responsible Investment . On July 24 , 2013 , Secretary - General Ban Ki - moon rang the closing bell to celebrate the NYSE joining the United Nations Sustainable Stock Exchanges Initiative . In addition there have been many bell - ringers who are famous for heroic deeds , such as members of the New York police and fire departments following the events of 9 / 11 , members of the United States Armed Forces serving overseas , and participants in various charitable organizations . There have also been several fictional characters that have rung the bell , including Mickey Mouse , the Pink Panther , Mr. Potato Head , the Aflac Duck , and Darth Vader . See also ( edit ) New York City portal New York Stock Exchange listed stocks : 0 -- 9 - A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z Aftermath of the September 11 attacks Economy of New York City Economy of the United States List of American Exchanges List of stock exchange mergers in the Americas List of presidents of the New York Stock Exchange List of stock exchange opening times Rule 48 Trading day U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission List of stock exchanges in the Americas References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ `` History of the New York Stock Exchange '' . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NYSE Q1 2016 Investor Presentation '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` NYSE Group Shares Outstanding and Market Capitalization of Companies Listed , 2016 '' . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2007 - 01 - 23 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . ^ Jump up to : `` New York Stock Exchange '' . National Historic Landmark summary listing . National Park Service . September 17 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Merriam - Webster Dictionary 's definition of `` Big Board '' `` . Merriam - Webster . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` The NYSE Makes Stock Exchanges Around The World Look Tiny '' . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Is the New York Stock Exchange the Largest Stock Market in the World ? '' . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rothwell , Steve ( December 20 , 2012 ) , `` For the New York Stock Exchange , a sell order '' , San Jose Mercury News , Associated Press Jump up ^ `` Calpers Sues NYSE , Firms , Alleging Fraudulent Trades ( Update6 ) '' . Bloomberg L.P . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Jersey pension fund sues NYSE Euronext on ICE deal '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ben White ( July 20 , 2004 ) . `` Grasso Sues NYSE for $50 Million '' . The Washington Post Company . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Register of Historic Places Inventory -- Nomination Form , 11 Wall Street '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved August 10 , 2014 . OCRed document unreable Jump up ^ FCC . `` Financial consulting company - New York Stock Exchange '' . financial-consulting.pro . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pound , Richard W. ( 2005 ) . ' Fitzhenry and Whiteside Book of Canadian Facts and Dates ' . Fitzhenry and Whiteside . p. 188 . Jump up ^ E. Wright , Robert ( January 8 , 2013 ) . `` The NYSE 's Long History of Mergers and Rivalries '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NYSEData.com Factbook : Chronology of New York Stock Exchange ( 1792 - 1929 ) '' . www.nyxdata.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Edmonston , Peter ( April 28 , 2006 ) . `` Where Wall Street Meets to Eat , the Last Lunch '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` National Historic Landmarks Survey , New York '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ George R. Adams ( March 1977 ) . `` New York Stock Exchange National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination ( 1MB PDF ) '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Retrieved January 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination ( 1MB PDF ) '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . 1983 . Jump up ^ `` Intercontinental Exchange -- Board of Directors '' . Jump up ^ `` The exchange opens '' . The Independent . December 7 , 1914 . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ James Ledbetter ( August 23 , 2007 ) . `` The day the NYSE went Yippie '' . CNN . Jump up ^ Abbie Hoffman , Soon to be a Major Motion Picture , p. 100 , Putnam , 1980 . Jump up ^ `` Rage against Wall Street '' . Green Left Weekly # 397 . March 15 , 2000 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved October 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Davis , Marc ( September 2 , 2011 ) . `` How September 11 Affected The U.S. Stock Market '' . Investopedia . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ SEC.gov Jump up ^ `` Stock markets to open today ; NYSE backup plan criticized -- Business Courier '' . Bizjournals.com . October 31 , 2012 . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mehta , Nina . `` U.S. Stocks to Open After Longest Storm Outage Since 1888 '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lynch , Sarah N. `` New York Stock Exchange to pay $4.5 million to settle SEC charges '' . Reuters . Washington . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . The New York Stock Exchange agreed on Thursday to pay $4.5 million to settle charges brought by U.S. securities regulators that the exchange flouted its own rules , marking the latest crackdown on violations of market structure rules . Jump up ^ `` Berkshire Hathaway shares top $200,000 apiece '' . Forbes.com . August 14 , 2014 . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gillespie , Patrick ; Egan , Matt ; Long , Heather . `` New York Stock Exchange suspends trading '' . CNN Money . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.nyse.com/markets/hours-calendars Jump up ^ Chris Vermeulen . `` NYSE referred to as ' Big Board ' '' . Investing.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . The NYSE also referred to as the Big Board , is an index with the largest brand name companies . Jump up ^ Shell , Adam ( July 12 , 2007 ) . `` Technology squeezes out real , live traders '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Mecane , Joe ( March 15 , 2011 ) . `` What 's an Exchange to Do ? The Role of the Exchange in Evaluating Algorithms '' . FIXGlobal . Jump up ^ `` NYSE License Application Forms '' ( PDF ) . NYSE Trading License Publication . Jump up ^ `` NYSE Market Model : Circuit Breakers '' . New York Stock Exchange . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Waring , David . `` The New York Stock Exchange ( NYSE ) . '' Informed Trades , 2007 , p. 1 Jump up ^ `` NYSE , New York Stock Exchange > About Us > History > Firsts & Records '' . Nyse.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NYSE , New York Stock Exchange -- About Us -- History -- Timeline -- Timeline 2008 Specialists are Transformed into Designated Market Makers ( DMMs ) '' . Nyse.com . January 1 , 1991 . Retrieved June 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NYSE , New York Stock Exchange -- About Us -- History -- Timeline -- Timeline '' . Nyse.com . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2010 . Retrieved June 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ George Winslow , `` New York Gold Market '' in The Encyclopedia of New York City ( 2d ed. : eds . Kenneth T. Jackson , Lisa Keller & Nancy Flood ) . ^ Jump up to : `` NYSE , New York Stock Exchange -- About Us -- History -- Timeline -- Timeline '' . Nyse.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Consolidated Stock Exchange of New York : Its History , Organization , Machinery and Methods. 1907 . Jump up ^ NYSE : Timeline '' Jump up ^ `` NYSE , New York Stock Exchange -- About Us -- History -- Timeline -- Timeline '' . Nyse.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` NYSE , New York Stock Exchange -- About Us -- History -- Timeline -- Timeline '' . Nyse.com . December 20 , 1967 . Retrieved June 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` First Female Member of NYSE Muriel Siebert Dies at 80 '' . NPR.org . August 26 , 2013 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NYSE , New York Stock Exchange -- About Us -- History -- Timeline 1995 Video : Trading Posts Upgrade '' . Nyse.com . January 1 , 1991 . Retrieved June 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Katy Byron ( January 31 , 2007 ) . `` President Bush makes surprise visit to NYSE '' . CNN Money . Cable News Network . Retrieved February 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Noel Randewich ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Stocks end mixed ; Dow creeps up to new record high '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ `` NYSE Euronext Completes Acquisition of American Stock Exchange '' . New York Stock Exchange . October 1 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Europe Blocks NYSE and Deutsche Boerse Merger '' . CNBC . February 1 , 2012 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2012 . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ NYSE Euronext and Deutsche Boerse Terminate Business Combination Agreement ( press release ) , NYSE Euronext , February 2 , 2012 , archived from the original on July 12 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : Anupreeta Das ; Jenny Strasburg ( December 20 , 2012 ) , `` Upstart in Talks To Buy NYSE '' , The Wall Street Journal ( paper ) format = requires url = ( help ) , p . A1 ^ Jump up to : `` What is the history behind the opening and closing bells on the NYSE ? '' . Retrieved August 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lessons in Ringing the New York Stock Exchange 's Closing Bell '' . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Liza Minnelli Rings The New York Stock Exchange Closing Bell Photos and Images - Getty Images '' . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Secretary - General Launches Principles for Responsible Investment at the NYSE '' . Principles for Responsible Investment . NYSE . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Secretary - General Ban Ki - moon Visits the NYSE and Rings The Closing Bell ® to Commemorate NYSE Euronext 's Participation in the United Nations Sustainable Stock Exchanges ( SSE ) Initiative '' . NYSE . NYSE . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Tradition of the NYSE Bell '' . Retrieved August 23 , 2013 . Bibliography Buck , James E. ( 1992 ) . The New York Stock Exchange : The First 200 Years . Greenwich Pub . Group . ISBN 0 - 944641 - 02 - 4 . Geisst , Charles R. ( 2004 ) . Wall Street : A History -- From its Beginnings to the Fall of Enron . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517060 - 1 . Kent , Zachary ( 1990 ) . The Story of the New York Stock Exchange . Scholastic Library Pub . ISBN 0 - 516 - 04748 - 5 . Sloane , Leonard ( 1980 ) . The Anatomy of the Floor . Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 12249 - 7 . Sobel , Robert ( 1975 ) . N.Y.S.E. : A History of the New York Stock Exchange , 1935 -- 1975 . Weybright and Talley . ISBN 0 - 679 - 40124 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to New York Stock Exchange . Official website Template : International currency calculator Website on trading and listing on the NYSE List of planned and unplanned historical closings NYSE holidays `` New York Stock Exchange collected news and commentary '' . The New York Times . NYSE Euronext A member of the World Federation of Exchanges Securities United States New York Stock Exchange NYSE Arca NYSE MKT Europe Euronext Futures Euronext. liffe Other Alternext BlueNext Qatar Exchange ( 20 % holding ) Locations United States New York City NYSE Chicago Arca Belgium Brussels France Paris Netherlands Amsterdam Portugal Lisbon United Kingdom London Indexes New York NYSE Composite Dow Jones Industrial Average S&P 500 Euronext Euronext 100 AEX index CAC 40 Euro Stoxx 50 BEL20 Miscellaneous NYSE Technologies Financial Industry Regulatory Authority Financial markets Types of markets Primary market Secondary market Third market Fourth market Types of stocks Common stock Golden share Preferred stock Restricted stock Tracking stock Share capital Authorised capital Issued shares Shares outstanding Treasury stock Participants Broker - dealer Day trader Floor broker Floor trader Investor Market maker Proprietary trader Quantitative analyst Regulator Stock trader Exchanges Electronic communication network List of stock exchanges Opening times Multilateral trading facility Over-the - counter Stock valuation Alpha Arbitrage pricing theory Beta Bid -- ask spread Book value Capital asset pricing model Capital market line Dividend discount model Dividend yield Earnings per share Earnings yield Net asset value Security characteristic line Security market line T - model Trading theories and strategies Algorithmic trading Buy and hold Contrarian investing Day trading Dollar cost averaging Efficient - market hypothesis Fundamental analysis Growth stock Market timing Modern portfolio theory Momentum investing Mosaic theory Pairs trade Post-modern portfolio theory Random walk hypothesis Sector rotation Style investing Swing trading Technical analysis Trend following Value investing Related terms Block trade Cross listing Dark liquidity Dividend Dual - listed company DuPont analysis Efficient frontier Flight - to - quality Haircut Initial public offering Margin Market anomaly Market capitalization Market depth Market manipulation Market trend Mean reversion Momentum Open outcry Public float Public offering Rally Returns - based style analysis Reverse stock split Share repurchase Short selling Slippage Speculation Stock dilution Stock market index Stock split Trade Uptick rule Volatility Voting interest Yield U.S. National Register of Historic Places in New York Topics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Lists by county Albany Allegany Bronx Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings ( Brooklyn ) Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery Nassau New York ( Manhattan ) Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond ( Staten Island ) Rockland Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler Seneca St. Lawrence Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Northern Southern Wyoming Yates Lists by city Albany Buffalo New Rochelle New York City Bronx Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Manhattan Below 14th St . 14th -- 59th St . 59th -- 110th St . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the new york stock exchange created	[ "In 1817 the stockbrokers of New York operating under the Buttonwood Agreement instituted new reforms and reorganized. After sending a delegation to Philadelphia to observe the organization of their board of brokers, restrictions on manipulative trading were adopted as well as formal organs of governance.[13] After re-forming as the New York Stock and Exchange Board the broker organization began renting out space exclusively for securities trading, which previously had been taking place at the Tontine Coffee House. Several locations were used between 1817 and 1865, when the present location was adopted.[13]" ]	[ "1817" ]
9195085192621709405	Research Institute for Tropical Medicine	Research institute for tropical Medicine - wikipedia Research institute for tropical Medicine Jump to : navigation , search Research Institute for Tropical Medicine Established 1981 ; 37 years ago ( 1981 ) Field of research Tropical disease Director Socorro Lupisan Location Muntinlupa , Philippines Operating agency Department of Health Website ritm.gov.ph The Research Institute for Tropical Medicine ( RITM ) is a health research facility based in Muntinlupa , Philippines . It was conceptualized through the Philippine Executive Order ( EO ) 674 , authorizing the Philippine Department of Health to establish a research facility within the country for health advancement and medical research . Through the efforts of the Government of Japan , the Japan International Cooperation Agency ( JICA ) provided partial financial grant to the agency in the construction of the RITM . In 1989 , the RITM Center for Training in Tropical Infectious Diseases was established . The RITM is tasked by the Philippine Department of Health and the Philippine Government to supervise , plan , and successfully implement research programs to prevent and to control prevailing infectious and tropical diseases in the Philippines . Institute functions ( edit ) The institute 's primary function is to conduct researches to prevent and to control occurring tropical and other infectious diseases in the country . This includes researches involving the advancement of vaccines and medications used by medical professionals , such as physicians , nurses and medical technologists , that they utilize whenever patients they handle are under the diagnosis and treatment of infectious and treatable and curable diseases . The institute also trains medical and health workers in order to be further educated in their fields in relation to the management of tropical infectious diseases . Formulation of plans and research projects involving biological products proposed and currently utilized by the Philippine Department of Health are also covered by the functions of the Research Institute for Tropical Medicine , including the manufacture of biologic products and vaccines . See also ( edit ) Infectious disease ( medical specialty ) Medical microbiology Tropical medicine Tropical nursing Rural health List of hospitals in the Philippines External links ( edit ) Official website Department of Health Philippines website RITM Training Courses Hospitals in Metro Manila Public hospitals East Avenue Medical Center Dr. Jose Fabella Memorial Hospital Dr. Jose N. Rodriguez Memorial Hospital José R. Reyes Memorial Medical Center Lung Center of the Philippines National Center for Mental Health National Kidney and Transplant Institute Ospital ng Maynila Medical Center Philippine General Hospital Philippine Heart Center Philippine Orthopedic Center Santa Ana Hospital Tondo Medical Center Valenzuela City General Hospital Private hospitals Adventist Medical Center Manila Asian Hospital and Medical Center Capitol Medical Center Chinese General Hospital and Medical Center De Los Santos Medical Center Makati Medical Center Metropolitan Medical Center Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital St. Luke 's Medical Center Quezon City Bonifacio Global City The Medical City United Doctors Medical Center Perpetual Help Medical Center Military Armed Forces of the Philippines Medical Center Veterans Memorial Medical Center Research / Teaching Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation Research Institute for Tropical Medicine San Juan de Dios Educational Foundation UERM Memorial Hospital Unciano Colleges and General Hospital University of Santo Tomas Hospital Coordinates : 14 ° 24 ′ 35 '' N 121 ° 02 ′ 13 '' E / 14.40985 ° N 121.03703 ° E / 14.40985 ; 121.03703 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Research_Institute_for_Tropical_Medicine&oldid=811081732 '' Categories : Tropical medicine organisations Health in Metro Manila Research institutes in Metro Manila Buildings and structures in Muntinlupa Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 November 2017 , at 12 : 21 . About Wikipedia	research institute for tropical medicine muntinlupa metro manila	[]	[]
819419889652459674	List of House of Cards episodes	List of House of Cards episodes - wikipedia List of House of Cards episodes House of Cards is an American political drama web television series created by Beau Willimon for Netflix . The first season , based on the BBC miniseries of the same name and the series of books by Michael Dobbs , premiered exclusively via Netflix 's web streaming service on February 1 , 2013 . Kevin Spacey stars as Representative Francis Underwood , the Majority Whip , who , after being passed up for the position of Secretary of State , initiates an elaborate plan to get himself into a position of greater power , aided by his wife , Claire Underwood ( Robin Wright ) . As of May 30 , 2017 , 65 episodes of House of Cards have been released , concluding the fifth season . The series has been renewed for a sixth and final season that will consist of eight episodes and be released on November 2 , 2018 . The season will not include Spacey , as he was fired from the show due to sexual misconduct allegations . Contents 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2013 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2014 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2015 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2016 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2017 ) 3 References 4 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally released 13 February 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 01 ) 13 February 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 14 ) 13 February 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 27 ) 13 March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) 5 13 May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : House of Cards ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Prod . code `` Chapter 1 '' David Fincher Beau Willimon February 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 01 ) HOC - 101 `` Chapter 2 '' David Fincher Beau Willimon February 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 01 ) HOC - 102 `` Chapter 3 '' James Foley Keith Huff and Beau Willimon February 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 01 ) HOC - 103 `` Chapter 4 '' James Foley Rick Cleveland and Beau Willimon February 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 01 ) HOC - 104 5 5 `` Chapter 5 '' Joel Schumacher Sarah Treem February 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 01 ) HOC - 105 6 6 `` Chapter 6 '' Joel Schumacher Sam Forman February 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 01 ) HOC - 106 7 7 `` Chapter 7 '' Charles McDougall Kate Barnow and Beau Willimon February 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 01 ) HOC - 107 8 8 `` Chapter 8 '' Charles McDougall Beau Willimon February 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 01 ) HOC - 108 9 9 `` Chapter 9 '' James Foley Beau Willimon and Rick Cleveland February 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 01 ) HOC - 109 10 10 `` Chapter 10 '' Carl Franklin Sarah Treem February 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 01 ) HOC - 110 11 11 `` Chapter 11 '' Carl Franklin Keith Huff and Kate Barnow and Beau Willimon February 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 01 ) HOC - 111 12 12 `` Chapter 12 '' Allen Coulter Gina Gionfriddo and Beau Willimon February 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 01 ) HOC - 112 13 13 `` Chapter 13 '' Allen Coulter Beau Willimon February 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 01 ) HOC - 113 Season 2 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : House of Cards ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Prod . code 14 `` Chapter 14 '' Carl Franklin Beau Willimon February 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 14 ) HOC - 201 15 `` Chapter 15 '' Carl Franklin Beau Willimon February 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 14 ) HOC - 202 16 `` Chapter 16 '' James Foley Bill Cain February 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 14 ) HOC - 203 17 `` Chapter 17 '' James Foley Laura Eason February 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 14 ) HOC - 204 18 5 `` Chapter 18 '' John Coles Kenneth Lin February 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 14 ) HOC - 205 19 6 `` Chapter 19 '' John Coles John Mankiewicz February 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 14 ) HOC - 206 20 7 `` Chapter 20 '' James Foley Bill Kennedy February 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 14 ) HOC - 207 21 8 `` Chapter 21 '' James Foley David Manson February 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 14 ) HOC - 208 22 9 `` Chapter 22 '' Jodie Foster Beau Willimon February 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 14 ) HOC - 209 23 10 `` Chapter 23 '' Robin Wright Laura Eason and Beau Willimon February 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 14 ) HOC - 210 24 11 `` Chapter 24 '' John Coles John Mankiewicz and Beau Willimon February 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 14 ) HOC - 211 25 12 `` Chapter 25 '' James Foley Beau Willimon February 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 14 ) HOC - 212 26 13 `` Chapter 26 '' James Foley Beau Willimon February 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 14 ) HOC - 213 Season 3 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : House of Cards ( season 3 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Prod . code 27 `` Chapter 27 '' John David Coles Beau Willimon February 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 27 ) HOC - 301 28 `` Chapter 28 '' John David Coles John Mankiewicz February 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 27 ) HOC - 302 29 `` Chapter 29 '' Tucker Gates Frank Pugliese February 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 27 ) HOC - 303 30 `` Chapter 30 '' Tucker Gates Laura Eason February 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 27 ) HOC - 304 31 5 `` Chapter 31 '' James Foley Kenneth Lin February 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 27 ) HOC - 305 32 6 `` Chapter 32 '' James Foley Melissa James Gibson February 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 27 ) HOC - 306 33 7 `` Chapter 33 '' John Dahl Beau Willimon February 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 27 ) HOC - 307 34 8 `` Chapter 34 '' John Dahl Bill Kennedy February 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 27 ) HOC - 308 35 9 `` Chapter 35 '' Robin Wright John Mankiewicz February 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 27 ) HOC - 309 36 10 `` Chapter 36 '' Agnieszka Holland Frank Pugliese February 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 27 ) HOC - 310 37 11 `` Chapter 37 '' Agnieszka Holland Melissa James Gibson February 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 27 ) HOC - 311 38 12 `` Chapter 38 '' Robin Wright Beau Willimon February 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 27 ) HOC - 312 39 13 `` Chapter 39 '' James Foley Beau Willimon February 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 27 ) HOC - 313 Season 4 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : House of Cards ( season 4 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Prod . code 40 `` Chapter 40 '' Tucker Gates Beau Willimon March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) HOC - 401 41 `` Chapter 41 '' Tucker Gates Melissa James Gibson March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) HOC - 402 42 `` Chapter 42 '' Robin Wright Frank Pugliese March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) HOC - 403 43 `` Chapter 43 '' Robin Wright John Mankiewicz March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) HOC - 404 44 5 `` Chapter 44 '' Tom Shankland Kenneth Lin March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) HOC - 405 45 6 `` Chapter 45 '' Tom Shankland Laura Eason March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) HOC - 406 46 7 `` Chapter 46 '' Tom Shankland Bill Kennedy March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) HOC - 407 47 8 `` Chapter 47 '' Alex Graves John Mankiewicz March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) HOC - 408 48 9 `` Chapter 48 '' Robin Wright Frank Pugliese March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) HOC - 409 49 10 `` Chapter 49 '' Robin Wright Melissa James Gibson and Kenneth Lin March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) HOC - 410 50 11 `` Chapter 50 '' Kari Skogland Tian Jun Gu March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) HOC - 411 51 12 `` Chapter 51 '' Jakob Verbruggen Laura Eason and Bill Kennedy March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) HOC - 412 52 13 `` Chapter 52 '' Jakob Verbruggen Beau Willimon March 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 04 ) HOC - 413 Season 5 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : House of Cards ( season 5 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Prod . code 53 `` Chapter 53 '' Daniel Minahan Frank Pugliese May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) HOC - 501 54 `` Chapter 54 '' Daniel Minahan Melissa James Gibson May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) HOC - 502 55 `` Chapter 55 '' Alik Sakharov John Mankiewicz May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) HOC - 503 56 `` Chapter 56 '' Alik Sakharov Kenneth Lin May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) HOC - 504 57 5 `` Chapter 57 '' Michael Morris Laura Eason May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) HOC - 505 58 6 `` Chapter 58 '' Michael Morris Bill Kennedy May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) HOC - 506 59 7 `` Chapter 59 '' Alik Sakharov Tian Jun Gu May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) HOC - 507 60 8 `` Chapter 60 '' Roxann Dawson John Mankiewicz May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) HOC - 508 61 9 `` Chapter 61 '' Roxann Dawson Bill Kennedy May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) HOC - 509 62 10 `` Chapter 62 '' Agnieszka Holland Kenneth Lin May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) HOC - 510 63 11 `` Chapter 63 '' Agnieszka Holland Laura Eason May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) HOC - 511 64 12 `` Chapter 64 '' Robin Wright Frank Pugliese & Melissa James Gibson May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) HOC - 512 65 13 `` Chapter 65 '' Robin Wright Melissa James Gibson & Frank Pugliese May 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 30 ) HOC - 513 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( October 4 , 2012 ) . `` Netflix Sets February Premiere for ' House of Cards ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( January 22 , 2013 ) . `` '' House of Cards '' On Netflix : Inside Intel on Kevin Spacey 's Dark Drama `` . The Huffington Post . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Derek ( August 7 , 2018 ) . `` Netflix announces premiere date for House of Cards final season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chmielewski , Dawn ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Abbreviated ' House Of Cards ' Season 6 Sans Kevin Spacey To Start Production In 2018 , Netflix 's Ted Sarandos Says '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of House of Cards episodes on IMDb House of Cards Book trilogy House of Cards ( 1989 ) To Play the King ( 1993 ) The Final Cut ( 1995 ) BBC serials House of Cards ( 1990 ) To Play the King ( 1993 ) The Final Cut ( 1995 ) Characters Francis Urquhart Netflix adaptation House of Cards ( 2013 ) Episodes Season 1 `` Chapter 1 '' `` Chapter 2 '' `` Chapter 3 '' `` Chapter 4 '' `` Chapter 5 '' `` Chapter 6 '' `` Chapter 7 '' Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Characters Frank Underwood Claire Underwood Other politicians Related Awards and nominations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_House_of_Cards_episodes&oldid=862769982 '' Categories : Lists of American drama television series episodes House of Cards ( U.S. TV series ) Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Magyar 日本語 Polski Русский Suomi Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2018 , at 15 : 53 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	how many seasons of house of cards have there been	[ "SeasonEpisodesOriginally released113February 1, 2013 (2013-02-01)213February 14, 2014 (2014-02-14)313February 27, 2015 (2015-02-27)413March 4, 2016 (2016-03-04)513May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)" ]	[ "5" ]
-6066290293019515735	List of The 100 episodes	List of the 100 episodes - Wikipedia List of the 100 episodes The 100 ( pronounced The Hundred ) is an American post-apocalyptic science fiction drama television series developed by Jason Rothenberg , which premiered on March 19 , 2014 , on The CW . It is loosely based on a 2013 book of the same name , the first in a book series by Kass Morgan . The series follows a group of teens as they become the first people from a space habitat to return to Earth after a devastating nuclear apocalypse . In March 2017 , The CW renewed the series for a fifth season , which premiered on April 24 , 2018 . In May 2018 , the series was renewed for a sixth season . As of June 5 , 2018 , 64 episodes of The 100 have aired . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2014 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2016 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2017 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2018 ) 3 Ratings 3.1 Season 1 ( 2014 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2016 ) 3.4 Season 4 ( 2017 ) 3.5 Season 5 ( 2018 ) 4 References 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Viewers ( millions ) 13 March 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) June 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 11 ) 150 2.59 16 October 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 22 ) March 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 11 ) 157 2.46 16 January 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 21 ) May 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 19 ) 165 1.94 13 February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) 158 1.47 5 13 April 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) August 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 07 ) 182 1.61 Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Bharat Nalluri Jason Rothenberg March 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) 296843 2.73 Set in an indeterminate year in the distant future , 97 years after a nuclear apocalypse has devastated the surface of Earth , the only remaining humans are residents of an orbiting space stations known as `` The Ark '' . Equipped with vital - monitoring wristbands and instructions to proceed directly to Mount Weather , upon landing , 100 juvenile delinquents are sent to the surface to test its habitability . Among them is 17 - year - old Clarke Griffin ( Eliza Taylor ) , the daughter of The Ark 's chief medical officer , Dr. Abby ( Paige Turco ) . The 100 discover a lush Earth filled with new wonders and dangers . Clarke and four others search for the former Mount Weather Emergency Operations Center , a possible site of supplies . Ultimately , they discover that there are hostile survivors on the ground when Jasper , one of their party , is speared . The other delinquents remain at the landing site and , under the leadership of Bellamy ( Bob Morley ) , celebrate their new world . Back on The Ark , Chancellor Jaha ( Isaiah Washington ) has been shot , causing the merciless and unsympathetic Councilman Kane ( Henry Ian Cusick ) to take charge . `` Earth Skills '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg March 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 26 ) 2J7052 2.27 Chancellor Jaha recovers and learns of his son Wells ' supposed fate on the ground . Abby recruits Raven , a zero - gravity mechanic , to fix a drop pod to send herself to the ground . Meanwhile on Earth , Clarke , Wells , Murphy , and Bellamy set out to rescue Jasper , who was taken by the grounders after being attacked . They find Jasper tied to a tree and manage to return to camp with him , in addition to a panther they killed prior his rescue . Bellamy forces the 100 to trade their wristbands for food . Clarke manages to keep hers . As the Ark watches more wristbands going offline believing they are dying , a figure watches the 100 from above the camp . `` Earth Kills '' Dean White Elizabeth Craft & Sarah Fain April 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 02 ) 2J7053 1.90 In flashbacks , Clarke 's engineer father Jake discovers a life support problem with The Ark , and is arrested for threatening to tell the people and `` floated '' by Jaha . In the present , Clarke , Finn , and Wells search for antibiotic seaweed to treat Jasper 's wounds . Bellamy assembles a hunting group who are followed by Charlotte , a troubled 13 - year - old . A lethal acidic fog hits , forcing Clarke , Finn , and Wells to seek shelter . The three talk , and Clarke berates Wells for his apparent part in her father 's execution believing he told his father of Clarke 's father 's intent to commit treason . Bellamy and Charlotte take refuge from the fog ; he comforts her when she has a nightmare . Clarke discovers her mother 's culpability in her father 's death , learning that she actually told Thelonious , knowing her father would be floated . Clarke and Wells reconcile . Later , Charlotte 's misinterpretation of Bellamy 's advice leads her to kill Wells . `` Murphy 's Law '' P.J. Pesce T.J. Brady & Rasheed Newson April 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 09 ) 2J7054 1.69 Monty attempts to use the wristbands to contact The Ark . Octavia and Jasper discover Murphy 's knife outside the wall with two fingers , which are Wells ' . Clarke publicly accuses Murphy , inciting a mob that begins hanging him . Overwhelmed , Charlotte confesses and Murphy is cut down . Charlotte flees camp with Clarke and Finn , and they take refuge in a bunker , pursued by a revenge - seeking Murphy . Feeling guilty , Charlotte attempts to turn herself in , but Bellamy intercepts her . The whole group ends up at a dead - end cliff where Charlotte jumps off and commits suicide , and Bellamy banishes Murphy . Monty accidentally fries all of the wristbands . Finn runs to the bunker in frustration , Clarke follows , and they have sex . On The Ark , Abby and Raven go to great lengths to acquire a pressure regulator , but Kane finds out and has Abby arrested . Raven launches off The Ark alone and prepares to enter the atmosphere . 5 5 `` Twilight 's Last Gleaming '' Milan Cheylov Bruce Miller April 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 16 ) 2J7055 1.80 Raven , unconscious , has made it to the ground . Bellamy reaches her pod first and throws away her radio . Clarke and Finn follow , and help Raven , who is revealed to be Finn 's girlfriend , leaving Clarke devastated . They catch up with Bellamy and tell him of the 300 people to be culled from The Ark to preserve oxygen . He helps locate the radio , but it can not be repaired in time , so they devise a plan to fire `` flare '' rockets that The Ark will see , confirming that Earth is survivable . On The Ark , the approved plan calls for sealing off and deoxygenating Section 17 . A desperate Abby reveals her husbands discovery to The Ark , causing some residents to volunteer for the culling . After the culling , Abby , imprisoned , and Jaha watch in surprise as the `` flare '' rockets appear in the viewport above Abby 's cell . Meanwhile , Octavia is captured by a grounder . 6 6 `` His Sister 's Keeper '' Wayne Rose Tracy Bellomo & Dorothy Fortenberry April 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 23 ) 2J7056 1.97 In flashbacks , Bellamy witnesses Octavia 's birth ; he names her after Augustus ' sister Octavia the Younger . Due to The Ark 's one child rule , Octavia is forced to live beneath the floor of her family 's quarters . To ensure her daughter 's safety , her mother resorts to prostitution in order to gain notice of guard 's inspections . When Octavia is 16 , Bellamy takes her to a masked ball for Unity Day ; she is caught , and their mother is executed . A year later , Commander Shumway convinces Bellamy to assassinate Jaha , in exchange for a place on the dropship with his sister . In the present , Bellamy combs the camp looking for Octavia , to no avail . He assembles a search party , and they leave for the woods . Meanwhile , Clarke and Raven travel to Finn 's bunker in hopes of finding a radio transmitter with which to contact The Ark , and Raven discovers Finn 's involvement with Clarke . Bellamy , Finn , and Jasper rescue Octavia , and Finn is stabbed in the process . 7 7 `` Contents Under Pressure '' John Showalter Akela Cooper & Kira Snyder April 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 30 ) 2J7057 1.88 In the midst of a hurricane on the ground , Finn is near death from a poisoned stab wound . Bellamy , having captured the grounder who stabbed Finn , tortures him for the antidote but he does n't speak . Raven successfully connects with The Ark ; Abby assists Clarke with treating Finn . Octavia convinces the grounder to reveal the antidote by poisoning herself with the same blade . On The Ark , Abby is released but is removed from the Council . Replacing her is the former chancellor , Diana Sydney , whose intentions are questionable . After learning that Earth is habitable , The Ark begins preparations for Project Exodus : their re-colonization of Earth . However , their drop ships can only carry about 25 % of The Ark 's population . In addition , residual tension from the culling causes mistrust in the Council . 8 8 `` Day Trip '' Matt Barber Story by : Andrei Haq Teleplay by : Elizabeth Craft & Sarah Fain May 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 07 ) 2J7058 1.64 Video connection is established with The Ark . The Ark informs the 100 of a nearby underground depot that may serve as a winter home . Bellamy and Clarke investigate , and discover a stockpile of weapons and supplies . Dax , whom Commander Shumway is coercing to kill Bellamy , follows them . Octavia takes advantage of the camp 's suffering from the effects of hallucinogenic nuts gathered as rations and frees the grounder , whose name is Lincoln . Bellamy , also hallucinating , is wracked with guilt for the culling and almost killed by Dax . Now , coming to terms with his actions , he speaks to Jaha and is pardoned in exchange for information about the assassination attempt . This leads to the arrest and imprisonment of Shumway . He is visited by Diana Sydney , and it is revealed that Jaha 's assassination was her idea . Diana then has Shumway killed in his cell . 9 9 `` Unity Day '' John Behring Kim Shumway & Kira Snyder May 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 14 ) 2J7059 1.73 `` Unity Day '' arrives , when the joining of the orbiting space stations is celebrated . As the 100 celebrate , they find their video link interrupted when a bomb explodes during the ceremony on The Ark . Diana engineers a mutiny in order to hijack the first dropship . As the ship launches , it is not fully disconnected from The Ark 's main systems , causing an Ark - wide power outage and disabling every dropship . On the ground , in an effort to initiate peace , Finn arranges a meeting with the local grounder leader through Lincoln . Clarke represents the group and goes to the meeting , where she meets Anya , a grounder leader . Jasper , who along with Bellamy is monitoring the meeting from cover , believes he sees the grounder spotters in the trees about to shoot , he opens fire , and the meeting dissolves into battle . That night , Clarke and Bellamy see the dropship descending . It comes in too fast with no parachute , and violently crashes in the distance . 10 10 `` I Am Become Death '' Omar Madha T.J. Brady & Rasheed Newson May 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 21 ) 2J7060 1.46 Murphy returns to the dropship after being captured and tortured by the grounders for information about the group . Soon , a deadly virus spreads thanks to Murphy , who was used by the grounders as an agent of biological warfare . Bellamy , Raven and Clarke all contract the disease . Octavia learns from Lincoln that this is his people 's way of softening the battlefield . To delay the incoming attack , Raven builds a bomb to stop the grounders from crossing the bridge featured in the previous episode . Bellamy tasks Jasper with detonating the bomb , and he does so just as the raiding party reaches the bridge . Later , Murphy smothers Connor as revenge for his part in Murphy 's hanging . Raven breaks up with Finn . 11 11 `` The Calm '' Mairzee Almas Bruce Miller May 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 28 ) 2J7061 1.71 After a fire destroys most of the food supply , the group sends out hunting parties to restock . Clarke , Finn , and Myles go out together , but Clarke and Finn are captured and brought to the grounder camp . Anya instructs Clarke to save Tris , her second , a young girl who was injured in the bomb blast . Clarke tries to save her but is unsuccessful . In revenge , Finn is taken away to be executed . Clarke escapes by killing her guard and runs . Bellamy , Raven , Octavia , and Monty search for the missing party and find Myles , hurt in the woods . Monty mysteriously disappears after hearing a strange signal on their hand radios . Kane awakens on a devastated Ark . He searches for survivors and realizes Jaha is alive in the Earth Monitoring Station and trying to bring systems online . With over half The Ark 's populace likely dead , they discover that there are survivors in an access bay to the exodus ship . Kane braves the extreme heat in a maintenance tunnel to reach the survivors -- including Abby . 12 12 `` We Are Grounders -- Part I '' Dean White Tracy Bellmo & Akela Cooper June 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 04 ) 2J7062 1.58 Clarke is recaptured by Anya , and they encounter a grounder named Tristan , who assumes command . Clarke is saved by Lincoln and taken to a very much alive Finn . Lincoln leads the two through a network of tunnels occupied by the reapers , cannibalistic humanoids the grounders themselves are afraid of . Lincoln seemingly sacrifices himself so Clarke and Finn can live to warn the others , including Octavia . Back at the dropship , Murphy has taken Jasper hostage . Bellamy trades himself for Jasper . While Raven attempts to open the dropship door , Murphy prepares to hang Bellamy . She 's successful as Bellamy is dangling , and Murphy retreats to the upper level . Murphy shoots his gun aimlessly at the floor and accidentally shoots Raven . Murphy blows a hole in the ship with gunpowder and escapes with a radio . A returned Clarke convinces the group to flee the camp for the ocean where they 'll be safe . On The Ark , with the dropships no longer functional , Jaha realizes the only way to save the rest of the citizens is by bringing The Ark and its people to the ground . 13 13 `` We Are Grounders -- Part II '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg June 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 11 ) 2J7063 1.68 The 100 are ambushed by grounder scouts and forced to retreat to camp . Meanwhile , the remaining citizens of The Ark prepare to return to Earth . After a technical failure to jettison requires manual intervention , Jaha remains on The Ark . The Mecha Station , with Abby and Kane , makes it to the ground . Back at the dropship , Tristan leads the grounders ' attack . The 100 mount their defense . Octavia is injured and leaves with Lincoln . Most of the 100 retreat into the dropship ; Anya leaps in after them . As previously planned , Jasper manages to activate its rockets , and the massive fireball kills all 300 of the grounders , and apparently Finn and Bellamy . When the 100 emerge from the dropship , gas grenades drop at their feet , and they all pass out . Clarke wakes up in a white room . Through the window in her door she sees Monty locked in an identical room across the hallway . A sign next to his door reads `` Mount Weather Quarantine Ward '' . Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 14 `` The 48 '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg October 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 22 ) 3J5251 1.54 Finding Monty gone from his cell , Clarke breaks out and discovers she is trapped in an underground complex inside Mount Weather . She discovers an entire population of humans has survived but is unable to go outside because they have never built up the resistance to radiation that the grounders and the 100 have from space and adaptation . After meeting their leader , President Dante Wallace , she is invited to stay along with the 47 surviving teenagers out of the original 100 that landed on Earth . Distrusting him , she makes a break for freedom but is stopped by Jasper . Clarke secretly plots an escape . Meanwhile , grounders capture Finn and Bellamy , before Abby , Kane , and the rest of The Ark 's survivors find them and free them . After heading to the crash site , they discover an injured Raven and Murphy . Bellamy attacks Murphy , and Kane arrests him . The group returns to the newly established Camp Jaha , the remains of the crashed Ark . Separated from everyone else , Lincoln tries to save a poisoned Octavia , but with no antidote , he is forced to take her to his village , knowing it will mean certain death if he is caught . 15 `` Inclement Weather '' John F. Showalter Michael Angeli October 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 29 ) 3J5252 1.48 Chancellor Jaha discovers a baby left on The Ark and plans to take him to Earth . While a suspicious Clarke confronts Dante , Octavia is healed by Nyko , a friend of Lincoln 's . Octavia holds Nyko hostage and leverages him to Indra , the village leader , in order to get Lincoln back . Abby performs surgery on Raven to remove the bullet from her spine without any anaesthesia . Jaha learns that the baby is an hallucination of his son , who convinces him to continue living his life ; he crash lands a missile to Earth . During the prisoner exchange , Octavia is attacked by the reapers , who capture Lincoln . Clarke learns that Anya -- the leader of the grounders -- is being held in Mount Weather with other prisoners being forced to supply blood to heal the mountain residents . 16 `` Reapercussions '' Dean White Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre November 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 05 ) 3J5253 1.68 Clarke and Anya escape Mount Weather into the reaper tunnels . Abby is punished for supplying guns to Finn , Bellamy and the others leave Camp Jaha to search for their friends . Octavia joins Indra 's hunting party in order to follow the reapers and retrieve Lincoln , but he is not among the grounders they intercept . In Mount Weather , Jasper and Monty worry about Clarke 's whereabouts . Kane goes after Finn , Bellamy , and the others , and appoints Abby chancellor in his absence . Clarke and Anya risk their lives to escape the tunnels ; Anya takes Clarke hostage . Lincoln is shown to be in Mount Weather , and it is revealed that the reapers work with the mountain men , bringing prisoners to Mount Weather and being fed with dead grounders . 17 `` Many Happy Returns '' P.J. Pesce Kim Shumway November 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 12 ) 3J5254 1.75 Chancellor Jaha is found in a desert and rescued by a boy named Zoran , living with his parents who left their people in search of a place in the `` dead zone '' called the `` City of Light '' . Searching for their friends , Finn , Bellamy , and the others find a survivor from The Ark -- Mel -- who is saved by Bellamy after Sterling dies while trying to rescue her . While Clarke and Anya are on the run from mountain men who follow them , Raven starts working in the camp again alongside Wick , who has made her a brace for her leg . Octavia finally reunites with Bellamy and the others . Chancellor Jaha is forced to leave Zoran and his parents when Zoran 's father trades him for a horse . On their way out of the woods , Clarke and Anya arrive at Camp Jaha . At the end , Ark soldiers shoot and kill Anya and knock out Clarke , after mistaking her for a hostile grounder . 18 5 `` Human Trials '' Ed Fraiman Charlie Craig November 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 19 ) 3J5255 1.64 Clarke is brought into Camp Jaha and , after receiving medical attention from Abby , is reunited with Bellamy , Octavia , and Raven . They go after Finn and Murphy . Kane is hoping to find peace with the grounders but instead is imprisoned at the grounder camp , where he discovers Jaha is also a prisoner . Meanwhile , Lincoln is being held at Mount Weather where he is the subject of experimentation involving a red drug that turns grounders into reapers . Jasper takes extreme measures to save Maya from radiation exposure by allowing a blood transfusion conducted by Dr. Tsing . After Maya 's successful treatment , Dr. Tsing and Cage -- Dante 's son and Lincoln 's torturer -- ask President Wallace for permission to move forward with trials on the 47 . He refuses . Elsewhere , Finn holds an entire grounder village hostage while searching for Clarke . Clarke , Bellamy , and Octavia arrive in time to see Finn gun down 18 grounders . 19 6 `` Fog of War '' Steven DePaul Kira Snyder December 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 03 ) 3J5256 1.86 Two days after the massacre , Raven discovers that Mount Weather has jammed communications . Leaving camp to investigate , Bellamy and Octavia discover that Lincoln has become a reaper . Clarke still has n't spoken to Finn . Raven manages to listen in on Mount Weather 's radio broadcasts and discovers the previously encountered acid fog is a weapon of the mountain . In Mount Weather , Wallace wants Jasper to find volunteers to provide blood for the mountain residents , but he is unsuccessful . Maya discovers the radiation leak she was caught in was no accident and confides in Jasper about the mountain 's caged grounders . In captivity , Jaha and Kane are told that one of them must kill the other to gain an audience with the Commander . Kane attempts to take his own life rather than kill Jaha , but a grounder witness , named Lexa , reveals herself to be the Commander and says that she believes their wish for peace is sincere . She sends Jaha to Camp Jaha with a message ; leave within two days , or die . 20 7 `` Long Into an Abyss '' Antonio Negret James Thorpe December 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 10 ) 3J5257 1.62 With the grounders ' deadline imminent , Abby and Jaha disagree over what the survivors are to do ; Jaha wishes to evacuate to the so called `` City of Light '' , while Abby wants to remain behind to rescue the 47 . Clarke , Octavia , and Bellamy hold the reaper - state Lincoln in the dropship , and learn he was drugged and experimented on . Lincoln 's heart stops but is restarted by Clarke , who believes there is a way to cure reapers -- information they can leverage to the grounders . When Abby is successful in curing Lincoln , Lexa grants Clarke the truce but demands Finn 's execution for the massacre before it can begin . In Mount Weather , Jasper , Monty , Miller , and Harper discover that there are Ark survivors on the ground . Dr. Tsing learns that for the mountain residents to live on the surface , they would have to kill the 47 for their bone marrow . Though Wallace vetoes the plan , his son Cage goes behind his back and begins the process with Harper . 21 8 `` Spacewalker '' John F. Showalter Bruce Miller December 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 17 ) 3J5258 1.40 Clarke returns to camp with knowledge of the only way the grounders will accept a truce . Opinions are divided when Clarke reveals the grounders will cease their attack if they are given Finn . Flashbacks to The Ark reveal that Finn was imprisoned because he took the fall for Raven 's illegal spacewalking . At Camp Jaha , Abby and a returned Kane think they can bargain with the grounders by offering to put Finn on trial , but such plans are for naught , as Finn ultimately turns himself in . In a last - ditch effort to save Finn , Clarke goes to meet with Lexa . When Lexa refuses clemency Clarke asks to say goodbye . She approaches Finn , kisses him , and tells him that she loves him while stabbing him to death , saving him the brutal torture / execution of grounder custom . 22 9 `` Remember Me '' Omar Madha Dorothy Fortenberry January 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 21 ) 3J5259 1.48 Clarke and a group from The Ark accompany Finn 's body to a grounder camp to complete their agreement for a truce . Clarke is haunted by visions of Finn . Bellamy tries to convince Clarke to let him go to Mount Weather as a inside man ; she refuses . At the village , Finn 's corpse is burned along with those of the massacre victims . Kane gifts Lexa a bottle of liquor , which when tested appears poisoned , leading to the belief it was an assassination attempt by the Sky People . The grounders accuse and prepare to execute Raven , but Clarke and Bellamy pinpoint Gustus , Lexa 's right hand , as the true culprit . Later , Clarke changes her mind and sends Bellamy , along with Lincoln , to infiltrate Mount Weather . 23 10 `` Survival of the Fittest '' Dean White Akela Cooper January 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 28 ) 3J5260 1.53 Clarke and Lexa encounter a gigantic mutated gorilla after one of the grounder council members drives Clarke into the forest with the intent to kill her . They escape it but become temporarily trapped in its cage , and Lexa is injured . Clarke figures out a way to escape and has an idea about freeing the grounders inside Mount Weather to act as an insider army . Bellamy and Lincoln plan their infiltration of Mount Weather en route to the reaper tunnels , but upon arrival Lincoln is overcome by his addiction , leaving Bellamy to a questionable fate . Murphy helps Jaha confront his past , while Jaha persuades Murphy that the Sky People have nothing to offer him and that his best option is to search for the mystical `` City of Light '' . Jaha then leaves the camp with over a dozen Ark survivors , with Murphy tagging along , to search for the `` City of Light '' . After witnessing Octavia 's determination and unwavering spirit to fight , Indra offers to make Octavia her second in command , but Kane warns Octavia that once the war ends it is likely that the grounders and Sky People will end up breaking their alliance . 24 11 `` Coup de Grace '' P.J. Pesce Charlie Craig February 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 04 ) 3J5261 1.51 Bellamy is caged in Mount Weather along with numerous grounders . Jasper 's search for Monty and Harper remains fruitless , so he confronts the President about their disappearance . Cage sends snipers to assassinate Clarke and Lexa ; they are intercepted , and one is captured for questioning . Maya discovers Bellamy being harvested for blood and saves him ; he makes contact with Clarke . President Wallace and Jasper discover Dr. Tsing 's illegal experiments on Harper and Monty . Cage replaces his father as President by force and orders a lockdown for the surviving 47 teens . Realizing she has to draw attention to the outside for Bellamy 's sake , Clarke sends Emerson , their captive , back to Mount Weather with a message boasting that the army that is coming for them . 25 12 `` Rubicon '' Mairzee Almas Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre February 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 11 ) 3J5262 1.36 An unmasked Cage rescues Emerson on the surface , revealing the success of the bone marrow experiments . In the dormitory , Jasper tells the others of Bellamy 's presence . Meanwhile , Jaha , Murphy , and his group encounter a strange woman , a scavenger and drifter named Emori , who offers to serve as guide to the City of Light through the `` dead zone '' desert . But Emori is not who she appears to be . In Mount Weather , Bellamy seeks a way to help his friends . When Bellamy makes radio contact , Clarke and Raven overhear Cage 's plan to bomb the planned peace conference in Tondc . Clarke races to the village , where she explains the danger to Lexa . Lexa convinces Clarke that an evacuation would expose Bellamy 's presence in the mountain ; the two secretly escape . As they leave , Clarke sees her mother arrive in the village and returns to try to rescue Abby as the missile hits the village . 26 13 `` Resurrection '' Dean White Bruce Miller February 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 18 ) 3J5263 1.42 Clarke and Abby survive the missile strike on Tondc , but Abby is horrified to realize that Clarke knew it was coming and did not evacuate the village . She goes back to help survivors , while Lexa and Clarke set off to find and kill the spotter who called in the strike and is still shooting . Lincoln saves Indra 's life , while Octavia leads the other seconds in an effort to dig out survivors . Abby finds Kane pinned below rubble and struggles to free him , while they wonder whether they deserve to survive at all . Clarke finds and kills the spotter with Lincoln 's help , and realizes that the spotter 's lack of a hazmat suit means the mountain men have started harvesting her friends . Inside Mount Weather , Jasper and the others fight back and find refuge with those in Mount Weather who do not agree with Cage . 27 14 `` Bodyguard of Lies '' Uta Briesewitz Kim Shumway February 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 25 ) 3J5264 1.55 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Octavia has figured out that Clarke and Lexa knew about the missile strike in advance , and Lexa decides she needs to be killed to protect that secret . Clarke prevents this and angrily confronts Lexa , who reveals that she has feelings for Clarke . Bellamy , Raven , and Wick find a way to disable the acid fog . Raven and Wick have celebratory sex , but Bellamy discovers that the fog 's still active and that his radio contact has been cut off while the army is marching on Mount Weather . Clarke inspires Lexa to not treat love as weakness , and that there is more to life than just surviving . Lexa kisses Clarke , but she pushes Lexa away , claiming that is not ready for another relationship so soon ( revealing that Clarke is bisexual ) . Raven signals the fog is disabled ; Clarke and Lexa lead their army to the mountain . The mountain men prepare to deploy the acid fog , but Bellamy manages to elude a security team and destroy the system in an explosion just in time . Elsewhere , Jaha , Murphy , and crew encounter a perilous minefield roadblock as they continue their search for the City of Light . After traversing the minefield , at a cost of their remaining group , they reach a lake where a boat appears as if by magic to aid them in crossing . 28 15 `` Blood Must Have Blood , Part One '' Omar Madha Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre March 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 04 ) 3J5265 1.49 Bellamy is letting the grounders imprisoned inside Mount Weather out of their cages as Cage starts to raid the complex for the 47 . Some of them are temporarily captured but freed again by Bellamy , Jasper , and Maya , who bring them to the harvest chamber . Soldiers soon raid the harvest chamber too , taking the 47 prisoner once again . Meanwhile , Cage visits his father , desperately hoping he will tell him a way to stop the incoming attack . Raven and Wick destroy the mountain 's generators , and the lock on Mount Weather 's door is disabled . When they pull the door open however , Lexa commands her people to stand down -- she has made a deal with Emerson , her people will be freed if the grounder army retreats leaving the Sky People left for dead . It is later learned that this was Dante 's suggestion . When the grounders retreat , almost all the Sky People accept defeat and soon leave too , leaving behind only Clarke at the front door and Octavia in the tunnels . 29 16 `` Blood Must Have Blood , Part Two '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg March 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 11 ) 3J5266 1.34 Clarke joins Octavia in the tunnels and is let into Mount Weather by Bellamy . With the 47 waiting for bone marrow extraction , Clarke and Bellamy take Dante hostage . When Cage still refuses to stop , Clarke shoots his father , which leads Cage to begin bone marrow extraction on Abby . Seeing no other option , Clarke has Monty hack into Mount Weather 's air filtration system , and she and Bellamy irradiate the mountain , killing the entire population , including Maya . Cage escapes but comes upon Lincoln , who injects Cage with the reaper drug , killing him , leaving Emerson , who also escaped , as the last Mountain Man . Everyone returns to Camp Jaha , but Clarke , wracked with guilt over the deaths of hundreds of people , leaves . Meanwhile , Jaha and Murphy arrive at an island where they separate . Murphy finds a lighthouse inside of which he watches a video recording ( dated May 10 , 2052 ) of the previous occupant who says she `` got the launch codes '' , before shooting himself . In the final scene , Jaha finds a well kept mansion , surrounded by flying drones , where he meets an A.I. , named `` A.L.I.E. '' , in the hologram form of an attractive dark - haired woman wearing a red dress , who thanks him for his `` gift '' : the nuclear warhead from the missile he used to land on Earth . Season 3 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 30 `` Wanheda : Part One '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg January 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 21 ) 3J5751 1.88 For the past three months , Clarke has been living on her own in the woods . At a grounder trading post , Clarke sleeps with the post owner , Niylah , and is caught by a bounty hunter while leaving the next morning . At Camp Jaha , renamed Arkadia , Lincoln -- unable to leave camp due to a kill order put on him by Lexa -- tries to fit in with the Sky People , much to Octavia 's distaste . Bellamy , with several others , goes on patrol and encounters scouts from another grounder clan called the Ice Nation . Jasper is injured , and part of the group returns to Arkadia . The rest meet up with Kane and Indra , from whom they learn there is a bounty on Clarke ( who is known in the grounder circles as `` Wanheda '' ; the Death Dealer ) for the mass killings of the population of Mount Weather . They leave to search for Clarke , but the solar powered Rover ATV they are using gets trapped by a deliberately felled tree . Meanwhile , Murphy is released from his bunker and finds Jaha and A.L.I.E at the mansion . Murphy refuses to be a part of Jaha 's mission but decides to leave the island with him when he sees that Emori is part of the boat crew . 31 `` Wanheda : Part Two '' Mairzee Almas Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre January 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 28 ) 3J5752 1.63 The attackers of the Rover ATV turn out to be fellow Ark members from Farm Station who landed separately , including Monty 's mother , and under the control of Pike . Conflicts with the Ice Nation , in whose territory they landed , have reduced their numbers to 63 . Pike and his group accept Kane 's offer to come to Arkadia . Part of the group continues their search for Clarke , but after Bellamy is injured by the bounty hunter who has captured Clarke , the group is forced to return to base . Indra returns to the grounder city of Polis where the bounty hunter -- revealed to be Prince Roan of Ice Nation -- delivers Clarke to Lexa . Meanwhile , Jaha continues his mission for A.L.I.E. While Otan distracts Jaha , Emori and ( unwittingly ) Murphy kill Gideon and steal a backpack containing A.L.I.E. 's portable nuclear powered hardware . When Otan returns he appears to be brainwashed , and Murphy throws the pack into the water . Emori and Murphy escape on the boat , while Jaha and Otan scramble to save the bag . A.L.I.E. reveals that no one can die in the City of Light , showing them Gideon -- alive and unscarred -- in the city . 32 `` Ye Who Enter Here '' Antonio Negret Kim Shumway February 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 04 ) 3J5753 1.57 Lexa reveals to Clarke that she intends to initiate the Sky People into her Coalition . Meanwhile , Bellamy , his girlfriend Gina , Octavia , and Raven arrive at Mount Weather with supplies for the Farm Station refugees . There , Echo , the grounder Bellamy first freed from the cages beneath the mountain , appears and speaks of an Ice Nation plot to attack the summit in Polis . Bellamy , Pike , and Octavia leave for Polis . As they reach the summit , it is revealed there is no imminent threat to those present ; the `` warning '' was a ruse to lure them away . Meanwhile , an assassin infiltrates Mount Weather , kills Gina , and punches in the self - destruct codes . After a fight between the assassin on one hand , and Sinclair and Raven on the other , Mount Weather detonates , killing all 36 members of the Farm Station ; only Raven and Sinclair survive . It is revealed that Echo is working with Queen Nia of the Ice Nation , who is helped by Emerson , the last survivor of Mount Weather , in carrying out its destruction . 33 `` Watch the Thrones '' Ed Fraiman Dorothy Fortenberry February 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 11 ) 3J5754 1.32 In a fight to the death for the right to the throne , Queen Nia chooses her son Roan to fight Lexa . At Arkadia , Bellamy , wracked with guilt , resigns from the guard . Monty and Jasper leave camp , and Monty confronts his grieving friend . Pike publicly confronts Kane and Abby , questioning them about the grounder army surrounding Arkadia , sent as protection by Lexa . Pike convinces Bellamy to supply him with guns and help massacre the grounder army . Lincoln , Abby , and Kane stop them at the last minute . Pike 's name is then suggested for inclusion on the ballot for the upcoming Chancellor vote . Back at Polis , Lexa bests Roan but kills Nia instead of him , and pronounces Roan the king of Ice Nation . Back at Arkadia , Pike is the elected Chancellor . Pike then frees himself , his supporters , and Bellamy , and they leave to finish what they started . 34 5 `` Hakeldama '' Tim Scanlan Charlie Craig February 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 18 ) 3J5755 1.36 Clarke , Lexa , and other grounders from Polis discover the fallen army of grounders , slain by Pike and his followers . Indra is found wounded and claims Bellamy persuaded Pike to let her live in order to tell Lexa that the Sky People reject the newly - formed coalition . Lexa allows Clarke 's return to Arkadia to tell Bellamy and the others to step down . Clarke fails to convince Bellamy , but instead induces Lexa to end the cycle of violence in hopes of peace . Meanwhile , Murphy and Emori set up traps to steal from passersby . Murphy is caught , and one of the grounders spots the pill Jaha gave him earlier in the season ; he demands to know where Murphy found it . After arriving in Arkadia , Jaha and A.L.I.E. set out to recruit more people into the City of Light by giving out the pills . Devastated by her chronic agony , Raven decides to take the pill , which successfully removes her pain . She then sees A.L.I.E. for the first time . 35 6 `` Bitter Harvest '' Dean White Kira Snyder February 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 25 ) 3J5756 1.41 When Roan has Emerson , the last Mountain Man , delivered to Polis , Clarke must decide his fate . Ultimately , she decides to let Lexa banish him . Octavia and Kane find out Pike intends to clear a nearby grounder village and utilize their fertile soil for crops , so Octavia rides to alert the village . The village set a deadly trap for the incoming Sky People , which Octavia manages to warn Bellamy about just in time . Meanwhile , Abby confiscates the City of Light chips from Jaha when it becomes clear he has no recollection of his son . A.L.I.E. enlists Raven 's help to search The Ark for her second iteration , A.L.I.E. 2.0 . They are unable to find it , which leads to the realization that it may be on the mythical 13th station , named Polaris , that got shot out of orbit before joining the rest of The Ark . Titus , the Flamekeeper , tortures Murphy for information , alongside an escape pod with two letters clearly scorched off from re-entry that , with the other marked letters , spells Polaris . 36 7 `` Thirteen '' Dean White Javier Grillo - Marxuach March 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 03 ) 3J5757 1.39 Murphy convinces Titus to tell him more about the origin of his religion , speculating that the first Commander was from the 13th station rather than born on the ground . Flashbacks to 97 years earlier reveal that after A.L.I.E. causes the nuclear apocalypse by hacking all of the world 's computer launch codes , Becca -- A.L.I.E. 's creator and avatar template -- attempted to create A.L.I.E. 2.0 to interface more directly with humanity . When The Ark destroyed her research station Polaris , Becca injected herself with an unknown black substance while implanting the ALIE 2.0 in her neck , and traveled to Earth in an escape pod . In the present , Clarke and Lexa sleep together for the first time as they prepare to part ways in response to Lexa 's decision to blockade Arkadia until Pike is removed from leadership . Titus attempts to ensure that the Sky People are destroyed by shooting Clarke and blaming Murphy for it , only he shoots Lexa accidentally . After Lexa dies , it is revealed that the A.L.I.E. 2.0 computer has been implanted in the back of her neck ; Titus describes it as the spirit of the Commander . 37 8 `` Terms and Conditions '' John Showalter Charlie Craig March 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 10 ) 3J5758 1.20 Two grounders inform Arkadia of the blockade and note that it will only be lifted if Pike is surrendered to them . In response , Pike begins to plan for war , while Kane plans to hand Pike over to the grounders . To this end , Sinclair allows himself to be arrested . He and an interned Lincoln stage an argument in lock - up , creating a distraction for Kane to capture Pike . Bellamy and other guards intercept him at the gate . Meanwhile , Raven convinces Jasper to help her break into Pike 's office to recover the confiscated chip manufacturer . Jasper , mentioning Finn , prompts a realisation that Raven has no recollection of him at all , and they leave the device where it is . As Jaha reflects on his future plans , Pike decides to sentence Kane to death for treason , forcing Bellamy and Monty to re-evaluate which side they are truly on in the ever - escalating tensions towards war . 38 9 `` Stealing Fire '' Uta Briesewitz Heidi Cole McAdams March 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 31 ) 3J5759 1.23 In Polis , a conclave is held to decide the new Commander . Ontari , Nia 's bodyguard , arrives and murders the other Nightbloods , declaring herself Commander . Titus names Clarke the new Flamekeeper and she takes the A.L.I.E. 2.0 computer chip , known to the grounders as `` the Flame '' , to find Luna , a Nightblood friend of Lincoln . Titus kills himself to ensure Ontari can not use him against Clarke , and Ontari swears Roan and Murphy to secrecy about the missing Flame . Meanwhile , Bellamy goes to Octavia for help to save Kane , Lincoln , and Sinclair from execution , but is captured by Octavia and Indra . Abby , Octavia , Miller , and Harper stage an elaborate rescue , with last - minute help from Monty , whose betrayal of Pike is covered up by his mother . When Pike threatens to execute the interned grounders , Lincoln surrenders to save them , while the others escape Arkadia . Octavia watches from a distance as Pike executes Lincoln . 39 10 `` Fallen '' Matt Barber Charmaine DeGrate & Javier Grillo - Marxuach April 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 07 ) 3J5760 1.13 Acting as a fake Flamekeeper , Murphy helps Ontari convince the grounders to submit to her rule ; she later rapes him . Pike discovers Monty 's betrayal , forcing him to flee Arkadia . Monty rejoins Kane , Octavia , and a captive Bellamy at the dropship , but Pike 's men capture them , and Bellamy offers to lead them to the rest of Kane 's insurgents . Instead , he leads them to the grounder blockade and hands Pike over to them . Kane goes with the grounders to Polis . Meanwhile , A.L.I.E. 's influence spreads throughout Arkadia as more people fall under the mind - controlling influence , and Raven enlists Abby and Jasper to help her destroy the chip inside her . A.L.I.E. restores Raven 's pain to torture her into submission , and then uses her to coerce Abby to take the chip . Jasper , finding the whole of Arkadia in A.L.I.E. 's thrall , manages to escape with an unconscious Raven , encountering Clarke on the way out . 40 11 `` Nevermore '' Ed Fraiman Kim Shumway April 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 14 ) 3J5761 1.08 Clarke and Jasper regroup with Bellamy , Octavia , Monty , and Sinclair . They decide to carry out Raven 's original plan to free herself from A.L.I.E. 's control : by building an electromagnetic pulse device ( EMP ) from one of The 100 's old wristbands and frying the chip inside her . Clarke leads the group to Niylah 's trading post , where there is a salvaged bracelet . Monty and Octavia return to the dropship to retrieve additional components for the EMP , but they are attacked by Monty 's mother Hannah , now under A.L.I.E. 's control . Monty fatally shoots his mother to save Octavia , and they return to Niylah 's , where they are able to destroy the chip inside Raven using the EMP and Clarke cuts out its liquefied remains using Titus ' Flamekeeper kit . Raven reveals to the group that the Flame is the only thing that can stop A.L.I.E. 41 12 `` Demons '' P.J. Pesce Justine Juel Gillmer April 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 21 ) 3J5762 1.15 Clarke 's group finds Arkadia abandoned , and retrieve Lincoln 's journal , which contains a map to Luna 's location . A mysterious masked figure attacks Harper , Miller , and his boyfriend Bryan before they can reach Arkadia and then targets Clarke , who unmasks him as Carl Emerson . Emerson kills Sinclair , and traps everyone else in the airlock planning to force Clarke to watch them suffocate . Clarke uses the Flame to kill him and saves her friends . The group hold a funeral for Lincoln and Sinclair , after which Clarke , Bellamy , Octavia , and Jasper embark on a journey to find Luna , while the others remain to use the Arkadia 's mainframe to hack A.L.I.E. Meanwhile , Emori arrives in Polis and reunites with Murphy . Jaha arrives with knowledge of Ontari 's deception , revealing that Emori is under A.L.I.E. 's control . Ontari has Murphy arrested , and Jaha convinces her to take a chip . With Ontari in her thrall , A.L.I.E. now has mastery of both the Sky People and the grounders . 42 13 `` Join or Die '' Dean White Julie Benson & Shawna Benson April 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 28 ) 3J5763 1.27 Flashbacks depict Pike giving The 100 an Earth Skills crash - course in the two weeks prior to the events of the pilot episode . Realising the teens were being sent to the ground and failing to persuade Jaha to let him go with them , Pike beats Murphy in front of the class to incite them to fight for their survival . In the present , Kane and Pike arrive in an A.L.I.E. - controlled Polis and are taken prisoner by Ontari . While incarcerated , Pike is tortured by fellow prisoner Indra in revenge for the massacre of her people , but Murphy convinces her they must unite against A.L.I.E. 's followers . Jaha threatens Abby 's life to coerce Kane into taking the chip . Meanwhile , Clarke , Bellamy , Octavia , and Jasper arrive at the shore of a vast ocean and send a signal to Luna 's people . After being drugged , they awaken aboard a disused oil rig and meet Luna of the ' boat people ' clan , who refuses to take the Flame . 43 14 `` Red Sky at Morning '' P.J. Pesce Lauren Muir & Kira Snyder May 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 05 ) 3J5764 1.13 At Arkadia , Harper and Monty sleep together while Raven hacks into the City of Light . She breaks through the firewalls but is blocked by the spirit of Hannah . Monty erases his mother 's code , but A.L.I.E. removes herself from Arkadia before Raven can destroy her code . Meanwhile , Murphy , Indra , and Pike escape the Polis dungeons and destroy A.L.I.E. 's core processor , but she has already migrated to the computer system on The Ark , still orbiting Earth . At the oil rig , Clarke plans to implant the Flame into Luna against her will , but is unsuccessful . Some of Luna 's people return from the mainland having been taken over by A.L.I.E. , and capture Jasper and Luna . After breaking free and killing her captors , Luna , knowing Clarke will stop at nothing to get her to accept the Flame , drugs Clarke and her companions , and has them returned to the mainland . 44 15 `` Perverse Instantiation -- Part One '' Ed Fraiman Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) 3J5765 1.17 Clarke encounters Roan in the woods , and he agrees to help her infiltrate Polis to implant the Flame into Ontari as a last resort . In Arkadia , Jasper is revealed to have been put under A.L.I.E. 's control at the oil rig , and traps Monty and Raven , and takes Harper hostage . At Polis , Roan is shot by Kane and dragged away , while Clarke is captured and tortured by Abby . Murphy , Pike , and Indra rescue Bellamy and the rest of the group . Bellamy and Murphy then attempt to rescue Clarke while the others fight A.L.I.E. 's acolytes , during which Kane is almost killed in an explosion but is tackled aside by Indra , who is captured . Bellamy and Murphy arrive in time to save Clarke , but Jaha prevents them from using Ontari by inflicting a severe head wound that leaves her brain - dead . 45 16 `` Perverse Instantiation -- Part Two '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg May 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 19 ) 3J5766 1.29 At Arkadia , Monty rescues Harper and captures Jasper . At the Polis tower , freed from A.L.I.E. 's control , Abby transfuses the near - dead Ontari 's Nightblood into Clarke so she can be implanted with the Flame . While Pike and the others fend off A.L.I.E. 's acolytes , Clarke takes a chip and enters the City of Light . She is protected by Lexa 's spirit and aided by Raven 's hacking against A.L.I.E. 's minions , and is led to Becca 's spirit who shows her A.L.I.E. 's kill switch . To stop Clarke , A.L.I.E. claims that the world 's abandoned nuclear power plants are melting down and releasing radiation , meaning Earth will be uninhabitable in the next six months , and City of Light is the only salvation . Clarke decides to pull the switch despite this , destroying A.L.I.E. and freeing all her subjugates . In the aftermath , Octavia brutally executes Pike to avenge Lincoln 's death . Season 4 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 46 `` Echoes '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) T27. 13251 1.21 Picking up immediately after destroying A.L.I.E. , Clarke confides in Bellamy about ALIE 's warning of the nuclear power plants melting down and the human race surviving only six more months . In the aftermath of the battle , it turns out that the people Lexa killed to protect Clarke in the City of Light are actually dead , leading the people of Polis to declare both Wanheda and Skaikru their enemies . During these events , Echo leads the Ice Nation warriors against Skaikru and begins to take the city by force ; in order to stop her , Clarke and Abby go to King Roan to save him from his bullet wound . When Roan awakens , Echo attempts to convince him to kill Clarke , but Clarke gives Roan the Flame and he declares himself ruler of the thirteen clans until the Flame chooses another commander and announces their peace with Skaikru . Murphy and Emori run away from everyone to be together . Clarke , Bellamy , and Jaha leave Polis to return to Arkadia to decide their next move in their fight against the radiation that 's coming . Elsewhere at Arkadia , Raven attempts to determine exactly what kind of damage the radiation will deliver while Jasper 's suicide attempt is unknowingly interrupted by Monty . 47 `` Heavy Lies the Crown '' Ed Fraiman Justine Juel Gillmer February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) T27. 13252 1.01 Ilian , a grounder who was under ALIE 's influence , kills his family to convince his mother to take the chip . Soon after when his mother dies , she tells him to avenge her . In Polis , Ambassador Raphael and Ilian plan to challenge Roan . Roan prepares for battle despite being too weak from his injury . Kane and Octavia attempt to deter Raphael , but he refuses , Octavia later assassinates him . At Arkadia , Raven , Clarke , Bellamy , Monty , Harper , Bryan , and Miller devise a plan to restore Alpha Station to survive the radiation and acquire a hydro - generator for water from Farm Station which is in the Ice Nation . Grounders meet them there and eventually agree to give them the generator . However , they find many of their own as slaves and vote amongst them to use the generator to make an explosion to free them . Everyone returns to Arkadia but with no way of supplying water for everyone . Clarke tells the people of the radiation crisis and they all agree to work together . Kane and Abby sleep together in Polis . 48 `` The Four Horsemen '' P.J. Pesce Heidi Cole McAdams February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) T27. 13253 1.05 A possible lead from Jaha for a safe place for when the radiation comes turns out to be false hope . A group of grounders arrive at Arkadia with signs of Acute Radiation Syndrome ( A.R.S ) from eating contaminated fish , including Nyko and Luna . Abby wants to use their radiation medicine , but Raven who 's now in charge of rationing , stops her . Murphy steals it and gives it to Abby anyway . The new Flamekeeper , Gaia , steals the Flame from King Roan , but before Octavia kills her Indra stops her , stating that she 's her estranged daughter . Using a decoy , Octavia tells Roan the Flame was destroyed . Arkadia can only house 100 people for the next 5 years to ride out the radiation . Clarke writes a list and includes Bellamy as number 99 , and he writes her name for the 100th spot . Luna is the only person who does n't die from the A.R.S , which makes Abby realize that Luna 's body is rejecting the radiation because of her Nightblood . 49 `` A Lie Guarded '' Ian Samoil Kim Shumway February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) T27. 13254 1.00 In Polis , Kane and Bellamy are sentenced to die when Roan ends the alliance with both Skaikru and Trikru . Meanwhile , Abby , Raven , Murphy and Luna return to ALIE 's island to discover how they can use Luna 's Nightblood to save the human race from the radiation . Drones fire on them , resulting in Nyko 's death and driving Luna to her breaking point . Echo hunts down Octavia and after a sword fight , Octavia is stabbed and falls off a cliff , but survives . Also , Monty and Jasper discover and expose Clarke 's list of 100 names forcing Jaha to resolve the conflict . 50 5 `` The Tinder Box '' John F. Showalter Morgan Gendel March 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 01 ) T27. 13255 1.02 Raven and Abby discover that because they were released from ALIE 's control via EMP instead of when Clarke pulled the kill switch , that they have leftover knowledge from Becca / ALIE in their brains . They learn that Becca was making Nightblood on the Ark and after they find a rocket , they prepare to go back to the Ark to make Nightblood for the survival of the human race . Meanwhile , Ilian brings Octavia to Arkadia to sneak his way in . Octavia warns them of Roan 's planned takeover of the ship and Clarke goes to negotiate with him . They eventually agree to share Arkadia 50 -- 50 until Ilian blows up the ship and they all watch their last chance of survival burn to the ground . 51 6 `` We Will Rise '' Dean White Charmaine DeGrate March 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) T27. 13256 0.98 Clarke , Bellamy , and Roan go on a road trip to deliver ten barrels of hydrazine fuel to Raven for her trip to space to make Nightblood . Meanwhile , the residents of Arkadia band against Ilian and want to execute him for destroying the ship but Kane tries to resolve the conflict peacefully . However , Octavia holds a gun to Ilian 's head but is stopped at the last minute by Kane who points out that Lincoln had been murdered in a similar fashion ; she has an emotional breakdown and leaves . Also , Clarke lets her lover , Niylah , stay at Arkadia for the time being . During the drive , a Trikru attack on Clarke , Bellamy , and Roan results in one of the hydrazine barrels being pierced by an arrow and emptied . Later as Raven hears the news , she suffers a seizure . 52 7 `` Gimme Shelter '' Tim Scanlan Terri Hughes Burton & Ron Milbauer March 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 22 ) T27. 13257 0.90 The black rain begins to fall , and as the Sky People shelter in the remains of Arkadia , Bellamy tries to rescue a father and son trapped outside , but is unable to reach them . Meanwhile , Octavia and Ilian take refuge in a cave , but when he tries to get her to open up about Lincoln , she tries to go into the black rain and kill herself , but he stops her . They have sex , and she decides to go with him back to his family 's abandoned farm . At the underground lab on Becca 's island , Abby tells Clarke her new plan to implant Luna 's bone marrow into a test subject to see if it can create immunity , but to test this they would need to use a huge dose of radiation on the subject , which could kill them . When a grounder thief breaks into Becca 's mansion and is captured , Emori identifies him as her nemesis Baylis . She intends to kill him , but Clarke decides to use him as the test subject . Emori later admits to Murphy that the thief is not Baylis , and that she lied to save herself from being sacrificed . 53 8 `` God Complex '' Omar Madha Lauren Muir March 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 29 ) T27. 13258 0.97 After the first test kills the thief , Emori 's lie is discovered and she is taken prisoner , with the intention of using her as the next subject . Murphy also has to be tied up when he tries to stop them , and Luna is knocked out by Roan when she tries to leave . Clarke changes her mind and injects herself with Luna 's bone marrow , becoming a Nightblood , but before she can subject herself to the radiation , Abby destroys the machine , with her hallucinations having convinced her that Clarke would die . In Arkadia , Jaha overhears Niylah use a phrase associated with the cult who built the shelter , and believes that the shelter he found was a decoy . Suspecting Gaia may have information that could lead to the real shelter , he , Kane and Monty go to Polis , where the Tree People are fighting the Ice Nation for control . Gaia helps them deduce that the shelter is beneath Polis , and they find it using a talisman found at the decoy shelter . 54 9 `` DNR '' Mairzee Almas Miranda Kwok April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) T27. 13260 0.81 Clarke struggles to keep the peace in Polis after word of Jaha 's discovery of the shelter spreads , which makes other clans , including Roan 's and Indra 's , want a part of the shelter for their own people . At Arkadia , Jasper and Bellamy get into an argument when Jasper and other like - minded youth of the original 100 want to stay behind to celebrate the end of the world , while Bellamy wants to lead the remainder of Arkadia 's 400 - plus population to the shelter before the death wave arrives in less than six days and wipes out all life . Meanwhile , Raven decides to stay behind at the lab as she is haunted by Becca 's hallucination urging her to continue the space rocket repairs as Murphy and Emori decide to head out to the shelter . Elsewhere , Octavia struggles to adjust to living at Ilian 's farm until a brutal and lethal encounter with three hostile grounders make her realize that she can not run away from her past . 55 10 `` Die All , Die Merrily '' Dean White Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre May 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 03 ) T27. 13259 0.85 The clans hold a fight to the death at Polis to determine which clan will receive the shelter . Octavia , Roan , and Ilian represent their respective clans . Luna also fights , but explains she will not let anyone into the shelter if she wins . During the fight , Echo is discovered to be cheating without Roan 's knowledge and is subsequently banished by Roan as punishment . Octavia decides to ally with Ilian , but he is killed with an arrow to his neck . Later , only three warriors are left ; Octavia teams up with Roan to take on Luna , but a storm of black rain arrives which puts both of them at a disadvantage against Luna , who is a nightblood . Although Luna kills Roan , Octavia eventually defeats Luna and becomes the winning champion . She decides to share the shelter equally with the clans , allowing 100 survivors from each clan . It is then discovered that members of Skaikru settled in the bunker during the battle and sealed the door . 56 11 `` The Other Side '' Henry Ian Cusick Julie Benson & Shawna Benson May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) T27. 13261 0.86 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) With Jaha having sealed the Second Dawn bunker , he argues with Bellamy over leaving others above ground as the death wave approaches . Abby takes it upon herself to free Bellamy from containment , and subdue Murphy guarding him , to help open the bunker , but Bellamy comes face - to - face with Clarke who stands by Jaha 's decision . However , despite her concerns about future survivors , Clarke finally makes her own choice to help Bellamy . On the surface , Octavia quarrels with Echo over her involvement in the battle , and while they are able to convince her to stay quiet about the situation in the bunker until it is resolved , Octavia and Indra ban her from entering while admitting the Ice Nation . At Arkadia , Monty tries to reason with Jasper and the others to travel to Polis to the bunker before it is too late , but Jasper and the others ( showing signs of fatal radiation poisoning ) decides to end it all with a suicide pact , except for Harper . Elsewhere at the lab , Raven pushes herself to make a tough choice due to both Becca and Sinclair 's hallucinations over how to cure her damaged brain and to continue building the space rocket , finally drowning herself in a pool of icy water with a timed electric shock to restart her heart . 57 12 `` The Chosen '' Alex Kalymnios Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre May 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 17 ) T27. 13262 0.83 Jaha and Kane disagree over how to handle their grim reality when they must choose only 100 out of their 400 people to shelter at the Second Dawn bunker to make room for the rest of the 1,200 grounders who want to place their own survivors there as well . It all leads to holding a lottery which threatens to tear the fragile plans apart . Abby asks Kane to let her give up her place to make space for others . Meanwhile , Clarke leads Bellamy , Murphy , and Emori , to save Raven , who still is at the lab . However , they run into a grounder clan , which wreck their truck until Echo appears to save them . With no time to return to Polis , Monty and Harper are called to transport the group to the lab , where they decide to go to space before the death wave reaches them . 58 13 `` Praimfaya '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) T27. 13263 0.91 As the death wave hits Polis and the Second Dawn bunker , Clarke , Bellamy , Raven , Murphy , Emori , Monty , Harper and Echo gather at the lab to ready the rocket to travel to the remains of the Ark . Monty is incapacitated after going out with Murphy to obtain an oxygen generator for installation in the Ark . With only 90 minutes before the radioactive pyroclastic wave of the death wave hits , Clarke decides to stay behind to climb to the top of an antenna tower to realign the dish in order to program power for the Ark prior to launch . The rocket 's launch is successful , and Raven spacewalks to the Ark to dock the rocket pod . After programming power for the Ark , Clarke runs to the lab with the death wave right behind her , but upon arriving , she is revealed to have been affected by the radiation . On the Ark , the group almost runs out of air before the oxygen generator is installed . Six years and seven days later , Clarke is revealed to have survived the death wave along with a young nightblood girl . While Clarke tries to make contact with the Ark , a spacecraft lands on Earth . Season 5 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 59 `` Eden '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg April 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) T27. 13551 1.43 In a flashback to six weeks after Praimfaya , Clarke searches for food and water in the rover , first going to Polis where she tries to dig out the bunker , then to Arkadia where she finds Maya 's MP3 player among other people 's possessions as well as Jasper 's goggles and a suicide letter addressed to Monty . She then drives to the Dead Zone , where the rover breaks down in a storm . She follows a bird , at one stage considering suicide , and discovers the Eden Valley . She finds a room of dead people , then a young nightblood girl who runs from her . Clarke follows her and tries to get acquainted with her , which does n't work until Clarke draws a sketch of her . The time jumps back to six years after Praimfaya , where Clarke and the Nightblood , Madi , are living together . Raven and the other six on the Go - Sci Ring try to boost signals to contact the Bunker , when they see the Eligius ship . Clarke watches the passengers de-board the ship , where they roam the area and almost kill Madi , before Clarke jumps in . Echo tells Bellamy she is afraid of returning to the ground . Octavia watches over Wonkru warriors fighting to the death . 60 `` Red Queen '' P.J. Pesce Terri Hughes Burton May 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 01 ) T27. 13552 1.02 Shortly after Praimfaya , the clan delegates discuss punishment for a thief . Kane and Abby hear Clarke knocking on the bunker , and when they try to open it , they discover it has been sealed shut due to the rubble from Polis . A Skaikru rebel stages a coup and locks several Skaikru members in the farm area . While grounders gather the remaining Skaikru not in the farm area , Jaha is stabbed . Octavia spares him due to his expertise as an engineer . With Jaha , Indra , and Gaia 's help , Octavia resolves the problem of opening the farm area door and proves herself to be a capable leader . When many grounders question her leadership , she kills them , telling them they are Wonkru , or they are against Wonkru . Those remaining bow before her . After opening the door , Octavia , Kane , and Abby rush to Jaha 's aid . As Kane recites the Skaikru prayer , Jaha dies of his injuries . As punishment for Kara and the guilty Skaikru involved in the coup , Octavia instructs them to fight to the death . Kara emerges victorious . Six years later , Octavia and her advisers watch over Wonkru warriors fighting to the death . The next batch of combatants are brought in , Kane among them . 61 `` Sleeping Giants '' Tim Scanlan Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre May 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) T27. 13553 1.08 Clarke and Madi hide from the Eligius crew , while Diyoza sends McCreary to find them and interrogate them . He captures Clarke and brings her to Diyoza . To make Clarke talk , she orders Madi shot on sight . Clarke promises to tell her everything . Raven and the others board the Eligius IV ship in space and find a way to Earth . Monty and Murphy argue over returning to Earth , when Echo finds a lab of cryogenically frozen prisoners . One prisoner is remotely woken up by the prisoners on the ground and attacks Bellamy , who kills him . In order to leverage the frozen prisoners against Diyoza , Raven stays behind . Bellamy objects until Raven tells him of an escape pod that she can use to go to Earth . Bellamy , Echo , Monty , Harper and Emori safely make their way back to the ground . Murphy stays behind with Raven and learns that there is no escape pod and they are trapped . The Eligius men find Bellamy and the others . Shortly after , Madi kills the Eligius men and guides them to Clarke . McCreary uses a shock collar on Clarke . Bellamy arrives , telling Diyoza that 283 frozen people will be killed if they do n't release Clarke . 62 `` Pandora 's Box '' Dean White Charmaine DeGrate May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) T27. 13554 1.07 Octavia punishes Kane for stealing medicine , which is a crime against Wonkru . Bellamy and Clarke reunite after he brokers a deal with Diyoza . Diyoza outwardly accepts the deal but still tries to hack into the Eligius mainframe . Bellamy and Clarke , with the help of Diyoza and McCreary , break into the bunker and rescue everyone inside . Octavia is the first to be lifted onto the ground . Miles opens the docking bay doors to Eligius 4 in an attempt to kill Raven and Murphy , but they counter by waking up the frozen prisoners . The Eligius warriors on the ground break the deal and take Kane and Abby . As they attempt to fire missiles at Wonkru , they find that Raven has changed the launch codes . They fly to retrieve Raven while Octavia tells Wonkru to prepare for war . 63 5 `` Shifting Sands '' Omar Madha Nick Bragg May 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 22 ) T27. 13555 0.94 Diyoza orders Kane and Abby to help and cure Vinson , while Octavia takes her people to march on Shallow Valley . McCreary tortures Raven and threatens to kill Murphy to find out how to turn their weapons system back on ; Miles stops him with a gun to his head and reveals to Raven and Murphy that he was the one who disabled them . Abby tells Diyoza she does n't know if she can help Vinson . Murphy escapes with Miles ' help and Echo finds him . She , Murphy , Harper , Emori , Monty and Madi set out to find Bellamy , but McCreary activates Murphy 's shock collar , leaving him with Emori while the rest keep on the journey . A Wonkru warrior dies and worms pop out of his chest . Octavia and Wonkru retreat , as the four in the van arrive . Octavia angrily witness Bellamy and Echo 's reunion , as do a reconciling Madi and Clarke . 64 6 `` Exit Wounds '' Michael Blundell Drew Lindo June 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 05 ) T27. 13556 0.92 Octavia finally meets her biggest fan - Madi - who she believes survived Praimfaya by way of synthetic Nightblood from Clarke 's bone marrow . Clarke tells Madi that if Wonkru knew she was born a Nightblood , that they would want her to challenge Octavia for leadership . Octavia confronts Bellamy over his relationship with Echo , telling Echo that her banishment has not been lifted . Then , Diyoza 's ship arrives delivering apples and telling the Grounders that they will accept anyone that wishes to defect from Octavia . Eventually , Octavia offers Echo a deal : spy on her people and report anyone that plans to defect in exchange for her banishment to be lifted . Bellamy works with Monty to figure out how to stop Diyoza 's eye in the sky . Monty eventually deduces that he will need to access the inside of their firewall to get it done ; Echo , who has decided not to turn in any of the defectors , offers to instead go undercover as a defector so that she can breach Diyoza 's camp and get Monty into the firewall . Octavia eventually agrees , but still sends Cooper to shoot defectors as they attempt to leave Polis . Emori attempts to remove Murphy 's shock collar , initially without luck . During their time , he asks why she broke up with him . She tells him that he pushed her away , which he says was due to her spending more time with Raven , which apparently made him jealous . Eventually , they get the collar removed and set up an explosive trap for McReary and two other Eligius prisoners . Successful , they kiss and almost sleep together , before McReary emerges from the explosion , alive . They decide to keep him as a hostage . Clarke becomes paranoid that Octavia will figure out that Madi is a true Nightblood , given that Niylah and Gaia both figured it out . She tells Madi that they 're going to go with the defectors , but Madi points out that doing so would likely result in Diyoza killing Clarke . Clarke insists that the risk is worth it , but Madi ends up going to Octavia with the truth to protect Clarke . Octavia tells Clarke that she wo n't allow anything to happen to Madi , but that Madi will now train as a new Wonkru warrior . Echo successfully infiltrates Diyoza 's coup , though she and the other defectors are made to wear shock collars . 65 7 `` Acceptable Losses '' Mairzee Almas Jeff Vlaming June 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 19 ) TBA TBD 66 8 `` How We Get to Peace '' Antonio Negret Lauren Muir June 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 26 ) TBA TBD The twelfth episode of the season was directed by Justine Juel Gillmer . The thirteenth episode of the season , which also serves as the season finale , will be titled `` Damocles , Part 2 '' . Ratings ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' March 19 , 2014 0.9 / 3 2.73 `` Earth Skills '' March 26 , 2014 0.7 / 2 2.27 `` Earth Kills '' April 2 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.90 `` Murphy 's Law '' April 9 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.69 5 `` Twilight 's Last Gleaming '' April 16 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.80 6 `` His Sister 's Keeper '' April 23 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.97 7 `` Contents Under Pressure '' April 30 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.88 8 `` Day Trip '' May 7 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.64 9 `` Unity Day '' May 14 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.73 10 `` I Am Become Death '' May 21 , 2014 0.5 / 1 1.46 11 `` The Calm '' May 28 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.71 12 `` We Are Grounders -- Part I '' June 4 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.58 13 `` We Are Grounders -- Part II '' June 11 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.68 Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) `` The 48 '' October 22 , 2014 0.5 / 1 1.54 `` Inclement Weather '' October 29 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.48 `` Reapercussions '' November 5 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.68 `` Many Happy Returns '' November 12 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.75 5 `` Human Trials '' November 19 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.64 6 `` Fog of War '' December 3 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.86 7 `` Long Into an Abyss '' December 10 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.62 8 `` Spacewalker '' December 17 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.40 9 `` Remember Me '' January 21 , 2015 0.5 / 2 1.48 10 `` Survival of the Fittest '' January 28 , 2015 0.5 / 2 1.53 11 `` Coup de Grace '' February 4 , 2015 0.5 / 2 1.51 12 `` Rubicon '' February 11 , 2015 0.5 / 2 1.36 13 `` Resurrection '' February 18 , 2015 0.5 / 1 1.42 14 `` Bodyguard of Lies '' February 25 , 2015 0.5 / 1 1.55 15 `` Blood Must Have Blood , Part One '' March 4 , 2015 0.5 / 1 1.49 16 `` Blood Must Have Blood , Part Two '' March 11 , 2015 0.4 / 1 1.34 Season 3 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Wanheda : Part One '' January 21 , 2016 0.7 / 2 1.88 0.4 1.01 2.89 `` Wanheda : Part Two '' January 28 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.63 0.4 0.9 1.0 2.54 `` Ye Who Enter Here '' February 4 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.57 N / A 0.92 N / A 2.48 `` Watch the Thrones '' February 11 , 2016 0.5 / 2 1.32 N / A 0.89 N / A 2.21 5 `` Hakeldama '' February 18 , 2016 0.5 / 2 1.36 0.4 0.96 0.9 2.32 6 `` Bitter Harvest '' February 25 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.41 N / A 0.88 N / A 2.29 7 `` Thirteen '' March 3 , 2016 0.5 / 2 1.39 N / A 0.80 N / A 2.19 8 `` Terms and Conditions '' March 10 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.20 0.4 0.92 0.8 2.13 9 `` Stealing Fire '' March 31 , 2016 0.4 / 2 1.23 0.4 0.76 0.8 1.99 10 `` Fallen '' April 7 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.13 0.4 0.79 0.8 1.98 11 `` Nevermore '' April 14 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.08 0.3 0.75 0.7 1.83 12 `` Demons '' April 21 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.15 0.3 0.74 0.7 1.89 13 `` Join or Die '' April 28 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.27 0.4 0.75 0.8 2.02 14 `` Red Sky at Morning '' May 5 , 2016 0.4 / 2 1.13 0.3 0.75 0.7 1.88 15 `` Perverse Instantiation -- Part One '' May 12 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.17 0.3 0.72 0.7 1.89 16 `` Perverse Instantiation -- Part Two '' May 19 , 2016 0.5 / 2 1.29 0.3 0.79 0.8 2.08 Season 4 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Echoes '' February 1 , 2017 0.4 / 2 1.21 0.3 0.75 0.7 1.97 `` Heavy Lies the Crown '' February 8 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.01 0.3 0.78 0.7 1.79 `` The Four Horsemen '' February 15 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.05 0.3 0.76 0.7 1.80 `` A Lie Guarded '' February 22 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.00 0.3 0.70 0.7 1.69 5 `` The Tinder Box '' March 1 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.02 N / A N / A N / A N / A 6 `` We Will Rise '' March 15 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.98 0.4 0.73 0.7 1.72 7 `` Gimme Shelter '' March 22 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.90 0.3 0.74 0.6 1.63 8 `` God Complex '' March 29 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.97 0.3 0.68 0.6 1.65 9 `` DNR '' April 26 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.81 N / A N / A N / A N / A 10 `` Die All , Die Merrily '' May 3 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.85 0.3 0.54 0.6 1.42 11 `` The Other Side '' May 10 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.86 0.3 0.66 0.6 1.52 12 `` The Chosen '' May 17 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.83 0.2 0.57 0.5 1.40 13 `` Praimfaya '' May 24 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.91 0.3 0.59 0.6 1.50 Season 5 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Eden '' April 24 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.43 0.4 0.91 0.8 2.34 `` Red Queen '' May 1 , 2018 0.3 / 1 1.02 0.4 0.93 0.7 1.95 `` Sleeping Giants '' May 8 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.08 0.3 0.89 0.7 1.97 `` Pandora 's Box '' May 15 , 2018 0.3 / 1 1.07 0.4 0.77 0.7 1.84 5 `` Shifting Sands '' May 22 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.94 0.3 0.88 0.6 1.82 6 `` Exit Wounds '' June 5 , 2018 0.3 / 1 0.92 TBD TBD TBD TBD The 100 : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Ep. 11 Ep. 12 Ep. 13 Ep. 14 Ep. 15 Ep. 16 2.73 2.27 1.90 1.69 1.80 1.97 1.88 1.64 1.73 1.46 1.71 1.58 1.68 N / A 1.54 1.48 1.68 1.75 1.64 1.86 1.62 1.40 1.48 1.53 1.51 1.36 1.42 1.55 1.49 1.34 1.88 1.63 1.57 1.32 1.36 1.41 1.39 1.20 1.23 1.13 1.08 1.15 1.27 1.13 1.17 1.29 1.21 1.01 1.05 1.00 1.02 0.98 0.90 0.97 0.81 0.85 0.86 0.83 0.91 N / A 5 1.43 1.02 1.08 1.07 0.94 0.92 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD N / A Source : Nielsen Media Research References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ellis , Kate . `` Dangerous planet Earth : The CW 's new sci - fi drama ' The 100 ' premieres '' . TV Media . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` The CW Sets Midseason Schedule & New Series Premiere Dates ; ' The Tomorrow People ' Moving to Monday '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ James Hibberd ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` CW orders 3 new sci - fi shows '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` UPDATE : CW 's ' The Tomorrow People ' , ' The 100 ' , ' Reign ' & ' Oxygen ' Ordered To Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cynthia Littleton ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` CW Orders 4 Dramas ; Renews ' Carrie Diaries , ' ' Nikita ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 100 , THE ( CW ) '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreev , Nellie ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The 100 ' Renewed For Season 5 By CW '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreev , Nellie ( January 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Sets ' Life Sentence ' , ' iZombie ' , ' The 100 ' & ' The Originals ' Premiere Dates , Moves ' Dynasty ' To Friday -- TCA '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Turchiano , Danielle ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' The 100 ' Renewed for Season 6 by CW '' . Variety . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 -- 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 22 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Full 2014 -- 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 -- 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Wilken , Selina ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' The 100 ' season 5 will be 13 episodes , ' no conversations ' about ending the series '' . Hypable . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Wilken , Selina ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' The 100 ' season 5 to move to 8 pm , season finale date announced '' . Hypable . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` 2017 - 18 TV Series Ratings Rankings : NFL Football , ' Big Bang ' Top Charts '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 20 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' The 100 ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 27 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mixology ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' , ' Suburgatory ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up ; ' CSI ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 10 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Law and Order : SVU ' & ' Mixology ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' The 100 ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' Adjusted Down '' . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' , ' Suburgatory ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 1 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revolution ' & ' CSI ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' Arrow ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Law & Order : SVU ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Revolution ' , ' Arrow ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Suburgatory ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago P.D. ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Survivor ' Reunion Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : No Adjustments to ' The 100 ' or ' So You Think You Can Dance ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Motive ' Adjusted Up + Final Ratings for Stanley Cup Finals : Game 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Motive ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment to ' The 100 ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up ; ' black - ish ' Adjusted Down + Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 30 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Stalker ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down & Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2014 . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' The Mysteries of Laura ' & ' Chicago P.D. ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ′ Adjusted Down - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ′ Adjusted Down - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Stalker ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for ' The 100 ' , ' Red Band Society ' or ' Nashville ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : No Adjustment for ' Arrow ' , ' Modern Family ' or ' The 100 ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' Hell 's Kitchen ' & ' Chicago P.D. ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' Reunion Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for ' The 100 ' or ' The Sing - Off ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 Adjusted Down - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Stalker ' & ' The 100 ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for ' Empire ' '' . TVbytheNumbers . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up , ' Fresh Off the Boat ' & ' The 100 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' Arrow ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Goldbergs ' , ' The 100 ' , ' The Mentalist ' , ' The Mysteries of Laura ' , ' black - ish ' & ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' Arrow ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' & ' Stalker ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Suvivor ' & ' Arrow ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' , ' black - ish ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' Adjusted Up '' . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' CSI : Cyber ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Blacklist ' adjusts up , CW premieres hold , ' My Diet ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Apocalypse ' premiere and all other shows hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Life in Pieces ' and ' Mom ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Mom ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Scandal ' and ' How to Get Away with Murder ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Life in Pieces ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' American Idol ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Scandal ' adjusts up , 4 CBS shows adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Scandal , ' ' Life in Pieces ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Odd Couple ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Blacklist ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Bones ' adjust up , ' 2 Broke Girls ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' adjust up ; ' Odd Couple , ' ' Mom ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Mom ' and ' Rush Hour ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Catch ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Bones ' adjusts up , ' The Catch ' finale and ' Game of Silence ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' rerun adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Goldbergs , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Blindspot ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Speechless ' adjusts up , ' SVU ' and ' Blindspot ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Criminal Minds ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Survivor ' and ' Chicago PD ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' and ' Black - ish ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Chicago PD ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Criminal Minds ' finale , ' Chicago PD ' & ' Speechless ' all adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Blindspot ' finale adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' finale and ' Dirty Dancing ' adjust up , ' Survivor ' reunion adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Chicago Med , ' ' LA to Vegas ' adjust up , ' Rise ' and ' Deception ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' Bull ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Middle , ' NCIS , ' ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' and ' NCIS ' finales adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' World of Dance ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 507 ) `` Acceptable Losses '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 508 ) `` How We Get to Peace '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ @ JusJuel ( May 21 , 2018 ) . `` It has been a priviledge . Genuinely . And we 've got a long ass time til my episode 512 so I 'll stick around here like a lurker for a while : ) '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' X-Files ' premiere dominates week 18 , ' Limitless ' doubles '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Lucifer ' premiere shows solid growth in week 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gains the most , ' Vampire Diaries ' and ' Shades of Blue ' double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' How to Get Away with Murder ' , 5 other shows double in a DVR - heavy week 21 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Blacklist ' and ' The Big Bang Theory ' lead week 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' has biggest week 23 gain , ' Jane the Virgin ' and 3 others double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Blindspot , ' ' Jane ' and ' Quantico ' top week 24 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Quantico ' lead week 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Empire ' lead the week of March 28 -- April 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' stay on top for April 4 -- 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' have biggest gains , 4 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' lead for April 18 -- 24 , 5 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' lead for April 25 -- May 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' tops total gains , ' Vampire Diaries ' and 9 others double in 18 -- 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' finale and ' Empire ' share lead for May 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' finales lead the week May 16 -- 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Agents of SHIELD ' benefit the most in week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' on top again : Week 22 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finale , ' Designated Survivor ' top week 26 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Designated Survivor ' score in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' scores again , 7 shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Designated Survivor ' finales make biggest gains in week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Bull ' season finales lead week 36 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 13 more shows double in week 31 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' The Originals ' on CW More Than Doubles its Live Plus Same Day Figures in Delayed Viewing '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Chicago PD ' wins the Windy City battle in week 33 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ABC Finale of ' Designated Survivor ' Tops Broadcast Network Telecasts ' Viewers Percentage Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' finale tops the week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 : Season One Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 13 , 2014 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . March 12 , 2015 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 20 , 2016 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 : Season Five Ratings '' . TV Series Finale. April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of The 100 episodes on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_100_episodes&oldid=846496467 '' Categories : The 100 Lists of American drama television series episodes Lists of American science fiction television series episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from April 2018 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from May 2018 Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español Français Magyar Polski Português Русский Українська 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 03 : 41 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	when does the new episode of the 100	[ "\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date\nProd.\ncode\nU.S. viewers\n(millions)\n\n\n59\n1\n\"Eden\"\nDean White\nJason Rothenberg\nApril 24, 2018 (2018-04-24)\nT27.13551\n1.43[75]\n\n\nIn a flashback to six weeks after Praimfaya, Clarke searches for food and water in the rover, first going to Polis where she tries to dig out the bunker, then to Arkadia where she finds Maya's MP3 player among other people's possessions as well as Jasper's goggles and a suicide letter addressed to Monty. She then drives to the Dead Zone, where the rover breaks down in a storm. She follows a bird, at one stage considering suicide, and discovers the Eden Valley. She finds a room of dead people, then a young nightblood girl who runs from her. Clarke follows her and tries to get acquainted with her, which doesn't work until Clarke draws a sketch of her. The time jumps back to six years after Praimfaya, where Clarke and the Nightblood, Madi, are living together. Raven and the other six on the Go-Sci Ring try to boost signals to contact the Bunker, when they see the Eligius ship. Clarke watches the passengers de-board the ship, where they roam the area and almost kill Madi, before Clarke jumps in. Echo tells Bellamy she is afraid of returning to the ground. Octavia watches over Wonkru warriors fighting to the death.\n\n\n60\n2\n\"Red Queen\"\nP. J. Pesce\nTerri Hughes Burton\nMay 1, 2018 (2018-05-01)\nT27.13552\n1.02[76]\n\n\nShortly after Praimfaya, the clan delegates discuss punishment for a thief. Kane and Abby hear Clarke knocking on the bunker, and when they try to open it, they discover it has been sealed shut due to the rubble from Polis. A Skaikru rebel stages a coup and locks several Skaikru members in the farm area. While grounders gather the remaining Skaikru not in the farm area, Jaha is stabbed. Octavia spares him due to his expertise as an engineer. With Jaha, Indra, and Gaia's help, Octavia resolves the problem of opening the farm area door and proves herself to be a capable leader. When many grounders question her leadership, she kills them, telling them they are Wonkru, or they are against Wonkru. Those remaining bow before her. After opening the door, Octavia, Kane, and Abby rush to Jaha's aid. As Kane recites the Skaikru prayer, Jaha dies of his injuries. As punishment for Kara and the guilty Skaikru involved in the coup, Octavia instructs them to fight to the death. Kara emerges victorious. Six years later, Octavia and her advisers watch over Wonkru warriors fighting to the death. The next batch of combatants are brought in, Kane among them.\n\n\n61\n3\n\"Sleeping Giants\"\nTim Scanlan\nAaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre\nMay 8, 2018 (2018-05-08)\nT27.13553\n1.08[77]\n\n\nClarke and Madi hide from the Eligius crew, while Diyoza sends McCreary to find them and interrogate them. He captures Clarke and brings her to Diyoza. To make Clarke talk, she orders Madi shot on sight. Clarke promises to tell her everything. Raven and the others board the Eligius IV ship in space and find a way to Earth. Monty and Murphy argue over returning to Earth, when Echo finds a lab of cryogenically frozen prisoners. One prisoner is remotely woken up by the prisoners on the ground and attacks Bellamy, who kills him. In order to leverage the frozen prisoners against Diyoza, Raven stays behind. Bellamy objects until Raven tells him of an escape pod that she can use to go to Earth. Bellamy, Echo, Monty, Harper and Emori safely make their way back to the ground. Murphy stays behind with Raven and learns that there is no escape pod and they are trapped. The Eligius men find Bellamy and the others. Shortly after, Madi kills the Eligius men and guides them to Clarke. McCreary uses a shock collar on Clarke. Bellamy arrives, telling Diyoza that 283 frozen people will be killed if they don't release Clarke.\n\n\n62\n4\n\"Pandora's Box\"\nDean White\nCharmaine DeGrate\nMay 15, 2018 (2018-05-15)\nT27.13554\n1.07[78]\n\n\nOctavia punishes Kane for stealing medicine, which is a crime against Wonkru. Bellamy and Clarke reunite after he brokers a deal with Diyoza. Diyoza outwardly accepts the deal but still tries to hack into the Eligius mainframe. Bellamy and Clarke, with the help of Diyoza and McCreary, break into the bunker and rescue everyone inside. Octavia is the first to be lifted onto the ground. Miles opens the docking bay doors to Eligius 4 in an attempt to kill Raven and Murphy, but they counter by waking up the frozen prisoners. The Eligius warriors on the ground break the deal and take Kane and Abby. As they attempt to fire missiles at Wonkru, they find that Raven has changed the launch codes. They fly to retrieve Raven while Octavia tells Wonkru to prepare for war.\n\n\n63\n5\n\"Shifting Sands\"\nOmar Madha\nNick Bragg\nMay 22, 2018 (2018-05-22)\nT27.13555\n0.94[79]\n\n\nDiyoza orders Kane and Abby to help and cure Vinson, while Octavia takes her people to march on Shallow Valley. McCreary tortures Raven and threatens to kill Murphy to find out how to turn their weapons system back on; Miles stops him with a gun to his head and reveals to Raven and Murphy that he was the one who disabled them. Abby tells Diyoza she doesn't know if she can help Vinson. Murphy escapes with Miles' help and Echo finds him. She, Murphy, Harper, Emori, Monty and Madi set out to find Bellamy, but McCreary activates Murphy's shock collar, leaving him with Emori while the rest keep on the journey. A Wonkru warrior dies and worms pop out of his chest. Octavia and Wonkru retreat, as the four in the van arrive. Octavia angrily witness Bellamy and Echo's reunion, as do a reconciling Madi and Clarke.\n\n\n64\n6\n\"Exit Wounds\"\nMichael Blundell\nDrew Lindo\nJune 5, 2018 (2018-06-05)\nT27.13556\n0.92[80]\n\n\nOctavia finally meets her biggest fan-Madi-who she believes survived Praimfaya by way of synthetic Nightblood from Clarke's bone marrow. Clarke tells Madi that if Wonkru knew she was born a Nightblood, that they would want her to challenge Octavia for leadership. Octavia confronts Bellamy over his relationship with Echo, telling Echo that her banishment has not been lifted. Then, Diyoza's ship arrives delivering apples and telling the Grounders that they will accept anyone that wishes to defect from Octavia. Eventually, Octavia offers Echo a deal: spy on her people and report anyone that plans to defect in exchange for her banishment to be lifted. Bellamy works with Monty to figure out how to stop Diyoza's eye in the sky. Monty eventually deduces that he will need to access the inside of their firewall to get it done; Echo, who has decided not to turn in any of the defectors, offers to instead go undercover as a defector so that she can breach Diyoza's camp and get Monty into the firewall. Octavia eventually agrees, but still sends Cooper to shoot defectors as they attempt to leave Polis. Emori attempts to remove Murphy's shock collar, initially without luck. During their time, he asks why she broke up with him. She tells him that he pushed her away, which he says was due to her spending more time with Raven, which apparently made him jealous. Eventually, they get the collar removed and set up an explosive trap for McReary and two other Eligius prisoners. Successful, they kiss and almost sleep together, before McReary emerges from the explosion, alive. They decide to keep him as a hostage. Clarke becomes paranoid that Octavia will figure out that Madi is a true Nightblood, given that Niylah and Gaia both figured it out. She tells Madi that they're going to go with the defectors, but Madi points out that doing so would likely result in Diyoza killing Clarke. Clarke insists that the risk is worth it, but Madi ends up going to Octavia with the truth to protect Clarke. Octavia tells Clarke that she won't allow anything to happen to Madi, but that Madi will now train as a new Wonkru warrior. Echo successfully infiltrates Diyoza's coup, though she and the other defectors are made to wear shock collars.\n\n\n65\n7\n\"Acceptable Losses\"[81]\nMairzee Almas\nJeff Vlaming\nJune 19, 2018 (2018-06-19)\nTBA\nTBD\n\n\n66\n8\n\"How We Get to Peace\"[82]\nAntonio Negret\nLauren Muir\nJune 26, 2018 (2018-06-26)\nTBA\nTBD\n\n" ]	[ "June 26, 2018" ]
-1767233005442845342	Homma Munehisa	Homma Munehisa - Wikipedia Homma Munehisa In this Japanese name , the family name is Homma . Munehisa Homma ( 本間宗久 , Honma Munehisa ) ( also known as Sokyu Homma , Sokyu Honma ) ( 1724 - 1803 ) was a rice merchant from Sakata , Japan who traded in the Dojima Rice market in Osaka during the Tokugawa Shogunate . He is sometimes considered to be the father of the candlestick chart . Around 1710 , a futures market emerged for rice , which had previously been traded exclusively on the spot . This system used coupons , promising delivery of rice at a future time . From this , a secondary market of coupon trading emerged in which Munehisa flourished . Stories claim that he established a personal network of men about every 6 km between Sakata and Osaka ( a distance of some 600 km ) to communicate market prices . In 1755 , he wrote ( 三猿金泉秘録 , San - en Kinsen Hiroku , The Fountain of Gold - The Three Monkey Record of Money ) , the first book on market psychology . In this , he claims that the psychological aspect of the market is critical to trading success and that traders ' emotions have a significant influence on rice prices . He notes that recognizing this can enable one to take a position against the market : `` when all are bearish , there is cause for prices to rise '' ( and vice versa ) . He describes the rotation of Yang ( a bull market ) , and Yin ( a bear market ) and claims that within each type of market is an instance of the other type . He appears to have used weather and market volume as well as price in adopting trading positions . Some sources claim he wrote two other books ( 酒田戦術詳解 , Sakata Senjyutsu Syokai , A Full Commentary on the Sakata Strategy ) and ( 本間宗久相場三昧伝 , Homma Sokyu Soba Zanmai Den , Honma Sokyu -- - Tales of a Life Immersed in the Market ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Candlestick Charting Explained : Timeless Techniques for Trading Stocks and Futures , Gregory L. Morris , McGraw - Hill , 2006 , ISBN 0 - 07 - 146154 - X / 9780071461542 Jump up ^ Beyond Candlesticks : New Japanese Charting Techniques Revealed , Steve Nison , Wiley Finance , 1994 , ISBN 0 - 471 - 00720 - X , p14 . CiNii : DA1548491X NDL : 00320671 VIAF : 252035560 This Japanese business -- related biographical article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homma_Munehisa&oldid=785753873 '' Categories : 1724 births 1803 deaths Japanese businesspeople Japanese stock traders Japanese investors Japanese business biography stubs Hidden categories : Articles containing Japanese - language text Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Français 日本語 Polski Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 June 2017 , at 07 : 23 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	san-en kinsen hiroku the fountain of gold - the three monkey record of money	[]	[]
-49877032858145373	Hossein Nasr	Hossein Nasr - wikipedia Hossein Nasr Jump to : navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Hossein Nasr Hossein Nasr at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology on October 1 , 2007 ( 1933 - 04 - 07 ) 7 April 1933 ( age 84 ) Tehran , Iran Alma mater Massachusetts Institute of Technology Harvard University Era Modern era Region Islamic philosophy Seyyed Hossein Nasr ( Persian : سید حسین نصر ‎ ‎ , born April 7 , 1933 ) is an Iranian professor emeritus of Islamic studies at George Washington University , and an Islamic philosopher . He is the author of scholarly books and articles . Nasr speaks and writes based on subjects such as philosophy , religion , spirituality , music , art , architecture , science , literature , civilizational dialogues , and the natural environment . He also wrote two books of poetry ( namely Poems of the Way and The Pilgrimage of Life and the Wisdom of Rumi ) , and has been described as a ' polymath ' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 Origins 1.2 Education 1.3 Back to Iran 1.4 Return to the West 2 Awards and honors 3 Works 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Biography ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) Nasr was born in 1933 in south - central Tehran to Seyyed Valiallah , who was a physician to the Persian royal family , and one of the founders of modern education in Iran . He wrote many essays which still remain in manuscript form , some of which have been assembled by Nasr into a book called Danish wa Akhlaq ( ' ' Knowledge and Ethics ' ' ) . His parents were originally from Kashan . He is a descendant of Sheikh Fazlollah Nouri from his mother 's side , through him is related to the communist Noureddin Kianouri , is the cousin of Iranian philosopher Ramin Jahanbegloo as well as the father of American academic Vali Nasr . Education ( edit ) Nasr went to Firuz Bahram High School in Tehran before being sent to the United States for education at thirteen . In the US , Nasr first attended Peddie School in Hightstown , New Jersey , graduating in 1950 as the valedictorian of his class and also winner of the Wyclifte Award . A scholarship offered by MIT in physics made him the first Iranian undergraduate to attend that university . There , he also began studying under Giorgio de Santillana and others in various other branches such as metaphysics and philosophy . During his studies there he became acquainted with the works of the Traditionalist authority Frithjof Schuon . This school of thought has shaped Nasr 's life and thinking ever since . Nasr had been a disciple of Frithjof Schuon for over fifty years and his works are based on the doctrine and the viewpoints of the perennial philosophy . Upon his graduation from MIT , Nasr obtained a master 's degree in geology and geophysics in 1956 , and went on to pursue his Ph. D. degree in the history of science and learning at Harvard University . He planned to write his dissertation under the supervision of George Sarton , but Sarton died before he could begin his dissertation work and so he wrote his dissertation under the direction of I. Bernard Cohen , Hamilton Gibb , and Harry Wolfson . At the age of twenty - five , Nasr graduated with his Ph. D. from Harvard and completed his first book , Science and Civilization in Islam , the title being a direct tribute to Science and Civilization in China , the work by Joseph Needham which had for task to present to Westerners the complex developments of the history of science and technology in China , a mission Nasr was himself following for the Islamic civilization , `` although I was working single - handedly , a twenty - five - year - old scholar , and he had a whole group working with him at Cambridge '' . His doctoral dissertation entitled `` Conceptions of Nature in Islamic Thought '' was published in 1964 by Harvard University Press as An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines . Apart from mastering Arabic he was initially taught in his childhood , during his student years , Nasr also learned different languages , namely French ( he could read Guénon and Schuon in the text ) , Greek , Latin , Italian , Spanish and German ( mainly to work on Hegel for his PhD thesis ) . Back to Iran ( edit ) Nasr began his teaching career in 1955 when he was still a young doctoral student at Harvard University . He became a full professor by the age of 30 . After Harvard , Nasr returned to Iran as a professor at Tehran University , and then at Arya Mehr University ( Sharif University ) where he was appointed president in 1972 . Before that , he served as Dean of The Faculty of Letters , and Academic Vice-Chancellor of Tehran University from 1968 to 1972 . Nasr also learned Islamic philosophy from the philosophers Allameh Tabatabaei , Sayyid Abul - Hasan Qazwini and Sayyid Muhammad Kazim Assar during that period leading up to the revolution . Nasr was appointed personal secretary to Farah Pahlavi Empress of Iran as Head of the Empress 's Private Bureau . In 1974 she commissioned him to establish and lead the Imperial Iranian Academy of Philosophy , the first academic institution to be conducted in accordance with the intellectual principles of the Traditionalist School . During that time , Nasr , Tabatabaei , William Chittick , Kenneth Morgan , Sachiko Murata , Toshihiko Izutsu , and Henry Corbin held various philosophical discourses . The book Shi'a Islam was one product of this period . Return to the west ( edit ) Nasr in 2002 Upon his return to the west , Nasr took up positions at University of Edinburgh , Temple University , and since 1984 has been at The George Washington University where he is now a full - time University Professor of Islamic Studies . Nasr helped with the planning and expansion of Islamic and Iranian studies academic programs in several universities such as Princeton , the University of Utah , and the University of Southern California . He was an advisor for the award - winning , PBS - broadcast documentary Muhammad : Legacy of a Prophet ( 2002 ) , produced by Unity Productions Foundation . Awards and honors ( edit ) In year 2000 , a volume was devoted to him in the Library of Living Philosophers . Templeton Religion and Science Award ( 1999 ) First Muslim and first non-Western scholar to deliver the prestigious Gifford Lectures . Honorary Doctor from the Faculty of Theology of Uppsala University , Sweden ( 1977 ) Works ( edit ) ( hide ) Part of a series on Islam Sufism and Tariqat Ideas ( show ) Abdal Al - Insān al - Kāmil Baqaa Dervish Dhawq Fakir Fanaa Haal Haqiqa Ihsan Irfan Ishq Keramat Kashf Lataif Manzil Marifa Nafs Nūr Qalandar Qutb Silsila Sufi cosmology Sufi metaphysics Sufi philosophy Sufi poetry Sufi psychology Salik Tazkiah Wali Yaqeen Practices ( show ) Anasheed Dhikr Haḍra Muraqaba Qawwali Sama Whirling Ziyarat Sufi orders ( show ) Akbari Alians Ashrafia Azeemia Ba ' Alawi Bayrami Bektashi Burhaniyya Chishti Galibi Gulshani Haqqani Anjuman Hurufi Idrisi Issawiyya Jelveti Jerrahi Khalidi İskenderpaşa İsmailağa Khalwati Kubrawi Madari Meivazhi Malamati Mevlevi Mouridi Noorbakshia Naqshbandi Naqshbandi Haqqani Nasuhi Ni'matullāhī Nuqtavi Qadiri Qalandari Rifa'i Safavi Shadhili Shattari Suhrawardi Sunbuli Sülaymaniyya Tijani Ussaki Uwaisi Zahedi Zikris List of sufis ( show ) Notable early Notable modern Singers Topics in Sufism ( show ) Tawhid Sharia Tariqa Haqiqa Ma'rifa Art History Music Shrines Texts Portal Nasr is the author of over fifty books and five hundred articles ( a number of which can be found in the journal , Studies in Comparative Religion ) on topics such as Traditionalist metaphysics , Islamic science , religion and the environment , Sufism , and Islamic philosophy . He has written works in Persian , English , French , and Arabic . Listed below are most of Nasr 's works in English ( in chronological order ) , including translations , edited volumes , and Festschriften in his honor : As Author An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines : Conceptions of Nature and Methods Used for Its Study by the Ikhwan al - Safa , al - Biruni , and Ibn Sina ( 1964 ) Three Muslim Sages : Avicenna -- Suhrawardi -- Ibn Arabi ( 1964 ) Ideals and Realities of Islam ( 1966 ) Science and Civilization in Islam , with a preface by Giorgio de Santillana ( 1968 ) Islamic Studies : Essays on Law and Society , the Sciences , and Philosophy and Sufism ( 1967 ) The Encounter of Man and Nature : The Spiritual Crisis of Modern Man ( 1968 ) Sufi Essays ( 1972 ) Islam and the Plight of Modern Man ( 1975 ) Islamic Science : An Illustrated Study , with photographs by Roland Michaud ( 1976 ) Sadr al - Din Shirazi and His Transcendent Theosophy : Background , Life and Works , 2nd edition ( 1977 ) Knowledge and the Sacred : The Gifford Lectures , Free Download In Several Formats ( 1981 ) Islamic Life and Thought ( 1981 ) Islamic Art and Spirituality ( 1986 ) Traditional Islam in the Modern World ( 1987 ) A Young Muslim 's Guide to the Modern World ( 1993 ) The Need for a Sacred Science ( 1993 ) The Islamic Intellectual Tradition in Persia , edited by Mehdi Aminrazavi ( 1994 ) Muhammad : Man of God ( 1995 ) Religion and the Order of Nature : The 1994 Cadbury Lectures at the University of Birmingham ( 1996 ) Poems of the Way ; put to music by Sami Yusuf in Songs of the Way ( vol. 1 ) ( 1999 ) Islam : Religion , History , and Civilization ( 2001 ) The Heart of Islam : Enduring Values for Humanity ( 2002 ) Free Download Islamic Philosophy from its Origin to the Present : Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy ( 2006 ) The Pilgrimage of Life and the Wisdom of Rumi : Poems and Translations ( 2007 ) The Garden of Truth : The Vision and Promise of Sufism , Islam 's Mystical Tradition ( 2007 ) Islam , Science , Muslims , and Technology : Seyyed Hossein Nasr in Conversation with Muzaffar Iqbal ( 2007 ) The Essential Seyyed Hossein Nasr , edited by William Chittick ( 2007 ) Islam in the Modern World ( 2012 ) As Editor An Annotated Bibliography of Islamic Science , edited with William Chittick and Peter Zirnis ( 3 vols. , 1975 ) Isma'ili Contributions to Islamic Culture ( 1977 ) The Essential Frithjof Schuon ( 1986 ) Shi'ism : Doctrines , Thought , and Spirituality , edited with Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr and Hamid Dabashi ( 1988 ) Expectation of the Millennium : Shi'ism in History , edited with Seyyed Vali Reza Nasr and Hamid Dabashi ( 1989 ) Islamic Spirituality ( Vol. 1 : Foundations , 1987 ; Vol. 2 : Manifestations , 1990 ) Religion of the Heart : Essays Presented to Frithjof Schuon on his Eightieth Birthday , edited with William Stoddart ( 1991 ) In Quest of the Sacred : The Modern World in the Light of Tradition , edited with Katherine O'Brien ( 1994 ) History of Islamic Philosophy , edited with Oliver Leaman ( 1995 ) Mecca the Blessed , Medina the Radiant : The Holiest Cities of Islam , photographs by Kazuyoshi Nomachi ; essay by Seyyed Hossein Nasr ( 1997 ) An Anthology of Philosophy in Persia , edited with Mehdi Aminrazavi ( 5 vols. , 1st in 1999 ) The Essential Sophia , edited with Katherine O'Brien ( 2006 ) The Study Quran ( Editor - in - Chief ; Caner Dagli , Maria Dakake , and Joseph Lumbard ( General editors ) ; Mohammed Rustom ( Assistant editor ; 2015 ) As Translator Shi'ite Islam by Sayyid Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i The Book of Metaphysical Penetrations by Mulla Sadra ( edited , introduced , and annotated by Ibrahim Kalin ) Works About Nasr The Works of Seyyed Hossein Nasr Through His Fortieth Birthday , edited by William Chittick Knowledge is Light : Essays in Honor of Seyyed Hossein Nasr , edited by Zailan Moris Beacon of Knowledge - Essays in Honor of Seyyed Hossein Nasr , edited by Mohammad Faghfoory Islam , Modernity , and the Human Sciences ( second part of the book ) , by Ali Zaidi Religious Pluralism in Christian and Islamic Philosophy : The Thought of John Hick and Seyyed Hossein Nasr , by Adnan Aslan In Search of the Sacred with Ramin Jahanbegloo From the Pen of Seyyed Hossein Nasr : A Bibliography of His Works Through His Eightieth Year , edited by Nicholas Boylston , Oludamini Ogunnaike , and Syed A.H. Zaidi See also ( edit ) Higher Education in Iran Iranian traditional humanism Islamic Texts Society Sufi studies Narrated by court References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Google Scholar Page '' . Jump up ^ `` How Freelance Diplomacy Bankrolled by Rockefellers Has Paved the Way for an Iran Deal '' . Bloomberg.com/politics . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ John F Haught , Science and Religion , Georgetown University Press , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 87840 - 865 - 7 , p. xvii Jump up ^ Egbert Giles Leigh Jr ( 1998 ) . `` Review : Seyyed Hossein Nasr , Religion and the Order of Nature '' , International Journal for Philosophy of Religion , Volume 44 , Number 2 , p. 124 - 126 ( 124 ) Jump up ^ Clivre Irving ( 1979 ) , Crossroads of civilization : 3000 years of Persian history , Littlehampton Book Services , p. 145 Jump up ^ Ramin Jahanbegloo , In Search of the Sacred : A Conversation with Seyyed Hossein Nasr on His Life and Thought , ABC - CLIO ( 2010 ) , p. 4 Jump up ^ جهانبگلو . رامین . در جستجوی امر قدسی ( مصاحبه با دکتر نصر ) . نشر نی. 1385 Interview with Ramin Jahanbegloo in : Dar Jostejooye Amr e Qodsi . ISBN 964 - 312 - 848 - 2 p. 229 Jump up ^ Sheikh , Nadia . `` Islamic scholar calls GW home '' , The GW Hatchet , February 20 , 2007 . Accessed February 5 , 2011 . `` As a 12 - year - old , Nasr came to the United States to study at the Peddie School , a New Jersey boarding school where he graduated in 1950 as valedictorian . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Biography / Dr. Seyyed Hossein Nasr '' . Nasr.org. 1933 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Ramin Jahanbegloo , In Search of the Sacred : A Conversation with Seyyed Hossein Nasr on His Life and Thought , ABC - CLIO ( 2010 ) , p. 53 Jump up ^ Ramin Jahanbegloo , In Search of the Sacred : A Conversation with Seyyed Hossein Nasr on His Life and Thought , ABC - CLIO ( 2010 ) , p. 47 ^ Jump up to : Knight , Michael M. William S. Burroughs vs. The Qur'an , Soft Skull Press , Berkley 2012 , p61 Jump up ^ `` upf.tv '' . upf.tv . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Lewis Edwin Hahn ( ed ) , The Philosophy of Seyyed Hossein Nasr , Library of Living Philosophers , Volume XXVIII , Open Court , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 81269 - 413 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Press Release Archive : University Professor Seyyed Hossein Nasr Wins Award For Best Course In America In Science And Religion '' . Gwu.edu . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Knowledge and the Sacred , Seyyed Hossein Nasr '' . giffordlectures.org. 1980 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ http://www.uu.se/en/about-uu/traditions/prizes/honorary-doctorates/ ^ Jump up to : `` Sacred Web Conference contemplates the role of religion in a secular age '' . The Vancouver Observer . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ Sedgwick , Mark ( 2004 - 06 - 03 ) . Against the Modern World : Traditionalism and the Secret Intellectual History of the Twentieth Century . Oxford University Press . p. 8 . ISBN 9780199744930 . Jump up ^ Seyyed Hossein Nasr . `` Gifford Lecture Series - Lectures / Books '' . Giffordlectures.org . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 26 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Seyyed Hossein Nasr . * Google Scholar Page Academic offices Preceded by Mohammad Reza Amin Chancellor of Sharif University of Technology 1972 -- 1975 Succeeded by Mehdi Zarghamee Islamic philosophy Fields Alchemy Aqidah ( theology ) ' Aql ( intellect ) Cosmology astrology medieval astronomy Eschatology Ethics Kalam ( dialectic ) Fiqh ( jurisprudence ) Logic Metaphysics Natural philosophy ( physics ) Peace Madrasah ( education ) Medieval science Medieval psychology Sufism ( mysticism ) Schools Early Farabism Avicennism Averroism Illuminationism Sufi cosmology metaphysics Transcendent theosophy Traditionalist Contemporary Concepts ʻAṣabīya Ḥāl Iʻjaz ʼIjtihād ʻlm ʻIrfān Ijmāʿ Maslaha Nafs Qadar Qalb Qiyās Shūrā Tawḥīd Ummah Philosophers by century ( CE ) 9th -- 10th Al - Kindi Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al - Tabari Abu al - Abbas Iranshahri Zakariya Razi Apharabius Abu Hatim al - Razi Al Amiri Ikhwan al - Safa Abu Sulayman Sijistani Ibn Masarrah Abu Yaqub al - Sijistani 11th Al - Ghazali Ibn Miskawayh Avicenna Ibn Hazm Bahmanyār Mu'ayyad fi'l - Din al - Shirazi Nasir Khusraw 12th Abu'l - Barakāt al - Baghdādī Afdal al - Din Kashani Ahi Evren Ahmad Yasavi Ayn - al - Quzat Averroes Ibn Tufail Omar Khayyám Suhrawardi Shams Tabrizi 13th Hajji Bektash Wali Jalal ad - Din Muhammad Rumi Ibn Sab'in Ibn Arabi al - Abharī Nasir al - Din Tusi Fakhr ad - Din ar - Razi Qutb al - Din al - Shirazi Sadr al - Din al - Qunawi 14th -- 16th Ibn Khaldun Yunus Emre Hajji Bayram Jalaladdin Davani Sadr ad - Din Dashtaki Aziz Mahmud Hudayi Qadi Mir Husayn al - Maybudi Mahmud Shabistari Sayyid Haydar Amuli Dawūd al - Qayṣarī Jami 17th -- 19th Mir Damad Mir Fendereski Mulla Sadra Mohsen Fayz Kashani Abd al - Razzaq Lahiji Mujaddid Alf - i - Sani Rajab Ali Tabrizi Qazi Sa'id Qumi Shah Waliullah Dehlawi Hādī Sabzavārī 20th -- present Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei Muhammad Iqbal Gohar Shahi Mohammad Baqir al - Sadr René Guénon Frithjof Schuon Martin Lings Hossein Nasr Naquib al - Attas Abdolkarim Soroush Gholamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani Taha Abdurrahman Mohammed Abed al - Jabri Mohammed Arkoun Fouad Zakariyya Reza Davari Ardakani Ahmad Fardid Mostafa Malekian Hasanzadeh Amoli Javadi Amoli Partawi Shah VIAF : 109051911 LCCN : n50028100 ISNI : 0000 0001 1810 3348 GND : 119382008 SUDOC : 027044769 BNF : cb11917421t ( data ) BNE : XX995723 IATH : w6jh5r2v Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hossein_Nasr&oldid=795476937 '' Categories : 20th - century philosophers 21st - century philosophers 1933 births Iranian philosophers Iranian writers Iranian expatriate academics American people of Iranian descent American Sufis Iranian Sufis Iranian Shia Muslims American Shia Muslims Traditionalist School George Washington University faculty Academics of the University of Edinburgh Harvard University alumni Peddie School alumni People from Tehran Living people Chancellors of the Sharif University of Technology Iranian emigrants to the United States List of Honorary Doctors of Uppsala University Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from May 2013 All BLP articles lacking sources Pages using infobox person with unknown parameters Infobox person using religion Articles with hCards Articles containing Persian - language text All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2015 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano മലയാളം Norsk Русский کوردی Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 14 August 2017 , at 13 : 46 . 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2847548522960032191	Batman (comic book)	Batman ( comic book ) - wikipedia Batman ( comic book ) Batman Cover of Batman # 1 ( Spring 1940 ) ; art by Bob Kane and Jerry Robinson . Publication information Publisher DC Comics Schedule List ( show ) Quarterly : # 1 - 5 Bimonthly : # 6 - 80 ; # 254 - 259 Eight times a year : # 81 - 168 Nine times a year : # 169 - 177 ; # 238 - 246 10 times a year : # 178 - 237 Seven times a year : # 247 - 253 11 times a year : # 260 - 270 Monthly : # 271 - 715 except for biweekly status for # 436 - 439 , 448 - 453 , 464 - 469 , 477 - 482 , 492 - 497 , 627 - 628 , 643 - 644 , 660 - 661 , 682 - 683 , and 691 - 692 Format Ongoing series Genre Superhero Publication date List ( show ) ( vol. 1 ) Spring 1940 -- August 2011 ( vol. 2 ) November 2011 -- July 2016 ( vol. 3 ) August 2016 -- present No. of issues List ( show ) ( vol. 1 ) : 715 ( # 1 -- 713 plus issues numbered 0 and 1,000,000 ) 1 Special and 28 Annuals ( vol. 2 ) : 57 ( # 1 -- 52 plus issues numbered 0 and 23.1 through 23.4 ) and 4 Annuals ( vol. 3 ) : 52 , Rebirth one - shot , and 2 Annuals ( as of March 2018 ) Main character ( s ) Batman `` Batman Family '' Creative team Written by List ( show ) ( vol. 1 ) Bill Finger Don Cameron Denny O'Neil David V. Reed Len Wein Gerry Conway Grant Morrison ( vol. 2 ) Scott Snyder ( vol. 3 ) Tom King Penciller ( s ) List ( show ) ( vol. 1 ) Bob Kane Jerry Robinson Dick Sprang Sheldon Moldoff Carmine Infantino Bob Brown Irv Novick Neal Adams Ernie Chan Mike Grell Don Newton Gene Colan Jim Aparo Tony Daniel ( vol. 2 ) Greg Capullo ( vol. 3 ) David Finch Mikel Janin Clay Mann Joëlle Jones Mitch Gerads Inker ( s ) List ( show ) Jerry Robinson Charles Paris Joe Giella Dick Giordano Frank McLaughlin Alfredo Alcala Sandu Florea ( vol. 2 ) Jonathan Glapion Danny Miki ( vol. 3 ) Danny Miki Colorist ( s ) List ( show ) ( vol. 1 ) Adrienne Roy ( vol. 2 ) FCO Plascencia ( vol. 3 ) Jordie Bellaire June Chung Collected editions Dark Knight Archive Volume 1 ISBN 1 - 56389 - 050 - X Batman is an ongoing American comic book series featuring the DC Comics superhero Batman as its main protagonist . The character first appeared in Detective Comics # 27 ( cover dated May 1939 ) . Batman proved to be so popular that a self - titled ongoing comic book series began publication with a cover date of Spring 1940 . It was first advertised in early April 1940 , one month after the first appearance of his new sidekick , Robin , the Boy Wonder . Though the Batman comic book was initially launched as a quarterly publication , it later became a bimonthly series through the late 1950s , after which it became a monthly publication and has remained so since . In September 2011 , The New 52 rebooted DC 's continuity . In this new timeline , the original Batman series ended and was relaunched with a new first issue . In 2016 , DC Comics began a second relaunch of its entire line of titles called DC Rebirth . Batman ( vol. 3 ) # 1 ( August 2016 ) was the debut bimonthly relaunch of the comic book series . Contents 1 Publication history 1.1 The Golden Age 1.2 The Silver Age 1.3 The 1970s 1.4 The 1980s 1.5 1990s 1.6 2000s 1.6. 1 2000 -- 2003 1.6. 2 2003 -- 2006 1.6. 3 2006 -- 2009 1.7 2010s 1.7. 1 The New 52 1.7. 2 DC Rebirth 2 Annuals 3 Maturity of content 4 Significant issues 4.1 First appearances 5 Collected editions 5.1 Batman only 5.1. 1 New 52 ( 2011 - 2016 ) 5.1. 2 DC Rebirth ( 2016 - present ) 5.2 Batman ( collected with Detective Comics ) 5.3 Batman - wide crossovers 5.4 With non-Batman titles 6 See Also 7 References 8 External links Publication history ( edit ) See also : List of Batman comics The golden Age ( edit ) The character of Batman made his first appearance in the pages of Detective Comics # 27 in May 1939 . In Spring of 1940 , Batman # 1 was published and introduced new characters into Batman 's pantheon , most notably those of Catwoman and Batman 's eventual nemesis , the Joker . Alfred Pennyworth , the Wayne family butler , was introduced in issue # 16 ( April -- May 1943 ) . Editor Whitney Ellsworth assigned a Batman story to artist Dick Sprang in 1941 . Anticipating that Bob Kane would be drafted to serve in World War II , DC inventoried Sprang 's work to safeguard against delays . Sprang 's first published Batman work was the Batman and Robin figures on the cover of Batman # 18 ( Aug. - Sept. 1943 ) , reproduced from the art for page 13 of the later - published Detective Comics # 84 ( Feb. 1944 ) . Sprang 's first original published Batman work , and first interior - story work , appeared in Batman # 19 ( Oct. - Nov. 1943 ) , for which he drew the cover and the first three Batman stories , and penciled the fourth Batman story , inked by Norm Fallon . Like all Batman artists of the time , Sprang went uncredited as a ghost artist for Kane . Villains which debuted during this early era included the Mad Hatter in issue # 49 ( October 1948 ) and Killer Moth in issue # 63 ( February 1951 ) . In 1953 , Sheldon Moldoff became another one of the primary Batman ghost artists who , along with Win Mortimer and Dick Sprang , drew stories credited to Bob Kane , following Kane 's style and under Kane 's supervision . Bill Finger and Moldoff introduced Ace the Bat - Hound in # 92 ( June 1955 ) . The Silver Age ( edit ) The early part of the era known to comics fans and historians as the Silver Age of Comic Books saw the Batman title dabble in science fiction . New characters introduced included Mr. Freeze and Betty Kane , the original Bat - Girl . In 1964 , Julius Schwartz was made responsible for reviving the faded Batman titles . He jettisoned the sillier aspects that had crept into the series such as Ace the Bathound and Bat - Mite and gave the character a `` New Look '' that premiered in Detective Comics # 327 ( May 1964 ) . Schwartz 's first issue of the Batman title was # 164 ( June 1964 ) which was written by France Edward Herron and drawn by Sheldon Moldoff . The Riddler returned after an eighteen - year absence in # 171 ( May 1965 ) . Among the new villains introduced during this period was Poison Ivy in # 181 ( June 1966 ) . In the 1960s , Batman comics were affected by the popular Batman television series , with campy stories based on the tongue - in - cheek premise of the series . After the Batman television program 's influence had died down , writer Frank Robbins and artist Irv Novick sent Dick Grayson off to attend college and moved Batman out of Wayne Manor in issue # 217 ( December 1969 ) . The 1970s ( edit ) In 1971 , writer Dennis O'Neil and artist Neal Adams came aboard the title and re-infused it with the darker tones of the 1940s . O'Neil and Adams introduced a new villain named Ra 's al Ghul , and would also revitalize the Joker by bringing him back to his roots as a homicidal maniac who murders people on a whim . Batman # 237 ( December 1971 ) featured a metafictional story by O'Neil and Adams which featured several comics creators appearing in the story and interacting with Batman and Robin at the Rutland Halloween Parade in Rutland , Vermont . O'Neil said his work on the Batman series was `` simply to take it back to where it started . I went to the DC library and read some of the early stories . I tried to get a sense of what Kane and Finger were after . '' Comics historian Les Daniels observed that O'Neil's interpretation of Batman as a vengeful obsessive - compulsive , which he modestly describes as a return to the roots , was actually an act of creative imagination that has influenced every subsequent version of the Dark Knight . '' Issues # 254 ( Jan. -- Feb. 1974 ) to # 261 ( March -- April 1975 ) of the series were in the 100 Page Super Spectacular format . The series reached its 300th issue with a June 1978 cover date and featured a story by writer David Vern Reed and artists Walt Simonson and Dick Giordano . Len Wein became the writer of the series with issue # 307 ( January 1979 ) and in his first issue , created Wayne Foundation executive Lucius Fox , later portrayed by Morgan Freeman in the movies Batman Begins , The Dark Knight , and The Dark Knight Rises . Julius Schwartz ended his tenure as editor of the series with issue # 309 ( March 1979 ) . The 1980s ( edit ) Marv Wolfman briefly wrote Batman and co-created the Electrocutioner in issue # 331 ( Jan. 1981 ) . Roy Thomas had a brief sting on the series as well . Writer Gerry Conway and artist Don Newton introduced Jason Todd in Batman # 357 ( March 1983 ) . Todd would assume the costumed identity of Robin in issue # 368 ( February 1984 ) . Writer Doug Moench began his run on the title with issue # 360 and he and artist Tom Mandrake created the Black Mask character in Batman # 386 ( August 1985 ) . Moench 's longtime collaborator , artist Paul Gulacy made his DC Comics debut with a two - part story in issues # 393 and # 394 . The title reached its 400th issue in October 1986 and featured work by several popular comics artists and included an introduction by novelist Stephen King . Due to the events of the Crisis on Infinite Earths , the continuity of DC Comics was altered . Established characters were given the opportunity to be reintroduced in new ways . While the Batman series was not rebooted , writer Frank Miller , who had previously worked on the limited series The Dark Knight Returns , and artist David Mazzucchelli retold the character 's origin story for the new continuity in the monthly pages of Batman issues 404 -- 407 ( February -- May 1987 ) . The story , Batman : Year One , garnered high critical acclaim for its realistic interpretation of Batman 's genesis , and its accessibility to new readers who had never followed Batman before . IGN Comics ranked Batman : Year One at the top of a list of the 25 greatest Batman graphic novels , saying that `` no other book before or since has quite captured the realism , the grit and the humanity of Gordon and Batman so perfectly . '' Notable comic book creators Greg Rucka , Jeph Loeb , and Judd Winick have cited Year One as their favorite Batman story . Following `` Year One '' , writer Max Allan Collins and artist Chris Warner crafted a new origin for Jason Todd . Jim Starlin became the writer of Batman and one of his first storylines for the title was `` Ten Nights of The Beast '' in issues # 417 - 420 ( March -- June 1988 ) which introduced the KGBeast . During Starlin 's tenure on the title , DC Comics was becoming aware of the fanbase 's growing disdain for the character of Jason Todd , Following a cliffhanger in which the character 's life hangs in the balance , DC set up a 900 number hotline which gave callers the ability to vote for or against Jason Todd 's death . The kill option won by a narrow majority , and the following month the character was shown dying from wounds inflicted in the previous issue 's cliffhanger . The story , entitled `` A Death in the Family , '' received high media exposure due to the shocking nature in which a familiar character 's life had ended . Writer Marv Wolfman and artist Pat Broderick created Tim Drake in issue # 436 in the `` Batman : Year Three '' story and the character became the third version of Robin in the `` A Lonely Place of Dying '' storyline culminating in issue # 442 . 1990s ( edit ) Partially impacted by the tone of Tim Burton 's 1989 film Batman , the comics of the 1990s took a darker tone . The Tim Drake version of Robin was given a new costume designed by Neal Adams in issue # 457 ( December 1990 ) in a story by Alan Grant and Norm Breyfogle . The main writers of the Batman franchise in the 1990s were Grant , Doug Moench , and Chuck Dixon . Moench and Dixon masterminded the Knightfall crossover arc , which saw Batman 's back being broken by the super strong villain Bane . A new character , Jean - Paul Valley , takes up the Batman mantle in Bruce Wayne 's absence . Valley is driven mad with power , and Wayne forcefully reclaims it after his recovery . Moench and artist Kelley Jones co-created the Ogre in Batman # 535 ( Oct. 1996 ) . The Batman titles in 1999 were dominated by the large crossover `` No Man 's Land '' , which sees Gotham City ravaged by a large earthquake , leading to the U.S. government 's order to evacuate the city and abandoning and isolating those who choose to remain behind . Writer Greg Rucka adapted the story into a prose novel published in 2000 . 2000s ( edit ) 2000 -- 2003 ( edit ) After the conclusion to `` No Man 's Land '' and Greg Rucka 's move to Detective , the Batman title was handled for seven issues by writer Larry Hama and artist Scott McDaniel . At issue # 582 , Ed Brubaker became the writer of the series and kept a trend of gritty crime drama that included more grounded villains such as the Penguin , Brubaker 's new villain Zeiss , and Deadshot . Brubaker 's run received a short interruption with an arc title `` Officer Down '' , which depicted Commissioner Gordon being shot in the line of duty and ultimately retiring from the Gotham police force . From there , writer Brian K. Vaughan did a three - issue arc that focused on Batman 's created crime persona Matches Malone before Brubaker returned . The next crossover , masterminded by Brubaker and Rucka and titled `` Bruce Wayne : Murderer ? '' saw Bruce Wayne framed for the murder of his girlfriend and nearly abandoning his civilian identity altogether . For the # 600 issue , the series moved into the next phase of Wayne 's frame - up and featured three backup stories , which were presented as lost issues never before published from iconic eras in Batman 's history . `` Mystery of the Black Bat '' is presented in the style of Dick Sprang and `` Joker Tips His Hat ! '' is an homage to the 1960s stories by artists such as Gil Kane and Carmine Infantino . `` The Dark , Groovy , Solid , Far - out , Right - on , and Completely With - it Knight Returns '' is a humorous spin on Batman 's character trying to update himself into the eighties , and featured stand - up comedian Patton Oswalt 's comic writing debut . After the frame - up story concluded , Brubaker closed his run with two issues co-written with Geoff Johns . 2003 -- 2006 ( edit ) Writer Jeph Loeb and artist Jim Lee crafted a year - long story which began with issue # 608 , The `` Hush '' storyline was a murder mystery that delved through numerous periods in Batman 's history . Introducing a new character that was the story 's namesake , as well as redefining the Riddler , healing Harvey Dent , and calling into question the events surrounding Jason Todd 's death , Following the conclusion of Hush , the creative team of the Vertigo series 100 Bullets came aboard for a six - issue arc titled `` Broken City '' . Writer Judd Winick became the ongoing writer for the series and in a story titled `` Under the Hood '' , explained that Jason Todd had actually returned from the dead long ago , and became an anti-hero in Gotham under the guise of the Red Hood . After the Infinite Crisis series , all the regular monthly titles of the DC Universe jumped forward in time by one year , depicting the characters in radically different situations and environments than they were in the preceding issues . `` Face the Face '' , was written by James Robinson and saw Batman returning from a year - long overseas journey that retraced the steps he took after initially leaving Gotham City in his youth and featured the return of James Gordon to the role of Gotham City Police Commissioner . 2006 -- 2009 ( edit ) Grant Morrison began his long - form Batman narrative in issue # 655 . The first story , `` Batman and Son , '' reveals that Wayne is the father of a child named Damian , and attempts to steer the child away from the machinations of his mother , Talia al Ghul . From there , Morrison began an arc that saw an evil influential organization known as the Black Glove attempt to destroy everything Batman is and what he stands for . This culminated in the storyline Batman R.I.P. , where the Black Glove initially succeeds in doing so , but is thwarted by Bruce Wayne 's ability to preserve his sane mind while an erratic , alternate personality takes over . After stopping the Black Glove , Morrison moved Batman into his event series Final Crisis , where Batman appears to be killed by Darkseid . In actuality , he was transported to the distant past and stranded there . Neil Gaiman wrote issue # 686 , which was the first part of a story titled Whatever Happened to the Caped Crusader ? It served as a quasi-send off to a generation of Batman stories , much the same way as Alan Moore 's Whatever Happened to the Man of Tomorrow ? did for Superman , and continued into an issue of Detective Comics . After this , the main Batman series went on hiatus while the Battle for the Cowl mini-series would have Dick Grayson assume the role of Batman in the wake of Bruce Wayne 's disappearance from the present - day DC Universe . Grant Morrison stayed involved in writing Batman , but moved to a new series titled Batman and Robin , which followed the exploits of Grayson as Batman and Damian Wayne as the new Robin . Writer Judd Winick temporarily returned to the title for Grayson 's first solo arc as Batman , before handing the writing and art duties off to Tony Daniel . 2010s ( edit ) Daniel remained the main writer on the series until issue # 699 . The title reached a milestone with the publication of Batman # 700 ( August 2010 ) , which saw the return of Grant Morrison to the title and a collaboration with an art team that consisted of Daniel , Frank Quitely , Andy Kubert , and David Finch . The separate stories tied together to illustrate that the legacy of Batman is unending , and will survive into the furthest reaches of time . Morrison stayed on as writer on the series through issue # 702 , while simultaneously writing the Batman and Robin series and The Return of Bruce Wayne mini-series . Tony Daniel resumed writing and art duties with issue # 704 . Even after Bruce Wayne 's return , Dick Grayson remained the star of this title through its final year , as well as being the main character in Batman and Robin and Detective Comics . Bruce Wayne starred in two new titles , Batman Incorporated and Batman : The Dark Knight . On June 1 , 2011 , it was announced that all series taking place within the shared DC Universe would be either canceled or relaunched with new # 1 issues , after a new continuity was created in the wake of the Flashpoint event . Batman was no exception , and the first issue of the new series was released on September 21 , 2011 . The new 52 ( edit ) Cover of Batman vol. 2 , # 1 ( Nov. 2011 ) . Art by Greg Capullo and Jonathan Glapion DC Comics relaunched Batman with issue # 1 in September 2011 , written by Scott Snyder and drawn by Greg Capullo , as part of DC 's company - wide title relaunch , The New 52 . As with all of the books associated with the DC relaunch , Bruce Wayne appears to be about five years younger than the previous incarnation of the character . Superheroes at large have appeared only in the past five years , and are viewed with , at best , suspicion , and , at worst , outright hostility . All of the characters that have served as Robin , except Stephanie Brown , have been accounted for as still having served at Batman 's side in the new continuity . The stories build on recent developments , with most of the character 's previous history remaining intact , and Bruce Wayne is again the only Batman , with Dick Grayson having returned to his role as Nightwing . The first story arc of the title , `` The Court of Owls '' , focuses on Batman 's discovery of a secret society in Gotham City that he had never known about before , dating back to the time of Gotham 's founding and his ancestor Alan Wayne , and his battles against the Talons , the agents of the Court of Owls . This led to the first major New 52 crossover , `` Night of the Owls '' . The finale of the story sees Thomas Wayne Jr. as the head Talon of the Court of Owls in Gotham . The second arc was named `` Death of the Family '' , a name - play on the `` Batman : A Death in the Family '' . It picked up on the cliffhanger involving the Joker from Tony Daniel 's run on Detective Comics . Talon , a spin - off of the `` Court of Owls '' storyline , launched in September 2012 and focused on a rogue Talon from the Court . After a storyline involving Clayface and a one shot dealing with the aftermath of `` Death of the Family '' , Snyder 's next arc was `` Batman : Zero Year '' . This followed up on Batman # 0 and retold how Bruce Wayne became Batman , not done since Frank Miller 's `` Batman : Year One '' . The `` Endgame '' storyline ran from October 2014 to April 2015 , and concluded with the apparent deaths of both Batman and the Joker . James Gordon , having taken on the Batman mantle , became the main character of the series in June 2015 . In the `` Superheavy '' storyline , James Gordon encounters a new super villain , Mr. Bloom , who is distributing various seed - like devices that grant its user extraordinary superpowers at the cost of their lives to select few individuals . It is also revealed the Bruce Wayne is alive and has started a new life at the Lucius Fox Center for Gotham Youth alongside Julie Madison who Bruce has started a relationship with . Gordon is able to subdue Bloom but multiple Mr. Bloom doppelgangers arrive and begin their attack on Gotham City . During an encounter with Duke Thomas , Bruce begins to regain his memories and realizes that he is Batman . He returns to Wayne Manor and forces Alfred to bring Batman back . Using a machine that Batman planned to use to implant his memories into clones to continue his lineage , Bruce tries to regain his memories but fails repeatedly whenever he reaches the point of near - brain death . He decides to invoke brain death so that his old memories can be returned to him . He is then revived with his original memories . Bruce dons a new Batsuit and heads out to face Bloom . Batman arrives and dispatches the Bloom doppelgangers and cuffs Gordon to a helicopter , not wanting him to risk further injury . Duke Thomas discovers that Daryl Gutierrez is the original Mr. Bloom , having created the seeds to give Gotham 's citizens the power to protect themselves until one of his ' victims ' took his seeds and identity , becoming Mr. Bloom . Duke dispatches Daryl just as Bruce using a giant mecha Batsuit and Jim in his own mecha Batsuit battle Mr. Bloom and defeat him . Jim Gordon is made the Commissioner of the GCPD once again and Bruce thanks him for protecting Gotham in his stead . Bruce approaches Duke Thomas with an offer and soon returns to watching over Gotham once more . DC Rebirth ( edit ) Cover of Batman vol. 3 , # 1 ( Aug. 2016 ) . Art by David Finch and Jordie Bellaire As part of DC Rebirth , Batman was relaunched with a Batman : Rebirth one - shot and began shipping twice - monthly , starting with Batman vol. 3 # 1 in June 2016 ( cover dated Aug. 2016 ) . The series is written by Tom King and drawn by David Finch and Mikel Janín . The series saw the introduction of two vigilantes , Gotham and Gotham Girl . Annuals ( edit ) The Batman series has had annuals published beginning in 1961 . Seven issues of Batman Annual were published from 1961 -- Summer 1964 . An additional 17 issues were published from 1982 to 2000 and the numbering continued from the 1961 series . Writer Mike W. Barr and artist Trevor Von Eeden crafted Batman Annual # 8 ( 1982 ) and Von Eeden has noted that it is `` the book I 'm most proud of , in my 25 year career at DC Comics . I was able to ink it myself , and also got my girlfriend at the time , Lynn Varley , to colour it - her first job in comics . '' Four more annuals were published from 2006 to 2011 , again with the numbering continued from the previous series . In 2012 , a new annual series was begun with a # 1 issue . Maturity of content ( edit ) The first stories appearing in the Batman comic book were written by Bill Finger and illustrated by Bob Kane , though Finger went uncredited for years thereafter . These early stories depicted a vengeful Batman , not hesitant to kill when he saw it as a necessary sacrifice . In one of the early stories he is depicted using a gun and metal bat to stop a group of giant assailants and again with a group of average criminals . The Joker , a psychopath who is notorious for using a special toxin that kills and mutilates his victims , remains one of the most prolific and notorious Batman villains created in this time period . Later , during the Silver Age , this type of super-villain changed from disturbing psychological assaults to the use of amusing gimmicks . Typically , the primary challenges that the Batman faced in this era were derived from villains who were purely evil ; however , by the 1970s , the motivations of these characters , including obsessive compulsion , child abuse , and environmental fanaticism , were being explored more thoroughly . Batman himself also underwent a transformation and became a much less one - dimensional character , struggling with deeply rooted internal conflicts . Although not canonical , Frank Miller 's The Dark Knight Returns introduced a significant evolution of the Batman 's character in his eponymous series ; he became uncompromising and relentless in his struggle to revitalize Gotham . The Batman often exhibited behavior that Gotham 's elite labeled as excessively violent as well as antisocial tendencies . This aspect of the Batman 's personality was also toned down considerably in the wake of the DC - wide crossover Infinite Crisis , wherein Batman experienced a nervous breakdown and reconsidered his philosophy and approaches to his relationships . Currently , the Batman 's attributes and personality are said to have been greatly influenced by the traditional characterization by Dennis O'Neil and Neal Adams ' portrayals during the 1970s , although hints of the Miller interpretation appear in certain aspects of his character . Significant issues ( edit ) First appearances ( edit ) Appearance Issue Number Month / Year The Joker # 1 Spring 1940 Catwoman as `` The Cat '' # 1 Spring 1940 Gotham City ( by name ) # 4 Winter 1941 Batmobile # 5 Spring 1941 Alfred Pennyworth # 16 April -- May 1943 The Mad Hatter # 49 October -- November 1948 Vicki Vale # 49 October -- November 1948 Deadshot # 59 June -- July 1950 Killer Moth # 63 February -- March 1951 Mr. Freeze as `` Mr. Zero '' # 121 February 1959 Batgirl ( Betty Kane ) # 139 April 1961 Poison Ivy # 181 June 1966 Ra 's al Ghul # 232 June 1971 Lucius Fox # 307 January 1979 The Snowman # 337 July 1981 Harvey Bullock # 361 June 1983 Black Mask # 386 August 1985 Holly Robinson # 404 February 1987 Sarah Essen Gordon # 405 March 1987 KGBeast # 417 March 1988 Tim Drake ( later Robin III ) # 436 August 1989 Shondra Kinsolving # 486 February 1992 Cassandra Cain ( later Batgirl IV ) # 567 July 1999 David Cain # 567 July 1999 Hush # 609 January 2003 Red Hood ( Jason Todd ) # 635 December 2004 Damian Wayne # 655 September 2006 Terry McGinnis # 700 June 2010 Court of Owls ( vol. 2 ) # 1 September 2011 Mister Bloom ( vol. 2 ) # 43 October 2015 Gotham Girl ( vol. 3 ) # 1 August 2016 Collected editions ( edit ) See also : List of Batman comics § Reprint collections Batman only ( edit ) Batman : The Dark Knight Archives : Volume 1 collects Batman # 1 - 4 , 224 pages , January 1992 , ISBN 978 - 1563890505 Volume 2 collects Batman # 5 - 8 , 244 pages , November 1997 , ISBN 978 - 1563891830 Volume 3 collects Batman # 9 -- 12 , 224 pages , June 2000 , ISBN 978 - 1563896156 Volume 4 collects Batman # 13 -- 16 , 224 pages , August 2003 , ISBN 978 - 1563899836 Volume 5 collects Batman # 17 -- 20 , 212 pages , November 2006 , ISBN 978 - 1401207786 Volume 6 collects Batman # 21 -- 25 , 228 pages , December 2009 , ISBN 978 - 1401225476 Volume 7 collects Batman # 26 -- 31 , 264 pages , December 2010 , ISBN 978 - 1401228941 Volume 8 collects Batman # 32 - 37 , 248 pages , January 2013 , ISBN 978 - 1401237448 Batman : The Strange Deaths of Batman includes Batman # 291 - 294 , 160 pages , January 2009 , ISBN 978 - 1401221744 Batman : Second Chances includes Batman # 402 - 403 , # 408 - 416 , Annual 11 , 280 pages , July 2015 , ISBN 978 - 1401255183 Batman : Year One collects Batman # 404 -- 407 , 136 pages , March 1988 hardcover , ISBN 9781401206901 , softcover , June 1988 , ISBN 978 - 1401207526 Batman : Ten Nights of The Beast collects Batman # 417 -- 420 , 96 pages , October 1994 , ISBN 978 - 1563891557 Batman : A Death in the Family collects Batman # 426 -- 429 , 148 pages , November 1988 , ISBN 978 - 1401232740 Batman : The Many Deaths of the Batman collects Batman # 433 -- 435 , 72 pages , March 1992 , ISBN 978 - 1563890338 Batman : Hush : Volume 1 collects Batman # 608 -- 612 , 128 pages , August 2004 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4012 - 0060 - 2 ) Volume 2 collects Batman # 613 -- 619 , 192 pages , November 2004 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4012 - 0092 - 3 ) Absolute Edition collects Batman # 608 -- 619 , 372 pages , December 2011 , ISBN 1 - 4012 - 0426 - 0 ) Batman : Broken City collects Batman # 620 -- 625 , 144 pages , May 2005 , ISBN 978 - 1401202149 Batman : As the Crow Flies collects Batman # 626 -- 630 , 128 pages , March 2005 , ISBN 978 - 1840239140 Batman : Under the Hood Vol. 1 collects Batman # 635 - 641 , 176 pages , November 2005 , ISBN 978 - 1401207564 Vol. 2 collects Batman # 645 - 650 and Batman Annual # 25 , 192 pages , June 2006 , ISBN 978 - 1401209018 Batman and Son collects Batman # 655 -- 658 , 663 -- 666 , 128 pages , hardcover , August 2007 , ISBN 1 - 4012 - 1240 - 9 , softcover , ISBN 1 - 4012 - 1241 - 7 ) Batman : The Black Glove collects Batman # 667 -- 669 , 672 -- 675 , 176 pages , September 2008 , ISBN 978 - 1401219093 Batman R.I.P. collects Batman # 676 -- 683 , 224 pages , June 2010 , ISBN 978 - 1401225766 Batman : Long Shadows collects Batman # 687 -- 691 , 128 pages , May 2011 , ISBN 978 - 1401227203 Batman : Life After Death collects Batman # 692 -- 699 , 200 pages , October 2011 , ISBN 978 - 1401229757 Batman : Time and the Batman collects Batman # 700 -- 703 , 128 pages , February 2012 , ISBN 978 - 1401229900 Batman : Eye of the Beholder collects Batman # 704 -- 707 and 710 -- 712 , 168 pages , November 2012 , ISBN 978 - 1401234706 New 52 ( 2011 - 2016 ) ( edit ) Batman Vol. 1 : The Court of Owls collects Batman vol. 2 # 1 -- 7 ; 176 pages ; May 2012 ; ISBN 978 - 1401235413 Batman Vol. 2 : The City of Owls collects Batman vol. 2 # 8 -- 12 and Batman Annual # 1 ; 208 pages ; March 2013 ; ISBN 978 - 1401237776 Batman Vol. 3 : Death of the Family collects Batman vol. 2 # 13 - 17 ; 176 pages ; October 2013 ; ISBN 978 - 1401242343 Batman Vol. 4 : Zero Year - Secret City collects Batman vol. 2 # 21 - 24 ; 176 pages ; May 2014 ; ISBN 978 - 1401245085 Batman Vol. 5 : Zero Year - Dark City collects Batman vol. 2 # 25 - 27 and 29 - 33 ; 240 pages ; October 2014 ; ISBN 978 - 1401248857 Batman Vol. 6 : The Graveyard Shift collects Batman vol. 2 # 0 , 18 - 20 , 28 , 34 , and Batman Annual # 2 ; 224 pages ; April 2015 ; ISBN 978 - 1401252304 Batman Vol. 7 : Endgame collects Batman vol. 2 # 35 - 40 ; 192 pages ; September 2015 ; ISBN 978 - 1401256890 Batman Vol. 8 : Superheavy collects Batman vol. 2 # 41 - 46 ; 176 pages ; March 2016 ; ISBN 978 - 1401259693 Batman Vol. 9 : Bloom collects Batman vol. 2 # 47 - 50 ; 176 pages ; September 2016 ; ISBN 978 - 1401264628 Batman Vol. 10 : Epilogue collects Batman vol. 2 # 51 - 52 , Batman Annual # 4 , Batman : Futures End # 1 and Batman : Rebirth # 1 ; December 2016 ; ISBN 978 - 1401267735 DC Rebirth ( 2016 - present ) ( edit ) Batman Vol. 1 : I Am Gotham collects Batman : Rebirth # 1 and Batman vol. 3 # 1 -- 6 ; 192 pages ; January 2017 ; Batman Vol. 2 : I Am Suicide collects Batman vol. 3 # 9 -- 15 ; 168 pages ; April 2017 ; Batman Vol. 3 : I Am Bane collects Batman vol. 3 # 16 - 20 , # 23 , and # 24 ; 176 pages ; August 2017 ; Batman Vol. 4 : The War of Jokes and Riddles collects Batman vol. 3 # 25 -- 32 ; 208 pages ; December 2017 ; Batman Vol. 5 : The Rule of Engagement collects Batman vol. 3 # 33 -- 37 and Annual # 2 ; 160 pages ; April 2018 ; Batman Vol. 6 : Bride or Burglar collects Batman vol. 3 # 38 - 44 ; 161 pages ; July 2018 Batman ( collected with Detective Comics ) ( edit ) Batman Chronicles Volume 1 includes Batman # 1 , 192 pages , April 2005 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4012 - 0445 - 7 Volume 2 includes Batman # 2 - 3 , 224 pages , September 2006 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4012 - 0790 - 8 Volume 3 includes Batman # 4 - 5 , 192 pages , May 2007 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4012 - 1347 - 3 Volume 4 includes Batman # 6 - 7 , 224 pages , October 2007 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4012 - 1462 - 3 Volume 5 includes Batman # 8 - 9 , 192 pages , April 2008 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4012 - 1682 - 5 Volume 6 includes Batman # 10 - 11 , 192 pages , October 2008 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4012 - 1961 - 1 Volume 7 includes Batman # 12 - 13 , 192 pages , March 2009 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4012 - 2134 - 8 Volume 8 includes Batman # 14 - 15 , 192 pages , October 2009 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4012 - 2484 - 4 Volume 9 includes Batman # 16 - 17 , 160 pages , March 2010 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4012 - 2645 - 9 Volume 10 includes Batman # 18 - 19 , 168 pages , December 2010 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4012 - 2895 - 8 Volume 11 includes Batman # 20 - 21 , 168 pages , January 2013 , ISBN 978 - 1401237394 Batman : The Dynamic Duo Archives Volume 1 includes Batman # 164 - 167 , 240 pages , March 2003 , ISBN 978 - 1563899324 Volume 2 includes Batman # 168 - 171 , 216 pages , June 2006 , ISBN 978 - 1401207724 Showcase Presents : Batman Volume 1 includes Batman # 164 - 174 , 552 pages , August 2006 , ISBN 978 - 1401210861 Volume 2 includes Batman # 175 - 188 , 512 pages , June 2007 , ISBN 978 - 1401213626 Volume 3 includes Batman # 189 - 201 , 552 pages , June 2008 , ISBN 978 - 1401217198 Volume 4 includes Batman # 202 - 215 , 520 pages , July 2009 , ISBN 978 - 1401223144 Volume 5 includes Batman # 216 - 228 , 448 pages , December 2011 , ISBN 978 - 1401232368 Tales of the Batman : Don Newton , collects Batman # 305 -- 306 , 328 ; Detective Comics # 480 , 483 -- 497 ; and The Brave and the Bold # 153 , 156 , and 165 , 360 pages , December 2011 , ISBN 978 - 1401232948 Tales of the Batman : Gene Colan , Volume One , collects Batman # 340 , 343 -- 345 , 348 -- 351 and Detective Comics # 510 , 512 , 517 , 523 , 528 - 529 , 288 pages , August 2011 , ISBN 978 - 1401231019 Batman - wide crossovers ( edit ) These are crossovers that include most -- if not all -- of the Batman related titles published at the time . Batman by Neal Adams Omnibus includes Batman # 219 , 232 , 234 , 237 , 243 - 245 , 251 , 255 , 640 pages , March 15 , 2016 , ISBN 1 - 40125 - 551 - 5 Batman : Knightfall Part One : Broken Bat collects Batman # 491 -- 497 and Detective Comics # 659 -- 663 , 272 pages , September 1993 , ISBN 1 - 56389 - 142 - 5 Part Two : Who Rules the Night collects Batman # 498 -- 500 , Detective Comics # 664 -- 666 , Batman : Shadow of the Bat # 16 -- 18 , and stories from Showcase ' 93 # 7 -- 8 ; 288 pages , September 1993 , ISBN 1 - 56389 - 148 - 4 Part Three : KnightsEnd collects Batman # 509 -- 510 , Batman : Shadow of the Bat # 29 -- 30 , Detective Comics # 676 -- 677 , Batman : Legends of the Dark Knight # 62 -- 63 , and Catwoman vol. 2 # 12 ; 304 pages , June 1995 , ISBN 1 - 56389 - 191 - 3 ) Batman : Prodigal includes Batman # 512 -- 514 , 288 pages , January 1998 , ISBN 978 - 1563893346 Batman : Contagion includes Batman # 529 , 264 pages , April 1996 , ISBN 978 - 1563892936 Batman : Legacy includes Batman # 534 -- 535 , 224 pages , February 1997 , ISBN 978 - 1563893377 Batman : Cataclysm includes Batman # 553 - 554 , 320 pages , June 1999 , ISBN 978 - 1563895272 Batman : No Man 's Land Volume 1 includes Batman # 563 - 566 , 544 pages , December 2011 , ISBN 978 - 1401232283 Volume 2 includes Batman # 567 - 568 , 512 pages , April 2012 , ISBN 978 - 1401233808 Volume 3 includes Batman # 569 - 571 , 480 pages , August 2012 , ISBN 978 - 1401234560 Volume 4 includes Batman # 572 - 574 , 552 pages , December 2012 , ISBN 978 - 1401235642 Batman : Officer Down includes Batman # 587 , 168 pages , August 2001 , ISBN 978 - 1563897870 Batman : False Faces includes Batman # 588 -- 590 , 160 pages , March 2009 , ISBN 1845767217 Batman : Bruce Wayne , Murderer ? includes Batman # 599 - 600 , 264 pages , August 2002 , ISBN 978 - 1563899133 Batman : Bruce Wayne , Fugitive Volume 1 includes Batman # 601 and # 603 , 160 pages , December 2002 , ISBN 1 - 56389 - 933 - 7 Volume 2 includes Batman # 605 , 176 pages , March 2003 , ISBN 1 - 56389 - 947 - 7 Volume 3 includes Batman # 606 - 607 , 176 pages , October 2003 , ISBN 1 - 4012 - 0079 - 6 ) Batman : War Games Act One - Outbreak includes Batman # 631 , 208 pages , March 2005 , ISBN 978 - 1401204297 Act Two - Tides includes Batman # 632 , 192 pages , July 2005 , ISBN 978 - 1401204303 Act Three - Endgame includes Batman # 633 , 200 pages , October 2005 , ISBN 978 - 1401204310 Batman : War Crimes includes Batman 643 - 644 , 128 pages , February 2006 , ISBN 978 - 1401209032 Batman : Face the Face includes Batman # 651 -- 654 and Detective Comics # 817 -- 820 , 192 pages , September 2006 , ISBN 978 - 1401209100 Batman : The Resurrection of Ra 's al Ghul includes Batman Annual # 26 , Batman # 670 - 671 , Robin # 168 - 169 , Robin Annual # 7 , Nightwing # 138 - 139 , and Detective Comics # 838 - 839 ) , 256 pages , May 2009 , ISBN 978 - 1401220327 Batman : Whatever Happened to the Caped Crusader ? includes Batman # 686 ; Detective Comics # 853 ; Secret Origins # 36 ; Secret Origins Special # 1 ; and Batman Black and White # 2 , 128 pages , July 2009 , ISBN 978 - 1401223038 Batman : Gotham Shall Be Judged includes Azrael # 14 - 18 , Batman # 708 and 709 , Red Robin # 22 and Gotham City Sirens # 22 , 200 pages , April 2012 , ISBN 978 - 1401233785 With non-Batman titles ( edit ) A Lonely Place of Dying : collects Batman # 440 -- 442 and The New Titans # 60 -- 61 , 116 pages , February 1990 , ISBN 978 - 0930289638 See Also ( edit ) List of Batman comics List of DC Comics publications The Flash ( comic book ) Green Lantern ( comic book ) Superman ( comic book ) Wonder Woman ( comic book ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Batman at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ The Catalog of Copyright Entries 1940 Periodicals Jan - Dec New Series Vol 35 Pt 2 . Washington , D.C. : United States Copyright Office . 1940 . p. 142 . Jump up ^ `` Batman # 1 ( Spring 1940 ) '' . Grand Comics Database . Jump up ^ Wallace , Daniel ; Dolan , Hannah , ed. ( 2010 ) . `` 1940s '' . DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle . London , United Kingdom : Dorling Kindersley . p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7566 - 6742 - 9 . The first issue of Batman 's self - titled comic written by Bill Finger and drawn by Bob Kane , represented a milestone in more ways than one . With Robin now a partner to the Caped Crusader , villains needed to rise to the challenge , and this issue introduced two future legends : the Joker and Catwoman . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Wallace `` 1940s '' in Dolan , p. 44 : `` Batman and Robin got some help in their crusade against crime with the arrival of butler Alfred in a thirteen - page back - up story by writer Don Cameron and artist Bob Kane . '' ^ Jump up to : Desris , Joe ( 1994 ) . Batman Archives , Vol. 3 . New York , New York : DC Comics . p. 223 . ISBN 1 - 56389 - 099 - 2 . Jump up ^ Verified by Sprang at Batman # 18 ( Aug. - Sept. 1943 ) and Detective Comics # 84 ( Feb. 1944 ) at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ Verified by Sprang at Batman # 19 ( Oct. - Nov. 1943 ) at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ Wallace `` 1940s '' in Dolan , p. 59 : `` Inspired by Lewis Carroll 's Alice in Wonderland , the Mad Hatter joined the other costumed freaks of Gotham City on his debut in October 's Batman # 49 '' Jump up ^ Irvine , Alex `` 1950s '' in Dolan , p. 66 : `` Batman # 63 kicked off with the origin story of a new Batman villain : the Killer Moth . '' Jump up ^ Morris , Brian K. ( June 2006 ) . `` Maybe I Was Just Loyal Longtime Batman artist Sheldon Moldoff talks about Bob Kane and other phenomena '' . Alter Ego . Raleigh , North Carolina : TwoMorrows Publishing . 3 ( 59 ) : 14 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Irvine `` 1950s '' in Dolan , p. 77 : `` Once Superman had a dog , Batman got one too , in `` Ace , the Bat - Hound ! '' In the story by writer Bill Finger and artist Sheldon Moldoff , Batman and Robin found a German Shepherd called Ace . '' Jump up ^ Irvine `` 1950s '' in Dolan , p. 88 : `` Throughout 1958 Batman encountered aliens from different planets and dimensions . '' Jump up ^ Irvine `` 1950s '' in Dolan , p. 92 : `` The Dynamic Duo battled the frosty foe Mr. Zero in a story written by Dave Wood and with art by Sheldon Moldoff in Batman # 121 ... The 1960s Batman TV series , starring Adam West , included the character of Mr. Zero but renamed him Mr. Freeze . Later comic book incarnations of the ice - cold villain would adopt the new name . '' Jump up ^ McAvennie , Michael `` 1960s '' in Dolan , p. 102 : `` Young Betty Kane assumed the costumed identity of Bat - Girl in this tale by writer Bill Finger and artist Sheldon Moldoff . '' Jump up ^ McAvennie `` 1960s '' in Dolan , p. 110 : `` The Dark Knight received a much - needed face lift from new Batman editor Julius Schwartz , writer John Broome , and artist Carmine Infantino . With sales at an all - time low and threatening the cancellation of one of DC 's flagship titles , theirBest with interest overhaul was a lifesaving success for DC and its beloved Batman . '' Jump up ^ Ro , Ronin ( 2004 ) . Tales To Astonish : Jack Kirby , Stan Lee , And The American Comic Book Revolution . London , United Kingdom : Bloomsbury Publishing . pp. 89 -- 90 . ISBN 1582343454 . There was a point when DC actually gave thought to canceling Batman ... in his spacious office , facing ( Julius ) Schwartz and ( Carmine ) Infantino , ( Irwin ) Donenfeld told them , ' Gentlemen , you two guys are going to take over Batman . The book is dying . I 'll give you six months . If you do n't bring it back , we 'll kill it off . ^ Jump up to : `` Julius Schwartz ' run on Batman '' . Grand Comics Database . Jump up ^ Forbeck , Matt ; Dougall , Alastair , ed. ( 2014 ) . `` 1960s '' . Batman : A Visual History . London , United Kingdom : Dorling Kindersley . p. 84 . ISBN 978 - 1465424563 . Writer Ed Herron joined artist Sheldon Moldoff for this first issue of Batman featuring the ' New Look ' . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ McAvennie `` 1960s '' in Dolan , p. 114 : `` Nearly eighteen years had passed since the Riddler last tried to stump Batman and Robin . Therefore , when writer Gardner Fox and artist Sheldon Moldoff released Edward Nigma , the villain insisted that he had reformed . '' Jump up ^ McAvennie `` 1960s '' in Dolan , p. 118 : `` Poison Ivy first cropped up to plague Gotham City in issue # 181 of Batman . Scripter Robert Kanigher and artist Sheldon Moldoff came up with a villain who would blossom into one of Batman 's greatest foes . '' Jump up ^ McAvennie `` 1960s '' in Dolan , p. 135 : `` When Dick Grayson moved out of Wayne Manor to begin college , writer Frank Robbins and artist Irv Novick orchestrated a chain reaction of events that forever altered Batman 's personality . '' Jump up ^ Greenberger , Robert ; Manning , Matthew K. ( 2009 ) . The Batman Vault : A Museum - in - a-Book with Rare Collectibles from the Batcave . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania : Running Press . p. 26 . ISBN 0 - 7624 - 3663 - 8 . Editor Julius Schwartz had decided to darken the character 's world to further distance him from the camp environment created by the 1966 ABC show . Bringing in the talented O'Neil as well as the innovative Frank Robbins and showcasing the art of rising star Neal Adams ... Schwartz pointed Batman in a new and darker direction , a path the character still continues on to this day . Jump up ^ O'Neil , Dennis ( w ) , Adams , Neal ( p ) , Giordano , Dick ( i ) . `` Daughter of the Demon '' Batman 232 ( June 1971 ) Jump up ^ McAvennie `` 1970s '' in Dolan , p. 145 : `` Writer Denny O'Neil once stated that he and artist Neal Adams ' set out to consciously and deliberately to create a villain ... so exotic and mysterious that neither we nor Batman were sure what to expect . ' Who they came up with was arguably Batman 's most cunning adversary : the global eco-terrorist named Ra 's al Ghul . '' Jump up ^ Greenberger and Manning , p. 161 and 163 `` In 1973 , O'Neil alongside frequent collaborator Neal Adams forged the landmark ' The Joker 's Five - Way Revenge ' in Batman # 251 , in which the Clown Prince of Crime returned to his murderous ways , killing his victims with his trademark Joker venom and taking much delight from their sufferings . '' Jump up ^ McAvennie `` 1970s '' in Dolan , p. 156 `` After decades as an irritating prankster , Batman 's greatest enemy re-established himself as a homicidal harlequin in this issue ... this classic tale by writer Denny O'Neil and artist Neal Adams introduced a dynamic that remains to this day : the Joker 's dependence on Batman as his only worthy opponent . '' Jump up ^ Larnick , Eric ( October 30 , 2010 ) . `` The Rutland Halloween Parade : Where Marvel and DC First Collided '' . ComicsAlliance . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2011 . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . Dick Grayson attends the parade with his friends -- comic book creators Alan Weiss , Bernie Wrightson and Gerry Conway . Batman 's fight spills into Tom Fagan 's mansion , where Denny O'Neil , Len Wein and Mark Hanerfeld are in attendance . Jump up ^ Pearson , Roberta E. ; Uricchio , William ( 1991 ) . `` Notes from the Batcave : An Interview with Dennis O'Neil '' . The Many Lives of the Batman : Critical Approaches to a Superhero and His Media . London , United Kingdom : Routledge . p. 18 . ISBN 0415903475 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Les ( 1995 ) . `` Revamping the Classics The Old Guard Gets a New Look '' . DC Comics : Sixty Years of the World 's Favorite Comic Book Heroes . New York , New York : Bulfinch Press . p. 157 . ISBN 0821220764 . Jump up ^ Eury , Michael ( July 2015 ) . `` A Look at DC 's Super Specs '' . Back Issue ! . Raleigh , North Carolina : TwoMorrows Publishing ( 81 ) : 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Reed , David Vern ( w ) , Simonson , Walt ( p ) , Giordano , Dick ( i ) . `` The Last Batman Story -- ? '' Batman 300 ( June 1978 ) ^ Jump up to : Trumbull , John ( December 2013 ) . `` A New Beginning ... And a Probable End Batman # 300 and # 400 '' . Back Issue ! . Raleigh , North Carolina : TwoMorrows Publishing ( 69 ) : 49 -- 53 . Jump up ^ McAvennie `` 1970s '' in Dolan , p. 180 `` Batman # 307 ( January 1979 ) Writer Len Wein and artist John Calnan introduced Bruce Wayne 's new executive , Lucius Fox , in this issue of Batman . '' Jump up ^ Manning , Matthew K. `` 1980s '' in Dougall ( 2014 ) , p. 138 : `` Plotted by Batman 's new regular writer Marv Wolfman with dialog by Michael Fleisher and art by Irv Novick , this story saw Batman face this new costumed threat . '' Jump up ^ Manning `` 1980s '' in Dougall ( 2014 ) , p. 139 : `` Batman # 337 Gerry Conway was assisted by writer Roy Thomas and the pencils of José Luis García - López in this issue that introduced Batman to the new threat of the Snowman . '' Jump up ^ Manning `` 1980s '' in Dougall ( 2014 ) , p. 139 : Batman # 340 `` Writers Gerry Conway and Roy Thomas collaborated with artist Gene Colan for the dramatic return of the Mole , an old Batman villain given a serious upgrade . '' Jump up ^ Manning , Matthew K. `` 1980s '' in Dolan , p. 201 : `` Jason Todd first appeared in a circus scene in the pages of Batman # 357 , written by Gerry Conway and illustrated by Don Newton . '' Jump up ^ Manning `` 1980s '' in Dolan , p. 207 : `` Jason Todd was proving himself as Batman 's new partner in his war on crime ... Dick ( Grayson ) then graciously passed the mantle of Robin to Jason , who eagerly adopted it . '' Jump up ^ Moench , Doug ( w ) , Newton , Don ( p ) , Alcala , Alfredo ( i ) . `` A Revenge of Rainbows '' Batman 368 ( February 1984 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Doug Moench 's run on Batman '' . Grand Comics Database . Jump up ^ Manning `` 1980s '' in Dougall ( 2014 ) , p. 145 : `` When Gerry Conway parted ways with the Caped Crusader , a new regular writer was needed for both titles . That honor fell to Doug Moench . '' Jump up ^ Wallace , Dan ( 2008 ) . `` Black Mask '' . In Dougall , Alastair . The DC Comics Encyclopedia . London , United Kingdom : Dorling Kindersley . p. 52 . ISBN 0 - 7566 - 4119 - 5 . Jump up ^ Moench , Doug ( w ) , Gulacy , Paul ( p ) , Gulacy , Paul ( i ) . `` The Dark Rider '' Batman 393 ( March 1986 ) Jump up ^ Moench , Doug ( w ) , Gulacy , Paul ( p ) , Gulacy , Paul ( i ) . `` At the Heart of Stone '' Batman 393 ( April 1986 ) Jump up ^ Manning , Matthew K. `` 1980s '' in Dolan , p. 221 `` Batman celebrated the 400th issue of his self - titled comic with a blockbuster featuring dozens of famous comic book creators and nearly as many infamous villains . Written by Doug Moench , with an introduction by novelist Stephen King ... ( it was ) drawn by George Pérez , Bill Sienkiewicz , Arthur Adams , Joe Kubert , Brian Bolland , and others . '' Jump up ^ Miller , Frank ( w ) , Mazzucchelli , David ( p ) , Mazzucchelli , David ( i ) . `` Chapter 1 : Who I Am and How I Came to Be Batman : Year One '' Batman 404 ( February 1987 ) Jump up ^ Goldstein , Hilary ( October 25 , 2011 ) . `` The 25 Greatest Batman Graphic Novels '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2012 . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Vaneta ( June 10 , 2010 ) . `` Batman # 700 Bat - Creators Share Some Favorite Bat - Things '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2012 . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Manning `` 1980s '' in Dolan , p. 229 : `` No longer happy with Jason Todd 's copycat origin of the original Robin , editor Denny O'Neil used the Earth - changing Crisis on Infinite Earths maxiseries ... to retroactively alter the continuity of Robin 's origin as well . With the help of writer Max Allan Collins and artist Chris Warner , O'Neil shaped Jason Todd into a street - smart orphan . '' Jump up ^ Manning `` 1980s '' in Dolan , p. 233 : `` Using the Cold War as their backdrop , writer Jim Starlin and artist Jim Aparo crafted the four - part storyline ' Ten Nights of the Beast ' . '' Jump up ^ Starlin , Jim ( w ) , Aparo , Jim ( p ) , DeCarlo , Mike ( i ) . `` A Death in the Family : Chapter 5 '' Batman 428 ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ Manning `` 1980s '' in Dolan , p. 240 : `` Written by Marv Wolfman and pencilled by Pat Broderick , the four - issue ' Year Three ' saga introduced a young boy named Timothy Drake into a flashback sequence starring a young Dick Grayson and his parents . '' Jump up ^ Manning `` 1980s '' in Dolan , p. 241 : `` With the pencils of ( George ) Pérez , Jim Aparo , and Tom Grummett , ( Marv ) Wolfman concocted the five - issue ' A Lonely Place of Dying ' ... In it , Tim Drake ... earned his place as the new Robin . '' Jump up ^ Manning `` 1990s '' in Dolan , p. 247 : `` In this tale by writer Alan Grant and artist Norm Breyfogle , Robin finally got a new uniform ... When DC editorial made the decision to modify the classic costume of the iconic Boy Wonder , they called upon several artists to put their own spin on it . It was legendary artist Neal Adams who delivered the winning concept . '' Jump up ^ Manning `` 1990s '' in Dolan , p. 259 : ' Knightfall ' was a nineteen - part crossover event that passed through the pages of Batman , by writer Doug Moench ... ( and ) Detective Comics written by Chuck Dixon . '' Jump up ^ Moench , Doug ( w ) , Manley , Mike ( p ) , Rubinstein , Joe ( i ) . `` Part Seven : Return of the Bat Knights End '' Batman 510 ( August 1994 ) Jump up ^ Manning `` 1990s '' in Dougall ( 2014 ) , p. 224 : `` Writer Doug Moench and artist Kelley Jones introduced a pair of new villains into Batman 's world with the Ogre and the Ape . '' Jump up ^ Manning `` 1990s '' in Dolan , p. 287 : `` Numbering eighty - five comics officially labeled as part of the crossover ... ' No Man 's Land ' created a Gotham City never seen before . '' Jump up ^ Rucka , Greg ( 2000 ) . Batman : No Man 's Land . New York , New York : Pocket Books . p. 448 . ISBN 0671038281 . Jump up ^ Manning `` 2000s '' in Dougall ( 2014 ) , p. 252 : `` Ed Brubaker became a regular Batman scribe with this issue , partnering with artist Scott McDaniel . '' Jump up ^ Brubaker , Ed ( w ) , McDaniel , Scott ( p ) , Story , Karl ( i ) . `` Fearless Part 1 '' Batman 582 ( October 2000 ) Jump up ^ Brubaker , Ed ( w ) , McDaniel , Scott ( p ) , Owens , Andy ( i ) . `` The Scene of the Crime '' Batman 600 ( April 2002 ) Jump up ^ Brubaker , Ed ( w ) , Tucker , James ( p ) , Tucker , James ( i ) . `` Mystery of the Black Bat '' Batman 600 ( April 2002 ) Jump up ^ Brubaker , Ed ( w ) , Gaudiano , Stefano ( p ) , Shanower , Eric ( i ) . `` Joker Tips His Hat ! '' Batman 600 ( April 2002 ) Jump up ^ Oswalt , Patton ( w ) , Aragonés , Sergio ( p ) , Aragonés , Sergio ( i ) . `` The Dark , Groovy , Solid , Far - out , Right - on , and Completely With - it Knight Returns '' Batman 600 ( April 2002 ) Jump up ^ Brubaker , Ed ; Johns , Geoff ( w ) , McDaniel , Scott ( p ) , Owens , Andy ( i ) . `` Death - Wish for Two '' Batman 606 ( October 2002 ) Jump up ^ Brubaker , Ed ; Johns , Geoff ( w ) , McDaniel , Scott ( p ) , Owens , Andy ( i ) . `` Death - Wish for Two Conclusion '' Batman 607 ( November 2002 ) Jump up ^ Cowsill , Alan `` 2000s '' in Dolan , p. 307 : `` The ' Hush ' story arc ( begun ) in Batman # 608 was artist Jim Lee 's first major work since he joined DC ... Written by Jeph Loeb , ' Hush ' brought profound changes to the life of the Dark Knight . '' Jump up ^ Azzarello , Brian ( w ) , Risso , Eduardo ( p ) , Risso , Eduardo ( i ) . Batman 620 -- 625 ( December 2003 -- May 2004 ) Jump up ^ Manning `` 2000s '' in Dougall ( 2014 ) , p. 269 : `` Editor Bob Schreck gave two more big name creators a shot at the Batman when he hired writer Brian Azzarello and artist Eduardo Risso for a six - issue noir thriller . '' Jump up ^ Winick , Judd ( w ) , Davis , Shane ( p ) , Morales , Mark ( i ) . `` Deadalus and Icarus The Return of Jason Todd '' Batman Annual 25 ( May 2006 ) Jump up ^ Robinson , James ( w ) , Kramer , Don ( p ) , Champagne , Keith ( i ) . `` Face the Ecaf , Part 2 of 8 '' Batman 651 ( May 2006 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Grant Morrison 's run on Batman '' . Grand Comics Database . Jump up ^ Cowsill `` 2000s '' in Dolan , p. 326 : `` The story not only brought Talia al Ghul back into Bruce Wayne 's life but also introduced a major new character : Damian Wayne , Batman 's son . '' Jump up ^ Cowsill `` 2000s '' in Dolan , p. 333 : `` Writer Grant Morrison and artist Tony Daniel 's run on Batman reached its climax with the story arc ' R.I.P. ' ... with the apparent death of Batman . '' Jump up ^ Morrison , Grant ( w ) , Jones , J.G. ; Pacheco , Carlos ; Mahnke , Doug ( p ) , Rudy , Marco ; Alamy , Christian ; Merino , Jesus ( i ) . `` How to Murder the Earth '' Final Crisis 6 ( January 2009 ) Jump up ^ Morrison , Grant ( w ) , Mahnke , Doug ( p ) , Nguyen , Tom ; Geraci , Drew ; Alamy , Christian ; Rapmund , Norm ; Ramos , Rodney ; Mahnke , Doug ; Wond , Walden ( i ) . `` New Heaven , New Earth '' Final Crisis 7 ( March 2009 ) Jump up ^ Gaiman , Neil ( w ) , Kubert , Andy ( p ) , Williams , Scott ( i ) . `` Whatever Happened to the Caped Crusader ? Part 1 of 2 : The Beginning of the End '' Batman 686 ( April 2009 ) Jump up ^ Daniel , Tony ( w ) , Daniel , Tony ( p ) , Florea , Sandu ( i ) . `` Last Man Standing '' Batman : Battle for the Cowl 3 ( July 2009 ) Jump up ^ Winick , Judd ( w ) , Benes , Ed ( p ) , Hunter , Rob ( i ) . `` A Battle Within '' Batman 687 ( August 2009 ) Jump up ^ Daniel , Tony ( w ) , Daniel , Tony ( p ) , Florea , Florea ( i ) . `` Life After Death Part 1 : The Awakening '' Batman 692 ( Late December 2009 ) Jump up ^ Cowsill `` 2000s '' in Dolan , p. 342 : `` Written by Grant Morrison with art by Tony S. Daniel , Andy Kubert , Frank Quitely , ( David ) Finch , and Richard Friend , this milestone issue of Batman featured an all - star roster of talent . '' Jump up ^ Rogers , Vaneta ( August 19 , 2010 ) . `` Tony Daniel Returns to Writing with November 's Batman '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2012 . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Doran , Michael ( August 30 , 2010 ) . `` Bruce Wayne and Dick Grayson Are Batman This Fall '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2012 . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Manning `` 2010s '' in Dougall ( 2014 ) , p. 320 : `` Scott Snyder was paired with superstar artist Greg Capullo for this new series . '' Jump up ^ Khouri , Andy ( June 6 , 2011 ) . `` Batman Relaunch : New # 1s for Batgirl , Batman , Detective , Catwoman , Birds of Prey '' . ComicsAlliance . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2012 . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Walecka , Travis ( September 20 , 2011 ) . `` Batman and Swamp Thing : Scott Snyder 's dark plans for DC '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2012 . Retrieved April 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kistler , Alan ( July 22 , 2011 ) . `` SDCC 2011 : DC Comics Justice League Panel Live ! '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2012 . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Scott ( w ) , Capullo , Greg ( p ) , Glapion , Jonathan ( i ) . `` Knife Trick '' Batman v2 , 1 ( November 2011 ) Jump up ^ Rogers , Vaneta ( January 11 , 2012 ) . `` Snyder Spills Even More on Night of Owls , Batman 's Future '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2012 . Retrieved June 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Zawisza , Doug ( June 14 , 2012 ) . `` Review Batman # 10 '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2012 . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nagorski , Alex ( July 2 , 2012 ) . `` The Return of the Joker '' . DC Comics . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2012 . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Vaneta ( June 8 , 2012 ) . `` DC Adds Four to New 52 , Including DiDio 's Phantom Stranger '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2012 . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . This new comic ... introduces a new `` anti-hero on the run '' to the DCU . Calvin Rose , the only Talon to escape from the control of the Court of Owls , will be traveling all around the DCU as he is hunted by his former masters . While the story spins out of the Court of Owls storyline that is running through the first year of Snyder 's Batman , the title character is a brand new one . Jump up ^ Snyder , Scott ; Capullo , Greg ( 2016 ) . Batman Vol. 8 : Superheavy . DC Comics . p. 176 . ISBN 978 - 1401259693 . Jump up ^ Marston , George ( March 26 , 2016 ) . `` DC Comics Rebirth Recap - Creative Teams , Schedule & a Few New Details '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schedeen , Jesse ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Tom King and David Finch on Relaunching Batman for DC Rebirth '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Renaud , Jeffrey ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` Tom King Says ' Batman ' is ' Psychotic , Inspiring ' and Does n't Need a Rebirth '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2016 . As part of DC 's Rebirth relaunch , King is joined by superstar artist David Finch on the now bi-weekly Batman . Jump up ^ Batman Annual ( 1961 series ) ' at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ Batman Annual ( 1982 series ) ' at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ Manning `` 1980s '' in Dougall ( 2014 ) , p. 143 : `` ( This ) was the longest single Batman story ever published to date , a 42 - page blockbuster written by Mike W. Barr and illustrated by Trevor Von Eeden . '' Jump up ^ Williams , Luke G. ( August 24 , 2014 ) . `` Boxiana Vol. 1 extras : Five rounds with Trevor Von Eeden '' . Boxiana . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Batman Annual ( 2006 series ) ' at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ Batman Annual ( 2012 series ) ' at the Grand Comics Database Jump up ^ `` Batman : The Dark Knight Archives Volume 1 '' . DC Comics . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Batman : The Dark Knight Archives Volume 2 '' . DC Comics . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Batman : The Dark Knight Archives Volume 3 '' . DC Comics . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Batman : The Dark Knight Archives Volume 4 '' . DC Comics . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Batman : The Dark Knight Archives Volume 5 '' . DC Comics . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Batman : The Dark Knight Archives Volume 6 '' . DC Comics . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Batman : The Dark Knight Archives Volume 7 '' . DC Comics . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Batman : The Dark Knight Archives Volume 8 '' . DC Comics . Retrieved April 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Batman : Hush Volume 1 '' . DC Comics . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Batman : Hush Volume 2 '' . DC Comics . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Absolute Batman : Hush '' . DC Comics . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Batman and Son '' . DC Comics . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Batman : The Black Glove '' . DC Comics . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Batman R.I.P. '' . DC Comics . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Batman : The Resurrection of Ra 's al Ghul '' . DC Comics . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Batman : Gotham Shall Be Judged '' . DC Comics . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Batman at the Comic Book DB Batman and Batman vol. 2 at Mike 's Amazing World of DC Comics Batman comic book sales figures for 1960 at The Comics Chronicles Batman Created by Bob Kane and Bill Finger in `` The Case of the Chemical Syndicate '' Other contributors Characters List of DC Comics characters named Batman List of Batman supporting characters List of Batman Family adversaries List of Batman enemies in other media Locations Gotham City Ace Chemicals Arkham Asylum Batcave Blackgate Penitentiary Gotham Academy GothCorp Gotham City Police Department Haly 's Circus Iceberg Lounge Wayne Enterprises Wayne Manor Blüdhaven Santa Prisca Technology Equipment Batarang Batcomputer Batsuit Utility Belt Bat - Signal Bat phone Transport Batboat Batcopter Batcycle Batmobile Batplane Redbird Batman in other media In film In video games In amusement parks In children 's books Ongoing publications Batman Batman Beyond Batman / Superman Detective Comics Mother Panic Miscellanea Homosexuality in the Batman franchise Dark Knight ( nickname ) The Bat Whispers Batkid The Essential Batman Encyclopedia Book Portal Batman publications and storylines Current series Detective Comics Batman Batman Beyond Batgirl Batwoman Nightwing Harley Quinn Red Hood and the Outlaws DC Comics -- The Legend Of Batman Completed ongoing series Azrael Batgirl and the Birds of Prey Batman : Arkham Unhinged Batman : The Dark Knight Batman : Gotham Knights Batman : Shadow of the Bat Batman : Streets of Gotham The Batman Adventures Batman and Robin Batman and The Outsiders Batman Family Batman Incorporated Batman / Superman Batwing Birds of Prey The Brave and the Bold Gotham Academy Gotham by Midnight Gotham Central Gotham City Sirens The Huntress The Joker Man - Bat Red Hood / Arsenal Red Robin Robin Robin : Son of Batman Superman / Batman We Are ... Robin World 's Finest Comics Batman : Legends of the Dark Knight The Batman Chronicles Batman Confidential Completed limited series Anarky Batgirl : Year One Batman / Superman / Wonder Woman : Trinity Batman : Arkham City Batman : Battle for the Cowl Batman : Cacophony Batman : The Cult Bat - Mite The Dark Knight Returns The Dark Knight Strikes Again The Dark Knight III : The Master Race Batman : Dark Victory Batman Eternal Batman : Gates of Gotham Batman : GCPD Batman : The Doom That Came to Gotham Batman : Gotham County Line Batman : The Long Halloween Batman : Nosferatu Batman : Orpheus Rising Batman : The Return of Bruce Wayne Batman : Thrillkiller Batman : Turning Points Batman : White Knight Batman : The Widening Gyre Batman : Year 100 Batman and the Mad Monk Batman and the Monster Men Batman and Robin Eternal Batman Black and White First Wave Gotham Underground Man - Bat Robin : Year One Section 8 Superman & Batman : Generations Trinity The Untold Legend of the Batman One - shots Arkham Asylum : A Serious House on Serious Earth The 12 Cent Adventure Castle of the Bat Dark Knight Dynasty Dark Night : A True Batman Story Digital Justice Earth One Holy Terror In Darkest Knight The Killing Joke Knight Gallery Death of Innocents The Man Who Laughs Nine Lives Noël Son of the Demon Two Faces Batman / Houdini : The Devil 's Workshop The Batman Adventures : Mad Love Batman & Dracula trilogy Leatherwing The Berlin Batman Gotham by Gaslight Joker Batman : Gotham Noir Storylines `` The Case of the Chemical Syndicate '' `` Dark Moon Rising '' `` The Man Behind the Red Hood ! '' `` Joker 's Millions '' `` Year One '' `` Year Two '' `` Batman : A Death in the Family '' `` Year Three '' `` The Man Who Falls '' `` Anarky in Gotham City '' `` Gothic '' `` The Return of the Joker '' `` Prey '' `` The Last Arkham '' `` Knightfall '' `` Contagion '' `` Legacy '' `` Cataclysm '' `` No Man 's Land '' `` Joker : Last Laugh '' `` Bruce Wayne : Fugitive '' `` Hush '' `` Batman : Broken City '' `` War Games '' `` City of Crime '' `` Under the Hood '' `` War Crimes '' `` Face the Face '' `` Batman and Son '' `` The Resurrection of Ra 's al Ghul '' `` Batman R.I.P. '' `` Whatever Happened to the Caped Crusader ? '' `` Batwoman : Elegy '' `` Bruce Wayne : The Road Home '' `` Batman : Night of the Owls '' `` Batman : Death of the Family '' `` Zero Year '' `` Batman : Endgame '' `` Robin War '' Inter-company crossovers Batman / Aliens Batman / Hellboy / Starman Batman / Daredevil : King of New York Batman / Judge Dredd : Judgment on Gotham Batman & Spider - Man : New Age Dawning Batman / Tarzan : Claws of the Cat - woman Batman / Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Batman / The Spirit Batman versus Predator Daredevil / Batman : Eye for an Eye Spawn / Batman Batman - Spawn : War Devil Superman and Batman versus Aliens and Predator Spider - Man and Batman : Disordered Minds Incomplete All Star Batman & Robin , the Boy Wonder Batman : The Dark Prince Charming Upcoming series Batman : Damned Related topics Batman : Anarky Batman : Child of Dreams Batman : Haunted Knight The Batman Chronicles Batman Legends Elseworlds Publications are listed alphabetically by published titles . Storylines are listed in publication order . Compiled without respect for canon or `` current '' continuity . The New 52 List of publications Imprint ( September 2011 -- June 2015 ) List of imprint publications Ongoing series Action Comics All - Star Western Animal Man Aquaman Batgirl Batman Batman and Robin Batman / Superman Batman Incorporated Batman : The Dark Knight Batwing Batwoman Birds of Prey Blackhawks Blue Beetle Captain Atom Catwoman Constantine DC Universe Presents Deathstroke vol. 2 vol. 3 Demon Knights Detective Comics Dial H Earth 2 The Flash Frankenstein , Agent of S.H.A.D.E. G.I. Combat Grayson Green Arrow Green Lantern Green Lantern Corps Green Lantern : New Guardians Grifter Harley Quinn Hawk and Dove I ... Vampire Infinity Man and the Forever People Justice League Justice League 3000 Justice League Dark Justice League International Justice League of America Justice League of America 's Vibe Justice League United Katana Klarion Larfleeze Legion Lost Legion of Super-Heroes Lobo Men of War Mister Terrific New Suicide Squad Nightwing O.M.A.C. Red Hood and the Outlaws Red Lanterns Resurrection Man The Savage Hawkman Secret Origins Secret Six Sinestro Star - Spangled War Stories Featuring G.I. Zombie Static Shock Stormwatch Suicide Squad Superboy Supergirl Superman Superman / Wonder Woman Superman Unchained Swamp Thing Sword of Sorcery Talon Team 7 Teen Titans vol. 4 vol. 5 The Fury of Firestorm : The Nuclear Men Green Team : Teen Trillionnaires The Movement The Ravagers Threshold Trinity of Sin : Pandora Trinity of Sin : Phantom Stranger Voodoo Wonder Woman Worlds ' Finest Miniseries Damian : Son of Batman Convergence Forever Evil A.R.G.U.S. Arkham War Rogues Rebellion Human Bomb The Huntress Legion : Secret Origin My Greatest Adventure National Comics Night Force Penguin : Pain and Prejudice Phantom Lady and Doll Man The Multiversity The Ray The Shade Maxiseries Batman Eternal The New 52 : Futures End Story arcs `` Night of the Owls '' `` The Culling '' `` Death of the Family '' `` H'El on Earth '' `` Throne of Atlantis '' `` Zero Year '' `` Trinity War '' `` Forever Evil '' `` Blight '' `` Superman : Doomed '' hide Post-imprint ( June 2015 -- August 2017 ) Ongoing series Upcoming Earth 2 Former Action Comics Aquaman Batgirl Batman Batman Beyond Batman / Superman Black Canary Catwoman Constantine : The Hellblazer Cyborg Deathstroke ( vol. 3 ) Detective Comics Doctor Fate Earth 2 : Society The Flash Gotham Academy Gotham Academy : Second Semester Gotham by Midnight Grayson Green Arrow Green Lantern Harley Quinn Justice League Justice League 3001 Justice League of America Justice League United Lobo Martian Manhunter Midnighter New Suicide Squad The Omega Men Red Hood / Arsenal Robin : Son of Batman Secret Six Sinestro Starfire Superman Superman / Wonder Woman Teen Titans ( vol. 5 ) Telos We Are ... Robin Wonder Woman Cancelled Dark Universe Miniseries All - Star Section Eight Bat - Mite Bizarro Doomed Green Lantern : Lost Army Harley Quinn and Power Girl Legends of Tomorrow Firestorm Metal Men Metamorpho Sugar and Spike Poison Ivy : Cycle of Life and Death Prez Raven Suicide Squad Most Wanted : Deadshot / Katana Swamp Thing Maxiseries Batman and Robin Eternal hide In other media Animated films Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox Justice League : War Justice League : Throne of Atlantis Batman vs. Robin Justice League Dark hide See also Flashpoint ( characters ) Dan DiDio Jim Lee Geoff Johns Scott Snyder DC Rebirth DC Rebirth List of publications Ongoing series Current Action Comics Aquaman Batgirl Batgirl and the Birds of Prey Batman Batman Beyond Batwoman Blue Beetle Cyborg Deathstroke Detective Comics The Flash Green Arrow Green Lanterns Hal Jordan and the Green Lantern Corps Harley Quinn The Hellblazer Justice League Justice League of America Nightwing Red Hood and the Outlaws Suicide Squad Supergirl Superman Superwoman Super-Sons Teen Titans Titans Trinity Wonder Woman Miniseries Justice League vs. Suicide Squad Dark Nights : Metal Doomsday Clock See also The New 52 Geoff Johns Dan DiDio Jim Lee Watchmen Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batman_(comic_book)&oldid=855217753 '' Categories : Batman titles 1940 comics debuts 2011 comics debuts Comics by Alan Grant Comics by Brian Azzarello Comics by Ed Brubaker Comics by Frank Miller Comics by Grant Morrison Comics by Jeph Loeb Comics by Jim Lee Comics by Jim Starlin Comics by Scott Snyder Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use mdy dates from June 2012 Title pop Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Lietuvių 日本語 Português Suomi Tiếng Việt 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 August 2018 , at 18 : 55 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the first batman comic book published	[ "Batman is an ongoing American comic book series featuring the DC Comics superhero Batman as its main protagonist. The character first appeared in Detective Comics #27 (cover dated May 1939). Batman proved to be so popular that a self-titled ongoing comic book series began publication with a cover date of Spring 1940.[2][3] It was first advertised in early April 1940, one month after the first appearance of his new sidekick, Robin, the Boy Wonder.\n" ]	[ "Spring 1940" ]
-5128134056494578188	Lily Aldrin	Lily Aldrin - wikipedia Lily Aldrin Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Lily Aldrin How I Met Your Mother character Alyson Hannigan as Lily Aldrin First appearance `` Pilot '' Last appearance `` Last Forever '' Created by Carter Bays Craig Thomas Portrayed by Alyson Hannigan Francesca Capaldi ( 7 - years - old ) Information Gender Female Occupation Kindergarten teacher ( 2005 - 2013 ) , art consultant ( 2013 - present ) . Family Mickey Aldrin ( father ) Janice Aldrin ( mother ) Spouse ( s ) Marshall Eriksen ( 2007 - present ) Children Marvin Wait - For - It Eriksen Daisy Eriksen Third Unnamed Child Relatives Lois ( maternal grandmother ) Rita ( paternal grandmother ) Morris ( paternal grandfather ) Amy ( cousin ) Marvin Eriksen ( father - in - law , deceased ) Judy ( née Gunderson ) Eriksen ( mother - in - law , possible step - mother ) Martin Eriksen ( brother - in - law ) Marcus Eriksen ( brother - in - law ) Olaf ( grandfather - in - law , deceased ) Martin Eriksen , Jr. ( nephew - in - law ) Nationality American Lily Aldrin is a fictional character in the CBS television series How I Met Your Mother . Lily is portrayed by American actress Alyson Hannigan . She is the wife of Marshall Eriksen and the best friend of Ted Mosby , Robin Scherbatsky and Barney Stinson . Lily is a kindergarten teacher and an amateur painter . In the eighth season , she gets a job as an art consultant . Lily is also the only member of the original main cast of the series who has not appeared in every episode , due to Alyson Hannigan taking leave after giving birth to her first child . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting 2 Character overview 3 Character history 4 Reception 5 References Casting ( edit ) Series creator Craig Thomas explained that he based Marshall and Lily on himself and his wife Rebecca . Rebecca had been upset after learning this , but ( as she is a fan of Buffy the Vampire Slayer ) was consoled when Alyson Hannigan was put in the role . Hannigan was looking to do more comedy work after having worked on the American Pie series and was available for the show . Character overview ( edit ) Lily Aldrin , born March 22 , 1978 , grew up in Park Slope , Brooklyn , New York . She is the daughter of Janice Aldrin , whom Lily describes as a feminist and who worked two jobs to support the family . The creators stated in commentary that there is no evidence to the contrary that Lily 's grandfather is astronaut Buzz Aldrin -- and like Buzz Aldrin , her grandfather is said to have fought in the Korean War . Lily 's father , Mickey , is an unsuccessful board game creator living in his parents ' basement . Janice and Mickey divorced when Lily was a child . Lily is estranged from her father -- an absentee parent who she claims `` broke my heart every day for 20 years '' -- until he promises to be there for her following the birth of her son . During her high school and college years , she was a part of the goth subculture , dying her hair and wearing stereotypical `` goth '' clothes . She dumped her high school boyfriend , Scooter , on prom night , admitting she only dated him because he looked like Kurt Cobain . He remains obsessed with her for years afterward . She met Marshall during her freshman year at Wesleyan University in 1996 and dated him throughout college . As of 2010 , Lily is 32 years old , meaning she was born circa 1978 . According to her résumé , she is fluent in Italian , certified in teaching English as a Second Language , and proficient in Photoshop , Quark , and Java . Lily frequently states her need for regular sex , saying that if she went without for too long she 'd be `` out there selling it for a nickel '' . She has a more than passing sexual interest in other women , suggesting she may be bisexual . In particular , she has confessed several times , albeit in a seemingly joking fashion , that she finds Robin sexually attractive , and has been the subject of some sexually `` confusing dreams '' . Robin at one point says that she wo n't go near Lily after she 's been drinking martinis , as she is prone to flirt quite strongly with her and even try to get the guys to dare them to make out . Well aware of Lily 's sexual attraction to her , Robin tends to alternate between ignoring , and being disturbed by them whenever they show themselves . Lily is adept at manipulating people and situations to get what she wants ; she is especially talented at engineering breakups between couples she knows are not right for each other . Barney calls her a `` diabolical puppet master '' and `` pure evil '' , while Ted calls her a `` psychopath '' . Character history ( edit ) Lily and Marshall get engaged in the fall of 2005 , as portrayed in the series pilot . Towards the end of the first season , she reveals to Robin that she has been having second thoughts about getting married without having experienced much else of life before Marshall . Those doubts intensify , and she acts upon them , applying for a painting fellowship in San Francisco . She is accepted and , after arguing with Marshall on and off -- with several pause breaks in between for drinks , dinner at Red Lobster , and sex -- Lily finally says that she can not promise Marshall that she would return to him after the three - month fellowship . They break up , and she goes to San Francisco . She returns to New York three months later , and confesses that leaving had been a mistake . She begs Marshall to take her back , but Marshall ca n't get over his wounded pride , and refuses . They eventually get back together , however , and resume their engagement . They finally get married at the end of the season . In the third season , it is revealed that Lily is a shopaholic , and goes shopping whenever something bad happens . She keeps her multiple credit cards in a `` box of shame '' . She and Marshall struggle with her credit card bills , especially when they were about to buy an apartment , which leaves Marshall no choice but to abandon his dreams of being an environmental lawyer and take a job at a big corporate firm . They eventually get the house , only to find out that the neighborhood is situated near a water sewage treatment plant and that the floor of their apartment is crooked . Lily , along with Ted and Marshall , occasionally indulge in `` sandwiches '' ( Future Ted 's euphemism for marijuana ) during college and at their 20th college reunion . Out of all of the characters , she is the only one Barney chooses to confide in when he realizes that he is in love with Robin . In the fifth season , Lily forces Robin and Barney to confess to being a couple . She does this by detaching the doorknob of Robin 's room at the apartment and waits for them to have `` the talk '' . Robin and Barney pass a few notes under the door with vague explanations , none of which satisfy her . To convince Lily to let them out , they lie about being boyfriend and girlfriend , but after they leave the apartment hand - in - hand , Lily tells Ted `` they did n't realize they were n't lying . '' Lily and Marshall are both ecstatic to have another couple to hang out with . They invite Robin and Barney for an evening together , which goes awry ; Lily and Marshall become clingy and dependent , prompting Barney and Robin to `` break up '' with them . Eventually , Barney and Robin realize they miss Lily and Marshall , and they all profess their desire to be a foursome . When Barney and Robin 's relationship starts to falter , Lily `` coming out of retirement '' to break them up . She executes an elaborate plan to get them into a big argument ; this fails , but they finally realize they do n't work as a couple . The group discovers that Lily has a doppelgänger named Jasmine , a Russian stripper . Lily is especially excited about this , and is so enthralled by her stripper twin that she and Marshall get a private dance . At the end of the night , Lily switches place with Jasmine and dances with much difficulty on stage , eventually falling into the crowd , to Marshall 's horror . Throughout the sixth season , Marshall and Lily try to get pregnant . Their first attempts are unsuccessful , however , and they worry that they will not be able to conceive . In the season finale , Lily finally gets pregnant . At the end of the seventh season , she gives birth to a son , Marvin . In the eighth season , Lily takes a job as an art consultant to a millionaire called `` The Captain '' , who eventually offers to move her to Italy . She turns the promotion down , however , as it conflicts with Marshall 's job as an environmental lawyer . Marshall convinces her to take it , however , and the two prepare to move to Rome . In the season finale , Marshall accepts a judgeship without telling her , putting her plans in jeopardy . During the final season , set during the weekend of Barney and Robin 's wedding , Lily learns of Marshall 's new job , and they get into a huge fight . She storms out , but returns and reconciles with Marshall upon learning that she is pregnant . Marshall turns the job down , and agrees to go to Italy with her . A flash forward scene reveals that Lily gives birth to a girl , Daisy . On the day of the wedding , Lily and Marshall renew their vows to each other . The series finale , `` Last Forever '' , reveals that , a few years later , Lily gives birth to a third child , a baby girl whose name is unknown . Even as the group drifts apart over the years , Lily is there for all the important moments of their lives : Robin and Barney 's divorce , the birth of Barney 's daughter and that of Ted 's two children , and Ted 's wedding to The Mother ( whose real name is Tracy McConnell ) . She remains happily married to Marshall , who eventually becomes a State Supreme Court judge . Reception ( edit ) Alyson Hannigan won the People 's Choice Award for Favorite TV Comedy Actress in 2010 and 2012 for this role . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brian Ford Sullivan ( 2010 - 08 - 01 ) . `` LIVE AT THE PALEY CENTER FOR MEDIA : `` HOW I MET YOUR MOTHER '' `` . Jump up ^ Maureen Ryan ( April 27 , 2006 ) . `` A cool new show : ' How I Met Your Buffy ' '' . Chicago Tribune . `` We cast Alyson because we 're such enormous fans of ` Buffy , ' '' says Craig Thomas , Jump up ^ `` Alyson Hannigan - `` How I Met Your Mother '' Sitcom - William S. Paley TV Fest `` . whedon.info . Retrieved 23 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sweet Taste of Liberty '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 1 . Episode 3 . October 3 , 2005 . CBS . ^ Jump up to : `` Slapsgiving 2 : Revenge of the Slap '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 5 . Episode 9 . November 23 , 2009 . CBS . ^ Jump up to : `` The Magician 's Code : Part 1 '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 7 . Episode 23 . May 14 , 2012 . CBS . ^ Jump up to : `` Best Prom Ever '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 1 . Episode 20 . May 1 , 2006 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Say Cheese '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 5 . Episode 18 . March 22 , 2010 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Possimpible '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 4 . Episode 14 . February 2 , 2009 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Robin 101 '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 5 . Episode 3 . October 5 , 2009 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Perfect Cocktail '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 6 . Episode 22 . May 2 , 2011 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Front Porch '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 4 . Episode 17 . March 6 , 2009 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Mosbius Designs '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 4 . Episode 20 . April 13 , 2009 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Canning Randy '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 6 . Episode 7 . November 1 , 2010 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Milk '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 1 . Episode 21 . May 8 , 2006 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Come On '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 1 . Episode 22 . May 15 , 2006 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Scorpion and the Toad '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 2 . Episode 2 . September 25 , 2006 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Swarley '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 2 . Episode 7 . November 6 , 2006 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Fight '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 2 . Episode 21 . May 7 , 2007 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` I 'm Not That Guy '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 3 . Episode 6 . October 29 , 2007 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Dowistrepla '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 3 . Episode 7 . November 5 , 2007 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Do I Know You ? '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 4 . Episode 1 . September 22 , 2008 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Definitions '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 5 . Episode 1 . September 21 , 2009 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Sexless Innkeeper '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 5 . Episode 4 . October 12 , 2009 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Rough Patch '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 5 . Episode 9 . November 9 , 2009 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Double Date '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 5 . Episode 2 . September 28 , 2009 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Challenge Accepted '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 6 . Episode 24 . May 16 , 2011 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Romeward Bound '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 8 . Episode 21 . April 15 , 2013 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Something New '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 8 . Episode 23 . May 13 , 2013 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Unpause '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 9 . Episode 15 . January 20 , 2014 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Daisy '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 9 . Episode 20 . March 10 , 2014 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The End of the Aisle '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 9 . Episode 22 . March 24 , 2014 . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Last Forever : Part Two '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 9 . Episode 24 . March 31 , 2014 . CBS . ( hide ) How I Met Your Mother Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Characters Ted Mosby Marshall Eriksen Lily Aldrin Barney Stinson Robin Scherbatsky Tracy McConnell Soundtracks How I Met Your Music Related articles Awards and nominations The Bro Code Cheerleader effect `` Nothing Suits Me Like a Suit '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lily_Aldrin&oldid=835299173 '' Categories : How I Met Your Mother characters Fictional American people of Swedish descent Fictional artists Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Fictional schoolteachers Fictional American people of Irish descent Fictional characters from New York ( state ) Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2014 All articles needing additional references Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español فارسی Français Íslenska Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Polski Português Suomi Tiếng Việt 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 20 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where is lily's mom in how i met your mother	[]	[]
-4176458463598512742	Arrest without warrant	Arrest without warrant - Wikipedia Arrest without warrant Jump to : navigation , search An arrest without warrant or a warrantless arrest is an arrest of an individual without the use of an arrest warrant . Contents ( hide ) 1 In the United States 1.1 Federal rules 1.2 In Florida 2 In the United Kingdom 3 See also 4 References In the United States ( edit ) Federal rules ( edit ) In the Federal Government , an arrest without a warrant still requires probable cause - in the case of an arrest without a warrant , probable cause must be promptly filed . In Florida ( edit ) In Florida , an arrest without warrant is allowed when : The person has committed a felony or misdemeanor , and the officer has witnessed it A felony has been committed and the officer reasonably believes the person being arrested is the one who has committed it . A violation of Chapter 316 ( Traffic law violation ) has occurred There is probable cause to believe that the person has committed a criminal act which violates a restraining order , such as possession of a firearm despite an injunction against doing so . There is probable cause to believe that the person has committed an act of domestic and / or dating violence There is probable cause to believe that the person has committed child abuse There is probable cause to believe that battery , criminal mischief , or a violation of a safety zone has occurred There is probable cause to believe that a misdemeanor or Felony has been committed , based upon a signed affidavit by a law enforcement officer of the United States Government There is probably cause to believe that a violation of pretrial release has occurred , when the original arrest was for an act of domestic or dating violence There is probable cause to believe that the person has committed trespass in a secure area of an airport . There is probable cause to believe that the person has committed assault upon emergency services There is probable cause to believe that the person has committed sexual cyberharassment . In the United kingdom ( edit ) Section 24 , as of January 1st 2006 , provides that a constable may arrest , without a warrant , anyone who is about to commit or is currently committing an offence ( or anyone the constable has reasonable grounds to believe to be about to commit or currently committing an offence ) . The constable is also entitled to arrest anyone guilty of an offence or anyone who he reasonably believes to be guilty of an offence . However , the constable must have reasonable grounds that any of the following reasons make it necessary to arrest the person in question : to enable the real name or address of the person in question to be ascertained , or to prevent the person in question - causing physical injury to himself / herself or any other person , suffering physical injury , causing loss of or damage to property , committing an offence against public decency ( provided members of the public going about their normal business can not reasonably be expected to avoid the person in question ) , causing an unlawful obstruction of the highway . to protect a child or other vulnerable person from the person in question , to allow the prompt and effective investigation of the offence or of the conduct of the person in question , to prevent any prosecution for the offence from being hindered by the disappearance of the person in question . Section 24A has similar provisions for citizens ' arrests but the reasons permitted for arrest by anyone other than a constable are limited to preventing the person in question from causing injury to the arrestor , themselves or to others ; preventing property damage ; or preventing the person in question from making off before a constable can assume responsibility for him . The definition of an arrest , however , is contained in the judgement of Lord Diplock in Holgate - Mohammed v Duke , where he stated that an arrest is `` a continuing act ; it starts with the arrester taking a person into his custody , ( sc. by action or words restraining him from moving anywhere beyond the arrester 's control ) , and it continues until the person so restrained is either released from custody or , having been brought before a magistrate , is remanded in custody by the magistrate 's judicial act . '' In the Philippine setting , a peace officer or a private person may , without a warrant , arrest a person : a . When , in his presence , the person to be arrested has committed , is actually committing , or is attempting to commit an offense ; b . When an offense has just been committed and he has probable cause to believe , based on personal knowledge of facts or circumstances , that the person to be committed has committed it ; c . When the person to be arrested is a prisoner who has escaped from a penal establishment or place where he is serving final judgment or temporarily confined while his case is pending , or has escaped while being transferred from one confinement area to another ; d . Where the accused released on bail attempts to leave the country without court permission ; e . Violation of conditional pardon , punishable under Article 159 of the Revised Penal Code as a case of evasion of service of sentence ; and f . Arrest following a Deportation Proceeding by the Immigration Commissioner against illegal and undesirable means . See also ( edit ) Powers of the police in England and Wales Right to silence in England and Wales Individuals with powers of arrest Right to Silence in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure , Title II : Rule 5b Jump up ^ Florida Statue 901.15 Jump up ^ Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 , s24 Jump up ^ ( 1984 ) AC 437 , 441 This law - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arrest_without_warrant&oldid=786825322 '' Categories : Law stubs English criminal law United States criminal law Law enforcement in England and Wales Law enforcement in the United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 June 2017 , at 20 : 27 . About Wikipedia	when can an arrest be made without a warrant	[]	[]
-1029070173999785051	Taj Mahal	Taj Mahal - Wikipedia Taj Mahal For other uses , see Taj Mahal ( disambiguation ) . Taj Mahal Location Agra , Uttar Pradesh , India Coordinates 27 ° 10 ′ 30 '' N 78 ° 02 ′ 31 '' E / 27.17500 ° N 78.04194 ° E / 27.17500 ; 78.04194 Coordinates : 27 ° 10 ′ 30 '' N 78 ° 02 ′ 31 '' E / 27.17500 ° N 78.04194 ° E / 27.17500 ; 78.04194 Area 17 hectares Height 73 m ( 240 ft ) Built 1632 -- 53 Built for Mumtaz Mahal Architect Ustad Ahmad Lahauri Architectural style ( s ) Mughal architecture Visitors 7 -- 8 million ( in 2014 ) Governing body Government of India Website www.tajmahal.gov.in Location of Taj Mahal in Uttar pradesh Taj Mahal ( India ) Show map of Uttar Pradesh Show map of India Show all UNESCO World Heritage Site Criteria Cultural : i Reference 252 Inscription 1983 ( 7th Session ) The Taj Mahal ( / ˌtɑːdʒ məˈhɑːl , ˌtɑːʒ - / ; meaning `` Crown of the Palace '' ) is an ivory - white marble mausoleum on the south bank of the Yamuna river in the Indian city of Agra . It was commissioned in 1632 by the Mughal emperor , Shah Jahan ( reigned from 1628 to 1658 ) , to house the tomb of his favourite wife , Mumtaz Mahal . The tomb is the centrepiece of a 17 - hectare ( 42 - acre ) complex , which includes a mosque and a guest house , and is set in formal gardens bounded on three sides by a crenellated wall . Construction of the mausoleum was essentially completed in 1643 but work continued on other phases of the project for another 10 years . The Taj Mahal complex is believed to have been completed in its entirety in 1653 at a cost estimated at the time to be around 32 million rupees , which in 2015 would be approximately 52.8 billion rupees ( U.S. $ 827 million ) . The construction project employed some 20,000 artisans under the guidance of a board of architects led by the court architect to the emperor , Ustad Ahmad Lahauri . The Taj Mahal was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983 for being `` the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world 's heritage '' . It is regarded by many as the best example of Mughal architecture and a symbol of India 's rich history . The Taj Mahal attracts 7 -- 8 million visitors a year . In 2007 , it was declared a winner of the New7Wonders of the World ( 2000 -- 2007 ) initiative . Contents 1 Inspiration 2 Architecture and design 2.1 Tomb 2.2 Exterior decorations 2.2. 1 Interior decoration 2.3 Garden 2.4 Outlying buildings 3 Construction 4 Later days 5 Threats 6 Tourism 7 Myths 8 Gallery 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Notes 10.2 Sources 11 External links Inspiration The Taj Mahal was commissioned by Shah Jahan in 1631 , to be built in the memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal , a Persian princess who died giving birth to their 14th child , Gauhara Begum . Construction of the Taj Mahal began in 1632 . The imperial court documenting Shah Jahan 's grief after the death of Mumtaz Mahal illustrate the love story held as the inspiration for Taj Mahal . The principal mausoleum was completed in 1643 and the surrounding buildings and garden were finished about five years later . Architecture and design Main article : Origins and architecture of the Taj Mahal The Taj Mahal incorporates and expands on design traditions of Persian and earlier Mughal architecture . Specific inspiration came from successful Timurid and Mughal buildings including the Gur - e Amir ( the tomb of Timur , progenitor of the Mughal dynasty , in Samarkand ) , Humayun 's Tomb , Itmad - Ud - Daulah 's Tomb ( sometimes called the Baby Taj ) , and Shah Jahan 's own Jama Masjid in Delhi . While earlier Mughal buildings were primarily constructed of red sandstone , Shah Jahan promoted the use of white marble inlaid with semi-precious stones . Buildings under his patronage reached new levels of refinement . Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal `` Shah Jahan on a globe '' from the Smithsonian Institution Artistic depiction of Mumtaz Mahal Tomb The tomb is the central focus of the entire complex of the Taj Mahal . It is a large , white marble structure standing on a square plinth and consists of a symmetrical building with an iwan ( an arch - shaped doorway ) topped by a large dome and finial . Like most Mughal tombs , the basic elements are Persian in origin . The base structure is a large multi-chambered cube with chamfered corners forming an unequal eight - sided structure that is approximately 55 metres ( 180 ft ) on each of the four long sides . Each side of the iwan is framed with a huge pishtaq or vaulted archway with two similarly shaped arched balconies stacked on either side . This motif of stacked pishtaqs is replicated on the chamfered corner areas , making the design completely symmetrical on all sides of the building . Four minarets frame the tomb , one at each corner of the plinth facing the chamfered corners . The main chamber houses the false sarcophagi of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan ; the actual graves are at a lower level . The tomb Taj Mahal from Main Entrance . Four minarets frame the tomb . Interior view of the vaulted dome over the tombs of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz . The false sarcophagi of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan in the main chamber . The actual tombs of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan in the lower level . Main marble dome , smaller domes , and decorative spires that extend from the edges of the base walls . The most spectacular feature is the marble dome that surmounts the tomb . The dome is nearly 35 metres ( 115 ft ) high which is close in measurement to the length of the base , and accentuated by the cylindrical `` drum '' it sits on which is approximately 7 metres ( 23 ft ) high . Because of its shape , the dome is often called an onion dome or amrud ( guava dome ) . The top is decorated with a lotus design which also serves to accentuate its height . The shape of the dome is emphasised by four smaller domed chattris ( kiosks ) placed at its corners , which replicate the onion shape of the main dome . The dome is slightly asymmetrical . Their columned bases open through the roof of the tomb and provide light to the interior . Tall decorative spires ( guldastas ) extend from edges of base walls , and provide visual emphasis to the height of the dome . The lotus motif is repeated on both the chattris and guldastas . The dome and chattris are topped by a gilded finial which mixes traditional Persian and Hindustani decorative elements . The main finial was originally made of gold but was replaced by a copy made of gilded bronze in the early 19th century . This feature provides a clear example of integration of traditional Persian and Hindu decorative elements . The finial is topped by a moon , a typical Islamic motif whose horns point heavenward . The minarets , which are each more than 40 metres ( 130 ft ) tall , display the designer 's penchant for symmetry . They were designed as working minarets -- a traditional element of mosques , used by the muezzin to call the Islamic faithful to prayer . Each minaret is effectively divided into three equal parts by two working balconies that ring the tower . At the top of the tower is a final balcony surmounted by a chattri that mirrors the design of those on the tomb . The chattris all share the same decorative elements of a lotus design topped by a gilded finial . The minarets were constructed slightly outside of the plinth so that in the event of collapse , a typical occurrence with many tall constructions of the period , the material from the towers would tend to fall away from the tomb . Exterior decorations The exterior decorations of the Taj Mahal are among the finest in Mughal architecture . As the surface area changes , the decorations are refined proportionally . The decorative elements were created by applying paint , stucco , stone inlays or carvings . In line with the Islamic prohibition against the use of anthropomorphic forms , the decorative elements can be grouped into either calligraphy , abstract forms or vegetative motifs . Throughout the complex are passages from the Qur'an that comprise some of the decorative elements . Recent scholarship suggests that the passages were chosen by Amanat Khan . The calligraphy on the Great Gate reads `` O Soul , thou art at rest . Return to the Lord at peace with Him , and He at peace with you . '' The calligraphy was created in 1609 by a calligrapher named Abdul Haq . Shah Jahan conferred the title of `` Amanat Khan '' upon him as a reward for his `` dazzling virtuosity '' . Near the lines from the Qur'an at the base of the interior dome is the inscription , `` Written by the insignificant being , Amanat Khan Shirazi . '' Much of the calligraphy is composed of florid thuluth script made of jasper or black marble inlaid in white marble panels . Higher panels are written in slightly larger script to reduce the skewing effect when viewed from below . The calligraphy found on the marble cenotaphs in the tomb is particularly detailed and delicate . Abstract forms are used throughout , especially in the plinth , minarets , gateway , mosque , jawab and , to a lesser extent , on the surfaces of the tomb . The domes and vaults of the sandstone buildings are worked with tracery of incised painting to create elaborate geometric forms . Herringbone inlays define the space between many of the adjoining elements . White inlays are used in sandstone buildings , and dark or black inlays on the white marbles . Mortared areas of the marble buildings have been stained or painted in a contrasting colour which creates a complex array of geometric patterns . Floors and walkways use contrasting tiles or blocks in tessellation patterns . On the lower walls of the tomb are white marble dados sculpted with realistic bas relief depictions of flowers and vines . The marble has been polished to emphasise the exquisite detailing of the carvings . The dado frames and archway spandrels have been decorated with pietra dura inlays of highly stylised , almost geometric vines , flowers and fruits . The inlay stones are of yellow marble , jasper and jade , polished and levelled to the surface of the walls . Detailed exterior design Base , dome and minaret . Finial , tamga of the Mughal Empire . Calligraphy of Persian poems . Plant motifs . Reflective tiles . Marble jali lattice . Calligraphy of Arabic Ayaat . Interior decoration The interior chamber of the Taj Mahal reaches far beyond traditional decorative elements . The inlay work is not pietra dura , but a lapidary of precious and semiprecious gemstones . The inner chamber is an octagon with the design allowing for entry from each face , although only the door facing the garden to the south is used . The interior walls are about 25 metres ( 82 ft ) high and are topped by a `` false '' interior dome decorated with a sun motif . Eight pishtaq arches define the space at ground level and , as with the exterior , each lower pishtaq is crowned by a second pishtaq about midway up the wall . The four central upper arches form balconies or viewing areas , and each balcony 's exterior window has an intricate screen or jali cut from marble . In addition to the light from the balcony screens , light enters through roof openings covered by chattris at the corners . The octagonal marble screen or jali bordering the cenotaphs is made from eight marble panels carved through with intricate pierce work . The remaining surfaces are inlaid in delicate detail with semi-precious stones forming twining vines , fruits and flowers . Each chamber wall is highly decorated with dado bas - relief , intricate lapidary inlay and refined calligraphy panels which reflect , in miniature detail , the design elements seen throughout the exterior of the complex . Detailed interior design Flowers carved in marble . Detail of pietra dura jali inlay . Delicacy of intricate pierce work . Archways in the mosque . Incised painting . Finial floor tiling . Detail of jali . Muslim tradition forbids elaborate decoration of graves . Hence , the bodies of Mumtaz and Shah Jahan were put in a relatively plain crypt beneath the inner chamber with their faces turned right , towards Mecca . Mumtaz Mahal 's cenotaph is placed at the precise centre of the inner chamber on a rectangular marble base of 1.5 by 2.5 metres ( 4 ft 11 in by 8 ft 2 in ) . Both the base and casket are elaborately inlaid with precious and semiprecious gems . Calligraphic inscriptions on the casket identify and praise Mumtaz . On the lid of the casket is a raised rectangular lozenge meant to suggest a writing tablet . Shah Jahan 's cenotaph is beside Mumtaz 's to the western side , and is the only visible asymmetric element in the entire complex . His cenotaph is bigger than his wife 's , but reflects the same elements : a larger casket on a slightly taller base precisely decorated with lapidary and calligraphy that identifies him . On the lid of the casket is a traditional sculpture of a small pen box . The pen box and writing tablet are traditional Mughal funerary icons decorating the caskets of men and women respectively . The Ninety Nine Names of God are calligraphic inscriptions on the sides of the actual tomb of Mumtaz Mahal . Other inscriptions inside the crypt include , `` O Noble , O Magnificent , O Majestic , O Unique , O Eternal , O Glorious ... `` . The tomb of Shah Jahan bears a calligraphic inscription that reads ; `` He travelled from this world to the banquet - hall of Eternity on the night of the twenty - sixth of the month of Rajab , in the year 1076 Hijri . '' Garden Walkways beside reflecting pool The complex is set around a large 300 - metre ( 980 ft ) square charbagh or Mughal garden . The garden uses raised pathways that divide each of the four quarters of the garden into 16 sunken parterres or flowerbeds . Halfway between the tomb and gateway in the centre of the garden is a raised marble water tank with a reflecting pool positioned on a north - south axis to reflect the image of the mausoleum . The raised marble water tank is called al Hawd al - Kawthar in reference to the `` Tank of Abundance '' promised to Muhammad . Elsewhere , the garden is laid out with avenues of trees labeled according to common and scientific names and fountains . The charbagh garden , a design inspired by Persian gardens , was introduced to India by Babur , the first Mughal emperor . It symbolises the four flowing rivers of Jannah ( Paradise ) and reflects the Paradise garden derived from the Persian paridaeza , meaning ' walled garden ' . In mystic Islamic texts of the Mughal period , Paradise is described as an ideal garden of abundance with four rivers flowing from a central spring or mountain , separating the garden into north , west , south and east . Most Mughal charbaghs are rectangular with a tomb or pavilion in the centre . The Taj Mahal garden is unusual in that the main element , the tomb , is located at the end of the garden . With the discovery of Mahtab Bagh or `` Moonlight Garden '' on the other side of the Yamuna , the interpretation of the Archaeological Survey of India is that the Yamuna river itself was incorporated into the garden 's design and was meant to be seen as one of the rivers of Paradise . Similarities in layout and architectural features with the Shalimar Gardens suggests both gardens may have been designed by the same architect , Ali Mardan . Early accounts of the garden describe its profusion of vegetation , including abundant roses , daffodils , and fruit trees . As the Mughal Empire declined , the Taj Mahal and its gardens also declined . By the end of the 19th century , the British Empire controlled more than three - fifths of India , and assumed management of the Taj Mahal . They changed the landscaping to their liking which more closely resembled the formal lawns of London . Outlying buildings The Great gate ( Darwaza - i rauza ) is the main entrance to the tomb . The Taj Mahal complex is bordered on three sides by crenellated red sandstone walls ; the side facing the river is open . Outside the walls are several additional mausoleums , including those of Shah Jahan 's other wives , and a larger tomb for Mumtaz 's favourite servant . The main gateway ( darwaza ) is a monumental structure built primarily of marble , and reminiscent of the Mughal architecture of earlier emperors . Its archways mirror the shape of the tomb 's archways , and its pishtaq arches incorporate the calligraphy that decorates the tomb . The vaulted ceilings and walls have elaborate geometric designs like those found in the other sandstone buildings in the complex . At the far end of the complex are two grand red sandstone buildings that mirror each other , and face the sides of the tomb . The backs of the buildings parallel the western and eastern walls . The western building is a mosque and the other is the jawab ( answer ) , thought to have been constructed for architectural balance although it may have been used as a guesthouse . Distinctions between the two buildings include the jawab 's lack of a mihrab ( a niche in a mosque 's wall facing Mecca ) , and its floors of geometric design whereas the floor of the mosque is laid with outlines of 569 prayer rugs in black marble . The mosque 's basic design of a long hall surmounted by three domes is similar to others built by Shah Jahan , particularly the Masjid - i Jahān - Numā , or Jama Masjid , Delhi . The Mughal mosques of this period divide the sanctuary hall into three areas comprising a main sanctuary and slightly smaller sanctuaries on either side . At the Taj Mahal , each sanctuary opens onto an expansive vaulting dome . The outlying buildings were completed in 1643 . Taj Mahal and outlying buildings as seen from across the Yamuna River ( northern view ) Construction The Taj Mahal is built on a parcel of land to the south of the walled city of Agra . Shah Jahan presented Maharajah Jai Singh with a large palace in the centre of Agra in exchange for the land . An area of roughly 1.2 hectares ( 3 acres ) was excavated , filled with dirt to reduce seepage , and levelled at 50 metres ( 160 ft ) above riverbank . In the tomb area , wells were dug and filled with stone and rubble to form the footings of the tomb . Instead of lashed bamboo , workmen constructed a colossal brick scaffold that mirrored the tomb . The scaffold was so enormous that foremen estimated it would take years to dismantle . The Taj Mahal was constructed using materials from all over India and Asia . It is believed over 1,000 elephants were used to transport building materials . The translucent white marble was brought from Makrana , Rajasthan , the jasper from Punjab , jade and crystal from China . The turquoise was from Tibet and the Lapis lazuli from Afghanistan , while the sapphire came from Sri Lanka and the carnelian from Arabia . In all , twenty - eight types of precious and semi-precious stones were inlaid into the white marble . According to the legend , Shah Jahan decreed that anyone could keep the bricks taken from the scaffold , and thus it was dismantled by peasants overnight . A 15 - kilometre ( 9.3 mi ) tamped - earth ramp was built to transport marble and materials to the construction site and teams of twenty or thirty oxen pulled the blocks on specially constructed wagons . An elaborate post-and - beam pulley system was used to raise the blocks into desired position . Water was drawn from the river by a series of purs , an animal - powered rope and bucket mechanism , into a large storage tank and raised to a large distribution tank . It was passed into three subsidiary tanks , from which it was piped to the complex . The plinth and tomb took roughly 12 years to complete . The remaining parts of the complex took an additional 10 years and were completed in order of minarets , mosque and jawab , and gateway . Since the complex was built in stages , discrepancies exist in completion dates due to differing opinions on `` completion '' . Construction of the mausoleum itself was essentially completed by 1643 while work continued on the outlying buildings . Estimates of the cost of construction vary due to difficulties in estimating costs across time . The total cost at the time has been estimated to be about 32 million Indian rupees , which is around 52.8 billion Indian rupees ( $827 million US ) based on 2015 values . Later days Abdul Hamid Lahauri in his book Badshahnama refers to Taj Mahal as rauza - i munawwara , meaning the illumined or illustrious tomb . Soon after the Taj Mahal 's completion , Shah Jahan was deposed by his son Aurangzeb and put under house arrest at nearby Agra Fort . Upon Shah Jahan 's death , Aurangzeb buried him in the mausoleum next to his wife . In the 18th century , the Jat rulers of Bharatpur invaded Agra and attacked the Taj Mahal , the two chandeliers , one of agate and another of silver , which were hung over the main cenotaph , were taken away by them , along with the gold and silver screen . Kanbo , a Mughal historian , said the gold shield which covered the 4.6 - metre - high ( 15 ft ) finial at the top of the main dome was also removed during the Jat despoliation . By the late 19th century , parts of the buildings had fallen into disrepair . During the time of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , the Taj Mahal was defaced by British soldiers and government officials , who chiselled out precious stones and lapis lazuli from its walls . At the end of the 19th century , British viceroy Lord Curzon ordered a sweeping restoration project , which was completed in 1908 . He also commissioned the large lamp in the interior chamber , modelled after one in a Cairo mosque . During this time the garden was remodelled with British - style lawns that are still in place today . Threats Protective wartime scaffolding In 1942 , the government erected a scaffolding to disguise the building in anticipation of air attacks by the Japanese Air Force . During the India - Pakistan wars of 1965 and 1971 , scaffolding were again erected to mislead bomber pilots . More recent threats have come from environmental pollution on the banks of the Yamuna River including acid rain due to the Mathura Oil Refinery , which was opposed by Supreme Court of India directives . The pollution has been turning the Taj Mahal yellow . To help control the pollution , the Indian government has set up the Taj Trapezium Zone ( TTZ ) , a 10,400 - square - kilometre ( 4,000 sq mi ) area around the monument where strict emissions standards are in place . Concerns for the tomb 's structural integrity have recently been raised because of a decline in the groundwater level in the Yamuna river basin which is falling at a rate of around 1.5 m ( 5 ft ) per year . In 2010 , cracks appeared in parts of the tomb , and the minarets which surround the monument were showing signs of tilting , as the wooden foundation of the tomb may be rotting due to lack of water . It has been pointed out by politicians , however , that the minarets are designed to tilt slightly outwards to prevent them from crashing on top of the tomb in the event of an earthquake . In 2011 , it was reported that some predictions indicated that the tomb could collapse within 5 years . Small minarets located at two of the outlying buildings were reported as damaged by a storm on April 11 , 2018 . Tourism Visitors at Taj Mahal The Taj Mahal attracts a large number of tourists . UNESCO documented more than 2 million visitors in 2001 , which had increased to about 7 -- 8 million in 2014 . A two - tier pricing system is in place , with a significantly lower entrance fee for Indian citizens and a more expensive one for foreigners . Most tourists visit in the cooler months of October , November and February . Polluting traffic is not allowed near the complex and tourists must either walk from parking lots or catch an electric bus . The Khawasspuras ( northern courtyards ) are currently being restored for use as a new visitor centre . The small town to the south of the Taj , known as Taj Ganji or Mumtazabad , was originally constructed with caravanserais , bazaars and markets to serve the needs of visitors and workmen . Lists of recommended travel destinations often feature the Taj Mahal , which also appears in several listings of seven wonders of the modern world , including the recently announced New Seven Wonders of the World , a recent poll with 100 million votes . The grounds are open from 06 : 00 to 19 : 00 weekdays , except for Friday when the complex is open for prayers at the mosque between 12 : 00 and 14 : 00 . The complex is open for night viewing on the day of the full moon and two days before and after , excluding Fridays and the month of Ramadan . For security reasons only five items -- water in transparent bottles , small video cameras , still cameras , mobile phones and small ladies ' purses -- are allowed inside the Taj Mahal . Myths Jean - Baptiste Tavernier , one of the first European visitors to the Taj Mahal Ever since its construction , the building has been the source of an admiration transcending culture and geography , and so personal and emotional responses have consistently eclipsed scholastic appraisals of the monument . A longstanding myth holds that Shah Jahan planned a mausoleum to be built in black marble as a Black Taj Mahal across the Yamuna river . The idea originates from fanciful writings of Jean - Baptiste Tavernier , a European traveller who visited Agra in 1665 . It was suggested that Shah Jahan was overthrown by his son Aurangzeb before it could be built . Ruins of blackened marble across the river in Moonlight Garden , Mahtab Bagh , seemed to support this legend . However , excavations carried out in the 1990s found that they were discoloured white stones that had turned black . A more credible theory for the origins of the black mausoleum was demonstrated in 2006 by archaeologists who reconstructed part of the pool in the Moonlight Garden . A dark reflection of the white mausoleum could clearly be seen , befitting Shah Jahan 's obsession with symmetry and the positioning of the pool itself . No evidence exists for claims that describe , often in horrific detail , the deaths , dismemberments and mutilations which Shah Jahan supposedly inflicted on various architects and craftsmen associated with the tomb . Some stories claim that those involved in construction signed contracts committing themselves to have no part in any similar design . Similar claims are made for many famous buildings . No evidence exists for claims that Lord William Bentinck , governor - general of India in the 1830s , supposedly planned to demolish the Taj Mahal and auction off the marble . Bentinck 's biographer John Rosselli says that the story arose from Bentinck 's fund - raising sale of discarded marble from Agra Fort . Another myth suggests that beating the silhouette of the finial will cause water to come forth . To this day , officials find broken bangles surrounding the silhouette . In 2000 , India 's Supreme Court dismissed P.N. Oak 's petition to declare that a Hindu king built the Taj Mahal . In 2005 a similar petition was dismissed by the Allahabad High Court . This case was brought by Amar Nath Mishra , a social worker and preacher who says that the Taj Mahal was built by the Hindu King Parmar Dev in 1196 . As of 2017 , several court cases about Taj Mahal being a Hindu temple have been inspired by Oak 's theory . In August 2017 , Archaeological Survey of India ( ASI ) stated there was no evidence to suggest the monument ever housed a temple . A theory that the Taj Mahal was designed by an Italian , Geronimo Vereneo , held sway for a brief period after it was first promoted by Henry George Keene in 1879 who went by a translation of a Spanish work Itinerario , ( The Travels of Fray Sebastian Manrique , 1629 - 1643 ) . Another theory that a Frenchman , Austin of Bordeaux designed the Taj was promoted by William Henry Sleeman based on the work of Jean - Baptiste Tavernier . These idea were revived by Father Hosten and discussed again by E.B. Havell and served as the basis for subsequent theories and controversies . Gallery Taj Mahal Eastern view in the morning Western view at sunset Taj Mahal through the fog A panoramic view looking 360 degrees around the Taj Mahal in 2005 See also Architecture of India Mehtab Bagh , a garden directly across the river from Taj Mahal Fatehpur Sikri , a nearby city and World Heritage Site Bibi Ka Maqbara , a similar building in the Deccan Taj Mahal replicas and derivatives Inside , a 1968 new - age music album recorded in the building Uttar Pradesh portal Architecture portal References Notes Jump up ^ Dutemple , Lesley A ( 2003 ) . The Taj Mahal . Lerner Publications Co. p. 32 . ISBN 0 - 8225 - 4694 - 9 . Archived from the original on 20 May 2016 . Retrieved 7 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archaeological Survey of India Agra working on compiling visual archives on Taj Mahal '' . The Economic Times . 29 November 2015 . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Wells , John C. ( 1990 ) . Longman pronunciation dictionary . Harlow , England : Longman . p. 704 . 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Maulawis Kabir al - Din Ahmad and ' Abd al - Rahim under the superintendence of William Nassau Lees . Vol . I Calcutta 1867 pp. 384 - 9 ; Muhammad Salih Kambo Amal - i - Sal \ lih or Shah Jahan Namah Ed . Ghulam Yazdani Vol. I ( Calcutta ) 1923 p. 275 . ^ Jump up to : `` Creation History of Taj Mahal '' . Archived from the original on 6 June 2017 . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Chaghtai Le Tadj Mahal p. 146 . Jump up ^ Copplestone , p. 166 . Jump up ^ `` Taj Mahal Mausoleum from Britannica '' . Archived from the original on 21 February 2015 . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ASI '' . Archived from the original on 15 February 2015 . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Onion domes , bulbous domes '' . strombergarchitectural.com . Archived from the original on 7 May 2015 . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Ahuja , Dilip R. ; Rajani , M.B. ( 2016 ) . `` On the symmetry of the central dome of the Taj Mahal '' ( PDF ) . Current Science . 110 ( 6 ) : 996 -- 997 . 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External links Media related to Taj Mahal at Wikimedia Commons Quotations related to Taj Mahal at Wikiquote Taj Mahal travel guide from Wikivoyage Official website of the Taj Mahal Description of the Taj Mahal at the Archaeological Survey of India Profile of the Taj Mahal at UNESCO Tourist attractions in Agra World Heritage Sites Agra Fort Fatehpur Sikri Taj Mahal Mughal architecture Chini Ka Rauza Gyarah Sidi Itmad - Ud - Daulah Mariam 's Tomb Sikandra Mosques Jama Masjid Moti Masjid Other religious places Bateshwar Guru ka Tal Mankameshwar Temple Swamibagh Shopping Kinari Bazaar Loha Mandi Raja ki mandi Sadar Bazaar Sanjay Place Gardens Mehtab Bagh Paliwal Park Ram Bagh Wildlife sanctuaries Keetham Lake National Chambal Wildlife Sanctuary Patna Bird Sanctuary Fairs Ram Barat Taj Mahotsav World Heritage Sites in India North Agra Fort The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier Fatehpur Sikri Great Himalayan National Park Humayun 's Tomb Keoladeo National Park Khajuraho Group of Monuments Kalka - 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6 LCCN : sh85132019 NDL : 00954708 NKC : xx0082572 SUDOC : 030147409 ULAN : 500304454 VIAF : 172481610 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taj_Mahal&oldid=852703954 '' Categories : Buildings and structures completed in 1654 Buildings and structures in Agra Domes Iranian architecture Islamic architecture Mausoleums in Uttar Pradesh Mughal architecture Mughal funerary gardens in India Persian gardens in India Taj Mahal Tourist attractions in Agra World Heritage Sites in India Marble buildings Tourism in India 1654 establishments in the Mughal Empire Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use Indian English from July 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from November 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Good articles Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikivoyage Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - 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5486974310471080983	Breakfast at Tiffany's (song)	Breakfast at Tiffany 's ( song ) - Wikipedia Breakfast at Tiffany 's ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' Single by Deep Blue Something from the album 11th Song and Home Released July 4 , 1995 Format CD single , music cassette Recorded Genre Alternative rock , pop rock , jangle pop Length 4 : 16 Label Interscope Songwriter ( s ) Todd Pipes Producer ( s ) David Castell Deep Blue Something singles chronology `` Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' ( 1995 ) `` Halo '' ( 1996 ) `` Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' ( 1995 ) `` Halo '' ( 1996 ) `` Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' is a 1995 song recorded by American alternative rock band Deep Blue Something . Originally appearing on the album 11th Song , it was later re-recorded and released on their album Home . It was the band 's only hit , peaking at number five on the Billboard Hot 100 . Outside the United States , `` Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' topped the charts in the United Kingdom , and peaked within the top ten of the charts in Australia , Belgium ( Flanders ) , Canada , Germany , the Republic of Ireland and Sweden . Todd Pipes said in a Q magazine article about the promotion of `` Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' , `` As the song had ' breakfast ' in the title , radio stations thought it would be genius to have us on at breakfast time . We 'd be up till 3 am and they 'd wonder why we were pissed off playing at 6 am . '' Follow - up singles failed to match the success of `` Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' , hence the reason for the band 's classification as a one - hit wonder . Contents ( hide ) 1 Inspiration and composition 2 Critical reception 3 Music video 4 Track listing 5 Charts and certifications 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 5.3 Certifications 6 Other uses 7 References 8 External links Inspiration and composition ( edit ) `` Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' is sung from the point of view of a man whose girlfriend is on the verge of breaking up with him because the two have nothing in common . Desperate to find something , the man brings up the Audrey Hepburn film Breakfast at Tiffany 's , and his girlfriend recalls that they `` both kinda liked it . '' He argues that this should serve as enough motivation for them to work out their problems based on the notion that love will always find a way to make things work . The film Roman Holiday inspired the lyrics of the song , but songwriter Todd Pipes thought that one of Hepburn 's other films would make a better song title . Critical reception ( edit ) Brian Wahlert called Breakfast at Tiffany 's `` a cute , catchy song that should fit in well on adult contemporary , Top - 40 and alternative radio '' with memorable melody that makes it `` a perfect single , along with the mildly repetitive , conversational lyrics of the chorus and the bright , acoustic guitar '' . However , Tom Sinclair of Entertainment Weekly was unimpressed . He called it `` possibly the year 's most innocuous single , ' Breakfast at Tiffany 's ' is distressingly prosaic pop from a wimpy - sounding Texas quartet '' ; he added that it lacked any `` musical piquancy '' . The Houston Press listed the song as the second worst by an artist from Texas , after Vanilla Ice 's `` Ice Ice Baby '' . VH1 and Blender ranked the song # 6 on their list of the `` 50 Most Awesomely Bad Songs Ever '' . Music video ( edit ) The music video features the band members arriving to a breakfast table and being served by butlers , beside the curb in front of Tiffany & Co. in Midtown Manhattan . At the end of the video a young woman dressed like Holly Golightly ( Audrey Hepburn 's character from the film ) walks past on the sidewalk , and takes off her sunglasses . Track listing ( edit ) UK CD single Breakfast at Tiffany 's - 4 : 17 A Water Prayer - 3 : 19 Sun ( Non LP Track ) - 4 : 15 US Cassette single Side A Breakfast at Tiffany 's - 4 : 11 Breakfast at Tiffany 's ( Crunch Mix ) - 4 : 11 Side B A Water Prayer - 3 : 20 Breakfast at Tiffany 's - 4 : 11 Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 -- 96 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 12 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 7 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 6 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 17 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 21 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 9 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 19 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 5 US Billboard Alternative Songs 30 US Billboard Adult Pop Songs US Billboard Adult Contemporary 8 US Billboard Mainstream Top 40 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 86 Chart ( 1996 ) Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 46 US Billboard Hot 100 39 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 shipments figures based on certification alone Other uses ( edit ) On Top Gear , episode 8 of series 5 , the song can be heard attempting to drown out a rattling from the dashboard of Jeremy Clarkson 's Ferrari 612 Scaglietti . In 2008 , the song was used in a commercial in the Slovak Rep. for Orange cellular phone . In 2010 , the song appeared in a Saturday Night Live skit , with four friends ( played by Will Forte , Jason Sudeikis , Bill Hader and Ryan Phillippe ) talking during the verses and singing the choruses . In August 2011 , it was voted into fifth place by fans on Quietdrive 's upcoming cover album , Your Record , Our Spin . In May 2012 , Episode 24 of New Girl highlighted the cast members dancing to this song . The group was llistening to this song from Nick 's mixtape where he was trying to convince himself to stay together with a likewise dissimilar girlfriend . The song appeared in the fifth episode of the VH1 series Hindsight . The song also appeared in the season 2 finale of Orange Is the New Black , eliciting a comment from a prison guard . In 2018 , the song was played on Netflix series `` Everything Sucks ! '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Pete Freedman , `` Saturday Night Live Remembers Deep Blue Something , '' Dallas Observer , April 22 , 2010 . Found at Dallas Observer website . Accessed July 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Brian Wahlert , `` Deep Blue Something disappoints with off - key harmonies , vocals , '' The Thresher ( Rice University ( 1996 ) . Found at The Thresher online archives at Rice University website Archived May 27 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... Accessed July 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' . Songfacts.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ British Hit Singles & Albums ( Edition 18 ) , Guinness World Records Limited Jump up ^ Sinclair , Tom ( October 20 , 1995 ) . `` Music review - Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lomax , John Lomax ( April 29 , 2004 ) . `` The worst songs of all time from Texas '' . Houston Press . Retrieved May 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` VH1 & Blender Magazine Present : 50 Most Awesomely Bad Songs ... Ever '' . Archived at PR Newswire . VH1 , Blender . May 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Deep Blue Something -- Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Deep Blue Something -- Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Deep Blue Something -- Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Deep Blue Something Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Deep Blue Something '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Deep Blue Something -- Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Deep Blue Something -- Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Deep Blue Something -- Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Deep Blue Something Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` RPM 100 Hit Tracks of 1995 '' . RPM . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Hit Tracks of 1996 '' . RPM . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1996 '' . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2009 . Retrieved August 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Deep Blue Something -- Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Breakfast at Tiffany 's in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JO7Wfexnh5g Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived August 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` New Girl Review : `` See Ya '' ( Episode 1.24 ) `` . Paste Magazine . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) VH1 Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Ready or Not '' by The Fugees UK Singles Chart number - one single September 29 , 1996 -- October 5 , 1996 Succeeded by `` Setting Sun '' by The Chemical Brothers featuring Noel Gallagher Deep Blue Something Todd Pipes Toby Pipes John Kirtland Kirk Tatom Clay Bergus Studio albums 11th Song Home Byzantium Deep Blue Something Singles `` Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' `` Josey '' `` Halo '' `` She Is '' Truman Capote 's Breakfast at Tiffany 's Adaptations House of Flowers ( 1954 musical ) Breakfast at Tiffany 's ( 1961 film ) Breakfast at Tiffany 's ( 1966 musical ) Breakfast at Tiffany 's ( 2013 play ) Music `` Moon River '' Breakfast at Tiffany 's : Music from the Motion Picture ( 1961 soundtrack ) Jazz for `` Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' ( 1961 album ) `` Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' ( 1995 song ) Other Black Givenchy dress of Audrey Hepburn Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Breakfast_at_Tiffany%27s_(song)&oldid=833044569 '' Categories : 1995 singles 1996 singles Deep Blue Something songs Debut singles Interscope Records singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Pop ballads Rock ballads Songs about films Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from July 2016 Use American English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Slovenčina Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 11 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	you said what about breakfast at tiffany's	[]	[]
-1090507440443983636	Alice (TV series)	Alice ( TV series ) - wikipedia Alice ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Alice Title card 1976 -- 78 Created by Robert Getchell Based on Alice Does n't Live Here Anymore Starring Linda Lavin Vic Tayback Beth Howland Philip McKeon Polly Holliday ( 1976 -- 80 ) Diane Ladd ( 1980 -- 81 ) Celia Weston ( 1981 -- 85 ) Charles Levin ( 1983 -- 85 ) Theme music composer David Shire ( music ) Alan Bergman Marilyn Bergman ( lyrics ) Opening theme `` There 's a New Girl in Town '' performed by Linda Lavin Country of origin United States No. of seasons 9 No. of episodes 202 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) R.S. Allen ( 1976 -- 77 ) William P. D'Angelo ( 1976 -- 77 ) Harvey Bullock ( 1976 -- 77 ) Thomas Kuhn ( 1977 ( ? ) -- ? ) David Susskind ( 1977 ( ? ) -- ? ) Running time 24 -- 25 minutes Production company ( s ) Warner Bros. Television Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network CBS Audio format Monaural Original release August 31 , 1976 ( 1976 - 08 - 31 ) -- March 19 , 1985 ( 1985 - 03 - 19 ) Chronology Related shows Flo Alice is an American sitcom that aired on CBS from August 31 , 1976 , to March 19 , 1985 . The series is based on the 1974 film Alice Does n't Live Here Anymore . The show stars Linda Lavin in the title role , a widow who moves with her young son to start life over again , and finds a job working at a roadside diner in a suburb of Phoenix , Arizona . Most of the episodes revolve around events at Mel 's Diner , where Alice is employed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series summary 2 Ongoing gags and catchphrases 3 Cast 4 Production information 5 Differences in premise between film and television series 6 Broadcast history and Nielsen ratings 7 Syndication and international broadcasts 7.1 International 8 Home media releases 9 Awards 10 References 11 External links Series summary ( edit ) Alice Hyatt ( Lavin ) is an unemployed widow after her husband , Donald , is killed in a trucking accident , and with her young son Tommy ( played by Alfred Lutter in the pilot episode , reprising his role from the film , but played by Philip McKeon thereafter ) heads from their New Jersey home to Los Angeles so that she can pursue a singing career . Her car breaks down on the way in Phoenix ( from a presumed engine fire , as seen in the opening credits ) , and we meet her soon after she has taken a job as a waitress at Mel 's Diner , on the outskirts of Phoenix . ( The later seasons ' exterior shots were of a real diner , named Mel 's , still in operation in Phoenix . ) Alice works alongside Mel Sharples ( Vic Tayback ) , the grouchy , stingy owner and cook of the greasy spoon , and fellow waitresses and friends , sassy , man - hungry Florence Jean `` Flo '' Castleberry ( Polly Holliday ) , and neurotic , scatterbrained Vera Louise Gorman ( Beth Howland ) . Each episode invariably started inside the diner , and most if not all subsequent scenes took place there as well . A frequent set for non-diner scenes was Alice 's one - bedroom apartment in the Desert Sun apartments . ( Tommy used the bedroom and Alice slept on a sleeper sofa in the living room . ) Vera and Mel 's studio apartments and Flo 's trailer were occasionally seen . Two of the diner 's biggest competitors , Barney 's Burger Barn and Vinnie 's House of Veal , were sometimes mentioned . The diner had its share of regular customers through the years , such as Tommy 's basketball coach , Earl Hicks ( Dave Madden ) , local trucker Chuck ( Duane R. Campbell ) , and Henry Beesmeyer ( Marvin Kaplan ) , a telephone repairman who always made jokes about Mel 's cooking . Henry 's oft - mentioned wife Chloe was seen in one episode , played by Ruth Buzzi . Celebrities playing either themselves or other characters ( including Martha Raye , George Burns , Robert Goulet , Desi Arnaz , and Jerry Reed ) were a hallmark of the show . Polly Holliday left the show to star in her own spin - off series , Flo . In the episode airing February 24 , 1980 , Flo leaves to take a hostess job in Houston . On the way to Houston , Flo stops at her hometown Fort Worth , Texas ( which she refers to by its moniker `` Cowtown '' ) . Flo decides to buy and run a failing roadhouse bar there , which she renames Flo 's Yellow Rose . Polly Holliday never made a guest appearance on Alice after beginning Flo , although flashbacks including Flo were shown in the final episode of Alice . Vic Tayback made one guest appearance on Flo . Diane Ladd , who received an Academy Award nomination for her portrayal of Flo in the film version joined the cast in 1980 as Isabelle `` Belle '' Dupree , a hard - edged but kind - hearted woman . She had been a waitress of Mel 's in the past , and the two had a romantic relationship during that time . In spite of Ladd 's Golden Globe - winning performance as Belle , the character was not retained for the duration of the series and was replaced early in 1981 , the character making one last appearance in which she telephones the diner to inform everyone that she had taken a job as a backup singer in Nashville , Tennessee . It has been said that Ladd clashed with her co-stars , and no flashbacks including Belle were shown during the final episode of the series . Season 8 : Linda Lavin ( Alice ) , Celia Weston ( Jolene ) , and Beth Howland ( Vera ) Theatre actress Celia Weston then joined the cast as the good - natured , boisterous truck driver Jolene Hunnicutt , who came from Myrtle Point , South Carolina . Jolene arrives as she and her male driving partner are in the midst of an argument over his unwelcome advances , during which she throws and breaks many of Mel 's dishes . Mel agrees to hire her `` temporarily '' to work off the cost of the dishes , but she stays until the end of the series . Jolene frequently mentions her grandmother , `` Granny Gums '' , who had only three or four teeth . Jolene also mentions her distant relative Jefferson Davis `` Boss '' Hogg , a character from the concurrent CBS series The Dukes of Hazzard . In one episode Sorrell Booke guest stars in this role , along with fellow Dukes character , Enos ( Sonny Shroyer ) . The latter years of the show focused on some character development , such as the hasty courtship and marriage of Vera and lovable cop Elliot ( Charles Levin ) . Tommy eventually goes to college and is seen less frequently . In the final season , the character of Alice was absent several times due to Lavin 's directing a number of episodes and playing the character of Mrs. Walden , Vera 's wizened and abrasive landlady of arbitrary foreign origin . The final story arc began in the spring of 1985 , when country singer Travis Marsh ( played by Lavin 's real - life husband Kip Niven ) , discovering that he 's falling for Alice , `` kidnaps '' her to take her to Nashville , telling her it 's time to follow her dream there . Bewildered at the thought of her dreams finally coming true , Alice agrees , but not without extracting a promise from Travis to drive her back to Phoenix so she can get her affairs in order , including ending her current relationship with a writer . In the series finale , which aired March 19 , 1985 , typical of sitcoms of the era , news of several life - changing events is revealed within a matter of minutes . Alice , after nine years of trying , finally gets a recording contract and is moving to Nashville with Travis Marsh . Vera announces she is pregnant and decides to be a full - time mother , Elliott having been promoted from officer to detective . Jolene 's `` Granny Gums '' has died and leaves her granddaughter enough money to open her own beauty parlor in her hometown . Besides all three waitresses suddenly leaving simultaneously , by an amazing coincidence Mel has just sold the diner for a large amount of money to a real estate developer , and must close within days . On closing day , he surprisingly gives each waitress a $5,000 farewell bonus . The remainder of the episode shows flashbacks to humorous and major events , and many of the big stars who had appeared on the show , including Polly Holliday . Finally , while cleaning out her locker , Alice finds the `` Waitress Wanted '' sign that first drew her to the diner . The series ' regular customers , including Henry , Chuck and Earl say their emotional farewells , followed by Elliot , and finally the principal characters Tommy , Jolene , Vera , and Alice . The last thing we see is Mel putting up the `` Closed '' sign and locking up . The waitresses at Mel 's Diner from left : Vera ( Beth Howland ) , Alice ( Linda Lavin ) , Flo ( Polly Holliday ) . Ongoing gags and catchphrases ( edit ) Flo 's catchphrase , `` Kiss my grits ! '' , enjoyed widespread popularity at the time the character appeared on Alice . According to Polly Holliday , the line was originally written as , `` Kiss my honeydew ! '' , but did not get any laughs . ( In the original film , Flo , as played by Diane Ladd , tells Mel in one scene to , `` Kiss me where the sun do n't shine . '' ) Another of Flo 's catchphrases was , `` When donkeys fly ! '' Since her portrayal of Flo , Polly Holliday has refused to repeat her famous `` grits '' line . In an attempt to duplicate the success of Flo 's `` Kiss my grits ! '' , Belle began using a new put - down : `` Butter my biscuits ! '' . Belle often used the phrase , `` My little voice '' , who called her `` Isabelle '' , which she usually used when starting to tell others what she thinks is best . Mel would snipe , `` Stow it ! '' at anyone he had qualms with , especially his waitstaff . `` Stow it ! '' was usually followed by either `` Alice '' , `` Vera '' , `` Flo '' `` Belle '' , or `` Blondie '' ( in reference to Jolene ) . He would also bark , `` Bag it , Blondie ! '' to Jolene . He eventually gave Vera the nickname `` Dinghy '' and would occasionally bellow `` Stow it , Dinghy '' at her . Jolene would sometimes say , `` When pigs wear perfume . '' In a handful of episodes , Alice put on a double - breasted suit and fedora to assume the character of husky - voiced `` Sam Butler '' , a mobster she made up as a ruse to fool her intended target . Linda Lavin also played the role of Mrs. Walden in the last season , once even playing both Alice and Mrs. Walden in a split - screen dual role . Part of Mel 's Diner was often destroyed , such as by Flo 's crashing a truck through the front , Mel chopping down a tree which landed in the diner , Mel accidentally having the building targeted for demolition , and the waitresses crashing a hot air balloon through the roof ( upon which Jolene cries , `` We went to the bad place and it looks just like Mel 's ! '' ) . In one episode , a wrecking ball destroyed the front of the diner because someone could not read Mel 's handwriting . Mel was a stickler for punctuality . In the fourth season , he installs a time clock , which ends up working to the waitresses ' advantage due to significant overtime , and he finally smashes it onto the floor . Mel also had a strict rule against moonlighting , often leading to one or more waitresses getting fired , but he always rehired them before the end of each episode . Although he had a fairly loyal clientele , Mel 's food and cooking were constantly criticized by his waitresses and customers alike -- especially Henry , who always blamed it for his indigestion . However , Mel 's chili was popular and became a plot point of several episodes . During the first season , a newspaper food critic ( played by Victor Buono ) dropped dead while eating Mel 's chili , but it turned out that tainted Peking Duck from a Chinese restaurant was to blame . Guest star Art Carney in one episode was to be the spokesperson for retail distribution of Mel 's Chili ( `` Chili con Carney '' ) but backed out when he discovered Vera was a distant relative with part ownership in the venture . The popularity of Mel 's Chili also led to an appearance on Dinah Shore 's talk show , which led to some bickering among the waitresses because Mel could take only one person along , but everyone ended up going . Mel refused to reveal his `` secret ingredient '' to Dinah and her TV audience during the cooking demonstration . The shot of Vera with the `` exploding straws '' was the only one used during the opening credits for the entire run of the series , with the exception of the pilot episode , which had no scenes from Mel 's Diner in the opening . Cast ( edit ) Opening titles cast members : Linda Lavin as Alice Hyatt Vic Tayback as Mel Sharples ( Tayback reprised his role from the film ) Philip McKeon as Tommy Hyatt ( Alfred Lutter reprised his role from the film but was replaced after the pilot episode ) Polly Holliday as Florence Jean `` Flo '' Castleberry ( Seasons 1 -- 4 : 1976 -- 80 ) Beth Howland as Vera Louise Gorman and later Novak Diane Ladd as Isabelle `` Belle '' Dupree ( Seasons 4 -- 5 : 1980 -- 81 ) ( Ladd played the role of Flo in the film ) Celia Weston as Jolene Hunnicutt ( Seasons 5 -- 9 : 1981 -- 85 ) Charles Levin as Elliot Novak ( Season 8 recurring , Season 9 regular : 1983 -- 85 ) Other recurring cast members : Marvin Kaplan as Henry Beesmeyer Dave Madden as Earl Hicks Victoria Carroll as Marie Massey ( Mel 's girlfriend ) ( 1978 -- 84 ) Martha Raye as Carrie Sharples ( Mel 's mother ) ( 1978 -- 84 ) Doris Roberts as Mona Spivak ( Alice 's mother ) ( 1981 -- 82 ) Robert Picardo as Officer Maxwell , Elliott 's partner ( 1983 -- 84 ) Pat Cranshaw as Andy ( diner regular ) ( 1976 -- 78 ) Other notable guest stars : Eve Arden , Desi Arnaz , Brice Beckham , Fred Berry , Joan Blondell , George Burns ( as himself ) , Ruth Buzzi ( as Chloe Beesmeyer , Henry 's wife ) , Art Carney ( as himself ) , Corey Feldman , Robert Goulet , Joel Grey ( as himself ) , Florence Halop , Eileen Heckart ( as Rose Hyatt , Alice 's interfering mother in - law ) , Florence Henderson , Jay Leno , Bill Maher , Nancy McKeon ( Philip 's sister , appeared twice in different roles ) , Frank Nelson , Donald O'Connor ( as himself ) , Kelly Parsons , Jerry Reed ( as himself ) , Debbie Reynolds , Kim Richards , Telly Savalas ( as himself ) , and Jerry Stiller . Production information ( edit ) The show 's theme was called `` There 's a New Girl in Town '' , with music by David Shire , lyrics by Alan Bergman and Marilyn Bergman ; performed by Linda Lavin . Several different arrangements of this tune were used throughout the series ' run ; the lyrics were altered after the second season . The Mel 's Diner set made changes over the years ; in the pilot the diner contained a blue refrigerator , but in the series the refrigerator was a dirty stainless steel , then later was changed to clean and shiny stainless steel in 1979 -- 81 and much later the set featured an even shinier stainless steel refrigerator and better appliances . The rest of the set , however , remained the same . The men 's and ladies ' restrooms were confined to one room in the pilot and during the first season . From 1977 -- 85 , there were separate restrooms with `` Ladies '' and `` Men '' written on them . The storeroom was inside the diner where the Men 's restroom would later be and said `` Private '' on it during the 1976 -- 77 season . The storeroom from 1977 to 1985 was confined to the back of the diner . Here , the waitresses took their breaks , had their lockers , and stored their uniforms . Mel also conducted his business from this space . The payphone was a touch tone and was located on the left of the `` Restrooms '' door in the pilot episode . For the first season , it was moved to the right of the doors that led to the kitchen section of the diner . For the second season , it was moved to the wall between the two doors that became two separate restrooms and was replaced by a phone with a rotary dial . From 1978 to 1985 , the phone was a touch tone and was located at a section that was a few steps away from the entrance to the diner . In the first season , the diner was decorated in an Aztec and Cowboy motif to accommodate the feel of Arizona . For the second season , the walls had pink wallpaper with red lines on it . For the third season , the walls had wallpaper with orange leaves on it . The giant `` 14 - ounce coffee cup '' sign used in later seasons was seen by a producer scouting Phoenix for an establishing shot for the show 's later seasons . It was at `` Chris ' Diner '' and the owner agreed to change the name to Mel 's for the show . Alice 's apartment remained more or less unchanged during most of the show 's run ; the apartments of Mel and Vera and Flo 's trailer were occasionally seen . ( The set for Flo 's trailer was also used on the spinoff Flo . ) The pilot episode was taped at CBS Television City in Hollywood , California . After this , the series was taped at The Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank , California . Differences in premise between film and television series ( edit ) Alice had many contrasts with the film on which it was based , Alice Does n't Live Here Anymore . The tone and style of the series differed greatly from the film , and there were a number of factual differences concerning the characters and setting . Film Television series Alice 's maiden name was Graham . Alice 's maiden name was Spivak . Alice and Tommy had previously lived in Socorro , New Mexico . Alice and Tommy had previously lived in northern New Jersey . Alice 's late husband Donald was portrayed as abusive . Alice 's relationship with Donald is never described , but she kept a photo of him displayed on the wall of her apartment for years after his death . Alice 's original plans were to move back to her hometown of Monterey , California , to restart her singing career . Alice 's original plans were to move to Los Angeles to restart her singing career . The restaurant where Alice becomes a waitress was called Mel & Ruby 's Cafe and located in Tucson . The restaurant where Alice becomes a waitress was called Mel 's Diner and located in Phoenix . On the pilot episode , the sign on the door said `` Mel & Ruby 's Cafe '' . Alice and Flo do not initially like each other and do not become friends until well into the `` Tucson '' segment of the film . Flo takes on the role of `` big sister '' to the other waitresses , and she and Alice were best friends from the beginning of the series . Alice ran out of money , and took the job at Mel and Ruby 's temporarily to earn enough money to get them the rest of the way to Monterey . Alice took a job at Mel 's because her car broke down when she and Tommy reached Phoenix on the way to Los Angeles . Mel was a widower , having been married to a woman named Ruby ; hence the restaurant 's name , `` Mel & Ruby 's Cafe . '' Mel was a middle - aged bachelor . Alice and Tommy live in a nearby motel while she works at Mel 's . Alice and Tommy move to the Desert Sun Apartments ; the distance between her apartment and Mel 's Diner is never revealed , but is presumably within walking distance , as it is mentioned that Alice and / or Tommy occasionally walk between the diner and home . Alice meets and falls in love with a divorced rancher named David , whose wife left him and took their children ; David becomes Tommy 's guitar teacher . Alice does not get involved in a serious relationship until the last season . Alice and Flo were around the same age . Flo was roughly ten years older than Alice ( despite the fact that in reality Holiday and Lavin were approximately the same age , having both been born in 1937 ) . Flo had blonde hair . She was in a crumbling marriage and her husband was not speaking to her . She had a daughter to support and flirted with and accepted passes from her male customers , but never dated any of them . She had a number of one - liners , including `` You can kiss me where the sun do n't shine . '' Flo had red hair , was divorced three times and had no children . She lived by herself in a trailer park , dated many men , and her usual catchphrases were `` Kiss my grits ! '' and `` When donkeys fly ! '' Vera had a low , quiet voice ; she was taken to and from work by her father ; she was shy and somewhat awkward , but was not dumb . Vera had a high voice that was fairly loud ; she lived alone in an apartment that was located at an unknown distance from the diner ; she was extremely clumsy , and rather slow - witted . Broadcast history and Nielsen ratings ( edit ) Season Time slot ( ET ) Rank Rating 1976 -- 77 Tuesday at 9 : 30 p.m. ( Episode 1 ) Wednesday at 9 : 30 p.m. ( Episodes 2 -- 6 ) Saturday at 9 : 30 p.m. ( Episodes 7 -- 24 ) 30 20.0 1977 -- 78 Sunday at 9 : 30 p.m. 8 23.2 ( Tied with M * A * S * H ) 1978 -- 79 Sunday at 9 : 30 p.m. ( Episodes 1 -- 2 , 21 ) Sunday at 8 : 30 p.m. ( Episodes 3 -- 19 ) Sunday at 9 : 00 p.m. ( Episodes 20 , 22 -- 24 ) 13 23.2 1979 -- 80 Sunday at 9 : 00 p.m. 25.3 ( Tied with M * A * S * H ) 1980 -- 81 7 22.9 1981 -- 82 5 22.7 1982 -- 83 Wednesday at 9 : 00 p.m. ( 1982 ) Sunday at 9 : 30 p.m. ( Episodes 7 -- 8 , 15 -- 20 ) Monday at 8 : 00 p.m. ( Episode 9 ) Monday at 9 : 00 p.m. ( Episodes 10 -- 14 ) Sunday at 8 : 00 p.m. ( Episodes 21 -- 23 ) Not in the Top 30 1983 -- 84 Sunday at 8 : 00 p.m. ( Episodes 1 -- 7 , 10 -- 14 ) Sunday at 8 : 30 p.m. ( Episode 8 ) Sunday at 9 : 30 p.m. ( Episodes 15 -- 23 ) 25 17.2 ( Tied with The CBS Tuesday Night Movie , Webster , Knight Rider and Hardcastle and McCormick ) 1984 -- 85 Sunday at 9 : 30 p.m. ( 1984 ) Sunday at 8 : 30 p.m. ( 1985 ) Not in the Top 30 Syndication and international broadcasts ( edit ) Alice was seen in reruns : from June 2 , 1980 to September 17 , 1982 on CBS daytime at 10 : 30 a.m. ( EST ) , replacing Whew ! ( before being replaced with Child 's Play ) ; via syndication on many local broadcast stations beginning in the fall of 1982 . Notable stations that purchased and aired reruns of Alice included WPIX in New York City ; KTTV in Los Angeles ; WGN - TV in Chicago ; WTHR in Indianapolis ; KOIN in Portland , Oregon , WPHL - TV in Philadelphia ; KBHK - TV in San Francisco ; KHTV in Houston ; WSBK - TV in Boston ; WTTG in Washington , D.C. ; WUAB in Cleveland ; KFMB - TV in San Diego ; WXON in Detroit ; WTMJ in Milwaukee and KWGN - TV in Denver , WFIE - TV in Evansville , Indiana among others ; in the late 1980s on superstation TBS ( WTBS ) from Atlanta ; sporadically from the mid-1990s until early 1998 on E ! Entertainment Television ; on TNN from late June 1999 to January 2001 . The show returned to television on April 2 , 2007 , airing on the ION Television network weekdays at 7 : 30 P.M. until June 22 , 2007 . The show was heavily edited to make time for additional commercials , with several minutes of important plot often haphazardly cut . The show returned to ION on November 24 , 2007 , with two back - to - back episodes at 7 : 00pm EST Monday through Thursday , and continued until the entire series ' episodes had been aired . It was replaced by Family Feud on April 7 , 2008 . Logo TV started airing episodes in April 2017 . Antenna TV starting airing episodes in January 2018 . International ( edit ) Alice was shown in the UK by Channel 4 , starting on 27 August 1984 . At first , the series was shown each weekday at 5.00 pm , before moving to a twice - weekly slot later . No breaks between seasons were made and the final episode was shown in October 1986 . Home media releases ( edit ) DVD On June 27 , 2006 , six episodes of Alice were released on DVD as part of the Warner Bros . ' Television Favorites Compilation . The episodes were hand picked by fans at SitcomsOnline.com and are as follows : `` Alice Gets a Pass '' , September 29 , 1976 -- First non-pilot episode . `` The Odd Couple '' , February 26 , 1977 -- When Flo 's trailer is stolen , Alice allows Flo to move in with her . Alice finds Flo 's habits difficult to handle . `` Close Encounters of the Worst Kind '' , January 22 , 1978 -- Alice 's use of psychology causes tension among her coworkers . `` Block Those Kicks '' , October 22 , 1978 -- The waitresses decide to give up their bad habits in order to encourage Mel to give up his gambling habit . `` Cabin Fever '' , December 2 , 1979 -- The waitresses , Mel and his girlfriend unknowingly book the same cabin during the same weekend . `` Flo 's Farewell '' , February 24 , 1980 -- Flo leaves Mel 's Diner for a hosting job at a restaurant in Texas . Season releases Warner Home Video has released the first four seasons on DVD in Region 1 via their Warner Archive Collection . These are manufacture - on - demand ( MOD ) releases , available through Warner 's online store Warner Archives Collection ( only sold in the USA ) , and also through Oldies.com ( which distributes and sells worldwide ) , and through Amazon and eBay . Season 5 was released on August 1 , 2017 . Season 6 was released on December 5 , 2017 . DVD Name Ep . # Release Date The Complete First Season 23 June 12 , 2012 The Complete Second Season 24 October 23 , 2012 The Complete Third Season 24 March 19 , 2013 The Complete Fourth Season 26 October 22 , 2013 The Complete Fifth Season 26 August 1 , 2017 The Complete Sixth Season 24 December 5 , 2017 Streaming Alice the whole series is available from Apple iTunes Store and Amazon Video for downloading . In addition , a holiday episode for Season 3 is also available from Amazon . Awards ( edit ) The `` Tommy 's Lost Weekend '' episode , written by Bob Bendetson , Howard Bendetson , and Robert Getchell , based on a story by Arnold Anthony Schmidt , received an Emmy nomination in 1984 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alice Does n't Live Here Anymore on IMDb Jump up ^ Flo at the Internet Movie Database ^ Jump up to : Diane Ladd 's award page at the Internet Movie Database Jump up ^ SG . `` ALICE -- Polly Holliday '' . Alicehyatt.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ Alice : The Complete Fifth Season Jump up ^ `` Alice - MOD Plans from Warner Archive for ' The Complete 6th Season ' DVDs Available from online sellers in just two weeks , on December 5th ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com. 2017 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Alice-Season-1/17082 Jump up ^ http://www.wbshop.com/product/code/1000355317.do?promo=sliderALICE2wac Jump up ^ http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Alice-Season-3/18163 Jump up ^ http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Alice-Season-4/19101 Jump up ^ http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Alice-Season-5/23530 Jump up ^ http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Alice-Season-6/23827 Jump up ^ Amazon : Alice Season 1 -- 9 Jump up ^ Amazon : `` Alice : Season 3 -- What Are You Doing New Years ? '' Jump up ^ Alice , `` Tommy 's Lost Weekend , '' Variety , December 10 , 1984 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alice ( TV series ) . Alice on IMDb Alice at TV.com Alice at TV Guide Alice Characters Alice Hyatt Mel Sharples Tommy Hyatt Florence Jean `` Flo '' Castleberry Isabelle `` Belle '' Dupree Jolene Hunnicutt Carrie Sharples Seasons Spin - off Flo ( 1980 -- 81 ) Movie Alice Does n't Live Here Anymore ( 1974 ) Related Mel 's Diner Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy The Governor & J.J. ( 1969 ) The Carol Burnett Show ( 1970 ) All in the Family , season 1 / season 2 ( 1971 ) All in the Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 1972 ) All in the Family , season 3 / season 4 ( 1973 ) Rhoda , season 1 ( 1974 ) Barney Miller , season 1 / season 2 ( 1975 ) Barney Miller , season 2 / season 3 ( 1976 ) All in the Family , season 7 / season 8 ( 1977 ) Taxi , season 1 ( 1978 ) Alice / Taxi , season 1 / season 2 ( 1979 ) Taxi , season 2 / season 3 ( 1980 ) M * A * S * H , season 9 / season 10 ( 1981 ) Fame ( 1982 ) Fame ( 1983 ) The Cosby Show , season 1 ( 1984 ) The Golden Girls , season 1 ( 1985 ) The Golden Girls , season 1 / season 2 ( 1986 ) The Golden Girls , season 2 / season 3 ( 1987 ) The Wonder Years , season 1 / season 2 ( 1988 ) Murphy Brown ( 1989 ) Cheers , season 8 / season 9 ( 1990 ) Brooklyn Bridge ( 1991 ) Roseanne , season 4 / season 5 ( 1992 ) Seinfeld , season 4 / season 5 ( 1993 ) Frasier , season 1 / season 2 & Mad About You ( 1994 ) Cybill ( 1995 ) 3rd Rock from the Sun , season 1 / season 2 ( 1996 ) Ally McBeal , season 1 ( 1997 ) Ally McBeal , season 1 / season 2 ( 1998 ) Sex and the City , season 2 ( 1999 ) Sex and the City , season 3 ( 2000 ) Sex and the City , season 4 ( 2001 ) Curb Your Enthusiasm ( 2002 ) The Office ( UK ) ( 2003 ) Desperate Housewives , season 1 ( 2004 ) Desperate Housewives , season 1 / season 2 ( 2005 ) Ugly Betty , season 1 ( 2006 ) Extras ( 2007 ) 30 Rock , season 2 / season 3 ( 2008 ) Glee , season 1 ( 2009 ) Glee , season 1 / season 2 ( 2010 ) Modern Family , season 2 / season 3 ( 2011 ) Girls , season 1 ( 2012 ) Brooklyn Nine - Nine , season 1 ( 2013 ) Transparent , season 1 ( 2014 ) Mozart in the Jungle , season 1 ( 2015 ) Atlanta , season 1 ( 2016 ) The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel , season 1 ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alice_(TV_series)&oldid=826268740 '' Categories : 1976 American television series debuts 1985 American television series endings 1970s American comedy television series 1980s American comedy television series 1970s American television series 1980s American television series American television sitcoms Best Musical or Comedy Series Golden Globe winners CBS network shows English - language television programs Television programs based on films Television series by Warner Bros. Television Television shows set in Maricopa County , Arizona Television shows set in Arizona Television series set in restaurants Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2010 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 05 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings the theme song to the tv show alice	[ "The show's theme was called \"There's a New Girl in Town\", with music by David Shire, lyrics by Alan Bergman and Marilyn Bergman; performed by Linda Lavin. Several different arrangements of this tune were used throughout the series' run; the lyrics were altered after the second season." ]	[ "Linda Lavin" ]
1500914152761779040	Indian presidential election, 1969	Indian presidential election , 1969 - wikipedia Indian presidential election , 1969 Jump to : navigation , search Indian presidential election , 1969 ← 1967 August 16 , 1969 1974 → Nominee Varahagiri Venkata Giri Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy Party Independent Independent Home state Orissa Andhra Pradesh Electoral vote 420,077 405,427 President before election Zakir Husain Independent Elected President Varahagiri Venkata Giri Independent The Election Commission of India held indirect 5th presidential elections of India on August 1969 . Varahagiri Venkata Giri with 420,077 votes won in a runoff election over his rival Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy who got 405,427 votes . Results ( edit ) Source : Web archive of Election Commission of India website Candidate Electoral Values ( Initial Count ) Electoral Values ( Runoff ) Varahagiri Venkata Giri 401,515 420,077 Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy 313,548 405,427 Chintaman Dwarkanath Deshmukh 112,769 Chandradatt Senani 5,814 Gurcharan Kaur 940 Rajabhoj Pandurang Nathuji 831 Babu Lal Mag 576 Chowdhry Hari Ram 125 Manovihari Aniruddh Sharma 125 Khubi Ram 94 Bhagmal -- Krishna Kumar Chatterjee -- Santosh Singh Kachhwaha -- Ramdular Tripathi Chakor -- Ramanlal Purushottam Vyas -- Total 836,337 825,504 Giri won a majority of the votes in 11 of India 's 17 state legislatures although the Congress Party was in power in 12 . His campaign also had the backing of the Communists and other leftist parliamentary parties . Massive defections within the Congress Party resulted in Reddy winning only 268 first preference votes despite the Congress Parliamentary Party having a strength of 431 . Background ( edit ) The Congress Parliamentary Board met on July 11 , 1969 , to discuss the presidential candidate . The Syndicate had already decided on nominating Sanjiva Reddy , whose affinity to them was well known . Mrs Gandhi was naturally loath to do so . At the meeting , she suggested nominating the veteran dalit leader , Jagjivan Ram . When this was shot down , she asked that they postpone a decision to allow more time for arriving at a consensus . Nijalingappa , however , forced a vote in the six - member Parliamentary Board . Mrs Gandhi was outvoted four to two . Even as a brooding Indira Gandhi left for Bangalore , a fresh opening presented itself . The Vice-President VV Giri announced that he would contest the presidential elections as an independent candidate . Mrs Gandhi knew that before she could support Giri against her own party 's nominee , she would have to regain the initiative within the party . This she did first by forcing Morarji Desai out of the Cabinet and then by nationalizing banks . She also went ahead and filed the nomination for Sanjiva Reddy , though she refrained from issuing a whip to Congress MPs . The Syndicate realized that Mrs Gandhi might yet come out in support of Giri . Nijalingappa took a fatal misstep by approaching the main opposition parties , Swatantra and Jana Sangh , to cast their second preference vote for Reddy ( the opposition 's candidate was CD Deshmukh ) . Mrs Gandhi seized the opportunity to denounce Nijalingappa 's move . Yet , she did not formally reveal her preference until the night before the elections , when she called on her party to ' vote according to conscience ' . VV Giri won the poll by a narrow margin . The voting figures showed that a majority of Congress members had actually voted for Reddy . Giri had edged through with a minority of Congress votes and support from a curious combination of opposition groups . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://164.100.47.5/presidentelection/5th.pdf Election Commission of India Jump up ^ http://www.aol.in/news-story/the-indian-president-past-winners-and-losers/2007061905199019000001 AOL news ( Past and present Presidential Results ) Jump up ^ `` Gandhi 's candidate wins in India '' . The Spartanburg Herald . 21 August 1969 . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . Jump up ^ http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-18/india/32298526_1_presidential-election-intriguing-parallels-presidential-race Presidential elections in India 1952 1957 1962 1967 1969 1977 1982 2002 2007 2012 2017 2022 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_presidential_election,_1969&oldid=800552627 '' Categories : 1969 elections in India Presidential elections in India Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Elections using electoral votes Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch עברית ਪੰਜਾਬੀ தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 07 : 19 . About Wikipedia	which president of india won in the second counting of votes	[]	[]

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